Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E...

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COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00287-6 1. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on complex regional pain syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME ................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ............................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME ......................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome .............................................. 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 38 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME ................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 41 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 General References ....................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME ................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 47 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 48 Chapters on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome .......................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME ..................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Academic Periodicals covering Complex Regional Pain Syndrome............................................. 53 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 55 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 56 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Associations and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome .................................................................. 70 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 79 COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME DICTIONARY ................................................. 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 109

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with complex regional pain syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about complex regional pain syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to complex regional pain syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on complex regional pain syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to complex regional pain syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on complex regional pain syndrome. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on complex regional pain syndrome.

Federally Funded Research on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to complex regional pain syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to complex regional pain syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore complex regional pain syndrome. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for complex regional pain syndrome: •

Project Title: CURRENT PERCEPTION THRESHOLD & PAIN PERCEPTION THRESHOLD VALUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dotson, Rose; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a multi-site study conducted to characterize standardized current perception threshold (CPT) and pain perception threshold (PPT) measures in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients and in healthy matched controls. The investigators hypothesize that evaluation of a patient's CPT and PPT measures will differentiate between CRPS patients and the healthy matched controls. The specific aims of this study are to study the impedance pattern of reflux episodes in normal volunteers in the fasting and postprandial states; and to assess whether esophageal impedance measurement improve the detection of Gastroesophageal reflux in subjects with known severe gastroesophageal reflux, as characterized by the presence of a columnar lined esophagus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INJURY INDUCED FACILITATED NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kingery, Wade S.; Clinical Assistant Professor; Palo Alto Institute for Res & Edu Palo Alto, Ca 943040038 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Fractures and nerve injuries can lead to the development of a complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This syndrome presents with a baffling array of clinical findings, including increased cutaneous blood flow, increased skin temperature, spontaneous protein extravasation, limb edema, periarticular osteopenia, spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. The mechanism underlying this pathophysiology is unknown and most CRPS patients with persistent symptoms are permanently disabled. This proposal tests the hypothesis that the injuries that most frequently cause CRPS Type I (distal limb fractures) and Type II (incomplete nerve injuries) in man evoke similar syndromes in rats, including changes in cutaneous vascular function (increased skin temperature, vasodilatation, and spontaneous extravasation), bony tissue (periarticular osteopenia measured by radiographs and absorptiometry), and nociceptive thresholds (hindpaw hyperalgesia and allodynia). After establishing that the fracture and incomplete nerve injury rat models resemble CRPS Type I and II, the next step will be to test the hypothesis that facilitated substance P signaling mediates the vascular, bony and nociceptive changes observed in these injury models. To confirm this hypothesis, neurotoxic lesioning of the substance P containing neurons will be used to prevent the development of vascular, bony, and nociceptive changes in the injury models, while substance P receptor antagonists will be used to reverse CRPS pathophysiology in these models. Finally, this proposal will utilize the CRPS models to develop invasive and noninvasive techniques for measuring facilitated cutaneous neurogenic inflammatory responses, techniques which can be used in future investigations examining facilitated substance P signaling in CRPS patients. These techniques include using cutaneous microdialysis and laser Doppler blood flow measurements to determine protein extravasation and vasodilatation responses to electrical stimulation and substance P microinfusion. A less invasive method will use cutaneous iontophoresis of substance P to evoke a facilitated vasodilatation response measured by laser Doppler. The information collected during the course of these studies will greatly contribute to our understanding of the role of facilitated substance P signaling in the vascular, bony, and nociceptive CRPS sequelae, and will contribute to the ultimate goal of improving the efficacy and safety of the pharmacologic management of these diverse consequences of injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF NOCICEPTOR MODULATION BY NPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibbs, Jennifer L.; Endodontics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) The sympathetic nervous system contributes to certain types of chronic pain states such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Many studies have evaluated sympathetic modulation of nociceptors utilizing animal models of hyperalgesia that typically involve a peripheral nerve injury. These studies have demonstrated that NPY, a sympathetically derived neuropeptide, provides an important although highly complex neuromodulatory function after peripheral nerve injury. However, few studies have evaluated NPY modulation of nociceptors under control or "in-injured" conditions, which is the broad objective of this research proposal. We believe that understanding how NPY functions under basal conditions is critical to understanding how it functions in response to injury. The specific aims are: 1) to characterize the pharmacological effects of NPY receptor agonists for modulating the initiation of neurogenic inflammation; 2) to determine whether NPY receptor agonists inhibit capsaicin-evoked hyperalgesia following administration to the rat dental pulp; 3) to evaluate the molecular basis for NPY pharmacology by identifying specific NPY receptor subtypes expressed on the capsaicin-sensitive class of trigeminal sensory neurons and 4) to evaluate the effects of nerve injury on specific aims #1-3. Collectively, these parametric, integrated and multidisciplinary research plan will seen to both address an important scientific question, and to provide an excellent opportunity for comprehensive scientific training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VULVODYNIA

PREVALENCE

AND

ETIOLOGICAL

PREDICTORS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Harlow, Bernard L.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's description): Vulvodynia is a syndrome of unexplained vulvar itching, burning, and/or pain that causes major physical and psychological distress. It is a diagnosis of exclusion when vulvar discomfort becomes chronic over many months and the presence of any other remediable cause, such as infection or dermatitis, is ruled out. The two major subtypes of vulvodynia -generalized vulvar dysesthesia and vestibulodynia -- are often misclassified. Few descriptive or etiologic epidemiological studies have been performed. Thus, the prevalence and incidence in the general population is unknown and no preventable exposures have been identified. A recent NIH sponsored consensus conference stressed the need to determine the prevalence of vulvodynia and conduct population-based observational studies to identify modifiable risk factors. The applicant has conducted a population-based prevalence survey in more than 400 women that achieved a 70% response rate and found that 18% of women reported a lifetime history of chronic vulvar symptoms that lasted three months or longer. Approximately 8% of all women surveyed were currently experiencing these symptoms. In addition, the applicant conducted a pilot case-control study of 31 women diagnosed with either dysesthetic vulvodynia or vestibulodynia, or a combination of the two within the last five years and compared them to 31 similarly aged healthy women identified from the general population. Cases

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were, on average, three times more likely to report medical treatments or surgical procedures for conditions that may have influenced perineal pain, or a greater frequency of condom use and use of talcum powder in the genital area that may have lead to mucosal abrasion and inflammation. The applicant now proposes to survey 16,000 women 20-59 years of age from the general population to estimate the agespecific prevalence of vulvodynia. From this sample, the applicant will identify 400 cases of vulvodynia, verified through a two-step screening process, and a sample of 400 frequency matched age and county of residence controls. Structured interviews will assess a wide spectrum of exposures related to trauma. A subsample of 80 cases and 80 controls will receive a clinical examination to confirm the presence or absense of vulvodynia, and also will provide a vaginal lavage and vulvar swab specimen for the assessment of cytokines and the culturing of microbiological organisms. The applicant hypothesizes that various types of vulvar trauma may precede the spontaneous and evoked vulvar pain experienced by women with vulvodynia and that vulvodynia may be a variant of a specific type of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome that is consistent with sensory disturbances such as mechanical allodynia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STUDY OF ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SYMPATHETIC SPROUTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Junming; Associate Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 04-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of our research is to investigate the mechanisms underling sympathetic sprouting and its correlation with ectopic, spontaneous activity originating from axotornized sensory neurons or injured peripheral axons (neuroma). After peripheral axotomy, sympathetic axons sprout into the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), a major phenomenon implicated in neuropathic pain (e.g., complex regional pain syndrome [CRPS]). Although there is evidence that certain glial-cell-derived neurotrophins are involved in the sympathetic sprouting, the causal factor that triggers, and possibly guides, the sprouting of sympathetic nerve endings remains largely unknown. However, evidence exists that sympathetic sprouting is associated predominately with large- and medium-sized sensory neurons, which often present with high frequency and/or bursting discharges after nerve injury. Results from our preliminary study revealed that systemic lidocaine (a Na* channel blocker) significantly reduced the extent of sympathetic sprouting, whereas systemic administration of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, a K+ channel blocker), which enhances spontaneous activity, increased the sprouting. We hypothesize that injury of the peripheral nerve or the DRG causes high frequency and/or bursting discharges in largeand medium-sized DRG neurons that trigger the sprouting of sympathetic nerve fibers possibly through the enhanced expression of neurotrophins from satellite glial cells. Using animal models of experimental neuroma combining with electrophysiological, immunohistochemical and Western blot techniques, we will test our hypothesis via the following 3 Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1. Examine whether sympathetic sprouting in DRGs with peripheral axotomy shows any preference for spontaneously active neurons with high frequency and/or bursting discharges or hyperexcitability. Specific Aim 2. Determine whether sympathetic sprouting may be evoked by spontaneous activity in DRGs without axotomy. Specific Aim 3. Assess the role of glial cell-derived neurotrophins in activity-dependent sympathetic sprouting. If a relationship among spontaneous activity, neurotrophins, and sympathetic sprouting is identified, then new therapeutic approaches involving pharmacological modulation of spontaneous activity

