Debris from a Public Dining Place in the Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement vol 25)

HESPERIA: SUPPLEMENT XXV DEBRIS A FROM IN THE PUBLIC PLACE DINING ATHENIAN AGORA BY SUSAN I. ROTROFFAND JOHN H...

Author: Susan I. Rotroff | John H. Oakley

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HESPERIA: SUPPLEMENT XXV

DEBRIS A

FROM IN

THE

PUBLIC

PLACE

DINING

ATHENIAN

AGORA

BY

SUSAN I. ROTROFFAND JOHN H. OAKLEY

AMERICAN

SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON,

NEW JERSEY

1992

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rotroff, Susan I., 1947Debris from a public dining place in the Athenian Agora / Susan I. Rotroff and John H. Oakley. cm. - (Hesperia: Supplement; 25) p. Includes bibliographicalreferencesand indexes. ISBN 0-87661-525-6 (acid-free paper) : $35.00 1. Agora (Athens, Greece)-Antiquities. 2. Athens (Greece)-Antiquities. 3. Pottery, Greek-Greece-Athens. 4. Agora (Athens, Greece)-AntiquitiesCatalogs. 5. Athens (Greece)-Antiquities-Catalogs. 6. Pottery, GreekGreece-Athens-Catalogs. 7. Dinners and dining-Greece-Athens-History. I. Oakley, John Howard, 1949- . II. Title. III. Series: Hesperia (Princeton, N.J.). Supplement; 25. DF287.A23R68 1992 91-43755 938'.5-dc20 CIP

TYPOGRAPHY BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS OFFICE C/O INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PLATES BY THE MERIDEN-STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONT PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE JOHN D. LUCAS PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

FOR HOMER A. THOMPSON AND CHRISTOPH W. CLAIRMONT

PREFACE This volume presentsa large deposit (H 4:5) of potteryand other finds fromthe secondand third quarters of the 5th century B.C., found during the 1972 excavationsof the Athenian Agora. The deposit was excavatedby Susan I. Rotroff under the supervisionof T. Leslie Shear,Jr., Directorof the Agora Excavations,and entrustedto her for publication.In 1983 she asked John H. Oakley to collaboratewith her; work on this volume commencedin the summerof 1984. The two authorsconsultedduringall stagesof writing and study. Rotroffwas primarily responsible for the chapters on the archaeologicalcontext, analysis and catalogue of the non-figuredwares and other finds, and the social context, Oakley for the analysis and catalogue of the figured wares and the historical context. The chapter on chronology was co-authored.Both authors agree with all the conclusionspresented.The manuscriptwas completedin 1987; only the most essential bibliographywas addedthereafter. During the courseof study help was receivedfrom many sources,and it is our pleasure to acknowledgeit gratefullyhere. T. Leslie Shear,Jr. grantedpermissionto study and publish the material, and his knowledgeof the Agora always providedus with a good sounding board for our ideas. He also read our completed manuscript with exceptional care and offeredvaluablesuggestionsfor its correctionand improvement.RichardNicholls, Brian A. Sparkes, Barry Strauss, and Homer A. Thompson kindly read all or parts of the manuscript, and their helpful commentssaved us from a numberof errors.In addition,Richard Nicholls put a completemanuscriptof his unpublishedstudy of terracottasfrom the deposit at our disposal.A numberof other scholarsgraciouslygave of their time to discussdifferent points or provideopinions on various finds;these include John McK. Camp II, Frederick A. Cooper, Peter Davis, Keith DeVries, Virginia R. Grace, Georgios Kavvadias,Ursula Knigge, Carolyn G. Koehler, Adrienne Lezzi-Hafter, Joan R. Mertens, Mary B. Moore, Sarah Morris, Mathias Prange, KatherineA. Schwab, S. C. Stiros, and Nancy A. Winter. The painstakingwork of the editor, Marian H. McAllister, and her staff furtherimproved both text and illustrations. Not to be forgottenare the membersof the Agora staff who made our work in the Stoa of Attalos easy. The former and present secretaries,Margot C. Camp and Jan Diamant, arrangedfor accessto the material and grantedmany special favors. Stephen P. Koob and Alice Paterakismendedthe vases, the late William B. Dinsmoor,Jr. drew the plans, Craig and Marie Mauzy took the photographs, and Kyriaki Moustaki made the final prints. Lynn A. Grant and Helen H. Townsend made some of the drawings of black and plain ware; the others are the work of the authors. The Greek ArchaeologicalService, and in particularEvi Touloupa and Maro Tsoni-Kyrkou,facilitatedour work. The guards,Voula Louvriand Niki Katopodi,transportedthe materialbackand forthbetweenstoragevitrines and workrooms.To all the abovewe owe a debt of thanks.

vi

PREFACE

Support for this study was gratefully received by both authors from the American Councilof LearnedSocietiesin the formof Grants-in-Aidof Researchand fromour respective institutions,Hunter College and The College of William and Mary in Virginia, which providedsummerresearchstipends. Finally, each of us would like to dedicatethis volume to one of our teachers,Homer A. Thompsonand ChristophW. Clairmontrespectively,who helped us to learn how to look at and think aboutthe remainsof the past, with the hope that the best of what is in this volume reflectsthe things they have taught us. SUSANI. ROTROFF New York, New York

JOHNH. OAKLEY Williamsburg,Virginia December 1987

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .

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.V

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................

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ix Xv

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xi

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .... INTRODUCTION ....................

1

I. THE ARCHAEOLOGICALCONTEXT ............

3

II. THE CHRONOLOGY ................

9

III. ANALYSIS OF THE FIGURED WARE

...........

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11

. . . . . . . . . . .

15 15 24 26 26 27 28 28 29 31 32 34

V. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT ...

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35

VI. THE

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51 59

IV. ANALYSIS OF THE NON-FIGURED WARES AND OTHER FINDS .

FINEWARES:OPENSHAPES .. FINEWARES:CLOSED SHAPES . . .

*

MISCELLANEOUS ..... WORKSHOPS GRAFFITI

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.....

FOURTH-CENTURY POTTERY ... HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES

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,,

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?.

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.?

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LAMPS ......

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TRANSPORT AMPHORAS ...

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TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND MOLDS OTHER OBJECTS ....

HISTORICAL CONTEXT ...

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VII. CONCLUSION .... CATALOGUE BLACK-FIGURED VESSELS

61 64 96 97 119 122 124 126 128

..

RED-FIGURED VESSELS ... WHITE-GROUND VESSELS .. BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES LAMPS .

.....

TRANSPORT AMPHORAS ... TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND MOLDS OTHER OBJECTS .... TABLES 1. ESTIMATE OF SHAPE FREQUENCY USING RIMS AND FEET: FIGURED POTTERY . 2. RELATIVE REPRESENTATION OF FINE TABLE-WARE SHAPES .... 3. HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES, LAMPS, TRANSPORT AMPHORAS, AND OTHER CLAY OBJECTS CONCORDANCE .

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131 133 137 139

TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii INDEXES

I. VASE PAINTERS . . . . . ..

. . . . . ..

II. SUBJECTS DEPICTED ON FIGURED VASES ................ III. FIGURED VASES FROM OTHER COLLECTIONS ..

IV. GENERAL INDEX .. FIGURES

PLATES

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.

145

...

147

146 .

..

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..

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.

150

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. Black- and Red-figuredVessels 2. Red-figuredvessels 3, 4. Red-figuredBell-kraters 5. Red-figuredBell- and Calyx-kraters 6. Red-figuredColumn-kraterand Plate 7. Red-figuredClosed Vessels 8. Black and PatternedSkyphoi 9. Black-glazedSkyphoi and StemlessCups 10. Black-glazedStemless Cups and Kylikes 11. Black-glazedKylikes and Mugs 12. Black-glazedBolsal, Phiale, and Kraters 13. Black and BandedOne-handlers 14. Black-glazedStemmedDishes and Cups

PLATES 1. Black-figuredSkyphoi 2. Black-figuredKylikes, Plate, and Lekythoi 3. Black- and Red-figuredVessels 4. Red-figuredSkyphosand Kylikes 5. Red-figuredSkyphos 6. Red-figuredKylix, Kantharoi,and Mug 7. Red-figuredMugs and Bell-kraters 8-22. Red-figuredBell-kraters 23. Red-figuredBell-kraterand Calyx-krater 24, 25. Red-figuredBell- or Calyx-kraters 26, 27. Red-figuredColumn-krater 28. Red-figuredKraters 29. Red-figuredColumn- or Volute-kraters 30. Red-figured Plate, Pyxis, and Other Open Vessels 31. Red-figured Open Vessels, Askos, and Oinochoai 32. Red-figuredOinochoaiand Lekythoi 33. Red-figuredChous and Lekythoi 34. Red-figuredLekythoi 35. Red-figuredLekythoi and Amphoras 36. Red-figuredAmphoras(?),Pelike, and Kalpis 37. Red-figuredLoutrophoros 38. Red-figuredKalpides

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Black and Banded Bowls Black-glazedBowls and Saltcellars.Plates Black-glazedOpen Vessels Black-glazedClosed Vessels Black-glazedLekythosand Oinochoai Black-glazedClosed Vessels Graffiti:/E Graffiti Fourth-centuryPottery. Plain Ware Plain Ware CookingWare Cooking-wareHydrias. Lamps

39. 40. 41. 42.

Red-figuredHydriai Red-figuredStamnoi Red-figuredStamnoi(?) Red-figured Closed Vessels. White-ground Vessels Black-glazedand PatternedSkyphoi Black-glazedSkyphoi and StemlessCups Black-glazedStemlessCups Black-glazedStemless Cups and Kylikes Black-glazed Mugs and Other Drinking Cups Black-glazed Kraters and Banded Onehandlers Black-glazed One-handlers and Stemmed Dishes Black-glazedStemmedVessels and Bowls Black-glazedSaltcellars.Plates Black-glazed Lekanides, Lids, and Other Open Shapes Graffito. Black-glazed Askoi, Olpai, and Lekythoi Oinochoai,Jug, and Psykters Black-glazedClosed Shapes. Miscellaneous Stamps. Fourth-centuryPottery

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

x

Plain Ware. CookingWare. CookingWare Lamps Transport Amphoras. Terracotta Figurines and Molds 61. Terracotta Figurines and Molds. Other Objects 57. 58. 59. 60.

62. Plan of Buildingsat the Northwest Cornerof the Agora 63. Sections through the Area to the West of the Royal Stoa 64. Plan of Agora ExcavationsShowing Deposits Laid Down ca. 425

B.C.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY = J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters,Oxford 1956 = R. E. Wycherley, The Athenian Agora, III, Literaryand Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton 1957 = R. H. Howland, The AthenianAgora, IV, GreekLamps and Their Survivals, IV Agora Princeton 1958 = B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, The Athenian Agora, XII, Black and Plain Agora XII Potteryof the 6th, 5th and 4th CenturiesB.C., Princeton 1970 = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley,The AthenianAgora,XIV, The Agora XIV Agora of Athens, Princeton 1972 = M. AgoraXXI Lang, The AthenianAgora,XXI, Graffitiand Dipinti, Princeton 1976 = M. B. Moore and M. Z. P. Philippides, The Athenian Agora, XXIII, Attic Agora XXIII Black-FiguredPottery, Princeton 1986 = J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters,2nd ed., Oxford 1963 ARV2 = [Aristotle],'A6rvalwv HoALreTa Ath. Pol. = Beazley Addenda.AdditionalReferencesto ABV, ARV2 and Paralipomena, Beazley Addenda compiledby L. Burn and R. Glynn, Oxford 1982 = R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof the Terracottasin the Departmentof Greekand BMTerracottas Roman Antiquities,British Museum, London 1954 = D. von Bothmer,Amazonsin GreekArt, Oxford 1957 Bothmer,Amazons = C. Boulter, "Potteryof the Mid-fifth Century from a Well in the Athenian Boulter 1953 Agora,"Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 59-115 = N. Breitenstein,Catalogueof Terracottas,Danish National Museum, CopenBreitenstein hagen 1941 = Camp J. M. Camp, The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens, London 1986 = L. D. Caskey and J. D. Beazley, Attic VasePaintings in the Museum of Fine CB Arts, Boston, Oxford 1931-1963 = P. E. Corbett, "Attic Pottery of the Later Fifth Century from the Athenian Corbett 1949 Agora,"Hesperia 18, 1949, pp. 298-351 = C. W. Blegen, H. Palmer, and R. S. Young, Corinth,XIII, The North CemeCorinthXIII tery, Princeton 1964 = A. N. Stillwell and J. L. Benson, Corinth,XV, iii, The Potters'Quarter:The CorinthXV, iii Pottery, Princeton 1984 = Corpus VasorumAntiquorum CVA = C. Dugas, Explorationarcheologiquede Delos, XXI, Les vasesattiquesa figuDelos XXI res rouges,Paris 1952 = R. J. Forbes, Studiesin Ancient TechnologyIII, Leiden 1955 Forbes = F. Blonde, GreekLampsfrom Thorikos(MiscellaneaGraecaVI), Ghent 1983 GLThorikos Graef and Langlotz = B. Graef and E. Langlotz, Die antiken Vasen von der Akropoliszu Athen, Berlin 1925-1933 Black = Gloss ROM Hayes, J. W. Hayes, Greekand Italian Black-gloss Waresand Related Waresin the Royal OntarioMuseum, Toronto 1984 VII = R. Davidson and D. B. Thompson, Small Objectsfrom the Pnyx: I (HesG. Hesperia, Supplement peria SupplementVII), Princeton 1943 Greek Terracottas = R. A. Higgins, Greek Terracottas,London 1967 Higgins, Howland. See Agora IV. ABV Agora III

xii IG I2

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

= Inscriptiones Graecae. InscriptionesAtticae, Editio Minor, I, F. Hiller von Gaertringen,ed., Berlin 1924 = InscriptionesGraecae.InscriptionesAtticae, Editio Minor, II-III, J. KirchIG II2 ner, ed., Berlin 1923-1940 = U. Knigge, Kerameikos:Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen,IX, Der Siidhiigel, KerameikosIX Berlin 1976 Kerameikos XI = I. Scheibler, Kerameikos:Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen, XI, Griechische Lampen, Berlin 1976 = Lexicon IconographicumMythologiaeClassicae,Zurich and Munich 1981LIMC = Steven G. Miller, The Prytaneion,Berkeley 1978 Miller, Prytaneion Milne and Bothmer = M. J. Milne and D. von Bothmer, "KATAHTYFfN, KATAHYFAINA," Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 215-224 S. = Mollard-Besques Mollard-Besques,Musee national du Louvre,Catalogueraisonnedes figurines et reliefsen terre-cuitegrecs, etrusques,et romains,I, Epoquesprehellenique,geometrique,archaiqueet classique,Paris 1954 Midwest = W. Moon, Moon, Greek Vase-Paintingin MidwesternCollections,Chicago 1979 Nicholls = R. Nicholls, "Two Groups of Archaic Attic Terracottas,"in The Eye of Greece:Studies in the Art of Athens, D. Kurtz and B. Sparkes,edd., Cambridge 1982, pp. 89-122 = Paralipomena J. D. Beazley, Paralipomena.Additionsto Attic Black-FigureVase-Painters and to Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters,Oxford 1971 = J. E. Kirchner,ProsopographiaAttica, Berlin 1901-1903 PA RE = Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopidie der klassischenAltertumswissenschaft Richter and Hall = G. M. A. Richter and L. F. Hall, Red-figuredAthenian Vasesin the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Haven 1936 Roberts 1986 = S. Roberts, "The Stoa Gutter Well: A Late Archaic Deposit in the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia 55, 1986, pp. 1-74 = N. Robertson, "Solon'sAxones and Kyrbeis, and the Sixth-Century BackRobertson, Axones ground,"Historia 35, 1986, pp. 147-176 Rock-cutShaft = E. Vanderpool,"The RectangularRock-cutShaft:The Upper Fill," Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 265-336 Scheibler.See KerameikosXI. = SupplementumEpigraphicumGraecum SEG = T. Leslie Shear, Jr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1970," Hesperia Shear, Agora 1970 40, 1971, pp. 241-279 = T. Leslie Shear, Jr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1971," Hesperia Shear, Agora 1971 42, 1973, pp. 121-179 = T. Leslie Shear, Jr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1972," Hesperia Shear, Agora 1972 42, 1973, pp. 359-407 = B. A. Sparkes,"The Greek Kitchen,"JHS 82, 1962, pp. 121-137 1962 Sparkes = L. Talcott, "AtticBlack-glazedStampedWare and Other Potteryfrom a Fifth Talcott 1935 Century Well," Hesperia 4, 1935, pp. 477-523 = L. Talcott, "Vasesand Kalos-namesfrom an Agora Well," Hesperia 5, 1936, Talcott 1936 pp.333-354 = H. A. Thompson, "Buildings on the West Side of the Agora," Hesperia 6, Thompson 1937 1937,pp. 1-226 = Tholos H. A. Thompson, The Tholosof Athens and its Predecessors(Hesperia, SupThompson, plement IV), Princeton 1940

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

AA AJA AM AntK BCH BSA AATr IJNA IstMitt JdI JHS RA TAPA ZPE

= = = = = = = = = = = = = =

ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS ArchdologischerAnzeiger AmericanJournal of Archaeology Mitteilungen des deutschenarchdologischenInstituts,AthenischeAbteilung Antike Kunst Bulletin de correspondancehellenique Annual of the British Schoolat Athens AeXriov 'ApXaLoXoytLKov InternationalJournal of Nautical Archaeologyand UnderwaterExploration IstanbulerMitteilungen Jahrbuchdes deutschenarchiologischenInstituts Journalof Hellenic Studies Revue archeologique Transactionsof the AmericanPhilologicalAssociation Zeitschriftfiir Papyrologieund Epigraphik

All dates are B.C. unless otherwise noted.

xiii

DEBRIS FROM A PUBLIC DINING PLACE IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA

INTRODUCTION During the excavationseason of 1972, in the course of routine probingof the stratigraphy under the floors of a Roman street stoa at the northwest cornerof the Agora, a deposit of pottery and other material of the second and third quartersof the 5th century was discovered. From the mud and muck of a large pit which had been dug down well below the water table, the workmen extracted fragment after splendid fragment of red-figuredpottery. It was disappoiing to find, when the potterywas washed and spreadout, that most of these fragmentsdid not mend up into completevessels and that we were left with a jigsaw puzzle with too many missing pieces. But as we sorted through the pottery, we were increasingly intrigued by a recurrentgraffito,a ligature, which could be read A, or was it perhaps < ? T. Leslie Shear, Jr., Director of the Excavations,recalledthat the same graffitohad been noted earlier on 14 vases from a well 43 meters to the south, under the Stoa of Zeus, excavated by Homer Thompson in 1935 and publishedby Lucy Talcott soon thereafter(PI. 62, H 6:5).1This was a much smallerdeposit,discardedsome 35 years earlierthan the material in our pit, but the types of pottery representedand the shared graffitoattest a connection between the two. The ligature had been recognizedby Lucy Talcott as n abbreviationof and thereforea mark of public ownership,and its recurrencein even larger numSn.rOo6LOv bers in our new pit convincedus that we were dealing with debris from a public place. Further study has led to the conclusionthat the potteryis the refuse from one of the syssitia or public dining facilitieswhich servedthe magistratesof ClassicalAthens. In an attemptto elucidatethe depositand the events surroundingthe use and discardof the materialin it, we have reviewednot only the remainsof buildingsuncoveredduring investigationsbehindthe Royal Stoa in the early 1970's but also the results of Homer Thompson'sexcavationsof the 1930's in the area to the south that, from the last quarter of the 5th century onward, was occupied by the Stoa of Zeus. Re-examination of other deposits in the Agora and of archaeologicalevidence elsewhere has enabled us also to propose an explanation for the breakageand discardof the pottery. The figured pieces from H 4:5, though fragmentary,are exceptionally fine and add substantially to the Agora's collection of decoratedpottery. For this reason, and because careful study of the deposit as a whole providesclues for the betterunderstandingof public dining as it was practiced in 5th-century Athens, complete publication of the deposit in monographform has been thought appropriate. 1 Talcott

1936; Thompson 1937, pp. 15-17. The well is shown (ibid., pl. 1) just beside the third pier of the Stoa of Zeus (countingfrom the south) and is markedH 6:5 in AgoraXII, fig. 25.

I THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT Pit H 4:51 lay about 12 meters west of the Royal Stoa, under the easternmostroom of a Roman street stoa which from the 1st century after Christ onward formed the southern borderof the PanathenaicWay beyondthe northwestcornerof the Agora.2Partially overlaid by the median wall of the stoa, it had been dug 1.90 m. deep into bedrock;it was approximately round, with diametervarying from 1.80 to 2.25 m. In addition to the pottery and other terracottaobjectspresentedhere, the pit containedmany stones, chunksof melted mud brick, and burnt material, seemingly debris from a demolishedstructure,as well as many animal bones and shells. The area between the Royal Stoa and the pit saw heavy use in the Roman period, when a propylon was built to provide communicationbetween the Panathenaic Way and the cul-de-sac south of the Roman stoa.3 But traces of a series of Greek walls and floors were preservedunder the southern part of the propylon as well as under the north wing of the Stoa of Zeus and allow a tentativereconstructionof the area in earlier days (PI. 62). The earliest remains west of the Royal Stoa, other than a series of disturbedand undatableburials,4are those of a potter'sestablishment.All that remainedwere two containers filled with potting clay. One was a simple pit in bedrock,ca. 0.90 m. in diameter,located to the south of H 4:5 and cut by it. The other, locatedin the area of the later Room 1, was more elaborate,consistingof a brokentransportamphora,upside down, with a brokenand misfired black-figuredcolumn-kraterdating to the decade 540-530 nested within it.5 No floors could be associatedwith the workshop, but the amphora and krater indicate that it functionedin the Archaicthpee Persians,as did a small sanctuperiod;perhapsit fell victimto under to the the Stoa of Zeus.6 Also is a two-meter stretchof Archaic south, ary probably polygonal masonryrunning northwest-southeastand terminatingin a cornerat the northwest, which had been built into later walls behind the Royal Stoa. This is shown, with conjectured continuationof the walls in crosshatching,on Plate 62. Possibly part of the same structureis a very light foundation0.53 m. wide, runningnortheastfromthe polygonalwall and perpendicularto it for a distanceof ca. 4.5 meters. It is too light for a bearingwall and 1The pit is located in grid square H 4 (PI. 64). For preliminary publication see Shear, Agora 1972,

pp. 383-384, fig. 4 on p. 372. It was excavatedby Susan I. Rotroff,underthe directionof T. Leslie Shear,Jr. 2 Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 260-261; Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 370-382. 3 Shear, Agora 1970, p. 261; Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 374-375. 4 Possibly part of a Submycenaeanburial ground which extended eastward under the Royal Stoa; see T. Leslie Shear, Jr., "The Athenian Agora. Excavationsof 1973-1974," Hesperia 44, 1975 (pp. 331-374), pp. 370-374. 5 We owe the date of the krater (P 29982) to Mary B. Moore. The amphora(P 29981) has parallelsin prePersian contexts,accordingto V. R. Grace;see 0. Broneer,"Excavationson the North Slope of the Acropolis, 1937,"Hesperia 7, 1938 (pp. 161-263), no. 32, pp. 183-185, fig. 21; E. Vanderpool,"The RectangularRockcut Shaft:The Shaft and Its Lower Fill," Hesperia 7, 1938 (pp. 363-411), no. 9, pp. 378-379, fig. 14. 6Thompson 1937, pp. 12-14.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

4

may have supporteda bench or shelving against the east wall of a room (restoredin crosshatchingon the plan). Pottery from the stratumdirectlyover it indicatesthat it was out of use by the end of the first quarterof the 5th century (P1.63, SectionB, layer 3).7 The subsequentperiod is that of the material in our pit which, with the exceptionof a few Archaic pieces and five 4th-centuryintrusions (302-306), dates between 475 and 425 (see pp. 9-10 below). The accumulationjust abovethe pit had been dug in 1970 as part of a small trench to test the stratigraphy under the floor of the Roman stoa.8 This trench obscuredthe relationshipof the pit to the layers aroundit, but in an undisturbedarea west of the test trench, strata containing 5th-centurypottery ran over the pit (PI. 63, section A, layers 3 and 4);9 this confirmsthat the pit was filled in the 5th century and that the 4thcenturypieces are intrusive. A group of rather modest architecturalremains can be associatedwith this period. To the southt,underthe Stoa of Zeus, excavationsof the 1930's uncoveredpart of two roomsof a small buildinglocatedjust to the west of te secondand third thd piers of e Stoa countingfrom the north (PI. 62).10Above a stone socle of generally polygonalcharacterthe walls were of mud brick, and masses of mud brick and red plaster were found in the debris east of the structure.The northernroom was furnished with a mud-brickbench 0.80 m. wide, preserved to a height of 0.60 m. and supportedalong its face by a stone socle. Pottery found among the mud brick fallen from the walls is similar to that from pit H 4:5 and closely contemporarywith it,11and the building appears to have been demolishedjust before the constructionof the Stoa of Zeus around425. Excavationproducedno indicationof when the structurewas built, but no Archaic levels could be associatedwith it, and it may well have been erected,as Thompson suggested,soon after the Persian invasion. The constructionof the Stoa put out of use anotherpotter'sestablishment,with a clay pit similar to the Archaicones mentionedabove,locatedsome 60 meterssouth of H 4:5 (see discussionof depositH 7:1, p. 57 below).12Some of the objectsin H 4:5 come from a workshop (the molds for terracottas[361, 362, 364, 365] and perhaps the clay ring [370]), but there is little similaritybetween the bulk of our potteryand that from the shop behind the Stoa of Zeus. Althoughthe two depositswere made at about the same date, the distribution of shapes and range of dates are somewhatdifferent,and elegant stampedware, almost absent from H 4:5, was well representedin the depositbehindthe Stoa of Zeus.13Other forms of industrialactivityare also attestedin this area.14 7 Lots BF' 200, 200bis.

mostly 5th centuryB.C.,with some Hellenistic;this appearsas layer 11 in the sectiondrawShear, Agora 1972, p. 372, fig. 4. ing, 9 Layer 3 = Lot Br' 228 (third quarter of 5th century);layer 4 = Lot Br' 229 (probablysecondto third quarterof 5th century). 10Thompson 1937, pp. 18-19, fig. 9 on p. 17, pl. 1. 11Lots A 300, 301. 12 Thompson 1937, pp. 19-21, 47-53; AgoraXII, p. 392, under H 7:1. 13 Thompson 1937, p. 50, g, fig. 32 on p. 52; Corbett1949, no. 142, p. 342, pl. 88; AgoraXII, nos. 489-491, p. 269, pls. 50, 51. Note howeverthe AE graffito,ibid., no. 764, p. 290, fig. 22, pl. 30 (thoughinscribeddifferently than the examples on our pots). 14 Thompson 1937, pp. 14-17. 8 Lot BrP 154:


5

The extension of the Athens-Piraeus railway in 1891 destroyed remains under the north wing of the Stoa of Zeus, and sketchesmade at the time of the railway construction show nothing that can convincinglybe connectedwith the two-roomedbuilding described above.15North of the railway, however, to the west of the Royal Stoa, traces of a series of ancient structuresmay be discerned.16Some 15 metersto the north of the mud-brickbuilding (p. 4 above), the remains of a 5th-century structureare recognizablein several large blocks of pink poros, each measuring ca. 0.70 x 1.50 x 0.45 m. Although some have been shifted and incorporatedinto later walls, most appear to be approximatelyin situ. Taken togetherwith robbingtrenches,cuttingsin bedrock,and fragmentsof other walls of similar material,they provideevidenceof a building with at least three roomsand perhapsa courtyard (restoredin dottedlines on Plate 62). The southeasternroom (Room2) is borderedon the north'7by one of the poros blocks placed slightly to the north of and not quite aligned with the stretch of Archaic polygonal wall noted above. The eastern limit of the room is markedby a stretchof checkerboardmasonryof the same pink poros, built into a later wall a little over a meterwest of the southernend of the backwall of the Royal Stoa and not quite parallel to it. The southernlimit of the room has been destroyedby the railway. The western wall may have followed the same line as a later wall, incorporatingthe Archaic wall mentionedaboveand giving the room a width of ca. 2.30 m. To the west of Room 2 and sharingits west wall was anotherroom (Room 1). Its northern wall can be recognizedin a porosblockwhich lies in a cuttingin bedrockand moreor less continuesthe line of the northernwall of Room2. The west wall is probablyrepresentedby a pillaging trench 0.80 m. wide (close to the 0.70 m. width of the preservedporosblocks);the south limit was perhaps at a cutting in bedrock0.90 m. north of the modernrailway wall, which stops at the later wall that formsthe boundarybetweenRooms 1 and 2. The resultant roomwould have been approximatelysquare, measuringca. 3.40 by ca. 3.70 m. Evidencefor a northeasternroom (Room 3) is slighter, for the eastern wall of the Roman propylon bisects the area. A northern wall is suggested by a group of poros blocks; these do not run in a straight line and must have been shifted since their original use, but they give an approximatenorth-south dimensionof 4.30 m. for the room. The easternwall can be traced in two more poros blocks about a meter west of the west wall of the Royal Stoa, again not exactly parallel to it. Possibly the west wall is markedby a line of hard fill some three and a half metersto the west. 15OnJohnTravlos'planof theArchaicAgora,drawnin 1970(AgoraXIV,pl. 4), thetwo-roomed building

is associatedwith traces of walls further west. On his plan, Travlos restoreda building more than 20 meters long, with an entranceat the west end of the north side. This structurehas continuedto appearon subsequent plans of the ArchaicAgora, though without any explanation (Camp, p. 37, fig. 21; T. Leslie Shear,Jr., "Tyrants and Buildings in Archaic Athens," in Athens Comes of Age: From Solon to Salamis, Princeton 1978 [pp. 1-19], p. 17, fig. 1). Althoughthe two sets of remainsappearto align, the distancebetweenthem makesthe associationquestionable,and the high level of bedrockof the KolonosAgoraioshere makes the restorationof such a building problematical.Furthermore,there is no evidencethat the two-roomedstructureexisted in the Archaicperiod;it is more likely to have been built shortlyafter 480 (see p. 4 above). 16 For a preliminarydiscussionof these remains see Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 382-383. 17 For purposesof this description,"north"indicates"northeast","west"indicates"northwest",and so forth.

6


It is possiblethat the structureextendedfurtherto the north,but this area is completely coveredby the Roman propylon. A continuationto the west is suggested by a cutting in bedrock0.80 m. wide, extendingthe line of the northernwall of Room 1 beyondthe line of its putativewest wall. This cutting does not appear to the west of the later west wall of the Roman propylon, and so it appears that the western limit of the building was approximately on this line. A room west of Room 1 with a western wall on this line would be very narrow (only about 1.50 m. in width), and so perhaps we should imagine instead a wall running north, possibly forming the western wall of another room or a courtyardin the angle between Room 3 and Room 1. No strata could be associatedwith the use of this building, and the date of its construction remainsa mystery.For its demolition,however,there is evidencein the form of a layer of crushedbedrockwhich overlayits remains.This was found in Rooms 1 and 3 and in the courtyard(?)to the north. It coveredtwo of the porosblocksformingthe northernand southern limits of Room 3 (PI. 63, SectionB, layer 2)18and ran over the bedrockcuttingmarking the western limit of Room 1. A fairly large selection of pottery was collected from these floors.The majorityis similarto that in pit H 4:5, dating in the secondand third quartersof the 5th century,but a handfulof sherdsbring the date down into the last quarterof the century.19The buildingwas thus in ruins by the last quarterof the century. The two-roomedbuilding under the Stoa of Zeus and the structurebehind the Royal Stoa describedabove are in approximatealignmentand functionedat the same time. Their plans give no clue to their identities,and it is possiblethat they were privatehousesor workshops;20but their proximityto pit H 4:5 and well H 6:5, which containedsimilar material, suggeststhat they may have been used in connectionwith our pottery.We do not know the dimensionsof the northernroom of the southernbuilding;it could have been large enough 18 Lots Br' 193, 199; see footnote 19 below. The surfaceof the bedrockfloor in the area of the eastern part of Room 3 lies at +51.251-51.311 m.; the tops of the two blocks coveredby the crushed-bedrocklayer lay at +51.221 m. and +51.241 m. 19Room 1: Lot BF' 203. 224 fragments.Mostly very similar to material in pit H 4:5 and dating between 475 and 425. The five latest pieces: base of stemless cup (cf. Agora XII, no. 476, p. 268, fig. 5, pl. 49, ca. 440-430); footed olpe (cf. no. 278, p. 255, pl. 13, ca. 430); foot of bowl or one-handler(cf. no. 779, p. 291, fig. 8, ca. 430); stamped bolsal with concave lower wall (ca. 420); foot of heavy-walled cup-skyphos (cf. no. 617, p. 279, fig. 6, pls. 27, 55, ca. 410). Four intrusionsenteredthe depositeither from a 4th-century pit (H 4:1) or throughthe pillaging trenchof the northwall of Room 3: footedsaltcellar(P 31769; cf. no. 943, p. 302, pl. 34, 375-350); strap handle of 3rd-centurykantharoswith satyr-maskthumb rest (P 31768); rhyton in shape of satyr head (E. R. Williams, "Figurine Vases from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 47, 1978 [pp. 356-401], no. 69, p. 398, pl. 103); Athenian bronze fractionalcoin of late 4th-2nd century(BF'-468). Room 3: Lot Br' 193. 37 sherds,the latest a fragmentwith early stamping (myrtlegarland,450-440). Lot BF' 199. 40 sherds, all save one before 425: the exception is a concave-wall saltcellar cf. (P 31766; Agora XII, no. 934, p. 302, fig. 9, pl. 34, 425-400). To north, in "court":Lot BF' 206. 93 fragments.Only two pieces date after ca. 425: cup-skyphosrim (P 31776; cf. Agora XII, no. 617, p. 279, fig. 6, pls. 27, 55, ca. 410); cup-skyphosbase (P 31777; cf. no. 593, p. 278, fig. 6, pls. 26, 54, ca. 410). There are two intrusions:conicalone-handler(P 31770; cf. no. 776, p. 291, fig. 8, pl. 31, 375-350); deep bowl with horizontalrim (P 31771, 3rd century).Theseprobably come fromthe northern edge of the area, where packing for a later conglomerateblock disturbedthe dug-bedrocklayer (PI. 63, Section B). 20 For 5th-centuryAthenian houses see AgoraXIV, pp. 173-180; Camp, pp. 140, 142, 148.


7

for dining. But the rooms of the northernbuilding are certainlytoo small for dining rooms. The structurecouldhave servedas kitchenand pantry,however,and providedstoragespace for the pottery. There are good archaeologicalreasons to link the destructionof these two structures with the destructionand discardof the pottery.The southernbuilding,built of mud brick,is a likely source for the abundantmud brick found in the pit. The layer of crushedbedrock which was excavatedover the northern building in several places was perhaps extracted from pit H 4:5, which may have been initially a quarry pit, used as an afterthoughtas a convenientrepositoryfor the debris. We would reconstruct,then, the following events:destructionof both buildings and the pottery,storedin one or both of them; digging of the pit and spreadingof dug bedrockover the remains of the northernbuilding;and depositionof debris,includingmud brick from the southernbuilding, in the pit. Thereafterthe area to the south was occupiedby the Stoa of Zeus, and little can be said of the later Classical remains behind the Royal Stoa. Fourth-centuryintrusions such as those in H 4:5 and in other pits to the east of it bespeakrearrangementin the 4th century. Just behind the west wall of the Royal Stoa was a deep fill, in which were found additional fragmentsfrom a pot in pit H 4:5 (56); the contentsof the fill were mostly 5th century,some as late as the last quarter,with a few pieces datingto the secondquarterof the 4th century.21 In a pit some seven metersto the southwest,in the line of the wall sharedby Rooms 1 and 2, was a collectionof similar pottery, running down into the last quarter of the 5th century, again with one piece of the secondquarterof the 4th century.22Anothersimilar group came from a stony depositto the north, although nothing there need date after 400.23 Anotherpit was dug in the area of Room 1 in the third quarterof the 4th century;it containeda small collectionof fine pottery,mostly of the secondquarterof the century.24A series of conglomerate blocks,some of which remain in situ in the area of Room 3 and to the north of it, may come from this period (P1.63, Section B; not shown on P1.62), as does a shallow well in the line of the west wall of Room 1, abandonedin the 3rd quarterof the 4th century.25At the end of the century a deep fill was introducedover large parts of the area; it was found in patches in the area of the courtyard(?)and further to the west, as well as over the north 21

Lot BT' 238. Characteristic4th-centurypieces are a roulettedplate (P 31775) and a globularkantharos similar to AgoraXII, no. 667, p. 283, fig. 7, pl. 28 (P 31774). 22 Lot Br' 210, containinga small bowl (P 31772) similar to AgoraXII, no. 944, p. 302, fig. 9, pl. 34. 23 Lot Br' 235. 24 Pit H 4:1: P 28411-28426, L 5642, L 5643. Most pieces date in the second quarter of the century: P 28411, cup-skyphossimilar to Agora XII, no. 608, p. 279, fig. 6, pls. 26, 55 (ca. 380); P 28413, bowl with incurvedrim, cf. no. 828, p. 295, fig. 8, pl. 33 (375-350); P 28414, bowl with evertedrim, cf. no. 803, p. 293, fig. 8, pls. 32, 58 (ca. 380); P 28415, one-handler,cf. no. 759, p. 290, fig. 8, pl. 56 (375-350); P 28417, onehandler,cf. nos. 760 and 761, p. 290, pl. 31 (375-350); P 28419, shallow bowl with incurvedrim, cf. no. 828, p. 295, fig. 8, pl. 33 (375-350); P 28423, cup-kantharos,cf. no. 652, p. 282, fig. 7, pl. 28 (ca. 380); L 5642, cf. Agora IV, no. 269, p. 68, pls. 9, 38 and KerameikosXI, no. 92, p. 28, pls. 18 and 19 (380-370). A plate with rilled rim (P 28412), however, is closest in profile to AgoraXII, no. 1045, p. 309, pl. 36 (ca. 325). 25 Like pit H 4:1, it containedmostly materialof the secondquarterof the centurybut with a skyphosand a bowl-shapedkantharosof the third quarter (cf. AgoraXII, no. 352, p. 260, fig. 4, pl. 17; no. 688, p. 285, fig. 7, pl. 28).

8


boundary of Room 1.26 All trace of subsequent activity in the area was removedby the Romans,who, in preparationfor building the propylon,cut the grounddown to this level. In summary,then, it appears that the material found in pit H 4:5 was used and stored in the area, perhaps in part in the structuresof which traces have been found under the north wing of the Stoa of Zeus and behind the Royal Stoa. Although some of the debris is probablythe result of sporadicbreakageover the years, we are inclined to believe that a large part of it was brokenaround425. In the courseof cleanupit was somewhatdispersed, as is clear from the facts that few pots from the deposit mend up and that similar deposits have been uncoverednear by. Some4th-centurymaterialenteredthe depositin the courseof rearrangementof the area in later times, but the bulk of the potteryis reflectiveof activities that took place in the secondand third quartersof the 5th century. 26 Lot

Br' 179. 426 fragments.Large amountsof Sth-centurypottery,with 17 4th-centuryfragments.The latest are kantharoiof ca. 300 and a late 4th-centuryskyphos.Probablyto be regardedas intrusiveare a saucer with a downturnedrim (3rd century) and a strap handle with ivy-leaf thumb rest (ca. 260 or later). There were three late Roman intrusions.

