Knee Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Knee Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83996-4 1. Knee Pain-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on knee pain. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KNEE PAIN ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Knee Pain ...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND KNEE PAIN ...................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Knee Pain..................................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KNEE PAIN ................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON KNEE PAIN.................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Dissertations on Knee Pain.......................................................................................................... 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON KNEE PAIN ................................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 63 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 64 Chapters on Knee Pain................................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON KNEE PAIN ..................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography: Multimedia on Knee Pain...................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON KNEE PAIN .................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 69 Academic Periodicals covering Knee Pain ................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 71 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 84 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 87 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 87

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 87 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 93 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 94 KNEE PAIN DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 95 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 115

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with knee pain is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about knee pain, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to knee pain, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on knee pain. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to knee pain, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on knee pain. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on knee pain.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and knee pain, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Knee Pain in Adults: When to Manage, When to Refer Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 15(3): 52-63. March 1998. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an approach to evaluating knee pain in adults and discusses basic management strategies. Assessment begins with a thorough history, then moves to a physical examination that includes gross inspection, palpation, and evaluation for alignment, tenderness, and range of motion. Specialized tests include the Lachman, posterior drawer, Ober, and McMurray's tests, as well as aspiration. Roentgenography is the primary imaging study needed, and magnetic resonance imaging is often reserved for cases in which surgery is being considered. Acute injuries involving no hemarthrosis or mechanical symptoms can be managed with rest, icing, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and exercise, while physical therapy helps overcome quadriceps atrophy. Fracture, locking, or suspected

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infection calls for referral, as does repeated patellar dislocation. Milder problems can be managed with drugs and assistive devices. 7 figures and 24 references. (AA-M). •

Effective Rehabilitation for Anterior Knee Pain Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 17(7): 421-427,431-432. July 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a rehabilitation program for the knee that incorporates fundamental training issues in a regimen that strengthens the entire leg rather than just the knee. Disorders that produce anterior knee pain are diverse and include such problems as tendinitis and overuse syndromes. The primary rehabilitation goals are to repair damaged tissue and restore function. The principles of open and closed chain kinetic rehabilitation are the basis for functional, or skill, training. Open chain exercises are perpendicular load movements done while the extremity is free. Closed chain exercises are axial load exercises done with the extremity fixed. Skill training takes these principles a step further by focusing on improving the coordination between the nerves and muscles, accounting for such variables as body habitus, patient goals, and sport specific environment challenges. Balance boards and obstacle courses are part of the skill training program for patients with anterior knee pain. The article describes a skill training program that consists of a 10 minute warmup on a stationary bicycle or a treadmill; stretching of the pelvic, abdominal, hip, thigh, leg, foot, and ankle soft tissue; proprioceptive training using a biomechanical ankle platform system board or therapeutic ball; and leg strengthening. The strengthening portion of this skill training program interchanges techniques of force production, force absorption, balance, and coordination training. Adjunctive interventions such as ice massage, electrical stimulation, and ultrasound are used as needed throughout the rehabilitation program. 6 figures, 2 tables, and 18 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Knee Pain The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to knee pain. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to knee pain. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore knee pain. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for knee pain:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: BIOMECHANICS AND INFLAMMATION IN OSTEOARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guilak, Farshid; Associate Professor; Surgery; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Program Project focuses on the role of biomechanical factors in modulating inflammation and cartilage matrix metabolism in osteoarthritis. The project brings together investigators from several departments in a multidisciplinary approach to investigate specific biomechanical, molecular, and psychological mechanisms that relate to disease outcome. A focal point of the program is the quantitative study of biomarkers of inflammation, pain, and matrix metabolism in three interrelated studies, performed at the in vivo (human and experimental animal) and in vitro levels. Project 1 will use a novel in vitro explant model to examine the role of specific biomechanical factors in modulating pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in cartilage and to also examine the influence of these factors on cartilage matrix metabolism and biomarker production. Project 2 investigates the interaction of biomechanical and inflammatory factors in a transgenic mouse model of OA that harbors a mutated sequence in the alpha-I (XI) gene encoding type XI collagen. Project 3 is a clinical study to develop more effective exercise and weight-loss therapies to reduce the pain, physical disability, and psychological distress experienced by overweight patients with persistent osteoarthritic knee pain. These projects are supported by two Core facilities. Core A (Administrative Core) will coordinate the administration and research activities of the three projects and to facilitate the research goals of the projects. Core B (Biomarker and Skeletal Phenotyping Core) will serve as a centralized facility for novel reagents, techniques, and training for quantitation of biological and immunohistochemical markers of cartilage metabolism in tissues and in fluids such as synovial fluid, serum, and tissue culture media. This strategy and the focused nature of the program allows a mechanistic investigation of the overall theme of the project in a manner that can readily be translated from basic science experiments to clinical therapies and outcomes. The information gained from this Program Project will provide important insights into the development new pharmacologic, psychological, and physical therapies for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF PREHABILITATION ON REHABILITATION OF TKA Principal Investigator & Institution: Topp, Robert; Professor, Associate Dean for Research; None; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): OA of the knee is a significant problem in later life, which is associated with declines in functional capacity. This chronic condition is accompanied by increasing degrees of knee pain, which is associated with decreasing levels of functional capacity. The increasing incidence of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) appears to indicate that conservative approaches have limited effectiveness in relieving symptoms of OA of the knee. Recovery following TKA surgery appears empirically and theoretically positively linked to functional capacity prior to surgery. A large number of investigators have indicated that various exercise interventions can improve the functional capacity of knee OA patients. To date no study has yet demonstrated the efficacy of preoperative exercise training, which improves functional capacity, on the postoperative recovery of TKA patients. Preliminary studies in the area indicate the feasibility of TKA patients engaging in various types of exercise interventions

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preoperatively. These studies have been limited by a number of methodological flaws, which may have contributed to their inconclusive findings that preoperative exercise had no effect on postoperative recovery among TKA patients. The proposed study will address these flaws by utilizing an urger sample and employing proven exercise interventions, which have been shown to improve the functional capacity of patients with OA of the knee. The specific aim of this study is: to compare the knee pain, ability to complete functional tasks and markers of prehabilitation among TKA patients who do and do not participate in an 8-week program of prehabilitation prior to their FKA surgery. To address this aim ninety-eight community dwelling subjects age 50 and older who are scheduled for a unilateral TKA will be recruited from a single orthopedic surgeon's practice. Subjects will be assessed prior to beginning interventions at baseline, one week prior to their TKA surgery, and 1 and 3 months following their TKA surgery. These assessments will include measures of knee pain, the ability to complete functional tasks and markers of rehabilitation. Following baseline-testing subjects will be randomized into either a prehabilitation group (treatment) or a usual treatment group (control). Subjects in the treatment group will participate in three sessions of prehabilitation per week, one supervised and 2 unsupervised, for eight weeks prior to their TKA. The training will consist of resistance training, flexibility exercises and step training. The three principle hypotheses of this study will be tested through repeated measures analysis of covariance. This statistic compares the two groups' dependent outcome measures at, one week prior to their TKA and 1 and 3 months following the TKA procedure while adjusting for dependent measures taken at baseline and potential confounding variables between the groups. The outcomes of this study have the potential to reveal that preoperative exercise can enhance post surgical recovery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENDER, COPING AND THE ARTHRITIS PAIN EXPERIENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Keefe, Francis J.; Professor and Associate Director; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The long-range goal of this research is to enhance our understanding of how gender is related to the pain experience of individuals having arthritis. Research studies conducted in the laboratory of the principal investigator and elsewhere have shown that women with osteoarthritis (OA) report more intense pain and more severe disability. To date, the basis of this gender difference has been unknown. Preliminary research by the principal investigator suggests that differences in coping may account for gender differences in pain and disability in OA. Three new studies are proposed. Study 1 uses newly developed daily study methods to examine pain, pain coping, and mood as they unfold both within and across days in men and women having knee OA. In this study, 110 patients having knee OA (55 men, 55 women) will keep daily diary records for 30 consecutive days. Each patient will provide two daily diary entries on their pain, pain coping strategies, and mood. This process-oriented research design will permit the examination of: (a) gender differences in the extent and patterning of OA pain and efforts to cope with pain; and (b) how women and men differ in the relations of coping to pain, and mood both within and across days. Studies 2 and 3 will examine the relationship between gender differences in emotion-focused coping and supraspinal modulation of a nocifensive spinal withdrawal reflex known as the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR). Study 2 will assess the NFR threshold and subjective pain threshold and tolerance levels of 66 men and 66 women having OA knee pain. Study 3 will assess potential gender differences in

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activation of supraspinal descending pain modulation systems. This study will examine the nociceptive flexion reflex at rest and during a distraction task designed to manipulate attentional focus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPACT OSTEOARTHRITIS

OF

WEIGHT

LOSS

&

EXERCISE

ON

KNEE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bartlett, Susan J.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's abstract): Dr. Susan Bartlett has a clinical background in weight loss and exercise. Her commitment to clinical research is said to be demonstrated by her investment of many years with the Obesity Research Group at the University of Pennsylvania, return to graduate school obtain Ph.D. training in research methodology and interventions as a clinical psychologist, as well as completion of a fellowship in Weight Management at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a major public health challenge affecting millions of people in the US. Obesity is a primary target for intervention since it accounts for up to 30% of knee OA, exacerbates symptoms and is associated with bi-lateral involvement and more rapid progression of the disease. While the American College of Rheumatology Practice Guidelines recommends modest weight loss as symptomatic therapy, to date no published clinical trials have investigated the impact of weight loss on knee OA. Physical activity has also been associated with pain reduction and increased mobility in individuals with knee OA and should included in treatment (ACR Practice Guidelines). Exercise may be especially helpful for overweight persons with knee OA as it is a potent predictor of maintenance of weight loss. Though adherence to traditional exercise programs has been poor, lifestyle in which exercise is accumulated throughout the day appears to be a promising new approach to physical activity. Lifestyle physical activity has been associated with both health and weight loss benefits. Lifestyle exercise may also enhance exercise adherence by increasing options to be active and reducing time barriers. Episodes of physical activity may be preferable to continuous exercise in reducing pain and avoiding injury. The primary objective of this proposal is to evaluate the impact of weight loss and lifestyle exercise on knee osteoarthritis. To accomplish this, 156 overweight persons with symptomatic knee OA will be randomized to receive a 16-week program of: 1 ) a weight loss + lifestyle physical activity; or 2) health education (control). The primary outcome measure will be knee pain. Secondary measures include physical disability, quality of life, performance measures and longterm adherence to behavior change. This study will provide data on integrating behavioral changes into the treatment of knee OA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS IN SENIORS WITH ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Eittinger, Walter H.; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Lifestyles Intervention for Seniors with Arthritis (LISA) Trial is a singleblind, controlled clinical trial to test the efficacy of weight loss on disability and disease progression in older people with knee osteoarthritis. Three hundred obese, sedentary people, age sixty and older, with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis will be randomized to