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could be developed to suppress the hyperexcitability of sensory neurons. Such therapies could provide more effective non-opioid analgesia to patients with neuropathic pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with complex regional pain syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for complex regional pain syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Complex regional pain syndrome" after trauma from high-heeled shoe. Author(s): Engelhart M, Bliddal H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 July; 77(4): 331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228238

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A case of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome, type I) resolved by cerebral contusion. Author(s): Shibata M, Nakao K, Galer BS, Shimizu T, Taniguchi H, Uchida T. Source: Pain. 1999 February; 79(2-3): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10068177

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A clinical approach to complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Harden RN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2000 June; 16(2 Suppl): S26-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870737

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A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Author(s): McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 January; 42(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12509620

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A follow-up study of 14 young adults with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Greipp ME. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2000 April; 32(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826293

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A study of bone densitometry in patients with complex regional pain syndrome after stroke. Author(s): Kumar V, Kalita J, Gujral RB, Sharma VP, Misra UK. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 August; 77(910): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470933

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Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature. Author(s): Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2000 February; 23(2): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10639611

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Adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, van der Laan L, Severens JL, Goris JA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 January; 81(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638876

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Algodystrophy (reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome) and causalgia: novel concepts regarding the nosology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of complex regional pain syndromes. Is the sympathetic hyperactivity hypothesis wrong? Author(s): Berthelot JM, Glemarec J, Guillot P, Maugars Y, Prost A. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 July-September; 64(7-9): 481-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338930

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Algorithm for timely recognition and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): a new approach for objective assessment. Author(s): Simon DL. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1997 September; 13(3): 264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303261

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Alpha-adrenergic supersensitivity of the sudomotor nerve in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Chemali KR, Gorodeski R, Chelimsky TC. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 April; 49(4): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310622

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Altered central sensorimotor processing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Juottonen K, Gockel M, Silen T, Hurri H, Hari R, Forss N. Source: Pain. 2002 August; 98(3): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127033

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Amenorrhea in a patient after treatment with gabapentin for complex regional pain syndrome type II. Author(s): Berger JJ. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2004 May-June; 20(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15100596

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An unusual cause of pain after nevus excision: complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Prager JP, Csete M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 October; 37(4): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344211

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Analgesic effects of ketamine ointment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Author(s): Ushida T, Tani T, Kanbara T, Zinchuk VS, Kawasaki M, Yamamoto H. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 September-October; 27(5): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373705

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Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients. Author(s): Price DD, Long S, Wilsey B, Rafii A. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 September; 14(3): 216-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758071

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Assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Schurmann M, Gradl G, Andress HJ, Furst H, Schildberg FW. Source: Pain. 1999 March; 80(1-2): 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204727

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Assessment of the peripheral microcirculation using computer-assisted venous congestion plethysmography in post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Schurmann M, Zaspel J, Gradl G, Wipfel A, Christ F. Source: Journal of Vascular Research. 2001 September-October; 38(5): 453-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561147

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Autonomic failure after stroke--is it indicative for pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome? Author(s): Riedl B, Beckmann T, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO, Birklein F. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 January; 103(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153885

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Axillary brachial plexus block with patient controlled analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I: a case report. Author(s): Wang LK, Chen HP, Chang PJ, Kang FC, Tsai YC. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 January-February; 26(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172515

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Bilateral motor cortex disinhibition in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I of the hand. Author(s): Schwenkreis P, Janssen F, Rommel O, Pleger B, Volker B, Hosbach I, Dertwinkel R, Maier C, Tegenthoff M. Source: Neurology. 2003 August 26; 61(4): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939426

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Bone atrophy in complex regional pain syndrome patients measured by microdensitometry. Author(s): Otake T, Ieshima H, Ishida H, Ushigome Y, Saito S. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1998 September; 45(9): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818104

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Bretylium in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: uncommon sideeffect of a common drug. Author(s): Kuczkowski KM. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 58(2): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562438

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Can complex regional pain syndrome be painless? Author(s): Eisenberg E, Melamed E. Source: Pain. 2003 December; 106(3): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659509

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Capillary blood gas analysis in complex regional pain syndrome: a pilot study. Author(s): Tan EC, de Keijzer MH, Goris RJ. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 September; 40(Pt 5): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503998

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Case report: Complex regional pain syndrome type 2 (causalgia) after automated laser discectomy. Author(s): Casper GD. Source: Spine. 1998 February 15; 23(4): 508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516712

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Case reports and hypothesis: a neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-1). Author(s): Galer BS, Butler S, Jensen MP. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1995 July; 10(5): 385-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7673771

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Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Author(s): Baron R, Levine JD, Fields HL. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 June; 22(6): 678-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10366221

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Central nervous system abnormalities in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): clinical and quantitative evidence of medullary dysfunction. Author(s): Thimineur M, Sood P, Kravitz E, Gudin J, Kitaj M. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 September; 14(3): 256-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9758076

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Changes in regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamus after electroconvulsive therapy for patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (preliminary case series). Author(s): Fukui S, Shigemori S, Nosaka S. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 September-October; 27(5): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373706

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Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Van Houdenhove B. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 March-April; 44(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618538

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Chronic pelvic pain as a form of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Janicki TI. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 December; 46(4): 797-803. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595221

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Clinical and physiologic evaluation of stellate ganglion blockade for complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Schurmann M, Gradl G, Wizgal I, Tutic M, Moser C, Azad S, Beyer A. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2001 March; 17(1): 94-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289093

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Clinical experience using intrathecal (IT) bupivacaine infusion in three patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I). Author(s): Lundborg C, Dahm P, Nitescu P, Appelgren L, Curelaru I. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 July; 43(6): 667-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10408823

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Clinical factors in the prognosis of complex regional pain syndrome type I after stroke: a prospective study. Author(s): Daviet JC, Preux PM, Salle JY, Lebreton F, Munoz M, Dudognon P, Pelissier J, Perrigot M. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 January; 81(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807329

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Comparison of multiple against single pain intensity measurements in complex regional pain syndrome type I: analysis of 54 patients. Author(s): Forouzanfar T, Kemler M, Kessels AG, Koke AJ, van Kleef M, Weber WE. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131064

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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with resistance to local anesthetic block: a case report. Author(s): Maneksha FR, Mirza H, Poppers PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2000 February; 12(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10773513

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Complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia): management with the calcium channel blocker nifedipine and/or the alphasympathetic blocker phenoxybenzamine in 59 patients. Author(s): Muizelaar JP, Kleyer M, Hertogs IA, DeLange DC. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1997 February; 99(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9107464

Studies

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Complex regional pain syndrome (type I) after electrical injury: a case report of treatment with continuous epidural block. Author(s): Kim CT, Bryant P. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 July; 82(7): 993-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11441391

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Complex regional pain syndrome (type I, RSD; type II, causalgia): controversies. Author(s): Stanton-Hicks M. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2000 June; 16(2 Suppl): S33-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870738

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Complex regional pain syndrome after hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Jastaniah WA, Dobson S, Lugsdin JG, Petty RE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 December; 143(6): 802-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657832

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Complex regional pain syndrome after thromboendarterectomy: which type is it? Author(s): Baillet G, Planchon CA, Tamgac F, Thomassin M, Foult JM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 September; 27(9): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192276

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Complex regional pain syndrome and chronic pain management in the lower extremity. Author(s): Lee KJ, Kirchner JS. Source: Foot Ankle Clin. 2002 June; 7(2): 409-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462118

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Complex regional pain syndrome and lyme borreliosis: two different diseases? Author(s): Sibanc B, Lesnicar G. Source: Infection. 2002 December; 30(6): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478332

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Complex regional pain syndrome as a complication of a chemical burn to the foot. Author(s): Kumbhat S, Meyer N, Schurr MJ. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2004 March-April; 25(2): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15091146

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Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I): prospective study and laboratory evaluation. Author(s): Sandroni P, Low PA, Ferrer T, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Willner CL, Wilson PR. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 December; 14(4): 282-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9874005

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Complex regional pain syndrome I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Author(s): Raja SN, Grabow TS. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 May; 96(5): 1254-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981168

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Complex regional pain syndrome in childhood: report of three cases. Author(s): Matsui M, Ito M, Tomoda A, Miike T. Source: Brain & Development. 2000 October; 22(7): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11102730

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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in the ambulatory surgical care setting. Author(s): Scales BA, Kowalczyk J. Source: Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses / American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses. 2002 August; 17(4): 251-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173156

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Complex regional pain syndrome in the head and neck: a review of the literature. Author(s): Melis M, Zawawi K, al-Badawi E, Lobo Lobo S, Mehta N. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2002 Spring; 16(2): 93-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043524

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Complex regional pain syndrome is a disease of the central nervous system. Author(s): Janig W, Baron R. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2002 June; 12(3): 150-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269546