II THE CHRONOLOGY The figured wares providethe best evidence for dating the deposit, since individual vases can often be dated within ten years. The analysis below (p. 10) summarizesthe dates assigned to figuredvases in the Catalogue.Vases which cannotbe securelydatedto a particular quarterof the 5th centuryare not included. The earliest cataloguedfiguredvase is a small fragmentof a Type A skyphos (12) from the first quarterof the 5th century.1Its scratchedand heavily worn surfaceindicatesthat it te before being swept up. No other probably had been lying on the ground for some time cataloguedfiguredvase dates earlierthan 480. This fact suggeststhat 12 was most likely an old sherd, not directly connectedwith the pottery forming the bulk of the deposit but one which was pickedup during the cleanup that createdit. 116, a hydria,is the earliest figured vase of which a substantialpart remains.It shows no evidenceof havingbeen kickedaround on the floor, only of wear from use around the rim. It dates to ca. 475-470, which, when consideredwith the large number of vases dating to the second quarter of the century, suggeststhat an upper date of ca. 475 for the deposit is in order. The two latest figured pieces, a fragmentarykylix2 by the Eretria Painter (20) and a pyxis (80), date to ca. 430-425. The large column-krater71 is only slightly earlier:ca. 430. The lower date, therefore,should be ca. 425,3 giving us an approximatedate for the deposit of ca. 475-425. The black-glazedware is not so closelydatable,but the range seemsto be similar. More fragmentsfrom the late Archaicperiod were recognized:the very battered6th-centurydisk (298); fragmentsof two stemmeddishes (217 and 225) and four saltcellars(cf. 242), and a tiny piece of a lamp (335), all of ca. 500; two fragmentsof stemless cups of the Class of Agora P 10359 (156 and 157) and anotherlamp (338) dating within the first quarterof the 5th century;and from ca. 480, two more lamps (334 and 336) and perhapstwo plates (251 and 252). This representsthe totality of Archaic material identified. That the number is greater than for the figured pieces is due simply to the larger amount of glazed pottery preserved;in terms of percentageit is an insignificantamount, less than one percentof the black-glazedfragments. The fragmentarynature of the black-glazedpotterymakes precisedating very difficult, but a dozen cataloguedpieces probablycan be placedclose to ca. 425, at the lower end of the span coveredby the deposit. The skyphos 152 is the only one of this unusual shape in the deposit;it is almostwithout parallel, but the delicacyof the shape arguesfor a late date. The 1A few scrappy,well-worn, black-figuredsherds that may be earlier are storedin Lot Br' 248. We have used the ancient name, kylix, for these vessels instead of the more conventionaland equivalent term, cup, in orderto avoidconfusionin places where we are not talking aboutvesselsof only this shape but all drinkingcups. See D. A. Amyx, CorinthianVase-Paintingof the ArchaicPeriod II, Berkeley 1988, p. 462. 3 The Rheneia deposit of 426/5 and the Thespian Polyandrion of 424 provide useful fixed points for comparisonin the chronologyof Attic red figure:De'losXXI and D. U. Schilardi, The ThespianPolyandrion (424 B.C.): The Excavationsand Findsfrom a ThespianState Burial, diss. PrincetonUniversity 1977. 2

10

THE CHRONOLOGY

bolsal 200 is more closely datable, but it is significantthat the shape is present in only 11 fragments,even though it was in productionthroughoutthe last quarterof the century.The saltcellar247 and the glazed one-handler214 cannotbe datedwith precision,althougheach seems to be the latest of its shape in the deposit. The shallow, convex-concavebowl 232 is probablyslightly earlierthan typical examples of the last quarterof the century.The squat lekythos,representedby 275 and severaluncataloguedfragments,standsat the beginningof the series,which is thoughtto begin around425. A few lamps (341, 343, and 344) anticipate developmentsof the last quarterof the centurybut retain featuresof the third. Although the bulk of the black and plain pottery falls within this range, five later intrusions date in the 4th century (302-306; see p. 4 above). The only one that can be dated precisely is the cup-kantharos(302), probablyof ca. 375; the others are at least that late, possiblylater. Chronological Analysisof FiguredVases Vases datedto a particulardecade 1 480 480-470 1 470 3 8 470-460 7 460 460-450 26 plus 8 450 2 450-440 440 2 4 440-430 2 430 2 430-425

Vases datedonly to a quarterof the 5th century First Quarter 1 SecondQuarter

29

Aroundthe Middle

21

Third Quarter

6

III ANALYSISOF THE FIGURED WARE The catalogue includes representativeexamples of all shapes present in the deposit. Not includedbut storedin lots1are fragmentsthat do not clearly belong to cataloguedpieces or which have either no figural decorationor an insignificantamount (i.e., small parts of mantled figures, part of a palmette, a section of a staff, etc.). Table 1 (p. 131 below) lists the figuredshapes representedin the depositand their estimatedquantity. The most striking figure is the number of kraters, 87, which is more than half of the estimated 172 figuredvases;this proportionis most likely due to the fact that there are few black-glazedkratersin the deposit (202-204), which is also the case in general at this time, so that the figured kraters filled the need for vases of this shape. Three-quartersare bellkraters,although each of the four main types used in the fifth centuryis represented:bell-, calyx-, column-, and volute-krater.At least sevenbell-kraters(e.g. 36-38) have lug handles, the type used on the earliest.2Two are large (37 and 38), their mouths having diameters Both were painted by Earlier Mannerists, and the similarityof the potting and over 45 cm. Bo their finish indicatethat they are a pair, probablymade and sold at the same time.3At least three other cataloguedkratersappearto have been as large (34,69, and 71), while a number of othershave rims about 40 cm. in diameter(27,41,48, and 62). At the other extremeare a series of small bell-kraters,whose mouths have a diameterof about 20 cm. (e.g. 42 and 53).4 Still other kratersfall in the middle (30, 36,40,49, and 72). Complementingthe kratersare two stamnoi (124 and 125). Thus, a full range of sizes and shapes of mixing vessels is present; only dinoi are missing. A few kratersare clearly early (26, 27, and 58), but most date between 460 and 450. This indicatesa dramaticincreasein the numberavailablefor dining at this time. The same is true of the deposit as a whole. Of the relatively small number of late pieces, 71, the large column-kraterof ca. 430, is importantbecauseit is one of the few nearly completelarge vessels from the deposit, and it is one of the latest. There are five types of drinkingvessels:kylikes, cup-skyphoi,kantharoi,skyphoi, and mugs. The earliest are the black-figuredkylikes and cup-skyphoi,most of which are products of the Haimon Painter's workshop (3, 5, and 6). The red-figuredkylikes (17-20) all come from aroundthe middle of the century,except for 20, a very fine piece by the Eretria Painter. It is one of the latest vases and is importantfor helping to determinethe terminal date of the deposit.A single fragmentfrom a white-groundkylix (133) is the sole representative of this class of uniformly fine vases. Relatively rare red-figuredshapes are kantharoi 1

Lots Br' 239, 248, and 250-253. There are ca. 800 fragments,some of which join. Lot Br' 252 has lug handles from at least four other kraters. For early bell-kraters,see CB II, p. 50; A.-B. Follmann, Der Pan-Maler, Bonn 1968, pp. 50-51; and Agora XII, p. 55; 202 also has lug handles. 3 Lot BP' 253 has fragmentswhich obviouslybelong to one of these kraters,but it is not possible to determine which one. 4 See also 43 and 50; no rim fragmentssurvive from these, and so the diameterscannot be estimatedwith accuracy,although they are clearly from small bell-kraters. 2

12

ANALYSIS OF THE FIGURED WARE

(21 and 22) of the Class of the Czartoryskikantharosand three mugs (23-25). Both the Attic and Corinthianform of the red-figuredskyphosare represented(12-15). The blackfiguredskyphoi (1 and 2) are too fragmentaryto determinetheir exact shapes. Some of the earliest vases in the deposit are red-figuredhydriai (116-118), and there are more early vases of this shape than any other red-figuredshape. Other large containers include a red-figuredpelike, a red-figuredneck-amphora,and a Panathenaicprize amphora (115, 110, and 11).5 A wide range of smaller containersis also found:lekythos,alabastron,askos, and oinochoe. Lekythoiare the most numerousand vary in size and type. Secondarylekythoiare the most common,and there are black-figured(8-10), red-figured(94-102, 104, and 105), and white-groundexamples (135). Others are a standardcylindricalred-figuredlekythos(103) and red-figuredsquat lekythoi (108 and 109).6 Among the earliest are the black-figured palmette lekythoi from the Beldam Painter's workshop (8 and 9), while most of the redfigured lekythoi date to the decade 460-450. Two red-figuredlekythoi by the Carlsruhe Painter (97 and 98) are clearly a pair, probablymade and sold at the same time. Thus, the nature of the figured pottery as a whole is connectedwith dining. All the necessary vessels are present: for drinking, mixing, pouring (oinochoai), and containers large and small. In this respect,the relativelyrare red-figuredplate (79) fits in well. Only three vessels are out of context. The pyxis (80), a containernormally connectedwith the woman's toilet, could conceivablyhave had some function in a dining situation. The other two, however,are ritual vases connectedwith the weddingceremony:a lebes gamikos(130) and a loutrophoros(114). Both are fragmentary,and the loutrophoros,which is betterpreserved,is clearly worn; therefore,it probablyhad been brokenearlier than the bulk of the pottery, knocked around on the ground for some time, and only joined with the dining pottery at the time of the cleanup that created H 4:5.7 The same is true of a few other fragmentsin the deposit (e.g., the skyphos12, the column-krater72, and the hydria[?]123). Two factors indicate that our deposit representsonly a part of the figured pottery. First, some very fine vases which have distinctiveornamentor figural decorationare preserved only in part (e.g. 34 and 41). The remaindermust be depositedsomewhereelse. The second is that fragmentsfrom the figuredvases in the depositwere found elsewherein the vicinity: part of 56 comesfrom the dump west of the Royal Stoa, north of the bothroi,and part of 72 is fromthe building fill of the Royal Stoa. Attestingto the generallyhigh quality of the figuredvases is the fact that nearly a third can be attributedto or associatedwith painters and workshops.In a numberof cases more than one vase, often of different shapes, can be assigned to the same hand. For example there are a full-size bell-krater,a small bell-krater,a lekythos,and a hydria by Hermonax 5 The Panathenaicamphorafragmentsin Lot BF' 248 are probablypart of 11.

6 There are

fragmentsof a standardcylindricalwhite-groundlekythosin Lot BF' 259 that are so worn that no trace of the scene remains. 7 The Panathenaicprize amphora (11) also seems out of context but might have been present because of the oil it held. There is no reasonto believe that there were not some prize amphorasleft over after the games were completedand the vessels used otherwise, possibly, as would be the case here, in connectionwith state activities.


13

(48, 42, 103, and 121): in other words, a "set"of vases. Other "sets"include a bell-krater and an oinochoe by the Niobid Painter along with a neck-amphorain his Manner and a kraterfragmentpossiblyby him (39, 89, 110, and 64), and a bell-krater,a kraterfragment, and fragmentspossibly from stamnoi (40, 66, 127, and 128) by the Villa Giulia Painter. Complementingthese are vases which are pairs from the same workshopor hand that were probablymade and sold at the same time:the two lekythoiby the CarlsruhePainter (97 and 98) and the two large bell-kratersby the LeningradPainter and anotherEarlier Mannerist (37 and 38). Two more vases from the "Mannerist"workshop8may join the latter pair to make another "set":a pelike (115) by the Pig Painter and 77, a column-krater(?)by the LeningradPainter. There are also other instanceswhere vases may be by differentpainters from the same workshop:from the Polygnotanworkshop9a bell-kraterfragmentclosest to the Christie Painter and the Group of Polygnotosand a column-kraterfrom the Group of Polygnotos (50 and 71), and from the workshop of the Boreas-FlorenceGroup10a bellkrater probablyby the Boreas Painter (41) and another by the Painter of London E 489 (36). In the instanceswhere an artist'sdevelopmentcan be distinguishedin differentphases, it is interestingto note that when there is morethan one vase by a single hand, they are from the same phase of the painter's career. The Niobid Painter's vases come from his early career,while those of Hermonax and the LeningradPainter are late. This furthersupports the idea that some of this dining ware had been bought at one time as "sets". With this in mind it is even more interestingto note that every major Early Classical workshop of "pot painters"is represented:those in the Berlin Painter's tradition (Hermonax and possiblythe ProvidencePainter), that of the Boreas-FlorenceGroup (Painterof London E 489 and possibly the Boreas Painter), the Mannerists' (LeningradPainter, Pig Painter, and perhaps the Agrigento Painter), the Niobid Painter's,11and the Villa Giulia Painter's workshop. In addition, lekythoi from many of the most productiveartists of this period specializing in this shape are represented:Bowdoin Painter, Aischines Painter, and CarlsruhePainter. Not representedare many of the Early Classicalworkshopsspecializing in the productionof kylikes.This is not surprisingconsideringthe relativelyfew red-figured kylikesin the depositand their very fragmentaryconditionwhich makesit difficultto attribute them.'2Also missing are many of the less productive"pot"painters,as well as those not clearly associatedwith a large workshop of painters:for example, the Oreithyia Painter, Deepdene Painter, Alkimachos Painter, and Aegisthus Painter.'3 This indicates that the purchasersdealt primarilywith the biggest and most productiveworkshopsand not with a select few. 8 9

AR V2 562. ARV2 1027 and 1050.

0AR V2 536.

1' The Altamura Painter's loutrophoros114 comes from the Niobid Painter'sworkshop,but the vase was probablynot part of the public dining pottery;see above, p. 12. 12 There is a skyphosfragmentby one of the Penthesileans:14. 13 None of the painters Beazley groupedtogetherin chapter31 of ARV2, pp. 496-535, under the heading "OtherEarly Classic Paintersof Large Pots,"are represented.

14


A number of vases are important because of what they tell us about the artists who paintedthem. Five vases are the first known examples of a shape decoratedby a particular painter: a kantharosby the Lewis Painter (21), a bell-krater by the Painter of London E 489 (36), a bell-kraterby the LeningradPainter (37), a column-kraterfromthe Group of Polygnotos(71), and a loutrophorosby the Altamura Painter (114). Previously,the Lewis Painter was only known to have decoratedskyphoi, both those of the Attic and those of the Corinthian form. The bell-kraterwas a shape rarely decoratedby Hermonax, and so the two new examples by him (42 and 48) are important,especially42, which is the first small one known. A cup-skyphos from the Lancut Group (3) is by a follower of the Haimon Painter whose hand can now be recognizedon at least three other vases. More by the same artist are likely to be found in Beazley's lists of vases connectedwith the Haimon Painter, but many of them are unpublished.The skyphosby the AkridionPainter (13) is a welcome additionto the nine vases known from his hand. Since so many of the vases are fragmentary,it is not possible to determine or even suggest what the scenes on them were. From those which are discernible,no particularly distinctiveor unusual pattern appears. From mythology,satyrs with or without maenads are the most popular subject (3, 5, 21, 23, 27, 67?, 68, and 120). This is what one might expect on vases connectedwith drinking and dining. Amazons,both those fighting Greeks and by themselves,are the next most popular subject(20?, 41, 53, 71, and 83). Gods pursuing their loves, scenes which began in the Late Archaicand becamevery popular during the Early Classical and Classical periods,are well represented,although Eos pursuing Tithonos, who occur twice (71 and 123), are the only figures who can be securelyidentified. Another popular scene of the Early Classical and Classical periods, Apollo, Artemis, and Leto making a libation, occurs at least once and probablytwice (48 and 126). 38, though fragmentary,may well be the earliest depictionon red-figuredvases of the Dioskouroisetting out. Also fragmentary,but iconographicallyinteresting,are the scene(s) of the 'Death of Orpheus' (32 and 33?) and a possible'Judgmentof Paris' (16). Thus, in respectto mythological scenes, although there are some interestingpictures,the vast majorityof the material displays the standardsubjectmatterof its time. The same is also true with scenes of everydaylife. Women (17, 80, 96-102, 106, 109, and 132?), youth and woman (6? and 115), or youths (13,24, and 25) are the most common. Departure and arming scenes (37, 40, 46?, 60, 65?, and 81?), frequentlydepictedsubjects, are also represented.Less common scenes include hoplitodromoi(36) and skaphephoroi (113). Individualfiguresof interestbecauseof the mannerin which they are depictedare a figure holding a portableloom (122), an outdoorsman(43), and a flute player in an ependytes (patternedtunic;54).

IV ANALYSISOF THE NON-FIGURED WARES AND OTHER FINDS Despite their fragmentarystate of preservationand their resistanceto fine dating, the black and plain wares, the lamps, and miscellaneousobjectsare worth presentingin detail for a number of reasons. Although black-glazedpottery of the 5th century has been thoroughly studied and a reliable sequencehas been workedout, this, as the first large depositof material from the Agora to be excavatedand published since the appearanceof Agora XII, can offer a checkon the dates proposedin that publication.The chronologyof the potteryof the period480-450 has been called into questionby the excavatorsat Thorikos,1and the material in H 4:5 offersthe opportunityto refineor correct,if necessary,the chronologyoutlined in AgoraXII. In most cases that chronologyis supported,althoughthere are some instances where slight adjustmentis suggested.The Catalogue and accompanyingcommentaryprovide referenceto virtually every shape that was identifiedand, in so far as possible, to the range of variationwithin that shape. Some fragmentsof unidentifiedshapes have also been included,either because they representvariantsthat do not appear in the published literature, or becausethey representa shape that was particularlynumerous. It is instructiveto see not only which shapes are represented,but the proportionsin which these are present. Becauseof the fragmentaryconditionof the pottery,however, it is difficultto quantify. Much of the kitchenware was discardedafterinitial sorting,and so our sample there may not be truly representative.Furthermore,although the totality of the black-glazedpottery was ostensiblysaved, the fact that very few wall fragmentsare represented suggests that some material has been discarded.The estimates in Tables 2 and 3 (pp. 133-138 below), however, give a general idea of the proportionaterepresentationof black-glazedand plain shapes. FINE WARES: OPEN SHAPES SKYPHOS

Skyphoi are the most numerousdrinkingcups in the deposit,with those of Attic shape morethan three times as numerousas those of Corinthianshape. One hundredsubstantially completefeet of Attic Type A skyphoialong with nearly 700 smallerfragmentsof feet were recovered.The range in date seems to be, for the most part, in the secondquarterof the 5th century. Some pieces (136) show no trace of the double curve that begins soon after 480.2 1H. Mussche, "Thorikosin Archaic and Classical Times," in Thorikosand the Laurion in Archaicand ClassicalTimes (MiscellaneaGraecaI), Ghent 1975 (pp. 45-61), pp. 54-58; GLThorikos,p. 31. 2 Agora XII, p. 84.

16

ANALYSIS OF THE NON-FIGURED WARES AND OTHER FINDS

Others have only a slight suggestion of such a curve (137, 138, and more so on 139 and 140).3 None approachthe profileof examples dating in the last quarterof the century.4 A few deviationsfromthe normalpatternof glazing may be noted,mostlyon the underside. 137 and 141 have a mainly black undersidewith a reservedband at the edge and a reservedcenter with concentricglazed circles and dot. The reservedsurfaces are covered with a darkmiltoswash. Three skyphoihave this treatment,and the same was notedalso on seven bases of one-handlersor stemless cups (cf. 265); all possibly emanate from the same shop.5The entireundersideof 139 is glazed. Parallelsfor this treatmentare mostlyArchaic,6 but the profile, with a slight double curve, places our piece later. That this is not simply an Archaicstray is also indicatedby the fact that sevenmorepieceswith similartreatmentwere foundin the deposit.140 is totally glazed, on restingsurfaceas well as underside.Again, the parallelsare Archaic,but shae suggestsa date in the secondquarterof the 5th century.141 is remarkableboth for its size and for the rays abovethe base. A garlandof leavesand berries appearsin mixed red-figureand added-painttechniquebelow the rims of two examples(e.g. 142); althoughthey vary in details,they are quite similarin size and shape and are perhapsa pair. The Type B Attic skyphos,distinguishedby a verticalhandleor handles,is represented by ten handles preservingenough of the rim for identification(e.g. 143) and seven narrow bases (e.g. 145) that, from their proportions,are probablyto be assignedto this type. Also probablyof Type B is the patternedfragment144, with a laurel or olive wreath below the rim, paintedin a very differentstyle from 142. No complete profile of a Corinthian skyphos was recovered,and so it is difficult to suggest firm dates for our fragments.At least some of these were public property,for 147 is marked E5. The material can be divided accordingto the treatment of the lower wall: glazed, reserved,or reservedwith rays. Of these, reservedis least common,while the other two are aboutequally represented.Only two Corinthianskyphoi(e.g. 149) bear crosshatching; one would expect more in light of its supposedintroductionabout 450.7 On two pieces, both unique in the deposit,the undersidewas treatedin an unusual way: 150 has been dipglazed totally black, and on 151 the resting surfaceis reserved. In the mid-5th century, delicate skyphoi with projectingfeet with flat resting surface and broad, concave inner face were occasionally produced.8This foot appears on eight pieces in the deposit (e.g. 153), doubtlessall from the same shop. The foot of the tiny fragment 152 is also unusual:it has an inset undersideand narrowrestingsurface,with a slight concavityat the base of the wall. It probablydates close to 425, anticipatingthe thin, elegant shapes of the last quarter of the century;a close parallel comes from the Crossroads 3 Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 29, p. 75, pi. 29, from a depositdating 460-440 = AgoraXII, no. 343, p. 259, pl. 16 and Talcott 1935, no. 120, p. 523, fig. 13 on p. 491, a red-figuredpiece of ca. 460-450. 4 Corbett 1949, p. 319, fig. 1. 5 Seven more examples are noted by Sparkes and Talcott who, despite a date range of about a century, attributeall to the same workshop(AgoraXII, p. 18). 6 AgoraXII, no. 334, p. 259, pl. 16. 7 AgoraXII, p. 82. 8 Boulter 1953, no. 27, p. 74, fig. 2 on p. 73, pl. 29; for discussionof moldingsee also Corbett1949, p. 301, note 12.

FINE WARES: OPEN SHAPES

17

Enclosure,a depositof the secondhalf of the 5th century.9152 also providesa third instance of crosshatchingin the deposit. Five fragmentsmay representa more elaborateversion of Attic skyphos, with a reserved, molded foot (e.g. 155). The foot is closer to that of late Archaic cup-skyphoi,10but the lower wall is too steep to attribute the fragmentsto that shape. There are fragments,too, of Subgeometricsurvivalskyphoi (e.g. 154). STEMLESSCUP

The small stemless cup of the Class of Agora P 10359 is representedin the deposit by two pieces (156 and 157). 156 addsto the substantiallist of cups of this type glazed with intentional red,11all of which were perhaps producedby a single workshop.These cups are among the earliest pieces in H 4:5, dating in the first quarter of the fifth century or only slightly later.12 The Rheneia cup is by far the most commonstemlesscup in the deposit,representedby about 160 non-joiningfoot fragments.Most are not well enough preservedfor close dating, but the proportions,in general, are closer to the earlier than to the latest examples in the series. Some fragmentspreservethe reservedhandle panels that were discontinuedafter ca. 450 (159, 160). Of interest is 158, glazed intentionalred except for the foot, the same pattern of glazing that is found on the group of cups of the Class of Agora P 10359 mentioned above. This and the form of the foot place it too at the beginning of the series. On 163 the foot resemblesexamples dated ca. 480-470, but the profile and handles, which are slightly constrictedat the base, suggest links to pieces of the third quarter of the century.13This illustrates the dangers of dating fragments, since earlier and later features may be represented on a single pot. On most cups the foot has the wide resting surfacetypical of earlier pieces, but a few are more developed(162), with narrow resting surface and convex sides. Stamping appears on five fragments (164-166 [three virtually identical pieces from the same workshop],167 [perhapsalso from the same shop], and 168), which dates them after aboutthe middleof the century,but no exampleshave the low profileof cups of ca. 425.14 In addition,the design of 164-166, where a band of maeanderdefinesthe tondo, is dependent upon red figure, suggestingthat the pieces come fairly early in the historyof stampeddecoration. 174 resemblesa stemless cup in all particularsexcept for a molding inside the circumferenceof the foot. The piece retains the early reservedhandle panel but is stamped, and probablydates, therefore,slightly after 450. Most of the lE graffitiwere found on the undersidesor floorsof Rheneia cups (160,169-173 and uncataloguedexampleslisted in the Catalogue);it was apparentlythe preferredgovernment-issuedrinkingcup of the mid-5th century. 364-369. Shear, Agora 1971, pp.. 129-130; Shear, Agora 1972, AgoraXII, no. 573, p. 276, pi. 25. 1 See AgoraXII, pp. 99-100 for list. For intentionalred see, most recently,R. E. Jones, Greekand Cypriot Pottery:A Review of ScientificStudies,Athens 1986, pp. 805, 808-809. 12AgoraXII, p. 99. 13 Cf. Agora XII, no. 457, p. 267, pl. 21. 14 Cf. Agora XII, nos. 459 and 460, p. 267, fig. 5 (no. 460), pl. 21 (no. 459). 10 Cf.


18

Among large stemless cups, the heavier bodied types are relatively common,but, surprisingly, the delicate class'5 is lacking altogether.About a third as numerousas the Rheneia cup is the large stemless cup with inset lip. 175 representsthe earliest stages, in the second quarter of the 5th century, with the handle panels and the outer face of the foot reserved.'6Many pieces on which the outer face of the foot is glazed were also recovered(cf. 176). Four feet (e.g. 177-179) are identicalin shape and treatmentto AgoraXII, no. 472,17 a large stemlesscup with inset rim datingca. 470-450. The massivefoot is carefullylipped; the broad, flat resting surface is glazed. Unlike Agora XII, no. 472, however, these four pieces carryimpresseddecorationon the floor:a large rosettesurroundedby glazed grooves akin to that on AgoraXII, no. 483 of ca. 450.18This type of purely incisedpatternis probably early,19dating around mid-century.The similaritiesof shape, decoration,and even of treatmentof the undersidesuggest that all four were made in the same workshop.An undecoratedpiece of the same shape was also found. 180 may be the rim of a plain-rimmedstemless cup, although it is rather lighter and more delicatethan most of the large variety. Perhaps insteadit comesfrom a plain-rimmed Rheneia cup. KYLIX

The heavy, serviceableType C kylix is representedby only four fragmentsof stems. A few small pieces may derivefrom Type B kylikes:the rim (187) with interioroffset and the large foot with offset at junction of base and stem (188). In view of the rarity of Type B in black and its popularityfor figureddecorationit is likely that these comefrom figuredcups. The much smallerVicup is the standardblack kylix of the deposit. 181 and 182 are the best preservedexamples. The foot 183 probably comes from a Vicup; 23 such feet were found in the deposit.A group of 14 similar but slightly larger and more elaboratelytreated feet (e.g. 184) may come from Vicups as well; the profile is more concave, onlowerthe part of the outer edge glazed, and the diameter(7 cm. or larger)is greaterthan normal.The Vicups from H 4:5 are remarkablysimilar to those from H 6:5, which are themselvesuniform in size and often markedwith the AEligature,20althoughnone of the fragmentsin H 4:5 are so marked.The relativerarity of this shape in H 4:5 is perhapsan indicationof the later date of deposit,well after the heyday of the Vicup in the secondquarterof the century. Acrocupsof two types are represented.185 has the characteristicflat undersideand a lightly lipped torus edge;it is unique in the deposit.Anothervariety,presentin 17 examples (e.g. 186), is quite different,with conical underside,but has a molding at the junction of stem and bodytypical of the Acrocup.Parallelsare suggestiveof a date in the secondquarter of the 5th century. 15

Agora Agora 17 Agora 18 Agora 19Agora 16

20

XII, XII, XII, XII, XII,

pp. 102-105. p. 101. p. 268, pl. 22. p. 269, pl. 50. pp. 28-29.

See AgoraXXI, Fa 2-5, 9, and 10, p. 51, pl. 29; Talcott 1936, pp. 353-354.

FINEWARES: OPENSHAPES

19

The foot 189, unique in the deposit,is hollow, and the surfacehas been partiallytreated with intentional red. Intentional red is also found on 190, a delicate, shallow kylix with horizontalgroovingon the exterior. The two may be part of the same kylix; a black-glazed concaverim is probablyto be restored.Three fragmentsof the shape in black glaze were also found. MUG

The Pheidiasmug, which enjoyeda brief vogue as a drinkingvessel in the secondhalf of the 5th century, is altogethera fancier cup than most in the deposit and is representedby half a dozen examples. The ring foot of 192 places it beyondthe earliest stages of development of the shape; its reservedbottom, apparentlyabandonedin the later stages, shows on the other hand that neither is it among the latest. 193 is a rather small example, again not amongthe earliest, since it bearsstampeddecorationand has a cabledband at the base of the neck. Stamping is also found on 194, from below the handle of a ribbed (Pheidias?) mug. Probablythe same stamp appears on a Pheidias mug in the Royal Ontario Museum, dated by Hayes to 440-420.21 The stamp appears again on a small strap handle (195), possibly from 194, although the strap handle was not usually used on Pheidias mugs after 460. Intriguing on 195 is the tiny letter E inscribedabovethe stampedpatternbeforeglazing. Two fragmentscan be assignedto two-handledmugs. Best preservedis 197, with outturned rim, strap handle, and continuouscurve. It is remarkablysimilar in glaze and shape to two red-figuredexamples of the same shape (23 and 24) and couldbe a non-joiningfragment of the former;it is likely, in any event,to be the work of the same potterand contemporary with them. The smaller fragment, 196, is ribbedand has stampeddecoration;it could also come from a one-handledmug or small oinochoe.An Early Classicalone-handledmug providesthe best parallel for the base of 199 (examples occur three times in the deposit), althoughthe shape of the wall seems to be somewhatdifferent.198, of which only the base is preserved,may also comefroma one-handledmug, althoughit is not closelysimilarto any of the examples from the Agora. Those, however,are themselvesvery heterogeneous. OTHER DRINKINGCUPS

The bolsal is representedby 11 fragments from ten different vessels (e.g. 200), the phiale by two fragmentsof a single vase (201). The bolsal only beganto be madein the third quarter of the century,22which may accountfor its rarity here. The phiale, used as a libation vessel or a drinkingcup, is equally rare in othercollectionsof Attic pottery.Parallelsfor both shapes suggest that our examples date close to 425. The glaze of the phiale has fired black on the inside and upper outside, red on the lower exterior, an effect achieved by stacking in the kiln. It thus superficially resembles a small group of phialai that had an 21

Hayes, Black GlossROM, no. 51, pp. 32-33. Agora XII, p. 107; see also D. W. J. Gill, "The Workshopsof the Attic Bolsal,"in Ancient Greekand Related Pottery (Allard Pierson Series 5), Amsterdam1984, pp. 102-106. 22

20


intentional-redbowl and black rim;23here the same effectwas producedmoreeconomically without resortingto intentionalred. KRATER

The proportion of figured to black kraters in the deposit is illustrative of the comparativerarity of the shape in black glaze. All three black examples fit within the chronotheof depositbut are difficultto date in their fragmentarystate. The types are logical range of those representedelsewhere in the Agora: bell-krater (203), bell-kraterwith lug handles (202), and column-krater(204). All three have some patterneddetail, and that of the two bell-kratersis amply paralleledin figuredpieces. The lugged is the earlier and rarerof the two varieties of bell-krater;202 may date in the second quarter of the century. The bellkraterwith horizontalhandles (203) seems to be a fairly early one of its type, datingaround the middleof the 5th century;an unusual detail of its shape, the moldingat the bottomof the rim band, can be paralleledin figuredpieces of that date. The column-krater(204) also has some patterning (an ovolo around the bases of the columns),which is very rare on figured pieces; there are, however, some comparandaof the second quarter of the century, which may be indicativeof date. ONE-HANDLER

The banded one-handler (205-209) is mostly an Archaic shape, although it continues on until the mid-5th century;24it is relativelywell representedin H 4:5. Surprisingly,the angular wall, said to be typical of the later developmentof the shape, does not occur. All have instead a continuouslycurvingprofile;on 208, however,there is a slight flaringbelow the rim. The rims are close to roundedbut usually with a more or less pronouncedslope towardsthe inside.25At least one of these was public property,for 206 has a ECgraffitoon its floor. There were also two miniatures(cf. 209), a variantnot noted in AgoraXII. Black one-handlers(210-214) were more difficultto identify in fragments,since their feet could not be distinguishedfrom those of bowls of other types. Rims, however,could be recognized,and rim fragmentswith handles attachednumbered27. Of the 130 rim fragments counted, 126 had a flat upper surface, such as is found on examples of the third quarter of the 5th century;26only four had the incurvedrim that occurs on a late Archaic piece.27All the bodies showed a continuouscurve. The rims are slightly incurved,rounded or sloping on top; on 210 there is a flare below the rim. Some (e.g. 210 and 211) have parallels in a mid-5th-centurydeposit in the Agora,28others (e.g. 212 and 215) in the potter's debrisof 435-425, excavatedbehind the Stoa of Zeus.29 23 See AgoraXII, p. 272, under no. 520, for references. 24 AgoraXII, p. 125. 25 Cf. Agora XII, no. 738, p. 289, fig. 8, most pronouncedon 208; cf. a black-glazedexample, no. 754, p. 290, fig. 8. 26Cf. AgoraXII, no. 749, p. 289, figs. 8 and 22, pl. 31. 27Cf. AgoraXII, no. 747, p. 289, fig. 8, pl. 31. 28 N 7:3; Boulter 1953, nos. 61-64, pp. 84-85, fig. 3 on p. 82. 29 Thompson 1937, pp. 47-53.

FINEWARES: OPENSHAPES

21

STEMMED DISH

217 and 218 are fragmentsof convex stemmeddishes;none of the feet characteristicof this type have been identifiedin the deposit, although perhaps some of the supposedkylix feet in fact derive from stemmeddishes. Only 217 is as early as ca. 500, with its distinctly undercutrim and reservingbelow the rim. Twelve others are of a later, simplifiedstage (cf. 218), with a glazed groove below a slightly thickened rim; they may date to the decade 470-460. A single fragmentof a chalice-shapedstemmeddish (225) lacks foot and rim but resemblesexamples of ca. 500. 226 is reminiscentof a modernwine glass, with its thin stem and nearly hemisphericalbowl; a parallel from the CrossroadsEnclosuresuggestsa date in the third quarterof the century.30227 is identicalin shape to the broad-rimmedbowl 236, except that it sits on a stem; it may be by the same potter and date in the middle of the century. The stem of the red-figuredkantharos21 is very similarly treated and may also come from the same hand;certainlyit must be contemporary.228, a small stemmeddish or bowl with concavelip, probablydates about 470. 219 has a slightly thickenedrim, flat on top; its exterior,like that of 220 and 221, is decoratedwith a broad,shallow, reservedband. There are a few parallels for both the shape of the rim and the reservedband in red-figuredstemmeddishes dating in the secondquarterof the century. Fourteen additional wall fragments with the distinctivereservedband were identified;another,more completeexample comesfrom a relateddepositnear by, and many more fragmentshave been noted in context pottery from behind the Royal Stoa. It is peculiar that this shape, clearly very rare in both red figure and black glaze, is quite well represented in the deposit. Probably to be associatedwith this shape is a series of bases with concaveouter edges and broad resting surfaces,which differ one from anotheronly in details of glazing and profile (222-224). BOWL

Fragments of nine deep bowls with convex-concaveprofile were found. 229, the most complete,is unusual in its totally black underside,with no scrapedgrooveor reservedportion. This featurefavorsa date after 480, and the piece may date in he secondquarterof the century.About equally commonis the shallow bowl with convex-concaveprofile;the catalogued pieces illustrate the range of variation.The broad resting surfaceof 230 is an early trait, apparentlyabandonedafter ca. 425. This piece is atypicalin that there is no grooveor molding at the lower edge of the upper, convex part of the wall; no parallels occur in the Agora, but one has been noted at Sardis.31231 and 232 have narrowerresting surfacesbut still find parallels in contextsof the third quarterof the century.232 is probablythe later;in profile it resemblesseveral examples of the last quarter of the century,but it lacks the distinctivetreatmentof the undersidesharedby these;32it may thereforeprecedethem slightly, datingjust before425. 30 Shear, Agora 1971, pp.

129-130; Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 364-369.

311I am gratefulto Nancy Ramage, who showed me the Attic black-glazedpotteryfrom Sardis,which she is

preparingfor publicationin a forthcomingSardisvolume. 32 Outer part glazed, inner part, within a raised ridge, reserved:cf. AgoraXII, nos. 819-821, pp. 294-295, fig. 8 (no. 821), pl. 32 (nos. 819, 820).

22


233 has a thickened,convexrim with a smallermoldingbelow. It is most closelyrelated to the predecessorof the later bowls with incurvingrims;33a fully developedform of this type, in smaller size, is well representedin the CrossroadsEnclosureof the secondhalf of the 5th century.34Two morebowls of less carefulmanufacturemay have been used for food preparationrather than at the table. 234 is in shape similar to the household lekane, although it is glazed. 235 has some generalaffinitiesto the large bowls, sharing,in particular, the bandingof AgoraXII, nos. 64, 65, and 80;35the thickenedrim and single handle, however, are unusual. SMALLBOWL

236 shares the general characteristicsof the heterogeneousgroup of small bowls with broadrims that began to be manufacturedearly in the 5th century,36for like them it is fairly shallow and has a thick rim. Its profile, although not precisely paralleled among small bowls, is like that of a saltcellar of ca. 450.37The similarity to 227, a stemmedbowl, has been noted above.237 finds no close parallels at the Agora;it is classedwith broad-rimmed laand on the inside bowls because of the profile of the rim, angular sloping down slightly towardsthe interior.Sixteen rim fragmentssharing the general characteristicsof the small bowl of the early and heavy type were foundin the deposit,and at least one other came from the general area of the Royal Stoa.38The lipped ring foot of 238 and 239, reservedon its outer face, placesthem in the secondquarterof the century.240, though lighterand smaller, also finds comparandain the secondquarter. No close parallel has been found for 241, but there is no reasonto suppose it is not more or less contemporarywith the others. SALTCELLAR

Only four fragmentsof the early type of saltcellarwith convexwall and recessedunderside occur in the deposit (e.g. 242). The type was not made after ca. 480, and 242 does not appearto be one of the latest. It may be worth noting that the flat-bottomedvarietypopular in the late 5th century39is not represented.Most numerousin the depositwas the saltcellar with echinus wall. Examples of the earlier variant with recessedunderside(dating mainly to 480-450), were about half as numerousas the later, flat-bottomedvariety.Of the variant with recessedbottom, 243, which is taller and more solid, may be the earliest. The lower wall of 244 is very straight,that of 245 concave;this and the very thin resting surfaceof 245 suggest a later date for these examples, although these details may not be very reliable indicators. The simple, flat-bottomedvariety is equally difficult to date with authority. Some examples are totally glazed (e.g. 247); others are reservedunderneath(e.g. 246). 248 33 Cf. Agora XII,

no. 825, p. 295, fig. 8.

34Shear, Agora 1971, pp. 129-130; Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 364-369. 35 Pp. 241-242, pl. 4. 36 Agora XII, pp. 133-134. 37 Agora XII, no. 955, p. 303, fig. 9. 38 P 31427 from lot BF 437. 39AgoraXII, pp. 135-136.