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receive: usual care, a structured aerobic exercise intervention, a dietary weight loss intervention or a combined exercise-weight loss intervention. Participants in the study will be followed for thirty months. The primary outcome measure is physical disability. Secondary outcome measures include performance measures of function, exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, biomechanics of gait, knee pain and disease progression by x-ray. The cost effectiveness of the interventions will be determined. This study will determine the relative efficacies of exercise, weight loss and combined intervention in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee in older people. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTIPURPOSE ARTHRITIS & MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brandt, Kenneth D.; Professor; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 15-SEP-1977; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The Indiana University Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Center (IUMAMDC) consists of a Biomedical Research Component, an Epidemiology/Education/Health Services Research (EEHSR) Component and an Administration Unit. Major biomedical research interests include the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), the causes of pain and disability in OA, and amyloidosis. Four new Developmental and Feasibility Studies are proposed in this application: one examines the reproducibility of radiographic measurement of joint space width [an issue of great relevance to the design of clinical trials of diseasemodifying OA drugs (DMOADs)]; the second examines the role of arthrogenous muscle inhibition (AMI) as a cause of quadriceps weakness and a risk factor for disability, knee pain and muscle atrophy in subjects with knee OA; the third examines the use and (misuse) of magnetic resonance imaging by primary care physicians evaluating patients with low back pain; the fourth relates to inflammatory arthritis and probes the role of the receptor for platelet activating factor in cellular responses. Our EEHSR component is concerned with training of Fellows, house staff, medical students and arthritis health professionals (AHPs) and includes outreach programs and a variety of interactions with community organizations. Four new EEHSR projects are proposed, 3 of which relate to OA: the first compares the rate of tibiofemoral joint space narrowing among various subsets of subjects representing likely target populations for clinical trials of DMOADs; the second, a prospective study of patients with knee OA treated by primary care physicians in a managed care setting, compares outcomes achieved with standard care to those inpatients treated with a comprehensive program of nonpharmocologic and pharmacologic measures, graduated with respect to risk of side effects, cost and convenience. The third project builds on our observation during the current funding period that quadriceps weakness is common in community-based subjects with knee OA even in the absence of joint pain; it examines the effects of lower extremity strength training on the progression of knee pain, functional impairment and radiographic changes in the elderly. The fourth project examines the clinical and economic effects of a psychosocial intervention inpatients with recurrent acute low back pain. To support the research activities of IUMAMDC, 2 Core units are proposed: Biostatistics and Data Acquisition. Overall Center activities are supported by an Administration Unit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OSTEOBLAST AND ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION BY FOSB Principal Investigator & Institution: Baron, Roland E.; Orthopedics and Rehabilitation; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is prevalent and often leads to instability, quadriceps muscle weakness and osteoarthritis. (OA) Many of those with chronic ACL deficiency have evidence of knee OA years after ACL rupture. Weakness and instability experienced by those who do not compensate well for ACL deficiency (non-copers) independently lead to compensation strategies that could precipitate or worsen knee OA. These poor compensation strategies do not uniformly resolve after surgical reconstruction and those who undergo reconstruction also have an increased risk of developing knee OA. The overall goal of this work is to determine whether effective rehabilitation programs to dynamically stabilize the knee reduce the adaptations that lead to osteoarthritis in a population at great risk for the development of knee OA. Eighty individuals with ACL rupture who are scheduled for surgery will be randomly assigned to a group that includes a form of neuromuscular training called perturbation training, or a standard group. They will be evaluated before and after surgery using motion analysis and radiography. In vivo measures of kinematics, kinetics, tibial translation and EMG based models of joint compression will be used for comparison. This randomized trial is designed to demonstrate that, after preoperative rehabilitation that includes perturbation training, movement patterns adopted by noncopers: 1) demonstrate improve joint stability and reduced muscle cocontraction, 2) persist after reconstruction and 3) result in better functional outcomes after reconstruction and 4) lead to the development of less knee pain and OA over time than standard preoperative treatment strategies. The information derived from this project will provide valuable insight into the management of the approximately 100,000 Americans who rupture their ACLs each year and undergo reconstructive surgery. More importantly, if the perturbation training program's ability to induce dynamic knee stability actually results in joint protection, its application to others at risk for the development knee OA may help reduce the incidence of this disabling clinical condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SENSATE SCAFFOLDS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC TISSUE REPAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Szivek, John A.; Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Arthritis is the most widespread debilitating disease in the United States affecting over 13% of the population. As the population ages the prevalence which is currently nearly 50% for people 55 and older will increase. Lower extremity impairments (in particular arthritis) represent over 50% of reported impairments and accounts for the placement of more than 50% of all implants. In addition, arthritis related complaints account for over 3% of all hospital stays. Although orthopaedic implants, particularly artificial joints, improve patient function and reduce pain, they often involve radical procedures mandating a hospital stay and reduce proprioception and stability which can lead to an increased incidence of falls. The overall goal of this research program is the development of a sensate scaffold with a functional cartilage layer on one surface that can easily be implanted into a joint to replace damaged tissue and precluding the need for artificial joint placement. Since nearly half of the US population over 25 years of age experiences knee pain, and the

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knee is the most common joint for which joint pain and arthritis like symptoms are reported, a knee model will be used to study scaffold development. First, direct measurements will be collected proximal to, distal to and from within joints utilizing a novel in vivo sensing technique in conjunction with radio telemetry to better understand loading of tissues in joints and the way in which scaffolds (designed to carry engineered tissues into joints) affect loading patterns. This strain data will be used to engineer tissue covered scaffolds for cartilage repair. The in vivo measurements will be compared in animals with and without cartilage coated scaffolds. Measurements from the joint will be correlated with surface pressure to better understand cartilage loading and viability. Bone strain patterns during ingrowth into the scaffolds will be correlated with quantitative histomorphometry and radiography to define relationships between loading and tissue structure. Finally, this information will be used to develop cell culture loading systems to produce functional engineered tissues. Within the framework of the overall goal, the specific aims of this research are: 1. Prepare and calibrate a series of scaffolds with wired sensors in them for placement in a dog model and collect strain information from the distal femur of a dog using an existing measurement system prior to and following scaffold placement. 2. Test combinations of osteoconductive coatings and osteoinductive proteins and loading to establish conditions which provide rapid segregated cell growth and appropriate tissue formation in call culture. 3. Place sensate scaffolds with layers of functionally loaded cells into dogs and monitor loading of the scaffold during healing and for several months following healing. Compare the loading pattern changes to the tissue response using histomorphometry. An understanding of loads acting on cartilage will allow development of functional tissues for implantation and an in vivo monitoring system which could eventually be used in patients. A system of this type will provide a means of monitoring healing and rehabilitation in patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for knee pain in the PubMed Central database: •

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Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. by Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M, Jones AC, O'Reilly SC, Bassey EJ.; 2002 Oct 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128377

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Rheumatology: 14. Diagnosis and management of anterior knee pain. by Taunton JE, Wilkinson M.; 2001 May 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81118

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with knee pain, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for knee pain (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 22-year-old woman with chronic, mild, intermittent knee pain. Author(s): Grinspun KA, Siegel MS, Kahler DM. Source: Am J Orthop. 2001 January; 30(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198835&dopt=Abstract

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A 26-year-old HIV-positive hemophiliac with knee pain. Author(s): Heim M, Horoszowski H. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 April; 23(4): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008444&dopt=Abstract

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A 77-year-old man with right anterior knee pain. Intraosseous gout of the patella. Author(s): Lin HH, Gilula LA. Source: Orthop Rev. 1993 December; 22(12): 1333-6; 1339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8127619&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical procedure for assessment of severity of knee pain. Author(s): Lewis B, Bellomo R, Lewis D, Cumming G. Source: Pain. 1995 December; 63(3): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719537&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of lower extremity muscle strength, obesity, and depression scores in elderly subjects with knee pain with and without radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Brandt KD, Heilman DK, Slemenda C, Katz BP, Mazzuca S, Braunstein EM, Byrd D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 August; 27(8): 1937-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10955336&dopt=Abstract

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A conservative approach to anterior knee pain. Author(s): Whitelaw GP Jr, Rullo DJ, Markowitz HD, Marandola MS, DeWaele MJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 September; (246): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766612&dopt=Abstract

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A girl with knee pain. Author(s): Sprehe MR, Shetty AK. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 March; 38(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349083&dopt=Abstract

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A new concept in the treatment of anterior knee pain: patellar hypertension syndrome. Author(s): Schneider U, Breusch SJ, Thomsen M, Wenz W, Graf J, Niethard FU. Source: Orthopedics. 2000 June; 23(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10875419&dopt=Abstract

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A placebo controlled double blind trial to evaluate the effectiveness of pulsed short wave therapy for osteoarthritic hip and knee pain. Author(s): Moffett JA, Richardson PH, Frost H, Osborn A. Source: Pain. 1996 September; 67(1): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8895239&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study on knee pain and its risk factors. Author(s): Miranda H, Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Riihimaki H. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2002 August; 10(8): 623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479384&dopt=Abstract

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A review of differential diagnosis of knee pain in a teenager. Author(s): Murthy JH. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1994 July; 87(7): 288-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8065133&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of physical therapy goals and interventions for patients with back and knee pain. Author(s): van Baar ME, Dekker J, Bosveld W. Source: Physical Therapy. 1998 January; 78(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442194&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of the quadriceps muscle during semisquatting with different hip and knee positions in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Lam PL, Ng GY. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2001 November; 80(11): 804-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805450&dopt=Abstract

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Acute onset of knee pain. Author(s): Schils J, Kline M. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 September; 68(9): 744, 746. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563475&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent anterior knee pain. Author(s): Eilert RE. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1993; 42: 497-516. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463699&dopt=Abstract

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Algodystrophy: a common unrecognized cause of chronic knee pain. Author(s): Coughlan RJ, Hazleman BL, Thomas DP, Sattelle L, Crisp AJ, Jenner JR, Dandy DJ. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 August; 26(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2440509&dopt=Abstract

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Algorithm for anterior knee pain. Author(s): Kelly MA. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1998; 47: 339-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9571435&dopt=Abstract

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An elderly woman with chronic knee pain and abnormal chest radiography. Author(s): Karcic AA, Maudar V, Karcic E. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 September; 77(911): 600, 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524523&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual cause of knee pain in an adolescent basketball player. Author(s): Swain R. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 April; 10(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798797&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Hannan MT, Felson DT, Pincus T. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 June; 27(6): 1513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852280&dopt=Abstract

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Another cause of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Mulvey JR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 February; 107(2): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689404&dopt=Abstract

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Anserina bursitis. A treatable cause of knee pain in patients with degenerative arthritis. Author(s): Brookler MI, Mongan ES. Source: Calif Med. 1973 July; 119(1): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4731586&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain 7 years after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. Author(s): Jarvela T, Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2000 August; 10(4): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898267&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain after intramedullary nailing of fractures of the tibial shaft. A prospective, randomized study comparing two different nail-insertion techniques. Author(s): Toivanen JA, Vaisto O, Kannus P, Latvala K, Honkonen SE, Jarvinen MJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 April; 84-A(4): 580-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940618&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain after intramedullary tibial nailing. Author(s): Yu SW, Tu YK, Fan KF, Su JY. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999 December; 22(4): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695208&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain caused by overactivity: a long term prospective followup. Author(s): Milgrom C, Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, Giladi M, Radin E. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 October; (331): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8895647&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain in adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Johnson RP. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1997 March; 9(2): 159-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135922&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain in females. Author(s): Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 March; (372): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10738416&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain in rheumatoid patients after total knee replacement. Possible selection criteria for patellar resurfacing. Author(s): Fern ED, Winson IG, Getty CJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1992 September; 74(5): 745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1527126&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain in the adolescent: an anatomical approach to etiology. Author(s): Pavlovich RI, Day B. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1997 Summer; 10(3): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9280113&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain in the military population. Author(s): Chang PC, Lee LK, Tay BK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997 January; 26(1): 60-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140580&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Witonski D. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1999; 23(6): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10741519&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain syndrome. A review of current concepts and controversies. Author(s): Hull JB, Hobbs C, Sidebottom S. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1999 June; 145(2): 89-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10420347&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain syndromes in the adolescent. Author(s): Stanitski CL. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1994; 43: 211-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097151&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Brukner P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1996 June; 25(6): 908-11; 914. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8687315&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Rickey N. Source: American Family Physician. 1993 December; 48(8): 1395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249770&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Colon VF. Source: American Family Physician. 1993 December; 48(8): 1395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249769&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Jackson AM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 September; 83(7): 937-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603532&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Bourne MH, Hazel WA Jr, Scott SG, Sim FH. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1988 May; 63(5): 482-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283473&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain. Author(s): Dowling R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1997 May; 26(5): 607-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9170676&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: a clinical comparison of rehabilitation methods. Author(s): Roush MB, Sevier TL, Wilson JK, Jenkinson DM, Helfst RH, Gehlsen GM, Basey AL. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 January; 10(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695846&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up. Author(s): Stathopulu E, Baildam E. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 42(2): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595641&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: a review. Author(s): Cutbill JW, Ladly KO, Bray RC, Thorne P, Verhoef M. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1997 January; 7(1): 40-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9117525&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Bentley G. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1989; 34(6 Suppl): S2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2628576&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: symptom or syndrome? Author(s): Lichota DK. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 February; 3(1): 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521558&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain: the challenge of patellofemoral syndrome. Author(s): Ruffin MT 5th, Kiningham RB. Source: American Family Physician. 1993 January; 47(1): 185-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8418581&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior knee pain--a symptom not a diagnosis. Author(s): Post WR, Fulkerson JP. Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 1993 April; 42(2): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8504325&dopt=Abstract

