Shoulder Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SHOULDER PAIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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SHOULDER PAIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Shoulder Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84309-0 1. Shoulder Pain-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on shoulder pain. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SHOULDER PAIN ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Shoulder Pain................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SHOULDER PAIN ............................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Shoulder Pain .............................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SHOULDER PAIN ....................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SHOULDER PAIN ......................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Dissertations on Shoulder Pain ................................................................................................... 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SHOULDER PAIN .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Shoulder Pain......................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SHOULDER PAIN ....................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 71 Chapters on Shoulder Pain .......................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SHOULDER PAIN.......................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 75 Academic Periodicals covering Shoulder Pain............................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 91 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 91 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 91 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 97 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 98

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SHOULDER PAIN DICTIONARY............................................................................................... 99 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with shoulder pain is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about shoulder pain, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to shoulder pain, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on shoulder pain. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to shoulder pain, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on shoulder pain. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SHOULDER PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on shoulder pain.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and shoulder pain, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Systematic Approach to Acute Shoulder Pain Source: Patient Care. 34-36,38,41,45-48,51; November 15, 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents a systematic approach to diagnosing and treating acute should pain. It focuses on the features, diagnosis, and treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus and the clavicle, shoulder dislocations, shoulder sprains and strains, shoulder inflammation, and shoulder infection. 2 references, 5 figures, and 1 table.

•

Opening the 'Black Box' of Shoulder Pain Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 18(1): 27-28,31-35,38-40. January 2001.

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Shoulder Pain

Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the differential diagnosis and management of shoulder pain. The most colloquial expressions applied to the enigmatic nature of shoulder pain are bursitis and tendinitis. These catch all terms describe various shoulder problems, yet each is distinct. True bursitis refers to inflammation of a bursa resulting from an infectious, arthritic, or mechanical cause. Pain may be acute or chronic. Tendinitis involves inflammation of a tendon related to impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tendinopathy, or calcific tendinitis. Pain tends to be chronic, indolent, and subdeltoid. The initial workup is targeted toward localizing pain and evaluating muscle and tendon strength. Imaging studies can clarify confounding clinical findings and provide useful information. Radiographs are used mainly to search for mechanical causes of shoulder pain. Magnetic resonance imaging offers the advantage of detecting soft tissue pathology. Other diagnostic tools are arthroscopy and ultrasonography. Conservative therapy involves medications to alleviate initial discomfort and inflammation, along with formal physical therapy and exercise to strengthen muscles and maintain range of motion. Lack of improvement after at least 6 months of conservative treatment and progression of symptoms are indications for surgery. 4 figures, 4 tables, and 18 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Shoulder Pain The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to shoulder pain. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to shoulder pain. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore shoulder pain. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for shoulder pain: •

Project Title: A MODAL RECIPROCATING PUSHRIM DRIVE WHEELCHAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Green, Steve C.; President; Green Technologies, Inc. 13387 Green Rd West Fork, Ar 72774 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite many applicable developments in the field of ergonomically improved manual drive wheelchairs, the standard fixed pushrim remains the most prevalent method of propulsion. These ubiquitous fixed pushdm drives, while inexpensive and intuitively simple to operate, contribute to several common repetitive motion injuries. Among manual wheelchair users surveyed, prevalence of shoulder pain is seen to be between 31 percent and 73 percent, and carpal

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

tunnel syndrome (CTS) to be between 49 percent and 73 percent. The prevalence of these injuries is associated with the large wrist flexion under load, the downward pressure on the pushrim, the muscle imbalance from the uni-directional stresses of continuous push motions applied to the pushdm, and the large number of repetitions of the push motion. When pain reaches a certain level of discomfort, the wheelchair dependent individual generally starts using a powered chair, thus losing a valuable cardiovascular exercise. Responding to the needs of this large user population, 1.5 million in the US alone, it is our long-term objective to provide a wheelchair propulsion system utilizing a pushrim of improved kinematics. The improved kinematic design will allow up to a 50 percent reduction of push strokes for a given distance traveled. Additionally, it will allow the user the option of a mode of operation that will essentially eliminate wrist flexion under load and lessen forces on the shoulder, while retaining traditional pushrim operation for fine control. The concept has the potential to allow embodiment as fully self-contained wheel assemblies that would be field retrofittable to a large number of existing wheelchairs. We have developed a pushrim drive concept that will enable the long-term objectives slated above. It is the specific aim of this proposal to design, fabricate, and test a transmission mechanism, contained entirely within the wheel hub, such that the needed utility will be demonstrated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ACUPUNCTURE FOR SHOULDER SYNDROME AFTER CANCER SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pfister, David G.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): BACKGROUND: Neck dissection is a common procedure for treatment of head and neck cancer. Removal or damage to the spinal accessory nerve can lead to "shoulder syndrome", characterized by shoulder droop, winged scapula, weak abduction, inability to shrug and a dull ache with pain localized to the shoulder. Though modified surgical procedures have been developed which spare the spinal accessory nerve, these procedures do not prevent shoulder syndrome entirely. There are no effective treatments for shoulder syndrome and many patients live with significant long-term pain and disability. Acupuncture is widely used for pain and there is evidence of its effectiveness for both acute and chronic pain disorders. These considerations warrant further research on acupuncture for shoulder syndrome following neck dissection. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine whether a Phase III trial of acupuncture for shoulder pain and dysfunction in cancer patients treated by neck dissection is warranted; 2. To determine whether such a trial is feasible in terms of accrual rate, drop-out rate, use of off-study treatment and compliance; 3. To determine the most sensitive outcome measure; 4. To provide data necessary (or sample size calculation. METHODS: Head and neck cancer patients complaining of shoulder pain and dysfunction at least three months after lack dissection will complete two visual analog scales of shoulder pain on movement, one week apart. They will also be assessed by a physical therapist using the Constant-Murley score, a validated shoulder pain and dysfunction assessment instrument. Patients will be randomized to eight biweekly treatments of acupuncture or to no additional care. Outcome will be assessed two weeks after the end of treatment. Change in pain and Constant-Murley will be compared between groups by analysis of co-variance. At the end of the trial we will have data to address each of our aims as follows: Is a Phase III indicated? Data: Confidence interval for the difference between group means. Aim: Is a Phase III trial feasible? Data: Accrual

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Shoulder Pain

rate; drop-out rate; compliance with treatment; use of off-study treatments. Should Constant-Murley or VAS be used? Data: Effect sizes calculated by adjusted mean difference divided by adjusted standard deviation Aim: Sample size calculation for Phase III. Data: Standard deviations, mean of control group, correlation between and within baseline and follow-up measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERVENTIONS WHEELCHAIRS

FOR

SCI

SHOULDER

FUNCTION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mulroy, Sara J.; Director; Los Amigos Research/Education Institute Education Institute, Inc. Downey, Ca 90242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (verbatim from the application) Today, the increased longevity and mobility of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) has led to disabling shoulder pain becoming a significant clinical problem which has been related to the demands of wheelchair propulsion (WCP). The goal of this project will be to develop guidelines for the reduction of the demands on the shoulder during WCP for persons with SCI. Specifically, the aims are to determine the effects of changes in the horizontal wheelchair seat position and a muscle strengthening exercise intervention on the shoulder joint forces and muscle activity during WCP in persons with paraplegia and tetraplegia from complete SCI. Subjects with SCI who are asymptomatic for shoulder joint pain and those who report shoulder pain during WCP will be tested. Participants will be grouped according to SCI level of injury (paraplegia, C7 tetraplegia and C6 tetraplegia). Subjects will wheel their chairs, on a wheelchair ergometer in three horizontal seat positions at free and fast velocities and on a simulated 8 percent incline. Subjects will maintain fixed velocities in the three seat positions for each propulsion condition. Function of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, sbscapularis, anterior and middle deltoid, serratus anterior, sternal pectoralis major, middle and lower rapezius and rhomboid major will be recorded with dynamic EMG using intramuscular fine wire electrodes. Motion of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints will be measured with the Vicon Motion Analysis System. WCP forces will be recorded with a strain gauge instrumented wheel. Maximal isometric shoulder elevation in the sagittal and scapular planes (scaption), shoulder adduction and internal and external rotation torques will be measured with a LIDO dynamometer. A sub‑group of the subjects will participate in a 12 week shoulder muscle strengthening and flexibility exercise program. Those subjects who do not participate in the exercise program will serve as a control group. Both exercise and control subjects will return every three weeks for strength assessment. The strength and propulsion tests will be repeated for all subjects at the end of the 12 week period. The data will be analyzed to compare the shoulder joint forces, moments, patterns of muscle activity and reports of shoulder pain during WCP in the three seat positions and before and after the exercise program. Statistical significance of the findings will be determined by repeated measures MANOVA analyses with grouping factors for SCI level and exercise/control groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: KINEMATIC MECHANISMS OF SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT IN SCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Nawoczenski, Deborah A.; Associate Professor; Physical Therapy; Ithaca College Ithaca, Ny 14850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Shoulder pain is a common and persistent problem among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), reported to range between 30 and 50% in subjects with paraplegia. The high prevalence of shoulder pain and impingement problems may be related to increased loading and the repetitive use of the upper limbs during functional tasks of daily living. Mechanisms of impingement have been linked to alterations in scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics resulting in a reduction in the available subacromial space and subsequent soft tissue injury. Although faulty motion patterns have been identified in subjects with impingement syndrome without SCI, these kinematics have not been assessed during functional tasks in subjects with SCI. Further, quantitative evidence documenting specific patterns of abnormal scapular or humeral motion in directions that negatively impact the subacromial space in persons with SCI is not available. The specific aims of the current research study are to identify if detrimental three-dimensional scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematic patterns distinguish subjects with SCI and shoulder pain from those without shoulder pain during a weight relief raise and transfer activity. Forty subjects between the ages of 18 and 65 with a SCI resulting in paraplegia below the T2 neurological level will be recruited for the study. One half of these subjects will have a diagnosed history of shoulder pain and test positive for shoulder impingement on clinical examination. The comparison group will have no history or current symptoms of shoulder pain. Threedimensional kinematics will be recorded using electromagnetic tracking sensors while subjects complete the weight relief raise and transfer tasks. Comparisons will be made between the groups for different phases of each task using an ANOVA model and follow-up testing. If altered scapular kinematic patterns can be identified, then interventions can be designed to modify, and more importantly, prevent further progression of these detrimental movement patterns through selective stretching and strengthening exercises Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PERCUTANEOUS DYSFUNCTION

FES

ON

POST

STROKE

SHOULDER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Chae, John; Associate Professor and Director of Rese; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Shoulder subluxation in hemiplegia is a common problem and can lead to shoulder pain, decreased range of motion, and poor motor and functional recovery. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of percutaneous functional electrical stimulation of hemiplegic shoulder muscles in 1)decreasing shoulder subluxation, 2)preventing or minimizing shoulder pain and 3)enhancing neurologic motor and 4)functional (ADL) recovery of the impaired upper extremity. Subjects , who are within 3 weeks of their first anterior circulation nonhemorrhagic infarct with clinical evidence of shoulder subluxation will be enrolled and randomized to the electrical stimulation or control group. The stimulation group will be implanted with percutaneous electrodes in their hemiplegic posterior deltoid and supraspinatus muscles and receive 6 hrs/day of stimulation for 3 weeks. The control group will be treated with the Harris hemisling and a wheelchair arm support board. Both groups will receive standard physical, occupational, and speech therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Shoulder Pain

Project Title: SCI SHOULDER FUNCTION IN ASSISTIVE DEVICE GAIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Perry, Jacquelin; Professor; Los Amigos Research/Education Institute Education Institute, Inc. Downey, Ca 90242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Disabling shoulder pain has been documented in persons with complete spinal cord injury (SCI). This also is a significant clinical problem in those patients with incomplete SCI. Weight bearing demands on the shoulder joint from ambulation with an assistive device have been implicated. The goal of this project will be to maximizing walking ability. Specifically, the aims are to define the demands of the shoulder joint by ambulation with forearm crutches and wheeled walkers in persons with incomplete SCI. A second purpose is to relate the identified demands to the patients' lesion level, pattern of upper and lower extremity muscle strength and orthotic support. Four functional groups of SCI subjects (weak/strong, paraplegia/tetraplegia) will be tested. Function of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior and posterior deltoid, serratus anterior, lower trapezius, sternal pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii will be recorded with dynamic EMG using intramuscular fine wire electrodes. Motion of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle will be measured with the VICON Motion Analysis System. Forces exerted on the assistive devices will be recorded with a strain gauge instrumented front wheeled walker and forearm crutches. Lower extremity ground reaction forces will be documented with a force plate. Subjects will ambulate with both assistive devices at a self-selected velocity. Maximal isometric torques for shoulder elevation, shoulder adduction, internal and external rotation; elbow flexion and extension; hip flexion, extension and abduction; knee extension and ankle plantar and dorsiflexion will be measured with a LIDO dynamometer. Maximal forces from the shoulder depressors muscles will be documented with a strain gauge instrumented lever arm. The data will be analyzed to compare stride characteristics, shoulder joint kinematics, kinetics and patterns of muscle activity with the two assistive devices in the four subject groups with repeated measures MANOVA. A criterion level of "safe" assistive device weight bearing force relative to shoulder depressor strength will be determined (based on elevation of the acromion relative to the sternum). The strength and orthotic variables which best predict the assistive device weight bearing forces for a given walking velocity will be determined with step-wise regression analysis. From these algorithms clinicians will be able to predict if patients are exceeding the criterion for "safe" upper extremity weight bearing forces and which device would minimize those forces. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