FINE WARES:OPEN SHAPES

23

is the only example of the Late Archaicto Early Classical variant of the concavewall saltcellar, with flat, reservedfoot. The reservedgroove at the base of the wall is a late sign, placing 248 around475-460. One other concavesaltcellar,306, is much later, datingprobably in the early 4th century (see below, p. 28). Footed saltcellarsare rarities. 249, with its raised disk foot, is a heavy, ungainly example of the type; the raised foot is earlier than the ring base, placing our example beforeca. 425. The reservedline at the junction of base and body is paralleledon a piece (admittedlyof ratherdifferentprofile) of ca. 500-480.40 250 is unusual in its thick rim and slightly angled wall; a parallel from a grave in the Kerameikos suggestsa Late Archaicdate.41Aside from small fragmentsof ring feet, the only otherfooted saltcellar(305) appearsto date to the 4th century. PLATE

Plates appear not to have been a commonshape in this period, and it is thereforenot surprisingthat there is considerablevariationwithin the categoriesdefinedby Sparkesand Talcott and that exact correspondenceswith other examples are rare. The broad-rimmed relativelylarge numberof fragmentsis surprisingand offers evidencethat this simple form of plate continuedto be producedin the Early Classicalperiod.43252 is relatedto 251 by the patternof glazing on the interior,but the rim runs directlyinto the floor with no offset. 254 and 255 are unglazed, as is common in plates with thickenededges of this shape, but the attention given to the profile suggests that they were dinnerware.They differ slightly in detail;the wall of 254 runs into the foot, which has a broad,convexinner surface,while 255 has a normal ring foot. Parallels in the Agora collectionsuggest a mid-5th-centurydate for both. 253, totally glazed, is more elaboratein profile. The concaveinner face of the foot is a featurethat becomesincreasinglycommonin a varietyof shapes as the centuryprogresses.44 LEKANIS

Fragmentsof nine ribbon-handledlekanideswere found in the deposit,along with several lid fragments.Most of the lekanideswere totally glazed (e.g. 256), but a reservedband with zigzag decorationbelow the rim also occurs (e.g. 257). The reservedhandle panel, the form of the handle, and the shape of 256 suggest a date around 425. The only lid with a completeprofile is 259, which is glazed except for details of the knob. Half of the rim fragments, however, have rays around the knob: e.g. 258, which may go with 257. The one Lykinic lekanis (260) is unusual in its unglazed foot and steep wall. The shape begins ca. 450, and the unglazed underside of our fragment marks it as an early one.45261 is probablya lid for a similar lekanis, although it is fairly large for that shape; fragmentsof 40

Agora XII, no. 939, p. 302, fig. 9, pl. 34. KerameikosIX, no. 41:5, p. 98, pl. 22. 42 AgoraXII, p. 145. 43Agora XII, no. 1008, p. 307, fig. 9, pl. 36, datingto the secondquarterof the 5th century,sharesthe same glazing pattern,although it is somewhatdifferentin profile. 44Corbett 1949, p. 301, note 12; Boulter 1953, p. 74, under no. 27. 45AgoraXII, p. 169. 41

24


three examples were found,of which 261 is the most complete.262, quite an elaboratelittle lid, could perhaps also go with a lekanis. OTHER OPEN SHAPES

The Type D or box-pyxis is presentin two fragments(e.g. 263); the shape was popular mainly in the late 5th and 4th centuries46and in our depositrepresentsa stray from private context. Perhaps also from the boudoir is the ring or stand (264), intended to support a small jar or pot; it is a rare shape, known formerlyonly from 4th-centurycontexts in the Agora.47We may mentionhere also 11 fragmentsof lids with flanges on the lower surface, none of them completeenough to warrantcataloguing. FINE WARES: CLOSED SHAPES Closedshapes are much less well representedin blackglaze than open ones, for a numberof reasons. Most were larger and, once broken, were reduced to fragments that cannot be identified. The count is therefore perhaps less than it ought to be, but the differential is nonethelessa real one. The functionsof closedcontainerswere often fulfilledby either plain or figured versions;note, for example, the large number of red-figuredhydria fragments (Table 1, p. 131 below), bandedoinochoai (Table 3, p. 137 below), and cooking-warehydriai (Table 3). A moderntea set has one pot and many cups; similarly, a single oinochoe can servemany drinkers,and a single lekythoscan pour oil onto many salads.Amongclosed shapes, it is the askos, olpe, and squat lekythos, small vessels probablyfor individual use, that are the most numerous. ASKOS The deep askos, easily recognizedfrom its distinctivebase, spout, and central tube, is representedby at least 24 examples. Two (268 and 269), and probablya third (P 31449), are markedas public propertywith the LE ligature on their tops and are likely to have been used as containersfor a condiment (oil, or conceivablyhoney) rather than for perfumed oil.48The shape was producedfrom ca. 480 to 420; on our fragmentsthe neck and handles, which provideclues to closer dating, are lacking. Less well representedis the shallow askos (six fragments),which doubtlessservedthe same purpose as the others. 270 has a slightly unusual profile,with greatestdiameterjust abovethe foot, paralleledin a piece from a mid5th-centurydeposit. OLPE

The small olpe is representedby 11 rim fragments(e.g. 271) and 47 base fragments. The footed (272) variety is five times as numerous as the footless (273), the reverseof the proportionnoted elsewherein the Agora.49 46

AgoraXII, p. 177. AgoraXII, p. 180. 48 For uses of the askos see AgoraXII, p. 157. 49 AgoraXII, p. 78. 47

FINE WARES:CLOSEDSHAPES

25

LEKYTHOS

The large black Deianeira lekythos with globular body, a standardtable containerfor oil, can be recognizedin eight mouth fragments(e.g. 274); some of the feet (284-287) could also come from lekythoi of this sort. Many more fragmentsof small, patterned,squat lekythoi (e.g. 275) could be identifiedfrom the distinctivemouth and the patterneddecoration on the belly (maeander,runningdog, dots, oblique lines). Our examplesmost closelyresemble the earlier ones in the series and probablydate around425. Perhaps they took over the function of the deep askos, which went out of productionat about this time. The horizontally ribbed276 is probablyalso from a squat lekythos. OINOCHOE

The oinochoe was an extremely popular shape, and it should be better representedin our deposit than it is. Obviously, large numbers of pouring vessels were needed to fill the many drinking cups, but these need not, of course, have been black glazed; banded oinochoai, which are numerous in the deposit, would have done as well. Of these, the roundmouth variety that was most used before the middle of the century50appears to have been present in large numbers (e.g. 277; also perhaps 280, a base); only a few fragments of bandedtrefoil-mouthoinochoai(278), whose productionbegins in the secondhalf of the 5th century, and of mushroomjugs (279), also commonestlater in the century,were included. Among black-glazed pieces, ten fragments of trefoil mouths were found; some may come from Shape 3 oinochoai,but 281 probablycomes from a shoulder (Shape 2) oinochoe,and six fragmentsof projectingbases with flat undersidesare probablyalso of this shape (e.g. 282). 288 is a very substantialvessel;it is without exact parallelbut couldperhapsbe a large and elaborateversionof the shoulderoinochoe,with which it shares a fairly straightlower wall. The Shape 3 oinochoe or chous can be recognizedwith certainty in 11 handles of characteristicconfiguration.283, with an ivy garlandin a panel on the belly, is also probably a chous. A substantial number of closed vessels of fairly uniform shape are representedby a series of bases. These are mostly between 10 and 12 cm. in diameterand exhibit variations in profile and glazing. Twenty-five of them were unglazed inside; variation in profile is illustratedby 284 and 285. Eighteen have a thin wash on the inside;cf. 286 and 287, both of which have the concave molding under the foot that was observedalso in skyphoi in the deposit (cf. 153, p. 16 above). Seven other feet with glazed interiors(none catalogued)were lacking this molding. These bases could come from either oinochoai (Shape 3) or from lekythoi. Interior glazing appears to be most common on the oinochoe, although it does occur occasionallyon the lekythos. The numbers indicate that we are dealing with a very popular shape and one of standardsize, and this too suggeststhe oinochoe. PSYKTER

The wine-cooleris a fairly rare and short-livedshape, and it is thereforenot surprising that it is representedby only five examples (e.g. 289-291). At least three are fromthe lidded 50

For commentaryon the dates of the three varietiesof bandedoinochoesee AgoraXII, pp. 63-67.

26


type with handles (e.g. 290 and 291) that is most commonin Agora deposits.51These pieces date beforethe middle of the century,when the shape is thought to have died out. OTHER CLOSED SHAPES

292 comes from a large round-mouthjug; the closest parallel at the Agora has been dated to the early 5th century on the basis of proportions,glaze, and details of shape.52It was found, however, in a deposit of the last quarter of the 5th century. Although a large, sturdyjug of this type might be expectedto have a long life span, this secondoccurrenceof the shape in a later deposit, and in a deposit where Archaic material is very rare, may suggest that it was made somewhat later in the century. The lidless pelike (293) is one of five fragments,some of which may go with figuredpieces. The extremely fine glaze of the hydria (294) and its elaboraterim suggest that it may have had figured decoration,especially since the shape is rare in black before the end of the 5th century.53The feeder (295) comes as a surprise;there was only one in the deposit, doubtlessa stray from a domestic context. Other adjunctsof childhood,or perhaps votives, are a few miniature chytrai (e.g. 296) andjugs (e.g. 297). MISCELLANEOUS The small and batteredfragmentof a disk (298) of unknownfunctionis an Archaicleftover. 299 is one of two fragmentsprobablyfrom stemmedincense burners.There were very few importsamong the fine ware. 300 is unusual among Agora gray ware of this period for its high mica content.The double handles are a commonfeature on gray-warejugs, but what little is preserved more resembles an amphora. 301 is a very fragmentary Corinthian kothon;a few other Corinthianfragmentswere also present. WORKSHOPS The close similarityof a numberof pieces suggeststhat they were made in the same shop, a situationwhich has also been observedwith the figuredwares (see pp. 12-13 above).Three Rheneia cups (164-166) bear identical stamps of maeander,lotus, and palmette (PI. 56). The lotus is probablythe same as that on the shoulderof a Pheidiasmug (193: only the base of the stamp is preserved,at far right in the photograph,PI. 56). The lotus-budstampto the left on 193 appears to be identical with the horizontally placed lotus buds on another Pheidias(?) mug (194), which in turn shares a palmette stamp with 195.54 We may also note that the foot and lower wall of 167 are identicalto that on 164, althoughthe stampsare 51AgoraXII, 52;289 is probablyalsoof thisshape,forthe doublemoldedfootis apparentlymostcomp. found on lidded psykters. For a study of the shape see S. Drougou, Der attische Psykter,Wiirzburg monly 1975, esp. pp. 7-11, 21-25, 51-55. 52 Agora XII, p. 69; no. 181, p. 249, pl. 10. 53 AgoraXII, p. 53. 54Other pieces from this workshopmay be recognizedin Graef and Langlotz, II, no. 1269, p. 113, pl. 91 (note that two cups markedwith a / ligature scratchedon the undersideand on the floor,respectively,were also foundon the Akropolis:nos. 1517, 1523, pp. 127-128); and Hayes, Black GlossROM, no. 51, pp. 32-33.

GRAFFITI

27

different.The shapes and decorationof four large stemlesscups (e.g. 177-179) are so similar that they, too, should be attributedto a single shop. It would be dangerousto rely too heavily on shape and details of glazing alone as criteria for workshopattribution,but it is worth at least mentioning the similarities between 227, 236, and 21 in details of rim and stem (p. 21 above);the eight skyphoi with a distinctivemoldedfoot (e.g. 153, p. 16 above); the ten examples of an unusual glazing pattern illustrated on the undersidesof 137, 141, and 265 (p. 16 above);55and the ten shallow convex-concavebowls (cf. 230-232) of a type thought to emanatefrom a single shop.56 GRAFFITI Aside from E ligatures, which will be discussedelsewhere,there were a numberof graffiti in the deposit. Several of these were single letters (e.g. 191) of unknown purpose, though possibly marks of ownership. More promising are whole names, probablyof owners. The letterson the undersideof 267 do not spell any known Greekname, unless the writer left out a tau after the sigma, in which case it might be restoredas something like Aristagorasor Aristandros.266 belongedto Sosias; the use of the four-bar sigma and the omega suggest but do not require a date after mid-century.57The name Sosias appears again, written in a closely similar hand to that of the writer of 266, on a pot from a context of ca. 420-400;58 there couldbe some e connection,but Sosias was a commonname, and quite a numberof men of that name appear to have been living at the time coveredby the material from deposit H 4:5.59 It would be temptingto connectthis Sosias with the Sosias castigatedon the underside of a lekane from the well under the Stoa of Zeus,60material that probablycame from the same source, but the pieces are at least twenty-fiveyears apart in date. The well under the Stoa of Zeus containedsix graffiti characterizingindividualsas either KaAosor Karatrvywv,6 and perhaps the message on the bottom of 148 is to be related to them: iLKE'X (Sikele [or the Sicilian girl] seems beautiful to the adulterer). KaE] 70Tl bOKCiTOL y[AOsLXO

Althoughthe writer uses a four-barsigma,the ther letter formssuggesta date in the second quarterof the century,about contemporarywith the materialin the Stoa of Zeus well. The For other examples, interpretedby Sparkes and Talcott as pieces from the same workshop, see Agora XII, pp. 13, 18. 56 AgoraXII, p. 131. 57 For a discussionof letter forms in Attic graffitiof the 5th centurysee Agora XXI, pp. 23-24. 58 AgoraXXI, F 134, p. 39, pl. 16, deposit Q 15:2 (date as cited in AgoraXII, p. 397). 59In this period, two are known from casualty lists of 465/4 and 459/8 (PA 13175, 13181; IG I2, 928, col. A, line 31 and 929, line 54), one Sosias was a hellenotamias(PA 13176; Antiphon 5.69-70), another is mentioned by Aristophanesin a context that suggests that he had a reputation for heavy drinking (Wasps 78-79), and the scholiaston these lines adds the name of another (PA 13178). 60 AgoraXXI, C 18, p. 13, pl. 5: ?oasKara7n vywv hos 4nOLv ho ypa'oasy (Sosias is a lecher;so says the writer). A tantalizingly similar inscriptionhas been found on a cup in a grave of the third quarterof the 5th century at Cumae (Monumenti antichi XXII, 1913, col. 459). Beazley's restorationof the inscription (Fwo[laf] Kara7rvry[w]vo ypa'[ras-4r/dv]) is reported in Milne and Bothmer, p. 218. They speculate that it might have been written by the same man, despite the differencein date between the two contexts. 61 Agora XXI, C 16-19, 21, 22, pp. 13-14, pls. 4 and 5; for the meaning of KaTa7rVywv/Kara7rvyaLvasee K. Dover, GreekHomosexuality,Cambridge,Mass. 1978, pp. 113, 142-143. 55

28


Sicilian girl appears again at the Agora, in a slightly later context: tLKCAa Karawrvy(aLva) (Sikele is a bitch);62it is worth noting that individualswho are characterizedas Kaxos/KaArj are sometimescharacterizedelsewhere as KaraTrvycov/KaraTrvyalva.63 FOURTH-CENTURY POTTERY The five 4th-centuryintrusionshave been mentionedalready (pp. 4, 10 above). The cupkantharos (302), though fragmentary,is the most closely datable, since the shape is well known fromnumerousexamplesfromAthensand Olynthos.Parallelsat the lattersite place our piece beforethe majordestructionthere in 348 B.C.,and furthercomparandanarrowthe date to ca. 375. Details like the triangular handles and the sharp inward slope of the rim place the one-handler(303) in the secondquarter of the century.The saltcellars(305 and 306) and the small bowl (304) cannot be dated with such assurance but may be placed comfortablyin the secondquarterof the centuryalso. HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES This material has been dividedinto unglazed vessels used in food preparation,ratherthan at the table, and cookingwares, which were fired to withstand heat. Transport amphoras are discussedseparately. In this deposit, as in almost all others, plain ware far outweighs table ware (34 tins of plain and cooking ware as opposed to 16 tins of fine ware). This proportion,however,does not appear in the Catalogue.The unglazed pottery,like the rest in the pit, did not mend up into whole shapes; unlike the glazed wares, however, it was heavily weeded at the time of excavationand reducedto seventins, from which examples in this Cataloguehave been chosen.The cataloguedpieces give an indicationof the range and variationin shape; statisticsrefer, except where noted otherwise,to a tallying of fragments from the seven remaining tins and can suggest only the most general picture of relative frequency,not the actual numberof pieces in the deposit. HOUSEHOLD WARES64

The lekane fulfilled a wide variety of functions,both in the kitchen and in the dining room,and not surprisinglywas very commonin H 4:5 (115 fragmentsof baseswere counted before the material was reduced). 307 and 308 representthe two main variations in rim shape, and 309 exemplifiesthe typicalfoot. Size and the moldeddecorationon the outeredge of the rim identify 310 and 311 as louteria, the latter definitely, the former possibly of Corinthianmanufacture.The mortarwith collar rim (312) is also Corinthian.The other 62

Agora XXI, C 27, p. 14, pl. 6. Milne and Bothmer list 8 occurrencesof Kara7rvyov/KaraTrvyaLva on Attic pottery, naming seven differentindividuals.Of these seven names, three (Anthyle, Alkaios, and Aristomenes)occur elsewhere with See Milne and Bothmer, pp. 215, 218, 220. Lang adds two more names (Agora the adjectiveKaXhO/KaXhj. XXI, C 5, C 25), neither called KaAoselsewhere. 64 For an enlighteningstudy of the inventoryof the Greek kitchen and the activitiesthat went on there see Sparkes1962. 63

LAMPS

29

mortar(313) imitatesthe shape characteristicof Corinthianmortarsof the SandyClass65but is smaller, and the fabric is different,a soft reddishyellow clay, possibly Corinthian.314 is the single example of what appears to be a shallow basin or bowl; the smoke-blackened interiorsuggeststhat it held coals, althoughthe extremelysoft fabricseems inappropriateto such use. There were several lids of various types, of which 315 is the largest and best preserved.The followingrepresentshapespresentin one or two examples:316, probablya table amphora,althoughthe shape of the rim is unusual;a smalljar or bottle (317), probablyimported;fragmentsof an epinitron(318). COOKINGWARES

There is a substantial collectionof escharai (50 rim fragments),which may be sorted into three variantson the basis of the rim. Most commonlythe outer wall was straight,the rim flat (e.g. 319). On some pieces, however, the rim is concaveunderneath(for two distinct versions compare320 and 321, Fig. 25). The similarity of this profile to that of 4thcentury escharai66suggests that it may be a later development,but the large number of fragmentsin the deposit (11 in the sorted material) assures us that these were made in the 5th century. That all examples were used for cookingrather than simply serving is shown by their fire-blackenedsurfaces,although they could also have been used as heaters.67Representedin only a few fragmentsare bean parchers(e.g. 322) and griddles(e.g. 323). There were more chytraithan lopades,reflectingthe fact that the lopas had only recentlybeen introducedat the time of this deposit.68The lopadion327, with a diameterof only 13 cm., is a remarkablyearly instance of a miniature, pushing their manufactureback before ca. 425. Among the chytrai, the lidded (e.g. 324 and 325) was commoner,surprisingly, than the lidless (e.g. 326). Hydriai made of cooking fabric were numerous. The lipped, overhangingrim exemplified by 328 was far betterrepresentedthan the more standard,horizontalprojectingrim of 329, which suggests that it was already well establishedby the third quarter of the century. The cooking-warejug with trefoil mouth was quite rare (330). Other closed shapes may have been presentbut not identifiedin the fragments;for example, 32 fragmentsof ring bases (e.g. 331) could come from hydriai, kadoi, or jugs, all commonin cookingware. The unusual lidded pot (332), an amphoraor a storagevessel, finds a close parallel in a deposit of the last quarter of the century. To close it, somethinglike 333, a remarkablywell made lid, might have been used. LAMPS Researchof recentyears suggeststhat the systemproposedby Howland for the classification of Attic lamps is inadequatein a number of ways.69Aside from its bewilderingcomplexity 65 AgoraXII,

p. 222. 66P 8312 and P 8313 (AgoraXII, no. 2035, p. 378, fig. 19). 67 D. Amyx, "The Attic Stelae, Part III," Hesperia 27, 1958 (pp. 163-310), p. 229. 68 AgoraXII, p. 227. 69 Agora IV; for critique see GLThorikos,pp. 20-24; KerameikosXI, p. 7.

30


and seeming illogicality, it does not provide an adequate descriptiveframework for the material. Many lamps share characteristicsof two of Howland's types and thus do not fit into any of his pigeonholes.A more flexible system based primarily on profile, like those proposedby Scheiblerand by Blonde,70accommodatesthe exceptionsmorecomfortablyand providesa more realistic descriptionof the lamps. Nonetheless, for lamps that do fit into Howland's typology, his terminologyis convenientin furnishing a simple means of reference. Therefore, while adopting the more flexible system, we have occasionallyretained referenceto Howland's types for the sake of clarity. About 200 fragmentsof lamps were recovered,over three quartersof which are of the common5th-centuryround-shoulderedtype.71The very few earlierlamps date in the years just before480. 334 appearsfromits profileto be Archaic,but it differsfromsimilarlamps in having a handle, and its glaze pattern is best paralleled on Classical lamps,72to which it shouldbe closein date;possiblyit datesin the early 5th century.335 is a typicalLate Archaic Deckrandlampe;336 is similarto it in profilebut totallyglazedand has the raisedbase which is rarebeforeca. 480; a parallel in the Stoa Gutter Well, however,allows an Archaicdate.73 The Early Classicalvariantof the round-shoulderedlamp, with a lip aroundthe filling hole (Howland Type 20; ScheiblerRSL 3), is representedby only two examples (e.g. 337). Lamps with a continuous curve from foot to rim (Howland Types 21 and 22; Scheibler RSL 1), on the other hand, are very common.The only well-preservedexample lacking a foot (338; Howland Type 21 A) is glazed all over its sides, suggestingthat it is not among the earliest of its type; it may date in the first quarter of the 5th century. 339 conformsto Howland Type 21 B but is unusual in its over-all glazing and the round cross-sectionof its handle. A close parallel in the Kerameikossuggestsa date between 460 and 430. There are 83 fragmentsof round-shoulderedlamps with raisedbases in the deposit, 14 of which have glazed undersides;this was thus an unusual treatment but not so rare as Howland suggests.74Sixteen round-shoulderedfragmentsshare a distinctivepattern of reservedbands darkenedwith miltos on the rim (e.g. 342; Howland Type 22 B). The following provide excellent examples of the ways in which this material resists even ratherflexible systemsof classification.340 (one of eight fragments)is identicalin rim shape, glazing pattern, and its unusual gray, micaceous fabric to examples of Howland Type 21 D, but unlike Howland's pieces it has a raised base. 341 has the roundedprofile, raisedbase, and stubbynozzle of earlier 5th-centurylamps (Howland Type 21 B) but has a reserved nozzle panel in the manner of later 5th-century lamps (Howland Type 23 B, Scheibler KSL). Similarly, the deeply incurved rims of 343 and 344 anticipate developments of the last quarterof the century,but their raised bases are holdoversfrom earlier in the century.Presumablywhat we are seeing here is the resultof chronologicaloverlapof the 70 71

Kerameikos XI; GLThorikos.

Howland Types 21 and 22 (AgoraIV, pp. 44-56) and Scheibler'sRundschulterlampen(KerameikosXI, pp. 22-35). 72 Cf. Howland Type 22 A, dating from ca. 500 to the 460's (AgoraIV, pp. 52-53). 73 Roberts 1986, no. 401, p. 60, fig. 39, pl. 14. 74Agora IV, p. 46.

TRANSPORTAMPHORAS

31

types, so that new developmentsmay influencedetails in oldertypes that are being produced concurrently. A numberof pieces have angular or semi-angularshouldersand ring feet, featuresthat have been datedto the last quarterof the centuryor shortlybefore(345-348).75 346 and the larger, three-nozzled345 are virtually identical in shape, with ring foot, slightly rounded shoulder angle, and reserved handle panel. 347 and 348 (a remarkablylarge lamp) are similar but with a centraltube. Their presencein the pit providesadditionalsupportfor the initiation of lamps of this sort slightly before 425.76No lamps with groovedor ridged rims were found,77suggestingthat these were introducedslightly later and shouldbe confined,as Howland suggested,to the years after ca. 425.78 349 is a Senkshulterlampeakin to Howland Type 24 B but totally glazed;it resemblesa lamp at the Kerameikosthat dates perhaps about the middleof the 5th century. TRANSPORT AMPHORAS The majorityof transportamphorasin H 4:5 are of unknown type and too fragmentaryto warrant publication.Of identified79types, Chian are best represented(eight toes: e.g. 350). The fragment351 belongs to the penultimatephase of the type with bulging neck that was discontinuedin the course of the second half of the 5th century.This phase was succeeded by a jar with a more prominentbulge just below the rim. Capacitiesof completeexamples suggest that this latter form conformsto Attic standards,and Virginia Grace suggestedthat it was introducedin responseto the Athenian Coinage Decree, for which she quoted a date of 449 B.c.80 The decree is not firmly dated, however, and some scholars would place it much later.81Thus, even if the new standards it mandated are reflected in the changed capacities of the Chian amphoras, the decree cannot help us to date this change. In any event, in the next phase of development, the bulging neck was abandoned and a new, 75Howland Type 23 (Agora IV, pp. 56-62) and Scheibler's Knickshulterlampen(Kerameikos XI, pp. 18-22). 76As Blonde argues, GLThorikos,p. 96. 77 Howland Types 24 A, 24 A', 24 B, Agora IV, pp. 63-65. 78 In keeping with her normal practiceof allowing the broadestpossible date for each type, Blonde dates these to the secondhalf of the 5th century (GLThorikos,pp. 88-89). All the contextsshe cites, however,contained material ranging throughout the second half of the century and do not provide evidence for a more precisedate. 79 Virginia Grace looked at the amphorasin 1972, shortly after they were excavatedand beforeany coarse wares had been discarded.We owe these identificationsto her. 80 For discussionof the developmentof Chian jars see J. K. Anderson,"Excavationon the Kofina Ridge, Chios,"BSA 49, 1954 (pp. 123-182), pp. 168-170; V. R. Grace and M. Savvatianou-Petropoulakou,"Les timbres amphoriquesgrecs,"in Exploration archeologiquede Delos, XXVII, L'ilot de la Maison des Comediens, Paris 1970, pp. 359-361; V. R. Grace, Amphorasand the Ancient Wine Trade (Excavationsof the AthenianAgoraPicture Books 6), rev. ed., Princeton 1979, fig. 44. 81 For recent reviews of the controversysee D. M. Lewis, "The Athenian Coinage Decree" and H. B. Mattingly, "TheAthenianCoinage Decree and the Assertionof Empire,"both in Coinageand Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires (BAR International Series 343), I. Carradice, ed., Oxford 1987, pp. 53-63 and 65-71, respectively.

32


straight-neckeddesign, also conformingto Attic standards,was placed on the market.82It would be satisfying to be able to contributeto the discussionof the chronologyof this succession,but deposit H 4:5 does not seem to be conclusivein that respect.The last phase of the bulging neckwas not recognizedamongthe fragmentsfromthe depositbut was foundin the contemporarydebris from the Punic AmphoraHouse at Corinth.83Its absencefrom pit H 4:5, then, is presumablyfortuitous.The less bulging 351 probablydates aroundthe middle of the century. There were three fragments of Mendean(?) jars84(e.g. 352), two of Corinthian B85jars (e.g. 353), and one each of Lesbian (354)86and Punic (355).87The types represented,and the proportionsin which they occur, are not unlike those in a contemporary well, N 7:3.88 There Chian was also the most common (11 fragments), followed

by Lesbian (4) and Mendean (2), with one Corinthianand one Punic fragment.This suggests that these productsand proportionsreflectthe normal importpracticesof the mid-5th century. The origin of 356, cataloguedhere because of the graffito,is unknown, but the golden mica in the clay suggests the eastern coast of the Aegean. The inscriptionmay have been written when the jar was whole, either in Athens or in its place of origin, but since it fits so neatly onto the sherdas preserved,it is perhapsmorelikely that it was written afterthe vase was broken.The numberis most likely a tally: three halves, one fourth, and four units. TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND MOLDS89 Six molds and 26 fragmentsof figurines were found in the deposit. The presenceof molds (361, 362, 364, 365, and T 4052 + MC 1227 b) and of duplicatesfrom the same mold (358 82 H. B. Mattingly has recentlyreviewed the evidenceand argues for a downdatingof the introductionof the straight-neckedChians ("Coins and Amphoras-Chios, Samos, and Thasos in the 5th Century B.C.," JHS 101, 1981 [pp. 78-86], pp. 78-80). 83 C. K. Williams, II, "Corinth1977, Forum Southwest,"Hesperia 47, 1978 [pp. 1-39], pp. 17-19, fig. 5, C-1977-107, C-1977-125. 84 For the identificationof jars of this type as Mendean see Boulter 1953, pp. 106-107, under no. 161. 85 For a of thorough study Corinthiantransportamphorassee Carolyn G. Koehler, CorinthianA and B TransportAmphoras,diss. PrincetonUniversity, 1978. 86 For a recentsurveyof progresstowardsassociatingthese amphorasmore securelywith Lesbos see B. G. Clinkenbeard,"LesbianWine and Storage Amphoras:A Progress Report on Identification,"Hesperia 51, 1982, pp. 248-268. 87 This is similar to the Mafia Type A amphoras that have been found in Spain and North Africa (see R. Pascual Guasch, "Un nuevo tipo del anfora puinica,"Archivoespafol de arqueologia42, 1969, pp. 12-19; J. M. Mafia, "Sobretipologia de anforas puinicas,"in Cronicodel VI CongressoArqueologicodel Sudeste, Alcoy 1950 [pp. 203-210], pp. 204-206). A large collection, also of the mid-5th century, turned up in the Punic Amphora Building and a related pit at Corinth (C. K. Williams, II and J. E. Fisher, "Corinth,1975: Forum Southwest,"Hesperia 45, 1976 [pp. 99-162], pp. 104-107; Williams [footnote83 above],pp. 15-20; idem, "Corinth1978: Forum Southwest,"Hesperia 48, 1979 [pp. 105-144], pp. 107-124). For a discussionof their fabric see Jones (footnote11, p. 17 above), pp. 720-723. 88 Boulter 1953, no. 107, p. 93, pl. 34 (Corinthian);nos. 148 and 149, pp. 102-104, fig. 5, pl. 39 (Lesbian); nos. 150-152, pp. 104-105, pls. 39 and 40 (Chian); nos. 161 and 162, pp. 106-107, fig. 5 on p. 103, pl. 40 (Mendean);no. 170, pp. 109-110, pl. 40 (Punic). 89 This materialwill receivedefinitivepublicationby RichardNicholls, who has kindly grantedus permission to include it in this study. He was also generous enough to share with us his detailed analysis of the

TERRACOTTAFIGURINESAND MOLDS

33

and T 4042; 359 and T 4049), as well as repeatedtypes from differentmolds, suggeststhat much of this material comes from a near-by shop or shops that functionedfrom about the mid-6th to the mid-5th century. Many of the pieces appear from clay and type to be Attic, but there are also some imports.Severalshare a distinctivefabric,soft and fine, quite micaceous, and mottled from orange to ocher (358-360 and 365, as well as some of the uncatalogued pieces);others (366-369) have undergoneburning or reduction.Nicholls postulates that this conditionresults from repeatedrefiringof these pieces as they were used as stackers in the kiln. The terracottascover a wider chronologicalrange than the pottery, and a surprising percentageof the piecesmay be placedin the Archaicperiod.365 is the fragmentarymoldfor a large female protome,an early memberof a group of Attic protomeswhich was produced from the middle to the third quarter of the 6th century.90Another fragmentaryprotome mold probablyfrom the same archetypewas found in the deposit.Anotherof Late Archaic date was found near by (T 4038), suggestingthat protomeswere a specialtyof the shop in Late Archaictimes. A much smaller protome(366), extremelyworn but complete,is also of Late Archaicdate;its fabricsuggeststhat it may be an import. Two handmadepieces, a seated woman (367) and a male torso (probablyof a rider: 368) are well-formedAttic productsof the Late Archaic period. The rider is a fairly standard piece, but the woman is unusual in her nudity and her posture:seated on a pillow or stool, with her weight on her buttocks,and probablygraspingher bent legs with her hands. Nicholls has identifiedher as a woman on a birth throne, perhaps in the momentjust after birth. Although no exact parallels may be cited, two figurines at the Agora (T 3264 and T 2358 + 2378) approachthis posture, and it finds parallels, as well, in much earlier Middle Eastern figurines.91 Also Archaic is the hollow-moldedstandingwoman, 358, one of two very fragmentary pieces probablyfrom the same mold and markedas East Greek importsby their technique of manufacture.The sealed bases suggest that these are plastic vases rathethr than figurines proper,late derivativesof the East Greek AphroditeGroup and to be placed within the 6th century.Alternatively,they may be Late ArchaicEast Greekkore statuettes,like the miniature 357;92these also had sealed bases, pierced with a tiny pin-hole vent for firing. The tortoise (369) seems also, from its technique,to be a Late ArchaicEast Greek import. andidentification figurinesandmolds,whichformsthebasisof thissection.Mostof thedating,interpretation,

of imports we owe to Mr. Nicholls, although we have occasionallydeviatedfrom his suggestions;he is not responsible,of course,for our errors.We are also grateful to Nancy Winter, who examinedthe materialwith us and offeredmany useful suggestions. 90 Nicholls draws comparisonsto the Group of the Brauron"Kouros"("Epyov1961, p. 29, fig. 29) and the Group of the Basle Head (AntikenmuseumBasel, Kappeli Collection,C 1). For ArchaicAttic protomessee F. Croissant,Les protomesfeminines archaiques,Athens/Paris 1983, pp. 235-294. 91E.g., from Chagar Bazar:Iraq 3, 1936, pp. 19-21, fig. 5, especiallyno. 6. They are known also in Cyprus

in the 6thand5th centuries(e.g.P. Dikaios,A Guideto the CyprusMuseum,2nded., Nicosia1953,p. 175, pl. 31:2). 92 Forthe Aphrodite Group,see Higgins,GreekTerracottas, pp. 32-37;forLateArchaicEastGreekkore nos. 111-114,pi. 21. statuettes,seeBMTerracottas,

34


There is also later material, attestingthe survivalof the workshopat least to the mid5th century. Two molds (361 and 362) for figurines of seated women, possibly enthroned goddesses,date in the Early Classical period. The two are very similar, the smaller derivative from the larger. 360 is only a tiny fragment, either a seated or a standing woman. Certainlya standingwoman is 359, one of two pieces producedin the same mold. It belongs to a series of Attic pieces which beganjust before the middle of the 5th century.The head 363 is about contemporaryand also Attic, to judge by the fabric.The mold for a banqueting figure (male or hetaira: 364) can also be placed in the Classical period on the basis of the treatmentof the couch,which is depictedmorecompletelythan in Archaicexamples.93That a figurine of this type was found near by suggests that banqueters,too, may have been a standardproductof the shop. The relativelyheavy representationof Archaicvs. Classicalterracottasis quite at variance with the proportionsof Archaic and Classical pottery.The reason for this is presumably its different source, an industrial context ratherthan a public dining room, and the figurinesand molds are to be regardedas part of the miscellaneousrubbishwhich found its way into the pit by chance.The shop clearlyhad a long life, at least fromthe mid-6th to the mid-5th century, and apparentlycontinuedto producefigurines of the same subjectsfor a long time; the standing woman is representedin both Archaic and Classical versions (358 and 359). Protomes were a standard product in the Archaic period, seated women and perhaps also banquetersin the Classical period. The importssuggest that coroplastsmight also have marketedproducts brought from other centers, although they could, of course, have been acquiredto serveas modelsor come from a different,domestic,context. OTHER OBJECTS The clay ring (370) may have been used in pottery manufactureand hence offers more evidenceof workshop activity. Most of the other objectsare probablyfrom domesticcontexts. Two spindle whorls (e.g. 371) were recovered,but much more numerousare loomweights, representedby 18 examples.All were pyramidal,and within this classificationtwo types were recognized.Type 1, piercedwith two holes, is wider than it is deep (372-375). Variation may be noted in the beveled bottom of 374 and in the apparently Corinthian fabricof 375. Type 2 is symmetricaland piercedwith only one hole (376 and 377). Most are unglazed, but some are partially or wholly glazed (371 and 377). Two have graffiti (Won the top [372], H on the bottom [MC 1338]), and one (374) is stampedwith a lentoid seal, probablyfrom a metal signet ring. The only identifiablemetal objectfrom the pit was a substantialbronze spike (378); it could have been used in the wooden frame for the roofingof a building. 93 For Archaic banqueterssee Nicholls, pp. 103-104, under N, 0, P, pl. 25 and pp. 118-119, under Q; A. Furtwanglerand K. Reichhold,GriechischeVasenmalerei,Munich 1909, II, p. 18, fig. 8.

V THE SOCIAL CONTEXT SOURCES OF THE MATERIAL

The material in the pit comes from three differentsources:public, private, and industrial. Among shapes for privateuse are the pyxides (e.g. 80 and 263), feeder(295), epinitron (318), loutrophoros(114), lebes gamikos(130), and perhapsthe phiale (201), thuribles(e.g. 299), miniatures (e.g. 296 and 297), ring (264), disk (298), and lekanides (e.g. 256-262). e representedin only a few fragments,and it is possiblethat the Except for the last, these are lekanideswere used for food' and belong with the public material.The phiale (which may serve as drinking ing cup as well as libation vessel) and thuribles could also have seen public use, since libations and sacrifices seem to have been a part of public meals elsewhere in Athens, for example in the Tholos.2 Definite evidenceof industrialactivity may be seen in the moldsfor terracottafigurinesand masks (361, 362, 364, 365), in multiple figurinesfrom the same mold (358 and 359), and perhaps in the clay ring 370. The loomweights and spindle whorls (e.g. 371-377) are not sets; they could come from either domesticor industrial context. That potters and perhaps also coroplastswere active in this area in the 5th century and earlier is clear from the remains of workshopsbehind the Stoa of Zeus and in the area between the Royal Stoa and the pit (see above,pp. 1-2). The majority of pottery, howeve, was used in public context, as attested by the E ligature that is wholly or partially preservedon 21 pieces from the deposit. This is in all likelihood an abbreviationof 8ynodo-lov and was scratchedonto the pots after firing as an indicationthat they were the propertyof the state.3The E. ligature appearson 14 Rheneia cups (160, 169-173, and uncatalogued examples), one Corinthian skyphos (147), three askoi (268, 269, and an uncataloguedpiece), and one or more one-handlers (206, 215?, 216?). We may thereforesuggest that virtually all vases of these shapes in the depositwere public property.In the closely related well under the Stoa of Zeus (H 6:5), the ligatureiE marked 14 pieces, mostly Vicups, but also a Type C kylix, a one-handler,and two pieces of kitchenware.4Marked Vicups and a saltcellarwere found in the area of the Tholos.5Fragments of these shapes make up 29 percent6of the identifiedtable ware (exclusiveof figured 1 The

black lekanis is usually thought to be a toilet article, but the evidenceof one vase painting attests its use as a servingdish; cf. AgoraXII, p. 164. 2 Demosthenes 19.190; Pausanias 1.5.1; for sacrificesby the Prytaneis see S. Dow, Prytaneis (Hesperia, Supplement I), Athens 1937, pp. 8-11. The strategoi and other public officialsalso sacrificedand dined together (Demosthenes,loc. cit.). 3 Talcott 1936, pp. 353-354; Agora XXI, p. 51. 4 Agora XXI, Fa 2-15, pp. 51-52, pl. 29. 5 Agora XXI, Fa 16-22, p. 52, pl. 29. 6 The figures were calculatedby dividing the number of non-joiningsherds that could be associatedwith the shapes in question by the total number of black-glazedand banded sherds. Only black and bandedtable wares were taken into consideration,since these are the only types markedin H 4:5. Bandedoinochoaiwere excludedbecausethey had been weeded at the time of excavation.