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Anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer in patients with chronic anterior knee pain and a subluxation-type patellar malalignment. Author(s): Bellemans J, Cauwenberghs F, Witvrouw E, Brys P, Victor J. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167820&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopic lateral release for anterior knee pain: a study comparing patients who are claiming worker's compensation with those who are not. Author(s): Bray RC, Roth JH, Jacobsen RP. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1987; 3(4): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2961344&dopt=Abstract

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Arthroscopy in the treatment of young patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Dandy DJ. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1986 April; 17(2): 221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3714205&dopt=Abstract

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Articular cartilage lesions and anterior knee pain. Author(s): Joensen AM, Hahn T, Gelineck J, Overvad K, Ingemann-Hansen T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2001 April; 11(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252460&dopt=Abstract

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Association of radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee with knee pain: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Author(s): Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW Jr, Reichle R, Ettinger WH, Zonderman A, Costa P, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1995 September; 8(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7654803&dopt=Abstract

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Baseline balance and functional decline in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors. Author(s): Marsh AP, Rejeski WJ, Lang W, Miller ME, Messier SP. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 March; 51(3): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588576&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral knee pain with hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Salerno G, Gilbert J, Sharif H. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2002 March; 95(3): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872764&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral Q angle asymmetry and anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Livingston LA, Mandigo JL. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 1999 January; 14(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619085&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral rearfoot asymmetry and anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Livingston LA, Mandigo JL. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2003 January; 33(1): 48-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570286&dopt=Abstract

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Biomechanics of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Bellemans J. Source: The Knee. 2003 June; 10(2): 123-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787992&dopt=Abstract

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Bone scan and serum markers of bone and cartilage in patients with knee pain and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Petersson IF, Boegard T, Dahlstrom J, Svensson B, Heinegard D, Saxne T. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 1998 January; 6(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9616437&dopt=Abstract

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Bone scan features in spontaneous knee pain. Author(s): Vattimo A, Merlo F, Bertelli P, Burroni L. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992; 18(2): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1289287&dopt=Abstract

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Bone scintigraphy in chronic knee pain: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Boegard T, Rudling O, Dahlstrom J, Dirksen H, Petersson IF, Jonsson K. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 January; 58(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343536&dopt=Abstract

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Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dosedependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Author(s): Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 December; 9(8): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587686&dopt=Abstract

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Cases from A3CR2. Young female with knee pain. Tuberculous arthritis. Author(s): Point SW, Aruny JE, Logsdon G. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1990 March; 25(3): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2332317&dopt=Abstract

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Chondroblastoma of the patella presenting as knee pain in an adolescent. Author(s): Wolfe MW, Halvorson TL, Bennett JT, Martin PC. Source: Am J Orthop. 1995 January; 24(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7773657&dopt=Abstract

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Chondroblastoma: an unusual cause of knee pain in the adolescent. Author(s): Nishihara RM, Helmstedter CS. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2000 January; 26(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10638718&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic anterior knee pain in the adolescent. Author(s): Goldberg B. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1991 April; 20(4): 186-7, 190-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2062577&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic knee pain assessed by SPECT: comparison with other modalities. Author(s): Collier BD, Johnson RP, Carrera GF, Isitman AT, Veluvolu P, Knobel J, Hellman RS, Barthelemy CR. Source: Radiology. 1985 December; 157(3): 795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3877315&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic knee pain in a 35-year-old man. Author(s): Keller MS, Jackson DP, Breslow A, St Andre A, Olmsted WW. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1981 January-February; 16(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7012087&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic knee pain in the athlete. Author(s): Murray J. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1984 August; 13(8): 613-5, 618-9, 621. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6483498&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic persistent knee pain after repeated diagnostic arthroscopy: osteoid osteoma, a primarily overlooked diagnosis in a young woman. Author(s): Kornberg A, Stangl M, Scheele J, Hammer C. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 May; 121(5): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409562&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain Price AJ et al. Author(s): Oni OO. Source: Injury. 2001 April; 32(3): 262-3; Author Reply 264. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293400&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain. Author(s): Price AJ, Jones J, Allum R. Source: Injury. 2000 June; 31(5): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775695&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of diflunisal and naproxen for relief of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Fulkerson JP, Folcik MA. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 9 Suppl C: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3548986&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of hip and knee muscle moments in subjects with and without knee pain. Author(s): Manetta J, Franz LH, Moon C, Perell KL, Fang M. Source: Gait & Posture. 2002 December; 16(3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443949&dopt=Abstract

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Complications following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A 25-year follow-up of 604 patients with special emphasis on anterior knee pain. Author(s): Kartus J, Magnusson L, Stener S, Brandsson S, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1999; 7(1): 2-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024955&dopt=Abstract

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Component rotation and anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Barrack RL, Schrader T, Bertot AJ, Wolfe MW, Myers L. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 November; (392): 46-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716424&dopt=Abstract

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Confusion and knee pain after a car accident. Author(s): Mazzei M, Musher D. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 September 15; 33(9): 144, 147. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750560&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of knee pain among US adults with and without radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM, Barclay JD, Segal MR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 December; 19(12): 1943-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1294744&dopt=Abstract

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CT determination of tibial tubercle lateralization in patients presenting with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Jones RB, Barlett EC, Vainright JR, Carroll RG. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1995 October; 24(7): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545646&dopt=Abstract

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Debilitating knee pain in a patient with “normal” radiographs. Author(s): Meenagh GK, Wright GD. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 July; 60(7): 650-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11406517&dopt=Abstract

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Declines in strength and balance in older adults with chronic knee pain: a 30-month longitudinal, observational study. Author(s): Messier SP, Glasser JL, Ettinger WH Jr, Craven TE, Miller ME. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 April 15; 47(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954007&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 March-April; 22(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220713&dopt=Abstract

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Deep posterior knee pain caused by a ganglion of the popliteus tendon--a case report. Author(s): Weber D, Friederich NF, Nidecker A, Muller W. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1996; 4(3): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961231&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed intraosseous venous blood flow does not correlate with patellar cartilage changes in anterior knee pain. Author(s): Homminga GN, Mazee HA, Van der Linden ES, Van Ooy A. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1995; 61(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7597893&dopt=Abstract

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Development and construct validity of a knee pain questionnaire. Author(s): Boeckstyns ME. Source: Pain. 1987 October; 31(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3696742&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Jacobson KE, Flandry FC. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1989 April; 8(2): 179-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2665950&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of knee pain in children. Author(s): Speer DP. Source: Ariz Med. 1977 May; 34(5): 330-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=883902&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of MR-detected cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint in chronic knee pain. Author(s): Boegard TL, Rudling O, Petersson IF, Jonsson K. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2003 July; 11(7): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814612&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of substance-P nerve fibers in the knee joint in patients with anterior knee pain syndrome. A preliminary report. Author(s): Witonski D, Wagrowska-Danielewicz M. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1999; 7(3): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401655&dopt=Abstract

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Does four weeks of TENS and/or isometric exercise produce cumulative reduction of osteoarthritic knee pain? Author(s): Cheing GL, Hui-Chan CW, Chan KM. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 November; 16(7): 749-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428824&dopt=Abstract

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Dorsal defect of the patella: an uncommon cause of knee pain. Author(s): Narvaez J, Narvaez JA, Clavaguera MT, Gil M, Sanchez-Marquez A, NollaSole JM. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996 July; 39(7): 1244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8670338&dopt=Abstract

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Edema pattern of bones. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis in patients with knee pain. Author(s): Goldman AB, Schneider R. Source: Bildgebung. 1992 September; 59(3): 116-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1421994&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of knee pain on joint loading in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Hurwitz DE, Sharma L, Andriacchi TP. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1999 September; 11(5): 422-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10503665&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 November; 44(11): 2531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710709&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of distally fixated versus nondistally fixated leg extensor resistance training on knee pain in the early period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Author(s): Morrissey MC, Drechsler WI, Morrissey D, Knight PR, Armstrong PW, McAuliffe TB. Source: Physical Therapy. 2002 January; 82(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784276&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of static magnets on chronic knee pain and physical function: a double-blind study. Author(s): Hinman MR, Ford J, Heyl H. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126173&dopt=Abstract

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EMG biofeedback-controlled exercise in chronic arthritic knee pain. Author(s): King AC, Ahles TA, Martin JE, White R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1984 June; 65(6): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6732464&dopt=Abstract

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Etiologic factors associated with anterior knee pain in distance runners. Author(s): Duffey MJ, Martin DF, Cannon DW, Craven T, Messier SP. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000 November; 32(11): 1825-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079510&dopt=Abstract

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Etiology of atraumatic medial knee pain. Author(s): Blake RL, Burns DP, Colson JP. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 October; 71(10): 580-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7288080&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and treatment of acute knee pain. Author(s): Kalb RL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 June 15; 32(6): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194800&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and treatment of anterior knee pain using eccentric exercise. Author(s): Limbird TJ. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1987 April; 19(2): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3574051&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and treatment of anterior knee pain using eccentric exercise. Author(s): Bennett JG, Stauber WT. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1986 October; 18(5): 526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3773669&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care. Author(s): Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Kroenke K. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 October 7; 139(7): 575-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14530229&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of clinical factors affecting knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Author(s): Asano H, Muneta T, Shinomiya K. Source: The Journal of Knee Surgery. 2002 Winter; 15(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829330&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of knee pain. Author(s): McCune WJ, Matteson EL, MacGuire A. Source: Primary Care. 1988 December; 15(4): 795-808. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3068696&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise, not taping, improves outcomes for patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Herbert R. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2001; 47(1): 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573502&dopt=Abstract

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Extradigital glomus tumor as a cause of knee pain. Author(s): Murphy RX Jr, Rachman RA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 December; 92(7): 1371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8248416&dopt=Abstract

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Factors related to sleep disturbance in older adults experiencing knee pain or knee pain with radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Wilcox S, Brenes GA, Levine D, Sevick MA, Shumaker SA, Craven T. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2000 October; 48(10): 1241-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037011&dopt=Abstract

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Factors that modify the association between knee pain and mobility limitation in older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study. Author(s): Lamb SE, Guralnik JM, Buchner DM, Ferrucci LM, Hochberg MC, Simonsick EM, Fried LP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 May; 59(5): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784513&dopt=Abstract

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Femoral morphometry and anterior knee pain. Author(s): Eckhoff DG, Montgomery WK, Kilcoyne RF, Stamm ER. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1994 May; (302): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8168324&dopt=Abstract