Studies

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for shoulder pain in the PubMed Central database: •

Back, neck, and shoulder pain in Finnish adolescents: national cross sectional surveys. by Hakala P, Rimpela A, Salminen JJ, Virtanen SM, Rimpela M.; 2002 Oct 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128374

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with shoulder pain, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for shoulder pain (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 26-year-old man with shoulder pain. Author(s): Gerlinger TL, Doukas WC, Munter F. Source: Am J Orthop. 1998 February; 27(2): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506201&dopt=Abstract

•

A 26-year-old woman with right shoulder pain. Author(s): Molitor L. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 August; 27(4): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468639&dopt=Abstract

•

A 26-year-old woman with shoulder pain, 1 year later. Author(s): Parker RA, Hartman EE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 June 27; 285(24): 3140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427144&dopt=Abstract

5

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A 26-year-old woman with shoulder pain. Author(s): Burkhart SS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 September 27; 284(12): 1559-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000651&dopt=Abstract

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A 39-year-old man with left shoulder pain: comparing 3- and 5-point triage scales. Author(s): Beckstrand RL, Sanders EK. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2003 August; 29(4): 387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874569&dopt=Abstract

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A 45-year old woman with right shoulder pain. Author(s): Stern RE. Source: Am J Orthop. 1996 April; 25(4): 324-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728372&dopt=Abstract

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A 45-year-old woman with right shoulder pain. Author(s): Coombs RJ, Zeiss J, Frogameni AD, Booth RL Jr. Source: Am J Orthop. 1995 November; 24(11): 870-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8581447&dopt=Abstract

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A 68-year old Caucasian male with shoulder pain of two months duration. Author(s): Barlow JF, Entwistle F. Source: S D J Med. 1968 December; 21(12): 19-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4881469&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the aetiological factors in shoulder pain. Author(s): Withrington RH, Girgis FL, Seifert MH. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1985 February; 24(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978362&dopt=Abstract

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A diabetic man with left shoulder pain. Author(s): Caprio FJ. Source: Tenn Med. 1996 July; 89(7): 252-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705899&dopt=Abstract

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A linebacker with good cause for shoulder pain. Author(s): Burney MS. Source: Jaapa. 2000 October; 13(10): 12, 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521639&dopt=Abstract

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A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of local corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy for the treatment of new episodes of unilateral shoulder pain in primary care. Author(s): Hay EM, Thomas E, Paterson SM, Dziedzic K, Croft PR. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 May; 62(5): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695148&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial to assess whether gas drains reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopy. Author(s): Clin Evid. 2002 Dec;(8):1271-89 Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 August; 42(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603939

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A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain. Author(s): Miranda H, Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Takala EP, Riihimaki H. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 August; 58(8): 528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452048&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of strapping to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Author(s): Hanger HC, Whitewood P, Brown G, Ball MC, Harper J, Cox R, Sainsbury R. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 August; 14(4): 370-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945421&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, controlled clinical trial of a treatment for shoulder pain. Author(s): Ginn KA, Herbert RD, Khouw W, Lee R. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 August; 77(8): 802-9; Discussion 810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256868&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective evaluation of the impact of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy on the symptoms of headache, neck pain, shoulder pain, dizziness, and tinnitus. Author(s): Steigerwald DP, Verne SV, Young D. Source: Cranio. 1996 January; 14(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086876&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective survey of 102 cases of shoulder pain. Author(s): Sheldon PJ. Source: Rheumatol Phys Med. 1972 November; 11(8): 422-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4646490&dopt=Abstract

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A shoulder pain score: a comprehensive questionnaire for assessing pain in patients with shoulder complaints. Author(s): Winters JC, Sobel JS, Groenier KH, Arendzen JH, Meyboom-De Jong B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1996 September; 28(3): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8885039&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of interfering shoulder pain in United States competitive swimmers. Author(s): McMaster WC, Troup J. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 January-February; 21(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427371&dopt=Abstract

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A systemic approach to the surgical treatment of chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Neviaser RJ, Neviaser TJ. Source: Orthopedics. 1985 June; 8(6): 726-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4094999&dopt=Abstract

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A trial into the effectiveness of soft tissue massage in the treatment of shoulder pain. Author(s): van den Dolder PA, Roberts DL. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2003; 49(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952518&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture and Trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user's shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Dyson-Hudson TA, Shiflett SC, Kirshblum SC, Bowen JE, Druin EL. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 82(8): 1038-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494182&dopt=Abstract

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Acute brachial plexus neuritis: an uncommon cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Miller JD, Pruitt S, McDonald TJ. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 November 1; 62(9): 2067-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087188&dopt=Abstract

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An 18-year-old male patient with bilateral shoulder pain. Author(s): Shapiro SE, Anderson K. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1989 May-June; 15(3): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2657180&dopt=Abstract

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An algorithm for shoulder pain caused by soft-tissue disorders. Author(s): Uhthoff HK, Sarkar K. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 May; (254): 121-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2182249&dopt=Abstract

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An elderly man with shoulder pain, dyspnea. Author(s): Simkins L, Altus P. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1987 April 15; 22(4): 139, 142, 144. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3104357&dopt=Abstract

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An overview of psychosocial and behavioral factors in neck-and-shoulder pain. Author(s): Linton SJ. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 67-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784840&dopt=Abstract

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An unfused acromial epiphysis. A reason for chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Jerosch J, Hepp R, Castro WH. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1991; 57(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1950516&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Wong P, Bertouch JV, Murrell GA, Hersch M, Youssef PP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 May; 58(5): 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225808&dopt=Abstract

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Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as shoulder pain in an athlete. A case report. Author(s): Hill JA, Lombardo SJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1981 July-August; 9(4): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7258470&dopt=Abstract

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Anomalous traversement of the suprascapular artery through the suprascapular notch: a possible mechanism for undiagnosed shoulder pain? Author(s): Tubbs RS, Smyth MD, Salter G, Oakes WJ. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 March; 9(3): Br116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640333&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior shoulder pain in baseball pitchers. Author(s): Norwood LA, Del Pizzo W, Jobe FW, Kerlan RK. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1978 May-June; 6(3): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=655328&dopt=Abstract

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Approaches to senior care #6. Shoulder pain in the geriatric patient. Part I. Evaluation and pathophysiology. Author(s): Warren RF, O'Brien SJ. Source: Orthop Rev. 1989 January; 18(1): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2915908&dopt=Abstract

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Approaches to senior care #7. Shoulder pain in the geriatric patient. Part II. Treatment options. Author(s): Warren RF, O'Brien SJ. Source: Orthop Rev. 1989 February; 18(2): 248-53, 256-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2648263&dopt=Abstract

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Arthrographic and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Lo SF, Chen SY, Lin HC, Jim YF, Meng NH, Kao MJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 December; 84(12): 178691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669184&dopt=Abstract

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Arthrography in the diagnosis of shoulder pain and immobility. Author(s): Weiss JJ, Thompson GR, Doust V, Burgener FA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1974 May; 55(5): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4828178&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopy for the diagnosis of shoulder pain. Author(s): Adolfsson L, Lysholm J. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1991; 15(4): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809701&dopt=Abstract

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Association of occupational physical demands and psychosocial working environment with disabling shoulder pain. Author(s): Pope DP, Silman AJ, Cherry NM, Pritchard C, Macfarlane GJ. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 September; 60(9): 852-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502612&dopt=Abstract

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Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim KH. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2001; 26(4): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841111&dopt=Abstract

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Back and shoulder pain and lytic lesions in a young man. Author(s): Litam PP, Schaub CR. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1992 April 15; 27(4): 251-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1532801&dopt=Abstract

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Back, neck, and shoulder pain in Finnish adolescents: national cross sectional surveys. Author(s): Hakala P, Rimpela A, Salminen JJ, Virtanen SM, Rimpela M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 5; 325(7367): 743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364301&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral elastofibroma as an unusual cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Heck S, Thomas G, Mader K, Wulke AP, Pennig D, Mellin W. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 December; 112(7): 1959-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14663258&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanical and osteopathic approach to shoulder pain. Author(s): Goldman S. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1989 January; 89(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921122&dopt=Abstract

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Brachial plexus block for ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy. Author(s): Ng KP, Chow YF. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1997 February; 25(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9075519&dopt=Abstract

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Bupivacaine instillation into gallbladder bed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: does it decrease shoulder pain? Author(s): Gharaibeh KI, Al-Jaberi TM. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2000 June; 10(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883990&dopt=Abstract

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Calcifying supracoracoid bursitis as a cause of chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Mens J, van der Korst JK. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1984 October; 43(5): 758-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6497468&dopt=Abstract

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Carpal tunnel syndrome, shoulder pain and amyloid deposits in long-term haemodialysis patients. Author(s): Charra B, Calemard E, Uzan M, Terrat JC, Vanel T, Laurent G. Source: Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1985; 21: 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3991513&dopt=Abstract

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Celecoxib is as efficacious as naproxen in the management of acute shoulder pain. Author(s): Bertin P, Behier JM, Noel E, Leroux JL. Source: J Int Med Res. 2003 March-April; 31(2): 102-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760313&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical herpes zoster and shoulder pain. Author(s): Eban R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 January 21; 1(6106): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=620251&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical spine and shoulder pain. Author(s): Hawkins RJ, Bilco T, Bonutti P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 September; (258): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2394041&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck and shoulder pain, age, and working conditions: longitudinal results from a large random sample in France. Author(s): Cassou B, Derriennic F, Monfort C, Norton J, Touranchet A. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 August; 59(8): 537-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151610&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck and shoulder pain. Focusing on myofascial origins. Author(s): Grosshandler SL, Stratas NE, Toomey TC, Gray WF. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 February 15; 77(3): 149-51, 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3975180&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic shoulder pain in stroke. Are we missing the acupoint? Author(s): Lindfield H. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2002; 7(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992984&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic shoulder pain in the community: a syndrome of disability or distress? Author(s): Badcock LJ, Lewis M, Hay EM, McCarney R, Croft PR. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 February; 61(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796398&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects of neck-and-shoulder pain. Author(s): Spangfort E. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 43-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784837&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical diagnosis of shoulder pain. Author(s): Gerhart TN, Dohlman LE, Warfield CA. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1985 September 15; 20(9): 134-6, 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3928640&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical differential diagnosis of shoulder pain. Author(s): Turner-Stokes L. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1996 July 10-August 20; 56(2-3): 73-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832039&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical findings in competitive swimmers with shoulder pain. Author(s): Bak K, Faunl P. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 March-April; 25(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9079184&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical images: multiple myeloma presenting as shoulder pain. Author(s): Bruyn GA, Tondu PR. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 November; 43(11): 2608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083288&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical pearls: shoulder pain. Author(s): Greaves RC, Shih RD. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 8(7): 739; 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435190&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical symptoms related to musculoskeletal neck-shoulder pain and mobility in the cervico-thoracic spine. Author(s): Norlander S, Nordgren B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1998 December; 30(4): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825389&dopt=Abstract

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Common causes of shoulder pain. Diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Craig EV. Source: Minn Med. 1984 July; 67(7): 381-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6472239&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of injection techniques for shoulder pain: results of a double blind, randomised study. Author(s): Hollingworth GR, Ellis RM, Hattersley TS. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 November 5; 287(6402): 1339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6416401&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of TENS treatments in hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Leandri M, Parodi CI, Corrieri N, Rigardo S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1990; 22(2): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2363027&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the University of California-Los Angeles Shoulder Scale and the Simple Shoulder Test with the shoulder pain and disability index: singleadministration reliability and validity. Author(s): Roddey TS, Olson SL, Cook KF, Gartsman GM, Hanten W. Source: Physical Therapy. 2000 August; 80(8): 759-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10911414&dopt=Abstract

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Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain. Author(s): Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd004016. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535501&dopt=Abstract

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Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees. Author(s): Leino P, Magni G. Source: Pain. 1993 April; 53(1): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8316395&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. Author(s): Roach KE, Budiman-Mak E, Songsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1991 December; 4(4): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11188601&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an integrated care pathway for the management of hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Jackson D, Turner-Stokes L, Khatoon A, Stern H, Knight L, O'Connell A. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2002 May 10; 24(7): 390-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022790&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Author(s): Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, Gualano J. Source: Paraplegia. 1995 May; 33(5): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630657&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of persistent shoulder pain. Author(s): Ecker A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 December 28; 252(24): 3365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6209431&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the management of shoulder pain between primary and secondary care in Europe: time for a consensus. Author(s): Kassimos DG, Panayi G. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2004 January; 63(1): 111; Author Reply 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14672908&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of shoulder pain. Author(s): Booth RE Jr, Marvel JP Jr. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1975 April; 6(2): 353-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1093085&dopt=Abstract