36

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

ware, none of which is marked)in H 4:5. If we go furtherand classify as public other wellrpresented shapes that had the same use (other drinking cups such as Attic skyphoi and large stemless cups, other oil containers such as lekythoi and olpai), we raise that proportion to 73 percent. Were we to include other vases connected with drinking (oinochoai, amphoras, psykters, bolsals, and mugs) and eating (bowls, stemmed dishes, plates, and perhaps lekanides) and count in also the figured pottery used for these purposes, the percentage would be much higher, and it seems fair to say that the majority of the pottery in the pit was used in the context of public dining. Although none of the kitchen and cooking pots are marked as public, they were probably used in preparation of food for public diners. The transport amphoras brought the wine that they drank, and the lamps no doubt lighted their meals. THE IDENTITY OF THE DINING ROOM

Of the 50 ZEligatures which have been found in the excavations, 37 came to light in the

northwestcornerof the Agora (P1.64): 21 from H 4:5, 14 in the near-bywell underthe Stoa of Zeus (H 6:5), one in the Royal Stoa, and one in the Stoa of Zeus.7 Eight come from the

area of the Tholos, but there is no other comparableconcentrationelsewherein the Agora.8 From the well underthe Stoa of Zeus: Talcott 1936, pp. 353-354 and AgoraXXI, Fa 2-15, p. 51, pi. 29; among context pottery within the Royal Stoa: P 31440; from context potterywithin the Stoa of Zeus: Agora XXI, Fa 24, p. 52, pi. 29. Note also, not includedin this count, a kylix foot (P 29915) inscribed EM, from a 5th-centurylevel near pit H 4:5 (PI. 63, SectionA, layer 1). 8 From the Tholos: AgoraXXI, Fa 16-22, Fa 25, p. 52, pl. 29. (Fa 22 and Fa 23 apparentlywere reversed in the text, Agora XXI, p. 51.) Isolated examples were found on the east side of the Agora and outside the Agora to the southwest. From the east side of the Agora: Roberts 1986, no. 41, pp. 23-26, figs. 13 and 14, pi. 7 = AgoraXII, no. 578, p. 276, figs. 6 and 22, pi. 25; P 24736 from R 12:3. From southwestof the Agora: AgoraXXI, Fa 1, p. 51, pi. 29. Elsewhere in Athens, the ligature has been notedon the Akropolis(Graef and Langlotz, nos. 1517 and 1523, pp. 127-128) and may possibly be recognizablein two graffitifrom the Pnyx (Hesperia, Supplement VII, nos. 13 and 15, p. 32, fig. 15 on p. 33). The ligature has also been found on pottery from Thorikos (T. Hackens, "Le theatre,"Thorikos,III, Thorikos 1965, Brussels 1967, p. 87, figs. 122-124), as well as on 12 Attic vases (threeblack figured,nine red figured)in museumcollections,some of them from Italy. For the latter, see A. W. Johnston, Trademarkson Greek Vases, Warminster 1979, type 7B, pp. 93, 195. In his review of Johnston'swork D. von Bothmeraddstwo moreto Johnston's list of ten ligatures (AJA 81, 1985, p. 353; note that Bothmerlists ARV2 567, 6 apparentlyin error for ARV2 1108, 23 = CVA, Gallatin [USA 1], pl. 23 [43]:1 and 2, a column-kraterby the Nausicaa Painter). See also R. Hackl, Merkantile Inschriftenauf attischen Vasen, Munich 1909, nos. 469-471. Aside from the three black-figuredpieces, all date within the 5th century, some closely contemporarywith our material (for example, a column-kraterby the Leningrad Painter [ARV2 567, 9], who painted two kratersin our deposit [37 and 77]). Johnston takes these ligatures to be trademarksratherthan indicationsof public property,as it would be hard to explain how several large public pots found their way so far from Athens. It is interesting that all this materialis figured,while all markedvases fromthe Agora and the Akropolisare plain. A series of pots from Aigina are markedwith the Doric form of the ligature (A. Furtwangler,Aegina:das Heiligtum der Aphaia, Munich 1906, nos. 367-371, 373, pp. 465-466, pi. 121:59-61, 63, pl. 129:14). Publicly markedpots have also been found at Olympia (A. Mallwitz and W. Schiering, Die Werkstattdes Pheidias in Olympia [Olympische Forschungen V], Berlin 1964, p. 153, nos. 30, 32, and 33, fig. 55) and Polychrono in the Chalcidice (I. Vokotopoulou, "Polychrono:A New ArchaeologicalSite in Chalkidike,"in EYMOYIIA. Ceramicand IconographicStudiesin Honourof AlexanderCambitoglou,Sydney 1990 [pp. 79-86], p. 79). Cf. also A. W. Johnston, "Some Inscribed Sauroteres from the Akropolis," 'ApXaLo?oyKa' 'AvaAeKraek 9, 1976, pp. 87-89 for spearbutts with the LEligature;Greekand EtruscanArtof the ArchaicPeriod 'AO?Jqvv (AtlantisAntiquities), New York 1988, p. 9, fig. 8 for a bronze lion protomewith this ligature. 7

THE SOCIALCONTEXT

37

This concentrationsuggeststhat there was an importantsyssition,or public dining room,at the northwestcornerof the Agora. The most likely patronsof such a dining room would be officialswhose work regularly broughtthem to this cornerof the Agora. Two groupsof Athenianmagistratesare known to have been active here:the cavalryofficersand at least some of the archons.Some years ago, Christian Habicht argued on the basis of epigraphicaland literary evidencethat the Hipparcheion,the headquartersof the Athenian cavalry,was locatedin this area.9He pointed to a 2nd-centuryinscriptionhonoringhipparchsthat was to be set up at the Herms,10at the northwest corner of the Agora, and to three other honorific inscriptionswhich had been found in the northernpart of the square."1One of these, the Bryaxis relief, had been found in situ duringthe buildingof the Athens-Piraeus railway, at a pointjust northof the Stoa of Zeus. Literary sources also connect the cavalry with this area. Xenophon (Hipparchikos 3.2) prescribes for the cavalry a ceremonial processionaround the shrines of the Agora, beginning and ending at the Herms, followed by a gallop up the PanathenaicWay to the Eleusinion. Hegesander (apud Athenaios4.167e-f) tells us that a 3rd-centuryhipparchset up a viewing stand for his mistress at the Herms, so that she could have a good view of the cavalrydisplay, and a fragmentof the comicpoet Mnesimachos(Athenaios9.402f) says that the phylarchsand cavalrymenmay be found at the Herms. Further evidenceof this connection continuesto come to light. Two more honorificinscriptions(3rd century)with stipulation that they be erectedat the Herms, or in the Stoa of the Herms, have been discovered northwest of the Agora,12and the location of the Herms at the northwest corner of the square has been confirmedby the many fragmentsof Herms and Herm bases unearthed there in recent excavations.13Another 4th-centurymonument,commemoratingthe victory of the tribe Leontis in the Anthippasia,was found in 1970, built into a later wall just west of the Royal Stoa.14In addition,two cachesof lead tablets of the 4th and 3rd centuriesrecording assessmentof horses have been found, one in the Kerameikosby the Dipylon Gate,15 anotheron the north side of the Agora, some 20 meters east of the Royal Stoa, in a well at the bifurcationof the PanathenaicWay and the West Road.16One group of officials,then, that we can place in this area, at least from the 4th centuryonward, is that associatedwith The case is fully stated in C. Habicht, "Neue Inschriftenaus dem Kerameikos,"AM 76, 1961 (pp. 127148), pp. 136-138; see also H. A. Thompson, "Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: 1952,"Hesperia 22, 1953 (pp. 25-56), pp. 49-51; Camp, pp. 118-122. 10Habicht, op. cit., pp. 128-129, no. 1, line 11 (2nd century B.C.). For discussionof the Herms and their locationsee Agora III, pp. 102-108; E. B. Harrison, The AthenianAgora,XI, Archaicand ArchaisticSculpture, Princeton 1965, pp. 108-110. '1 IG II2, 3130 (the Bryaxis base); B. D. Meritt, "GreekInscriptions,"Hesperia 15, 1946 (pp. 169-253), no. 24, pp. 176-177 (I 882, found at the southeastcornerof the Stoa of Zeus); Thompson (footnote9 above), loc. cit. (I 6532, found west of the north end of the Stoa of Attalos). 12J. Threpsiades and E. Vanderpool, nIPOE TOIE EPMAI>?, ACAT 18, 1963, A' (1964; pp. 99-114), nos. 1 and 2, pp. 103-111. 13 Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 255-259. 14 Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 271-272, pi. 57. 15 K. Braun, "Der Dipylon-BrunnenB1. Die Funde,"AM 85,1970 (pp. 129-269), pp. 129-132,198-269. 16 J. Kroll, "AnArchiveof the Athenian Cavalry,"Hesperia 46, 1977, pp. 83-140. 9

38

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

the Atheniancavalry:the two hipparchsand the ten phylarchswho oversawthe activitiesof the hippeis (Ath. Pol. 61). There is no evidence for their presence there in the 5th century,

however,nor is there any evidencethat they ate togetherat public expense. Nevertheless,it is interestingto note that the size and importanceof the cavalrywas significantlyincreased in the 5th century.17 Anothergroup of magistrates,the archons,did eat together, and at least some of them conductedbusiness in the northwestcornerof the Agora. In the 5th centuryand later, the Archon Basileus had his office in the Royal Stoa, and the choice of that building as the repositoryof the laws also suggests a connectionwith the archons, who had many legal responsibilities.19All nine archons swore their official oath of office here, standing on the lithos, an irregularblock of stone in front of the Stoa Basileios.20Later, a 3rd-centuryinscriptionwhich apparentlyhonors an archonand his associateswas to be set up in front of the Stoa of Zeus;21on this basis Meritt suggestedthat that structuremay have servedas the officeof the EponymousArchon. These topographicalindications,taken togetherwith a few scatteredreferencesin the literaryrecord,make it likely that archonsare to be countedamongthe dinerswho used our pottery.Hesychios tells us that there were three syssitiain Athens:Prytaneia,Thesmophoreion, and Prytaneion,22a senselesslist which has been emendedby modernscholarsto read Tholos, Thesmotheteion, and Prytaneion.23There may, of course, have been others as well.24Public officialsand dining facilities occurtogetherin at least one other place, South Stoa I, which Homer Thompson once suggestedmay have servedat one time as the Thesmotheteion.25Its connectionwith magistratessssuggested by an inscriptionconcerningthe metronomoifound within it; that severalroomsservedas dining roomsis clear fromthe offcenter placementof the doors and the raised borderfor couches in one room, although no officiallymarkeddining ware was discoveredin the area. It is thus entirely possible, even likely, that there were more than three syssitiain 5th-centuryAthens. 17The increasein size and importanceof the cavalryhas been variouslydatedto the 470's (W. Helbig, Les 1902, pp. 231-241), ca. 450 (B. Keil, Anonymus Argentinensis,Strasbourg 1902, RBugh pp. 139-145), and 445-438 (A. Martin, Les cavaliers atheniens, Paris 1886, pp. 121-134). G. R. reviews the evidence, placing reorganizationand then enlargementof the cavalry in 458-457 and 445-431, respectively(The Horsemenof Athens,Princeton 1988, pp. 39-78). 18 Pausanias 1.3.1. On the Stoa Basileios and its functionssee AgoraIII, pp. 21-25; AgoraXIV, pp. 83-90; Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 243-255; and T. L. Shear,Jr., in preparation. 19 Both the laws of Solon and the late 5th-centuryrevisionof the laws were displayedin and in front of the Stoa;see Ath. Pol. 7.1; Andokides1.82,4,8 85; IG I2, 115, lines 4-8; AgoraIII, nos. 6 and 23, pp. 22, 25. 20Ath. Po.. 7.1; Pollux 8.86. For the excavationof the lithos see Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 259-260. 21 B. D. Meritt, "Greek Inscriptions,"Hesperia 5, 1936 (pp. 355-441), no. 13, pp. 416-417. 22 Hesychios, s.v.7rpvTaveov; cf. also Schol. Plato, Protagoras337d; Suda,s.v. 7rpvTavreov. 23 W. C. Greene, ScholiaPlatonica, Haverford 1938, p. 127. 24 T. Leslie Shear, Jr. has drawn our attentionto a parallel instance. A scholion on Demosthenes20.112 statesthat there were three stoas in Athens:Basileios, Stoa of the Herms, and Stoa Poikile. But there were, of course,many more than that. 25 H. A. Thompson, "Activity in the Athenian Agora: 1966-1967," Hesperia 37, 1968 (pp. 36-72), pp. 55-56; idem, "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1953,"Hesperia 23, 1954 (pp. 31-67), p. 45, note 14; AgoraXIV, pp. 77-78. IT7rretTatheniens, Paris

THE SOCIALCONTEXT

39

But let us follow up Hesychios for a moment.We have good evidencefor the locationof hea mentions: the Tholos has been discovered,near the Council two of the three syssitia of toStreetlay somewherealongthe House on the west side of the Agora,26and the Prytaneion the Tripods, near the easternend of the Akropolis.27Of the syssitia Hesychioslists, only the Thesmotheteionremains unaccountedfor. We are told that the six junior archons ate together in that building (Schol. Plato, Phaedrus235d), and the AristotelianAth. Pol. (3.5) makes it clear that in Solon's day, at least, the other three archonshad quartersthere also. The fact that the Ath. Pol. (62.2) treatsthe per diem of the nine archonsall together,adding that with it they providefood also for their messengerand flute player, suggeststhat, in the 4th century at least, they shared a commonmess. And on at least some occasionsall nine archonsdined togetherin a stoa (Hypereidesapud Pollux 4.122). If archonsand public crockerycan both be placed at the northwestcornerof the Agora in the middleof the 5th century,one would like to put both in the Thesmotheteion.28Unfortunately, no structureof appropriateform and date has yet been discoveredin that area. The remains west of the Royal Stoa and under the Stoa of Zeus are too fragmentaryto be interpretedwith assurance,but they seem not to have been substantialenough structuresto have serve such a purpose. Furthermore,if the Athenian assembly could meet in various different locations, perhaps the archons could eat in various places as well. They might sometimes have dined in the Royal Stoa, which was in existence at the time of our pit.29 26

Thompson, Tholos. Miller (Prytaneion) discusses evidence for the location of the Prytaneion (pp. 39-4.9). More recently another topographicalhint has been unearthed in the form of an inscriptionthat appears to pin down the locationof the Aglaurion at the eastern end of the Akropolis(G. S. Dontas, "The True Aglaurion,"Hesperia 52, 1983, pp. 48-63). Since it was near the Aglaurion (Pausanias 1.18.2-4), the Prytaneionshould be located near the eastern end of the citadel (Dontas, pp. 60-61). See also Robertson,Axones, p. 160. 28 Noel Robertsonhas proposedthat the Stoa of Zeus is to be identifiedwith the Thesmotheteion("The Headquartersof the Nine Archons in the Athenian Agora,"pe paper presentedat the 85th General Meeting of the ArchaeologicalInstituteof America,summary,AJA 88, 1984, p. 257; Robertson,Axones,pp. 168-170; we were also able, through the kindnessof Homer Thompson, to read Robertson'smore completeaccountof his argumentationin manuscriptform). This suggestionhas also been pursuedby Keith DeVries, who was kind enough to show us his work in manuscript,and by John Camp (Camp, p. 107). Robertson'sidentificationof the Stoa of Zeus as the Thesmotheteion,attractiveas it is, requiresthat the buildingbear two names. Certainly some public buildings did have two names: the Stoa Poikile was also called the Stoa of Peisianax (Schol. Demosthenes20.112); the Tholos was also called the Skias (Harpokration,s.v. 6oXos);and the Bouleuterion was also the Metroon (Schol. Aischines 3.187). But assigning two names to the same structurehas led to misunderstandingin the past, most notably in the suggestionthat the Stoa of Zeus and the Royal Stoa were one and the same building (see E. Vanderpool, "Roadsat the Northwest Corner of the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 28, 1959 [pp. 289-297], pp. 289-291, note 1 for bibliographyrelating to this controversy).We are grateful to T. Leslie Shear, Jr. for useful discussionsof this and related topographicalpoints, although our conclusionson these mattersdiffer. Robertsondates the mud-brickbuilding to the Archaic period (Axones,pp. 168, 170) and puts it on his plan of the Agora in the time of Peisistratos(fig. 2, p. 169), but there is no evidencethat the structureexistedso early, and it certainlystood through much of the 5th century (see footnote15 above, p. 5). 29 Shear has argued that the Stoa was built in the Archaic period (Shear, Agora 1970, pp. 249-250; idem [footnote 15 above, p. 5], pp. 7-8); detailed support for an Archaic date will appear in his monograph.Although originallysupportingan Archaicdate (AgoraXIV, p. 84), Thompsonhas morerecentlysuggestedthat the building was constructedin the 470's (H. A. Thompson, "Buildingfor a More DemocraticSociety. The 27

40

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

That it servedas an officialdining roomhas been suggested30on the basis of threelines from Aristophanes'Ekklesiazousai(684-686): The heraldwill makea proclamation thatthosefromSectionBetashallfollowto the Stoa Basileiosto dine, that SectionTheta shall go to the Stoa besidethe Basileios,and that SectionKappashallgo to the stoawherebarleymealis sold.31 But a few lines earlier (line 676), Praxagora says she is going to turn the lawcourts and stoas into dining rooms,and the joke is that she uses the kleroterionto send people to syssitia ratherthan to lawcourts.32Thereforethe passagetells us only that the stoasmentionedwere lawcourtsor stoas or both and does not constituteevidencefor official dining in the building.33Other evidence,however, makes the Royal Stoa an attractivecandidatefor a dining room. As T. Leslie Shear, Jr. will demonstratein his final publicationof the building, the Royal Stoa, badly damagedin the Persian invasion,was reconstructedin the 460's. This is preciselythe point at which pit H 4:5 testifiesto a dramaticincreasein dining activityin the the materialin the well under the Stoa area, althoughearlier public dinnersare attestedbyhe of Zeus. The congruencein date makes a strongcase for the use of the materialfrom H 4:5 in the Royal Stoa. In any event, the archons were active in the northwest and it corner of the nora, remains likely that they were among the users of the dinnerwarefrom H 4:5. As will be shown (pp. 52-53 below), the dating of the deposit is also congruentwith its use by the archons,whose duties may have been increasedafterthe reformsof Ephialtes.Preciselywhere they ate we cannot know, but we know where the garbageended up, and that cannot have been too far afield. A Thesmotheteion of appropriate date and form may still await discoveryin the as yet unexploredarea to the north. Athenian Agora after Ephialtes,"XII InternationalCongressfor Classical Archaeology,Athens 1988, IV, pp. 198-204). 30Thompson in 1972 connectedthe E ligatures from well H 6:5 with a hypotheticalsyssition for the ArchonBasileus and pointedto the mud-brickbuildingunderthe Stoa of Zeus as a possibleplace for domestic activityconnectedwith it (AgoraXIV, p. 89); see also Shear, Agora 1972, p. 384. 31 Translation, Agora III, no. 7, p. 22. 32 lip.

BA.

ra 8LKaoT7,pLaKat TaS arToIaS av pwvas 7ravTa 7roljcrco. O fi3p,a rTtrot Xp7oLtpoveTal; bTO ip. TOV KpaTr7pasKaraOlrwo KaLTar v6plaS, KaLpabJqitlv eoTal TOiS7raLbaplolO-IV K TOVSavbpetovs (v Tv) 7roAe,.4, Ke['nL ELAos yeyev)rat, BA. ov TOV 'AoAA) XapLev ye. beCOTrvC' iva rAl alaO)vvopevot. Ta oe K7A?pwT7pla lTOITpe'ILS; np. I CLS T7rVelayopar KaraB7Tafo I It KaTa rr71oaaoa7rap' Ap,uoolC KA7'pWcoo 7ravra, &csav A

elZco oaXAaXov alTn xaalpwvev o7roi ypappLartbECOViV T Kal KpVfL TroVS (K rov fij7 el TTrvaroLav aKoXovJELv T7rv /ftaalXrov bet7rvjaovTas' TO 1e OiT e T7rV ravrT7v, 7rapa E V TOVS8 {K TOv KaT7TrT7e TrroTav XOPELV Tlv rrVLaXlTOTroWhXv.

Ekklesiazousai,lines 676-686 A. Boegehold,"Many Letters:AristophanesPlutus 1166-67," in StudiesPresentedto Sterling Dow on his Eightieth Birthday (Greek, Roman and Byzantine Monograph X), Durham 1984 (pp. 23-29), p. 25; AgoraXIV, p. 102. 33

THE SOCIALCONTEXT

41

The remarkablylarge amount of pottery makes it possible that more than just the archons and their associateswere being fed. Tables 1-3 (pp. 131-138 below) give the statistics; it should be remembered,however, that the deposit certainlyrepresentsonly a part of the crockeryoriginally in use. Many, many more fragmentsof kraters and drinking cups were recognizedin the strata around and within the Royal Stoa.34Either the pantry was very well equipped, or the breakagerate in the years precedingthe final catastrophewas very high. Our conservativeestimate of the minimum number of drinking cups present in the deposit is ca. 840. Spreadover 50 years, this would give a very reasonablebreakageand replacement rate of slightly under 17 per year, appropriateto a fairly small number of diners. But given the facts that this is a minimumestimate,that we have only a sampleof the total inventory of the syssition, that the estimate does not include material from the well under the Stoa of Zeus, and that the bulk of the pottery seems to date within somewhat narrower limits, the replacement rate must have been substantially higher. We should therefore keep open the possibility that we have here debris from more than one dining group:archons,certainly,but perhaps also hipparchsand phylarchsas well. THE E: MARKING

Fifty examples of the ZEligature35have come to light in the Agora, on kylikes (19 times), Rheneia cups (14), one-handlers (4), askoi (3), saltcellars (2), once each on a skyphos, cup-skyphos,lekane, and plain amphora, and on the bases of four unidentifiedopen vessels, all dating within the 5th century. Study of the individualgraffitisuggests that they were written by more than one individualbut also that more than one piece was probably inscribedby some of the writers. On most of the pieces in H 4:5, for example, two strokes of the A have been extended and the E written itmiddle stroke (147, by simply adding the This form is found on three in H 20 6:537(al206 15, 268, 269).36 169-171, 173, pieces though the graffiti there are usually smaller), but other ligatures from that deposit do not closely resemble those from H 4:5. On three, for example, the A is formed first, then the three strokesof the E added;38on three others the upper strokeof the E is a continuationof 34 Patternedkraterrims from all strata within and in front of the Royal Stoa were comparedby Shear with kraterrims from H 4:5; only one could be identifiedwith a vessel from the pit (72e). 35 Twenty-one in H 4:5; 26 published by Lang (Agora XXI, Fa 1-26, pp. 51-52, pi. 29); Roberts 1986, no. 41 (footnote8 above, p. 36); P 24736; P 31440. The statisticsare confinedto the ligature;AE as separate letters have been omitted as possibly being marks of ownership by individuals with names beginning with these letters (so, at least, AgoraXXI, p. 51), and in any event, only the ligated form of the abbreviationoccurs in H 4:5 and H 6:5. It is worth noting, however, that the distributionof the non-ligatedAE graffiti suggests that at least some stood for 8?qOu(plov.Half were found in undatedcontextsspreadthroughoutthe Agora (see P1.64). Of the rest, one comesfrom near the Tholos, in a late Roman disturbance(P 12179), one was foundin the symbolonpit behind the Stoa of Attalos (R 11:1, P 20570), one came from the potter'sdebrisjust behind the Stoa of Zeus (H 7:1, AgoraXII, no. 764, p. 290, fig. 22, pl. 30), and a fourth was found in a furnacepit to the west, under the northerntemenos wall of the Hephaisteion (E 6:3, Corbett 1949, no. 138, pp. 341-342, fig. 1 on p. 319), along with two fragments labeled with the presumablypublic ligature of A and H (AA) (AgoraXXI, Fb 1 and 2, p. 52, pl. 29). 36 Cf. AgoraXXI, Fa 24, pl. 29, found within the Stoa of Zeus. 37 AgoraXXI, Fa 2, 11, and 12, pl. 29. 38 AgoraXXI, Fa 5, 6, and 10, pi. 29.

42

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

the arm of the A, but the lower strokeof the E is added.39In the materialas a whole, there is a slight preferencefor markingon the undersideratherthan on the flooror top of the piece. This materialposes a numberof questions.Why, when, and by whom was the pottery marked?Why does the graffitoappear on only a tiny fractionof the public pottery?Why is it restrictedto black-glazed and plain pieces? And why is it mainly restrictedto the 5th century? In her publicationof the contentsof the well under the Stoa of Zeus, Talcott suggested that the potterywas markedto documentstate ownershipand to deter diners from walking away with the dinnerware.40Although this may be in part the case, it does not explain the marking of lekanai and plain amphoras,41pots that are too large to be stolen easily. The injunction Ae#E4peon one of the lekanai from the well under the Stoa of Zeus42is clearly a prohibition. But the inscription could refer to a single unrecoverablecircumstance;this particularlekane was to be kept in place for an unknown reason and period of time. If the pots were markedto preventloss, one would predicta larger numberof markedpots and a preferencefor markingthe floor, where the graffitois more visible to the user and hence a moreeffectivedeterrent.It may be that the labelingwas doneon only sporadically,in response to occasionalpilferage, or only on purchasesmade during the administrationof a particularly zealous magistrate. Equally, the marks may be remnants of an ancient stocktaking, like that recordedon stone for the Tholos some 250 years later.43If so, it is hard to explain why less valuable objectsare marked,while more valuable ones are not. We may suggest a third possibility:that the letterswere written at the time of purchase,in the potter'sshop, on one or two piecesof a selectionof his stockthat had been chosenand boughtby a functionary of the demos. If the pots were placed togetherin a box or basket preparatoryto delivery,it would be sufficientto mark one or two of them as identificationfor the whole lot. Marking would be on top or bottom,dependingon how the vases were stacked.44 It may be that the restrictionof the mark to undecoratedpottery45is a matterof chance and that the relativelyrare markingsare preservedon black-glazedexamples only because such a large amount of that material is represented.Possibly also marking of distinctive figuredvases was felt to be superfluous.But the distinctionbetween markedand unmarked wares may be a real one, possibly the result of differentways in which they were acquired by the syssition.

In orderto pursue this suggestionfurther,we must give some attentionto the nature of Athenian public meals. Dinner at the Prytaneionwas a special honor, bestowedon certain 39AgoraXXI, Fa 4, 7, and 8, pl. 29. Talcott 1936, pp. 353-354. 41Agora XXI, Fa 1 and 15. 42 AgoraXXI, C 19, pp. -13-14, pl. 5. 43 Thompson, Tholos,pp. 144-147 (I 5344). 44 Merle Langdon has recently suggested another possibility:that some of the marked vessels represent privatepropertyconfiscatedby the state. See The AthenianAgora,XIX, Inscriptions:Horoi, Poletai Records, and Leasesof Public Lands, Princeton 1991, p. 60, note 16. 45 The E ligature has been detectedon 12 figuredvases, none of them found in Athens;these instanceshave generallybeen interpretedas commercialinscriptionsof some kind. See footnote8 above, p. 36. 40

THE SOCIALCONTEXT

43

visiting ambassadors,officials,and benefactorsand their descendants,46but other Athenian syssitia were of a differentsort. Far from being exclusive,they were open to any man who, by allotment, had been chosen to fill certain positions in the Athenian government.The meals, which appearto have been restrictedto magistrateswhose dutiesrequiredtheir daily presenceon the job,47were on the one hand utilitarian,providingfood as a convenienceand a lightening of the financialburden of serviceto the state. On the other hand, they were at Athens an explicitly democraticreworkingof a very ancient Greek customthat since early times had contributedto aristocraticclass solidarity;48they provideda basis for fellowship among men who, beginning as strangersand probably not social equals, had to work together effectivelyfor a year. Cooperand Morris have arguedon architecturalgroundsthat the prytaneisin the Tholos sat ratherthan reclinedat meals. They point out the aristocratic associationsof reclining at table, contrastedwith the seated postureof the countrydweller, stressing that seated dining would be more in keeping with the democraticnature of prytanic meals.49Thompson has emphasized the simple nature of the architectureof that building and many of its contemporaries,again in relation to the austerity of democracy, particularlyafter the reformsof Ephialtes,50with which, as will be shown, the dining room in question here may be connected.Given this democraticprogram,and the frugalityof the Athenian state in general,51we would expect the mess to be supplied with only the most ordinarypottery,and it is just that type of potterythat is identifiedas public. Reminders of the aristocraticroots of syssitia are not lacking, however, for finer, redfiguredvessels,52particularlykraters,are presentin considerablenumbers.Those numbers require some explanation. If the 87 identifiedred-figuredkraterswere spread evenly over 46 See Miller, Prytaneion,pp. 4-9; Agora III, pp. 173-174; M. J. Osborne, "Entertainmentin the Prytaneion at Athens,"ZPE 41, 1981, pp. 153-170. 47 See pp. 52-53 below;for instructivecommentson which public servantsreceivedwhich type of supportin ClassicalAthens see M. Hansen, "Misthosfor Magistratesin ClassicalAthens,"SymbolaeOsloensis54, 1979, pp. 5-22. 48 See O. Murray, "The Symposium as Social Organization,"in The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century B.C.: Traditionand Innovation, R. Hagg, ed., Stockholm 1983, pp. 195-199; P. Schmitt-Pantel, "Lesrepas au Prytaneeet a la Tholos dans l'Athenesclassique,"AIQN II, 1980, pp. 55-68. 49 F. Cooper and S. Morris, "Dining in Round Buildings,"in Sympotika,O. Murray, ed., Oxford 1990, pp. 66-85. We are grateful to Sarah Morris for showing us a copy of the manuscriptin draft. 50 Thompson (footnote29 above, p. 39). We are grateful to Homer Thompson for allowing us to read this article in manuscriptand for the many exciting and fruitful discussionsthat we have had on the subjectsof public dining and the topographyof the northwestcornerof the Agora. 51See Robertson,Axones, pp. 152-153 for commentson the parsimonyof the Athenian state. 52Vickershas arguedthat figuredpotterywas not a luxury ware but rathera cheapimitationof the gold and silvervesselsfavoredby the aristocracy(see mainly M. Vickers,"ArtfulCrafts:The Influenceof Metalworkon Athenian Painted Pottery,"JHS 105, 1985, pp. 108-128; "The Impoverishmentof the Past: The Case of Classical Greece,"Antiquity 64, 1990, pp. 445-463; "GoldenGreece:Relative Values, Minae, and Temple Inventories,"AJA 94, 1990, pp. 613-625; and D. W. J. Gill and M. Vickers, "ReflectedGlory: Pottery and Precious Metal in Classical Greece,"JdI 105, 1990, pp. 1-30). For objectionsto his view see R. M. Cook, "'ArtfulCrafts':A Commentary,"JHS 107, 1987, pp. 169-171; M. Robertson,"Beazleyand Attic Vase Painting,"in Beazley and Oxford,D. Kurtz,ed., Oxford 1985, pp. 19-30; J. Boardman,"Silveris White,"RA 1987, pp. 279-295. But "clay vases were cheap, but not despised"(Boardman,p. 295), and a red-figuredkrater would have been a handsomegift from a man of modestmeans, as many of the archonssurely were.

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

44

the entire 50-year range of the deposit, it would mean a purchaseof more than one a year. As it is, about two-thirdsare concentratedin the two decadesafter 460, and so the purchase rate was considerablyhigher (especiallywhen we considerthat our depositrepresentsonly a sample of the total inventoryof the pantry). A krater is a substantialvase that might be expected to last for many years, and one krater served many drinkers. But if, as we have suggested,this dinnerwarewas being used by the archons,the number of diners was relatively small:the nine archonsthemselves,the messengerand flute player mentionedin Ath. Pol. 62.2, and possiblytheir secretaryandparedroi.Even if otherboardswere involved,it is hard to imagine that it was necessaryfor the state to purchaseso many of these vessels for their use. That the proportionof kraters to drinking cups is unusually large can be seen from comparisonwith material from well N 7:3, a contemporarydepositof householdpottery.53In that well there was a minimumof 125 drinkingcups and four red-figuredkraters, in other words, one kraterto about 31 cups. In our deposit,87 kratersserveda minimumof about 840 drinking cups, less than 10 drinkingcups per krater. Even if we use our maximum estimatefor drinkingcups (1,388), we have only 16 cups per krater. Both the lack of a public label and the embarrasof mixing bowls can be explained by the following hypothesis:the red-figuredvases were donatedto the mess by privateindividuals and thus were acquiredthrough generosityinstead of out of need. They are unlabeled either becausethey were not markedfor deliveryin the potter'sshop or becausea gift of this sort was not consideredstate propertyin the same way officialpurchaseswere. No ancient source attests such private donationsin Athenian syssitia, but there are hints that it would not have been foreignto Greek practice.Citizens did sometimespresentdrinkingvessels as gifts to public dining rooms, as can be seen from a mid-6th-centurystele from Sigeion, a town in the Troad that was at that time under Atheniancontrol.54Two inscriptions,one in the Ionian dialect and the Milesian alphabet, the other in the Attic dialect and alphabet, both record that Phanodikos of Prokonnesosgave for use in the prytaneion of Sigeion a krater,a stand, and a strainer:a set, like those we have noticedamong the figuredpottery, though, unlike those, probablymade of metal. Richter suggeststhat the gift may have been madein commemorationof some specialcircumstance,such as holdingpublicoffice.Similar acts of generosityare attestedfor 4th-centuryTaranto and Rhegium at the turn of the era.55 Perhapsa pale reflectionof a similar practicein Athens is to be read in an entry in the EtymologicumMagnum (s.v. eXEvepL'po): EXEvfEepLosKaXCTraL6 ZEvs, 8La TO rTOVeXevOepov T7^Of70Ta'VOLKo8op.^7oaLT2]V 7rwAnaOov avrov. OVTWSp.Vv YI7epl8ls 60 e Alibvgos ov BLa rTOVTO pcriov, aAAa 8La TO rjs MrlbLKJSb0ovAELas KaLeTrKpareTLa a7raXXayrlvaL TOV 'AO7qvaLovs. EiCLaaOLe KarvOep EXEvOeplas LroralvaLKparvpa Tr&ALL, rovs 7roXqe.lovs airaOuiaLevoL. 53 Boulter 1953.

Michel, Recueil d'inscriptionsgrecques, Brussels 1900, no. 1313; G. M. A. Richter, The Archaic Gravestonesof Attica, London 1961, no. 53, pp. 165-168, figs. 205-207. 55 H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, Berlin 1892, no. 5471= Miller, Prytaneion, no. 416, pp. 208-209 (Rhegium, 1st centuryB.c.-lst century after Christ); Athenaios 15.700d = Miller, Prytaneion, no. 434, pp. 211-212 (Taranto, 4th centuryB.C.). 54 C.

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

45

Zeus is calledEleutheriosbecausethe free men built the stoa nearhim. So says Hypereides;but Didymos says it is not for this reason, but becausethe Athenianswere rid of the Persianbondageand dominion.They are accustomedalso to set up a mixing bowl for Zeus as a thank offering for their freedom,when they have repulsedthe enemy.56 Our kraters cannot be dedications in this sense, since they were clearly intended for secular

use; furthermore,none preserves any dedicatoryinscription. But it is intriguing that the passage cited above brings together kraters,of which we have many, and a location in the northwestcornerof the Agora, the site of the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios.On this analogy,we might suggest that at least some of the kratersand particularlythe "drinkingsets"in H 4:5 were given by magistratesduring or at the terminationof their tenure of office.One would have expectedsuch privategifts to have continuedup until the time the potterywas broken, but we find instead that very few of the figuredpieces date after the middle of the century. Perhapsthe large numberof kratersaccumulatedthroughthe benefactionsof 10 or 20 years made furthergifts unwelcome. The practiceof labeling public pots is restricted,for the most part, to the 5th century.57 Although some of the graffiti appear on pots too fragmentaryto be dated with assurance, many can be placedin the years before450. Most of the markedRheneia cups in H 4:5 have fairly wide resting surfacesor a reservedhandle panel, indicatinga date in the first half of the century;173 has a narrowerrestingsurfacebut not so narrowas the latest (cf. 162). The bandedone-handler(206) and perhapsalso the fragment215 datebefore450. 147, however, might be later. All the graffitifrom the well underthe Stoa of Zeus date beforeabout 460 on the basis of context.Closely datableexamples fromthe Tholos have been datedbetween475 and 450.58 This range can be narrowedto 462-450 if we acceptRhodes'ssuggestionthat the prytany system was createdby Ephialtes,59for it follows from this that the syssitionof the aatefter Ephialtes' reforms. Two further pieces come prytaneis in the Tholos must also date from early 5th-century contexts.60 It thus emrges that the practice r i was rare in the first of the a low of incidence quarter century, reflecting relatively public dining (see p. 52 below). While not abandoned, the marking of pots became much less common after the middle of the

century,and it is noteworthythat none of the large collectionof similartypes of potteryfrom early Hellenistic wells around the Tholos are marked as public.61 It is tempting to connect

56 Translation,AgoraIII, no. 26, p. 26. We are gratefulto T. Leslie Shear,Jr. for bringingthis referenceto our attention. 57 Only three Aa ligatures, dating from the 4th to the 1st century, have been found (AgoraXXI, Fb 1-3, 52, p. pl. 29). 58 AgoraXXI, Fa 16-22, p. 52, pl. 29; also of mid-centurydate is Fa 23, from a well 40 meterssouthwestof the Tholos. 59 P. J. Rhodes, The Athenian Boule, Oxford 1972, pp. 17-19; idem, A Commentaryon the Aristotelian AthenaionPoliteia, Oxford 1981, p. 317. 60AgoraXXI, Fa 1, p. 51, pl. 29, context of 500-480; Roberts 1986, no. 41 (footnote 8 above, p. 36) (ca. 480). 61 For potteryfrom well F 11:2to the west of the Tholos see S. I. Rotroff,"SpoolSaltcellarsin the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia 53, 1984 (pp. 343-354), nos. 10-19, pp. 345, 353-354, fig. 2 on p. 348, pl. 67; for potteryin a mid-4th-centuryrubbish dump southeast of the Tholos see Thompson, Tholos,pp. 132-134. The lack of public marking is all the more striking in comparisonto the 5th-centurypit of Tholos debris (G 12:22) in which four tE graffitiwere found (Thompson, Tholos,pp. 126-127).

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

46

this fact too with a change in the procedureof public dining. Possiblyin the 4th centurythe meal, though subsidizedby the state in the form of a paymentto each magistrate,was not preparedin a public kitchen.62Such was the system at Naukratis, where on all but special feast days the diners brought their own food, although the state supplied them with wine (Athenaios4.149d-150a). A passagein Aristophanes'Wasps (1251) suggeststhat it was not uncommonin the late 5th century for guests to bring their own dinner to a party;the host suppliedonly the drink.63If a dinerbroughthis own meal to the syssitionit was presumably a fairly simple one and could be eaten out of the containersin which it was transported;64 at be for to there less need the state any rate, might providepottery. THE MENU

As debris from a public dining room, deposit H 4:5 preservesvaluable evidenceabout the natureof syssitiain the Athens of Ephialtesand Perikles.Had the organicmaterialbeen saved and analyzed we would know a great deal more, but even from the pottery we can draw some conclusionsabout the meals.The most strikingfeatureof the assemblageis the high proportionof drinkingvessels, evokingsymposionratherthan syssition.Well overhalf of the identified fragmentscome from drinking cups of one sort or another, and most of the LEmarkingsare on drinking cups. Other vessels associatedwith mixing, serving, and drinkingwine were also abundant.The red-figuredkraters are the most remarkable,but we note also stamnoi, table amphoras,oinochoai,pelikai, hydriai, and psykters. Domestic depositsin the Agora and elsewherecommonlyhave a high proportionof drinkingvessels,66 The Ath. Pol. stipulatesa daily food allowancefor the prytaneis(43.3, 62.2). The remainsof the Tholos, our only surely attestedplace of public dining in the 4th century,do not provideany specificevidenceof cooking, althoughthe structurethat has been identifiedas a kitchenwas locateddirectlyover the roastingpits that servedthe earlier building on the e site (Thompson, Tholos,p. 73). Note, however,that the late 4th- and early from the wells west of the Stoa (deposits F 11:2 and F 12:3) includedvessels for food material 3rd-century preparation,which suggests that on some occasions at least the kitchen still functioned:e.g., Agora XII, no. 1911, p. 370, fig. 16, pl. 92 (mortar);no. 2034, p. 378, pl. 98 (eschara);no. 1965, p. 373, fig. 18, pi. 95 (lopas);no. 1980, p. 374, pi. 95 (lid for cookingpot). 63 See Aristophanes,Wasps,D. M. MacDowell, ed., Oxford 1971, p. 294, commenton line 1251. See also W. A. Becker, Charicles(English edition, 1874), pp. 314-315, citing in particularXenophon, Memorabilia 3.14.1. 64 Talcott has pointedout that the evidenceof vase painting suggeststhat the 5th-centurydinnerguest often broughthis own drinkingcup to the symposium(Talcott 1936, p. 353). 65 For a summary of informationabout the ancient Greek diet see Forbes, pp. 96-99. See also M. Bats, Vaisselleet alimentationa Olbia de Provence (v. 350-v. 50 av. J.-C.), Paris 1988, pp. 31-59, for extensive discussion of ancient Greek cuisine and the vessels used in its preparationand consumption.Other useful bibliographyis cited in Sparkes 1962, p. 123, note 9. 66 AgoraXII, p. 10. For example, drinkingcups make up 31%of the fine table ware publishedby Boulter (N 7:3; Boulter 1953, nos. 11-14, 17-19, 23-40). A similarsituationexists later in Menon's Cistern (Stella G. Miller, "Menon'sCistern,"Hesperia 43, 1974 [pp. 194-245], nos. 1-19 and 34, pp. 229-231, 234, pls. 3032); cf. also the dump from a dining room on Samothrace(J. R. McCredie, "Samothrace:Supplementary Investigations,"Hesperia 48, 1979 [pp. 1-44], pp. 8-9) and pottery from dining areas in the Kabirion of Thebes (U. Heimberg,Das Kabirenheiligtumbei Theben,III, Die Keramikdes Kabirions,Berlin 1982, p. 1). T. P. Howe ("LinearB and Hesiod's Breadwinners,"TAPA 89, 1958 [pp. 44-65], pp. 49-50, note 24) commentson this proportionin earlierdeposits(BronzeAge throughGeometric),suggestingthat some of the cups were food bowls. This seems less likely for the 5th century,when it seems that cereals were more and more 62

commonly eaten as bread rather than porridge (Forbes, p. 98).