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Flexibility and anterior knee pain in adolescent elite figure skaters. Author(s): Smith AD, Stroud L, McQueen C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1991 January-February; 11(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1988483&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture of the fabella: a case of posterolateral knee pain. Author(s): Marks PH, Cameron M, Regan W. Source: Orthopedics. 1998 June; 21(6): 713-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642711&dopt=Abstract

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Functional capacity and early radiographic osteoarthritis in middle-aged people with chronic knee pain. Author(s): Larsson AC, Petersson I, Ekdahl C. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 1998; 3(3): 153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782518&dopt=Abstract

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Functional versus organic knee pain in adolescents. A pilot study. Author(s): Fritz GK, Bleck EE, Dahl IS. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1981 July-August; 9(4): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7258465&dopt=Abstract

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Ganglion cyst of the quadriceps tendon--an uncommon cause of knee pain revealed by ultrasounds. Author(s): Trabucchi L, Ferraccioli GF, Salaffi F, Simonini D. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989 May-June; 7(3): 335-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2667834&dopt=Abstract

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Ganglion cysts associated with cruciate ligaments of the knee: a possible cause of recurrent knee pain. Author(s): Garcia-Alvarez F, Garcia-Pequerul JM, Avila JL, Sainz JM, Castiella T. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2000 December; 66(5): 490-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196374&dopt=Abstract

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Giant cell tumour of the patellar tendon sheath--an unusual cause of anterior knee pain: a case report. Author(s): Relwani J, Factor D, Khan F, Dutta A. Source: The Knee. 2003 June; 10(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787997&dopt=Abstract

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Glomus tumour, a rare cause of knee pain: a case report. Author(s): Waseem M, Jari S, Paton RW. Source: The Knee. 2002 May; 9(2): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950584&dopt=Abstract

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Hemangioma mimicking meniscal injury. A report on 10 years of knee pain. Author(s): Ryd L, Stenstrom A. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1989 April; 60(2): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2728893&dopt=Abstract

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Hip fracture presenting as isolated knee pain. Author(s): Guss DA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997 March; 29(3): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055785&dopt=Abstract

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Hip fracture presenting as knee pain in an elderly patient. Author(s): Hammer SG. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 September 1; 54(3): 872. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784159&dopt=Abstract

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Hip pathology can masquerade as knee pain in adults. Author(s): Emms NW, O'Connor M, Montgomery SC. Source: Age and Ageing. 2002 January; 31(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850311&dopt=Abstract

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Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M, Jones AC, O'Reilly SC, Bassey EJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 5; 325(7367): 752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364304&dopt=Abstract

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How do GPs use x rays to manage chronic knee pain in the elderly? A case study. Author(s): Bedson J, Jordan K, Croft P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 May; 62(5): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695159&dopt=Abstract

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Hypertrophy of the synovium in the anteromedial aspect of the knee joint following trauma: an unusual cause of knee pain. Author(s): Chow JC, Hantes M, Houle JB. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 September; 18(7): 735-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209431&dopt=Abstract

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Idiopathic anterior knee pain in adolescents. Author(s): Shea KG, Pfeiffer R, Curtin M. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2003 July; 34(3): 377-83, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974487&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging assessment of anterior knee pain and patellar maltracking. Author(s): McNally EG. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 September; 30(9): 484-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587516&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical analysis for neural markers of the lateral retinaculum in patients with isolated symptomatic patellofemoral malalignment. A neuroanatomic basis for anterior knee pain in the active young patient. Author(s): Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 September-October; 28(5): 72531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032232&dopt=Abstract

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Incomplete nondisplaced tibial osteotomy for treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Di Stefano V, Cohen J. Source: Contemp Orthop. 1991 November; 23(5): 455-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10149654&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of elastic bandage on knee pain, proprioception, and postural sway in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Hassan BS, Mockett S, Doherty M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 January; 61(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779753&dopt=Abstract

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Intraarticular injections of hyaluronan in patients with cartilage abnormalities and knee pain. A one-year double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS, Ryd L. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 April; 37(4): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147929&dopt=Abstract

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Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population. A two-year prospective study. Author(s): Witvrouw E, Lysens R, Bellemans J, Cambier D, Vanderstraeten G. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 July-August; 28(4): 480-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10921638&dopt=Abstract

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Joint space width of the tibiofemoral and of the patellofemoral joint in chronic knee pain with or without radiographic osteoarthritis: a 2-year follow-up. Author(s): Boegard TL, Rudling O, Petersson IF, Jonsson K. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2003 May; 11(5): 370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12744943&dopt=Abstract

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Kinematic and dynamic axial computed tomography of the patello-femoral joint in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Pinar H, Akseki D, Karaoglan O, Genc I. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1994; 2(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7584200&dopt=Abstract

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Kinematics of cycling in relation to anterior knee pain and patellar tendinitis. Author(s): Bailey MP, Maillardet FJ, Messenger N. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2003 August; 21(8): 649-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875315&dopt=Abstract

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Knee effusions, popliteal cysts, and synovial thickening: association with knee pain in osteoarthritis. Author(s): Hill CL, Gale DG, Chaisson CE, Skinner K, Kazis L, Gale ME, Felson DT. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 June; 28(6): 1330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409127&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain after intramedullary tibial nailing: its incidence, etiology, and outcome. Author(s): Court-Brown CM, Gustilo T, Shaw AD. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1997 February-March; 11(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9057144&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain after tibial nailing. Author(s): McCormack D, Mulcahy D, McElwain J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 May; 78(3): 511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636204&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain after tibial nailing. Author(s): Hardy JR, Gregg PJ, Wood C. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1996 May; 78(3): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636203&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain after tibial nailing. Author(s): Keating JF, Orfaly R, O'Brien PJ. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 1997 January; 11(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8990026&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain after tibial nailing: does the entry point matter? Author(s): Orfaly R, Keating JE, O'Brien PJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 November; 77(6): 976-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7593119&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain amongst the poor and affluent in Pakistan. Author(s): Gibson T, Hameed K, Kadir M, Sultana S, Fatima Z, Syed A. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612027&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and disability in the community. Author(s): McAlindon TE, Cooper C, Kirwan JR, Dieppe PA. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 March; 31(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540789&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and disability in the Nottingham community: association with poor health status and psychological distress. Author(s): O'Reilly SC, Muir KR, Doherty M. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 August; 37(8): 870-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9734678&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and joint loading in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Hurwitz DE, Ryals AR, Block JA, Sharma L, Schnitzer TJ, Andriacchi TP. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2000 July; 18(4): 572-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052493&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and knee osteoarthritis severity in self-reported task specific disability: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Author(s): Jordan J, Luta G, Renner J, Dragomir A, Hochberg M, Fryer J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 July; 24(7): 1344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228135&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and loping gait in an eleven-year-old girl. Author(s): Sinton WA. Source: J Sports Med. 1972 September-October; 1(1): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4681291&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Author(s): Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 February; 60(2): 91-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156538&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and swelling in a 30-year-old woman. Author(s): Makley JT, Petersilge C, Abdul-Karim FW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 September; (330): 304-7, 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8804305&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and swelling in a 38-year-old woman. Author(s): Hayward I, Yaru N, Grafe M, Sartoris DJ, Bjorkengren A, Resnick D. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1987 June; 22(6): 516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3623857&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and swelling in a 5-year-old girl. Author(s): Erol B, Pill SG, Meyer JS, Pawel BR, Dormans JP. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 March; (396): 258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859251&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain and the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. Author(s): Tennent TD, Birch NC, Holmes MJ, Birch R, Goddard NJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 November; 91(11): 573-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325872&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain as the initial symptom of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an analysis of initial presentation and treatment. Author(s): Matava MJ, Patton CM, Luhmann S, Gordon JE, Schoenecker PL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1999 July-August; 19(4): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412993&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain caused by a fiducial marker in the medial femoral condyle: a clinical and anatomic study of 20 cases. Author(s): Nogler M, Maurer H, Wimmer C, Gegenhuber C, Bach C, Krismer M. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2001 October; 72(5): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728074&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain diagrams: correlation with physical examination findings in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Post WR, Fulkerson J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1994 December; 10(6): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880352&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain exacerbated by recumbency: an unusual manifestation of spinal cord involvement by diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Author(s): Christy WC, Powell DL. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 March; 27(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367753&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 13-year-old boy. Author(s): Erol B, Lou J, States L, Pawel BR, Dormans JP. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 January; (406): 317-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579033&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 16-year-old girl. Author(s): Endo H, Kawai A, Naito N, Sugihara S, Inoue H. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 December; (393): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764368&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 16-year-old girl. Author(s): King PJ, Gibson BW, Pawel BR, Pill SG, Dormans JP. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 October; (391): 302-5, 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603686&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 20-year-old-woman. Author(s): Horowitz SM, Epstein RE, Dalinka MK, Ayala G. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 August; (329): 337-8, 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8769469&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 28-year-old man. Chondrosarcoma, grade II. Author(s): Horowitz SM, Rubin DA, Dalinka MK, Gannon FH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1994 December; (309): 274-6, 27980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994971&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 30-year-old man. Author(s): Horowitz SM, Rubin DA, Dalinka MK, Gannon FH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 January; (322): 293-6, 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8542708&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 34-year-old woman. Author(s): Horowitz SM, Uri SD, Dalinka MK, Gannon FH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1995 July; (316): 284-5, 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7634718&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 40-year-old man. Author(s): Hamilton W, Freedman KB, Haupt HM, Lackman R. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 February; (383): 282-5, 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211862&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 69-year-old woman. Author(s): Bhimani MA, Magid D, McCarthy E, Frassica FJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 March; (360): 265-8, 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101334&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in a 7-year-old boy. Author(s): Magid D, McCarthy E. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1995 June; (315): 282-4, 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7634682&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in an 18-year-old man. Author(s): Magid D, McCarthy EF, Frassica FJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1995 April; (313): 289-92; 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641493&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in competitive swimming. Author(s): Rodeo SA. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1999 April; 18(2): 379-87, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230572&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in middle age and its relationship to occupational work load and psychosocial factors. Author(s): Bergenudd H, Nilsson B, Lindgarde F. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 August; (245): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2752623&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in older adults: the latest musculoskeletal “epidemic”. Author(s): Symmons DP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001 February; 60(2): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156537&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in runners. Author(s): Apple DF Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 November; 72(11): 1377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=505065&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in school-aged girls. Author(s): Jonides L, Rudy C, Walsh S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1993 July-August; 7(4): 185, 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8350241&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in sports people--a prospective study. Author(s): Gibson T, Davies JE, Crane J, Henry AN. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987 September; 21(3): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676636&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in tennis players. Author(s): Renstrom AF. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1995 January; 14(1): 163-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712548&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in the ACL-deficient osteoarthritic knee and its relationship to quality of life. Author(s): Hartwick M, Meeuwisse W, Vandertuin J, Maitland M. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2003; 8(2): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879730&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain in the adolescent. Author(s): Oni OO. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1987 March; (216): 301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3815962&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain is the malady--not osteoarthritis. Author(s): Hadler NM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 April 1; 116(7): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1543316&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain reduces joint space width in conventional standing anteroposterior radiographs of osteoarthritic knees. Author(s): Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Lane KA, Katz BP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 May; 46(5): 1223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115227&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain, swelling, and effusion after arthroscopy. Author(s): Bhagat B, Ahmed M, Lovelanet M, Berger B. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 January 15; 31(1): 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595989&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain: a clue to internal derangement on lateral plain radiograph of the knee. Author(s): Neitzschman HR, Romano C, McCarthy K. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1996 December; 148(12): 515-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8990793&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain: osteoarthritis or anserine bursitis? Author(s): Gnanadesigan N, Smith RL. Source: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2003 May-June; 4(3): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854991&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain--a false lead. Author(s): Morgan R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 May; 74(871): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9713617&dopt=Abstract