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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) of the shoulder: a cause of shoulder pain? Author(s): Beyeler C, Schlapbach P, Gerber NJ, Sturzenegger J, Fahrer H, van der Linden S, Burgi U, Fuchs WA, Ehrengruber H. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 October; 29(5): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2224403&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a standard exercise protocol on shoulder pain in long-term wheelchair users. Author(s): Curtis KA, Tyner TM, Zachary L, Lentell G, Brink D, Didyk T, Gean K, Hall J, Hooper M, Klos J, Lesina S, Pacillas B. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1999 June; 37(6): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10432262&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Author(s): Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12130397&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of triamcinolone acetonide injections on hemiplegic shoulder pain : A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Snels IA, Beckerman H, Twisk JW, Dekker JH, Peter De Koning, Koppe PA, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 October; 31(10): 2396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022070&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a selected bedding system on quality of sleep, low back pain, shoulder pain, and spine stiffness. Author(s): Jacobson BH, Gemmell HA, Hayes BM, Altena TS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 February; 25(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896375&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a home exercise programme on shoulder pain and functional status in construction workers. Author(s): Ludewig PM, Borstad JD. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 November; 60(11): 841-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573714&dopt=Abstract

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Elastofibroma dorsi as a cause of shoulder pain or snapping scapula. Author(s): Majo J, Gracia I, Doncel A, Valera M, Nunez A, Guix M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 July; (388): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451120&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain. Author(s): Price CI, Pandyan AD. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (4): Cd001698. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034725&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain: a systematic Cochrane review. Author(s): Price CI, Pandyan AD. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2001 February; 15(1): 5-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237161&dopt=Abstract

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Electrodiagnostic evidence for cervical radiculopathy and suprascapular neuropathy in shoulder pain. Author(s): Date ES, Gray LA. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996 September; 36(6): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891472&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophysiological study of chronic intractable shoulder pain. Author(s): Kayamori R. Source: Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987 October; 61(10): 1027-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3437171&dopt=Abstract

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Endocrine and immunologic parameters indicative of 6-month prognosis after the onset of low back pain or neck/shoulder pain. Author(s): Hasselhorn HM, Theorell T, Vingard E; Musculoskeletal Intervention Center (MUSIC)-Norrtalje Study Group. Source: Spine. 2001 February 1; 26(3): E24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224875&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic management of shoulder pain in long-term haemodialysis patients. Author(s): Okutsu I, Ninomiya S, Takatori Y, Hamanaka I, Takemura T, Otsubo K, Otsubo O. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1991; 6(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1857523&dopt=Abstract

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Ericksonian hypnotherapy of intractable shoulder pain. Author(s): Williams JA. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1983 July; 26(1): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6678108&dopt=Abstract

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Etiologies of shoulder pain in cervical spinal cord injury. Author(s): Campbell CC, Koris MJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 January; (322): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8542689&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and treatment of shoulder pain. Author(s): Kalb RL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 July 15; 33(7): 119-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9679510&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of shoulder pain. Author(s): Stevenson JH, Trojian T. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 July; 51(7): 605-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160496&dopt=Abstract

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Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor: an unusual subcutaneous lesion presenting as shoulder pain. Author(s): Simpson JL, Petropolis AA, Styles AR, Zabawski EJ, Cockerell CJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802690&dopt=Abstract

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Finding the etiology of shoulder pain. Author(s): Foye PM. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 September; 81(9): 1256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987175&dopt=Abstract

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Geophysical variables and behavior: XXVII. Magnetic necklace: its therapeutic effectiveness on neck and shoulder pain: 2. Psychological assessment. Author(s): Lin JC, Singleton GW, Schaeffer JN, Hong CZ, Meltzer RJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1985 April; 56(2): 639-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4001267&dopt=Abstract

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Geriatric shoulder pain: common causes and their management. Author(s): Zuckerman JD, Shapiro I. Source: Geriatrics. 1987 September; 42(9): 43-8, 51-4, 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3623109&dopt=Abstract

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Headache and neck or shoulder pain--family learnt illnesses behaviour? The Bardu Muscoloskeletal Study, 1989-1990. Author(s): Hasvold T, Johnsen R. Source: Family Practice. 1996 June; 13(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671132&dopt=Abstract

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Headache and neck or shoulder pain--frequent and disabling complaints in the general population. Author(s): Hasvold T, Johnsen R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1993 September; 11(3): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8272656&dopt=Abstract

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Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP): natural history and investigation of associated features. Author(s): Wanklyn P, Forster A, Young J. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1996 October; 18(10): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902421&dopt=Abstract

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Hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Griffin JW. Source: Physical Therapy. 1986 December; 66(12): 1884-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2431421&dopt=Abstract

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Hemiplegic shoulder pain: defining the problem and its management. Author(s): Bender L, McKenna K. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 November 10; 23(16): 698-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732559&dopt=Abstract

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Hemiplegic shoulder pain--early prevention and rehabilitation. Author(s): Kaplan MC. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 February; 162(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7725690&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism presenting as acute shoulder pain. Author(s): Weiss JJ, Thompson GR, Woodbury D. Source: Mich Med. 1973 November; 72(33): 771-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4755528&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoreactive neuropeptide nerves in ligamentous tissue in chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Konttinen YT, Santavirta S, Paavolainen P, Antti-Poika I, Tiainen T, Nordstrom D, Hukkanen M. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1992; 111(6): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1449943&dopt=Abstract

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Impairments, disabilities, and handicaps of patients with neck-and-shoulder pain; how are these consequences of disease classified? Author(s): Ekholm J. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 47-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784838&dopt=Abstract

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Improving the selective use of plain radiographs in the initial evaluation of shoulder pain. Author(s): Fraenkel L, Shearer P, Mitchell P, LaValley M, Feldman J, Felson DT. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 January; 27(1): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648039&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of shoulder pain after neck dissection: a clinical explorative study for risk factors. Author(s): Dijkstra PU, van Wilgen PC, Buijs RP, Brendeke W, de Goede CJ, Kerst A, Koolstra M, Marinus J, Schoppink EM, Stuiver MM, van de Velde CF, Roodenburg JL. Source: Head & Neck. 2001 November; 23(11): 947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754498&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of shoulder pain in repetitive work. Author(s): Leclerc A, Chastang JF, Niedhammer I, Landre MF, Roquelaure Y; Study Group on Repetitive Work. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004 January; 61(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14691271&dopt=Abstract

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Increased substance P in subacromial bursa and shoulder pain in rotator cuff diseases. Author(s): Gotoh M, Hamada K, Yamakawa H, Inoue A, Fukuda H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 1998 September; 16(5): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820287&dopt=Abstract

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Increases in local pressure pain thresholds after muscle exertion in women with chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Persson AL, Hansson GA, Kalliomaki J, Sjolund BH. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 October; 84(10): 1515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586920&dopt=Abstract

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Inflamed costovertebral joint as the source of shoulder pain. Author(s): Boyling JD. Source: Manual Therapy. 1999 May; 4(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509059&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammation of the subacromial bursa in chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Santavirta S, Konttinen YT, Antti-Poika I, Nordstrom D. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1992; 111(6): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1360227&dopt=Abstract

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In-season management of shoulder pain in a collegiate swimmer: a team approach. Author(s): Russ DW. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1998 May; 27(5): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580898&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive dynamic training for females with chronic neck/shoulder pain. A randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Randlov A, Ostergaard M, Manniche C, Kryger P, Jordan A, Heegaard S, Holm B. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 1998 June; 12(3): 200-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688035&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1-induced glenohumeral synovitis and shoulder pain in rotator cuff diseases. Author(s): Gotoh M, Hamada K, Yamakawa H, Yanagisawa K, Nakamura M, Yamazaki H, Inoue A, Fukuda H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2002 November; 20(6): 1365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472254&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-1-induced subacromial synovitis and shoulder pain in rotator cuff diseases. Author(s): Gotoh M, Hamada K, Yamakawa H, Yanagisawa K, Nakamura M, Yamazaki H, Ueyama Y, Tamaoki N, Inoue A, Fukuda H. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 September; 40(9): 995-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561109&dopt=Abstract

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Intertester reliability of the cyriax evaluation in assessing patients with shoulder pain. Author(s): Pellecchia GL, Paolino J, Connell J. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 January; 23(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8749748&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions for shoulder pain. Author(s): Green S, Buchbinder R, Glazier R, Forbes A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001156. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796418&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions to treat shoulder pain. Lack of concordance between rheumatologists may render multicentre studies invalid. Author(s): Bamji A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 May 30; 316(7145): 1676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643962&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions to treat shoulder pain. Review was overly negative. Author(s): Szebenyi B, Dieppe P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 May 30; 316(7145): 1676; Author Reply 1677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9603766&dopt=Abstract

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Intra-articular guanethidine injection for resistant shoulder pain: a preliminary double blind study of a novel approach. Author(s): Gado K, Emery P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1996 March; 55(3): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712886&dopt=Abstract

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Intractable shoulder pain in a patient on chronic hemodialysis. Author(s): Benchetrit S, Barchilon V, Korzets Z, Bernheim J, Bernheim J. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 May; 3(5): 388. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411211&dopt=Abstract

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Intramuscular lipoma of the deltoid causing shoulder pain. Report of two cases. Author(s): Warner JJ, Madsen N, Gerber C. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1990 April; (253): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2317963&dopt=Abstract

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Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic for shoulder pain after day-case laparoscopy. Author(s): Narchi P, Benhamou D, Fernandez H. Source: Lancet. 1991 December 21-28; 338(8782-8783): 1569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1683981&dopt=Abstract

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Intrinsic shoulder pain syndrome: rationale for heating and cooling in treatment. Author(s): Rocks JA. Source: Physical Therapy. 1979 February; 59(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=760124&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy with epidural analgesia: the influence of phrenic nerve infiltration with lidocaine. Author(s): Scawn ND, Pennefather SH, Soorae A, Wang JY, Russell GN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 August; 93(2): 260-4, 1St Contents Page. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473840&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral shoulder pain following thoracic operations. Author(s): Mark JB, Brodsky JB. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 July; 79(1): 192; Author Reply 193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8342815&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral shoulder pain following thoracic operations. Author(s): Holt M. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 July; 79(1): 192; Author Reply 193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8342814&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral shoulder pain following thoracic surgery. Author(s): Burgess FW, Anderson DM, Colonna D, Sborov MJ, Cavanaugh DG. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 February; 78(2): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439033&dopt=Abstract

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Ipsilateral stellate ganglion block effective for treating shoulder pain after thoracotomy. Author(s): Garner L, Coats RR. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1994 June; 78(6): 1195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198285&dopt=Abstract

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Is local anesthesia beneficial in preventing shoulder pain after laparoscopy? Author(s): Deckardt R, Schreiber Y, Kretschmer M, PuernerT, Brill AI. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 November; 6(4): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610209&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated infraspinatus atrophy. A common cause of posterior shoulder pain and weakness in throwing athletes? Author(s): Mann G. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 September-October; 17(5): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2610291&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated infraspinatus atrophy. A common cause of posterior shoulder pain and weakness in throwing athletes? Author(s): Bryan WJ, Wild JJ Jr. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 January-February; 17(1): 130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929829&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated subacromial decompression for the treatment of chronic shoulder pain with rotator cuff calcification. A review of twenty-seven shoulders, including eighteen evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging after surgery. Author(s): Goutallier D, Duparc F, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Allain J. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 May; 63(5): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8789881&dopt=Abstract

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Joint and connective tissue ultrasonography in the evaluation of shoulder pain: comment on the article by Manger and Kalden. Author(s): Uson J, Naredo E, Maryordomo L. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996 August; 39(8): 1435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8702458&dopt=Abstract

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Latissimus dorsi pedicled graft. An unusual cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Slater RR Jr, Szabo RM, Sykes JM. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 May; (350): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9602809&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Shoulder pain from subluxation in the hemiplegic. Author(s): Miller J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 November 8; 4(5992): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1192061&dopt=Abstract

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Local anaesthesia to prevent post-laparoscopic shoulder pain. Author(s): Goodman NW. Source: Lancet. 1992 April 4; 339(8797): 868-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347873&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Author(s): Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, Funkhouser EM, Pulley L, Andrews JR, Osinski ED, Roseman JM. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 November; 33(11): 1803-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689728&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture for chronic neck and shoulder pain--a double blind study. Author(s): Peng AT, Behar S, Yue SJ. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1987; 12(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2883835&dopt=Abstract

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Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 1: Relationship to low back pain. Author(s): Holmstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Source: Spine. 1992 June; 17(6): 663-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385660&dopt=Abstract

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Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: Relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Holmstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Source: Spine. 1992 June; 17(6): 672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385661&dopt=Abstract

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Low-volume interscalene brachial plexus block for perioperative shoulder pain. Author(s): Bruin G, McGuire G. Source: Reg Anesth. 1996 July-August; 21(4): 371. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837199&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic necklace: its therapeutic effectiveness on neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Hong CZ, Lin JC, Bender LF, Schaeffer JN, Meltzer RJ, Causin P. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1982 October; 63(10): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7138256&dopt=Abstract