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Complex regional pain syndrome of the breast in a patient after breast reduction. Author(s): Papay FA, Verghese A, Stanton-Hicks M, Zins J. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 October; 39(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9339276

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Complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity: a retrospective study of 33 patients. Author(s): Anderson DJ, Fallat LM. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1999 November-December; 38(6): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10614608

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Complex regional pain syndrome post mastectomy. Author(s): Graham LE, McGuigan C, Kerr S, Taggart AJ. Source: Rheumatology International. 2002 January; 21(4): 165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843174

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Complex regional pain syndrome type 2 (causalgia) after automated laser discectomy. A case report. Author(s): Plancarte R, Calvillo O. Source: Spine. 1997 February 15; 22(4): 459-61; Discussion 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055376

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy): more than a myth. Author(s): Rowbotham MC. Source: Neurology. 1998 July; 51(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674766

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD) or peripheral mononeuropathy? A discussion of three cases. Author(s): Thimineur MA, Saberski L. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1996 June; 12(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776555

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD): pathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve. Author(s): van der Laan L, ter Laak HJ, Gabreels-Festen A, Gabreels F, Goris RJ. Source: Neurology. 1998 July; 51(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674773

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I after myocardial infarction treated with spinal cord stimulation. Author(s): Ahmed SU. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 May-June; 28(3): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772144

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Shibata M, Abe K, Jimbo A, Shimizu T, Mihara M, Sadahiro S, Yoshikawa H, Mashimo T. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003 January-February; 19(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514459

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I in cancer patients. Author(s): Mekhail N, Kapural L. Source: Current Review of Pain. 2000; 4(3): 227-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998738

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I induced by pacemaker implantation, with a good response to steroids and neurotropin. Author(s): Okada M, Suzuki K, Hidaka T, Shinohara T, Kataharada K, Takada K, Tanaka H, Ohsuzu F. Source: Intern Med. 2002 June; 41(6): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135188

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with topical capsaicin: a case report. Author(s): Ribbers GM, Stam HJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 June; 82(6): 851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387594

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I: associated visual sensorimotor case findings. Author(s): Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ, Tannen B. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 March-April; 18(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882772

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Author(s): Sandroni P, Benrud-Larson LM, McClelland RL, Low PA. Source: Pain. 2003 May; 103(1-2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749974

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Complex regional pain syndrome type I: use of the International Association for the Study of Pain diagnostic criteria defined in 1994. Author(s): Reinders MF, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 207-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131062

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Complex regional pain syndrome type II as a complication of subclavian catheter insertion. Author(s): Burton AW, Conroy BP, Sims S, Solanki D, Williams CG. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 September; 89(3): 804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9743433

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Complex regional pain syndrome type-1: a rare complication of arteriovenous graft placement. Author(s): Pandita D, Danielson BD, Potti A, Lo TS, Buettner A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 October; 26(10): 2254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529150

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Complex regional pain syndrome with selective emotional sudomotor failure. Author(s): Julu PO, McCarron MO, Hansen S, Job H, Jamal GA, Ballantyne JP. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 May; 7(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886322

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Colton AM, Fallat LM. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1996 July-August; 35(4): 284-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8872750

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Stanton-Hicks M. Source: Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. 2003 December; 21(4): 733-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719716

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Atkins RM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 November; 85(8): 1100-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653588

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Ehikhametalor K, Nelson M, Treasure D, McGaw C. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 September; 52(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649114

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Cooney WP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 July; 77(7): 733-4; Author Reply 734. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12108614

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Vacariu G. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2002 May 20; 24(8): 435-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12033998

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Rho RH, Brewer RP, Lamer TJ, Wilson PR. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 February; 77(2): 174-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838651

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Kaplan PE. Source: Lancet. 2001 November 3; 358(9292): 1552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705604

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Gardner EK. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2001 July; 101(7): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11469123

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Harden RN. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 July; 87(1): 99-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11460817

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Hernandez W, Raja A, Capuano C. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999 October; 89(10): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546427

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Aprile AE. Source: Aana Journal. 1997 December; 65(6): 557-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9464011

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Pittman DM, Belgrade MJ. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 December; 56(9): 2265-70, 2275-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402812

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Complex regional pain syndrome: a report of two cases recalcitrant to usual treatment protocols. Author(s): Fox IM, Domsky R, Frank MJ. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2001 July-August; 40(4): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11924684

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Complex regional pain syndrome: a review of evidence-supported treatment options. Author(s): Hord ED, Oaklander AL. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2003 June; 7(3): 188-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720598

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Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive? Author(s): Harden RN, Bruehl S, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M, Gayles R, Rudin N, Bhugra MK, Stanton-Hicks M. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534592

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Complex regional pain syndrome: are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the syndrome? Author(s): Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Backonja M, Stanton-Hicks M. Source: Pain. 2002 January; 95(1-2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790474

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Complex regional pain syndrome: becoming more or less complex? Author(s): Bushnell TG, Cobo-Castro T. Source: Manual Therapy. 1999 November; 4(4): 221-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10593111

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Complex regional pain syndrome: how to resolve the complexity? Author(s): Birklein F, Handwerker HO. Source: Pain. 2001 October; 94(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576739

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Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained? Author(s): Janig W, Baron R. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2003 November; 2(11): 687-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572737

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Complex regional pain syndrome--diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy. Author(s): Wasner G, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Baron R. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 February; 41(2): 61-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595868

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Complex regional pain syndromes: including "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "causalgia". Author(s): Walker SM, Cousins MJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1997 April; 25(2): 113-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9127652

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Complex regional pain syndrome--type I: research relevance, practice realities. Author(s): Greipp ME. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2003 February; 35(1): 16-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12789717

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Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous lidocaine on the allodynia of complex regional pain syndrome types I and II. Author(s): Wallace MS, Ridgeway BM, Leung AY, Gerayli A, Yaksh TL. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 January; 92(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638902

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Conversion disorder after implant of a spinal cord stimulator in a patient with a complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Parisod E, Murray RF, Cousins MJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 January; 96(1): 201-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505953

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Decreased levels of N-acetylaspartate in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a case of intractable severe sympathetically mediated chronic pain (complex regional pain syndrome, type I). Author(s): Grachev ID, Thomas PS, Ramachandran TS. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2002 June; 49(1): 102-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027396

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Defining the therapeutic role of local anesthetic sympathetic blockade in complex regional pain syndrome: a narrative and systematic review. Author(s): Cepeda MS, Lau J, Carr DB. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 216-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131063

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Despite clinical similarities there are significant differences between acute limb trauma and complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I). Author(s): Birklein F, Kunzel W, Sieweke N. Source: Pain. 2001 August; 93(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427328

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Development of complex regional pain syndrome after a cervical epidural steroid injection. Author(s): Siegfried RN. Source: Anesthesiology. 1997 June; 86(6): 1394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197313

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Diagnosing sensory abnormalities with either normal values or values from contralateral skin: comparison of two approaches in complex regional pain syndrome I. Author(s): Kemler MA, Schouten HJ, Gracely RH. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 September; 93(3): 718-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969305

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Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Author(s): Allen G, Galer BS, Schwartz L. Source: Pain. 1999 April; 80(3): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342415

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Evaluation of three methods to rate impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome I of one upper extremity. Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, Goris RJ. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 June; 14(3): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868729

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Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Author(s): Huygen FJ, De Bruijn AG, De Bruin MT, Groeneweg JG, Klein J, Zijistra FJ. Source: Mediators of Inflammation. 2002 February; 11(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11930962

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Experimental pressure pain in patients with complex regional pain syndrome, Type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Author(s): Vatine JJ, Tsenter J, Nirel R. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1998 September-October; 77(5): 382-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798828

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Experimental tissue acidosis leads to increased pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Author(s): Birklein F, Weber M, Ernst M, Riedl B, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO. Source: Pain. 2000 August; 87(2): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10924816

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External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. International Association for the Study of Pain. Author(s): Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M, Gayles R, Rudin N, Bhugra MK, Stanton-Hicks M. Source: Pain. 1999 May; 81(1-2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353502

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Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Source: Pain. 2001 April; 91(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275381

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Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in unaffected limbs of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Leis S, Weber M, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 April 15; 359(3): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050689

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Functional improvement after physiotherapy with a continuous infusion of local anaesthetics in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Mak PH, Irwin MG, Tsui SL. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 47(1): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492805

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Health-related quality of life in chronic refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome type I). Author(s): Kemler MA, de Vet HC. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 July; 20(1): 68-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946171

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Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Galer BS. Source: Pain. 2000 January; 84(1): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681242

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Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, Witscher K, Zenz M, Malin JP, Janig W. Source: Pain. 1999 March; 80(1-2): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204721

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Herpes zoster: a previously unrecognized complication of epidural steroids in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Parsons SJ, Hawboldt GS. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2003 March; 25(3): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614953