THE SOCIALCONTEXT

47

but the emphasis on wine in H 4:5 is remarkable.Although literary sources tell us little about the menu of syssitia in Athens, we can infer from the ancient diet in general and from sources on prytaneia in other cities that wine was essential to the meal.67Plutarch (Quaest. conviv. 7.9.657c) attests the use of wine in prytanicmeals, describingthe temperate 3:1 mixture of water to wine as particularlysuitable for magistratesthere; elsewhere (7.9.714a-c) he maintains that Greeks, like Persians, commonlydeliberateover wine. We may imagine, then, that the kratersin our deposit servedas foci of the meals, or of some of the meals, just as they did in aristocraticsymposia.68From the transport amphoras we learn that some of the wine was imported. The vintages of Lesbos, Corinth, and perhaps Mende were drunk, but the largest number of identifiableamphorasare Chian. The wine of Chios was one of the most desirablevintages, and such evidenceas we have suggests it was more expensive than the local product.69One can easily imagine a well-to-do citizen treating his fellow archons, now and again, to a prestigiousvintage. Chian wine seems to have enjoyed great popularity in Athens at this time, for Chian amphoras are twice as numerous as any other class of wine amphoras in a contemporarywell.70 On the other hand, the relatively small number of transport amphoras representedin H 4:5 suggests that a great deal of the wine consumed at the syssition was local, stored in wine skins, which have left no trace. A variety of foods could be eaten from the bowls, plates, and stemmeddishes that are commonin the deposit. More informative,however, are the cookingpots, in particularthe escharai,which were specificallydesignedfor cookingmeat on skewers.Even in the weeded sample of cooking pottery that remains there are 50 rim fragments,making this the commonest cooking shape in that sample. The large number of escharai suggests that meat preparedin this manner was often served, although escharai may also have been used as braziersto keep off the chill on a winter day. The numerousanimal bones noted at the time of excavation also support the conclusion that meat was not an unusual item. Our scant sourceson dning in the Prytaneion,where we would expect meals to be more lavish, suge menu e there; in Aristophanes' Knights (lines gest that meat was a late addition to the is in the Prytaneion(wheat bread, meat, and Kleon accused of rich foods 281-284), eating fish), which his predecessorPerikles had not.7 It seems likely, however,that this is simply 67

See Miller, Prytaneion, p. 12; for example, Mytiline (Athenaios 10.425a), Naukratis (ibid., 4.149e), Phigalia (ibid., 4.148f-149c), Thasos (Theophrastos, de odoribus51), Sigeion (Michel [footnote 54 above, p. 44]). 68 For this insight we are grateful to Francois Lisserague,with whom we were able to discuss his work on the iconographyof the kraterin red-figuredepictionsof symposia. 69 Prices inscribedon Chian transportamphoras of the 5th century suggest a price of two drachmasper chous (M. Lang, "Numerical Notation on Greek Vases," Hesperia 25, 1956 [pp. 1-24], pp. 13-14; Agora XXI, He 2, p. 76), as opposedto between two and ten obols per chous for ordinarywine. Note that Mendean wine seems to have cost about the same as Chian (ibid., He 1, p. 76). Plutarchquotes for the 5th centurythe staggering price of a mina for Chian wine (de tranquil, an. 470f), and Chian wine is characterizedas a luxurious vintage in Athenaios (1.29e; 4.167e; 12.527c, 548c). 70 N 7:3; Boulter 1953, nos. 150-152, pp. 104-105, pls. 39 and 40. 71 Athenaios (4.137e; citing Chionides:5th centuryB.C.)describesa meal of cheese, barley cake, olives, and leeks set out for the Dioskouroi in the Prytaneionof Athens, but this need not describethe normal menu. He creditsSolon with the introductionof barley cake (,ua-a;see footnote80 below, p. 48) for those dining there as

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THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

stockharpingon the austerityof an older, finer age, for if the dinersat the northwestcorner of the Agora ate souvlaki,it seems certainthat Periklesand other honoredguests of the state ate it in the Prytaneionas well. Since meat was a relativelyunusual part of the Greek diet, eaten mostly, it seems, in connectionwith sacrifice,72the animal bones and the escharaimay be evidence of sacrifice as a preliminaryto a substantial number of public meals. At the prytaneia of Epidamnos and Philippi sacrificessometimesprecededmeals,73presumably providingmeat for the diners.On at least one occasionthe Athenianstrategoisacrificedand dinedtogether(Demosthenes19.190). The prytaneisalso performedsacrifices,74but whether or not this was in conjunctionwith public dining we do not know;it would be, however,a reasonableassumption. It may also be worth mentioningthat most of the chytraiin the depositare of the lidded variety, more suitable for stewing than for simple boiling of water,75and perhaps foods prepared in this manner were also part of the menu. We may also note that the Punic amphora (355) is of a type that at Corinth was associatedwith dried fish, and our sources indicate that fish played a large part in the Greek diet.76Thus meat, fish, and wine were demonstrablya part of the menu, as they were at prytaneiaelsewherein the Greekworld.77 The shells in the depositbear witness to other seafood.Oil was clearly an importantpart of the meal, as attestedby the numerousaskoi, lekythoi,and olpai. Condiments,and in particular, salt, were servedin the saltcellars,which are also numerous.78 One importantitem has left no trace.We know fromcountlessreferencesthat breadand other cerealproductswere an essentialelementof any Greek meal,79and both bakedwheat are mentionedin the ancienttestimoniaas bread (apros) and kneadedbarley cake (Mia'a)80 guests and with wheat bread (apTro) on festival days. This suggests that the menu was establishedby law ratherthan merely by custom;see Robertson,Axones,p. 151. 72 Forbes, p. 98; Howe ([footnote66 above, p. 46] pp. 56-57) cites figures for the diet of the Greek villager in the 1950's:at least a pound of breada day and less than a pound of meat a week. 73 W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum GraecarumI-IV, 3rd ed. (Hiller von Gaertringen), Leipzig 1915-1924, no. 560, lines 40-42; SEG XII, 373, lines 49-51. 74 See footnote2 above, p. 35. The archonsalso conductedsacrificesand cult activities (Lysias 26.6; Robertson, Axones, p. 171), but a connection between these activities and their common meals can only be conjectured. 75AgoraXII, p. 225. 76 Sparkes 1962, p. 123. 77 See Miller, Prytaneion,pp. 11-13. The menu at Naukratis on festivaldays includedwine, variouskinds of bread and cakes, barley gruel, vegetables,pork, eggs, cheese, and dried figs; on ordinarydays there were beans, vegetables, fish or pork (brought by the diners from home), and wine (Athenaios 4.149d-150a). At Phigalia meals included wine, cheese, ,paCa(see footnote 80 below), meat (mutton), and condiments(ibid., 4.148f-149c). 78Salt is specificallymentionedin dining at Phigalia (Athenaios,loc. cit.). 79K. D. White (Greekand Roman Technology,Ithaca,N. Y. 1984, p. 258, note 99) quotes an estimatethat 70%of the ancientdiet consistedof cereals. See also footnote72 above. 80 To make p/aCa, barleywas first parchedand hulled, then the meal was kneadedinto a cake togetherwith honey, salt, and oil; the cake was not baked. By the 5th century,,ua&a was characterizedas food fit only for the poor or for barbarians(Forbes, pp. 97-98). What barbariansdo in the present is often seen by Greeks as equivalent to what Greeks did in the past (e.g. Thucydides 1.6), and uaCa was probablyeaten much more

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49

part of the menu in the Prytaneion (Athenaios4.137e). Parchersrepresentedin two fragments (e.g. 322) could have been used for roastingbarley preparatoryto kneadingit into a cake. Nothing in H 4:5 can be specificallyassociatedwith bread making, although the allpurpose lekane would be appropriatefor mixing dough. Small fragmentsof large basins were found, however, with a complete example coming from the well under the Stoa of Zeus.81More likely, the syssitionpatronizedthe city'sbakers.82The louteriacouldhavebeen used for kneading dough, although they are more commonlyassociatedwith bathing.83In that capacitythey could have providedthe diners with the possibilityof rinsing their hands after a meal that was in large part eaten with the fingers.84 Feeding even a modestgroup of people can be a complicatedbusiness, as a description of the public meals of the Phigelians illustrates (Athenaios4.148f-149d); not only food and wine but also the cook and his equipment,as well as tables andebenches,had to be provided. For 4th-centuryAthens we know somethingof the state te financingof public meals. The Ath. Pol. (62.2) recordsthat the nine archons receivedfour obols each for food, to provide for themselves,the messenger,and the flute player;we may surmisethat others, like the secretary, ate with them as well. This was the budget for their syssition,a total of six drachmas per day, to furnish food and such equipment and service as the dining room and kitchen required. Their dining facility was better funded than that of the prytaneis, who got one obol each towards food:eight drachmasand two obols to pay for a meal for fifty prytaneis and the aeisitoi who dined with them. The austerityof democracynotwithstanding,clearly some magistratesfared betterthan others. The buying power of these sums is difficultto determine,owing to the paucity of our informationand the fluctuationof ancient food prices. From what we can gather, however, the archons' dning room seems to have been quite reasonablyfunded. The budget must have been dividedamong the three basic commoditiesof the ancient Greek diet: wine, sitos (grain), and opsonion(a catch-allterm that would includemeat, fish, oil, vegetables,and so forth). Although there were times of inflation, the normal price of wheat in the 4th century seems to have been five or six drachmasper medimnos.85Wine prices show greater variabilityand would have dependedon, among other things, the sourceand quality of the commonlybefore the 5th century. See L. A. Moritz, Grain-Mills and Flour in ClassicalAntiquity, Oxford 1958,p. 150. 81 Talcott 1936, p. 344, fig. 11; cf. AgoraXII, no. 1848, p. 366, pl. 88. For the preparationof breadand the utensils associatedwith this activitysee Sparkes 1962, pp. 125-129. 82 Disagreeablebreadsellers figure in severalcomicpassages (e.g., Aristophanes,Wasps 1389-1405; Frogs 857-858). See Xenophon, Memorabilia2.7.5-6 for baking as a trade; ComicorumAtticorumFragmenta II, T. Kock,ed., Leipzig 1884, no. 176, p. 83 and Plato, Gorgias518b for an Athenian baker namedThearion. 83 Amyx (footnote67 above, p. 29), pp. 221-224; R. Ginouves,Balaneutike,Paris 1962, pp. 77-99. 84 Comparearrangementsfor a washbasin in the Tholos (Thompson, Tholos,p. 92). For handwashingsee Becker (footnote63 above, p. 46), p. 329. 85 Outside this range, prices of 3, 9, and 16 drachmasare quoted. For lists of wheat prices and sourcesfor this information,see F. Heichelheim, RE, SupplementVI, 1935, s.v. sitos, cols. 887-888 and W. K. Pritchett, "The Attic Stelai, Part II," Hesperia 25, 1956 (pp. 178-328), pp. 197-198. For pricesand the cost in living in general, see F. M. Heichelheim, An Ancient Economic History II, Leiden 1964, pp. 29-34 and note 8 on pp.168-171.

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THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

beverage.Estimatesand quotationsfrom the 4th centuryrange from three to twelve drachmas per metretes,with prices of 20 and 24 drachmasquoted as exceptionallyhigh.86The opsonion,as a miscellany,is harderto price, but epigraphicalevidencesuggeststhat a day's supply cost about the same as the daily grain ration.87For the amountsconsumed,we may use the minimum military grain ration of one choinix of wheat per day.88One kotylewas a normaldaily wine allotment,but consideringthe emphasison wine in our depositwe might make allowancesrather for two, the generousration for Spartiateson Sphakteria.89Using these amounts and prices, it would have cost between three and five drachmasto feed 12 people. The excess would have been spent on replacementof broken crockeryand other equipmentand on the wages of the cook and other retainerswhose help was needed in the kitchen. 86

See H. Immerwahr,"AnAthenian Wine Shop,"TAPA 79, 1948 (pp. 184-190), pp. 187-188; Pritchett, op. cit., pp. 201-202. 87 Heichelheim 1964 (footnote 85 above, p. 49), p. 33; G. Glotz, Ancient Greeceat Work,London 1926, p. 285. 88 Herodotos 7.187.2; Thucydides4.16.1. 89

Thucydides, loc. cit.

VI THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT The archaeologicalrecordindicatespossibleconnectionsbetween deposit H 4:5 and a number of historical events. The chronologicalanalysis of the figured pottery (p. 10 above) shows that the earliest group of significantamounts of potterycomes from the two decades after the Persian sack of Athens in 480. This suggeststhat any potteryused earlierthan this for public dining would have been lost in the destruction.A variety of figured shapes is known from these two decades,but relativelyspeaking,the numberis small comparedwith those from the decade460-450, when there is a sudden,dramaticincreasein the numberof figuredvessels used for public dining;this is also the decadeto which all the discernibleredfigured"sets"date. The numberof figuredvases from after450 is also dramaticallyless than fromthis decade. The bulk of the black and plain fragmentswithin the deposit cannotbe dated with the same precision. It does appear, however, that much of the materialbelongs within the second quarterof the century.The only substantialselectionwhich can be placedbefore460 is the bandedplate, present in 14 fragmentaryexamples. Most of the Attic skyphoi, the Rheneia cups, large stemless cups, Vicups, and stemmeddishes appear to have been made before ca. 450. About half the one-handlersare banded and almost all the bandedoinochoai are roundmouthed,both forms that are favoredbeforemid-century.The amountof stamping (15 fragments),and also of crosshatching(on only 3 skyphoi), further confirmsthat a relativelysmall quantity of material comesfrom the third quarterof the 5th century;and it may be noted furtherthat the light-walled cup-skyphos,which was being made then, does not occur.On the other hand, the materialfrom aftermid-centuryis morethan a sprinkling; in additionto the stampedand crosshatchedfragments,it includesat least 6 Pheidias mugs, 11 fragmentsof bolsals, 10 fragmentsof shallow convex-concavebowls, 22 squat lekythoi, and a few lamps, as well as scatteredexamples of other shapes. It may also be notedthat the later, flat-bottomedform of the echinus-wall saltcellar is twice as common as the earlier variety with recessed bottom. Thus, although the undecoratedware seems to be spread somewhat more evenly than the figured pottery over the 50-year period, the greater part falls in-the first half of the 5th century.' One might argue that deposit H 6:5, a well with similar pottery which seems to be a dump from the same eating establishmentas the one attestedby H 4:5, couldrepresentsome disasterwhich brokemuch of the public dining potteryaround460 and that this potterywas then replaced by some of the pottery found in H 4:5. In this case the sudden increase in 460-450 could be explained as representingreplacementpottery.Speakingagainst this are ' A concentrationin the years 460-440 is also suggestedby the close similarityof many of the shapes with examples from well N 7:3, dated to the years 460-440 (Boulter 1953).

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two factors.First is the much smaller size of deposit H 6:5, which seems to point to public dining on a smaller scale than that indicatedby H 4:5.2 Second,and perhaps most significant, is the very low percentageof figuredvases in the deposit, preciselythe type of vase in H 4:5 with which we can most clearly demonstratea sudden increase in the decade 460450. Even if we were to count the two depositsas one, one would still perceivea substantial increasein pottery,especiallyfigured,in this decade. The scenario which this suggests is that the dining ware started to be assembledand used sometimenot too long after the Persian destruction,but on a relativelymoderatescale. Then in 460-450, for some reason, there was a need for considerablymore pottery than before, especially figured, and we can probablysafely assume that it is for a considerably greater number of diners. The substantiallysmaller number of vases from after 450 suggests that most of these were replacementsfor dining ware that was brokenor lost, or that dedicationswere no longer customaryor needed. Thus, the question is, Why the dramatic increasebetween 460 and 450? Many of the democraticreformsinitiatedby Ephialtesand his followersin 462/461 and broughtto their fruition by Perikles were institutedduring the decade460-450.3 Although the exact form andorder of all these reformsare unknown,their generalnatureand purpose are clear:to diminishthe power of the wealthy and well-bornin the governmentand to make it possible for every citizen to participate.One of the most importantparts of the changes connectedwith the reformswas the introductionof pay for governmentalservice,so that a man who was not independentlywealthy could serve.Unfortunately,how much pay for differentpositionsand when the variousamountscameinto effectare unknown,but the general trendof increasedgovernmentalspendingto supportthe individualsparticipatingis certain, and in this respectit is not too difficultto see free meals, diningat publicexpense,as one of the or more frequentlyto those doing more work. inii benefits also now given to more individuals This couldexplain the suddenincreaseof potteryin the decade460-450. The heart of the reforms,we know, was to removemany of the powers of the Councilof the Areopagusand give them to the Boule, Ekklesia,and Dikasteria. Many of these powers seem to have been judicial, and their dispersalto the other three bodies undoubtedlycalled for more work on their parts. We do know that a good portion of the archons'duties was concernedwith overseeingvariousjudicial matters. If the pottery from H 4:5 is to be connectedwith the archons,as we believe, it is not too difficultto see increaseddining activityas Talcott 1936. Many of the 36 black-glazedvases (P 5116-5137, P 5141-5153, and P 7575) from this depositmendedmore nearly whole than those in H 4:5, and there are very few uninventoriedfragments(Lot A 261). The other 46 inventoriedvases are kitchenware, partiallyglazed ware, and transportamphoras,with the exception of a white-groundbobbin (P 5113), an ostrakon(P 5190), and two red-figuredvases (P 5114 and P 5115). Only a few small fragments are uninventoried.Thus, we most likely have the bulk of the materialconnectedwith the event that createdH 6:5 at this locale, and other depositswith materialconnected with this one are unlikely. 3 Ath. Pol. 25-27; C. Hignett, A History of the AthenianConstitutionto the End of the Fifth CenturyB.C., Oxford 1952, pp. 193-251; J. V. A. Fine, The Ancient Greeks.A CriticalHistory, Cambridge,Mass. 1983, pp. 386-407. See most recently, L. A. Jones, "The Role of Ephialtes in the Rise of Athenian Democracy," ClassicalAntiquity6, 1987, pp. 53-76. 2


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a reflectionof increasedjudicial activity connectedwith their new duties, since they would now need to meet more frequentlyand eat, therefore,more often at public expense.4 The exact nature of these new duties is impossible to define with certainty, since our knowledge of the reforms is so limited. A number of possibilities can be suggested. For example, Martin Ostwald has recentlyarguedthat the ision of the Heliaia into a number of smaller dikasteriawas a result of the reforms.He furthersuggestedthat the thesmothetai "may have been entrusted ... both withtthe formationof panels from the old heliaia for purposes of conductingdokimasiaiand of judging complaints registeredat euthynai, and with the presidencyover each of these panels."5Thus, although the archonshad lost much of their power oer to makejudicial a decisionsas a result of the reforms,one could postulatethat due to the creation of new courts, there was much more work for them, and hence more dining at public expense. Or one might suggest that the reformsput an increasedemphasis on public and communalactivities,so that the archonshad to show themselvesmoreoften in public. No longerdid they dine in rich men's houses but ate togetherin a public buildingoff good Atheniantableware.Nobody mindedat first if they donateda few nice vases,but eventually this practicestopped.6The truth is, however, that we simply do not know enough to do more than cleverlyconjecturedifferentscenarios,and it seems wiser not to do so without any convictionthat one is more likely than another. The large amount of pottery in our deposit also suggeststhe possibilitythat more than just the nine archons,secretary,messenger,and flute player ate together,but who the others may have been it is also not possible to say with any certainty; as noted earlier (see pp. 37-38 above), the two hipparchsand ten phylarchswere active during the 4th century in the area from which the deposit came, and so they also may have dined, but there is no historical evidencefor this. Thus, although we cannot be certain, it seems very likely that deposit H 4:5 reflectsin some way part of the democraticreforms. The next questionthat arises is, What disastercausedthe breakageof so much pottery, if the bulk of pottery was brokenand the deposit originally formedat one time, ca. 425, as we are inclined to believe? The lack of any sign of burning on the pottery indicatesthat it was probablynot a fire, and so one must envision the vessels knockedover by some other type of disturbance.It is here that the historicalrecordindicatesa very likely possibility:the earthquakeof 426. Thucydides(3.87.4) tells us specificallythat it was felt in Athens, as well as Boiotia and Euboia, and relates its consequencesin detail (3.89):7 It was at thistimealsothatthegreatnumberof earthquakes occurredat Athens,in in Boeotia.... Euboea,andin Boeotia,andespeciallyat Orchomenus 4 Hansen (footnote47 above, p. 43) has argued convincinglythat pay and food for public servantsat this time was grantedonly for the days on which they actually worked. 5 M. Ostwald, From Popular Sovereigntyto the Sovereigntyof Law: Law, Society,and Politics in FifthcenturyAthens, Berkeley 1986, pp. 66-83, esp. pp. 75-77. 6 Barry Strausssuggestedthis possibilityto us. 7 Although the passages are separated in the text, they clearly refer to the same series of earthquakes: A. W. Gomme, A Historical Commentaryon ThucydidesII, Oxford 1956, p. 390; see also Diodorus Siculus 12.59.1-2; Strabo 1.3.20; and Seneca, QNat 6.24.6. The translationis C. Forster Smith's from Thucydides, vol. II, of the Loeb ClassicalLibrary.


54

In the following summer the Peloponnesians and their allies, led by Agis son of Archidamus, king of the Lacedaemonians, advanced as far as the Isthmus with the intention of ininvadingAttica; but a great many earthquakes occurred, causing them to turn back again, and no invasion took place. At about the same time, while the earthquakes prevailed, the sea at Orobiae in Euboea receded from what was then the shore-line, and then coming on in a great wave overran a portion of the city. One part of the flood subsided, but another engulfed the shore, so that what was land before is now sea; and it destroyed of the people as many as could not run up to the high ground in time. In the neighbourhood also of the island of Atalante, which lies off the coast of Opuntian Locris, there was a similar inundation, which carried away a part of the Athenian fort there, and wrecked one of two ships which had been drawn up on the shore. At Peparethos likewise there was a recession of the waters, but no inundation; and there was an earthquake, which threw down a part of the wall as well as the prytaneum and a few other houses. And the cause of such a phenomenon, in my opinion, was this: at that point where the shock of the earthquake was greatest the sea was driven back, then, suddenly returning with increased violence, made the inundation; but without an earthquake, it seems to me, such a thing would not have happened. No other earthquake and its effects are described so fully by Thucydides.8 Earthquakes in Athens are rare because the city sits on solid bedrock. Only two definitely, possibly three or four at most, are known from antiquity.9 Likewise, relatively few earthquakes in Greece are known to have caused tidal waves in antiquity.'0 Thus, we are obviously dealing with a fairly severe earthquake, certainly one of the magnitude to knock pottery off shelves or walls

and break it.1" Archaeological work has revealed evidence of the magnitude of this earthquake both insidee and outside Athens. At Kalapodi in Phokis and Halai in Lokris, sites close to the 8 Other earthquakesmentionedby Thucydides: 1.101.2, 1.128.1, 2.27.2, 3.54.5, and 4.56.2; 2.8.3; 4.52.1; 5.45.4 and 5.50.4; 6.95.1; 8.6.5; and 8.41.2. (In two cases there are multiple referencesto one earthquake.) 9 W. Capelle, RE, SupplementIV, s.v. Erdbebenforschung,cols. 349-350. In additionto the earthquake of 426, Thucydides (5.45.4) mentions one in 420. A third (4.52.11) mentionedas taking place in 424 B.C. probablyoccurredin Athens. An earthquakementionedby Melanthios may be the same as any of the other three or a differentone (F. Jacoby, Die FragmentedergriechischenHistoriker,Berlin 1923-1955, 326 F 1); see also E. A. Vranopoulos,<Mtdaiyvwcm avaKaLvtfr] TOV lap6evwva?,'ApXaLoAoyla8, 1983, p. 78. 10Galanopouloslists 41 between 600 B.C. and the present, only 16 of which caused considerabledamage, and only 5 of which are B.C.:A. G. Galanopoulos,"TsunamisObservedon the Coastsof GreecefromAntiquity to PresentTime," Annali di Geofisica13, 3-4, 1960 (pp. 369-386), pp. 374-381. n For this earthquake,see B. Bousquet and P. Y. Pechoux, "La sismicite du bassin egeen pendantl'anet premiersresultats,"Bulletin de la societeg geologiquede France 19, 3,1977, pp. 679Methodologie tiquite. 684; B. Bousquet, J.-J. Dufaure, and P. Y. Pechoux, "Connaitreles seismes en Mediterranee:de la vision antique a la vision actuelle,"in IVemesrencontresinternationalesd'archeologieet d'histoired'Antibes.Tremblementsde terre,histoireet archeologie,B. Helly and A. Pollino, edd., Valbonne 1984 (pp. 23-37), pp. 2830; and an unpublishedmanuscriptin the Blegen Libraryof the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies, S. C. Stiros, Archaeologicaland GeomorphicEvidence of Late Holocene VerticalMotions in the N. EuboeanGulf (Greece) and TectonicImplications,July 1985, pp. 16-21. Ironic modernparallels are the damage done to excavation pottery by an earthquake in 1953 (S. Benton, "Further Excavations at Aetos," BSA 48, 1953 [pp. 255-361], p. 361; we would like to thank FrederickA. Cooperfor this reference)and anotherin 1981 in Athens when excavationpotterywas brokenin the Agora storeroomsand the National Museum.


55

damage describedby Thucydides, temples were destroyed.12Even more important is the recent discoverythat part of the northeastcornerof the Parthenon,including nearly onethird of the east side, was moved ca. 2/2 cm. to the north, resulting in the need for repairs. The seventh horizontal geison from the north on the east side, which was over the third column, was replaced, and additional clamps were used in places on this corner.13In the Kerameikos,meanwhile, the first phase of Building Z was destroyedby the same earthquake, and the ThemistokleanWall was damagedand later repaired.14Certainlyan earthquake able to move part of a stone building and destroy another structure was strong enough to have brokenthe potteryin H 4:5. Possible further evidenceof the destructionfrom this earthquakecan be found in the Agora. Two other large deposits with compositionssimilar to ours were formed ca. 425. E 13:1,15a well on the southeast side of the Kolonos Agoraios, contained a dumped fill dating to ca. 470-425. The homogeneousnatureof the fill and the joins of fragmentsat both high and low levels indicate that the deposit was made at one time. It contained a high proportionof figuredand black-glazedware in relation to coarse,a few terracottas(T 785, T 786), a lamp (L 1943), loomweights (MC 210, MC 211), spindle whorls (MC 212, MC 213, and a bronze pulley (B 213), all of which indicates that it was the result of a general cleanup. A wide range of black- and red-figuredshapes is present,includingblackfigured and red-figured lekythoi,16a black-figuredcup-skyphos,17red-figured kraters,18 red-figured skyphoi,19a red-figured kylix,20a red-figured askos,21a red-figured lekanis lid,22and red-figuredoinochoai.23The latest figured pieces, dating ca. 430-425, are the 12

R. C. S. Felsch, H. J. Kienast, and H. Schuler, "Apollonund Artemis oder Artemis und Apollon? Bericht von den Grabungen im neu entdeckten Heiligtum bei Kalapodi 1973-1977," AA (JdI 95) 1980 (pp. 38-123), p. 107 and H. Goldman, "The Acropolisof Halae," Hesperia 9, 1940 (pp. 381-514), p. 454. C. K. Williams, II ("The City of Corinth and Its Domestic Religion," Hesperia 50, 1981 [pp. 408-421], p. 412) suggests that the fortificationwalls of Corinth may have been damagedby this earthquake. 13 M. Korresand C. Bouras,MeAE'r7AnoKaaraoaTcorw TOVHapOevwvos, Athens 1983, pp. 114-115,135, 144, note 67, 328-330, 678, and 688. 14Ursula Knigge has very kindly shown us the pottery from Building Z and discussedher reasons for believing that it was destroyedby this earthquake;collapsedmud-brickwalls and thickerwalls in the next phase of the buildingare part of the evidencethat she will presentin her final publicationof Building Z. Her preliminary conclusionsare given in U. Knigge, Der Kerameikosvon Athen. Fiihrung durch Ausgrabungenund Geschichte,Athens 1988, pp. 36, 49-50, 60, and 90, where she indicatesthat the damagewas due to the earthquake of either 426 or 420. The greater magnitude of the former, in our opinion, makes it the more likely candidate. 15 Section B, well 5 at 62/ST; AgoraXII, p. 388; AgoraXXI, p. 97; AgoraXXIII, p. 331. See plan, PI. 64. 16 P 5243 (ARV2 680, 66), P 5325 (ARV2 1201, 2), P 5326, P 5333, P 5454 (ARV2 1589), P 6503, P 6504 (AR V2 713, 128), and P 6526. 17 P 6517 (ABV 576, 3). 18 P 6501 and P 25296. 19 P 5444, P 5446 (ARV2 1024, 154), P 6502, and P 6505. 20 P 5494 (AR V2 826, 27). 21 P 6506 (R. S. Young, "An Industrial District of Ancient Athens," Hesperia 20, 1951 [pp. 135-290], 255 under no. 1, pl. 80:5). p. 22 P 5493. 23 P 6507 (ARV2 1217, 5) and P 5495 (ARV2 673, 8).


56

red-figuredaskos, a red-figuredoinochoeof Beazley's Shape I by the Painter of the Edinburgh Oinochoe, and a red-figured squat lekythos.24A similar variety of black-glazed shapes is represented:psykter, chous, mug, skyphos, stemless cup, bolsal, cup-skyphos, small bowl, askos, pyxis, jug, one-handler,and saltcellar.25 The other deposit, R 13:4, also comes from a well, but it was locatedjust south of the Stoa of Attalos.26Talcott published the contentsin 1935, concludingthat it containedthe paraphernaliaof a tavernaon the bordersof the Agora, which was destroyedby some unknown disasteraround430.27 The dae was laterloweredto 425.28 Joins fromvariouslevels of the well once again showedthe homogeneousnature of the deposit,indicatingthat it was made at one time. Since the contents are fully published, there is no need to review them here, although we should note the considerablesize of the depositand the fact that many of the vases mendedup whole. Thus, there are three large deposits in completelydifferent parts of the Agora (plan, PI. 64), which are all due to a disasterof ca. 425. The facts that the depositswere not found in just one part of the Agora but in completelydifferentsections and that they were from private as well as public sources indicate that this disaster was neither local nor discriminative as to where and whom it struck.The earthquakeof 426 is the likely cause. In additionto the large deposits,there are a number of smaller ones of approximately the same date, some of which may also be connected:E 19:5, F 5:3, F 14:2, G 14:6, H 7:1, I 17:1, K 5:1, M 17:7, M 18:8, N 8:3, 0 7:10, and R 10:6.29F 14:2 is of interest here because it is a closeddepositthat was found underneatha layer of small stones,which, according to the excavator,may possibly have been a "lightwall that had fallen down."The two red-figuredfragments,P 42030and P 486,31date ca. 430. The "fallenlight wall" might also be a sign of the earthquake. P 6506 (see footnote21 above,p. 55), P 6507 (see footnote23 above,p. 55), and P 6503, respectively. P 5453 (AgoraXII, no. 44 [lid], pi. 2), P 6528 (AgoraXII, no. 112, pi. 6), P 6512 (AgoraXII, no. 210, pi. 47), P 5455 (AgoraXII, no. 373, pi. 17), P 6518 (AgoraXII, no. 481, fig. 5, pi. 22), P 6514 (AgoraXII, no. 554, fig. 6, pi. 53), P 6510 (AgoraXII, no. 585, pl. 54), P 5456 (AgoraXII, no. 861, fig. 9), P 5448 (Agora XII, no. 1173, pi. 39), P 6524 (AgoraXII, no. 1289, pl. 43), P 6529 (AgoraXII, no. 1675, p. 77), P 6520 (AgoraXII, see no. 765, p. 290), and P 5458 (AgoraXII, see no. 912, p. 300). 26 SectionI, well in 21/E. See plan, PI. 64. 27 Talcott 1935. 28 AgoraXII, p. 398; AgoraXXI, p. 100; and AgoraXXIII, p. 336. 29 E 19:5 is two pits (AgoraXII, p. 389; AgoraXXI, p. 97 and AgoraXXIII, p. 331). F 5:3 is a pit (Agora XII, p. 389). F 14:2 is a closeddeposit (AgoraXII, p. 389). G 14:6 is a cutting (AgoraXII, p. 391). H 7:1 is from a trial trench behind the retaining wall back of the Stoa of Zeus (AgoraXII, p. 392; Thompson 1937, , p. 333). K 5:1 is a XXII, p. 98;Agora pp. 19-21 and 47-53). I 17:1 is a well (AgoraXII, p. 393; AgoraXXI, sand Tokens, pit. M 17:7 is a pit (M. Lang and M. Crosby, The Athenian Agora, X, Weights, Measure, Princeton 1964, p. 67; AgoraXII, . 394; Agora XXIII, p. 333). M 18:8 is a well (AgoraXII, p. 395; Agora XXIII, p. 334). N 8:3 is a pocketin the wall of a Turkish bothros(AgoraXII, p. 395). 0 7:10 is a pit (Agora XII, p. 396). R 10:6 is a pit east of room 11 of the Stoa of Attalos (AgoraXII, p. 398). Two pits with signs of burningalso date aroundthis time: B 18:5 (AgoraXII, p. 385; Young [footnote21 above,p. 55], pp. 218-221) and C 18:13 (AgoraXII, p. 386). The burial, F 12:8 (AgoraXII, p. 389), which was thought possiblyto be a pyre, is contemporary. 30 Talcott 1935, no. 103, p. 479, fig. 3, pp. 519-520. 31 ARV2 1276, 11 (wrong numbergiven;it should be P 486). 24

25


57

H 7:1 is a deposit of pottery and working chips from behind the retainingwall back of the Stoa of Zeus. Excavationin the area has shown that the depositwas primarilythe debris from a potter'sworkshopthat was in operationuntil nearly the day before building began on the Stoa of Zeus.32Other pre-Stoa buildingswere found in this area, and it seems possible that they might have been damagedor destroyedby the earthquakeof 426. The remains of two rooms from a building found beneath the north end of the Stoa of Zeus, which we think may have been connectedwith dining deposit H 4:5, had mud-brickwalls on top of a stone socle. It, like the potter'sworkshop,went out of use shortlybeforeconstructionbegan on the Stoa of Zeus. Mud-brickbuildings are very susceptibleto earthquakedamage;33the fact that mud brick and other building material was found in H 4:5 suggests that not only the pottery but also this building, which was possibly associatedwith it, was destroyedby the earthquakeof 426. This destructionwould have presentedthe opportunityto refurbish the area with the constructionof the Stoa of Zeus. A date of ca. 425 for the beginningof the work is only a little later than the post-430 date proposedby the excavator,and fromthe archaeologicalevidencethey are equally acceptable.34 Thus, in additionto the damageto the Parthenon,Building Z, and the Themistoklean Wall, there is evidenceto suggest that the earthquakeof 426 caused some damage in the Agora. Unfortunately, other evidence of architecturaldamage has not yet been found in Athens.35This does not mean that it might not exist, only that it has not yet been identified. It was, after all, only in 1981 that the damageto the Parthenonwas found. In addition,few buildings standingat the time of the earthquakeare so well preservedas to show any possible damagewhich might have occurred.Roofs, the first place usually to show damage,are rarely preservedto any degree,nor should we expect every building to have been damaged. Thompson 1937, p. 20; cf. footnote29 above, p. 56. C. F. Richter, Elementary Seismology, San Francisco 1958, p. 85; for the effects of earthquakes on objectson a shelf see p. 86. We thank Peter Davis for this reference. 34 AgoraXIV, p. 100. 35 One wonders if some of the building activity around this time which has been associatedwith renewed of the plague might be connectedwith this earthquake:J. D. Mikalson, after the cessation religious activity in and the 431-423 B.C.,"in Studies Presented to Sterling Dow on his Eightieth Athens, Plague "Religion Birthday(Greek,Roman and Byzantine MonographX), Durham 1984 (pp. 217-225), pp. 221-225. See also the discussionby M. M. Miles, "A Reconstructionof the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous,"Hesperia 58, 1989 (pp. 131-249), pp. 227-235. 32

33

VII

CONCLUSION Researchesinto the contentsof Pit H 4:5 have led in a numberof directionsand have posed some unexpectedquestions. That this large and very fragmentarybody of material represents a fractionof the furnishingsof an ancient state pantry is clear from the 21 LEmarkings. It is highly likely that that pantry serveda dining room of the archons,possibly in the near-by Royal Stoa, or, as we would preferto believe,in an as yet undiscoveredThesmotheteion somewherein the area. Of officialsother than the archonswho may have dined in the area, the hipparchsand phylarchsare the most likely, since their headquartersin the Hipparcheionwere locatedin this part of the city. We would point to two structuresas possible storageplaces for the pottery:a series of roomsjust behind the Royal Stoa and the remains of two rooms under the north wing of the Stoa of Zeus; both structureswere in use in the middle of the 5th century. With the exception of a few Archaic pieces, mostly worn and battered,and five intrusions which probablyenteredthe deposit in the courseof rearrangementsin this area in the 4th century,the material dates between 475 and 425. The bulk of the more closely datable red-figuredpottery, however, is concentratedin the years after 460. This suggests an increasein the incidenceof public dining,possiblyas a resultof the reformsof Ephialtes,which very likely requiredmore constantattendanceto their duties by the archons.The terminal date of 425 derivedfrom the pottery suggests a connectionwith the serious earthquakeof 426, mentionedby Thucydidesand attestedby damagein Athensand elsewhere.We suggest that our potteryand the building in which it was storedwere destroyedat this time. The concentrationof drinkingvessels underlinesthe primacyof wine in ancientsyssitia, and we are remindedagain how essential this beveragewas, in official as well as purely social contexts;the Greeks, like the Persians, it seems, knew the value of drink in deliberations. We may well imaginethat the commonmeals servedas a good forumfor discussionof many pressing problemsand that wine went far towards creating a congenial atmosphere for those discussions.The remarkablylarge number of red-figuredmixing bowls suggests the possibilitythat at least some of these were modestgifts frommagistratesto their common mess; they lent the meals a certain elegance and at least sometimes held costly imported vintages.Both the organicremainsand the numerousescharaiin the pit attestthat meat was a fairly regular item on the menu. It would thus appear that the meals of the archonswere not particularlyaustere, even in the democraticdays following the reformsof Ephialtes. The materialspeaksout in its own right, some throughits fine draftmanshipand craftsmanship, some through its testimony to past time and custom. These tangible relics are inextricablyinterwovenwith the societyand cultureof their time and reflectthe same world as do those nobler works that have long inspired our admiration.These cups were being filled when Perikles was in his prime and the great playwrights entertainedAthens; an EponymousArchon could have drunk our Chian wine after a morningdevotedto arrangements for the productionof the Oresteia.Perhaps our diners were disturbedby workmen's

60

CONCLUSION

shouts on the KolonosAgoraios,and they certainlymust have discussedwhat was happening on the Akropolis.However fragmentarythese pots and buildings, and however incomplete our understandingof them, they recall for us a dynamicperiodin the historyof Athens and of the western world and give us a glimpse of the daily life of the civil servantswhose glamorlesseffortssupporteda brilliant society.

CATALOGUE The catalogueis dividedinto the following sections:black figure, red figure, white ground, black and banded ware, plain household ware, cookingware, lamps, transportamphoras, terracottafigurines and molds, and other objects. Within the various pottery sections the materialis first dividedinto open and closedshapes. Within these broaddivisions,the black wares, present in statisticallysignificantamounts, have determinedthe order used for fine wares. This orderwas chosen to emphasizethe amountsin which differentshapes are represented,while also respecting,as much as possible, the uses to which the shapes were put. Thus the commonestblack shape, the skyphos, is placed first, followed by stemless cups, kylikes, and so forth. The figuredpieces have been arrangedin the same way, partly for the sake of consistencybut also to draw attentionto the differencesin representationof various figured and black wares: e.g., many black but few figureddrinkingcups; few black kraters in contrastto figuredones. Entries within each shape sectionare arrangedin chronological order whenever possible. Because they are intrusive in the deposit, the 4th-centurypieces have been grouped separately. Lamps are presentedby type, in chronologicalorder. The orderof the amphorasreflectsthe relativerepresentationof the types in the deposit.Terracotta figurines and molds are presented by type, and within type, in chronologicalorder. Other objectsare arrangedby type. Previous publication is indicated at the beginning of the catalogue entry, followed by description.Attributionto artist (where possible), comparanda,and date appear at the end. Dates are given when sufficientlyprecise and well-datedcomparandaprovidethe necessary evidence,but all dates are approximate.Because more informationis now available, dates given here are occasionallyslightly at variancewith those suggestedfor the comparandain Agora XII. Sometimes there is reference to complete examples of a shape from which a fragmentderives;such parallels are indicatedby the phrase "Forshape, cf."and are not to be taken as indicationsof date. The following abbreviationsare used: Diam. = diameter(greatest) est. = estimated D. = depth H. = height L. = Length

max. p. dim. = maximum preserveddimension p. (or P.) = preserved Th. = thickness(greatest) W. = width

Measurementsare given in centimeters. BLACK-FIGURED VESSELS OPEN SHAPES SKYPHOS 1 (P 31463). Skyphos Pi. 1 P.H. 4.1; p.W. 4.6. Fragmentfrom the body. In the center, the lower part of a sphinx sitting to left; parts of figures to left and right. Added red is used to decoratethe wing of the sphinx, addedwhite

her body, added red on the figure on the left, added white on the figure on the right; a small section of black fromthe lower body is preservedat the bottom. The interior is black. Sloppy incision is used for the interiordetails. Probably from the CHC Group; compareAgora P 1142 (AgoraXXIII, no. 1597, pl. 105) and Miletos K 86.159.1 (IstMitt 37, 1987, pl. 17:70). Too

62

CATALOGUE

little remainsto determinethe exact shape:see P. N. Ure, Sixth and Fifth CenturyPotteryfrom Rhitsona, London 1927, pls. 19 and 20. 475-450 Fig. 1, PI. 1 P.H. 3.4; Diam. of base 3.9; p.W. 6.1. Fragmentpreservesthe foot and part of the lower body. The interioris black.On the bodyare tracesof a vine patternwith blackleaves.A row of added-whitedots runs below it, followed by a brown line, reserve band, black stripe, reserveband, brown line, reserve band, and the black on the foot. Small skyphos;too little remainsto determinethe exact variantof this shape. 475-450 2 (P 31547). Skyphos

CUP-SKYPHOS

Fig. 1, P1. 1 P.H. 7.4; Diam. of base 6.9, of rim 13.1. Fifteen joined sherds preserve nearly two-thirds of the vessel and the left handle.