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Management of shoulder pain in patients with stroke. Author(s): Walsh K. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 October; 77(912): 645-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571371&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring shoulder function with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Author(s): Williams JW Jr, Holleman DR Jr, Simel DL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 22(4): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7791172&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring up to shoulder pain. Author(s): Croft P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 February; 57(2): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613332&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical and psychosocial factors predict new onset shoulder pain: a prospective cohort study of newly employed workers. Author(s): Harkness EF, Macfarlane GJ, Nahit ES, Silman AJ, McBeth J. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 November; 60(11): 850-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573715&dopt=Abstract

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Mobility in the cervico-thoracic motion segment: an indicative factor of musculoskeletal neck-shoulder pain. Author(s): Norlander S, Aste-Norlander U, Nordgren B, Sahlstedt B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1996 December; 28(4): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122645&dopt=Abstract

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Modified suprascapular nerve block with bupivacaine alone effectively controls chronic shoulder pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Gado K, Emery P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1993 March; 52(3): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8484675&dopt=Abstract

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More tests needed for evaluation of shoulder pain? Author(s): Sease F, Wilson SA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 April; 52(4): 305; Author Reply 305, 309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718323&dopt=Abstract

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MRI and arthroscopic surgery: a combined breakthrough in management of shoulder pain. Author(s): Turner-Stokes L. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1996 July; 55(7): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774155&dopt=Abstract

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Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for neck and shoulder pain among working age adults. Author(s): Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2): Cd002194. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804428&dopt=Abstract

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Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for neck and shoulder pain among working age adults. Author(s): Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (3): Cd002194. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908529&dopt=Abstract

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Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for neck and shoulder pain among working age adults: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Author(s): Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B. Source: Spine. 2001 January 15; 26(2): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154538&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle activation in the contralateral passive shoulder during isometric shoulder abduction in patients with unilateral shoulder pain. Author(s): Roe C, Brox JI, Saugen E, Vollestad NK. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2000 April; 10(2): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699555&dopt=Abstract

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Muscular endurance and electromyographic fatigue in myofascial shoulder pain. Author(s): Hagberg M, Kvarnstrom S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1984 September; 65(9): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6477084&dopt=Abstract

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Muscular imbalance and shoulder pain in volleyball attackers. Author(s): Kugler A, Kruger-Franke M, Reininger S, Trouillier HH, Rosemeyer B. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996 September; 30(3): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889124&dopt=Abstract

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Myofascial trigger points in persistent posttraumatic shoulder pain. Author(s): Reynolds MD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 October; 77(10): 1277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6484649&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain after laminoplasty. Author(s): Moon MS. Source: Spine. 1997 July 15; 22(14): 1674-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253106&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain after laminoplasty. A noticeable complication. Author(s): Hosono N, Yonenobu K, Ono K. Source: Spine. 1996 September 1; 21(17): 1969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883196&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain and disability. Evaluation by repetitive gripping test. Author(s): Viikari-Juntura E, Takala EP, Alaranta H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1988; 20(4): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3232047&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain associated with hepatic arterial chemotherapy using an implantable infusion pump. Author(s): Khoury GF, Stein C, Ramming KP. Source: Pain. 1988 March; 32(3): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2966333&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain. Presenting symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): LaBan MM, Zemenick GA, Meerschaert JR. Source: Mich Med. 1975 September; 74(27): 549-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1160620&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain: evaluation and conservative management. Author(s): Thistle HG. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1969 May; 53(3): 511-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5769454&dopt=Abstract

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Neck or shoulder pain and low back pain in Finnish adolescents. Author(s): Vikat A, Rimpela M, Salminen JJ, Rimpela A, Savolainen A, Virtanen SM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2000 September; 28(3): 164-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045747&dopt=Abstract

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Neck-and-shoulder pain, an increasing problem. Strategies for using insurance material to follow trends. Author(s): Nygren A, Berglund A, von Koch M. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 107-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784832&dopt=Abstract

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Neoplasm as a cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Kaempffe FA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 May; 40(5): 480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7730773&dopt=Abstract

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Nephrotic syndrome, shoulder pain, and dyspnea in a persistent cougher. Author(s): Marsh CB, Mazzaferri EL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1994 October 15; 29(10): 70-6, 79, 83 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7929678&dopt=Abstract

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Neurologists and shoulder pain. Author(s): Butler J, Carr J. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2000 October; 90(10): 954. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081086&dopt=Abstract

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Neurosurgical implications of neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Norrell H Jr, Wilson CB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1967 September; 60(9): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6048144&dopt=Abstract

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Non-migrainous headache, neck or shoulder pain, and migraine--differences in association with background factors in a city population. Author(s): Hasvold T, Johnsen R, Forde OH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1996 June; 14(2): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792502&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational factors related to shoulder pain and disability. Author(s): Pope DP, Croft PR, Pritchard CM, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1997 May; 54(5): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9196453&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational risk factors for shoulder pain: a systematic review. Author(s): van der Windt DA, Thomas E, Pope DP, de Winter AF, Macfarlane GJ, Bouter LM, Silman AJ. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 July; 57(7): 433-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854494&dopt=Abstract

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Office evaluation and management of shoulder pain. Author(s): Matsen FA 3rd, Kirby RM. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1982 July; 13(3): 453-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7099584&dopt=Abstract

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On the impact of calcified deposits within the rotator cuff tendons in shoulders of patients with shoulder pain and dysfunction. Author(s): Maier M, Stabler A, Schmitz C, Lienemann A, Kohler S, Durr HR, Pfahler M, Refior HJ. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 July; 121(7): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510900&dopt=Abstract

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Orthosis to correct shoulder pain and deformity after trapezius palsy. Author(s): Villanueva R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1977 January; 58(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=831662&dopt=Abstract

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Osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral head. An unusual cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Anderson WJ, Guilford WB. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1983 March; (173): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6825327&dopt=Abstract

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Pain perception in the older patient. Using the pain hologram to understand neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Ray AL. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 December; 57(12): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494730&dopt=Abstract

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Pathologic quiz case: a 70-year-old woman with long-standing shoulder pain. Author(s): Pitman SD, Liwnicz B, Wang J. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 July; 127(7): 885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823050&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent shoulder pain following a motor vehicle accident. Author(s): Garber MW, Renzi AM. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1988 January; 6(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3275453&dopt=Abstract

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Phenobarbital-induced fibromyalgia as the cause of bilateral shoulder pain. Author(s): Goldman SI, Krings MS. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1995 August; 95(8): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673010&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for shoulder pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1719-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589645&dopt=Abstract

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Physical, psychosocial, and individual risk factors for neck/shoulder pain with pressure tenderness in the muscles among workers performing monotonous, repetitive work. Author(s): Andersen JH, Kaergaard A, Frost P, Thomsen JF, Bonde JP, Fallentin N, Borg V, Mikkelsen S. Source: Spine. 2002 March 15; 27(6): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884915&dopt=Abstract

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Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. Author(s): Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick S. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2): Cd004258. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804509&dopt=Abstract

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Physiotherapy or corticosteroid injection for shoulder pain? Author(s): van der Windt DA, Bouter LM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 May; 62(5): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695146&dopt=Abstract

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Positioning for clinical dental hygiene care. Preventing back, neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Sunell S, Maschak L. Source: Probe. 1996 November-December; 30(6): 216-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9611451&dopt=Abstract

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Post stroke shoulder pain: more common than previously realized. Author(s): Gamble GE, Barberan E, Bowsher D, Tyrrell PJ, Jones AK. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2000; 4(3): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985876&dopt=Abstract

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Posterior superior impingement of the rotator cuff on the glenoid rim as a cause of shoulder pain in the overhead athlete. Author(s): Liu SH, Boynton E. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1993; 9(6): 697-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305109&dopt=Abstract

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Posterosuperior glenoid rim impingement as a cause of shoulder pain in top level waterpolo players. Author(s): Giombini A, Rossi F, Pettrone FA, Dragoni S. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1997 December; 37(4): 2738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9509826&dopt=Abstract

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Poststroke shoulder pain: a prospective study of the association and risk factors in 152 patients from a consecutive cohort of 205 patients presenting with stroke. Author(s): Gamble GE, Barberan E, Laasch HU, Bowsher D, Tyrrell PJ, Jones AK. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2002; 6(6): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413435&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of chronic shoulder pain: a population based prospective study. Author(s): Macfarlane GJ, Hunt IM, Silman AJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 August; 25(8): 1612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712108&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative work-up of a solitary diaphragmatic mass in a patient with right shoulder pain: a case for diagnosis. Author(s): Verpeut A, Vansteenkiste J, Deschepper K, Demedts M. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1999 June; 54(3): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441977&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and impact of wrist and shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Subbarao JV, Klopfstein J, Turpin R. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 1995 January; 18(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640974&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of shoulder pain in the community: the influence of case definition. Author(s): Pope DP, Croft PR, Pritchard CM, Silman AJ. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997 May; 56(5): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9175931&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of shoulder pain after laparoscopy. Author(s): Shrivastav P, Nadkarni P, Craft I. Source: Lancet. 1992 March 21; 339(8795): 744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1347609&dopt=Abstract

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Principles for medical rehabilitation of patients with chronic neck-and-shoulder pain. Author(s): Schuldt K, Harms-Ringdahl K, Ekholm J. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 57-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784839&dopt=Abstract

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Principles of prevention of neck-and-shoulder pain. Author(s): Harms-Ringdahl K, Schuldt K, Ekholm J. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 87-96. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784844&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudarthrosis of the acromion--a differential diagnosis in anterolateral shoulder pain. Author(s): Naested J, Jorgensen U, Torholm C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 April; 5(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606509&dopt=Abstract

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Psychophysiological stress responses, muscle tension, and neck and shoulder pain among supermarket cashiers. Author(s): Lundberg U, Dohns IE, Melin B, Sandsjo L, Palmerud G, Kadefors R, Ekstrom M, Parr D. Source: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 1999 July; 4(3): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431284&dopt=Abstract

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Quadrilateral space syndrome: a rare cause of shoulder pain. Author(s): Cormier PJ, Matalon TA, Wolin PM. Source: Radiology. 1988 June; 167(3): 797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3363143&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology pathology conference. An 18-year-old man with a 4-month history of progressive neck and right shoulder pain. Author(s): Nazarian LN, Govoni AF, Carter DJ. Source: Clinical Imaging. 1990 March; 14(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322888&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced mobility in the cervico-thoracic motion segment--a risk factor for musculoskeletal neck-shoulder pain: a two-year prospective follow-up study. Author(s): Norlander S, Gustavsson BA, Lindell J, Nordgren B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1997 September; 29(3): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9271151&dopt=Abstract

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Referred shoulder pain in a sexually active woman. Author(s): Smally AJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1989 July 15; 24(7): 62, 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2501328&dopt=Abstract

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Referred shoulder pain. An elusive diagnosis. Author(s): Campbell SM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 May; 73(5): 193-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6573651&dopt=Abstract

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Regional musculoskeletal conditions: shoulder pain. Author(s): Brox JI. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 February; 17(1): 33-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659820&dopt=Abstract

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Rehabilitation of neck-shoulder pain in women industrial workers: a randomized trial comparing isometric shoulder endurance training with isometric shoulder strength training. Author(s): Hagberg M, Harms-Ringdahl K, Nisell R, Hjelm EW. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 August; 81(8): 1051-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943754&dopt=Abstract

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Relations between self-rated musculoskeletal symptoms and signs and psychological distress in chronic neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Dyrehag LE, Widerstrom-Noga EG, Carlsson SG, Kaberger K, Hedner N, Mannheimer C, Andersson SA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1998 December; 30(4): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825388&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Author(s): Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, Gualano J. Source: Paraplegia. 1995 October; 33(10): 595-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8848314&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability of a measure of post-stroke shoulder pain in patients with and without aphasia and/or unilateral spatial neglect. Author(s): Pomeroy VM, Frames C, Faragher EB, Hesketh A, Hill E, Watson P, Main CJ. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 December; 14(6): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128732&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of chronic neck and shoulder pain by manual acupuncture to tender points--a sham-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Nabeta T, Kawakita K. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2002 December; 10(4): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594972&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of non-metastatic shoulder pain with mediastinal radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Author(s): Khaw PY, Ball DL. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2000 April; 28(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10704709&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory dysfunction related to diaphragmatic shoulder pain after abdominal and pelvic laparoscopy. Author(s): Di Massa A, Avella R, Gentili C. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 1996 May; 62(5): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8937041&dopt=Abstract

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Right shoulder pain in a body builder. Diagnosis: stress induced osteolysis of the right distal clavicle. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD002194 Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 August; 76(898): 514, 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804428

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Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses. Author(s): Smedley J, Inskip H, Trevelyan F, Buckle P, Cooper C, Coggon D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 November; 60(11): 864-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14573717&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors in the onset of neck/shoulder pain in a prospective study of workers in industrial and service companies. Author(s): Andersen JH, Kaergaard A, Mikkelsen S, Jensen UF, Frost P, Bonde JP, Fallentin N, Thomsen JF. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 September; 60(9): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937185&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors in the psychosocial work environment for neck and shoulder pain in secretaries. Author(s): Linton SJ, Kamwendo K. Source: J Occup Med. 1989 July; 31(7): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769456&dopt=Abstract