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Knee version associated with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Eckhoff DG, Brown AW, Kilcoyne RF, Stamm ER. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1997 June; (339): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186213&dopt=Abstract

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Localised pigmented villonodular synovitis: an uncommon cause of knee pain mimicking a meniscal tear. Author(s): Roach R, dos Remedios I. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 August; 37(4): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893730&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal and cross-sectional variability in markers of joint metabolism in patients with knee pain and articular cartilage abnormalities. Author(s): Lohmander LS, Dahlberg L, Eyre D, Lark M, Thonar EJ, Ryd L. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 1998 September; 6(5): 351-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197170&dopt=Abstract

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Low-grade astrocytoma of the tectal region as an unusual cause of knee pain: case report. Author(s): Rutka JT, George RE, Davidson G, Hoffman HJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 1991 October; 29(4): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1944846&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in chronic knee pain. A 2-year follow-up. Author(s): Boegard TL, Rudling O, Petersson IF, Jonsson K. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2001 July; 9(5): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467896&dopt=Abstract

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Malign anterior knee pain. Author(s): Boyle A, Walton N. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 December; 93(12): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11193064&dopt=Abstract

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Management of knee pain and stiffness after total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Scranton PE Jr. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2001 June; 16(4): 428-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402404&dopt=Abstract

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Management of knee pain. Author(s): Kazes JA, Warfield CA. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1984 January; 19(1): 114A, 114G-114I, 114M Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6420315&dopt=Abstract

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Managing unexplained anterior knee pain. Author(s): McGinty JB. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1997 Summer; 10(3): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9280105&dopt=Abstract

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Maximal isometric patellofemoral contact force in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Macdonald DA, Hutton JF, Kelly IG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1989 March; 71(2): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925750&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Author(s): Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Source: Pain. 2002 November; 100(1-2): 55-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435459&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanical factors in the incidence of knee pain in adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB, van Poortvliet JA, Phillips H. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1984 November; 66(5): 685-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6501361&dopt=Abstract

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Medial knee pain: the spine may hold the answer. Author(s): Lotman DB. Source: Orthopedics. 1992 August; 15(8): 892. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1482452&dopt=Abstract

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Modifiers of change in physical functioning in older adults with knee pain: the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). Author(s): Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP, Loeser RF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 August; 45(4): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501720&dopt=Abstract

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MR essential in screening patients with knee pain. Author(s): Hyer K, Crues JV 3rd. Source: Diagn Imaging (San Franc). 1991 October; 13(10): 82-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10149739&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging of calcification of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee: a rare abnormality and a cause of lateral knee pain. Author(s): Anderson SE, Bosshard C, Steinbach LS, Ballmer FT. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 July; 181(1): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818860&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of anterior knee pain: a 14- to 20-year follow-up of nonoperative management. Author(s): Nimon G, Murray D, Sandow M, Goodfellow J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1998 January-February; 18(1): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449112&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropathy of the saphenous nerve as a cause of knee pain. Author(s): Lippitt AB. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1993 Winter; 52(2): 31-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8443553&dopt=Abstract

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Nontraumatic knee pain. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Author(s): Pavlov H, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, Berquist TH, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, elKhoury GY, Goergen TG, Keats TE, Manaster BJ, Newberg A, Haralson RH 3rd, McCabe JB, Sartoris D. Source: Radiology. 2000 June; 215 Suppl: 311-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037443&dopt=Abstract

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Occupation and knee pain: a community study. Author(s): O'Reilly SC, Muir KR, Doherty M. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2000 March; 8(2): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772236&dopt=Abstract

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Office evaluation of patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Fulkerson JP. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1997 Summer; 10(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9280114&dopt=Abstract

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Operative management of neuromatous knee pain: patient selection and outcome. Author(s): Nahabedian MY, Johnson CA. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 January; 46(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192028&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal stimulation duration of tens in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Cheing GL, Tsui AY, Lo SK, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 March; 35(2): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691335&dopt=Abstract

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Orthopedic manifestations of hyperlipoproteinemia: an unusual case of knee pain. Author(s): Kruse RW, Louis JS, Fallace J. Source: Military Medicine. 1993 August; 158(8): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8414086&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoarthritic knee pain: a behavioral analysis. Author(s): Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Queen K, Gil KM, Martinez S, Crisson JE, Ogden W, Nunley J. Source: Pain. 1987 March; 28(3): 309-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2952935&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoarthritis and knee pain. Author(s): Simkin PA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 April 16; 136(8): 630; Author Reply 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955032&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoarthrosis in runners with knee pain. Author(s): McDermott M, Freyne P. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1983 June; 17(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6883024&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoid osteoma as a cause of knee pain in the young athlete: a case study. Author(s): Micheli LJ, Jupiter J. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1978 July-August; 6(4): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=686230&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoid osteoma as a cause of knee pain. A review of 10 cases. Author(s): Stoffelen D, Martens M, Renson L, Fabry G. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1992; 58(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1485501&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoid osteoma. Distant, periarticular, and subarticular lesions as a cause of knee pain. Author(s): Torg JS, Loughran T, Pavlov H, Schwamm H, Gregg J, Sherman M, Balduini FC. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1985 July-August; 2(4): 296-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3849059&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar motion analyzed by kinematic and dynamic axial magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Witonski D, Goraj B. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1999; 119(1-2): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076944&dopt=Abstract

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Patellar tendonitis and anterior knee pain. Author(s): Duri ZA, Aichroth PM, Wilkins R, Jones J. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1999 Spring; 12(2): 99-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10323501&dopt=Abstract

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Patellectomy for anterior knee pain. Author(s): Noble J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 March; 77(2): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706362&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of anterior knee pain syndrome and functional patellofemoral instability in the active young. Author(s): Sanchis-Alfonso V, Rosello-Sastre E, Martinez-Sanjuan V. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1999 Winter; 12(1): 29-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050691&dopt=Abstract

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Percutaneous intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures: a new approach for prevention of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Karladani AH, Styf J. Source: Injury. 2001 November; 32(9): 736-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600125&dopt=Abstract

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Personality traits in the mechanisms of interferential therapy for osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Shafshak TS, el-Sheshai AM, Soltan HE. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1991 July; 72(8): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2059137&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for knee pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1675-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589643&dopt=Abstract

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Photo quiz. Lateral knee pain after aerobic exercise. Author(s): Leggit JC. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 September 1; 66(5): 841-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322777&dopt=Abstract

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Physiotherapy for anterior knee pain: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Clark DI, Downing N, Mitchell J, Coulson L, Syzpryt EP, Doherty M. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 September; 59(9): 700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976083&dopt=Abstract

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Plica as a cause of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Patel D. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1986 April; 17(2): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3714211&dopt=Abstract

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Posterior knee pain: primary symptom of a small non-occlusive venous clot. Author(s): Zannolli R, Mazzei MA, Sacco P, Turchetti V, Amato T, Battistini S, Berardi R, Volterrani L, De Stefano V, Morgese G. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 August; 88(8): 728-9; Discussion 728-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876176&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of chronic knee pain in children and adolescents in northern Finland. Author(s): Vahasarja V. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 July; 84(7): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549301&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of significant knee pain among older Americans: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Andersen RE, Crespo CJ, Ling SM, Bathon JM, Bartlett SJ. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1999 December; 47(12): 1435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10591238&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalent knee pain and sport. Author(s): Hahn T, Foldspang A. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1998 March; 26(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9526763&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing anterior knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Author(s): Shelbourne KD, Trumper RV. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 January-February; 25(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006690&dopt=Abstract

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Primary haematogenous osteomyelitis of the patella: a rare cause for anterior knee pain in an adult. Author(s): Kankate RK, Selvan TP. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 November; 76(901): 707-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060146&dopt=Abstract

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Proximal tibial derotation osteotomy for anterior knee pain in the miserably malaligned extremity. Author(s): Meister K, James SL. Source: Am J Orthop. 1995 February; 24(2): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613979&dopt=Abstract

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Proximal tibiofibular arthritis: an unusual cause of lateral knee pain. Author(s): Nadaud MC, Ewing JW. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 April; 24(4): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332970&dopt=Abstract

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Proximal tibiofibular subluxation relationship to lateral knee pain: a review of proximal tibiofibular joint pathologies. Author(s): Semonian RH, Denlinger PM, Duggan RJ. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1995 May; 21(5): 24857. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7787848&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudomeniscus following total knee arthroplasty as a cause of persistent knee pain. Author(s): Scher DM, Paumier JC, Di Cesare PE. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1997 January; 12(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9021511&dopt=Abstract

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Quadriceps muscles activation in anterior knee pain during isokinetic exercise. Author(s): Cesarelli M, Bifulco P, Bracale M. Source: Medical Engineering & Physics. 1999 July-September; 21(6-7): 469-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624742&dopt=Abstract

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Racial differences in social network experience and perceptions of benefit of arthritis treatments among New York City Medicare beneficiaries with self-reported hip and knee pain. Author(s): Blake VA, Allegrante JP, Robbins L, Mancuso CA, Peterson MG, Esdaile JM, Paget SA, Charlson ME. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 Aug15; 47(4): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209481&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee classified by the Ahlback and Kellgren & Lawrence systems for the tibiofemoral joint in people aged 35-54 years with chronic knee pain. Author(s): Petersson IF, Boegard T, Saxne T, Silman AJ, Svensson B. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1997 August; 56(8): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306873&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology case of the month. Knee pain in a 40-year-old woman. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) vs. Brodie's Abscess. Author(s): Rice RS, Wilson SC, Crawford BE, De Mouy EH, Neitzschman HR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 July-August; 154(4): 172-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236398&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology case of the month. Knee pain: intra-articular mass. Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). Author(s): Neitzschman H, Wilson S. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1997 July; 149(6): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9231623&dopt=Abstract

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Radionuclide imaging of the patellofemoral joint in young adults with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Dye SF, Boll DA. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1986 April; 17(2): 249-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3714208&dopt=Abstract

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Referred knee pain in a young athlete: a case study. Author(s): Tippett SR. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1994 February; 19(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8148865&dopt=Abstract

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Referred knee pain treated with electroacupuncture to iliopsoas. Author(s): Cummings M. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2003 June; 21(1-2): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924845&dopt=Abstract

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Resection of clinically localized segments of painful retinaculum in the treatment of selected patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Kasim N, Fulkerson JP. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 November-December; 28(6): 8114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101103&dopt=Abstract

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Results of conservative treatment for recalcitrant anterior knee pain in active young adults. Author(s): Edeen J, Dainer RD, Barrack RL, Alexander AH. Source: Orthop Rev. 1992 May; 21(5): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603609&dopt=Abstract

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Retrotendinous calcification of the infrapatellar tendon: unusual cause of anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Voto SJ, Ewing JW. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1988; 4(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395421&dopt=Abstract

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Rheumatology: 14. Diagnosis and management of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Taunton JE, Wilkinson M; Canadian Academy of Sports Medicine. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 May 29; 164(11): 1595-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402802&dopt=Abstract

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Right knee pain. Author(s): Swischuk LE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 October; 14(5): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814409&dopt=Abstract

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Saphenous nerve entrapment. A cause of medial knee pain. Author(s): Worth RM, Kettelkamp DB, Defalque RJ, Duane KU. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984 January-February; 12(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703186&dopt=Abstract

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Saphenous neuritis: a poorly understood cause of medial knee pain. Author(s): Morganti CM, McFarland EG, Cosgarea AJ. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002 March-April; 10(2): 130-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929207&dopt=Abstract

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Scintigraphy in the assessment of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Butler-Manuel PA, Guy RL, Heatley FW, Nunan TO. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1990 October; 61(5): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2239169&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary resurfacing of the patella for persistent anterior knee pain after primary knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Muoneke HE, Khan AM, Giannikas KA, Hagglund E, Dunningham TH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 July; 85(5): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892189&dopt=Abstract