3 (P 30135). Cup-skyphos

The interioris black,except for a reserveband inside the rim at the top. The outside of the rim is black. A: a satyr, drinkinghorn in the left hand, pursues a maenadwho flees right, looking around. She carries a drinkinghorn in her left hand. Two vines indicated by relief lines help fill the picture field. To right and left are palmetteswith relief lines for stems.The figuresstand on a black line which is separatedfrom the blackon the lower body by a reserveband. B has the same scene and ornament.Handle panels in reserve. No incision is used for the details. Lancut Group: Follower of the Haimon Painter. This vase is by the same hand as Berkeley,University 8.444 (ABV 577, 27; CVA, Berkeley 1 [USA 5], pl. 18 [199]:2), Reading, University 22.iii.2 (ABV 577, 23 and 708; CVA, Reading 1 [GB 12], pl. 11 [538]:5), and Corinth T 805 (Corinth XIII, no. 346-5, pl. 55). The Ures recognized that the vases in Berkeley and Reading were by the same artist (CVA, Reading 1 [GB 12], p. 19, no. 5). The shape is Ure's skyphoi of Class R: Ure (under 1 above), pp. 71-72 and ABV 565. 475-450

4 (P 30138). Cup-skyphos

Fig. 1, P1. 1 P.H. 10.4; Diam. of rim 18.0. Fourteenjoined sherds preserve most of the rim and body;only part of the stem of the foot remains and two of the handle roots.

The interior is black, except for a reserve band on part of the upper rim, which the painter has missed. The outside of the rim is black. A: a mantled figure holding a lyre sits on a stool in profile to right; his knees are missing. Behind is the capital and upper shaft of a Doric column. The lyre is indicated in golden-brownglaze. Palmettesto left and right. The figurerests on a black line. Betweenthis line and the black on the lower body are a reserve band, broad black band, reserve band, black line, and reserve band. The sceneon B is similar,but the upper half of the figure is lost. Sloppy incision is used for the details of the figures. The shape is Ure's skyphoiof Class R: see 3. 475-450 KYLIX

5 (P 30079). Kylix

PI. 2

P.H. 3.9; est. Diam. of rim 22.0; max. p. dim. 15.7. Sevenjoined sherdspreservepart of the rim, body, and two of the handle roots. In the tondothere is a traceof someoneor something (end of fingers?). The picture field is encircled by three brown lines. A thin reserve line runs around the inside 3 mm. from the top of the rim. On the exterior is a satyr, parts of another, and a maenad. Only the lower leg, foot, lower left arm, and left hand of the first satyr on the left remain. In front of him is a second satyr who runs right, pursuing a maenad. She flees right, looking back as he reaches out with both hands to grab her. Stylized ivy vines and dots of paint decoratethe picture field. The figures stand on a light brown line. Between this line and the black of the lower body are a broad black line, another light brown line, and a very broad black line. Reserve bands separate the lines. Two brown lines mark the top. Below the handle roots is an ivy leaf with stem. Traces of anotherfigure (maenad?) from B are visible on the far right. Sloppy incision is used sparinglyfor the details of the figures.

BLACK-FIGURED VESSELS Follower of the Haimon Painter. Cf. Reading, University26.xii.17(ABV 564, 581; CVA, Reading 1 [GB 12], pl. 9 [536]:9 and 10 [537]:8) and Paris, Louvre F 416 (ABV 562, 548; CVA, Louvre 10 [France17], pls. 116 [751]:10and 117 [752]:2and 3). 475-450 6 (P 30078). Kylix

P1. 2 P.H. 4.0; Diam. of tondo 7.3; max. p. dim. 10.3. Two joined sherds preservepart of the body and root of the stem.

In the tondo a male figure runs right, looking back; his feet and part of his head and left hand are lost. A single black line encircles the picture field. On the exteriorremainthe lower shanksof two figures.One sits on a stool to right. To the right, a youth stands leaning over on a staff to right. The figures rest on a black line which is separatedfrom the black glaze of the bottomof the body by anotherblack line; there is a reserveband on either side. Sloppy incision is used sparinglyfor the details of the figures. Follower of the Haimon Painter:see 5. 475-450 PLATE

7 (P 31462). Plate(?)

P1. 2

P.H. 2.6; p.W. 3.4. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the draperyof a figure. On the unglazed undersideare three circular,parallel grooves. For black-figured plates, see D. CallipolitisFeytmans, Les plats attiques a figures noires, Paris 1974; M. B. Moore's review in AJA 80, 1976, pp. 313-314 where she adds more examples; and AgoraXXIII, pp. 53-56. CLOSED SHAPES LEKYTHOS

8 (P 30070). Lekythos

PI. 2 P.H. 9.5; Diam. at the neck-shoulderjoin 4.7. Four joined sherds preservemost of the body and shoulderand part of the neck. A debased lotus-and-chain pattern decorates the shoulder. On the body is a chain of upright lotuses and palmettescrownedby arcs in addedwhite. Incision is used for the details of the palmettes. The

63

neck-shoulderjoin is marked by a black line; three incised lines run around the vase below the picture field on the black of the lower body. Workshopof the Beldam Painter. For similar examples, see KerameikosIX, pl. 35:1, nos. 3 and 4 and CorinthXIII, nos. 334:10-13, pl. 49; for discussions of the chronologyand workshop, see Corinth XIII, pp. 163-164; ABL, pp. 185-191 and D. C. Kurtz, Athenian White Lekythoi, Oxford 1975, pp. 152-155. 470-450 9 (P 30071). Lekythos

P1. 2 P.H. 8.3; Diam. at the neck-shoulderjoin 4.7. Two joined sherds preserve most of the body, shoulder,and handle root.

A debased lotus-and-chain pattern decorates the shoulder. On the body is a chain of lotuses and palmettes crowned by arcs in added white. Incision is used for the details of the palmettes. A brown line marks the lower edge of the neck-shoulderjoin. Three incised lines run around the vase below the picture field on the black of the lower body. Workshopof the Beldam Painter:see 8. 470-450 10 (P 31445). Lekythos

Fig. 1, PI. 3

P.H. 5.9; Diam. 4.5, of base 3.4. Two joined sherds preserve the foot and lower third of the body. Parts of four black-figure palmettes decorate the body. Two lie sideways and are set in tiers; two others stand upright. The upper half of the foot and lower body are painted black except for a reserve line 5 mm. from the top. There is a dilute-glaze line above the black. Compare Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden SvL 120 (CVA, Leiden 3 [Netherlands 5], pi. 111 [205]:1 and 2) and Agrigento, Museo Archeologico Regionale C.765 (CVA, Agrigento 1 [Italy 61], pl. 93 [2777]:6). 500-450 PANATHENAIC AMPHORA,

11 (P 30139 a-d). Panathenaicamphora a) P.H. 9.5; p.W. 5.9; Th. 0.55. b) P.H. 8.3; p.W. 9.4; Th. 0.5.

P. 3

64

CATALOGUE

c) P.H. 4.7; p.W. 5.0; Th. 0.5. d) P.H. 5.5; p.W. 4.4; Th. 0.35. Three joined sherdsfrom B (a); two joined sherds (b) and two more non-joiningfragments(c and d) from A. A: Athena between columns with cocks perched atop. c) Part of the upper shaft and capital of the left Doric column on top of which stands a cockto right. d) Part of the aegis and chiton sleeve of Athena's right arm. b) Part of the capital and upper shaft of the right Doric column with a cock perchedon top. The cock, whose head is lost, stands to left. The end of the shaft of Athena's spear overlapsthe cock and intrudes into the right border.A black line near the edge of the reservedbackgroundhelps mark the left and right borderson fragmentsc and b. Incision is used for the details of the cocks'plumage and of the drapery, aegis, columns, and capitals. Added red decorates the right-hand cock's tail, added white, now mostly lost, his breast. There is a light coat of glaze on the interiorof the fragments. B: boxer. a) Part of a boxer and the black area above the picture field. A line in added red on the black slightly above the reservedbackgroundof the picturefield. Only part of a boxer'sbeardedface and head and his upper left arm and hand remain. His lips are parted, he stares upwards, and he holds his left hand up in front, all indicatingthat his defeat is imminent. Incision is used to delineate his features, most of the outer contours, and the boxing thongs around the hand. There is a light coat of glaze on the interior. The vase was made aroundthe time of the Achilles Painter's Panathenaics and those belonging to the RobinsonGroup and has some stylistic similarities with both. Compare the aegis of Athena with

that on a Panathenaic amphora by the Achilles Painter, Bologna, Museo Civico 11 (ABV 409, 1; CVA, Bologna2 [Italy 7], pl. 3 [346]:2)and the cock and column with those on a Panathenaicamphora from the Robinson Group (Baltimore, Museum of Art 1960.55.3;ABV 410,2; CVA, Robinson 1 [USA 4], pl. 31 [164]:1), Taranto, Museo Nazionale 4601 (AttiMGrecia 8, 1967, pls. 40 and 41) and Agora P 454 (Agora XXIII, no. 257, pl. 29). This boxer probably had a pose similar to the left-hand boxer on a Panathenaic amphora akin to the Kuban Group (ABV 412; Salonika, Museum 8.29; D. Robinson, Excavationsat Olynthus,V, Mosaics, Vases, and Lamps of OlynthusFound in 1928 and 1931, Baltimore 1933, no. 100 B, p. 89, fig. 6b, pl. 61) and was probablypart of a similar composition. For Panathenaicamphoras of the second half of the 5th century, see J. D. Beazley, "Panathenaica," AJA 47, 1943 (pp. 441-465), pp. 448-455; K. Peters, Studien zu den panathendischenPreisamphoren, Berlin 1942, pp. 83-92; J. D. Beazley, The Development of Attic Black-Figure, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1951, pp. 95-96 (rev. ed., 1986, pp. 88-89); J. Christiansen, "Did the KleophonPainter Make Panathenaics?"in Ancient Greekand Related Pottery, H. A. G. Brijder,ed., Amsterdam 1984, pp. 144-148; J. Boardman,Athenian Black Figure Vases,London 1974, p. 169; M. Vos, "Some Notes on PanathenaicAmphorae,"Oudheidkundige Mededelingen 62, 1981, pp. 31-46 (see esp. pp. 44-46); Agora XXIII, p. 15. For the scene on the obverse,see G. F. Pinney, "Pallasand Panathenaea,"in Proceedingsof the 3rd Symposiumon Ancient Greekand Related Pottery,Copenhagen1988, pp. 465-477. 440-430

RED-FIGUREDVESSELS OPEN SHAPES TYPEA SKYPHOS, PI. 3 12 (P 31525). Type A skyphos P.H. 3.7; p.W. 3.0; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the rim and body. The head of a youth in profileto left; by his chin are his fingers which lie over his shoulder, suggesting

that he is in a three-quarterbackview to left, probably restingon a staff. He wears a headbandindicated in added white. Reserve band on inside of rim. No preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn and glaze lost in places. 500-475

RED-FIGURED VESSELS 13 (P 30048). Type A skyphos Fig. 2, PI. 4 H. 14.4; Diam. of base 11.4; est. Diam. of rim 18.2. Thirteenjoined sherds preservenearly two-thirds of the vase. Most of the sides with the handles is lost. A: a youth stands in profile to right in front of a column or stele. The top is lost; missing also are small portions of the mantle which is pulled up around his neck. He wears a wreath indicated in added white; below, a reserve band. Relief lines: outline of the face. Slight traces of a preliminary drawing. B: a youth stands in profile to left in front of a block stool. Part of the back of his torso and right arm are lost and part of the staff he holds in his right hand. He wears a mantle and a wreath indicatedin addedred;below, a reserveband. Two thin, parallel, horizontalbands of dilute glaze mark the body of the block. Relief lines: outline of the face. There is a slight trace of a preliminarydrawing. On the bottom of the interiorof the vase is a stackingcircle. Akridion Painter. Compare the seat and the draperyof the figures to the seat and draperyof the figure on Athens, N.M. 10478 (ARV2 980, 2 and 1676; P. Wolters and G. Bruns, Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben I, Berlin 1940, pl. 40:7); compare the draperyof the figures and the mannerof rendering the feet to Agora P 21348 (ARV2 980, 1; Boulter 1953, no. 11, pl. 26). Similar headbandsare found on a skyphos at Eton College (ARV2 980, 5; photograph: Beazley Archive). Compare the profile to a black-glazed skyphos, Agora P 5145, of about the same time (Agora XII, no. 342, p. 259, fig. 4). See also a new skyphos by this artist: Chicago Art Market (H. J. Berk, catalogue June 13, 1990, no. 832 and 100 WerkeantikerKleinkunst,Katalog 1, Dec. 1989, H. A. C. Kunst der Antike, p. 18, fig. 32). 460-450 14 (P 30050). Type A skyphos P1. 3 P.H. 3.4; p.W. 2.9; Th. 0.55. Fragmentfrom the rim and body. The head and shoulderof a youth in profile to right. Part of the mantle he wears is visible behind his back. Traces of a preliminarydrawing. By one of the Penthesileans.Comparethe head to those on the outside of Munich, StaatlicheAntiken-

65

sammlungen und Glyptothek 2689 (ARV2 879880, 2; H. Diepolder, Der Penthesilea-Maler,Leipzig 1936, pl. 18) or those on the outside of Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek 2688 (ARV2 879, 1; Diepolder, op. cit., pl. 13). For the Penthesileans, see D. von Bothmer, "A Cup in Bern,"Hefte der ArchiologischenSeminarsder Universitit Bern 7,1981, pp. 37-43. 450 CORINTHIANSKYPHOS

Fig. 1, PI. 3 P.H. 2.8; est. Diam. of base 7.0; p.W. 3.9. Fragmentfrom the foot and body. Only a trace of an object (box or pillar?); reserve band below, beneath which is a black band followed by black rays that decorate the lower part of the body. No preliminarydrawing. Red-figuredskyphoi of the Corinthian shape are far less commonthan Type A skyphoi, although the number found in the Agora is high in proportionto those from other sites. For the shape, see J. H. Oakley, "Attic Red-figure Skyphoi of Corinthian Shape,"Hesperia 57, 1988, pp. 165-191. 475-425 15 (P 31526). Corinthianskyphos

16 (P 30025 + P 30132, P 30129). CorinP1. 5 thian skyphos? a) P.H. 16.2; est. Diam. 28.0. b) P.H. 8.9; p.W. 3.9; Th. 0.5. About one-third of body in 21 joined sherds (a: P 30025 + P 30132), and a non-joiningsection of two body sherds (b: P 30129). Judgment of Paris (?). On the far left of fragmenta is a trace of something and a narrow curved area with a relief line in the middle (skin on which Paris sits?). To the right of this is part of the lower trunk of a tree, followed by the lower half of a male figure in profileto right (Zeus?);he probablyheld a striped scepter the lower half of which is visible in front of him. He wears a mantle. In front of him is the lower third of a figure in chitonand mantle movingquickly to the right (Hera?). Next is Aphroditewho sits on a rock to right, her left arm visible behind her back;a striped scepter she holds is visible behind her left arm and in front of her feet. She wears chiton, mantle, and an earring;part of a headbandor diademshe

66

CATALOGUE

wears remains.The dilute-glazelines running down her back may be strandsof hair. Her right hand has six fingersand rests on her lap. The mantle has been removedfrom her shouldersand is draped over the rock beneath her. Her breasts protrude noticeably. The top of her head, most of her feet, and part of her back and shoulder are lost. In front flies Eros in profileto right. The back part of his feet and most of his wings are lost. On the far right are traces of another figure. Although it is impossible to say exactly what is preserved,it seems to be the plume of a helmet, a drapedbent arm (akimbo?),and perhaps part of the drapery of another (seated?) figure (Athena?).On the left part of b are the chlamysof a male figure (Hermes?) and most of his left leg, which is shown in profileto right. On the right is the left foot of a figure (Paris?), who was most likely seated, and part of a rock(?) upon which his foot rests. In the center is part of a kerykeion, which stands upright. Below the scene and running aroundthe vase is a band of blackened cross squares alternating with groups of stopped maeanders. Relief lines: lower border of Hera's(?) mantle, most of the outlines of Aphrodite'sgarments,her arm, outline of the draped arm(?) of Athena(?), outer contours of the kerykeion, and leg and foot of Paris(?). Dilute glaze colors the edges of Aphrodite's hair and the tresses running down her back. There is considerablepreliminarydrawing,which indicatesthat slight adjustmentsto the poses and locationof many of the figures were made in the final drawing. The identityof Aphroditeand Eros is certain;the fragmentarystate of the others makes them less secure. The tree behind the last figure may be part of the landscape setting for Paris, symbolizing Mt. Ida. The goddesses, however, usually stand rather than sit. For a vase on which Hermes holds a kerykeionin a fashion similar to the way he might have held it on 16, see Cambridge,Fitzwilliam 28.7 (ARV2 594, 59; Altamura Painter; LIMC II, ii, pl. 523, Artemis 1011); compare also the fragmentary cup with the Judgment of Paris, Athens, Akropolis 310a-d (ARV2 459, 5, Makron; Graef and Langlotz, II, no. 310, pl. 19:a-d). The standard works on the Judgment of Paris are C. Clairmont, Das Parisurteil in der antiken Kunst, Zurich 1951 and I. Raab, Zu den Darstellungendes Parisurteils in der griechischen Kunst, Frankfurt 1972. 16

would belong to Raab's group A IV (pp. 171-174). See now also L. Burn, The Meidias Painter, Oxford 1987, pp. 65-68. 470-460 KYLIX

17 (P 30051). Kylix

PI. 4

P.H. 9.0; est. Diam. of tondo 9.0; p.W. 6.9. Two joined sherds preservepart of the tondo and upper stem of the foot. On the right is a woman in chiton, mantle, and sakkos seatedon a diphrosin profileto left. She extends her right hand towards anotherfigure on the left, of whom only part of the left arm remains. Part of the latter's chiton is visible on the upper arm, and the preliminary sketch indicates that she originally would have held an alabastronor small bag. An alabastronhangs above in the backgroundbetween the two figures. Relief lines: contours.Dilute glaze: details of the seat of the diphros, right-hand figure's hair, and zigzag stripe across the upper part of the chiton. Parts of two reservebands aroundthe tondo remain. Preliminary drawing indicates that some other object was originally intended to the upper right of the alabastron. Stiff, awkwardwork of poor quality. 460 18 (P 31529). Kylix

P1.4

P.H. 7.5; est. Diam. of tondo 10.0; p.W. 5.7. Three joined sherds from the body and beginning of the stem. Only the tondo has figured decoration:part of a mantled youth; only the back of his head, which is partially covered by a mantle, and his upper back remain. A frieze of stopped maeandersoutlines the tondo. Dilute black decorates the borders of the mantle. There are tracesof a preliminarydrawing. 460-450 19 (P 31528). Kylix P1.4 P.H. 4.4; p.W. 3.5. Fragmentfrom the tondo. Part of the back torso of a mantled figure to right. Part of a reserve band used to outline the tondo is visible at the top left. No preliminarydrawing. 460-440

67

RED-FIGURED VESSELS PI. 6 20 (P 30047). Kylix A. Lezzi-Hafter, Der Eretria-Maler, Mainz 1988, no. 58, p. 319, pl. 51:L. P.H. 3.8; est. Diam. of rim 24.0; p.W. 5.9; Th. 0.3. Two joined sherds from the rim and body. In the center, the upper half of an armoredwarrior in Athenian helmet and cuirass (Amazon?) who stands frontally, head in profile to left. The right arm is extended, and the figure holds a spear in the left hand. A baldricslung acrossthe chest supportsa sword at the left side; only the hilt and part of the handguardor scabbardare preserved.nA is written in addedwhite, now lost, to the right of the head. P A A trace of something is visible at the lower right of the fragment (another spear?). Relief lines: contours. Dilute glaze: hair and details of the cuirass at mid-torso. Black glaze: interior of the cheekpieceof the helmet, handle of the sword, centerof the plume, and baldric.A reserveband on the inside of the rim. Preliminarydrawing. Eretria Painter. Comparethe figures of Patroklos and Achilleus on Paris, Cab. Med. 851 (ARV2 1251, 41; LIMC I, ii, pls. 77:204 [Achilleus] and 663:I 3 [Antilochos]).Comparethe profileof the face to that of the maenad in the tondo of Warsaw, National Museum 142458 (ARV2 1253, 58; J. D. Beazley, Greek Vases in Poland, Oxford 1928, pl. 29:2). The scene may have been the departureof Patroklos as on side A of Cab. Med. 851: the nA could then be the first two letters of his name;or the figure may be an Amazon. An Amazon labeled Pantariste is attested on two vases: Boston, M.F.A. 98.916 (ABV 98, 46, Tyrrhenian Group; Bothmer, Amazons, pl. 5) and Cambridge, Fitzwilliam 44 (ABV 84, 2, Camtar Painter; Bothmer, Amazons, pl. 2:2). For a list of namesof Amazons,see LIMC I, i, p. 653. nAIZ KAAOEis anotherpossibility. 430-425

KANTHAROS

21 (P 30042 + P 30141). Kantharos Fig. 1, P1. 6 P.H. 10.3; est. Diam. of rim 12.0. Six joined sherds preserve part of the rim, body, and stem of the foot. A: a satyr who moves right, looking around. His left

hand is on his hip, and his right arm, the end of which is lost, is extended to the left. He wears a wreath indicatedin addedwhite. B: the lower half of a maenad in chiton and nebris moving right. Dilute glaze: anatomical details of the satyr. Relief lines: some outer contours. Preliminary drawing for both figures. To the left of the head of the satyr is part of an inscriptionin addedwhite, [KAA]OZ: 3*4 Lewis Painter.Comparethe pose and detailsof the anatomyof the satyrwith the companionof Tithonos on the right side of the reverseof a skyphosin Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 57 (ARV2 973, 15; H. R. W. Smith, Der Lewismaler (PolygnotusII), Leipzig 1939, pl. 10). Compare the pose, eye, and anatomy of the warrior on Athens, N.M. 1421 (ARV2 973, 12; Smith, op. cit., pl. 8). Comparethe pose and draperyof the maenadwith the woman on Reggio, Museo Nazionale 3877 (ARV2 974, 25; Smith,op. cit., pl. 14). 22 is a Type B kantharosof the Class of the Czartoryskikantharos(ARV2 982), the first known to have been decorated by the Lewis Painter and the first shape other than a skyphos known to have been decoratedby this artist. For the shape with earlier bibliography, see Agora XII, p. 115. 450 22 (P 30043). Kantharos Fig. 2, PI. 6 P.H. 3.7; est. Diam. of rim 12.0;p.W. 5.0; Th. 0.2. Fragmentfrom the rim and body. A youth (komast)movesleft holdinga skyphosin his outstretchedright hand while lookingback.Only the back of his head, right arm, right shoulder,and part of his torso remain. Part of a mantle is visible beneath the armpit. No preliminarydrawing. Possibly by the Sabouroff Painter. Compare the ears on Amsterdam,Allard Pierson Museum 8210 (ARV2 838, 27; CVA, Amsterdam 1 [Netherlands 6], pls. 40 and 41 [295, 296], and 42 [297]:1). From a Type B kantharos;see 21 for the shape. 475-450 MUG

23 (P 30045 a, b). Mug a) P.H. 7.9; p.W. 5.3; Th. 0.4. b) P.H. 2.0; p.W. 5.6; Th. 0.4.

P1. 7

68

CATALOGUE

Two joined sherdsof bodyand lower rim (a), with non-joiningfragmentfrom body (b). Satyr. a) The left torso in frontalview, left arm, and the back of the head of a satyr moving right, who looks roundholdinga thyrsosin his left hand. b) The shanks of the satyr. Relief lines: the outline of his side and hand. Dilute glaze: his hair. Dark dilute: head of the thyrsos. Preliminarydrawing. From a mug of Beazley's shape 8C (AR V2 1);for this shape, see B. A. Sparkes,"BlackPerseus,"AntK 11, 1968 (pp. 3-16), p. 8; AgoraXII, p. 72, note 16; J. R. Green, "Oinochoe,"BICS 19, 1972 (pp. 1-16), pp. 8 and 15, note 67; and A. Lezzi-Hafter, Der Eretria-Maler,Mainz 1988, pp. 298-299. It is not a common shape in Attic red figure or black glaze. These fragments may be part of the same vase as 197. 450 24 (P 30044). Mug

P1.6

P.H. 4.9; p.W. 6.0; Th. 0.4. Two joined sherdsfrom the body and rim. A youth in a mantle, leaning on a staff to right, is preserved from the hips up. He extends his right arm;the hand is lost. On the left side of the fragment is a trace of an unidentifiable object. Relief lines: contours of the arms. Dilute glaze: neck-chin line. Preliminarydrawing. From a mug of Beazley'sshape 8C; see 23. Might also be part of the same vase as 197. 450 25 (P 30046). Mug

PI. 7

P.H. 5.9; p.W. 5.7; Th. 0.2. Fragmentfrom the body. The lower legs of a mantledfigure who stands frontally, his right foot in profile to left. The shaft of a staff he most likely held in his left hand is visible on the right. Black dilute glaze: stripe near the lower edge of the mantle. Relief lines: outer contours. Slightly below the figure is a line in added white, now nearly lost. No preliminarydrawing. Same shape as Agora P 17898 and P 17971 (J. McK. Camp II, Gods and Heroes in the Athenian Agora,Excavationsof the AthenianAgoraPicture Books 19, Princeton1980, p. 12, fig. 21). 450

BELL-KRATER

26 (P 31540). Bell-krater

P1.7

P.H. 5.1; p.W. 8.4; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body. The shanks of a male figure in a mantle standingto right. The traces of another are visible on the left. Black dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle. Golden dilute glaze: interiorof the legs. Preliminary drawing. 470 27 (P 30010 a, b, P 31542, Fig. 2, Pl. 7 P 30005 e). Bell-krater a) P.H. 11.2; est. Diam. of rim 40.0; p.W. 18.0. b) P.H. 6.7; p.W. 9.7. c) P.H. 4.5; p.W. 5.2; Th. 0.7. One section of threejoined sherds (a = P 30010 a + P 30005 e) and a single sherd (b = P 30010 b), from the rim and body, and one misfired sherd (c = P 31542) from the body. Satyr and maenads.On the left side of fragmenta is a satyr who pursues a maenadto the right. Only his head, shoulders,left arm, and part of his upper torso remain. He reachesout with his left hand towardthe maenadwho movesright, lookingaround.Only part of her head, upper torso, and right arm and shoulder are preserved.She wears chiton and sakkos.c) Part of the lower torso and upper legs of anothermaenad in chiton and nebris(?);part of the stalk of what is most likely her thyrsos runs diagonally across the fragment. Relief lines: outer contoursof the figures and thyrsos(?). Dilute glaze: stripes on the sakkos. An egg pattern above, and two reservebands 5 cm. apart on the inside of the rim. Slight trace of a preliminary drawing;surfacebadly worn and misfired. 470-460 28 (P 30006). Bell-kraterwith loop handles

Fig. 2, P1.8

P.H. 11.7; est. Diam. of rim 41.0. Five joined sherdsfromthe rim and upper body;a vestige of a handle root and part of the reserved area in the handle panel on the right. Parts of the wings of two figures on the body and a traceof the bodyof the one on the left. Their position suggeststhat they were movingor facing left. Dilute

RED-FIGURED VESSELS glaze: dots on the meat of the wings, interiorborders of wings, and diagonal feather marks. Above, a wreath patternto right;two thin reservebands 6 cm. apart on the inside. Preliminarydrawing which indicatesthat originallythe far wing of the right-hand figure would have been oriented horizontally so as not to disappearinto the ornamentabove. Possibilities for the subject represented include Perseus and the Gorgons, Orestes pursued by the Furies at Delphi, Phineus and the Harpies, and Erotes. 475-425 29 (P 30119). Bell-krater P1. 8 P.H. 5.9; p.W. 6.8; Th. 0.55. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the left hand, torso, and left arm of a male standing in a three-quarterview to left. He wears a mantle and holds something in his left hand at the waist; only a small rectangular section of this unidentifiableobject is visible. Relief lines: outer contours of the figure. Preliminarydrawing. 475-450 30 (P 30121 a, b). Bell-krater

Fig. 3, P1. 8 a) P.H. 7.8; est. Diam. of rim 38.0; p.W. 17.7. b) P.H. 7.3; est. Diam. of rim 38.0; p.W. 20.1. Two sections of three (a) and two (b) joined sherds from the rim and body. a) Part of the head, right shoulder, and back of a beardedman in profile to right. The front of his face is lost, and a sectionof the draperyon his back (mantle?) is visible. A broad,goldendilute-glaze line runs jointly with the line for the right vertical fold of the drapery.Two reservebands 4.8 cm. apart on the inside of the rim; on the outside is an egg pattern. Preliminary drawing. 475-450 31 (P 30027). Bell-krater

PI. 8 P.H. 11.5; p.W. 17.1; Th. 0.8. Two joined sherds from the lower body. The lower legs of two male figures;they stand above an ornamental band with a running maeander to right. The one on the left wears a mantle and stands in profile to right. Between him and the next figure is the bottom shaft of what is most likely a staff he holds. The left foot of the figure on the right is in

69

profile to right, and the right foot is depicted frontally, suggesting that the figure is turning to depart to the right. Preliminarydrawing. 475-450 32 (P 30124 c). Bell-krater P1.9 P.H. 4.7; p.W. 4.5; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the body. The left arm of a Thracian woman. Part of her chiton sleeve is visible and a sectionof the shaft of what is most likely a spit she held in her right hand. A row of short, parallel lines, tattoos, decorate her upper left arm. Dilute glaze: dots on the chiton sleeve. Preliminary drawing. Death of Orpheus.The tattooson the arm indicate that the woman is Thracian, and the shaft running diagonally across probably belongs to a spit with which she spearsOrpheus.Two fragments,33 (a and b), probably belong to the same vase and scene. Fragmenta with a figurewearing slippers and cloak is probablyone of the Thracian men who listens contentedly to Orpheus' music. Fragment b preserves the foot of a figure moving right, perhaps Orpheus. Compare Boston, M.F.A. 90.156 (ARV2 605, 62, Niobid Painter; CB, II, pls. 47:107 and 57) and Paris, Louvre G 416 (ARV2 484, 17, Hermonax; CVA, Louvre 3 [France 5], pl. 19 [180]:1, 4, and 6 and 7 + CVA, Louvre 4 [France 6], pl. 20 [220]:1 and 2). For the myth in vase painting, see F. M. Schoeller,Darstellungender Orpheusin der Antike, Freiburg 1969, pp. 55-67; M. Schmidt, "Der Tod des Orpheus in Vasendarstellungenaus Schweizer Sammlungen,"in Zur griechischen Kunst, AntK, Beiheft 9, Bern 1973, pp. 95-105; D. A. Amyx, "The Orpheus Legend in Art,"ArchaeologicalNews 5, 1976 (pp. 25-41), pp. 25-30; A. Lezzi-Hafter, "Der Tod des Orpheus auf einer Kanne des Schuwalow-Malers," AntK 29, 1986, pp. 90-94; and K. Schefold and F. Jung, Die Urkonige, Perseus, Bellerophon,Heraklesund Theseusin der klassischen und hellenistischen Kunst, Munich 1988, pp. 81-85. For tattoos, see K. Zimmermann,"Tatowierte Thrakerinnen auf griechischen Vasenbildern,"JdI 95, 1980, pp. 163-196; CVA, Malibu 1 [USA 23], pp. 51-52; and C. P. Jones, "Stigma:Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-RomanAntiquity," JRS 77, 1987, pp. 139-155. 475-450

CATALOGUE

70

33 (P 30124 a, b). Bell-krater

PI. 9

36 (P 30013, P 30014 b). Bell- Fig. 3, Pls. 10, 11 kraterwith lug handles a) P.H. 22.4; Diam. of rim 28.9.

a) P.H. 6.1; p.W. 5.7; Th. 0.8. b) P.H. 5.6; p.W. 6.4; Th. 0.85. Two non-joiningbody fragments. Death of Orpheus (?). Probablyfrom the same vase as 32. a) The feet of one in slippers to right and part of the lower edge of a cloak (zeira?):a Thracian(?). b) Part of the right foot of a figure fleeing right: Orpheus(?). The figures stand above an ornamental band with stoppedmaeanders.Relief: outline of the slippers. Dilute glaze: markings on the cloak. Preliminary drawing indicates that Orpheus'(?) foot originallywould have been furtherto the right. 475-450

b) P.H. 9.0; p.W. 8.4. Seventeenjoined sherds and two non-joiningsections preserve all of the rim, both lug handles, most of B, and part of A. On the left side of A is part of the head, right hand, and shield of a hoplitodromosrunning left, looking around. He wears a Chalcidianhelmet; a black silhouette of a hoplitodromosrunning left servesas the shield device. To the right above the shield are the ends of the fingers of another figure. A separate, non-joiningfragment(P 30014 b) gives part of both figures.On the left is the left foot and lower leg of the hoplitodromos;in the center is the lower third of a mantledmale figure (judgeor trainer?),whose right foot is frontaland left is in profileto right. He moves right. The preservedtips of his fingers indicatethat his hand was stretchedout towards the hoplitodromos. On the far right of P 30014 b is the cornerof a. square object which, most likely, is a turning post. On the far right of A is the crest of the helmet of another hoplitodromosmoving left. Thus, the composition from left to right is hoplitodromos-judge/ trainer-post-hoplitodromos. Above, an egg pattern;below, a band composedof saltire squareswith dots and triangles alternatingwith running maeanders to right. Slight trace of a preliminarydrawing. B: three youths. Only the lower half remains of the one on the far left with part of his staff. Mantled, he moves to the right. In the center anothermantled youth moves right, looking around. A small section of his draperyis lost. On the far right are the lower legs, right hand, right arm, and part of the shoulder of a third mantledyouth;a traceof his head remains. He moves left, holding out a staff in his right hand. The ornamentis the same as on A. No preliminary drawing. Two reservebands 4.1 cm. apart on the inside of the rim. The undersidesof the lug handles are not painted. On the inside of the rim of A is incised an unintelligibleinscription:

34 (P 30007 a, b). Bell-krater Fig. 3, P1.9 a) P.H. 7.9; est. Diam. of rim 56.0; p.W. 26.5. b) P.H. 8.6; p.W. 9.4. Two joined sherds (a) and one non-joining fragment (b) from the rim and body. a) Two traces of something(s) are visible on the body. b) The front half of a petasos worn by a male figure and to the left his right hand which he holds up in front. Dot band between parallel black lines, above a Lesbian leaf on a cavetto molding on the outside; on the inside two reserve bands 7.3 cm. apart. Relief lines: outline of the petasos and lower contour of the thumb. Black dilute glaze: details of the hand. Parts of the insideare misfired.No preliminary drawing. The ornamentalband is unusual. 475-450 35 (P 31541). Bell-krater P1.9 P.H. 7.1; p.W. 4.8; Th. 0.8. Fragmentfrom the lower body. Most of the foot and part of the lower draperyof a figure in chiton and mantle moving right. Below, an ornamental band with stopped maeanders. Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle and folds of the chiton. Preliminarydrawing. 470-450

Ad

J

N36: Graffito

f

t

/

RED-FIGURED VESSELS Black dilute glaze: shield device and decorativedots at the join of crest and helmet body on A. Dilute: lower edges of the mantles on B. The vase is so misfired that it is brick red in most places. Painter of London E 489. Comparethe youths on the back with those on Aleri Museum 2097 (Paralipomena 386, 33bis;J. and L. Jehasse, La necropole preromaine d'Aleria (1960-1968) [Gallia, Suppl. 25], Paris 1973, pl. 43) and Ferrara, Museo Nazionale T.386 C VP (Paralipomena386, 21bis; S. Aurigemma,La necropolidi Spina in Valle TrebbaI, ii, Rome 1965, pl. 67:a). This is the first bell-krater known from the painter's hand and the first known depiction of hoplitodromoiby him. For hoplitodromoi, see G. Neumann, in Der Tiibinger Waffenliufer, U. Hausmann, ed. (Tiibinger Studien zur Archiologie und Kunstgeschichte 4), Tiibingen 1977, pp. 40-44 with earlier bibliography. 460 37 (P 30002). Bell-kraterwith Fig. 3, Pls. 12, 13 lug handles P.H. 33.2; Diam. of rim 46.1. Ninety-two sherds (not all joining) preserve nearly two-thirds of the rim and body in addition to both lug handles. Four figures decorateA. On the left remainsmost of a beardedman who rests on a knottedstaff in profile to right, twiddling his thumbs. He wears a headband indicatedin addedred and a mantle. To the right is a youth wearing an unbeltedchitoniskos,who is in the processof placingthe baldric,indicatedin addedred, over his head with his right hand, while holding the scabbardwith the left. All his right arm and hand except for three fingers is lost, as well as part of his lower shanks, feet, and right side. He faces right and wears a headband indicated in added red. Before him to the right is a woman in sleeveless chiton, mantle, and sakkos, who stands frontally but looks right. In her right hand she holds a spear and in the left at her waist a scabbard.She wears an earring with two dottedtassels and a necklacewith a dot for the pendant.On the far right are the lower legs, forelocks, and brow of a youth in profile moving left. Most of the spear he carriesin one hand is visible in front; it extends into the ornamental band above. Part of the crest of a helmet he carries in the other hand is visible by his back leg and foot. He wears a headband indicated in added red. All the outlines are done in relief. Dilute glaze: edges of the hair,

71

finer anatomical details, plume of the helmet, and dot pendant of the necklace. The picture is framed aboveand below by egg patterns.Two reservebands 5.4 cm. apart on the inside of the rim. Extensivepreliminarydrawing. B: arming. On the left, a youth wearing an unbelted chitoniskosstands to right. His right arm is raised in a similar fashion to the first youth on A, suggesting that he is, likewise, putting the baldric over his head, but no trace remains of the baldric. Lost are mostof his left arm, left thigh, the backof his right foot, and part of his right hand and wrist. In the center is the lower half of a mantled youth moving left. The ends of a spear and part of the crest attachment of a helmet he carriesremain. On the far right is a mantledmale figurein a three-quarterbackview to left, who rests on a staff. His left hand is extended. His head and part of his mantle and back are lost. Traces of a beard are visible above his left shoulder. No relief lines for the contours.An egg patternabove and below, as well as on the top outer edge of the lug handle. Two reservebands, 5.6 cm. apart, on the inside of the rim. The undersideof the handle is left in reserve.Extensivepreliminarydrawing. LeningradPainter. Comparethe head and eye of the youths armingto the youth'shead on Adria, Museo Nazionale B 217 (ARV2 572, 92; CVA, Adria 1 [Italy 28], pl. 35 [1283]:4).Comparethe woman and the man leaning over his staff twiddling his thumbs with the figures on Chicago, Art Institute 1911.456 (ARV2 572, 88; Moon, Midwest, pp. 170-171). Comparethe youth in three-quarterback view with a similar youth on Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungenund Glyptothek2323 (ARV2 571, 72; CVA, Munich 5 [Germany 20], pls. 213 [928]:3-5 and 217 [932]:2).37 is a late work by the painterand the first bell-kraterwhich he is known to have decorated. This vase and 38 are a pair, probably made and bought at the same time. For similar arming scenes by the painter, see Agrigento,Museo Archeologico Regionale (ARV2 568, 25; P. Griffo and G. Zirretta, II Museo Civico di Agrigento, Palermo 1964, p. 108) and Florence, Museo Nazionale PD 60 a (ARV2 570, 68; StEtr 12, 1938, pl. 63:3 and 4). For a man leaning on his staff, see I. Wehgartner,"'Manleaning on his stick'.Zu Bild und Inschrift eines attische Salbgefasses," Wiirzburger Jahrbiucherfir die Altertumswissenschaft,Neue Folge 15, 1989, pp. 223-234. 460

CATALOGUE

72

38 (P 30011 a-o). Bell-krater Fig. 4, Pls. 14, 15 with lug handles a) P.H. 6.7; p.W. 11.5; Th. 0.7. Two joined sherdsfrom the body. The head of Kastorwith petasosto right and the top of two spears he most likely carried.An inscription in addedred to the right names him, KAI[TOP]: g A S An egg pattern above;a reserve band on the upper edge of the interior of the rim. Dilute glaze: hair. Relief lines: outlines. Preliminarydrawing. b) P.H. 7.5; p.W. 6.0; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the body. The arm and handof Polydeukes.A traceof his lower torso is visible on the bottomright. A retrogradeinscriptionin addedred nameshim, flOAYAEYKEE:

'Z 3 X Y3 A v/ o r A traceof the upper ornamentalborderremains.Relief lines: outer contours.Preliminarydrawing. c) P.H. 10.5; est. Diam. of rim 52.0; p.W. 26.7. Four joined sherdspreservepart of the rim, body, and one lug handle. Part of the head of a horse to right. An egg pattern aboveand on the upper outer edge of the lug handle. Two thin reservebands 5.2 cm. apart on the inside of the rim. The underside of the handle is left in reserve. Golden dilute glaze colors the mane of the horse. Relief lines: outer contours. Preliminary drawing. d) P.H. 11.9; p.W. 6.6. Three joined sherdsfrom the body. Part of the face, right arm, and upper torso of a beardedmale figure who stands frontally and looks left, right hand on his hip. He wears mantle and wreath. An egg patternabove;a reserveband on the back of the fragment. Relief lines: outer contours. No preliminarydrawing. e) P.H. 6.0; p.W. 8.9. Fragmentfrom the rim and upper body. A traceof the egg patternused as the upper borderis visible at the bottom;at the top of the inside a reserve band. f) P.H. 1.9; p.W. 3.8; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body.