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Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. Author(s): Kibler WB, McMullen J. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003 March-April; 11(2): 142-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670140&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for ability to complete a questionnaire: a preliminary evaluation of the AbilityQ and ShoulderQ for assessing shoulder pain in stroke patients. Author(s): Turner-Stokes L, Rusconi S. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 March; 17(2): 150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625655&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder muscle co-ordination during chronic and acute experimental neck-shoulder pain. An occupational pain study. Author(s): Madeleine P, Lundager B, Voigt M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1999 January; 79(2): 127-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10029333&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain after a stroke. Author(s): Jespersen HF, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Olsen TS. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 1995 September; 18(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7499042&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain after stroke: a research challenge. Author(s): Price CI. Source: Age and Ageing. 2002 November; 31 Suppl 3: 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450928&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain after stroke: a review of the evidence base to inform the development of an integrated care pathway. Author(s): Turner-Stokes L, Jackson D. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 May; 16(3): 276-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017515&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain after stroke: case report and review. Author(s): Gamble GE, Jones AK, Tyrrell PJ. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 July; 58(7): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10447500&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain and disability in daily life, following supraomohyoid neck dissection: a pilot study. Author(s): van Wilgen CP, Dijkstra PU, Nauta JM, Vermey A, Roodenburg JL. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2003 June; 31(3): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818606&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: effects of functional electrical stimulation. Author(s): Chantraine A, Baribeault A, Uebelhart D, Gremion G. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 March; 80(3): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084443&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain and subluxation after stroke: correlation or coincidence? Author(s): Zorowitz RD, Hughes MB, Idank D, Ikai T, Johnston MV. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1996 March; 50(3): 194-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822242&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain and the overhand athlete. Author(s): Ruotolo C, Penna J, Namkoong S, Meinhard BP. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 May; 32(5): 248-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772877&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain as an unusual presentation of pneumonia in a stroke patient: a case report. Author(s): Petchkrua W, Harris SA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 June; 81(6): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857532&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain as the inaugural manifestation of silicone breast implant intolerance. Author(s): Sichere P, Faudot-Bel X, Pellerin M, Bieder L. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 February; 62(2): 151-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7600070&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain due to rupture of a calyceal diverticulum as an acute sign of prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Taari K, Lindell O, Mankinen P, Markkola A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 April; 73(4): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7515315&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain from glomus tumour. Author(s): Massey EW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992 May; 55(5): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1318360&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in a 26-year-old woman. Author(s): Hsu CY, Magid D, Frassica F, McCarthy EF Jr, McFarland EG. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 June; (351): 266-9, 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646770&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in a community-based rheumatology clinic. Author(s): Vecchio P, Kavanagh R, Hazleman BL, King RH. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 May; 34(5): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788173&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in a football player. Author(s): Tucker AM. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994 March; 26(3): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8183090&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in a patient on haemodialysis. Author(s): Goodman TR, McNally E. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 August; 53(8): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7944632&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in an 8-year-old girl. Author(s): O'Brien T, Mortimer E, DeGroot H. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 March; (372): 314-8, 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10738441&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. Author(s): Curtis KA, Black K. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1999 April; 29(4): 22531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10322595&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in golf. Author(s): Jobe FW, Pink MM. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1996 January; 15(1): 55-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903709&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in hemiplegia revisited: contribution of functional electrical stimulation and other therapies. Author(s): Vuagnat H, Chantraine A. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 March; 35(2): 49-54; Quiz 56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691333&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in hemiplegia. Author(s): Krotenberg R. Source: Adv Clin Rehabil. 1990; 3: 189-96. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2257044&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in long-term haemodialysis patients. A clinical study of 166 patients. Author(s): Konishiike T, Hashizume H, Nishida K, Inoue H, Nagoshi M. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 July; 78(4): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8682828&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in older people. Author(s): Daigneault J, Cooney LM Jr. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1998 September; 46(9): 1144-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9736111&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Vaserman-Lehuede N, Verin M. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 April; 66(4): 220-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10339778&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in people with a stroke: a population-based study. Author(s): Ratnasabapathy Y, Broad J, Baskett J, Pledger M, Marshall J, Bonita R. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 17(3): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735538&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in tennis players. Author(s): McCann PD, Bigliani LU. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1994 January; 17(1): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153499&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. The role of muscle imbalance. Author(s): Burnham RS, May L, Nelson E, Steadward R, Reid DC. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 March-April; 21(2): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8465919&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain in wheelchair users with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Author(s): Curtis KA, Drysdale GA, Lanza RD, Kolber M, Vitolo RS, West R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 April; 80(4): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206610&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain relieved by root canal. Author(s): Orbach D, Hiesiger E. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1712-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706119&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain, range of motion, and functional motor skills after acute tetraplegia. Author(s): Salisbury SK, Choy NL, Nitz J. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 October; 84(10): 1480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586915&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain. Author(s): Speed C, Hazleman B. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1122-39. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230731&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain: a diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Glockner SM. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 May 15; 51(7): 1677-87, 1690-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7754927&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain: an unusual presentation of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Valenzuela GA, Mittal RK, Shaffer HA Jr, Hanks J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1989 November; 82(11): 1446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2814634&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain: the role of diagnostic injections. Author(s): Larson HM, O'Connor FG, Nirschl RP. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 April; 53(5): 1637-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8623691&dopt=Abstract

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Stress fracture of the first rib in a soccer player: a rare etiology of shoulder pain. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Fujita K, Fujioka H, Tsunoda M, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M, Mizuno K. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2003 March-April; 12(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700577&dopt=Abstract

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Subcutaneous sterile water injections for chronic neck and shoulder pain following whiplash injuries. Author(s): Byrn C, Olsson I, Falkheden L, Lindh M, Hosterey U, Fogelberg M, Linder LE, Bunketorp O. Source: Lancet. 1993 February 20; 341(8843): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094485&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of shoulder pain syndrome due to supraspinatus tendinitis with transdermal nitroglycerin. A double blind study. Author(s): Berrazueta JR, Losada A, Poveda J, Ochoteco A, Riestra A, Salas E, Amado JA. Source: Pain. 1996 July; 66(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857632&dopt=Abstract

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Supraclavicular glomus tumor, 20 year history of undiagnosed shoulder pain: a case report. Author(s): Ghaly RF, Ring AM. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534611&dopt=Abstract

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Suprascapular nerve block (using bupivacaine and methylprednisolone acetate) in chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Shanahan EM, Ahern M, Smith M, Wetherall M, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 May; 62(5): 400-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695149&dopt=Abstract

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Suprascapular nerve block for chronic shoulder pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Emery P, Bowman S, Wedderburn L, Grahame R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 October 28; 299(6707): 1079-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511970&dopt=Abstract

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Suprascapular nerve block for ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy with thoracic epidural analgesia: a double-blind comparison of 0.5% bupivacaine and 0.9% saline. Author(s): Tan N, Agnew NM, Scawn ND, Pennefather SH, Chester M, Russell GN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 January; 94(1): 199-202, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772828&dopt=Abstract

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Synovial chondromatosis in a child: an unusual cause of shoulder pain case report. Author(s): Nashi M, Manjunath B, Banerjee B, Muddu BN. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1998 November-December; 7(6): 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9883428&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic disease mimicking musculoskeletal dysfunction: a case report involving referred shoulder pain. Author(s): Walsh RM, Sadowski GE. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2001 December; 31(12): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767245&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic malignancy presenting as neck and shoulder pain. Author(s): Welch WC, Erhard R, Clyde B, Jacobs GB. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1994 August; 75(8): 918-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8053800&dopt=Abstract

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Tendon degeneration and chronic shoulder pain: changes in the collagen composition of the human rotator cuff tendons in rotator cuff tendinitis. Author(s): Riley GP, Harrall RL, Constant CR, Chard MD, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1994 June; 53(6): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037494&dopt=Abstract

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The association between exposure to a rear-end collision and future neck or shoulder pain: a cohort study. Author(s): Berglund A, Alfredsson L, Cassidy JD, Jensen I, Nygren A. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000 November; 53(11): 1089-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106881&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical course of shoulder pain: prospective cohort study in primary care. Primary Care Rheumatology Society Shoulder Study Group. Author(s): Croft P, Pope D, Silman A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 September 7; 313(7057): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8806252&dopt=Abstract

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The complexities of treating shoulder pain. Author(s): McTigue J. Source: Jaapa. 2000 December; 13(12): 80-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523496&dopt=Abstract

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The cost of shoulder pain at work. Author(s): Bongers PM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 64-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154606&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of CO2 insufflation rate on the postlaparoscopic shoulder pain. Author(s): Berberoglu M, Dilek ON, Ercan F, Kati I, Ozmen M. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 1998 October; 8(5): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820719&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of functional electrical stimulation on shoulder subluxation, arm function recovery, and shoulder pain in hemiplegic stroke patients. Author(s): Faghri PD, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Bors JG, Ho C, Akuthota P. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1994 January; 75(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8291967&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of neck-shoulder pain development on sensory-motor interactions among female workers in the poultry and fish industries. A prospective study. Author(s): Madeleine P, Lundager B, Voigt M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2003 February; 76(1): 39-49. Epub 2002 October 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592581&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency of restricted range of movement in individuals with self-reported shoulder pain: results from a population-based survey. Author(s): Pope DP, Croft PR, Pritchard CM, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 November; 35(11): 1137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948302&dopt=Abstract

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The GLAD lesion: another cause of anterior shoulder pain. Author(s): Neviaser TJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1993; 9(1): 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8442825&dopt=Abstract

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The hot can: ICD failure presenting as severe shoulder pain. Author(s): Joglar JA, Kowal RC, Brown T, Van Horn B, Page RL. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2001 March; 24(3): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310315&dopt=Abstract

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The management of shoulder pain. Author(s): Downie WA. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1997 May 21-June 3; 57(10): 531. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9330007&dopt=Abstract

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The painful shoulder. The scapulocostal syndrome in shoulder pain. Author(s): Rose DL, Novak EJ. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1966 March; 67(3): 112-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4222044&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of shoulder pain and contracture in the acute tetraplegia patient. Author(s): Scott JA, Donovan WH. Source: Paraplegia. 1981; 19(5): 313-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7279435&dopt=Abstract

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The relation of shoulder pain and range-of-motion problems to functional limitations, disability, and perceived health of men with spinal cord injury: a multifaceted longitudinal study. Author(s): Ballinger DA, Rintala DH, Hart KA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 December; 81(12): 157581. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128892&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of strength and muscle balance to shoulder pain and impingement syndrome in elite quadriplegic wheelchair rugby players. Author(s): Miyahara M, Sleivert GG, Gerrard DF. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 April; 19(3): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630028&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the psychologist in multidisciplinary treatments for chronic neck and shoulder pain: a controlled cost-effectiveness study. Author(s): Jensen I, Nygren A, Gamberale F, Goldie I, Westerholm P, Jonsson E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995 March; 27(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7792546&dopt=Abstract

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The shoulder pain and disability index: the construct validity and responsiveness of a region-specific disability measure. Author(s): Heald SL, Riddle DL, Lamb RL. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 October; 77(10): 1079-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327822&dopt=Abstract

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The shoulder pain syndrome and soft-tissue abnormalities in patients on long-term haemodialysis. Author(s): Chattopadhyay C, Ackrill P, Clague RB. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 June; 26(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580713&dopt=Abstract

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The source of shoulder pain in hemiplegia. Author(s): Joynt RL. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1992 May; 73(5): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580765&dopt=Abstract

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The use of radiographs to evaluate shoulder pain in the ED. Author(s): Fraenkel L, Lavalley M, Felson D. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 October; 16(6): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786537&dopt=Abstract

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The value of the history and physical for shoulder pain. Author(s): Cuomo F. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 October; 163(4): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7483608&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy of persistent pain states: Part I, neck and shoulder pain of five years' duration. Author(s): Cheek DB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1966 April; 8(4): 281-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5909209&dopt=Abstract

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Timely evaluation of shoulder pain in a teenager. Author(s): Hankin FM, Braunstein EM, Orringer MB. Source: American Family Physician. 1986 February; 33(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3946126&dopt=Abstract

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Trapezius muscle activity, neck and shoulder pain, and subjective experiences during monotonous work in women. Author(s): Sandsjo L, Melin B, Rissen D, Dohns I, Lundberg U. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 October; 83(2-3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104066&dopt=Abstract

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Treating patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Snels IA, Dekker JH, van der Lee JH, Lankhorst GJ, Beckerman H, Bouter LM. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 February; 81(2): 150-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807352&dopt=Abstract

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Treating shoulder pain: a randomized trial. Author(s): Graber MA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 August; 45(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267365&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain in the Netherlands: results of a national survey. Author(s): Snels IA, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 February; 14(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688341&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of neck and shoulder pain in whip-lash syndrome patients with intracutaneous sterile water injections. Author(s): Byrn C, Borenstein P, Linder LE. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1991 January; 35(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2006599&dopt=Abstract

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Tuberculous osteomyelitis presenting as shoulder pain. Author(s): Monach PA, Daily JP, Rodriguez-Herrera G, Solomon DH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672212&dopt=Abstract