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I-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake of the forearm shows dysfunction in peripheral sympathetic mediated neurovascular transmission in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Author(s): Haensch CA, Jorg J, Lerch H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 December; 249(12): 1742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12529803

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IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome: a preliminary empirical validation study. International Association for the Study of Pain. Author(s): Galer BS, Bruehl S, Harden RN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 March; 14(1): 48-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9535313

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Impact of spinal cord stimulation on sensory characteristics in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized trial. Author(s): Kemler MA, Reulen JP, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, de Vet HC, van den Wildenberg FA. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 July; 95(1): 72-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465587

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Impact of upper limb complex regional pain syndrome type 1 on everyday life measured with a novel upper limb-activity monitor. Author(s): Schasfoort FC, Bussmann JB, Zandbergen AM, Stam HJ. Source: Pain. 2003 January; 101(1-2): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507702

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Impairment level SumScore for lower extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I. Author(s): Perez RS, Oerlemans HM, Zuurmond WW, De Lange JJ. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2003 September 2; 25(17): 984-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851087

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Impairments and activity limitations in subjects with chronic upper-limb complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Schasfoort FC, Bussmann JB, Stam HJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 April; 85(4): 557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083430

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Incidence of complex regional pain syndrome type I after fractures of the distal radius. Author(s): Dijkstra PU, Groothoff JW, ten Duis HJ, Geertzen JH. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12935798

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Increased production of nitric oxide stimulated by interferon-gamma from peripheral blood monocytes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Hartrick CT. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 April 19; 323(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911993

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Increased skin lactate in complex regional pain syndrome: evidence for tissue hypoxia? Author(s): Birklein F, Weber M, Neundorfer B. Source: Neurology. 2000 October 24; 55(8): 1213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11071503

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Innate cytokine profile in patients with complex regional pain syndrome is normal. Author(s): van de Beek WJ, Remarque EJ, Westendorp RG, van Hilten JJ. Source: Pain. 2001 April; 91(3): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11275382

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Innervation of hyperalgesic skin in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Drummond PD, Finch PM, Gibbins I. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1996 September; 12(3): 222-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866163

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Interobserver reliability of diagnosis in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SG, de Vet HC, Weber WE. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(3): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725849

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Interrater reliability of diagnosing complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Perez RS, Burm PE, Zuurmond WW, Giezeman MJ, van Dasselaar NT, Vranken J, de Lange JJ. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 46(4): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952448

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Intrathecal baclofen: a useful agent in the treatment of well-established complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Zuniga RE, Perera S, Abram SE. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 January-February; 27(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799510

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Intravenous regional anesthesia with clonidine in the management of complex regional pain syndrome of the knee. Author(s): Reuben SS, Sklar J. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 March; 14(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11943518

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Intravenous regional blocks with guanethidine and prilocaine combined with physiotherapy: two children with complex regional pain syndrome, type 1. Author(s): di Vadi PP, Brill S, Jack T, Brown C, Edwards T. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 May; 19(5): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095024

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Intravenous regional guanethidine blockade in the treatment of post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (algodystrophy) of the hand. Author(s): Livingstone JA, Atkins RM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 April; 84(3): 380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002497

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Localized abdominal pain following sympathetic blockade with bretylium for the management of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Molyneux M, Venn R, O'Dwyer J. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999600

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Long-term outcome following sympathectomy for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (RSD). Author(s): Schwartzman RJ, Liu JE, Smullens SN, Hyslop T, Tahmoush AJ. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 September 10; 150(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9268243

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Mean sustained pain levels are linked to hemispherical side-to-side differences of primary somatosensory cortex in the complex regional pain syndrome I. Author(s): Pleger B, Tegenthoff M, Schwenkreis P, Janssen F, Ragert P, Dinse HR, Volker B, Zenz M, Maier C. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2004 March; 155(1): 115-9. Epub 2004 January 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15064892

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Measuring perceived activity limitations in lower extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 (CRPS I): test-retest reliability of two questionnaires. Author(s): Perez RS, Roorda LD, Zuurmond WW, Bannink II, Vranken JH, de Lange JJ. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 16(4): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12061480

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Mechanism of complex regional pain syndrome: no longer excessive sympathetic outflow? Author(s): Drummond PD. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 21; 358(9277): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476829

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Motor cortex stimulation in a patient with intractable complex regional pain syndrome type II with hemibody involvement. Case report. Author(s): Son UC, Kim MC, Moon DE, Kang JK. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 98(1): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546368

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Multifocal or generalized tonic dystonia of complex regional pain syndrome: a distinct clinical entity associated with HLA-DR13. Author(s): van Hilten JJ, van de Beek WJ, Roep BO. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2000 July; 48(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10894225

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Multiple Bier blocks with labetalol for complex regional pain syndrome refractory to other treatments. Author(s): Hord ED, Stojanovic MP, Vallejo R, Barna SA, Santiago-Palma J, Mao J. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2003 April; 25(4): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691679

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National Institutes of Health Workshop: reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndromes--state-of-the-science. Author(s): Baron R, Fields HL, Janig W, Kitt C, Levine JD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1812-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12456464

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Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a selfadministered survey. Author(s): Galer BS, Jensen M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 September; 18(3): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517043

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Neuroimmune alterations in the complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Huygen FJ, de Bruijn AG, Klein J, Zijlstra FJ. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 October 19; 429(1-3): 101-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698031

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Neuropathic pain and prolonged regional inflammation as two distinct symptomatological components in complex regional pain syndrome with patchy osteoporosis--a pilot study. Author(s): Moriwaki K, Yuge O, Tanaka H, Sasaki H, Izumi H, Kaneko K. Source: Pain. 1997 August; 72(1-2): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9272813

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Oral phentolamine mesylate in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): McCleane GJ. Source: Ulster Med J. 1996 May; 65(1): 87-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686109

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Outcome measures for complex regional pain syndrome type I: an overview in the context of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Author(s): Schasfoort FC, Bussmann JB, Stam HJ. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2000 June 15; 22(9): 387-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10894202

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Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy. Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, Goris RJ. Source: Pain. 1999 October; 83(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10506674

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Pain increases during sympathetic arousal in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Drummond PD, Finch PM, Skipworth S, Blockey P. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 9; 57(7): 1296-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591852

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Pain relief in complex regional pain syndrome due to spinal cord stimulation does not depend on vasodilation. Author(s): Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, Egbrink MG. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 June; 92(6): 1653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10839916

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Pattern of autonomic dysfunction in time course of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Birklein F, Riedl B, Claus D, Neundorfer B. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1998 April; 8(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613797

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Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Source: Neurology. 2003 December 23; 61(12): 1707-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694034

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Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Sieweke N, Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO. Source: Pain. 1999 March; 80(1-2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204729

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Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Author(s): Maleki J, LeBel AA, Bennett GJ, Schwartzman RJ. Source: Pain. 2000 December 1; 88(3): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11068113

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Peripheral sympathetic function as a predictor of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) in patients with radial fracture. Author(s): Schurmann M, Gradl G, Zaspel J, Kayser M, Lohr P, Andress HJ. Source: Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical. 2000 December 28; 86(1-2): 127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269918

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Persistence of pain induced by startle and forehead cooling after sympathetic blockade in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Drummond PD, Finch PM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 January; 75(1): 98102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707316

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Personality assessment of patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Monti DA, Herring CL, Schwartzman RJ, Marchese M. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 December; 14(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9874007

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Pharmacologic treatment of complex regional pain syndrome I: a conceptual framework. Author(s): Ribbers GM, Geurts AC, Stam HJ, Mulder T. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 January; 84(1): 141-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589636

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Physical modalities for complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Bengtson K. Source: Hand Clin. 1997 August; 13(3): 443-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279548

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Pictorial CME. Complex regional pain syndrome, type I. Author(s): Handa R, Aggarwal P, Wali JP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 August; 47(8): 804. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778627

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Polycythemia vera presenting as complex regional pain syndrome of the lower limbs. Author(s): McCrory C, Westerling D. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2001 September; 17(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587114

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Preemptive analgesia in elective surgery in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Cramer G, Young BM, Schwarzentraub P, Oliva CM, Racz G. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2000 November-December; 39(6): 387-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11131476

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Proximal myofascial dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective prevalence study. Author(s): Rashiq S, Galer BS. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1999 June; 15(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382930

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Quantitative sensory studies in complex regional pain syndrome type 1/RSD. Author(s): Tahmoush AJ, Schwartzman RJ, Hopp JL, Grothusen JR. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2000 December; 16(4): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153791

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Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Author(s): Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M, Janig W. Source: Pain. 2001 September; 93(3): 279-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11514087

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Questions concerning the incidence and prevalence of complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD). Author(s): Bennett GJ, Harden RN. Source: Pain. 2003 November; 106(1-2): 209-10; Author Reply 210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581129

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Reassessment of the incidence of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 following stroke. Author(s): Petchkrua W, Weiss DJ, Patel RR. Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2000; 14(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11228950

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Referred sensations in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Author(s): McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Halligan PW, Blake DR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 September; 42(9): 1067-73. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730522