Part of the egg patternused for the upper border;on the inside at the top a reserveband. g) P.H. 14.8; p.W. 21.3. Sevenjoined sherds from the lower body. On the left is part of the shank and mantleof a figure who probablyheld a stripedscepter,part of which is on the right. To the right is the lower part of a mantled youth who leans on his staff to left. Both figures stand above a band with an egg pattern. Relief lines: some of the outer contours. Black dilute glaze for the stripes of the scepter. No preliminary drawing. h) P.H. 8.6; p.W. 13.0. Two joined sherdsfrom the lower body. Part of the egg pattern which serves as the lower borderof the picture field. i) P.H. 3.0; p.W. 5.1. Fragmentfrom the top of the body. The top of a striped scepter which overlapsthe egg pattern for the upper border.A reserveband on the back of the fragment. Black dilute glaze: stripes of the scepter. j) P.H. 3.9; p.W. 5.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The left hand of someone (the beardedmale figure on d?) holding a striped scepter. Relief lines: outer contours. Black dilute glaze: stripes of the scepter. No preliminarydrawing. k) P.H. 3.7; p.W. 5.2. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of a stripedscepter.Relief lines: outlines. Black dilute glaze: stripes. 1) P.H. 6.2; p.W. 6.3. Two joined sherdsfrom the body. Part of the shank and mantleof a figure.To the right is part of a stripedscepterwhich the figure probably held. Relief lines: most of the outlines. Black dilute glaze: stripes of the scepter. Trace of a preliminary drawing. m) P.H. 7.6; p.W. 11.8. Two joined sherdsfrom the lower body. Part of the lower egg pattern. n) P.H. 2.8; p.W. 2.6. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the upper egg band and the reserved area aroundthe left handle.

RED-FIGURED VESSELS o) P.H. 5.4; p.W. 8.6. Fragmentfrom the rim. Reserveband at the top. The scene on A was probably either the setting out, return, or Apotheosis of the Dioskouroi, on B, youths and men. The vase is too fragmentary to determinethe exact composition,although the Dioskouroi (a and b), one of their horses (c), and probably one of the scepter-holdingfigures (d, i, j, k, or 1) belong to A. The last figure could be Tyndareus or Zeus. Fragment g probably belonged to B in addition to the scepter-holdingfigures not belonging to A. The remaining fragments (e, f, h, m, n, and o) give parts of the ornament. By an Earlier Mannerist, probablythe Agrigento Painter. Comparethe youth who leans on his staff to left on fragment g with similar figures on Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum 770 (ARV2 576, 33; CVA, Vienna 2 [Austria2], pl. 92 [92]:3and 4), Ferrara, Museo Nazionale T.31 A VP (ARV2 576, 40; Paralipomena391; CVA, Ferrara 1 [Italy 37], pl. 38 [1682]:1 and 2), and New Haven, Yale University 1933.175 (AR V2 576, 45; S. M. Burkeand J. J. Pollitt, Greek Vases at Yale, New Haven 1975, pp. 61-63). For shape and ornament, cf. Paris, Louvre G 369 (ARV2 577, 60; CVA, Louvre 3 [France4], pls. 9 [170]:2and 3 and 11 [172]:1and 5). For a list of sceneswith the Dioskouroi,see F. Brommer, Vasenlistenzur griechischen Heldensage, 3rd ed., Marburg 1973, pp. 509-512. Scenes with the Dioskouroi are found earlier on black-figuredvases: A. Hermary, "Imagesde l'apotheosedes Dioscures," BCH 102,1978, pp. 51-76. 38 would be the earliest red-figuredone. Most of the red-figuredepictionsbetween 460 and 430 show the Dioskouroi on horses, one behind the other; see Hermary, op. cit., p. 72, note 102. The brothersare labeledon five other redfiguredvases:(1) Karlsruhe,BadischesLandesmuseum 209 (AR V2 619, 15, Villa Giulia Painter;CVA, Karlsruhe 1 [Germany 7], pl. 20 [318]); (2) Paris, Cab. Med. 388 (ARV2 1012, 5, PersephonePainter; A. de Ridder, Catalogue des vases peints de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris 1902, pl. 13:388); (3) Oxford, Ashmolean 1916.68 (ARV2 1028, 6, Polygnotos;CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pls. 29 [121]:1 and 2 and 30 [122]:1and 2); (4) Florence,Museo Nazionale 15 B 24; Heidelberg, University 243; (once) Castle Ashby;Vatican, Musei Vaticani,Astarita258 (ARV2 1269, 7, Codrus Painter; J. D. Beazley,

73

Campana Fragments in Florence, Oxford 1933, p. 23); (5) Japan, private (Paralipomena380, Sbis, Painterof the Birthof Athena;Miinzen und Medaillen A.G., Auktion 34, 6 May 1967, pl. 55). For the Dioskouroi, see also LIMC III, i, pp. 567-593; Schefoldand Jung (under32 above),pp. 28-34; and P. J. Connor,"Twin Riders (Dioskouroi?),"AA (JdI 103) 1988, pp.27-39. 460 39 (P 30041 a, b). Bell-krater

P1. 15

a) P.H. 3.3; p.W. 5.4; Th. 0.5. b) P.H. 4.7; p.W. 6.3; Th. 0.7. Two non-joiningfragmentsfrom the body. a) The upper left arm and mid-torso of a figure in chiton and mantle moving to right. b) The left foot and part of a chiton around the shanks of a figure movingto right:probablythe same figure as on fragment a. Part of two stoppedmaeandersfrom the ornamental band below remain. Relief lines: outer contoursof the draperyby the leg. Dilute glaze: dots of the chiton and the horizontalstripe decoratingit. Preliminarydrawing. Niobid Painter.Comparethe draperyand ankleto that of Niobe on Paris, Seilliere (ARV2 604, 51; T. B. L. Webster,Der Niobidenmaler,Leipzig 1935, pl. 8:a) or Eos on a fragmentfrom Cyrene, Museum (ARV2 603, 43; photograph:Beazley Archive).Our fragmentis from the early phase of the painter'scareer. For the Niobid Painter, see S. Bonomi, "Una nuova pelike del Pittore dei Niobidi,"AA (JdI 100) 1985, pp. 29-47 and M. Prange,Der Niobidenmaler und seine Werkstatt,Frankfurt1989, where this vase is listed on p. 206 as no. N 128. 460 40 (P 30009 a-c, P 30040, P 31539). Bell-kraterwith loop handles

Fig. 4, PI. 16

a) P.H. 8.7; est. Diam. of rim 30.0. b) P.H. 8.6; p.W. 14.8. c) P.H. 7.0; p.W. 26.1. d) P.H. 4.9; p.W. 6.9; Th. 0.7. e) P.H. 8.2; p.W. 12.1. From A, seven joined sherds, preserving almost half of rim and part of scene (a = P 30040), and fragmentof lower body (b = P 30009 c). From B, six joined sherds, preserving almost half of rim

74

CATALOGUE

and part of scene (c = P 30009 a), and 2 fragments of body (d and e = P 31539 and P 30009 b). A: warriordeparting.On the left is a small sectionof the draperyof a standingfigure. In the centerare the frontal shanks of a warrior. Part of his spear and lower shield remain,in additionto a part of his drapery which is visible beneath the shield. Parts of two circlesin addedred run nearthe edgeof the shield.To the right are the shoulders,head, part of the hands, and lower torso of a woman fleeing right, looking around, hands in the air. She wears chiton, mantle, hair strings,and a disk earring.The fingersof the left hand have been accidentlycoveredwith black glaze by the painter. There is a wreath patternto right on the outsideof the rim, two reservebands 4 cm. apart on the inside. Only a traceof the ornamentalbandon which the figuresstandis visiblebeneathher left foot. Relief lines: outer edge of the shield and bottomedge of his drapery.Dilute glaze:lower edgeof her mantle. The strings holding her hair in place are in added white. Preliminarydrawing. B: three youths. On the left is a mantled youth in profileto right. His lower legs, a traceof the drapery over his hand, and part of his head remain. To the right is the top of the head, lower legs less part of the right foot, and part of the torso and right arm of another mantled youth to right; the tip of a spear or staff he holds in his right hand remains. On the far right are the head and left shoulder of a mantled youth to left. All three have headbands.The same wreath pattern as on A decoratesthe outside of the rim, and the same reserve bands are on the inside. They stand above an ornamentalband with stopped maeanders.Blackdilute glaze:part of the lower edge of the mantles. Dilute glaze: edge of the central youth's mantle. The headbands are indicated in addedwhite. Preliminarydrawing. Villa Giulia Painter.Comparethe legs of the warrioron the obverseandthe shanksof the womanmoving right and mantle of the king on the reverse of New York, M.M.A. 06.1021.176 (ARV2 620, 31; Richterand Hall, pl. 102) with the warriorand fleeing woman on A and the mantle of the centralfigure on B. For the youths on B comparethose on the reverseof Schwerin,StaatlichesMuseum 1261 (ARV2 618, 6; CVA, Schwerin 1 [DDR 1], pls. 36 and 37 [36, 37]). For the woman running right, looking around, comparethose on the reverseof Karlsruhe, BadischesLandesmuseum208 (ARV2 618, 3; CVA,

Karlsruhe 1 [Germany7], pl. 19 [317]). For similar scenes of a warrior and women by the Villa Giulia Painter,see Ferrara,Museo Nazionale 2790 (AR V2 620, 28; N. Alfieri, Spina. Museo ArcheologicoNazionaledi Ferrara1, Bologna1979, no. 93, p. 41) and Sotheby's,23 May 1988, no. 266, pp. 56-57. For the painter most recently,see M. Vickers, "A New Cup by the Villa Giulia Painter in Oxford,"JHS 94, 1974, pp. 177-179; in connectionwith this cup, see New York, M.M.A. 1979.11.15 (Notable Acquisitions 1979/80, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1980, pp. 14-15). 460-450 41 (P 29983). Bell-kraterwith loop Fig. 4, PI. 17 handles P.H. 13.3; est. Diam. of rim 40.5. Twelve joined sherdspreservepart of the rim and upper body from one side; there is a trace of a handle root on the left. Amazonomachy:the upper half of three figures.On the left, a Greek warrior advancesright, a shield on his left arm, his right arm by his side. What he held in his right hand is lost. He wears an Attic helmet, a chitoniskoswith belt, and a baldricslung diagonally acrossthe chest. On the right are two Amazonswho engage him in combat. The first wears cuirass and alopekis and holds a sagaris above her head in her right hand. The secondalso wears cuirassand alopekis but has a shield on her left arm and a spear in her raised right hand. Relief lines: most of the contours. Goldendilute glaze colorsthe helmet,shield interior, and alopekides and is used to indicate the baldric, lower border of the overfoldof the chitoniskosand the dots above it, and the dotted rim decorationon the Greek's shield. Black dilute glaze: snakes on the cheekpiecesof the helmet, dots on the helmet, hair, shield band, belt, and the dots on the first Amazon's cuirass. Black glaze colors most of the outside of the Amazon's shield. Above, a wreath pattern to left atop a dotted-egg pattern. Two thin reserve bands 5.6 cm. apart on the interior.Preliminarydrawing. Probablyby the BoreasPainter.Comparethe eye, ear, and profiles of the faces with the figures on Bologna, Museo Civico 273 (ARV2 536, 2; CVA, Bologna 4 [Italy 27], pl. 52 [1206]:6), Ferrara, Museo Nazionale 2739 (ARV2 536, 1; N. Alfieri and P. E. Arias, Spina. Die neuentdeckteEtruskerstadtund die griechischen Vasen ihrer Griiber, Munich 1958, pls. 14-17), and Ferrara, Museo Nazionale 44701

RED-FIGURED VESSELS (ARV2 536,4; Alfieri and Arias, op. cit., pls. 18-21). Compare the belt of the Greek and the fold of the chitoniskosover it with those of Boreas on Bologna 273 (above). The compositionis unusual. For other red-figuredvases with Amazonomachieswhere the battle takes place on foot, see Bothmer, Amazons, pp.184-192. 460-450 42 (P 30017). Bell-krater,small Fig. 4, PI. 18 P.H. 5.7; est. Diam. of rim 21.0; p.W. 9.9. Two joined sherds from the rim and upper body. The head of a youth in profile to left. His mantle coversthe backof his head, and he wears a headband indicatedin addedwhite. Above,a wreath patternto right;on the inside, two reservebands 2.7 cm. apart. Preliminarydrawing. Hermonax.Comparethe face and eye to that of the youth on Florence, Museo Nazionale 14 B 5 (ARV2 484, 8; CVA, Florence 1 [Italy 8], pl. 14 [389]:B 5 = no. 224) and thoseof the men on London,B.M. E 374 (ARV2 486, 40; F. P. Johnson, "The Late Vases of Hermonax,"AJA 49, 1945 (pp. 491-502), p. 498, figs. 10 and 11). The headseemssmall for a full-sized figure, and so the youth may be a child who is held aloft by another figure or the krater may have had two registers. For Hermonax, see most recently C. Isler-Kerenyi, "Hermonax in Zurich I: Eine Puzzle mit Hermonaxscherben,"AntK 26, 1983, pp. 127-135; "Hermonax in Zurich II: Die Halsamphora Haniel," AntK 27, 1984, pp. 54-57; "Hermonaxin Zurich III: Der Schalenmaler,"AntK 27, 1984, pp. 154-167; "Hieronund Hermonax,"in AncientGreekand RelatedPottery(under11 above), p. 164; and "Hermonaxe i suoi temi dionisiaci,"in Images et societe en Grece ancienne. L'iconographie comme methode d'analyse, Lausanne 1987, pp. 169-175. This is the firstsmall bell-kraterknown to have been decorated by Hermonax. For large kraters from his hand, see 48; for kraters with two registers,see J. H. Oakley, "Double-RegisterCalyx Kraters:A Study in Workshop Tradition," in Ancient Greekand RelatedPottery(under 11 above). 460-450 43 (P 30016). Bell-krater,small Fig. 4, PI. 18 P.H. 5.0; est. Diam. of rim 20.0; p.W. 9.7. Fragmentfrom the rim and upper body. The upper torsoof a beardedoutdoorsmanin frontal view, head in profile to left. He wears a fur cap, fur

75

cloak, and exomis, all suggesting that he is a fisherman. His left arm is bent across his chest. Above, beneath the lip of the rim, a dotted-eggpattern. Two reservebands, 2.8 cm. apart, on the inside of the mouth. Dilute and dark dilute glaze are used for the stippling on the fur hat and cloak and for the beard, respectively. An added-red stripe decorates the frontof the cloak. Preliminarydrawing.Much of the glaze on the exterioris worn. A fishermanor outdoorsman.For the fur cap, see J. H. Oakley, "Danae and Perseus on Seriphos," AJA 86, 1982 (pp. 111-115), p. 114, note 16. The profile of the rim is unusual. 460-450 44 (P 30033). Bell-krater,small with loop handles

PI. 18

P.H. 8.3; p.W. 11.0. Six joined sherds preservepart of the body, lower rim, and handle root. Part of the head, upper right arm, wings, and torso of a winged female figure to right. She wears a peplos and holds a kerykeion;only a portion of the staff and the serpentine crowning element remain. On her right arm at her side is a braceletin the form of a snake. Relief lines: outline of the kerykeionand back of the head. Black dilute glaze: dots on the wings, bracelet, and edges of the peplos. Brown dilute glaze: coloringof the meat of the wings. There is a reserveband 1.3 cm. from the top on the inside. Preliminarydrawing. Probably Iris or a Nike; perhaps from the same vase as 85. 460-450 45 (P 30118). Bell-krater P1. 15 P.H. 6.7; p.W. 7.8; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The lower torso, hip, and upper thigh of a male standing in profile to right. He wears a mantle, and his right arm, the lower borderof which is crudely delineatedby a broad,black line, is bent at his side. No preliminary drawing. The inside of the vase is misfired, and the glaze on the outside has been applied too thinly in places. 460-450 46 (P 31538). Bell-krater P.H. 5.0; p.W. 7.2; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the body.

PI. 19

76

CATALOGUE

On the left, the hoof of a horse; in the center, the lower legs of a male standing frontally, who wears traveler's sandals; on the right, the bottom of two spearshe probablyheld;below, part of an ornamental band. Dark dilute glaze: sandals. Preliminary drawing indicatesthat his left leg was originally intendedto be closerto the right one. Probably part of a departurescene with a youth leaving home. 460-450 47 (P 31537). Bell-krater

P1. 19

P.H. 15.5; p.W. 11.8; Th. 0.95. Three joined sherds from the body. The lower half of a male figure who stands in profile to left. He wears a mantle, and the lower part of a staff that he held is visible by his feet, as well as the lower part of either a staff, spear, or javelin held by another figure. He stands above an ornamental band consistingof blackenedX's and stopped maeanders. There is a depression beneath this band where the vase touchedanotherduring firing. Black dilute glaze: lower edge of his mantle. Preliminary drawing. Probablya mantledfigure from the reverse. 460-450 48 (P 30019). Bell-kraterwith Fig. 5, Pls. 20, 21 loop handles P.H. 28.2; Diam. of rim 40.4. Mended from forty-six sherds that preservemost of the rim and A, as well as parts of the handle roots and B. A: Leto, Apollo, and Artemis. On the left, Leto stands in profile to right, holding an oinochoe at waist level in her left hand. Only the top of her head, left hand and wrist, and most of the body from the waist down are preserved.She wears peplos and diadem. In the center, Apollo stands frontally, head in profile to left. In his right hand he holds a laurel branch,nearly half of which is preserved.He wears a mantle; on his head are a thick fillet and ivy wreath. His left foot, head, right hand, and most of his torsoremain.To the right is a fawn which stands in profile to right, looking up towards a phiale or dish that Artemis holds up in her right hand. Artemis stands to left, legs in profile, torso in a threequarter view. Her left arm is hidden underneath her drapery.She wears chiton, mantle, and diadem.

Most of her left foot and a small sectionof her drapery and of the phiale or dish are lost. On the far right and left are small sectionsof the rays decoratingthe outer edge of the handle roots. Aboveis a dotted-egg pattern,below, a band of dottedsaltire squaresalternating with groups of three joined running maeanders. There is a reserveband 5.4 cm. below the top on the inside of the rim. Relief lines: lower left arm of Artemis, Leto's hand and wrist, and right ear of the fawn. Dilute glaze: edges of the peplos, interior of the headband,edges of the mantles, and the spots of the fawn. Dark dilute glaze: outlines of the diadem and headband.Preliminarydrawing. B: the lower part of three figures and the head of the central one. On the left are the lower legs of a mantled male figure who stands frontally. To his right is the bottomof what is probablya tree trunk. Further right are part of the head, lower body, and left foot of a person in chiton and mantle moving right. On the far right are the end of a staff or branch and the lower legs of anothermale figure,who probably is leaning on a staff to left. The same ornamental bands as on A are used above and below. Relief lines: left foot of the right-handfigure. Dilute glaze: edges of the mantles and interiorfolds of the chiton. Preliminarydrawing. Hermonax. Comparethe fawn to the one on London, Victoria and Albert Museum 4816.58 (ARV2 489,104; F. P. Johnson, "TheCareerof Hermonax," AJA 51, 1947 [pp. 233-247], pl. 52:a). Compare Apollo and Artemis to the woman and man with a staff on Madrid, Museo Arqueologico Nacional 11098 (ARV2 487, 57; Johnson, AJA 49, 1945 [under42 above],pp. 492-493, figs. 1-3). Compare Leto and the frontally standing man on B with the womanpouringa libationon the obverseandthe man on the reverse of Los Angeles, County Museum A 5933.50.41 (ARV2 485, 31; CVA, Los Angeles 1 [USA 18], pl. 26 [866]); Artemis with Ariadne on Argos, Museum C 909 (ARV2 485, 23; BCH 86, 1962, pp. 65-67, figs. 1-3); headof Apolloto the head of Ganymedeon Basel, Antikenmuseumund Sammlung Ludwig BS 483 (ARV2 485,26; AntK22, 1979, pl. 19:1). 48 comesfromthe late phase of Hermonax' career: see Johnson (under 42 above), and H. E. Langenfass,Hermonax. Untersuchungenzur Chronologie, Munich 1972, pp. 85-118. It is one of only three known full-size bell-kraters by Hermonax. The othertwo are ArgosC 909 (above)and Toronto,

RED-FIGURED VESSELS BorowskiV-74-H21 with a warrior'sdepartureon A and a youth,woman, and man on B. The profileof 48 is different from both the above. For a small bellkraterby Hermonax and recentbibliographyon the painter,see 42. ArtemisandApollo makinglibations: LIMC II, i, pp. 261-265 and 697-698. 450 49 (P 30015). Bell-krater,small Fig. 5, PI. 19 of 26.0. P.H. 10.0; est. Diam. rim Three joined sherdsfromthe upper body and rim. The upper half of a youth to right. He wears a headband, indicatedin addedred, and a mantle. The pose of the upper half of his right arm suggests that he is extending it, perhaps gesturing to another figure, handingoversomething,or holdinga staff. Aboveis a band of large black dots, with smaller ones in the interspacesat the bottom,between two black lines and two reserve bands. Two thin reserve bands 4.5 cm. apart on the interior.Preliminarydrawing. Probably one of the figures from B. The decorative patternbelow the rim is unusual. 450 50 (P 30037). Bell-krater,small

PI. 19

P.H. 10.4; p.W. 8.1. Fragmentfrom the body. A youth standing in profile to right. He extends his right arm. The top of his head, right hand, and small sections of the mantle which he wears are lost. Traces of maeanders from the ornamental band below remain. Dilute glaze: lower edges of the mantle. No preliminarydrawing. A mantled youth from B. The drawing comes closest to the reverse figures by the Christie Painter and other membersof the Group of Polygnotos:cf. Cambridge(Mass.), Sackler 1970.108 (ARV2 1047, 20; D. M. Buitron, Attic Vase Painting in New England Collections, Cambridge, Mass. 1972, pp. 128-129); Athens, N.M. 1166 (ARV2 1059, 129; photograph:Beazley Archive);and New York, M.M.A. 56.171.48 (ARV2 1057, 104; photograph: Beazley Archive). 450-440 51 (P 30031). Bell-krater P1. 19 P.H. 8.7; p.W. 13.9; Th. 0.7. Two joined sherdsfrom the upper body. Part of the torso and right hand and arm of Hermes in chitoniskosand chlamys. He moves left, his right

77

hand extended. A kerykeion,most of which is preserved,overlapshis hand and ought to be understood as being held. Traces of other figures or objectsare visible on the left and right. Parts of strings in added red (froma petasos?)remainon the upper part of his chitoniskos. Relief lines: outline of the kerykeion, except for the inside of the serpentinecrown. Dilute glaze: decorativelower edge of the chlamys.Preliminary drawing. Most likely Hermes moving left. The lack of a clear grip on the kerykeionis odd. Probablypart of the scene from the obverseof the vase. 450-440 52 (P 30014 a). Bell-krater P.H. 11.8; p.W. 13.9; Th. 1.0. Two joined sherdsfrom the body.

P1.22

A woman(?) standing to left. The lower part of the figure,the top of her head, and the fingersof her right hand are lost. She wears chiton and mantle. On the left edge of the fragmentare the tracesof something. From its position and the few lines visible, it may be the wings or draperyof anotherfigure.Traces of part of the ornament by the handles are visible on the right. Misfired; glaze on both the inside and lower outside is red. Preliminarydrawing. 440 53 (P 30018). Bell-krater,small

Fig. 5, PI. 22

P.H. 17.3; Diam. of rim 21.8. Twenty-eight joined sherds preservenearly twothirds of the body and rim and a trace of the handle root. A: Amazonomachy.A Greek fighting an Amazon. He is shown advancingfrom the left, a shield in a three-quarterview on his left arm, a spear, which is pointed toward an Amazon, in his right. Most of his head, the right arm, and half of his torsoare lost. His left foot is set on a rock. He wears helmet, cuirass, greaves, and chitoniskos. At his left side hangs a sword in a scabbard.The baldricholding it in place runs diagonally across the chest and is indicatedin added white. The cuirass is painted black with added white over relief lines used for the spirals of the chest and other interiordecoration.On the right is an Amazon on a horse who charges left. Her left arm and most of her torso, left hand, and face are lost. In her right hand she holds a spear, which she aims towardthe Greek. The tips of the fingersof her left hand are visible by the chitoniskos. She wears

78

CATALOGUE

alopekis,chitoniskos,orientaltrousers,and slippers. A tip of a gorytosat her side remainsby the buttocks of the horse. Golden dilute glaze: coloringof the interior of the Greek's shield, dotted decorationof his chitoniskos,the Amazon'salopekis,the mane of the horse, the interiordecorationof the Amazon'spants and slippers, anatomical details of the Greek's leg, decorationon his greaves, interior divisions of the rock, and the anatomicaldetails of the horse. Black dilute glaze: his shield band and the stippling of her alopekis. Incision is used for the zigzag pattern on the back of her trouser legs. Below, a band with a dottedcrosssquareand stoppedmaeanders.Above,a wreath pattern to left; two reserve bands 2.8 cm. apart on the inside of the rim. Traces of a preliminary drawing. B: two Amazons moving right. Of the one on the left, only the legs, feet, and a trace of a hand holding a trumpet remain. She wears oriental trousers and slippers. Part of her mantle or cloak is visible over her right knee and by her left leg. Above and behind her hangs a helmet, face shown frontally, plume in profile;above and on the right is the lower sectionof a shield. On the right is a secondAmazonwho moves right looking around. She carries a pelta on her left arm and a spear in her right hand. She wears alopekis, oriental trousers, slippers, tunic, and blouse. What appears to be a baldric crosses her chest, but no scabbardis visible. Her eye has not been indicated. The top of her head, tip of her left shoulder, and front of her left foot are lost. Dilute glaze: interior of the garmentsand pelta and for the hair of the Amazon on the right. Black dilute glaze: interior of the shield and holes for the eyes in the helmet. The same ornamentalbandsas on A are used. Traces of a preliminarydrawing. For other vases with similar mountedAmazonsto left, see Bothmer, Amazons, pp. 181-184 and for Amazons setting out, pp. 205-207. For Amazons, see also LIMC I, i, pp. 586-653. 440-430 54 (P 30030). Bell-krater P1.22 P.H. 6.2; p.W. 9.9; Th. 0.75. Fragmentfrom the upper body. The upper part of a beardedaulos player in profile to right. He wears a gown decoratedwith circular patterns, stripes, and dots, a wreath, and a woolen headband.The flutes are supportedat his mouth by

a phorbeia.In front is a poorly preservedinscription in addedwhite, now nearly lost:

Above, parts of a dotted-eggpattern;a small section of a reserve band on the inside of the rim remains. Relief lines: contoursof the hands, arms, flutes, profile of the face, back of the neck, and leaves of the wreath. Dilute glaze for the decorationof the gown and headband.Preliminarydrawing. Flute players in similar tunics (ependytes;cf. 61) are found performingin a wide range of scenes:they provide music for athletic events, for choruses, at sanctuaries,and in musical competitions.For example, New York, M.M.A. 27.74 (ARV2 407,18, Briseis Painter;J. P. Vernant et al., La cite des images. Religion et societeen Greceantique,Lausanne 1984, p. 22, fig. 23); Basel, Antikenmuseumund Sammlung Ludwig Ka 425 (ARV2 430, 31, Douris; Vernant et al., op. cit., p. 23, fig. 24); Boston, M.F.A. 03.788 (ARV2 571,75, Pig Painter;F. Brommer,Satyrspiele,2nd ed., Berlin 1959, p. 14, fig. 6); Oxford, Ashmolean 305 (ARV2 416, 3, Painter of Louvre G 265; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pi. 7 [99]:1);Naples, Museo Nazionale, Stg. 225 (ARV2 553, 32, Pan Painter; A.-B. Follmann, Der Pan-Maler, Bonn 1968, pl. 6:1). SeeJ. D. Beazley,"HydriaFragments in Corinth,"Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 305-319, esp. p. 308 and note 7; M. F. Vos, "Aulodicand Auletic Contests,"in Enthousiasmos.Essays on Greek and RelatedPotteryPresentedtoJ. M. Hemelrijk(Allard PiersonSeries6), H.A.G. Brijderet al., edd.,Amsterdam 1986, pp. 121-130 and M. A. Tiverios, IIep&Khela HIavaOravala.'Evas KparT7pasTov Zwypadfov

rov Movaxov 2335, Thessaloniki 1989, pp. 19-21; for the phorbeia,see A. Belis, "La Phorbeia,"BCH 110,1986, pp.205-218. 440-430 PI. 23 55 (P 30039). Bell-krater P.H. 11.2; p.W. 15.1; Th. 0.6. Five joined sherdsfrom the body. On the left, part of a bull moving right and on the right, a figure holding a scepter in the right hand, who stands in profile to left. Only part of the neck, front legs, and front torso of the bull remain. The head and lower part of the mantled figure are lost. Dilute glaze: the finer anatomicaldetails of the bull and outer edge of the mantle. Preliminarydrawing; surfaceworn.

RED-FIGURED VESSELS The scene may be one of sacrificeor possibly Hermes and Argos. If the latter, the bull would be Io and the scepteredfigure possibly Hera. Zeus sometimes appears in this scene, but he is shown seated. See most recently E. Simon, "Zeus und Io auf einer Kalpis des Eucharidesmalers," in "Nachrichten aus Martin-von-Wagner-MuseumWiirzburg,"AA (JdI 100) 1985 (pp. 211-308), pp. 265-280; see also F. Brommer, Gittersagen in Vasenlisten,Marburg 1980, pp. 31-32 with a list and earlier bibliography; for an interestingnew scene of sacrifice,see G. Barbieri and J. L. Durand, "Con il bue a spalle,"BdA 29, 1985, pp. 1-16; for sacrifices,see F. van Straten, "GreekSacrificialRepresentations:LivestockPrices and Religious Mentality,"Acta UniversitatisUpsaliensis. Boreas 15, 1987, pp. 159-170. For Io, see now also LIMCV, i, pp. 661-676 and J.-M. Moret, "' I RA 1990, pp. 3-26. a7roravpovpevrq," 440-430 56 (P 30120, P 31680). Bell-krater

PI. 23

a) P.H. 5.8; p.W. 6.6; Th. 0.9 (P 31680). b) P.H. 6.3; p.W. 4.9; Th. 0.5 (P 30120). Two non-joining fragments of rim and upper body. a) Part of the head and upper torso of a woman to right. b) The upper third of a beardedman in profile to left. He wears a mantle,and the frontof his nose is lost. Above is a reserveband decoratedwith a row of short, parallel lines, above which are traces of another ornamentalband;a horizontalreserveband on the inside. Preliminary drawing; exterior of fragment a misfired. Fragmenta comes from lot Br' 238, a dump west of the Royal Stoa, north of the bothroi, which indicates a connectionbetween H 4:5 and the dump. 450-425 57 (P 30032). Bell-krater

P1.23

P.H. 9.3; p.W. 10.2; Th. 0.8. Fragmentfrom the lower rim and body. Part of the head of a beardedmale to right in a threequarterback view; in his right hand he holds a club over his head. Relief lines: profile of his face. Black dilute glaze: beardand hair. A traceof the ornamental band above remains;a horizontalreserveline on the inside. No preliminarydrawing. The streaks of dilute glaze used for coloring the hair give the figure a burly character;perhaps he is

79

Herakles or, more likely, a centaur. For the profil perdu face, see M. Robertson, A History of Greek Art, Cambridge1975, p. 324. 450-425 CALYX-KRATER

58 (P 31534). Calyx-krater

P1.23 P.H. 9.4; p.W. 8.1; Th. 0.8. Fragmentfrom the body and cul. Lower part of a mantled figure standing to left; below, a band with a running maeanderto right. Preliminary drawing. Probablya mantledfigure from the reverse. 470-460 59 (P 30122). Calyx-krater

P1.24

P.H. 5.8; p.W. 5.9; Th. 0.7. Two joined sherdsfrom the body. Part of the mid-sectionof a woman in profileto right holding a phiale in her right hand at waist level. She wears a peplos, the lower portion of which is decorated with crosses rendered in dilute glaze. The lower border of the overfold is decoratedwith two rows of dots. Traces of anotheror othergarmentsshe wears are visible beneath the rear of her right arm and in frontof the upperportionof the peplos. Relief lines: outer contours.Black dilute glaze: dots on the phiale. Preliminarydrawing. Probablya libationscene. Earlier Mannerist? 475-450 60 (P 30005 d). Calyx-krater

PI. 24

P.H. 6.5; p.W. 8.9; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the body. On the left, the left arm and lower shoulder of a youth who standsfrontally,holdingtwo spearsin his left hand;he wears petasosand chlamys.The thumb of his right hand and part of two other fingers are preservedat the left. On the right, part of the midsection of a woman in profile to left; she holds a phiale in her raised right hand, left hand by her waist. She wears chiton and mantle. The phiale was originally decoratedwith an egg pattern, now lost. Relief lines: outer contours. Preliminary drawing. The drawing is poorly preservedbecauseof the very worn surface;misfired. Warrior'sdeparture. 450

80

CATALOGUE

61 (P 30034). Calyx-krater

PI. 24

P.H. 9.4; p.W. 8.4; Th. 0.7. Three joined sherds from the body. Winged female figure:part of her wings, right arm, and upper torso remain, as well as the lower part of her face and neck. Her upper torsois frontal,but her face is in profile to left and the wings are to left, suggesting that she may have been moving right. She wears a chiton with a patterned tunic (ependytes) above. Reserveband at the top of the interior. Relief lines overlapthe dilute glaze lines outlining the face. Dilute glaze: decorativeelements on the tunic, the stippling and cross divisions of the wings, and the outline of the face. Preliminarydrawing. Probably a Nike. For Nikai in similar patterned tunics, compareBarcelona(G. Trias de Arribas,Ceramicasgriegas de la Peninsula Iberica II, Valencia 1968, pls. 100-104) and Lecce, Museo Provincale Sigismondo Castromediano600 (ARV2 1115, 20, Hephaistos Painter; M. Bernardini,I vasi attici del Museo Provincialedi Lecce, Bari 1965, pp. 74-77), and see M. C. Miller, "The Ependytes in Classical Athens,"Hesperia 58, 1989, pp. 313-329. 450

For Artemis,see L. G. Kahil and N. Icardin LIMC II, i, pp. 618-753. Demeter wears a polos on San Francisco, M. H. de Young Museum 230/24872 (CVA, San Francisco 1 [USA 10], pl. 22 [482]:1a) and Hera likewise on New York, M.M.A. 1988.40 (ARV2 207, 141, Berlin Painter; CVA, Castle Ashby 1 [GB 15], pl. 46 [701]:1). 450 63 (P 30127). Calyx-krater,small

PI. 24 P.H. 5.4; p.W. 6.2; Th. 0.6. Fragmentpreservespart of the bodyand top of the cul.

On the left is the lower half of one figure,probablya woman, in chiton and mantle seated on a klismos in profile to right;the area aroundthe knees is lost. On the right, the feet and lower shanksof anotherfigure standingto left; only part of the latter'schiton is preserved. Dilute glaze: interior detail of the seat of the klismosand the inner folds of the right-handfigure's chiton. Preliminarydrawing;trace of the ornamental band below. 450-425 BELL- OR CALYX-KRATER

62 (P 30005 a-c). Calyx-krater a) P.H. 9.1; p.W. 18.8.

Fig. 5, P1.25

b) P.H. 6.0; p.W. 10.8. c) P.H. 12.5; est. Diam. of rim 41.0. One sectionof two joined sherdsfrom the rim and upper body (a), another of six joined sherds from the rim and body (c), and a sherdfromthe rim (b). On the left of fragment c are part of a head with polos and back of a figure standingto left. The tip of the scepterthat this figure must have held is visible in front of the polos. On the right is the upper half, less the face, of a woman running right, looking around. Her hands are extended in either direction. She wears chiton and mantle. On the outside of the rim is a band with slanted palmettes, on the inside, two thin reserve bands 5.7 cm. apart. Black dilute glaze: decorationon the polos. Preliminarydrawing; misfiredand well worn. The scepteredfigure with polos is probablyArtemis, although other goddesseswear the polos. For a figureof Artemisdressedsimilarly,compareTrieste, Museo Civico S 424 (ARV2 217, 2, Group of London E 445; CVA, Trieste 1 [Italy 43], pl. 3 [1915]).

PI. 24 64 (P 30038). Bell- or calyx-krater P.H. 5.5; p.W. 8.2; Th. 0.9. Fragmentfrom the body. Most of the head, left shoulder, and part of the left arm and hand of a woman in profile to right. She extends her left hand at shoulder level. Part of her drapery is visible on the left shoulder and by her neck. A reserveband on the inside. No preliminary drawing;worn and misfiredon the outside. Possibly by the Niobid Painter or in his Manner. Comparethe head of the scepter-holdingwoman on the left of the reverse of a stamnos (once) Lugano, Bolla (Paralipomena395, 41ter; C. Isler-Kerenyi, Stamnoi,Lugano 1976-1977, p. 80). 460-450 PI. 24 65 (P 30125). Bell- or calyx-krater P.H. 2.5; p.W. 8.5; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body. On the left, the back of the head of a helmetedfigure (Attichelmet?)in profileto left; in the center,part of the shaft of a spear, which was probablyheld by this figure;on the right, the upper shaft of a column and

RED-FIGURED VESSELS part of the echinus of a Doric capital. Dilute glaze: interior decorationof the attachmentfor the plume and some of the details of the plume. Reserve band on the inside of the fragment.Relief lines: outline of the back of the helmet, spear, and column. Preliminary drawing. Very likely part of a warrior'sdeparture. 460-450 66 (P 31543). Bell- or calyx-krater

PI. 25

P.H. 5.8; p.W. 4.5; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the lower legs and left foot of a figureto right, who wears chiton and mantle. Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle.Traces of a preliminarydrawing. Villa Giulia Painter. Comparethe king on the reverse of New York, M.M.A. 24.97.96 (ARV2 619, 17; Richter and Hall, pl. 101) and the Muse on the left of the obverseof Oxford,Ashmolean524 (ARV2 620, 30; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 28 [120]:3). 460-450 67 (P 30036). Bell- or calyx-krater

PI. 25

P.H. 7.9; p.W. 8.0; Th. 0.85. Two joined sherds from the body. On the left, the thighs, left knee, genitals, and part of the lower abdomenof a male figure (satyr?) moving right; on the right, part of a wineskin which was probably held by a companionnow missing. Relief line for the back of the upper left leg. Dilute glaze: anatomical details of the knees. No preliminary drawing. 475-450 68 (P 30035). Bell- or calyx-krater

PI. 25

P.H. 5.8; p.W. 6.7; max. p. dim. 7.9; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the head and chest of a satyr in a seventheighths view to right. Black dilute glaze: beard and eyebrows.Preliminarydrawing. For a satyr in a similar pose, see Boston, M.F.A. 13.197 (ARV2 630, 37, Chicago Painter; CB, I, pl. 18:40). 460-440 69 (P 30008 a, b). Bell- or calyxkrater

Fig. 5, PI. 28

a) P.H. 6.6; est. Diam. of rim 47.0; p.W. 21.3. b) P.H. 5.6; p.W. 5.4.