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Uncommon causes of shoulder pain in the athlete. Author(s): Schulte KR, Warner JJ. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1995 July; 26(3): 505-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7609963&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding shoulder pain. Author(s): Cahill BR. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1985; 34: 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3833955&dopt=Abstract

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Unpacking the black box of nursing and therapy practice for post-stroke shoulder pain: a precursor to evaluation. Author(s): Pomeroy VM, Niven DS, Barrow S, Faragher EB, Tallis RC. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2001 February; 15(1): 67-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237164&dopt=Abstract

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Visualization of chronic neck-shoulder pain: impaired microcirculation in the upper trapezius muscle in chronic cervico-brachial pain. Author(s): Larsson R, Cai H, Zhang Q, Oberg PA, Larsson SE. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1998 April; 48(3): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659729&dopt=Abstract

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What is the initial approach to the treatment of shoulder pain? Author(s): Weismantel D, Solomos NJ, Abbott CM. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 January; 51(1): 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927057&dopt=Abstract

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Wheelchair user's shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. Author(s): Nichols PJ, Norman PA, Ennis JR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1979; 11(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=419395&dopt=Abstract

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When shoulder pain isn't bursitis. The myofascial pain syndrome. Author(s): Weed ND. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1983 September; 74(3): 97-8, 101-2, 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6889214&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SHOULDER PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and shoulder pain.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Shoulder Pain The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “shoulder pain” (or a synonym): •

Acupuncture and Trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user's shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Center for Research in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Kessler Medical Rehabilitation Research and Education Corp, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA. [email protected] Source: Dyson Hudson, T A Shiflett, S C Kirshblum, S C Bowen, J E Druin, E L ArchPhys-Med-Rehabil. 2001 August; 82(8): 1038-46 0003-9993

•

An unfused acromial epiphysis. A reason for chronic shoulder pain. Author(s): Heinrich-Heine-University, Orthopedic Department, Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: Jerosch, J Hepp, R Castro, W H Acta-Orthop-Belg. 1991; 57(3): 309-12 0001-6462

•

Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim Institute For Rehabilitation Medicine, Livingston, New Jersey USA. Source: Kim, K H Acupunct-Electrother-Res. 2001; 26(4): 263-75 0360-1293

•

Shoulder pain in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Service de Medecine Geriatrique a Orientation Rhumatologique et Neurologique, Centre Regional de Geriatrie, France. Source: Vaserman Lehuede, N Verin, M Rev-Rhum-Engl-Ed. 1999 April; 66(4): 220-3 1169-8446

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Shoulder pain. Source: Ji, X P J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1988 December; 8(4): 310-2 0254-6272

•

Treating shoulder pain: a randomized trial. Author(s): Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Health Center, Iowa City, USA. [email protected] Source: Graber, M A J-Fam-Pract. 1997 August; 45(2): 103-4 0094-3509

•

What is the initial approach to the treatment of shoulder pain? Author(s): Michigan State University, USA. Source: Weismantel, David Solomos, Nicholas J Abbott, Cathleen M J-Fam-Pract. 2002 January; 51(1): 22 0094-3509

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

Nutrition

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SHOULDER PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to shoulder pain. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to shoulder pain and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to shoulder pain: •

A clinical guide to surface-EMG-assisted stretching as an adjunct to chronic musculoskeletal pain rehabilitation. Author(s): Neblett R, Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG. Source: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2003 June; 28(2): 147-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12827993&dopt=Abstract

•

A combination of systematic review and clinicians' beliefs in interventions for subacromial pain. Author(s): Johansson K, Oberg B, Adolfsson L, Foldevi M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 February; 52(475): 145-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885825&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of FES with KAFO for providing ambulation and upright mobility in a child with a complete thoracic spinal cord injury. Author(s): Bonaroti D, Akers J, Smith BT, Mulcahey MJ, Betz RR. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 1999 Fall; 22(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685380&dopt=Abstract

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A critical review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for treatment of motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. Author(s): Chae J, Yu D. Source: Assist Technol. 2000; 12(1): 33-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11067576&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of Bowen technique in the management of clients with frozen shoulder. Author(s): Carter B. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2001 December; 9(4): 208-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184347&dopt=Abstract

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A trial into the effectiveness of soft tissue massage in the treatment of shoulder pain. Author(s): van den Dolder PA, Roberts DL. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2003; 49(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952518&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture and arthroscopic acromioplasty. Author(s): Gilbertson B, Wenner K, Russell LC. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2003 July; 21(4): 752-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798078&dopt=Abstract

•

Acupuncture and Trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user's shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Dyson-Hudson TA, Shiflett SC, Kirshblum SC, Bowen JE, Druin EL. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 82(8): 1038-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494182&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture for chronic shoulder pain. An experimental study with attention to the role of placebo and hypnotic susceptibility. Author(s): Moore ME, Berk SN. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1976 April; 84(4): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=769630&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture for frozen shoulder. Author(s): Sun KO, Chan KC, Lo SL, Fong DY.

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Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2001 December; 7(4): 381-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773673&dopt=Abstract •

Acupuncture for soft tissue shoulder disorders: a series of 201 cases. Author(s): Guerra J, Bassas E, Andres M, Verdugo F, Gonzalez M. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2003 June; 21(1-2): 18-22; Discussion 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924842&dopt=Abstract

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An overview of psychosocial and behavioral factors in neck-and-shoulder pain. Author(s): Linton SJ. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995; 32: 67-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7784840&dopt=Abstract

•

Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim KH. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2001; 26(4): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841111&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanical and osteopathic approach to shoulder pain. Author(s): Goldman S. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1989 January; 89(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921122&dopt=Abstract

•

Bone metastasis as the presenting complaint in ovarian carcinoma. Author(s): Kingston R, Sparkes J, Leen E, Stafford-Johnson D, Keogh P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 80(7): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437731&dopt=Abstract

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Case study: acceleration/deceleration injury with angular kyphosis. Author(s): Kessinger RC, Boneva DV. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 May; 23(4): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10820301&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical radiculopathy: a case for ancillary therapies? Author(s): Pollard H, Tuchin P. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 May; 18(4): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636415&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic management of a professional hockey player with recurrent shoulder instability. Author(s): Moreau CE, Moreau SR. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 July-August; 24(6): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514819&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic treatment of cervical radiculopathy caused by a herniated cervical disc. Author(s): Brouillette DL, Gurske DT. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1994 February; 17(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169540&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic treatment of frozen shoulder syndrome (adhesive capsulitis) utilizing mechanical force, manually assisted short lever adjusting procedures. Author(s): Polkinghorn BS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 February; 18(2): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790781&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck and shoulder pain. Focusing on myofascial origins. Author(s): Grosshandler SL, Stratas NE, Toomey TC, Gray WF. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 February 15; 77(3): 149-51, 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3975180&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic shoulder pain in stroke. Are we missing the acupoint? Author(s): Lindfield H. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2002; 7(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992984&dopt=Abstract

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Clients' experiences of frozen shoulder and its treatment with Bowen technique. Author(s): Carter B. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2002 November; 8(4): 20410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463610&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience in application of the acupoint futu. Author(s): Sun G. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 132-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125490&dopt=Abstract


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Clinical observation on treatment of 83 cases of posthemiplegic omalgia. Author(s): Chen L, Wu Q. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 September; 18(3): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453618&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between superficial and deep acupuncture in the treatment of the shoulder's myofascial pain: a randomized and controlled study. Author(s): Ceccheerelli F, Bordin M, Gagliardi G, Caravello M. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2001; 26(4): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841108&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between the analgesic and therapeutic effects of a musically modulated electromagnetic field (TAMMEF) and those of a 100 Hz electromagnetic field: blind experiment on patients suffering from cervical spondylosis or shoulder periarthritis. Author(s): Rigato M, Battisti E, Fortunato M, Giordano N. Source: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490031&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of TENS treatments in hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Leandri M, Parodi CI, Corrieri N, Rigardo S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1990; 22(2): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2363027&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a selected bedding system on quality of sleep, low back pain, shoulder pain, and spine stiffness. Author(s): Jacobson BH, Gemmell HA, Hayes BM, Altena TS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 February; 25(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896375&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain. Author(s): Price CI, Pandyan AD. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (4): Cd001698. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034725&dopt=Abstract

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Electrical stimulation for preventing and treating post-stroke shoulder pain: a systematic Cochrane review. Author(s): Price CI, Pandyan AD. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2001 February; 15(1): 5-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237161&dopt=Abstract

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Ericksonian hypnotherapy of intractable shoulder pain. Author(s): Williams JA. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1983 July; 26(1): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6678108&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture for chronic neck and shoulder pain--a double blind study. Author(s): Peng AT, Behar S, Yue SJ. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1987; 12(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2883835&dopt=Abstract

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Management of shoulder pain in patients with stroke. Author(s): Walsh K. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 October; 77(912): 645-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571371&dopt=Abstract

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Neck and shoulder pain: evaluation and conservative management. Author(s): Thistle HG. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1969 May; 53(3): 511-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5769454&dopt=Abstract

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Phenobarbital-induced fibromyalgia as the cause of bilateral shoulder pain. Author(s): Goldman SI, Krings MS. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1995 August; 95(8): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673010&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for shoulder pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1719-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589645&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of chronic neck and shoulder pain by manual acupuncture to tender points--a sham-controlled randomized trial. Author(s): Nabeta T, Kawakita K. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2002 December; 10(4): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594972&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: effects of functional electrical stimulation. Author(s): Chantraine A, Baribeault A, Uebelhart D, Gremion G.


Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 March; 80(3): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084443&dopt=Abstract •

Shoulder pain and Pancoast tumor: a diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Kovach SG, Huslig EL. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1984 March; 7(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6716016&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder pain. Author(s): Ji XP. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1988 December; 8(4): 310-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3246894&dopt=Abstract

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Supraclavicular glomus tumor, 20 year history of undiagnosed shoulder pain: a case report. Author(s): Ghaly RF, Ring AM. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534611&dopt=Abstract

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Therapy of persistent pain states: Part I, neck and shoulder pain of five years' duration. Author(s): Cheek DB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1966 April; 8(4): 281-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5909209&dopt=Abstract

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Treating patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Author(s): Snels IA, Dekker JH, van der Lee JH, Lankhorst GJ, Beckerman H, Bouter LM. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 February; 81(2): 150-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807352&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to shoulder pain; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Alternative Therapy Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SHOULDER PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to shoulder pain. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “shoulder pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on shoulder pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Shoulder Pain ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to shoulder pain. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Elbow and Shoulder Pain in Youth Baseball Players by Childress, Ronda Gail, PhD from The University of Alabama, 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3101738

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SHOULDER PAIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “shoulder pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on shoulder pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Shoulder Pain As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to shoulder pain:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Crude drug patch Inventor(s): Kim, Ki Hong; (Gangwon-do, KR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020197303 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a crude drug patch, and in particular to a crude drug patch which is fabricated using a gardenia having a certain function such as an antimicrobial function, a suppression and fever removing function. A homeostasis function, etc., a raw rehmannia glutinose is capable of softening a coagulated blood, mitigating a blood stasis, and curing a wound. In addition, it is possible to mitigate a pain by sticking on a diseased part such as a labor pain/anti-inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc. based on a combined prescription of a fermented soybean paste (toenjang), wheat flour and green tea at a certain ratio. Even when a crude drug patch according to the present invention is stuck on a skin using a natural material as an effective component, there is not any side effect. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a crude drug patch, and in particular to a crude drug patch which is fabricated using a gardenia having a certain function such as an antimicrobial function, a suppression and fever removing function, a homeostasis function, etc., a raw rehmannia glutinose capable of softening a coagulated blood, mitigating a blood stasis, and curing a wound. In addition, it is possible to mitigate a pain by sticking a crude drug patch on a diseased part such as a labor pain/inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc. based on a combined prescription of a fermented soybean paste (toenjang), wheat flour and green tea at a certain ratio. Even when a crude drug patch according to the present invention is stuck on a skin using a natural material as an effective component, there is no any side effect. In the conventional art, in order to medically treat a labor pain/anti-inflammation, sprain, bruise, muscle pain, joint pain, lumbago, shoulder pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, etc., an anodyne or a patch which is an internal medicine is generally used. However, since the above internal medicine is an oral inoculation type medicine, a gastroenteric disorder may occur. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Therapeutic pad Inventor(s): Sequeira, Alberta H.; (Rochester, MA) Correspondence: Richard C. Litman; Litman Law Offices, LTD.; P.O. Box 15035; Arlington; VA; 22215; US Patent Application Number: 20020052566 Date filed: November 1, 2001 Abstract: A therapeutic pad having a U-shaped configuration with parallel legs and a gel containing insert which can be cooled or heated for relief of neck or shoulder pain. The pad is fastened around one's neck by hook and loop fastening patches on the legs. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/245,067 filed Nov. 2, 2000. The present invention relates generally to a