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, sympathetically maintained pain, and complex regional pain syndrome: diagnoses of inclusion, exclusion, or confusion? Author(s): Manning DC. Source: J Hand Ther. 2000 October-December; 13(4): 260-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129251

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Has been renamed complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Justins D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 September 23; 311(7008): 812. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7580471

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy--a complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Turner-Stokes L. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2002 December 15; 24(18): 939-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12523947

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Risk perception of developing complex regional pain syndrome I. Author(s): Dijkstra PU, van der Schans CP, Geertzen JH. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 17(4): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12785254

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Screening of patients with complex regional pain syndrome for antecedent infections. Author(s): Goebel A. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2001 December; 17(4): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783820

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Screening of patients with complex regional pain syndrome for antecedent infections. Author(s): van de Vusse AC, Goossens VJ, Kemler MA, Weber WE. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2001 June; 17(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444711

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Severe complex regional pain syndrome type II after radial artery harvesting. Author(s): Schmid C, Tjan TD, Scheld HH. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 October; 74(4): 1250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400786

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Signs and symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome type I/reflex sympathetic dystrophy: judgment of the physician versus objective measurement. Author(s): Oerlemans HM, Oostendorp RA, de Boo T, Perez RS, Goris RJ. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1999 September; 15(3): 224-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524476

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Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: an evidence-based medicine review of the literature. Author(s): Grabow TS, Tella PK, Raja SN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003 November-December; 19(6): 371-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600537

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Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Author(s): Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB. Source: Pain. 2004 March; 108(1-2): 137-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15109517

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Spinal cord stimulation in complex regional pain syndrome: cervical and lumbar devices are comparably effective. Author(s): Forouzanfar T, Kemler MA, Weber WE, Kessels AG, van Kleef M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 March; 92(3): 348-53. Epub 2004 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742334

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Stress infrared telethermography is useful in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome, type I (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Author(s): Gulevich SJ, Conwell TD, Lane J, Lockwood B, Schwettmann RS, Rosenberg N, Goldman LB. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1997 March; 13(1): 50-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9084952

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Stressful life events and psychological dysfunction in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I. Author(s): Geertzen JH, de Bruijn-Kofman AT, de Bruijn HP, van de Wiel HB, Dijkstra PU. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 June; 14(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647456

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Substance-P-induced protein extravasation is bilaterally increased in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Leis S, Weber M, Isselmann A, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 September; 183(1): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12957502

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Surgery on the affected upper extremity of patients with a history of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective study of 100 patients. Author(s): Reuben SS, Rosenthal EA, Steinberg RB. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2000 November; 25(6): 1147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11119677

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Susceptibility loci for complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): van de Beek WJ, Roep BO, van der Slik AR, Giphart MJ, van Hilten BJ. Source: Pain. 2003 May; 103(1-2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749963

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Sympathectomy for complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Singh B, Moodley J, Shaik AS, Robbs JV. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 March; 37(3): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618683

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Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO. Source: Pain. 1998 March; 75(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9539678

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Syringomyelia and complex regional pain syndrome as complications of multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Das A, Puvanendran K. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1999 August; 56(8): 1021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448811

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Thalidomide has activity in treating complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Schwartzman RJ, Chevlen E, Bengtson K. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1487-8; Author Reply 1488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824100

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The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S, Weber M. Source: Neurology. 2001 December 26; 57(12): 2179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756594

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The rehabilitation of causalgia (complex regional pain syndrome-type II). Author(s): Bryant PR, Kim CT, Millan R. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2002 February; 13(1): 137-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878079

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The response of neuropathic pain and pain in complex regional pain syndrome I to carbamazepine and sustained-release morphine in patients pretreated with spinal cord stimulation: a double-blinded randomized study. Author(s): Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, Rahman S, Harke O. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 February; 92(2): 488-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159256

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The role of radiofrequency in the management of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Manchikanti L. Source: Current Review of Pain. 2000; 4(6): 437-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060589

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The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised questionnaire: no psychological profiles in complex regional pain syndrome-dystonia. Author(s): van der Laan L, van Spaendonck K, Horstink MW, Goris RJ. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 May; 17(5): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10355214

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The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) involving upper extremity with continuous sensory analgesia. Author(s): Margic K, Pirc J. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527316

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The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I with free radical scavengers: a randomized controlled study. Author(s): Perez RS, Zuurmond WW, Bezemer PD, Kuik DJ, van Loenen AC, de Lange JJ, Zuidhof AJ. Source: Pain. 2003 April; 102(3): 297-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670672

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The use of nerve blocks in conjunction with occupational therapy for complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Phillips ME, Katz JA, Harden RN. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2000 September-October; 54(5): 544-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11006816

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Thermal grill illusion and complex regional pain syndrome type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy). Author(s): Heavner JE, Calvillo O, Racz GB. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 May-June; 22(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168218

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Thermal thresholds in complex regional pain syndrome type I: sensitivity and repeatability of the methods of limits and levels. Author(s): Kemler MA, Reulen JP, van Kleef M, Barendse GA, van den Wildenberg FA, Spaans F. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 September; 111(9): 1561-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10964065

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Tissue hypoxia in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Koban M, Leis S, Schultze-Mosgau S, Birklein F. Source: Pain. 2003 July; 104(1-2): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855324

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Topical application of doxepin hydrochloride can reduce the symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome: a case report. Author(s): McCleane G. Source: Injury. 2002 January; 33(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879844

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Traumatic neuralgias: complex regional pain syndromes (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia): clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy. Author(s): Wasner G, Backonja MM, Baron R. Source: Neurologic Clinics. 1998 November; 16(4): 851-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9767066

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Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity. Author(s): Hogan CJ, Hurwitz SR. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002 July-August; 10(4): 281-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15089077

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Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Forouzanfar T, Koke AJ, van Kleef M, Weber WE. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2002; 6(2): 105-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11900471

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Truths, errors, and lies around "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "complex regional pain syndrome". Author(s): Ochoa JL. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 October; 246(10): 875-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10552232

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What is a meaningful pain reduction in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1? Author(s): Forouzanfar T, Weber WE, Kemler M, van Kleef M. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003 September-October; 19(5): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966253

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and complex regional pain syndrome.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “complex regional pain syndrome” (or a synonym): •

Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Research Institute for Clinical and Fundamental Human Movement Sciences, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Perez, R S Kwakkel, G Zuurmond, W W de Lange, J J J-Pain-Symptom-Manage. 2001 June; 21(6): 511-26 0885-3924

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to complex regional pain syndrome; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Food and Diet Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to complex regional pain syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to complex regional pain syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to complex regional pain syndrome: •

(223) retrospective study of efficacy of tizanidine in the treatment of chronic pain. Author(s): Royal M, Wienecke G, Movva V, Ward S, Bhakta B, Jensen M, Gunyea I. Source: Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.). 2001 September; 2(3): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15102284

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Anti-inflammatory actions of acupuncture. Author(s): Zijlstra FJ, van den Berg-de Lange I, Huygen FJ, Klein J. Source: Mediators of Inflammation. 2003 April; 12(2): 59-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775355

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Case series: IV regional anesthesia with ketorolac and lidocaine: is it effective for the management of complex regional pain syndrome 1 in children and adolescents? Author(s): Suresh S, Wheeler M, Patel A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 March; 96(3): 694-5, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598246

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Chronic regional pain syndrome, type 1: Part II. Author(s): Dunn DG. Source: Aorn Journal. 2000 October; 72(4): 643-51, 653; Quiz 654, 656-8, 661-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11076283

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Complex regional pain syndrome and chiropractic. Author(s): Muir JM, Vernon H. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 September; 23(7): 490-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004654

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Complex regional pain syndrome in pediatric patients with severe factor VIII deficiency. Author(s): Norris CF, Bingham PM, Butler RB, Manno CS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 December; 23(9): 620-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902309

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Yung Chung O, Bruehl SP. Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2003 November; 5(6): 499-511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516527

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Complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Feinberg SD. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2000 December; 100(12): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11202779

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Course of symptoms and quality of life measurement in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: a pilot survey. Author(s): Galer BS, Henderson J, Perander J, Jensen MP. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 October; 20(4): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11027911

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Does a viral infection cause complex regional pain syndrome? Author(s): Muneshige H, Toda K, Kimura H, Asou T.