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Self-efficacy and the progression of functional limitations and self-reported disability in older adults with knee pain. Author(s): Rejeski WJ, Miller ME, Foy C, Messier S, Rapp S. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2001 September; 56(5): S261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522807&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reported functional status in osteoarthritis of the knee in a rural southern community: the role of sociodemographic factors, obesity, and knee pain. Author(s): Jordan JM, Luta G, Renner JB, Linder GF, Dragomir A, Hochberg MC, Fryer JG. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1996 August; 9(4): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997916&dopt=Abstract

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Semimembranosus insertion syndrome: a treatable and frequent cause of persistent knee pain. Author(s): Weiser HI. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1979 July; 60(7): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=454131&dopt=Abstract

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Semimembranosus tendinitis: an overlooked cause of medial knee pain. Author(s): Ray JM, Clancy WG Jr, Lemon RA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 July-August; 16(4): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189658&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory stimulation (acupuncture) for the treatment of idiopathic anterior knee pain. Author(s): Naslund J, Naslund UB, Odenbring S, Lundeberg T. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2002 September; 34(5): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392239&dopt=Abstract

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Severe knee pain as the single symptom of CMV infection in acute ulcerative colitis treated with cyclosporine. Author(s): D'Haens G, Suenaert P, Westhovens R, Rutgeerts P. Source: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1998 February; 4(1): 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552225&dopt=Abstract

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Severity of knee pain does not predict a better response to an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen than to analgesic therapy in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Bradley JD, Katz BP, Brandt KD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 May; 28(5): 1073-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361192&dopt=Abstract

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Snapping popliteal tendon as a source of lateral knee pain. Author(s): Crites BM, Lohnes J, Garrett WE Jr. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1998 August; 8(4): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764447&dopt=Abstract

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Sonographic findings in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Friedman L, Finlay K, Popovich T, Chhem RK. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 February; 31(2): 85-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12539250&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Biedert RM, Sanchis-Alfonso V. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2002 July; 21(3): 335-47, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365231&dopt=Abstract

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SPECT for acute knee pain. Author(s): Murray IP, Dixon J, Kohan L. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1990 November; 15(11): 828-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2292159&dopt=Abstract

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Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of knee pain in osteoarthritis: long-term followup results. Author(s): Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, Beaupre P, Weisberg J, Helms M. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1999 April; 12(2): 101-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513498&dopt=Abstract

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Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, Beaupre P, Weisberg J, Helms M. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1996 August; 9(4): 279-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997917&dopt=Abstract

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Strength, balance, and the modifying effects of obesity and knee pain: results from the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (oasis). Author(s): Jadelis K, Miller ME, Ettinger WH Jr, Messier SP. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 July; 49(7): 884-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527479&dopt=Abstract

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Stress fractures as a cause of knee pain. Author(s): Lakhanpal S, Hoffman DL, Luthra HS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 January 17; 312(3): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3965945&dopt=Abstract

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Study of the control strategy of the quadriceps muscles in anterior knee pain. Author(s): Cesarelli M, Bifulco P, Bracale M. Source: Ieee Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2000 September; 8(3): 330-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001513&dopt=Abstract

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Subluxating biceps femoris tendon: an unusual case of lateral knee pain in a soccer athlete. A case report. Author(s): Bach BR Jr, Minihane K. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 January-February; 29(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206264&dopt=Abstract

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Superior dislocation of the patella--a rare but important differential diagnosis of acute knee pain--a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Scott SJ, Molloy A, Harvey RA. Source: Injury. 2000 September; 31(7): 543-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908749&dopt=Abstract

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Sympathetically mediated anterior knee pain. Scintigraphy and anesthetic blockade in 19 patients. Author(s): Butler-Manuel PA, Justins D, Heatley FW. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 February; 63(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1738981&dopt=Abstract

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Synovial knee pain arising from chronic inflammatory disorders of the knee. Author(s): Dabby D, Dekel S. Source: The Journal of Knee Surgery. 2002 Winter; 15(1): 53-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829336&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnostic dilemma created by osteoid osteoma that presents as knee pain. Author(s): Georgoulis AD, Papageorgiou CD, Moebius UG, Rossis J, Papadonikolakis A, Soucacos PN. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 January; 18(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774139&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. Author(s): Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 February; 37(1): 45-9; Discussion 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547742&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of orthotics for anterior knee pain in military trainees. A preliminary report. Author(s): Miller MD, Hinkin DT, Wisnowski JW. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1997 Winter; 10(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051172&dopt=Abstract

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The evaluation of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: the knee pain scale. Author(s): Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH Jr, Shumaker S, Heuser MD, James P, Monu J, Burns R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 June; 22(6): 1124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7674241&dopt=Abstract

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The female knee--anterior knee pain. Author(s): Fulkerson JP, Arendt EA. Source: Conn Med. 1999 November; 63(11): 661-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589147&dopt=Abstract

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The management of anterior knee pain in the adolescent. Author(s): Day B. Source: The American Journal of Knee Surgery. 1997 Summer; 10(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9280115&dopt=Abstract

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The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents. Author(s): Sandow MJ, Goodfellow JW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1985 January; 67(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3968140&dopt=Abstract

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The patellar tilt angle: correlation of MRI evaluation with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Pookarnjanamorakot C, Jaovisidha S, Apiyasawat P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 December; 81(12): 958-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916384&dopt=Abstract

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The plica syndrome. A cause of knee pain in the athlete. Author(s): Subotnick SI, Sisney P. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1986 May; 76(5): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3712259&dopt=Abstract

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The quadriceps tendon cyst: an uncommon cause of chronic anterior knee pain. Author(s): Siebert CH, Kaufmann A, Niedhart C, Heller KD. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1999; 7(6): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10639651&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between quadriceps angle and anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): Caylor D, Fites R, Worrell TW. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1993 January; 17(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8467330&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of anxiety and depression with self-reported knee pain in the community: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Author(s): Creamer P, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Costa P, Tobin JD, Herbst JH, Hochberg MC. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1999 February; 12(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513484&dopt=Abstract

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The role of bone scintigraphy and other imaging modalities in knee pain. Author(s): al-Janabi MA. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1994 December; 15(12): 991-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7715899&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the knee brace in the prevention of anterior knee pain syndrome. Author(s): BenGal S, Lowe J, Mann G, Finsterbush A, Matan Y. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 January-February; 25(1): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006705&dopt=Abstract

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The use of computerized thermography in the evaluation of non-traumatic anterior knee pain. Author(s): Siegel MG, Siqueland KA, Noyes FR. Source: Orthopedics. 1987 May; 10(5): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3295823&dopt=Abstract

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The usefulness of walking for preventing sarcopenia in dieting postmenopausal women complaining of knee pain. Author(s): Toda Y, Kobayashi T. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000 May; 904: 610-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865813&dopt=Abstract

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Tibial tubercle advancement for anterior knee pain. A temporary or permanent solution. Author(s): Heatley FW, Allen PR, Patrick JH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1986 July; (208): 215-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720126&dopt=Abstract

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Tibial tubercle position and patellar height as indicators of malalignment in women with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Metin Cubuk S, Sindel M, Karaali K, Arslan AG, Akyildiz F, Ozkan O. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2000; 13(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797627&dopt=Abstract

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Transient posterior knee pain with the meniscal arrow. Author(s): Whitman TL, Diduch DR. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 October; 14(7): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9788376&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic prepatellar neuroma: an unusual cause of anterior knee pain. Author(s): Pinar H, Ozkan M, Akseki D, Yorukoglu K. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1996; 4(3): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961230&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonographic scan in knee pain in athletes. Author(s): Maffulli N, Regine R, Carrillo F, Minelli S, Beaconsfield T. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 June; 26(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623366&dopt=Abstract

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Uncommon causes of anterior knee pain: a case report of infrapatellar contracture syndrome. Author(s): Ellen MI, Jackson HB, DiBiase SJ. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1999 July-August; 78(4): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418845&dopt=Abstract

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Uncommon causes of knee pain in the athlete. Author(s): Safran MR, Fu FH. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1995 July; 26(3): 547-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7609965&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual cause of knee pain in the older adult. Author(s): Henry JH. Source: Orthop Rev. 1989 February; 18(2): 221-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2648261&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual cause of knee pain mimicking meniscal pathology in a 14-year-old baseball player. Author(s): Wong CK, Restel BH. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 April; 10(2): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798799&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the PASE in older adults with knee pain and physical disability. Author(s): Martin KA, Rejeski WJ, Miller ME, James MK, Ettinger WH Jr, Messier SP. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999 May; 31(5): 627-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10331879&dopt=Abstract

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Which factors predict outcome in the treatment program of anterior knee pain? Author(s): Witvrouw E, Lysens R, Bellemans J, Cambier D, Cools A, Danneels L, Bourgois J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2002 February; 12(1): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985765&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and knee pain.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Knee Pain The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “knee pain” (or a synonym): •

Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dosedependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Author(s): Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, The University of Reading, UK. [email protected] Source: Walker, A F Bundy, R Hicks, S M Middleton, R W Phytomedicine. 2002 December; 9(8): 681-6 0944-7113

•

Effects of static magnets on chronic knee pain and physical function: a double-blind study. Author(s): Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. Source: Hinman, Martha R Ford, Jennifer Heyl, Heather Altern-Ther-Health-Med. 2002 Jul-August; 8(4): 50-5 1078-6791

•

The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. Author(s): Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009. [email protected] Source: Braham, R Dawson, B Goodman, C Br-J-Sports-Med. 2003 February; 37(1): 45-9; discussion 49 0306-3674

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to knee pain. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to knee pain and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to knee pain: •

32P Radiosynoviorthesis in children with hemophilia. Author(s): Manco-Johnson MJ, Nuss R, Lear J, Wiedel J, Geraghty SJ, Hacker MR, Funk S, Kilcoyne RF, Murphy J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 October; 24(7): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368689&dopt=Abstract

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A 57-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Lonner JH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 26; 289(8): 1016-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597755&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation.

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Author(s): Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, Wainner R, Magel J, Rendeiro D, Butler B, Garber M, Allison S. Source: Spine. 2002 December 15; 27(24): 2835-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486357&dopt=Abstract •

Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dosedependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Author(s): Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 December; 9(8): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587686&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. Author(s): Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 March-April; 22(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220713&dopt=Abstract

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Does four weeks of TENS and/or isometric exercise produce cumulative reduction of osteoarthritic knee pain? Author(s): Cheing GL, Hui-Chan CW, Chan KM. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 November; 16(7): 749-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428824&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 November; 44(11): 2531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710709&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of static magnets on chronic knee pain and physical function: a double-blind study. Author(s): Hinman MR, Ford J, Heyl H. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 50-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126173&dopt=Abstract

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EMG biofeedback-controlled exercise in chronic arthritic knee pain. Author(s): King AC, Ahles TA, Martin JE, White R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1984 June; 65(6): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6732464&dopt=Abstract

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Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M, Jones AC, O'Reilly SC, Bassey EJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 October 5; 325(7367): 752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364304&dopt=Abstract

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Knee pain amongst the poor and affluent in Pakistan. Author(s): Gibson T, Hameed K, Kadir M, Sultana S, Fatima Z, Syed A. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 February; 35(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612027&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal stimulation duration of tens in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Cheing GL, Tsui AY, Lo SK, Hui-Chan CW. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 March; 35(2): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691335&dopt=Abstract

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Personality traits in the mechanisms of interferential therapy for osteoarthritic knee pain. Author(s): Shafshak TS, el-Sheshai AM, Soltan HE. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1991 July; 72(8): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2059137&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for knee pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1675-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589643&dopt=Abstract

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Physical function among older adults with knee pain: the role of pain coping skills. Author(s): Rapp SR, Rejeski WJ, Miller ME. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 2000 October; 13(5): 270-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14635295&dopt=Abstract

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Referred knee pain treated with electroacupuncture to iliopsoas. Author(s): Cummings M. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2003 June; 21(1-2): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924845&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory stimulation (acupuncture) for the treatment of idiopathic anterior knee pain. Author(s): Naslund J, Naslund UB, Odenbring S, Lundeberg T.