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therapeutic devices and, more specifically, to a therapeutic device comprising a heated or chilled gel pack in a U-shaped cover with the sleeve ends having hook and loop closure patches. The gel pack can be applied to the upper back, neck, shoulders, and chest, while the gel pack is positioned securely but loosely around the user's neck. The related art of interest describes various therapeutic devices of various shapes, but none discloses the present invention. There is a need for a versatile and economical heated or cooled gel pack which can be conveniently placed on one's neck or shoulders and fastened to remain in that position until the need no longer exists, whereupon the gel pack can be readily removed. The related art will be discussed in the order of perceived relevance to the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with shoulder pain, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on shoulder pain. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning shoulder pain. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SHOULDER PAIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to shoulder pain. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on shoulder pain include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “shoulder pain” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “shoulder pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “shoulder pain” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Elbow and Shoulder Pain by John P. Adams; ISBN: 0874736463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874736463/icongroupinterna

•

Neck Ache and Shoulder Pain by Ian MacNab, John McCulloch; ISBN: 068305354X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068305354X/icongroupinterna

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Relief from Head, Neck and Shoulder Pain by Don McCann; ISBN: 0970681119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970681119/icongroupinterna

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Shoulder Pain; ISBN: 0803616139; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803616139/icongroupinterna

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Shoulder Pain (Pain Series) by Rene Cailliet; ISBN: 0803616147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803616147/icongroupinterna

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The Pilates Back Book: Heal Neck, Back, and Shoulder Pain With Easy Pilates Stretches by Tia Stanmore, Tia Stanmore; ISBN: 1931412898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931412898/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Shoulder Pain In order to find chapters that specifically relate to shoulder pain, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and shoulder pain using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SHOULDER PAIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover shoulder pain.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on shoulder pain is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to shoulder pain. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “shoulder pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for shoulder pain: •

Physical therapy as good as corticosteroid injection for acute shoulder pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 16, 2003

•

Neck and shoulder pain common in computer users Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 26, 2002

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•

Shoulder pain relieved by root canal Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 28, 2001

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Rotator cuff surgery cuts shoulder pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 14, 2000

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Heavy backpacks cause back, shoulder pain in children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 14, 1999

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Electrotherapy, ultrasound ineffective adjuncts to exercise for shoulder pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 1999

•

Injections Work for Shoulder Pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 02, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “shoulder pain” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to shoulder pain, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “shoulder pain” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on shoulder pain: •

Older Shoulders: Why It Hurts When Atlas Shrugs Source: Harvard Health Letter. 4-5; November 1996. Contact: Harvard Health Letter., P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (617) 4321485. Summary: This newsletter article for the general public discusses causes of shoulder problems. Shoulder pain may result from rotator cuff tendinitis, calcific tendinitis, or shoulder joint instability. Research has shown that the rotator cuff gradually deteriorates as individuals age. However, being physically fit can help combat the effects of aging on the shoulder. A course of treatment that individuals may follow to relieve shoulder pain is presented, and the use of arthroscopic surgery to treat shoulder injuries is discussed.

•

Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 49(11): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on evaluating and treating the musculoskeletal manifestations of thyroid disease. Thyroid disease can cause musculoskeletal symptoms that mimic known rheumatic syndromes. Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can affect the musculoskeletal system. The manifestations of congenital hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism occurring in childhood are usually dominated by cognitive deficiencies and developmental delays. In adults, hypothyroidism may result from autoimmune and postablative mechanisms,

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pituitary failure, or iodine deficiency. Hypothyroid adults usually have manifestations consistent with low basal metabolic rate. An arthropathy may occur, or hypothyroidism may be confused with fibromyalgia. Hypothyroidism is also associated with other musculoskeletal and rheumatic diseases, including polymyositis, carpal tunnel syndrome, avascular necrosis of the hip, polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Thyrotoxicosis may also have musculoskeletal manifestations, including myopathy, osteoporosis, and shoulder pain. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor in the thyroid, is associated with pretibial myxedema and thyroid acropachy. 2 tables and 35 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Shoulder Pain Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to shoulder pain. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering shoulder pain that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1746 41 942 4 23 2756

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on shoulder pain can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to shoulder pain. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to shoulder pain. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “shoulder pain”:

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Other guides Bursitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bursitis.html Dislocations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dislocations.html Shoulder Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Tendinitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on shoulder pain. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Shoulder Pain Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1989. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). P.O. Box 75838, Chicago, IL 60675-5838. (800) 626-6726. Fax (for credit card or institutional purchase orders) (800) 823-8025. Web site: www.aaos.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure for people with shoulder pain presents information on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Most shoulder problems involve muscles, ligaments, and tendons rather than bones. Shoulder pain may result from tendinitis/bursitis, injury/instability, or arthritis. Tendinitis can be acute or chronic, or tendons can split and tear because of acute injury or degenerative changes. Bursitis occurs when the fluid-filled sacs around the joints become inflamed and swollen. Shoulder instability can result in dislocations that cause pain and unsteadiness of the arm. Arthritis generally involves wear and tear changes with inflammation of the joint that results in swelling, pain, and stiffness. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and tests. Treatment generally involves activity modification, rest,

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and physical therapy. Medication and surgery may also be used to treat shoulder problems. Prevention involves avoiding overexertion. 1 figure and 1 photograph. •

Shoulder Replacement Surgery: Relieving Your Shoulder Pain Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have shoulder replacement surgery with information on undergoing and recovering from this surgical procedure. The booklet describes the anatomy of the healthy shoulder and identifies problems that can cause pain and stiffness, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fracture, avascular necrosis, and rotator cuff tear. This is followed by a discussion of the orthopedic evaluation to assess the shoulder, focusing on the medical history, the physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as x rays, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The booklet then outlines the steps involved in preparing for surgery, that is, having a general physical and dental examination, storing blood, informing the surgeon about any medications being taken, and planning ahead to make home recovery go more smoothly. In addition, the booklet discusses preparations in the days before surgery, describes the surgical technique for replacing part or all of the shoulder, and offers guidelines on recovering in the hospital and at home. The booklet includes a surgical checklist to help readers remember what to do before and after surgery. 11 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “shoulder pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

AAOS clinical guideline on shoulder pain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 2001; 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2998&nbr=2224&a mp;string=shoulder+AND+pain The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to shoulder pain. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to shoulder pain. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with shoulder pain. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about shoulder pain. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “shoulder pain” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given

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the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “shoulder pain”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “shoulder pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “shoulder pain” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on shoulder pain: •

Basic Guidelines for Shoulder Pain Shoulder pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003171.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Shoulder Pain Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

•

Background Topics for Shoulder Pain Anterior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002232.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SHOULDER PAIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. [NIH] Acromion: The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula and the highest point of the shoulder. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile

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sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the

Dictionary 101

language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Basal metabolic rate: Represents the minimum energy expenditure required for the maintenance of vital functions; normally the amount of energy expended, measured in calories, per unit of time at rest; measured after 14-18 hours of rest. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic

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engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachial Plexus Neuritis: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

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Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]

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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques

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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex

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hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Desmoid tumor: A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the abdomen. Desmoid tumors rarely metastasize. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself

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throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynamometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord.

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An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

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[NIH]

Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH]

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Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH]

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Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Instillation: . [EU] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH]

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Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Joint Instability: Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intraarticular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Kyphosis: A deformity of the spine characterized by extensive flexion. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH]

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Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet.

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[NIH]

Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

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Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.

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Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower

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portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]

Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

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Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH]

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Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire.

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Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue

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structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in

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the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable

Dictionary 123

joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of

Dictionary 125

vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Winged scapula: An undue prominence or sticking-out of the scapula. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

127

INDEX A Abdominal, 22, 38, 99, 106, 116 Abduction, 5, 8, 31, 99 Accessory Nerve, 5, 99 Acromion, 8, 36, 99 Adduction, 6, 8, 99 Adrenal Cortex, 99, 105 Adrenergic, 99, 109 Adverse Effect, 99, 121 Algorithms, 8, 99, 102 Alternative medicine, 74, 99 Amino Acid Sequence, 99, 100 Amino Acids, 99, 116, 118, 119 Amyloid, 15, 99 Anaesthesia, 15, 28, 99, 100 Anaesthetic, 26, 100 Anal, 100, 113 Analgesic, 61, 100 Analog, 5, 100 Analogous, 100, 110, 124 Androgens, 99, 100, 106 Anemia, 100, 115 Anesthesia, 26, 27, 45, 100, 118 Angina, 100, 116 Ankle, 8, 100 Antiallergic, 100, 106 Antibodies, 76, 100, 118, 119 Antibody, 100, 104, 110, 111, 119, 120 Antigen, 100, 104, 110, 111 Antihypertensive, 100, 109 Anti-infective, 100, 111 Anti-inflammatory, 100, 106, 109, 124 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 100, 106 Antimicrobial, 68, 100 Antineoplastic, 100, 106 Aphasia, 38, 100 Aqueous, 101 Arterial, 31, 101, 110, 116, 119 Arteries, 101, 102, 105, 114 Arterioles, 101, 102, 114 Arteriovenous, 101, 114 Arteritis, 76, 101, 118 Arthropathy, 76, 101 Arthroscopy, 4, 11, 14, 35, 47, 101 Articular, 26, 101, 112, 116, 124 Asymptomatic, 6, 101 Atrium, 101 Atrophy, 27, 101

Auricular, 14, 54, 59, 101 Autoimmune disease, 76, 101 Axilla, 101, 102 B Basal metabolic rate, 76, 101, 110 Base, 40, 101, 112, 123 Benign, 101, 108, 109, 113, 115, 120 Benign tumor, 101, 113 Beta-pleated, 99, 101 Bilateral, 12, 15, 34, 62, 101, 117, 121 Biochemical, 101, 116 Biopsy, 101, 117 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 74, 81, 101 Blood vessel, 102, 103, 112, 121, 122, 123, 124 Bone Marrow, 102, 113, 115 Brachial, 12, 15, 29, 50, 102, 110, 114 Brachial Plexus, 12, 29, 102, 114 Brachial Plexus Neuritis, 12, 102 Brain Diseases, 102, 117 Branch, 95, 102, 117, 121, 123 Breakdown, 102, 108 Bupivacaine, 15, 30, 45, 102, 112 Bursitis, 4, 15, 51, 86, 102 C Calcification, 27, 102 Calcium, 102, 104, 114, 116 Carbohydrate, 102, 106 Carcinoma, 59, 102 Cardiac, 102, 112, 115 Cardiovascular, 5, 103, 123 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 5, 32, 76, 103 Case report, 13, 14, 40, 41, 45, 54, 59, 63, 103 Case series, 103 Caudal, 103, 118 Cell, 76, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111, 113, 115, 118, 120 Central Nervous System, 102, 103, 108, 109 Central Nervous System Infections, 103, 109 Cerebral, 20, 102, 103, 109 Cervical, 16, 20, 21, 59, 60, 61, 99, 102, 103, 109, 114, 115, 117, 122 Cervical Plexus, 103, 117 Cervix, 103, 108 Character, 103, 106, 119

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Chemotherapy, 31, 103 Chest wall, 103, 123 Cholecystectomy, 15, 103 Clavicle, 3, 39, 103 Clinical Medicine, 103, 118 Clinical study, 42, 103, 105 Clinical trial, 4, 81, 103, 104, 105, 119, 120 Cloning, 102, 104 Cochlear, 104, 123, 125 Cochlear Diseases, 104, 123 Collagen, 46, 104, 118 Complement, 104 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 64, 104 Complementary medicine, 57, 104 Computational Biology, 81, 104 Computed tomography, 87, 105 Computerized axial tomography, 105 Computerized tomography, 105 Confounding, 4, 105 Connective Tissue, 28, 102, 104, 105, 108, 113, 120, 123 Connective Tissue Cells, 105 Consciousness, 100, 105 Contracture, 47, 105 Contraindications, ii, 105 Contralateral, 31, 105 Control group, 6, 7, 105 Controlled clinical trial, 11, 105 Controlled study, 61, 105 Coronary, 105, 114, 116 Coronary Thrombosis, 105, 114 Cortex, 102, 105, 116 Corticosteroid, 11, 18, 35, 73, 105 Cranial, 99, 106, 109, 111, 115, 117, 125 Craniocerebral Trauma, 106, 109, 123 Criterion, 8, 106 Curative, 106, 123 Cytotoxic, 106, 119, 120 D Databases, Bibliographic, 81, 106 Decompression, 27, 106 Decompression Sickness, 106 Degenerative, 86, 106, 116, 120 Desmoid tumor, 22, 106 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 74, 106 Dialyzer, 106, 109 Diaphragm, 103, 106, 117 Diffusion, 106, 109, 111 Dilator, 107, 116 Direct, iii, 103, 107, 120 Dislocation, 107, 122