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Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2003; 28(3-4): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998056 •

Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Kiralp MZ, Yildiz S, Vural D, Keskin I, Ay H, Dursun H. Source: J Int Med Res. 2004 May-June; 32(3): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15174218

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Effects of qigong on late-stage complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Wu WH, Bandilla E, Ciccone DS, Yang J, Cheng SC, Carner N, Wu Y, Shen R. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 1999 January; 5(1): 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9893315

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Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Moseley GL. Source: Pain. 2004 March; 108(1-2): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15109523

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Neuroaugmentation in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the upper extremity. Author(s): Calvillo O, Racz G, Didie J, Smith K. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1998 March; 64(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9586252

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Neurobiological basis for the use of botulinum toxin in pain therapy. Author(s): Mense S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2004 February; 251 Suppl 1: I1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991335

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Psychological aspects of neuropathic pain. Author(s): Haythornthwaite JA, Benrud-Larson LM. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2000 June; 16(2 Suppl): S101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870748

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Psychological assessment and treatment of patients with neuropathic pain. Author(s): Haythornthwaite JA, Benrud-Larson LM. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2001 April; 5(2): 124-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11252146

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Author(s): Miller RL. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 91-9; Quiz 100-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703392

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex attenuates pain perception in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Pleger B, Janssen F, Schwenkreis P, Volker B, Maier C, Tegenthoff M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 February 12; 356(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746870

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Short- and long-term outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome type I treated with exercise therapy. Author(s): Sherry DD, Wallace CA, Kelley C, Kidder M, Sapp L. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1999 September; 15(3): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524475

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Surgical sympathectomy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndromes. Author(s): Bandyk DF, Johnson BL, Kirkpatrick AF, Novotney ML, Back MR, Schmacht DC. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 February; 35(2): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11854724

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The sodium pentothal hypnosis interview with follow-up treatment for complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Simon EP, Dahl LF. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 August; 18(2): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484861

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Thoracic spine dysfunction in upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome type I. Author(s): Menck JY, Requejo SM, Kulig K. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 July; 30(7): 401-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10907896

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Treatment of tremors in complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Navani A, Rusy LM, Jacobson RD, Weisman SJ. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2003 April; 25(4): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691691

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•

Use of botulinum toxin type A on orthopedics: a case report. Author(s): Saenz A, Avellanet M, Garreta R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 84(7): 1085-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881840

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to complex regional pain syndrome; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements DMSO Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

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This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

47

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to complex regional pain syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on complex regional pain syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on complex regional pain syndrome: •

Clinician's Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain Source: Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 1999. 63 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 2910 Lightfoot Drive, Baltimore, MD 21209-1452. (410) 602-8585. Website: www.aaom.com. PRICE: $21.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This manual provides general dentists guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of oral and facial pain. A simplified format helps the clinician in the treatment of the orofacial pain patient with respect to differential diagnoses and available therapies. The manual covers oral neuropathic pain conditions, including neuritis, neuralgia, neuroma, pain of somatic origin, and complex regional pain syndrome; atypical facial pain; burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and glossodynia (tongue pain);

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temporomandibular (TMD) and myofascial pain disorders (MPD), including the use of occulusal splints or orthotics in the treatment of chronic orofacial pain, pharmacotherapeutics, and TMJ articular disorders; sleep disorders and chronic orofacial pain; and cancer and chronic orofacial pain, including mucositis, oral infections, and neurologic pain. The manual includes lengthy appendices, including information on taking a history for the chronic orofacial pain patient, psychologic aspects of chronic orofacial pain, diagnostic imaging and chronic orofacial pain, and referral in the management of chronic orofacial pain disorders. 127 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “complex regional pain syndrome” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “complex regional pain syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “complex regional pain syndrome” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Authoritative Government Documents, Clinical References, and Practical Information for Patients and Physicians (CD-ROM) by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 1592487246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592487246/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome In order to find chapters that specifically relate to complex regional pain syndrome, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and complex regional pain syndrome using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on complex regional pain syndrome: •

Diagnosis of Chronic Orofacial Pain Source: in Dionne, R.A.; Phero, J.C.; Becker, D.E. Management of Pain and Anxiety in the Dental Office. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2002. p. 337-353. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 072167287.

Books

49

Summary: Pain has always been a barrier to dentistry, serving as the inspiration for pioneering efforts by dentists to control pain. This chapter on the diagnosis of chronic orofacial pain is from a text that addresses the management of acute and chronic pain and dental patient apprehension based on accepted pharmacologic (drug) therapies and special applications for dental outpatients. The authors review the various types of orofacial pain disorders that the dental practitioner must be able to recognize so that proper treatment can be selected. The differential diagnosis of orofacial pain disorders includes neuralgias, neuropathic and deafferentation pain, complex regional pain syndromes, sympathetically maintained pain, temporomandibular disorders, and oral cavity pain. Common types of headache that can mimic orofacial pain are also described to aid in the differential diagnosis between dental conditions and those conditions best referred to a neurologist, otolaryngologist, or other physician for evaluation and treatment. The authors conclude by emphasizing that even after diagnosis and initiation of treatment, it is vital to assess the effectiveness of treatment frequently and to reevaluate the diagnosis. 1 figure. 56 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover complex regional pain syndrome.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on complex regional pain syndrome is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to complex regional pain syndrome. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for complex regional pain syndrome: •

Thalidomide may be useful for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 21, 2003

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to complex regional pain syndrome, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

53

Academic Periodicals covering Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to complex regional pain syndrome. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering complex regional pain syndrome that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for complex regional pain syndrome. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with complex regional pain syndrome. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-

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interaction risks, etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to complex regional pain syndrome: Carbamazepine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html

Guanethidine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ismelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202273.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to complex regional pain syndrome by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on

Researching Medications

57

“Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for complex regional pain syndrome: •

Guanethidine monosulfate (trade name: Ismelin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=727

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

61

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 377 0 131 0 16 524

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on complex regional pain syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to complex regional pain syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to complex regional pain syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “complex regional pain syndrome”:

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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Cleft Lip and Palate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cleftlipandpalate.html Death and Dying http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deathanddying.html Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html Hand Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html Hospice Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hospicecare.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Migraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/migraine.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reflexsympatheticdystrophy.html Wrist and Arm Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wristandarminjuriesanddisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to complex regional pain syndrome, the following was listed: •

Treatment Injections Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046

•

Coping In Pain, Out of Work and Can't Pay the Bills; A Resource Directory for People with RSD Source: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America http://www.rsds.org/4/resources/out_of_work.html

•

Children Children and Pain Source: National Institutes of Health http://www1.od.nih.gov/painresearch/genderandpain/children.htm

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Helping Children/ Youth with RSD/ CRPS Succeed in School Source: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America http://www.rsds.org/4/resources/pdf/helping_children.pdf Your Child Is Diagnosed with RSD Source: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America http://www.goodlifedesign.com/extranet/rsdsa/4/youth/your_child_is_diagnose d.html •

From the National Institutes of Health Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/reflex_sympathetic_dy strophy.htm Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/rsds_fact_sheet.htm

•

Organizations National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America http://www.rsds.org/

•

Statistics Gender Differences in CRPS1/ RSD in Children and Adolescents Source: National Institutes of Health http://www1.od.nih.gov/painresearch/genderandpain/abstracts/cberde.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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•


In Pain, Out of Work and Can't Pay the Bills: A Resource Directory for People With Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Summary: Anyone who has Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSD)/Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) or has a family member afflicted with it knows how physically and emotionally devastating it can be. Source: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7745 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to complex regional pain syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to complex regional pain syndrome: •

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America Telephone: (203) 877-3790 Toll-free: (877) 662-7737 Fax: (203) 882-8362 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.rsds.org

Patient Resources

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Background: The Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association of America (RSDSA) is a not-for-profit organization founded to promote and support research into the causes and cure of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS). The Association s mission also includes the establishment of a national data bank for coordination of research and treatment information; establishment and organization of support groups for affected individuals and their families; and promotion of awareness of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome among health care professionals and the general public. Founded in 1984, the Association provides a referral service to physicians, offers a pen pal service, and promotes patient advocacy. The Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association offers a variety of educational materials and services including an information packet, a quarterly newsletter, a statistical report on Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome derived from member questionnaires, reference articles, brochures, booklets, and videos. The Association also provides educational in-service conferences for health-care professionals and patients and has published clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of RSD/CRPS. Relevant area(s) of interest: Causalgia, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to complex regional pain syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with complex regional pain syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about complex regional pain syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “complex regional pain syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

72


Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “complex regional pain syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “complex regional pain syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 4-Aminopyridine: A potassium channel blocker. It is used primarily as a research tool and is helpful in characterizing subtypes of potassium channels. It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (and elsewhere). [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean

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intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]

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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH]

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Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Vein: The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a

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network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar

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treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire

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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH]

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Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is

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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.

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[NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,

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odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]

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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction

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of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized

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facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder

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control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurogenic Inflammation: Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH]

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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver

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somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]

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Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]

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Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of

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strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body.