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Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2002 September; 34(5): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392239&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. Author(s): Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 February; 37(1): 45-9; Discussion 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547742&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to knee pain. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “knee pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on knee pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Knee Pain ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to knee pain. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Knee Pain and Symptomatic Osteoarthritis after Traumatic Unilateral Lower Extremity Amputation: Prevalence and Risk Factors by Norvell, Daniel C.; PhD from University of Washington, 2003, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091053

•

The Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Chronic Knee Pain and Functional Performance in Older Adults with Osteoarthritis of the Knee by Gaines, Jean M.; PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028271

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON KNEE PAIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to knee pain. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on knee pain include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “knee pain” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “knee pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “knee pain” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Finding Your Balance [Reprinted as "Healing Hip, Joint, and Knee Pain"] by Kate S. O'Shea; ISBN: 0964267691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964267691/icongroupinterna

•

Healing Hip, Joint, and Knee Pain: A Mind-Body Guide to Recovering from Surgery and Injuries by Kate S. O'Shea (1998); ISBN: 1556432585; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556432585/icongroupinterna

•

Knee Pain and Disability (Pain Series) by Rene Cailliet (1992); ISBN: 0803616228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803616228/icongroupinterna

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Knee Pain: The Self-Help Guide by John Garrett, et al (2000); ISBN: 1572241942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241942/icongroupinterna

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No More Knee Pain: A Woman's Guide to Natural Prevention and Relief by George Kessler, Colleen Kapklein (Contributor) (2004); ISBN: 0425194000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425194000/icongroupinterna

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What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Knee Pain and Surgery : Learn The Truth About MRIs And Common Misdiagnoses--And Avoid Unnecessary Surgery by Ronald P. Grelsamer M.D. (2002); ISBN: 0446678198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446678198/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Hip and knee pain Author: Vailas, James C.; Year: 1990; Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Co., c1990; ISBN: 0874736463 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874736463/icongroupinterna

•

Knee pain and disability. Author: Cailliet, Rene.; Year: 1973; Philadelphia, Davis [c1973]; ISBN: 0803616201 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803616201/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Knee Pain In order to find chapters that specifically relate to knee pain, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and knee pain using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on knee pain. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Knee Pain The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in knee pain (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on knee pain: •

MRI of the patella and anterior knee pain [videorecording]. Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; [Cincinnati, Ohio: MRI Education Foundation, 1989?]

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON KNEE PAIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover knee pain.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on knee pain is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to knee pain. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “knee pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for knee pain: •

Topical glucosamine/chondroitin cream relieves osteoarthritis knee pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 08, 2003

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Glucosamine supplement may ease knee pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 28, 2003

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Exercise can ease knee pain from arthritis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 04, 2002

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Colchicine added to nimesulide improves OA knee pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2002

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Flexible oxaprozin regimen is safe, effective treatment for acute knee pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 21, 2001

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Ginger extract may ease osteoarthritis knee pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 12, 2001

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Ginger extract may reduce osteoarthritis knee pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 11, 2001

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Leeches appear to relieve osteoarthritis knee pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 19, 2001

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Ibuprofen, acetaminophen equally effective for severe osteoarthritis knee pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 13, 2001

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Physiotherapy benefits patients with anterior knee pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 2000

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Obesity increases impaired mobility in older women with knee pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 05, 2000

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Knee pain common among older Americans Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 23, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Periodicals and News

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “knee pain” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to knee pain, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “knee pain” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on knee pain: •

High-Impact Aerobics are not for Everyone Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 19(2):3. April 2001. Contact: Health and Nutrition Letter, 10 High Street, Suite 706, Boston, MA 02110. Summary: Research by investigators at the University of Cambridge in England found that participating in high-impact physical activity is linked to stronger bones and a lowered risk of fractures. Anything involving bouncy movements, such as running, aerobic dance, or tennis, in which the feet repeatedly leave the ground and land hard enough to stress joints, muscles, and bones significantly, is termed high impact. Such activity, however, can submit the skeleton to forces five to seven times greater than one's

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body weight, which raises the risk of injury. Nicholas DiNublie, orthopedic consultant to the Philadelphia 76ers basketball team and the Pennsylvania Ballet, advises that 'people with musculoskeletal ailments should avoid high-impact activities.' Those with knee pain, a bad back, or sore shoulders should stick with swimming, cycling, brisk walking, or other low-impact exercises that do not jar the body. People with arthritis or osteoporosis, as well as people with foot and ankle problems, should also concentrate on low-impact exercises. Elderly people and those with neurologic conditions that affect balance, run the risk of falling if they participate in high-impact aerobic activity. Dr. DiNublie recommends activities such as T'ai Chi--a low-impact method of exercise that improves balance and overall fitness. •

Orthopedics: Remedies for Aching Knees Source: Harvard Health Letter. 26(6): 6. April 2001. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter. P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have aching knees with information on high and low tech treatment options. One approach, viscosupplementation, involves a series of three to five injections of hyaluronic acid into the knee joint. Hyaluronic acid is a molecule found in synovial fluid that helps make it an effective joint lubricant. Hyalgan and Synvisc are two kinds of hyaluronic acid injections that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cartilage replacement may become a treatment for worn out knees in the future, only tiny pieces of defective cartilage can be replaced at the present time. Microfracture is a procedure that uses a special awl to make holes in the bone beneath the cartilage. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are loosely regulated dietary supplements. Orthotics are shoe inserts that can help relieve knee pain by slightly altering the angle of the joint. Strengthening the quadriceps muscle can help stabilize a bad knee and ease joint pain. Losing weight seems to be an effective preventive measure.

Academic Periodicals covering Knee Pain Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to knee pain. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering knee pain that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for knee pain. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with knee pain. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to knee pain: Hyaluronate Sodium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hyalgan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203531.html

Hyaluronate Sodium Derivative •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synvisc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203582.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7185 46 938 43 2 8214

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “knee pain” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on knee pain can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to knee pain. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to knee pain. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “knee pain”:

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•

Other guides Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Knee Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on knee pain. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Knee Bracing: What Works? Source: American Academy of Family Physicians. November 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Family Physicians. Website: http://familydoctor.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses types and uses of knee braces. Knee braces should be used as directed by a doctor and worn during all activities that put the wearer at risk of knee injury. The main kinds of knee braces are prophylactic braces, which protect the knees from injuries during contact sports; functional braces, which support injured knees; rehabilitative braces, which limit movement while the knee is healing; and patellofemoral braces, which help the kneecap move smoothly over the knee joint. Braces help some people more than others, and functional and rehabilitative braces are usually the most effective. Knee braces can be acquired from supply stores or directly from manufacturers over the Internet. Braces should be inspected for wear and tear and brace fabric should be cleaned regularly. Knee exercises should be used even with a brace because strengthening, stretching, and technique improvement are more important to reducing knee pain and injuries than bracing.

•

Exercises for the Knee Source: Consultant. 40(6): 1066-1068. May 2000.

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Summary: This journal article provides people who have anterior knee pain syndrome with strengthening and stretching exercises that can help them recover. Strengthening exercises include quadriceps sets, straight leg raises, and terminal knee extensions. Stretching exercises include the quadriceps stretch, the tensor stretch, and the hip flexor stretch. Patients should assume the positions described for each exercise, hold the position for about 5 seconds, and then relax. The exercises should be repeated 10 to 15 times for each leg, twice per day. 6 figures. •

Cycling and Your Feet Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 275-2762 or (301) 581-9277. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet provides the general public with information on the effect of bicycling on the feet, as well as guidelines on selecting a cycling-specific shoe, the use of toe clips or cleats, and recommendations on preventing pain. In addition, the pamphlet describes the causes, features, and treatment of various cycling-related injuries, including knee pain, shin splints, Achilles tendinitis, sesamoiditis, and numbness. The pamphlet concludes with a description of the various categories of competitive cycling. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “knee pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

ACR Appropriateness Criteria™ for non traumatic knee pain Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 (revised 1999); 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2425&nbr=1651&a mp;string=knee+AND+pain

•

Knee pain or swelling: acute or chronic Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 1997 November (revised 2002 Aug); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3540&nbr=2766&a mp;string=knee+AND+pain Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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•

Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A Cause of Knee Pain in Children Summary: This fact sheet provides provides a general overview on Osgood-Schlatter disease -- the most common causes of knee pain in young athletes. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6238 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to knee pain. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to knee pain. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with knee pain. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about knee pain. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “knee pain” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “knee pain”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “knee pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “knee pain” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on knee pain: •

Basic Guidelines for Knee Pain Knee pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003187.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Knee Pain Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Knee swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003262.htm Overweight Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

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•

Diagnostics and Tests for Knee Pain X-ray of the knee Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003808.htm

•

Background Topics for Knee Pain ACL injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001074.htm Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Dislocation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000014.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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KNEE PAIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal

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glands. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion

Dictionary 97

channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,

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yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the

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relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in

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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

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Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of aspirin. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated

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from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemarthrosis: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive

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isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU]

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Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain

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localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.

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[NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Cyst: A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

Dictionary 111

Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sacroiliac Joint: The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the sacrum and ilium. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,

112 Knee Pain

maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU]

Dictionary 113

Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermography: Measurement of the regional temperature of the body or an organ by infrared sensing devices, based on self-emanating infrared radiation. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for

114 Knee Pain

nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

115

INDEX A Abdominal, 4, 95, 108, 114 Abdominal Pain, 95, 114 Acetaminophen, 68, 95 Adrenal Glands, 95, 96 Adverse Effect, 95, 111 Aerobic, 8, 41, 69, 95 Aerobic Exercise, 8, 41, 95 Albumin, 95, 112 Algorithms, 95, 97 Alternative medicine, 69, 95 Amino Acids, 95, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113 Amyloidosis, 8, 95 Analgesic, 46, 95, 96, 101, 104 Anaphylactic, 96, 109 Anatomical, 15, 96, 104 Anesthesia, 96, 102 Ankle, 4, 70, 96 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 14, 21, 24, 25, 42, 96 Antibody, 96, 99, 101, 104 Antigen, 96, 99, 104 Anti-inflammatory, 3, 95, 96, 101, 104, 111 Antipyretic, 95, 96 Anxiety, 49, 96 Aponeurosis, 96, 102 Arterial, 96, 104, 110, 112 Arteries, 96, 97, 100, 106 Arthroplasty, 5, 21, 36, 42, 45, 96 Arthroscopy, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 32, 35, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 96 Articular, 18, 36, 43, 96, 107 Aspiration, 3, 96 Aspirin, 96, 101 Astrocytes, 96, 97 Astrocytoma, 36, 97 Atrophy, 3, 8, 97 Axons, 97, 107 B Back Pain, 8, 97 Basal Ganglia, 97, 102 Base, 97, 105 Basophils, 97, 105, 109 Benign, 97, 102, 107 Biochemical, 97, 107 Biomarkers, 5, 97 Biomechanics, 8, 18, 19, 97 Biotechnology, 10, 11, 64, 69, 77, 97