Dissection, 5, 107 Distal, 39, 107, 119 Diverticulum, 41, 107 Dizziness, 11, 107 Dorsal, 107, 118, 122 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 53, 107 Drug Interactions, 107 Dyes, 99, 107 Dynamometer, 6, 8, 107 Dyspnea, 13, 32, 107 E Efficacy, 7, 107 Effusion, 107, 123 Elastin, 104, 107 Electrolyte, 106, 107, 114 Electrons, 101, 107, 112, 119, 120 Environmental Health, 47, 80, 82, 107 Enzymes, 107, 115, 116 Epidural, 26, 45, 107 Ergometer, 6, 108 Esophagus, 108, 122, 123 Extracellular, 99, 105, 108 Extracellular Matrix, 105, 108 Extremity, 7, 8, 102, 108, 114, 117 F Family Planning, 81, 108 Fat, 102, 106, 108, 113, 120, 121 Fatigue, 31, 108 Fibrosis, 105, 108 Flatus, 108 Flexion, 5, 8, 108, 112 Foramen, 108, 109 Forearm, 8, 108, 114 Fossa, 108, 121 Fundus, 108 G Gallbladder, 15, 99, 103, 108 Gamma Rays, 108, 120 Ganglia, 102, 108, 115, 117, 122 Ganglion, 108, 122, 125 Gas, 11, 106, 108, 110, 111 Gastric, 44, 108 Gene, 102, 108 Geriatric, 13, 14, 22, 109 Gland, 99, 109, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123 Glucocorticoid, 109, 124 Governing Board, 109, 118 Graft, 28, 109 Growth, 100, 101, 109, 113, 115, 121, 123, 124 Guanethidine, 26, 109

Index 129

Gynaecological, 11, 109 H Haemodialysis, 15, 21, 42, 48, 109 Headache, 11, 14, 22, 33, 54, 59, 109 Headache Disorders, 109 Hemiparesis, 109 Hemiplegia, 7, 40, 42, 48, 58, 62, 109 Hemodialysis, 26, 106, 109 Hemorrhage, 106, 109, 122 Hepatic, 31, 109 Herniated, 60, 109 Herpes, 16, 110 Herpes Zoster, 16, 110 Homeostasis, 68, 110 Hormonal, 101, 106, 110 Hormone, 106, 110, 111, 115, 120, 123 Humeral, 7, 33, 110 Hydrogen, 101, 102, 110, 114 Hydroxylysine, 104, 110 Hydroxyproline, 104, 110 Hyperostosis, 19, 110 Hypersensitivity, 110, 120 Hypertension, 110, 111 Hypnotherapy, 21, 62, 110 Hypnotic, 58, 110 Hypothyroidism, 75, 110 I Id, 55, 63, 87, 88, 94, 96, 110 Idiopathic, 19, 110 Immune response, 100, 101, 106, 110 Immunologic, 21, 110, 120 Incision, 110, 111, 123 Indicative, 21, 29, 71, 111, 117, 124 Indolent, 4, 111 Infarction, 105, 111, 114 Infection, 3, 111, 113, 116, 120, 122 Infiltration, 26, 111, 118 Inflammation, 3, 4, 24, 68, 86, 100, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123 Infusion, 31, 111 Innervation, 102, 111, 114 Instillation, 15, 111 Insufflation, 46, 111 Internal Medicine, 58, 68, 111, 120 Intervertebral, 109, 111, 113, 119 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 111, 113, 119 Intestines, 99, 111 Intracellular, 111 Intracranial Hypertension, 109, 111, 123 Intramuscular, 6, 8, 26, 111, 124

Intravenous, 111 Invasive, 111, 113 Iodine, 76, 111 Ionizing, 112, 120 Ions, 101, 107, 110, 112 Ipsilateral, 15, 26, 27, 45, 112 Ischemia, 101, 112 J Joint, 6, 8, 11, 24, 28, 42, 68, 75, 86, 101, 106, 112, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123 Joint Capsule, 112, 122 Joint Instability, 75, 112 K Kb, 80, 112 Kinetics, 8, 112 Kyphosis, 59, 112 L Laparoscopy, 11, 26, 27, 36, 38, 112 Larynx, 99, 112, 124 Least-Squares Analysis, 112, 120 Lesion, 8, 22, 47, 112, 124 Lethargy, 110, 112 Library Services, 94, 112 Lidocaine, 26, 112 Ligament, 112, 119, 122 Likelihood Functions, 112, 120 Linear Models, 112, 120 Lipoma, 26, 113 Liver, 99, 108, 109, 113 Localized, 5, 109, 111, 113, 115, 116, 124 Logistic Models, 113, 120 Longitudinal study, 28, 48, 113 Loop, 68, 69, 113 Low Back Pain, 18, 20, 21, 28, 32, 61, 113 Lumbago, 68, 113 Lumbar, 111, 113 Lupus, 113, 123 Lymph, 103, 113, 115 Lymph node, 103, 113, 115 Lymphatic, 111, 113, 118 Lymphoid, 100, 113 Lytic, 14, 113 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27, 87, 113 Malignancy, 45, 113 Malignant, 100, 113, 115, 120 Malignant tumor, 113, 115 Malnutrition, 101, 113 Mammogram, 102, 114 Manifest, 109, 114 Medial, 114, 121 Median Nerve, 103, 114

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MEDLINE, 81, 114 Membrane, 104, 106, 108, 109, 112, 114, 122 Metastasis, 59, 114 Metastasize, 106, 114, 121 Metastatic, 38, 114, 121 MI, 98, 114 Microcalcifications, 102, 114 Microcirculation, 50, 114 Mineralocorticoids, 99, 106, 114 Mitochondrial Swelling, 114, 115 Mobility, 6, 17, 29, 37, 58, 114 Modification, 86, 114 Molecular, 81, 83, 101, 105, 114 Molecule, 100, 101, 104, 114, 120 Motor nerve, 114, 117 Motor Skills, 43, 115 Multiple Myeloma, 17, 115 Muscle tension, 37, 115 Muscular Diseases, 115, 117 Musculature, 115, 122 Musculoskeletal System, 75, 115 Myocardium, 114, 115 Myopathy, 76, 115 Myxedema, 76, 115 N Neck dissection, 5, 24, 40, 115 Neck Pain, 11, 14, 54, 59, 115 Necrosis, 76, 87, 111, 114, 115 Need, 3, 69, 72, 75, 89, 115, 124 Neoplasm, 32, 115, 124 Nerve, 5, 30, 45, 99, 100, 102, 103, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 125 Nerve Endings, 109, 115 Nerve Fibers, 102, 103, 115, 117, 122 Nervous System, 103, 115, 117 Neuralgia, 68, 115 Neurologic, 7, 115 Neuromuscular, 58, 115, 117 Neurons, 99, 108, 115, 116, 122, 125 Neuropathy, 20, 115 Neuropeptide, 23, 116 Neurotransmitters, 116 Nitroglycerin, 44, 116 Norepinephrine, 99, 109, 116 Nuclear, 107, 108, 115, 116 Nuclei, 107, 113, 116, 125 O Osteoarthritis, 87, 116 Osteolysis, 39, 116 Osteomyelitis, 50, 116 Osteoporosis, 76, 116

P Pain Threshold, 24, 116 Palliative, 116, 123 Palsy, 33, 116 Pancreas, 99, 116 Paraplegia, 6, 7, 8, 19, 38, 43, 47, 116 Paresis, 109, 117 Patch, 68, 117, 124 Pathologic, 34, 101, 102, 105, 110, 117, 121, 122 Pathophysiology, 13, 117 Patient Education, 86, 92, 94, 98, 117 Pelvic, 38, 117, 119 Perception, 34, 117 Percutaneous, 7, 117 Periarthritis, 61, 117 Pericardium, 117, 123 Perioperative, 29, 117 Peripheral Nervous System, 109, 116, 117 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 109, 117 Pharmacologic, 100, 117, 124 Phrenic Nerve, 26, 117 Physical Examination, 86, 87, 117 Physical Therapy, 4, 6, 11, 16, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34, 42, 45, 48, 60, 62, 87, 117 Physiologic, 117, 120 Pilot study, 40, 58, 118 Pitch, 19, 118 Pituitary Gland, 106, 118 Plasma, 100, 114, 115, 118 Plasma cells, 100, 115, 118 Platinum, 113, 118 Plexus, 15, 102, 103, 118 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 76, 118 Polypeptide, 99, 104, 118 Posterior, 7, 8, 27, 35, 100, 107, 115, 116, 118 Postmenopausal, 116, 118 Practice Guidelines, 34, 62, 82, 87, 118 Precursor, 50, 116, 118, 124 Prevalence, 4, 7, 36, 118 Procaine, 112, 118 Progression, 4, 7, 118 Progressive, 37, 109, 115, 116, 118, 124 Proline, 104, 110, 118 Prospective study, 11, 35, 39, 47, 113, 119 Prostate, 119 Prostate gland, 119 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 41, 119 Prosthesis, 112, 119 Protein S, 102, 119

Index 131

Proteins, 99, 100, 104, 107, 114, 118, 119, 124 Proteinuria, 115, 119 Protocol, 19, 119 Proximal, 3, 107, 118, 119 Public Policy, 81, 119 Publishing, 9, 119 Pulmonary, 119, 123 Pyogenic, 116, 119 R Radiation, 108, 112, 119, 120, 125 Radicular, 119 Radiculopathy, 20, 59, 60, 119 Radioimmunotherapy, 119, 120 Radiological, 117, 120 Radiotherapy, 38, 119, 120 Randomized, 5, 7, 11, 20, 25, 38, 49, 54, 61, 62, 107, 120 Randomized clinical trial, 20, 120 Receptor, 76, 100, 120 Rectum, 108, 119, 120 Refer, 1, 104, 107, 110, 120 Regimen, 107, 120 Regression Analysis, 8, 120 Reliability, 18, 25, 38, 120 Restoration, 117, 120 Retrospective, 11, 120 Rheumatic Diseases, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 26, 29, 30, 35, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46, 75, 76, 120 Rheumatism, 17, 28, 120 Rheumatoid, 30, 45, 76, 87, 120 Rheumatoid arthritis, 30, 45, 76, 87, 120 Rheumatology, 10, 19, 23, 25, 29, 35, 37, 41, 46, 47, 48, 50, 120 Risk factor, 24, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 113, 119, 121 Rotator, 4, 24, 25, 27, 33, 35, 46, 74, 75, 87, 121 Rotator Cuff, 4, 24, 25, 27, 33, 35, 46, 75, 87, 121 S Sagittal, 6, 121 Saline, 45, 121 Screening, 39, 104, 121 Secondary tumor, 114, 121 Secretion, 106, 110, 114, 121 Senile, 116, 121 Sensibility, 100, 121 Sensory loss, 119, 121 Side effect, 121 Skeletal, 19, 29, 100, 115, 121

Skeleton, 112, 121 Smooth muscle, 105, 115, 116, 121 Soft tissue, 4, 7, 12, 58, 59, 102, 121 Spatial disorientation, 107, 121 Specialist, 88, 121 Spinal cord, 6, 7, 8, 12, 21, 36, 48, 50, 54, 58, 99, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122 Spinal Cord Diseases, 109, 117, 122 Spinal Cord Injuries, 119, 122 Spinal Nerve Roots, 119, 122 Spondylitis, 13, 122 Sprains and Strains, 3, 113, 122 Stasis, 68, 122 Stellate, 27, 122 Stellate Ganglion, 27, 122 Sterile, 44, 50, 122 Sternum, 8, 122 Steroids, 105, 109, 122 Stimulus, 107, 111, 122 Stomach, 99, 108, 110, 111, 122 Stress, 37, 39, 44, 120, 122 Stroke, 11, 16, 20, 29, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 50, 60, 61, 62, 80, 122 Subacute, 111, 122 Subarachnoid, 109, 122 Subclinical, 111, 122 Subcutaneous, 22, 44, 122 Suppression, 68, 106, 122 Synovial, 45, 112, 122, 123 Synovial Membrane, 112, 122, 123 Synovitis, 25, 123 Systemic, 12, 45, 76, 111, 123 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 76, 123 T Temporal, 109, 118, 123 Tendinitis, 4, 44, 46, 75, 86, 123 Therapeutics, 14, 20, 28, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 123 Thoracic, 17, 26, 27, 29, 37, 45, 58, 102, 106, 114, 122, 123, 125 Thoracic Surgery, 27, 123 Thoracotomy, 15, 26, 27, 45, 123 Thrombosis, 119, 122, 123 Thyroid, 75, 110, 111, 115, 123 Thyroid Gland, 115, 123 Thyrotoxicosis, 75, 123 Thyrotropin, 110, 123 Tin, 103, 118, 123 Tinnitus, 11, 123, 125 Tomography, 123 Toxic, iv, 116, 123, 124

132

Shoulder Pain

Toxicity, 107, 124 Toxicology, 82, 124 Toxins, 100, 111, 119, 124 Trachea, 112, 123, 124 Transdermal, 44, 124 Transfection, 102, 124 Trauma, 23, 24, 33, 115, 124 Triage, 10, 124 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 20, 124 Tryptophan, 104, 124 Tumour, 41, 108, 124 U Ulcer, 44, 124 Ultrasonography, 4, 28, 124 Unconscious, 110, 124 Uterus, 103, 108, 124 V Vaccine, 119, 124

Vascular, 109, 111, 114, 122, 123, 124 Veins, 102, 118, 124 Venous, 101, 116, 119, 124 Venules, 102, 114, 124 Vertebrae, 111, 122, 124 Vesicular, 110, 124 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 123, 125 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 123, 125 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 125 W Walkers, 8, 125 Wheelchairs, 4, 125 Windpipe, 123, 125 Winged scapula, 5, 125 X X-ray, 105, 108, 114, 116, 120, 125

Index 133

134

Shoulder Pain

Index 135

136

Shoulder Pain

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