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Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in

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cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH]

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Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talcum: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Talcum powder: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]

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Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the

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cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX 4 4-Aminopyridine, 6, 81 A Abdominal, 25, 81, 99 Abdominal Pain, 25, 81 Abrasion, 6, 81 Acetylcholine, 81, 98 Acidosis, 22, 81 Action Potentials, 81 Adjuvant, 8, 27, 81 Adrenergic, 9, 81, 89, 90, 92, 95, 100 Adverse Effect, 81, 100, 104 Afferent, 81, 101 Affinity, 81, 82, 104 Agonist, 82, 84 Algorithms, 82, 84 Alkaline, 81, 82, 85 Alkaloid, 82, 85, 96 Alternative medicine, 52, 82 Ambulatory Care, 82 Amino Acids, 82, 98, 102 Analgesic, 9, 82, 96, 99 Anatomical, 82, 89, 93, 104 Anesthesia, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 25, 27, 33, 42, 82, 95, 102 Anesthetics, 9, 82, 90 Aneurysm, 82, 107 Anginal, 82, 98 Animal model, 5, 6, 82 Antagonism, 82, 89 Antecedent, 31, 82 Antibacterial, 82, 105 Antibiotic, 82, 83, 105 Antibody, 81, 83, 86, 93, 102 Anticholinergic, 83, 89 Anticonvulsant, 83, 85, 100 Antigen, 81, 83, 87, 93 Antihypertensive, 83, 92, 95 Anti-inflammatory, 41, 83, 95 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 83, 95 Arginine, 83, 98 Arterial, 83, 93, 102 Arteries, 83, 84, 85, 88, 97 Arterioles, 83, 85, 96 Arteriovenous, 17, 83, 96 Artery, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 102, 103 Articular, 48, 83 Atmospheric Pressure, 83, 93

Atrophy, 10, 83 Atypical, 47, 83 Auditory, 83, 101 Autoimmune disease, 83, 97 Autonomic Nervous System, 83, 105 Axilla, 84, 85 Axillary, 10, 84, 85, 105 Axillary Vein, 84, 105 Axons, 6, 84, 97, 101 Axotomy, 6, 84 B Baclofen, 25, 84 Bacteria, 82, 83, 84, 96, 105, 106, 107 Base, 84, 95 Benign, 84, 91, 92, 98 Bewilderment, 84, 87 Bile, 84, 91, 95, 105 Bile Acids, 84, 91, 105 Biological response modifier, 84, 94 Biotechnology, 7, 52, 63, 84 Bladder, 84, 96, 97 Blood Coagulation, 84, 85 Blood Gas Analysis, 11, 84 Blood pressure, 83, 84, 93, 96, 98, 100, 104 Blood vessel, 84, 87, 90, 95, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107 Blot, 6, 85 Body Fluids, 85, 104 Bone Marrow, 85, 95, 96 Brachial, 10, 84, 85, 102 Brachial Artery, 85, 102 Brachial Plexus, 10, 85 Bradykinin, 85, 98 Bupivacaine, 12, 85, 95 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 47, 85 C Calcium, 12, 85, 87, 98 Capsaicin, 5, 16, 85 Carbamazepine, 33, 56, 85 Carbon Dioxide, 84, 85, 103 Carcinogenic, 85, 94, 105 Cardiac, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99, 105 Case report, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 29, 35, 45, 85, 86 Case series, 11, 42, 85, 86 Catheter, 17, 86 Causal, 6, 86

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Cell, 6, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103, 107 Central Nervous System, 14, 81, 83, 86, 91, 92, 96 Central Nervous System Infections, 86, 92 Cerebral, 7, 11, 86, 88, 90, 91, 99, 106 Cerebral Cortex, 86, 90, 91 Cerebrum, 86 Cervical, 21, 32, 85, 86, 105 Cervix, 86 Chiropractic, 42, 86 Cholesterol, 84, 86, 105 Chromosomal, 86, 104 Chromosome, 86, 104 Chronic, 5, 11, 12, 13, 20, 22, 24, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 86, 93, 105 Clinical study, 86, 88 Clinical trial, 3, 63, 86, 88, 89, 103 Cloning, 84, 86 Complement, 86, 87 Complementary and alternative medicine, 41, 45, 87 Complementary medicine, 41, 87 Computational Biology, 63, 87 Confusion, 30, 87, 89 Congestion, 10, 87 Conjunctiva, 87, 107 Connective Tissue, 85, 87, 91, 95 Constriction, 87, 94, 104 Continuous infusion, 22, 87 Contraindications, ii, 87 Contralateral, 21, 88 Controlled clinical trial, 27, 88 Controlled study, 34, 88 Contusion, 7, 88 Convulsions, 83, 88, 90 Coordination, 71, 88, 96 Cornea, 88, 108 Coronary, 88, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 88, 97 Cortex, 26, 88, 101, 102 Cortical, 28, 88, 90, 101, 104 Cranial, 88, 92, 97, 107 Craniocerebral Trauma, 88, 92 Curative, 88, 106 Cutaneous, 4, 88, 93 Cyclic, 88, 92, 98 Cytogenetics, 88, 104 Cytokine, 24, 88 Cytoplasm, 88, 96 D Degenerative, 88, 92

Dendrites, 88, 98 Dentists, 47, 49, 88 Dermatitis, 5, 89 Diagnostic Imaging, 48, 89 Diagnostic procedure, 52, 89 Digestive system, 89, 96 Dilatation, Pathologic, 89, 107 Dilation, 85, 89, 107 Direct, iii, 55, 89, 102, 103, 105, 106 Discrete, 89, 107 Disorientation, 87, 89 Distal, 4, 24, 89, 91, 101, 102 Dorsal, 6, 89, 101 Dorsum, 89, 91 Double-blind, 33, 89 Double-blinded, 33, 89 Doxepin, 35, 89 Drug Interactions, 56, 89 Dystonia, 26, 34, 89 E Ectopic, 6, 89 Edema, 4, 89 Efficacy, 4, 41, 89 Elective, 29, 90 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 11, 90 Electrolyte, 90, 101, 104 Empirical, 23, 90 Endothelium, 90, 98 Endothelium-derived, 90, 98 Environmental Health, 62, 64, 90 Enzymatic, 85, 87, 90, 92 Epidemiological, 5, 90 Epidural, 13, 21, 23, 90 Epidural block, 13, 90 Epinephrine, 81, 90, 98 Epithelium, 90, 107 Esophageal, 4, 90 Esophagus, 4, 89, 90, 91, 95, 100, 103, 105 Evoke, 4, 90, 105 Excitatory, 84, 90 Exercise Therapy, 44, 90 Extracellular, 87, 90, 96, 104 Extracellular Space, 90, 96 Extravasation, 4, 32, 90 Extremity, 13, 15, 21, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 43, 44, 85, 90, 99 F Facial, 47, 91 Facial Pain, 47, 91 Family Planning, 63, 91 Fat, 85, 91, 95, 97 Fatigue, 11, 91

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Fibrosis, 91, 104 Fissure, 91, 101 Forearm, 23, 84, 91, 102 Free Radical Scavengers, 34, 91 Free Radicals, 91 Frontal Lobe, 91, 96, 101 Frostbite, 91, 100 G Gallbladder, 81, 89, 91 Ganglia, 6, 9, 81, 91, 95, 97, 105 Ganglion, 91, 105, 107 Gas, 85, 91, 93, 98 Gastric, 91, 92 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 4, 91 Gene, 84, 91 Genital, 6, 92 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 91, 92 Gonadal, 92, 105 Governing Board, 92, 101 Graft, 17, 92 Grafting, 92, 93 Guanethidine, 25, 56, 57, 92 Guanylate Cyclase, 92, 98 H Headache, 19, 43, 49, 92 Headache Disorders, 92 Hemorrhage, 88, 92, 105 Hepatitis, 13, 92 Hepatocytes, 92 Histamine, 89, 92 Hormonal, 83, 92 Hormones, 92, 98, 105 Hydrogen, 81, 84, 92, 96 Hyperalgesia, 4, 5, 28, 93 Hyperbaric, 43, 93 Hyperbaric oxygen, 43, 93 Hypertension, 92, 93, 100 Hypesthesia, 93, 97 Hypoxia, 24, 35, 93 I Illusion, 34, 93 Immune response, 81, 83, 93, 107 Immune system, 93, 97, 107 Immunology, 81, 93 Impairment, 21, 23, 24, 84, 93 Implantation, 16, 93 Impotence, 93, 100 In vivo, 93, 96 Incision, 93, 94 Incompetence, 91, 93 Induction, 93, 95 Infarction, 93

Infection, 5, 13, 42, 84, 93, 95, 105, 107 Infiltration, 93, 102, 108 Inflammation, 6, 21, 27, 41, 83, 89, 91, 92, 94, 97, 101 Infusion, 12, 94 Initiation, 5, 49, 94 Innervation, 24, 85, 89, 94 Insulator, 94, 97 Interferon, 24, 94 Interferon-alpha, 94 Intestines, 81, 89, 94 Intracellular, 93, 94, 98, 101 Intrathecal, 12, 25, 94 Intravenous, 20, 25, 94 Invasive, 4, 94 Involuntary, 94, 97, 103 Ion Exchange, 94 Ionization, 94 Ions, 84, 90, 93, 94 Iontophoresis, 4, 94 Ischemia, 83, 94 K Kb, 62, 95 Ketamine, 9, 95 Ketorolac, 42, 95 L Labetalol, 26, 95 Lidocaine, 6, 20, 42, 95 Limbic, 95, 101 Limbic System, 95, 101 Lipid, 95, 97 Liver, 81, 84, 89, 91, 92, 95 Localized, 25, 93, 95, 101 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 91, 95 Lumbar, 6, 32, 95 Lymph, 84, 86, 90, 95 Lymph node, 84, 86, 95 Lymphatic, 90, 93, 95, 101 M Malnutrition, 83, 95 Mastectomy, 15, 95 Mastication, 95, 107 Medical Records, 95, 103 Medical Staff, 89, 95 MEDLINE, 63, 96 Medullary, 11, 96 Melanocytes, 96, 98 Membrane, 81, 87, 96, 99, 100 Meninges, 86, 88, 96 Mental, iv, 3, 62, 64, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 96, 104 Microbiological, 6, 96