Blood pressure, 97, 104, 106, 111 Blood vessel, 97, 105, 112, 113, 114 Body Fluids, 97, 111, 114 Body Mass Index, 97, 108 Bone Marrow, 97, 101, 105, 106 Bowel, 46, 98, 114 Branch, 31, 54, 91, 98, 110, 112, 113 Bronchoconstriction, 98, 109 Bursitis, 14, 35, 98 C Calcification, 38, 44, 98 Calcium, 98, 99, 106 Calculi, 98, 103 Carbon Dioxide, 98, 103, 110, 114 Cardiorespiratory, 95, 98 Case report, 22, 27, 36, 47, 51, 98, 99 Case series, 98, 99 Caudal, 98, 109 Cell, 10, 27, 43, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113 Central Nervous System, 98, 102 Cervix, 98, 102 Character, 98, 101 Cholesterol, 99, 104 Chondroitin sulfate, 70, 99 Clinical study, 5, 99, 100 Clinical trial, 4, 7, 8, 77, 99, 100, 101, 108, 110 Cloning, 97, 99 Cofactor, 99, 110 Colitis, 99 Collagen, 5, 99, 109 Complement, 99, 100 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 60, 99 Complementary medicine, 57, 100 Computational Biology, 77, 100 Computed tomography, 29, 100 Computerized axial tomography, 100 Computerized tomography, 100 Confounding, 6, 100 Connective Tissue, 98, 99, 100, 102, 111 Consciousness, 96, 100 Contracture, 51, 100 Contraindications, ii, 100 Controlled clinical trial, 7, 100 Controlled study, 29, 100 Coordination, 4, 100

116 Knee Pain

Coronary, 100, 101, 106 Coronary Thrombosis, 101, 106 Cortex, 101, 108 Cranial, 101, 107 Curative, 101, 113 Cyclosporine, 46, 101 Cyst, 26, 49, 101, 112 Cytokines, 5, 101 D Databases, Bibliographic, 77, 101 Degenerative, 14, 101, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 101 Diastolic, 101, 104 Diflunisal, 21, 101 Direct, iii, 10, 71, 101, 110 Disease Progression, 7, 101 Dislocation, 4, 47, 94, 101, 112 Distal, 10, 101, 110, 112 Dorsal, 23, 101, 109, 112 Dorsum, 101, 102 Dose-dependent, 19, 54, 58, 101 Drug Interactions, 72, 101 Drug Tolerance, 101, 113 E Efficacy, 5, 7, 45, 48, 102 Effusion, 35, 102, 112 Elastin, 99, 102 Electroacupuncture, 44, 59, 102 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 102 Enzyme, 102, 106, 114 Epidemic, 34, 102 Extensor, 24, 102 Extremity, 4, 8, 9, 12, 42, 61, 102, 108 F Family Planning, 77, 102 Fat, 98, 102, 108, 111, 112, 113 Femoral, 26, 29, 31, 32, 102 Femur, 10, 96, 102 Fibrosis, 100, 102 Fibula, 102, 109 Flexion, 6, 102 Flexor, 83, 102, 113 Fundus, 102 G Gait, 8, 21, 31, 102 Gallbladder, 95, 102 Ganglion, 22, 26, 27, 102 Gas, 98, 103, 114 Gas exchange, 103, 114 Gene, 5, 97, 103, 104 Ginger, 24, 58, 68, 103 Glycosaminoglycan, 99, 103

Gout, 11, 103 Governing Board, 103, 109 Grade, 33, 36, 103 Grafting, 103, 104 Growth, 10, 103, 105, 107, 113, 114 H Health Education, 7, 103 Health Status, 30, 103 Hemarthrosis, 3, 103 Heredity, 103 Histiocytosis, 43, 103 Hormonal, 97, 103 Hormones, 95, 101, 103 Hydrogen, 97, 103, 106 Hydroxylysine, 99, 104 Hydroxyproline, 99, 104 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 39, 104 Hypertension, 12, 104 Hyperuricemia, 103, 104 Hypesthesia, 104, 107 Hypotension, 104, 109 I Ibuprofen, 46, 68, 104 Id, 55, 60, 83, 84, 90, 92, 104 Idiopathic, 28, 46, 59, 104 Impairment, 8, 104 Implantation, 10, 104 In vitro, 5, 104, 113 In vivo, 5, 9, 10, 104 Indicative, 63, 104, 114 Infarction, 101, 104, 106 Infection, 4, 46, 104, 105, 112 Inflammation, 5, 95, 96, 98, 99, 102, 104, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 Inpatients, 8, 104 Insight, 9, 104 Intermittent, 11, 104 Intervertebral, 104, 105 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 105 Intestines, 95, 105 Intoxication, 105, 114 Intracellular, 104, 105 Invasive, 105 Involuntary, 105, 106, 110 Ischemia, 97, 105 K Kb, 76, 105 Kinetic, 4, 105 L Labyrinth, 105, 109 Leukocytes, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107 Library Services, 90, 105

Index 117

Ligament, 9, 38, 96, 105, 109, 112 Liver, 95, 102, 105 Localized, 44, 95, 104, 105, 108 Low Back Pain, 8, 57, 105 Lumbar, 97, 105 Luxation, 101, 105 Lymphatic, 104, 105, 112 Lymphoid, 105 Lymphoma, 32, 105 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3, 8, 19, 40, 105 Malignant, 103, 105, 107 Malnutrition, 95, 97, 106 Mammogram, 98, 106 Medial, 24, 32, 37, 44, 45, 106 MEDLINE, 77, 106 Menopause, 106, 109 Mental Health, iv, 4, 76, 78, 106, 110 Metabolic disorder, 103, 106 MI, 14, 51, 94, 106 Microcalcifications, 98, 106 Microorganism, 99, 106, 114 Mobility, 7, 26, 68, 106 Modification, 106, 110 Molecular, 5, 77, 79, 97, 100, 106 Molecule, 70, 96, 97, 99, 103, 106, 110 Monitor, 10, 106, 107 Monocytes, 105, 106, 109 Mucinous, 102, 106 Mucus, 106, 114 Musculoskeletal System, 106, 107 Myocardium, 106 N Necrosis, 104, 106 Need, 3, 9, 64, 69, 85, 95, 106, 113 Neoplasm, 107, 114 Neoplastic, 105, 107 Nerve, 23, 31, 38, 44, 96, 97, 102, 107, 109, 111, 112 Nerve Fibers, 23, 107 Nervous System, 98, 107 Neural, 28, 107 Neuritis, 45, 107 Neurologic, 70, 107 Neuroma, 51, 107 Neuromuscular, 9, 61, 107 Neurons, 107 Neutropenia, 107, 109 Neutrophils, 105, 107, 109 Nuclear, 46, 50, 97, 102, 106, 107 Nuclei, 105, 107

O Observational study, 22, 107 Organ Culture, 107, 113 Orthopaedic, 9, 19, 20, 29, 30, 40, 42, 43, 49, 107 Osteomyelitis, 42, 107 Osteoporosis, 70, 108 Osteotomy, 28, 42, 108 Overweight, 5, 7, 54, 93, 108 P Pain Threshold, 6, 108 Palliative, 108, 113 Palpation, 3, 108 Pancreas, 95, 97, 108, 114 Paresis, 107, 108 Paresthesias, 107, 108 Patella, 11, 20, 23, 42, 45, 47, 65, 108 Pathogenesis, 8, 40, 108 Pathologies, 42, 108 Patient Education, 82, 88, 90, 94, 108 Patient Selection, 38, 108 Pelvic, 4, 108, 109 Peptide, 108, 109, 110 Pharmacologic, 5, 8, 96, 108, 113 Physical Examination, 3, 32, 108 Physical Therapy, 3, 13, 19, 24, 26, 34, 41, 42, 43, 49, 54, 59, 108 Physiologic, 108, 110 Pilot study, 26, 109 Plasma, 95, 104, 109 Platelet Activating Factor, 8, 109 Platelets, 109, 113 Polypeptide, 99, 109 Popliteal, 29, 46, 109 Popliteal Cyst, 29, 109 Posterior, 3, 22, 41, 50, 97, 101, 108, 109 Postmenopausal, 50, 108, 109 Postoperative, 5, 109 Postural, 28, 109 Practice Guidelines, 7, 41, 59, 78, 83, 109 Prevalence, 9, 41, 61, 109 Progression, 7, 8, 45, 109 Progressive, 101, 103, 106, 107, 109, 114 Proline, 99, 104, 109 Proprioception, 9, 28, 109 Prospective study, 8, 12, 29, 34, 109 Prostate, 97, 109, 114 Protein S, 97, 110, 111 Proteins, 10, 95, 96, 99, 101, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113 Proximal, 10, 42, 101, 110 Public Health, 7, 78, 110

118 Knee Pain

Public Policy, 77, 110 Publishing, 10, 110 Pulse, 106, 110 Pyogenic, 107, 110 Q Quality of Life, 7, 8, 34, 110 R Radiation, 110, 113, 114 Radioactive, 103, 104, 107, 110 Radiography, 9, 10, 13, 110 Randomized, 6, 7, 9, 14, 102, 110 Receptor, 8, 96, 110 Refer, 1, 3, 99, 110 Reflex, 6, 110 Regimen, 4, 68, 102, 110 Rehabilitative, 82, 110 Research Design, 6, 110 Respiration, 98, 106, 110 Restoration, 108, 111 Rheumatism, 22, 23, 24, 29, 32, 35, 37, 43, 58, 104, 111 Rheumatoid, 15, 111 Ribosome, 111, 113 Risk factor, 8, 12, 29, 109, 111 S Sacroiliac Joint, 22, 58, 111 Salicylate, 101, 111 Saphenous, 31, 38, 44, 45, 111 Schizoid, 111, 114 Schizophrenia, 111, 114 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 111, 114 Screening, 37, 99, 111 Sedentary, 7, 111 Senile, 108, 111 Serum, 5, 19, 95, 99, 111 Shock, 111, 113 Side effect, 8, 71, 95, 101, 104, 111, 113 Skeleton, 69, 102, 105, 111 Social Environment, 110, 111 Sodium, 72, 103, 111 Soft tissue, 4, 97, 111, 112 Specialist, 85, 112 Spinal cord, 32, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 107, 110, 112 Spleen, 95, 105, 112 Sprains and Strains, 105, 112 Stimulus, 108, 110, 112, 113 Stomach, 95, 102, 105, 112 Stress, 47, 69, 112 Subacute, 104, 112 Subclinical, 104, 112 Supplementation, 48, 54, 60, 112

Supraspinal, 6, 112 Symptomatic, 7, 28, 61, 112 Synovial, 5, 29, 48, 70, 109, 112 Synovial Cyst, 109, 112 Synovial Fluid, 5, 70, 112 Synovial Membrane, 112 Synovitis, 36, 43, 112 Systemic, 72, 95, 97, 104, 109, 112 Systolic, 104, 112 T Tendinitis, 4, 29, 45, 83, 112 Tendonitis, 40, 113 Therapeutics, 21, 22, 58, 72, 113 Thermography, 50, 113 Thigh, 4, 102, 113 Thoracic, 97, 113 Threshold, 6, 104, 113 Thrombocytopenia, 109, 113 Thrombosis, 110, 113 Tissue, 4, 5, 9, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 Tissue Culture, 5, 113 Tolerance, 6, 113 Tomography, 113 Toxic, iv, 113 Toxicity, 101, 113 Toxicology, 78, 113 Toxins, 96, 104, 113 Transfection, 97, 113 Translation, 9, 113 Trauma, 20, 28, 29, 30, 40, 103, 106, 113 Triglyceride, 104, 113 Tryptophan, 99, 113 Tubercle, 17, 22, 50, 114 Tumor marker, 97, 114 Tumour, 27, 102, 114 U Ulcerative colitis, 46, 114 Unconscious, 104, 114 Uric, 103, 104, 114 Uterus, 98, 102, 114 V Vascular, 104, 114 Vein, 107, 111, 114 Venous, 22, 41, 110, 114 Venous blood, 22, 114 Vertebrae, 104, 112, 114 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 114 Vitro, 5, 114 Vivo, 10, 114 W Withdrawal, 6, 114

Index 119

X

X-ray, 8, 94, 100, 106, 107, 114

120 Knee Pain

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