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Microbiology, 83, 96 Microcirculation, 10, 96 Microdialysis, 4, 96 Mobility, 27, 96 Modification, 96, 102 Molecular, 5, 63, 65, 84, 87, 88, 96, 106, 107 Molecule, 83, 84, 87, 90, 96, 103 Monitor, 23, 96, 98 Monocytes, 24, 96 Mononuclear, 96 Morphine, 33, 96, 97, 99 Motor Cortex, 10, 44, 96 Mucositis, 48, 96 Multiple sclerosis, 33, 81, 96 Myelin, 97 Myocardial infarction, 15, 88, 97 Myocardium, 97 N Narcotic, 96, 97 Necrosis, 93, 97 Nerve Endings, 6, 92, 97, 98 Nerve Fibers, 6, 85, 97 Nerve Growth Factor, 97, 98 Nervous System, 11, 81, 83, 84, 86, 97, 98, 101, 105 Neuralgia, 47, 97 Neuritis, 47, 97 Neuroeffector Junction, 97 Neurogenic, 4, 5, 22, 97 Neurogenic Inflammation, 5, 22, 97 Neurologic, 35, 48, 97 Neurologist, 49, 97 Neuroma, 6, 47, 97 Neuromuscular, 81, 97 Neuromuscular Junction, 81, 97 Neuronal, 84, 98 Neurons, 4, 5, 6, 88, 90, 91, 97, 98, 105, 106 Neuropeptide, 5, 98 Neurotoxic, 4, 98 Neurotransmitters, 89, 98, 101 Neurotrophins, 6, 98 Nevus, 9, 98 Nifedipine, 12, 98 Nitric Oxide, 24, 98 Nociceptors, 5, 98 Norepinephrine, 81, 92, 98 Nuclear, 13, 91, 95, 97, 98, 106 Nucleus, 83, 88, 96, 98, 101 O Occupational Therapy, 8, 27, 34, 98 Opiate, 96, 98 Opium, 96, 98

Organelles, 88, 96, 99 Orofacial, 47, 48, 49, 91, 99 Orthopedics, 45, 99 Osteoporosis, 27, 99 Otolaryngologist, 49, 99 Outpatient, 99 P Pacemaker, 16, 99 Palliative, 99, 106 Pancreas, 81, 89, 99 Pancreatic, 91, 99 Pancreatic Juice, 91, 99 Paresis, 97, 99 Paresthesias, 97, 99 Parietal, 99, 104 Parietal Lobe, 99, 104 Pathologic, 81, 88, 99 Pathophysiology, 4, 8, 10, 99 Patient Advocacy, 71, 99 Pelvic, 12, 99 Pelvis, 95, 99, 100, 107 Perception, 4, 31, 44, 100 Perfusion, 91, 93, 100 Perineal, 6, 100 Perineum, 100 Peripheral blood, 24, 94, 100 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 100 Pharmacologic, 4, 29, 49, 82, 100, 106 Pharynx, 91, 100 Phenoxybenzamine, 12, 100 Phentolamine, 27, 100 Phenytoin, 85, 100 Phonophoresis, 94, 100 Phosphorus, 85, 100 Physical Fitness, 90, 100 Physical Therapy, 8, 27, 44, 100 Physiologic, 12, 82, 89, 100, 103 Physiology, 84, 100 Pilot study, 7, 11, 27, 101 Plants, 82, 85, 98, 101, 103, 106 Platelet Aggregation, 98, 101 Platelets, 98, 101 Plethysmography, 10, 101 Plexus, 85, 101 Pneumonia, 88, 101 Posterior, 89, 92, 99, 101, 104 Postmenopausal, 99, 101 Postprandial, 4, 101 Post-traumatic, 9, 10, 25, 92, 101 Potassium, 81, 101 Practice Guidelines, 64, 71, 101 Prefrontal Cortex, 20, 101

113

Presynaptic, 89, 97, 101 Presynaptic Terminals, 89, 97, 101 Prevalence, 5, 16, 30, 101 Probe, 96, 101 Procaine, 95, 102 Progesterone, 102, 105 Progression, 82, 102 Projection, 98, 101, 102 Prospective study, 12, 14, 102 Protein S, 84, 102 Proteins, 82, 83, 85, 87, 96, 102 Protozoa, 96, 102 Proximal, 30, 89, 101, 102 Public Policy, 63, 102 Pulmonary, 84, 91, 102 Pulse, 96, 102 Q Quality of Life, 22, 42, 102 R Radial Artery, 31, 102 Radiation, 91, 93, 102, 103 Radiation therapy, 93, 102 Radioactive, 93, 94, 98, 102, 103 Randomized, 23, 33, 34, 38, 90, 103 Randomized clinical trial, 38, 103 Receptor, 4, 5, 83, 103 Refer, 1, 86, 98, 103, 106 Reflux, 4, 91, 103 Refraction, 103, 105 Refractory, 22, 26, 103 Regimen, 89, 103 Regurgitation, 91, 103 Reliability, 25, 26, 103 Respiration, 85, 96, 103 Response rate, 5, 103 Retrospective, 15, 21, 30, 32, 41, 103 Retrospective study, 15, 32, 41, 103 Risk factor, 5, 102, 103 S Saponins, 103, 105 Satellite, 6, 103 Schizophrenia, 90, 104, 107 Sclerosis, 16, 97, 104 Screening, 6, 31, 86, 104 Seizures, 85, 100, 104 Senile, 99, 104 Sensibility, 93, 104 Shock, 104, 107 Side effect, 55, 57, 81, 104, 106 Skeletal, 15, 99, 104 Skeleton, 104 Smooth muscle, 92, 96, 104

Social Environment, 102, 104 Sodium, 44, 104 Soma, 104 Somatic, 47, 92, 95, 101, 104 Somatosensory Cortex, 26, 104 Spasticity, 84, 104 Specialist, 71, 89, 104 Species, 85, 90, 105, 107 Spectrum, 6, 105 Spinal cord, 15, 20, 23, 28, 31, 32, 33, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 103, 105 Stellate, 12, 105 Stellate Ganglion, 12, 105 Steroid, 21, 103, 105 Stimulus, 94, 97, 99, 103, 105, 106 Stomach, 81, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105 Stroke, 8, 10, 12, 30, 62, 69, 105 Subacute, 93, 105 Subarachnoid, 92, 105 Subclavian, 17, 84, 105 Subclinical, 93, 104, 105 Subcutaneous, 89, 105 Support group, 71, 105 Supraspinal, 84, 105 Sympathectomy, 26, 33, 44, 105 Sympathetic Nervous System, 5, 11, 83, 105 Synapse, 81, 97, 101, 106, 107 Systemic, 6, 56, 84, 90, 93, 102, 106 T Talcum, 6, 106 Talcum powder, 6, 106 Thalamus, 11, 95, 101, 106 Therapeutics, 42, 43, 56, 106 Third Ventricle, 106 Thoracic, 31, 44, 85, 105, 106 Threshold, 4, 93, 106 Thrombosis, 102, 105, 106 Tissue, 4, 22, 24, 35, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106 Tone, 104, 106 Tonic, 26, 106 Tonicity, 89, 106 Topical, 16, 35, 106 Toxic, iv, 106 Toxicity, 89, 106 Toxicology, 64, 106 Toxin, 43, 45, 106 Transfection, 84, 106 Transmitter, 81, 98, 107

114


Trauma, 6, 7, 21, 97, 107 Tricyclic, 89, 107 Trigeminal, 5, 91, 107 U Unconscious, 82, 107 Uterus, 86, 102, 107 V Vaccine, 13, 81, 107 Vagina, 86, 107 Vaginal, 6, 107 Vascular, 4, 10, 33, 44, 90, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 107 Vasodilatation, 4, 107 Vasodilation, 28, 107 Vasodilator, 85, 92, 98, 100, 107

Vein, 82, 83, 84, 94, 98, 103, 105, 107 Venous, 10, 83, 84, 102, 107 Venules, 85, 96, 107 Vertebrae, 105, 107 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 107 Viral, 42, 107 Virus, 86, 94, 107 Viscera, 104, 107 W Withdrawal, 100, 107 X Xenograft, 82, 107 Z Zoster, 23, 107

115

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