81

Four joined sherds from rim and upper body (a) and one rim fragment(b). On the outside of the rim, a chain of upright lotuses and encircledpalmettesborderedby a doublereserve band on either side;on the inside, two reservebands 4.6 cm. apart. 475-425 70 (P 30128). Bell- or calyx-krater

P1.28

P.H. 6.0; p.W. 4.1; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The upper arms, chin, part of the mouth, and neck of a winged figure flying left. She flies parallel to the ground with her arms extended in front. The tip of the left wing bow is visible by her left shoulder,and she wears a necklace.Part of her dress (peplos?)can be seen on her right shoulder. Relief line: outline of her upper left arm. Dilute glaze: necklace,the interior of the wing, and anatomical details of the left arm. Preliminarydrawing. Probably a Nike flying left, perhaps holding a wreath or ribbon. 450-425 COLUMN-KRATER

71 (P 30197). Column-krater

Fig. 6, Pls. 26, 27 69:a and b; LIMC Shear, Agora 1972, p. 384, pl. no. 174. III, i, p. 767, H. 56.3-57.2; Diam. of base 22.0, of rim without handles 46.7, of rim with handles 55.1. Restoredfrom fragments.Most of the vase is preserved;missing are two-thirds of the foot, the columns of the left handle, a third of the rim, and scatteredfragmentsfrom the body. A: Greek and Amazon. She comes from the left on horseback,holdingthe reins in her left hand, a spear aloft in the right. The horse rears up slightly on its hind legs, the front legs well off the ground. The Amazon wears alopekis, cuirass, chitoniskos,oriental trousers, oriental blouse, slippers, and chlamys. Lost are parts of her right hand, right arm, left leg, and left arm. Part of the legs, body, and neck of the horse are missing. The Greekwarrior,whom she attacks, stands on the right. He recoils, spear in his raisedright hand and a shield on the left. The artist's attempt at a difficultthree-quarterback view is not entirely successful:note the relationshipbetweenthe

82

CATALOGUE

left foot and leg. The Greek wears Thracian helmet, cuirass, chitoniskos,and greaves. A scabbardhangs by his side. The helmet is decoratedwith a dolphin on the body in black dilute glaze and a lizard in dilute glaze on the cheekpiece.The shield device is a trident head renderedin black dilute glaze. Lost are part of his right arm, helmet plume, right leg, and shield. Relief lines: interior details throughout. Dilute glaze: coloring of the alopekis, star patterns on the shoulderflaps of both figures, laces of the Amazon's slippers, fine anatomical details of the horse, moustacheand beard, decorationof the Greek'shelmet at the crest-bodyjoin, their irises, dottedborder of his cuirass, and anatomicaldetails of his left leg and feet. Added red: reins of the horse; stripes of addedred between stripes of black dilute glaze color the Amazon'soriental trousersand blouse. The figures stand above a band composedof a dotted cross square with a running maeander to left on either side. On the neck of A is a red-figurefrieze of palmettes,which alternateup and down in a rectangular panel markedoff by reservebands.The undersideof the handle-platesand rim are left in reserve. B: Eos pursuing Tithonos. Winged, Eos runs right in profile,her left hand hiddenby drapery,her right extended toward Tithonos. She wears chiton, mantle, and diadem. Her hair is tied in back by stringsin addedred. The frontof her face and part of her wings are lost. Tithonos runs right, looking around. His right hand is coveredby the mantle he wears, and he holds a lyre in his left. He has a headband indicated in added red. Parts of his head, shoulders,upper torso, and lyre are lost. Dilute and dark dilute glaze are used for many of the interior details. The figures stand above a band of dotted crosssquaresand runningmaeandersto left. Preliminary drawing on both sides;misfiredin places. Groupof Polygnotos.AlthoughI cannotassignthe vase to an artist's hand, it clearly belongs to the Group. Comparethe Amazon and Greek to similar pairs on New York, M.M.A. 38.11.4 (ARV2 1059, 128; G. M. A. Richter, "RecentAcquisitionsof the Metropolitan Museum," AJA 44, 1940 [pp. 181186],p. 184, figs. 10 and 11) and Berlin,S.M. F 2353 (ARV2 1031, 39; K. A. Neugebauer, Fiihrer durch Das Antiquarium,II, Vasen, Berlin 1932, pl. 61). Comparethe horseto those riddenby the Dioskouroi on Oxford, Ashmolean 1916.68 (ARV2 1028, 6;

CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 29 [121]:1).CompareEos to Eos on Syracuse, Museo ArcheologicoRegionale 44291 (ARV2 1041, 9; CVA, Syracuse 1 [Italy 17], pl. 19 [833]). The movementof the figureson our vase is more restrainedthan on many of the other Polygnotan vases, suggestingthat it is late: for example, Eos holds her hands out towards Tithonos but does not reachout and actuallygrabhim as on manyother sceneswith this myth;nor do the Greek and Amazon really come to blows, but they seem to hold back in a posturingmode. This vase is one of a small group of vases with mountedAmazonsto right againstone Greek (Bothmer, Amazons, pp. 179-181). The Greek is labeled Theseus on one vase: London, B.M. E 450 (ARV2 1043, 1;EAA III, p. 372, fig. 453). Our Greekmay be Theseus; the trident-headshield device and dolphin on the helmet could allude to Theseus' father, Poseidon. Dolphins, however,are frequentlyused to decorate Thracian helmets in other scenes:for example, New York,M.M.A. 29.131.7 (ARV2 511,4, Painter of Bologna 228; Richter and Hall, no. 80, pp. 110111, pl. 82) and Paris, Petit Palais 868 (ARV2 592, 36, Altamura Painter; CVA, Petit Palais 1 [France 15], pl. 23 [663]:1). Worthy of note is the Amazon's outfit, which is a mixture of orientaland Greek garb (for another example, see Munich, StaatlicheAntikensammlungenund Glyptothek 2379 [ARV2 512, 10, Painter of Bologna 228; Bothmer, Amazons, pi. 83:1]) and the manner in which the trousersand blouse are painted red and black. For Amazons, see also P. Devambez and A. Kaufmann-Samarasin LIMC I, i, pp. 586-653. K. Schwab has noted the similaritybetween the Amazon and the rider on the metopefromthe Parthenon,West 1. The scene on the reversewith Eos and Tithonos is limited to the two protagonists.On other vases other figures are included.The same compositionfor Eos and Tithonos is used on 123, q.v. for bibliography. Our vase is the first known column-kraterfrom the Group of Polygnotos.More fragmentshave been added since it was first published. For Polygnotos, see most recently S. B. Matheson, "Polygnotos:An Iliupersis Scene at the Getty Museum,"Greek Vases in the J. Paul Getty Museum 3 (OccasionalPapers on Antiquities2), Malibu 1986, pp. 101-114. 430

RED-FIGURED VESSELS PI. 29 72 (P 31641 a-e). Column-krater a) P.H. 2.9; p.W. 21.7; est. Diam. of rim 33.0. b) P.H. 2.9; p.W. 10.5. c) P.H. 3.0; p.W. 8.1. d) P.H. 2.7; p.W. 4.7. e) P.H. 3.0; p.W. 6.1. Part of rim preservedin two sectionsof two joined sherds (a, b) and three non-joining fragments (c-e). On top, a black-pattern lotus-and-chain frieze which is borderedon the right by two parallel black lines and volute:this is the start of the handle-plate. On the outside, dot band separatedand borderedby black lines; verticalblack line on the right. Fragment e comes from lot BI 1, building fill of the Royal Stoa, depositI 4-5:1, layer 6, whose lower date is ca. 500. COLUMN- OR VOLUTE-KRATER

PI. 28 73 (P 30058). Column- or volute-krater P.H. 8.0; p.W. 6.9; Th. 0.9. Three joined sherds from the shoulder. A woman facing left. Only her left shoulder, neck, and part of her hands, arms, and head remain. She holds up both hands, as if startled by what is happening on the left; only the palm of the right hand is visible against her chin. She wears chiton, sakkos, earring, and necklace. Both the chiton and sakkos are decoratedwith dots of dilute glaze; the string of the sakkosis indicatedin addedred. The necklineof the chiton has two rows of dots between relief lines. The dot-pendant necklace is drawn with dilute glaze. Relief lines: outer contoursof the figure. On the right two parallel, verticalrows of black dots between lines. Preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. Most likely from a column-krater since volutekratersdo not normallyhave side frames. 475-450 74 (P 31535). Column- or volute-krater

PI. 28

P.H. 8.0; p.W. 8.1; Th. 0.6. Two joined sherds from the shoulderand body. A woman to right;only the backof her head and part of her right arm and shoulderremain.She wears chiton, disk earring, diadem, and necklace.Her hair is

83

tied in a ponytailby a stringindicatedin addedwhite. The diadem is left in reservewith a dilute-glazeline running down the middle and leaves in addedwhite. Above, a dotted-tonguepattern;on the left, a blackfigure ivy pattern. Dilute glaze: necklace,part of the knot for the ponytail, interior of the diadem, and sternocleidomastoid.Preliminarydrawing. Most likely from a column-kratersince volutekratersdo not normallyhave side frames. 450 75 (P 30140). Column- or volute-krater

P1.28

P.H. 5.1; p.W. 9.9; Th. 0.8. Two joined sherdsfrom the body. The neck and part of the head of a mule to right;on the right,the upperrightarmof someone.The mouth of the mule is open, suggesting that he is braying. Relief lines: all the outer contours.The details of his neck and the area around the iris are colored with dilute glaze. Trace of a preliminarydrawing. 450 76 (P 30066). Column- or volute-krater

PI. 29

P.H. 5.1; p.W. 3.0; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the shoulder. Part of the head and chest of a mantled youth. The head is in profile to left, only the front half preserved;a band in addedred aroundhis head. Preliminary drawing. 430 COLUMN-KRATER?

77 (P 31536). Open vase, column-krater?

PI. 29

P.H. 5.0; p.W. 5.3; Th. 1.0. A single fragmentgives part of the shoulderand a trace of the lower neck. The head of a woman in profile to left and part of her mantled shoulder. She wears a sakkos. Preliminary drawing;surfaceworn. Leningrad Painter. Compare to the head of the woman on the obverseof 37 (PI. 12). 460 VOLUTE-KRATER

78 (P 30114). Volute-krater P.H. 8.8; p.W. 8.6.

Pl. 29

84

CATALOGUE

Two joined sherds from the volute of one handle; part of the surface where it was attached to the rim remains. On either side, an ivy pattern,which increasesin size from the center out. A relief line over a broaderdilute-glaze line dividesthe rows of ivy leaves;this divider is more pronounced on the better-preserved side. Two relief lines markeach of the outer borders. There are some black-glazedvolute-kraters(Agora XII, p. 54, note 1). Since no part of the bodyof the vase is preserved,it is possible that the vase was not decoratedin red figure. PLATE

Fig. 6, PI. 30 a+ b) H. 2.55; est. Diam. of base 19.0, of rim 27.0. c) P.H. 2.0; p.W. 8.1.

79 (P 30109 a-f). Plate

d) P.H. 2.7; p.W. 8.8. e) P.H. 2.5; p.W. 6.9. f) Max. p. dim. 6.9 One section of eight joined sherds from the rim, foot, and body (a + b), two joined (d) and two non-joining(c and e) sherdsfromthe foot and rim, and anothersherd from the body (f). On top of the rim is a red-figure frieze of circumscribedpalmettes.A ribbonpatternbetween two reserve bands serves as the border for the tondo. The undersideis decoratedby alternatingbands of black and reservecoveredwith red wash. On fragmentf is a small section of the upper right arm of a kithara, which was part of the scene in the tondo. Relief lines: outline of the kitharaand strings. Preliminary drawing. Callipolitis-Feytmans'Type A plate; the profile has affinities with those from the beginning of the Early Classical period (Callipolitis-Feytmans [under 7 above], no. 39, p. 458, fig. 58; Agora XII, no. 1011, p. 307, fig. 9) and with those from the beginning of the Classical period (CallipolitisFeytmans,op. cit., no. 43, p. 458, fig. 58; AgoraXII, no. 1013, p. 307, fig. 9); it is at a developmentalstage betweenthe two, hencethe date. Tondo decorationis standard for plates at the beginning of the Early Classical period but rare for the Classical. For red-

figured plates, see Callipolitis-Feytmans, op. cit., pp. 211-223 and Agora XII, pp. 144-150. Redfiguredplates are relativelyrare. 470-460 PYXIS 80 (P 30054 a, b). Pyxis

PI. 30

a) P.H. 8.2; est. Diam. of rim 12.0; p.W. 7.5. b) P.H. 6.4; p.W. 5.2. Two sections of three (a) and two (b) joined sherdsfrom the rim and body. Women. On the left of fragmenta is the head in profile and chest in three-quarterview of a woman to right. She wears a peplos and probablyheld the alabastronvisible in frontof her in one of her hands.On the right facing her is a woman standingin a threequarterview to left, head in profile.She wears chiton and sakkosand holds a portionof her garmentin her mouthwhile adjustingher girdle with her hands. On the bottom of b is part of the back of a klismos and traces of a female figure who sits on it, leaning forward and wearing a veil. A mirror hangs above in the background.Relief lines: outlines of the faces of the figures, their necks, the klismos, and outline of the figureon b and the left shoulderof the first figure on a. Dilute glaze helps color the veil and is used for the hair of the secondfigure and the folds of her chiton aroundthe front of the hidden left leg. A reserve band marks the upper borderof the picture field, a black band separating it from the reserve rim. No preliminarydrawing. Compare the faces and ears to those of the maenads on Berlin, S.M. F 2532 (ARV2 1253, 57, Eretria Painter; CVA, Berlin 3 [Germany22], pls. 112 [1041] and 116 [1045]:1). The partially preserved seated woman who wears a veil suggeststhat we are dealing with a scene of preparationfor a wedding. Scenes connectedwith the wedding are not uncommon on pyxides (S. R. Roberts, The Attic Pyxis, Chicago 1978, pp. 178-187). Figures similar to the woman on the right who adjustsher girdle are found on a number of other vases; see E. Bohr, CVA, Tibingen 4 [Germany52], pp. 96-97 and R. F. Sutton, Jr., The InteractionbetweenMen and WomenPortrayed on Attic Red-figure Pottery, diss. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1981, pp. 366-367

RED-FIGURED VESSELS and 446, note 202 for vases with similar scenes and earlier bibliography. 430-425

PI. 30 81 (P 30123). Open vessel P.H. 5.5; p.W. 5.0; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. In the center, the left hand of a figure holding a spear;on the left, a reservedarea with three vertical, parallel black lines, very likely part of the clothed body of a figure. Between this area and the arm is what appears to be the hilt of a sword and the top of a gorytos. Running behind the spear to the right of the figure's hand is a rectangle:part of an unidentifiable object. Relief lines: exterior borders.No preliminary drawing. Perhaps an arming scene or warrior'sdeparture. 450 82 (P 31546). Open vessel

PI. 30

P.H. 3.0; p.W. 3.8; Th. 0.6. Fragment from the body and trace of the lower rim. The head of a woman in profile to left and part of her shoulders.She wears chiton, mantle, and a teardrop earring. Preliminarydrawing. 450 83 (P 30130). Open vessel

(ARV2 1073, 7, Eupolis Painter; LIMC I, ii, pl. 512:664). For Amazons,see 53 above. 450-425 84 (P 31544). Open vessel

OTHEROPENVESSELS

P1. 31

P.H. 4.2; p.W. 8.3; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the body. A mountedAmazonto right.Just the lower neck and part of the upper right shoulderof the horse remain; from the Amazon, only the left arm, part of the upper right leg, and part of the lower torso are left. Part of a spear shaft which the Amazon held in her right hand overlaps her torso and leg. She wears oriental trousers, skirt, and blouse. Dilute glaze: anatomical details of the neck of the horse. Dark dilute glaze: markingsof the Amazon'sclothes. Preliminarydrawing. The pose of the figurewas probablysimilarto that of the Amazon on Brooklyn, Museum 09.3 (ARV2 1084, 15, Cassel Painter; LIMC I, ii, pl. 484:324). The delineationof the trousersis the same as that of the Amazon on Ferrara, Museo Nazionale T.203

85

PI. 31

P.H. 3.3; p.W. 6.1; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The mid-torsoand parts of the arms of a male figure in a chlamys with a petasos hanging down his back. The pose of the arms, which are out in front, the left raised slightly higher than the right, suggeststhat he may be riding a horse. Dilute glaze: string of the petasos and the lower edge of the folds. Dull black glaze on the interior of the fragment. Preliminary drawing. 450-425 85 (P 31545). Open vessel

PI. 31

P.H. 8.4; p.W. 4.6; Th. 0.6. Three joined sherdspreservepart of the body. A hoplite moving left. Parts of his upper legs, shield, and spear remain.The shield, carriedon his left arm and renderedin a three-quarterview, has a star renderedin black glaze in a reservepanel encircledby a black line. The main surfaceis painted black with a wreath patternrunning aroundthe middle. The rim is left in reserve,save for one black line. Part of the spear he carries is visible by his right leg. A trace of something,perhapshis hand, is visible in front of the shield. Relief lines: contours of the legs, shield, spear, and interiordecorationof the shield. Preliminary drawing; misfired, hence the dark red color of the reserveareas. Perhaps from the same vase as 44. 475-425 86 (P 30131). Open vessel

PI. 31

P.H. 4.1; p.W. 5.5; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The lower neck and upper left shoulder of a horse moving left. The left hand, lower left arm, and a trace of the body of the rider are preservedin addition to a section of the spear that he holds; carried horizontally, it is visible in front of the neck of the horse. The rider holds the reins in his left hand. Relief lines: outer contours. Dilute glaze: interior markingsof the mane. Dull blackglaze on the inside of the fragment.No preliminarydrawing.

86

CATALOGUE

The position of the spear suggests that the figure is involvedin combat. 475-425 CLOSED SHAPES ASKOS Fig. 7, PI. 31 a) P.H. 1.7; est. Diam. of base 9.0; p.W. 5.3.

87 (P 31530 a-c). Askos

b) P.H. 1.7; p.W. 2.5. c) P.H. 1.9; p.W. 3.6. Three non-joining fragments,two of which preserve part of the foot and body (a and c) and one (b), part of the body. The foot is coveredwith a red wash. b) Part of a foot above a reserve ground line. c) More of the reserve groundline. A shallow askos; see Agora XII, pp. 158-159. Comparethe profileto a black-glazedexample from the middle of the century:Agora P 21916 (Boulter 1953, no. 59, p. 82, fig. 3, pp. 87-88). For the decoration of askoi, see H. Hoffmann, Sexual and Asexual Pursuit (OccasionalPaper 34, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland), London 1977. For askoi, see also L. Massei, Gli askoiafigure rosse nei corredifunerari delle necropoli di Spina (Testi e documentiper lo studiodell' antichitaLIX), Milan 1978. 450

P1.31

The extendedleft arm, left shoulder,and beard of a male figure to right. A mantle or chlamys is draped over his arm and shoulder.Preliminarydrawing. Perhaps a male deity (Zeus or Poseidon?)pursuing a woman. 475-450 89 (P 30062, P 31532). Oinochoe a) P.H. 6.2; p.W. 5.4; Th. 0.35.

90 (P 31533 a-c). Oinochoe

Pl. 32

a) P.H. 10.8; est. Diam. of base 11.0. b). PH 7.1; p.W. 7.0.

OINOCHOE

88 (P 31531). Oinochoe P.H. 3.7; p.W. 6.6; Th. 0.3. Two joined sherds from the shoulder.

a) The upper leg and mid-sectionof a figure (most likely a woman) in profileto right. She wears chiton and mantle and holds an oinochoe rendered with black glaze in her right hand at her side. On the left of fragmentb, the lower part of the same figure. In the center is an altar, the top left cornerof which is lost. Traces of sprigs(?) in added white remain on top. To the right is the lower half of a male figure in a mantle, who stands frontally, left foot in profile; below, a band of stopped maeanders.Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle of the first figure and the blood and decorativeelementson the altar. Preliminary drawing;surfaceof fragmenta worn. Niobid Painter. Compare the drapery of the woman on the left with the woman on the left of the reverseof New York, M.M.A. 99.13.2 (ARV2 605, 61; Richter and Hall, pl. 100) and the altars on both vases. For anothervase with a similar altar, cf. London, B.M. E 381 (ARV2 603, 45; photograph: Beazley Archive). For composition, cf. Tiibingen, University E 104 (ARV2 603, 35; Webster [under 39 above], pl. 20). For similar ornament, cf. Florence, Museo Nazionale 4007 (ARV2 607, 85; Webster, op. cit., pl. 22:a). Libation scenes were a favorite with the Niobid Painter, on whom see under 39. The vase is now listed in Prange (under 39 above), no. N 111, p. 203. 460-450

P1.32

b) P.H. 10.6; p.W. 17.7; Th. 0.5. Twelve joined sherds (b) and one non-joining, fragment(a) from the body.

c) P.H. 7.2; p.W. 5.9. One sectionof fivejoined sherdsfrom the foot and body (a) and two joined (b) and one non-joining (c) sherd from the body. On the left of fragmenta is a trace of something;on the right is the lower half of a figure in chiton and mantle standing in profile to left; farther right, part of a tendril from the ornamentalpatternbeneaththe handle;below, a band of stoppedmaeanders.b) The lower part of a figure in chiton and mantle to right. c) The lower part of anotherin chiton and mantle to right;a trace of somethingis visible on the right. Dilute glaze: lower edges of the mantles. Preliminary drawing;surfaceworn. 450

RED-FIGURED VESSELS PI. 31 91 (P 30063). Oinochoe P.H. 4.1; p.W. 4.6; Th. 0.3. Fragmentfrom the body. Most of the upper half of a mantledyouth in profile to right. What remainsof his right arm indicatesthat it was extendedin front, perhaps holding a staff. He wears a band in addedwhite, now nearly lost. Relief lines: contoursof his chin and the back of his neck. Preliminarydrawing;not well fired in places. 450 OINOCHOE,CHOUS

PI. 32 92 (P 30053). Chous P.H. 3.9; p.W. 3.5; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the neck and body. The head and upper shoulderof a youth in profileto right, a ribbonaroundhis head in addedwhite; part of what is most likely his mantle or cloak is visible behind his neck and back. Relief lines: outline of the face. Above is part of a band with saltire square and stoppedmaeanders.No preliminarydrawing. 460-450 93 (P 30133). Chous

P1. 33 P.H. 5.0; p.W. 8.5; Th. 0.6. Three joined sherds from the neck and body.

Most of the head and left shoulderof a youth playing a barbiton.Part of the left-handarm and crossbarof the barbiton remains. He wears an ivy wreath and mantle.Aboveto the right of the lyre is part of an inscriptionin addedwhite, ZOTEP[: f

o

Tf

P

Abovethe scene is a lotus-and-palmettefrieze. Relief lines: outer contours, leaves of the wreath, and strings of the barbiton. Dilute glaze: edges of his hair. Preliminarydrawing. The inscription gives us what is part of a new kalos, potter's,or painter'sname, perhapsXOTHPIAHI (see IG I2, 1029). 450 LEKYTHOS

94 (P 31490). Lekythos P.H. 4.1; p.W. 5.0; Th. 0.8. Fragmentfrom the body.

PI. 32

87

Head of a dolphin on the left and part of the body and right arm of a figure in chiton and mantle. The right arm is raisedin the air, as if the figureis fleeing in fright. Relief lines: outline of the arm. Golden dilute glaze: interior folds of the chiton and interior details of the dolphin. Dark dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle. Preliminarydrawing. Reminiscent of late work by the Berlin Painter and artists from his school. Comparethe woman on St. Petersburg, Hermitage 5 1562 (ARV2 202, 76; D. C. Kurtz, The Berlin Painter, Oxford 1983, pls. 14:32 and 48:b). The figure probably flees to right, lookingaround.The dolphinmay indicatethat she is a Nereid, or that her pursuer is Poseidon, in which case she may be Amymone. For Poseidon pursuing women, see S. Kaempf-Dimitriadou,Die Liebe der G6tterin der attischenKunst des 5. Jahrhundertsv. Chr. (AntK, Beiheft 11), Bern 1979, pp. 26-30; for Poseidonand Amymone,see E. Simon in LIMC I, i, pp. 742-752. She may also be Thetis pursuedby Peleus, but this is less likely since Peleus is more often shown having already closed with Thetis and the scene is used mainly on vase surfaceswhich allow for a frieze of figures. See X. Krieger, Der Kampf zwischen Peleus und Thetis in der griechischen Vasenmalerei.Eine typologischeUntersuchung,Erlangen 1973. 470-460 95 (P 31489). Lekythos

P1.32

P.H. 3.4; p.W. 4.1; Th. 0.3. Fragmentfrom the body. Most of the head of a woman in profileto right. Her hair is turned up in back, and she wears a headband indicated in reserve; above, a running maeander right, between two black lines. Relief lines: outline of the face and neck. No preliminarydrawing. BowdoinPainter.Comparethe womanon Oxford, Ashmolean1927.4462 (ARV2 681,93; CVA,Oxford 2 [GB 9], pl. 63 [427]:12) and the Nike on Athens, N.M. 17291 (ARV2 679, 31 and 692; CVA,Athens2 [Greece 2], pl. 12 [70]:1). For the painter, see most recentlyS. Lasona,"Due lekythoiinediteda Leontini e il problema del pittore di Bowdoin,"Cronachedi archeologiae di storiadell'arte,Universitadi Catania 8, 1969, pp. 53-62; K. Schauenburg,"Athenabusten des Bowdoinmalers,"AA (Jdl 89) 1974, pp. 149157;and E. Zwierlein-Diehl in W. Hornbostelet al.,

88

CATALOGUE

Kunst der Antike. Schitze aus norddeutschemPrivatbesitz,Mainz 1977, pp. 314-315. 475-450 96 (P 31487). Lekythos

P1. 32

P.H. 7.6; Diam. 6.3; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the lower body. The lower part of the figure of a woman in chiton and mantle standing in profile to right; on the ground in front, part of a small chest; reserveband below. Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle and interiordivisionsof the chest. Preliminarydrawing. 475-450 97 (P 30069). Lekythos

PI. 33

P.H. 8.2; est. Diam. 6.0; p.W. 4.9; Th. 0.4. Two joined sherdsfrom the body. A woman in chiton and mantle standingin profile to right. The top of her head and parts of her feet, chiton, and mantle are lost. She extends both hands in front and holds a distaff,the top of which is lost, in her left hand. Behind, most of a klismos remains; below, a reserveground line. Relief lines: contourof the drapery covering the back of the legs. Golden dilute glaze: inner chiton folds. Black dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle. Preliminarydrawing. CarlsruhePainter.J. R. Guy first made this attribution. Cf. Mannheim, Reiss-Museum 190 (AR V2 733, 61; CVA, Mannheim 1 [Germany 13], pl. 32 [618]:9) and Cambridge, Fitzwilliam 138 (ARV2 735, 98; CVA, Cambridge1 [GB 6], pl. 30 [268]:1). 460-450 PI. 33 98 (P 31486). Lekythos P.H. 6.3; p.W. 3.8; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the body. The lower part of a figure of a woman in chiton and mantle standingin profileto right. On the groundin front is half of a kalathos containingwool, which is indicatedin added white and visible on top; reserve band below. Dark dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle and decorationof the kalathos. Preliminary drawing. CarlsruhePainter. Compareto 97. The two vases are replicas as far as they go. They were probably painted and sold at the same time. For replicas, see most recently J. H. Oakley, "An Athenian Redfigure Workshop from the Time of the Peloponnesian War,"in BCH Suppl., forthcoming. 460-450

99 (P 30068). Lekythos

PI. 33

P.H. 10.8; est. Diam. 7.0; p.W. 6.0; Th. 0.6. Fragment preservesmost of the front half of the body. A woman in chiton, mantle, and sakkos standing in profile to right. Her arms are stretchedout in front, and the fingers of her left hand are closed in the act of graspingsomething,now lost, most likely a thread of wool. Her right forearmand hand are missing, as well as most of her feet and lower drapery. On the ground in front is a kalathos. A trace of the upper borderis visible; below a reserveband. Relief lines: contours of face and neck. Dilute glaze: interior of the kalathos and lower edge of mantle. Preliminary drawing. Aischines Painter. Cf. Altenburg,StaatlicheLindenau-Museum 302 (ARV2 709, 13; CVA, Altenburg 2 [Germany 18], pl. 74 [859]:4 and 5); Athens, N.M. 1506 (ARV2 709, 11); and Marburg,University 1749 (ARV2 709, 15; photograph:Beazley Archive). Compare the head to that of the woman on Trondheim, Kunstgallerei 807 (ARV2 718, 238; CVA, Norway, public and private collections[Norway 1], pl. 40 [40]:1). 460-450 100 (P 31488). Lekythos

PI. 34

P.H. 7.5; p.W. 5.2; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the body. A woman in peplos in profile to right; her head, right hand, right foot, and part of her shouldersand right arm are lost. On the groundin front, the lower half of a kalathos; below, a reserve band. Dilute glaze: interior decorationof kalathos. Preliminary drawing. 460-450 PI. 34 101 (P 31491). Lekythos P.H. 4.0; est. Diam. 5.0; Th. 0.35. Fragmentfrom the upper body. The upper two-thirdsof a woman in mantle moving right. Part of the top of her head is lost. A sash hangs in the upper right background;only a small trace of the upper ornamentalband on the right. Dark dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle, back of the woman's neck, and interiordecorationof the sash. No preliminary drawing. By the same painter as 102. 460-450

RED-FIGURED VESSELS PI. 34 102 (P 31492). Lekythos P.H. 4.3; est. Diam. 5.0; p.W. 3.1. Fragmentfrom the body. The upper two-thirdsof a mantledwoman in profile movingleft; above,part of the lower black line of the upper ornamentalband. Dilute glaze: outlines of the woman's neck and lower edge of the mantle by her arm. Preliminarydrawing. By the same painter as 101. 460-450 103 (P 30065). Lekythos

P1.34

P.H. 13.4; est. Diam. of shoulder9.0. Five joined sherds preservepart of the neck, handle, shoulder,and body. Most of the upper torso, part of the upper left arm, the right arm, and the head of a female figure in peplos (maenad?). She stands frontally, looking to right, and in her right hand holds an object (thyrsos?), a trace of which is visible. Her hair runs down behindher neck and disappearsbehindher back;she wears an ivy wreath. Above, an ornamental band consisting of a frieze of blackened crosses and stopped maeanders. Not enough remains to restore the exact pattern. On the shoulder, red-figure palmettes:a central palmette gives rise from the top of the encirclingtendril to palmetteson either side and to lotus buds from the lower volute. At the neckshoulder join, a dotted-egg pattern. Dilute glaze: outlines of the neck, wreath, and objectheld in the right hand. Preliminarydrawing. Hermonax. Compare the profile of the face to those of Theseus on Argos, Museum C 909 (ARV2 485, 23; N. Weill, "Un cratered'Hermonax,"BCH 86, 1962 [pp. 64-94], p. 71, fig. 4) and the fluteplaying maenad on Paris, Louvre G 336 (ARV2 483, 1; Weill, op. cit., p. 78, fig. 8). Similar ornament is found on Palermo, Museo Regionale V 673 (ARV2 490,123; Weill, op. cit., p. 89, fig. 17). The red-figure palmette scheme on the shoulder is Kurtz's Type I: Kurtz (under 8 above), p. 33. A maenadis depictedon two other lekythoiby Hermonax: New York, M.M.A. 26.60.77 (ARV2 490,122; Richter and Hall, pl. 89) and Hartford,Wadsworth Atheneum 30.184 (AR V2 490, 121; Johnson, AJA 51, 1947 [under 48 above], pl. 55). For the painter, see 42, 48, and 121. 460-450

89 P1.34

104 (P 31493). Lekythos P.H. 5.6; est. Diam. 7.0; p.W. 4.8; Th. 0.3. Fragmentof the upper body.

Wings of a figure to right;above, a running maeander to right. Dilute glaze: stippling on the meat of the wings and short interiordivisionsof the feathers. No preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. Nike? 450 105 (P 31494). Lekythos

P1.35

P.H. 5.2; p.W. 3.9; Th. 0.7. Fragmentfrom the lower body. Part of the legs and drapery of a figure (probably male), right foot frontal, left in profile to right; below, a reserveline. Preliminarydrawing. 450 106 (P 31495). Lekythos

PI. 35

P.H. 4.5; p.W. 3.3; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the torso, arms, and upper legs of a female figure in peplos who stands frontally,both arms out at her sides;on the bottomright-handcornera trace of an object(chest?).Dark dilute glaze: lower edge of the overfold.Preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. 450 107 (P 31496). Lekythos

P1.35

P.H. 3.1; p.W. 2.9; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the body. Part of the right arm, shoulder,and torso of a figure in chiton and mantle (woman?). The right arm is extendedat a ninety-degreeangle from the body. No preliminarydrawing. Probablyby the AischinesPainter.Cf. Cambridge (Mass.), Sackler 25.30.36 (ARV2 711, 60; CVA, Hoppin and Gallatin Collections [USA 1], pl. 13 [13]:3) and (once) New York Market (ARV2 710, 47; photograph:Beazley Archive). 450 SQUAT LEKYTHOS

108 (P 31497). Squat lekythos

Fig. 7, PI. 35

P.H. 2.8; Diam. of base 6.7. Two joined sherds preserve part of the foot and body.

90

CATALOGUE

The foot of a figure to right and a trace of drapery; below, a reserveband. Slight trace of a preliminary drawing. Closest in profile are squat lekythoi from Rudolph's Schalkragen-Klasse(W. W. Rudolph, Die Bauchlekythos. Ein Beitrag zur Formgeschichte der attischen Keramikdes 5. Jahrhundertsv. Chr., Bloomington1971, pp. 17-19, pl. 9:1 and 2). 450 109 (P 31498). Squat lekythos P1.35 P.H. 4.1; est. Diam 9.0; p.W. 6.1; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the lower body. The right foot, part of the left foot, and lower part of drapery of a woman in chiton and mantle moving rapidly to right. She stands above a reserve ground line. Relief lines: outer contoursof the drapery and feet. Preliminarydrawing. 450 AMPHORA

110 (P 30060). Neck-amphora P.H. 5.7; p.W. 6.3; Th. 0.6. Fragmentfrom the shoulder.

P1.35

A pair of antlersand the head and right shoulderof a beardedman. A ribbonin addedred hangs from the horns. The head of the man is in profile to left, and he wears a headband. Dilute glaze: man's iris and inner markingsof the antlers. Relief line: outer contour of his face;above,tonguepattern.Slight traceof a preliminarydrawing on his right shoulder. Manner of the Niobid Painter. The drawing is close to that of the Niobid Painter, but it seems too sloppyto be by the painterhimself.Comparethe face and head to those of Dionysos and the king on New York, M.M.A. 99.13.2 (ARV2 605, 61; Richter and Hall, pl. 100) or to that of the king on London,B.M. E 381 (ARV2 603, 45; photograph: Beazley Archive). Antlers are often found in scenes of libation and indicatea sanctuarysetting. See Vienna, KunsthistorischesMuseum 3733 (ARV2 1067, 1, Barclay Painter; Paralipomena447; Beazley Addenda 159; P. Zanker, Wandel Hermesgestaltin der attischen Vasenmalerei,Bonn 1965, pi. 8) and Boston,M.F.A. 01.16 (ARV2 1016, 36, Phiale Painter;CB, I, suppl. pl. 3). The vase is now listed in Prange (under 39 above),no. N 79, p. 197. 460-450

111 (P 31514). Closed vessel, amphora?

PI. 35

P.H. 4.4; p.W. 7.1; Th. 0.3. Three joined sherds from the shoulder. The head and part of the neck and drapedshoulders of a woman. She stands frontallyand looks left. Her hair is tied with stringsindicatedin addedwhite and reserve.Traces of somethingare visible on both the far right and the upper left. Dilute glaze: chin, back of her hair, and mouth. Trace of a preliminary drawing by chin. 480 PI. 36 112 (P 30061). Closed vessel, Nolan amphora? P.H. 5.8; p.W. 6.4; Th. 0.3. Two joined sherds from the body. A woman to right holding an oinochoe in her right hand. Only part of her right arm, right hand, left sleeve, and torso are preserved.Black dilute glaze: edge of the mantle. Golden dilute glaze: folds of the sleevesof the chiton.Trace of a preliminarydrawing on lower arm. Probablyby the ProvidencePainter. The rendering of the sleevewith goldendilute glaze for the interior and relief lines for the edges is typical of chitons by the ProvidencePainter, as are the stacked folds with edges rendered in black dilute glaze. For the former, cf. Nike on Vienna, KunsthistorischesMuseum 698 (ARV2 637, 29; CVA, Vienna 2 [Austria 2], pl. 59 [698]:2) and for the latter, see Artemis on Paris, Cab. Med. 365 (ARV2 636,7; E. PapoutsakeSerbete,O Zwypasdos rtis Providence,Athens 1983, pl. 27) For the ProvidencePainter, see PapoutsakeSerbete,op. cit. Most likely part of a libation scene. 470 PI. 36 113 (P 30059). Closedvessel, amphora? P.H. 8.7; p.W. 12.9; Th. 0.7. Fourjoined sherds from the neck and shoulder. On the left is the head of a youth. He moves right, carryingon his draped left shouldera basket which he supports with his left hand. Both the wreath he wears around his head and the vegetation in the basket are indicatedwith addedwhite. On the right is part of the head of another youth who carries a lebes and wears a headband indicated in added white. Above,a tongue pattern.Relief lines: outlines of the figures. No preliminarydrawing.

RED-FIGURED VESSELS Part of a processionscene. The youth on the left carries a skaphe, recalling the skaphephoroion the Parthenon frieze (see F. Brommer,Der Parthenonfries, Mainz 1977, pp. 214-215). For depictions of skaphai on vases, see also B. A. Sparkes, "Illustrating Aristophanes,"JHS 95, 1975 (pp. 122-135), p. 133 and Ginouves (footnote 83 above, p. 49), pp. 51-60. To the vases mentioned in the above, add Ferrara, Museo Nazionale T.254 CVP (ARV2 524, 26, OrchardPainter;photograph:Beazley Archive), Viterbo, Museo Civico (BdA 29, 1985, pl. 1 and pp. 1-11, figs. 1-3, 6, 7, and 11, 12), and Basel Market (Auktion40, Miinzen und Medaillen A.G., 13 Dec. 1969, pl. 39:95). The youth on the right carries a lebes with handles;most likely it is metal. For a similar vessel, see Florence, Museo Nazionale 7 B 24 (ARV2 816, 6, Painter of London E 80; A. Minto, "Corteonuziale in un frammentodi tazza attica," Ausonia 9, 1919 [pp. 65-75], p. 65, fig. 1, pl. 5). May be part of a scene of the Ransom of Hector. 460-450 LOUTROPHOROS

114 (P 30057). Loutrophoros P1. 37 P.H. 25.9; Diam. 14.6. Part of the neckof a loutrophoros-hydria.Eight of the ten sherdsjoin in two sets of four;a large portion of the handle root remains. On the left is most of the upper torso, lower drapery, and feet of a woman standingin profile to right. Part of her extended left arm remains. She wears chiton, mantle, and a headbandindicatedin reserve. In the center is most of the head in profile to left, frontal torso,and lower draperyof a beardedmale figure. In his right hand he holds up a phiale, in his left a ribbon. He wears chiton, mantle, and a headband indicatedin reserve. On the right is part of the left shoulder, right arm, lower drapery, and neck of a female figure who standsto left. Her hair runs down over her shoulder.Part of somethingshe held in her right hand (ribbon?)remains. She wears chiton and mantle. The figures stand above a reserveband bordered by black stripes, beneath which is part of an ornamentalarea in reservewith decorationin black: only a single curvingline of the decorationremains. Dilute glaze: middle of the ribbon and interior folds of chitons. Black dilute glaze: lower border of the

91

man's mantle. A light dilute-glaze wash covers the top of the inside. Preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. Altamura Painter. Compare the drapery of the woman on the left with that of the woman holding an oinochoe on Bologna, Museo Civico 174 (ARV2 593, 43; CVA, Bologna4 [Italy 27], pl. 93 [1247]:2). Compare the head of the woman on the left and the bearded man in the center with the woman on the left and bearded man on the right on Hillsborough, Hearst 19 (ARV2 595, 68; I. K. Raubitschek, The Hearst Hillsborough Vases, Mainz 1969, pp. 67-70). Compare the face of the bearded man with that of the warrioron New York, M.M.A. 56.171.44 (ARV2 594, 53; L'Antiquiteclassique 4, 1935, pl. 32:1). This is the first known loutrophoros by the Altamura Painter. The vase is now listed in Prange (under 39 above), no. A 88, p. 174. 470-460 PELIKE

115 (P 30056). Pelike PI. 36 P.H. 16.5; est. Diam. 18.0; p.W. 18.0; Th. 0.75. Elevenjoined sherdspreservemost of the scene on one side of the vase. On the left stands a woman in chiton and mantle whose feet are in profile to right and whose torso is in three-quarter view. She gestures with her left hand to a youth on the right, her right hand resting on her hip. She wears a necklace,hair strings indicated in added red, and a disk earring bisectedby a line. The top of her head, part of the right arm, and a section of the drapery by her knees are lost. The youth on the right faces her, leaning on a staff in a three-quarterbackview to left. With his left hand he offers her an oval object(egg or fruit?), his right arm akimbo.He wears a mantle and a headbandindicated in added red. Framing the picture is a black net pattern between two black lines on either side, a reserve line below, and black-pattern lotus chain above.Relief lines:outlinesof her right arm and part of her lower left arm and thumb and of his left shoulder, left leg, and part of his lower right arm. Dilute glaze: interior anatomical details of his arms and neck, his facial hair, and her necklace. Preliminary drawing, which indicates that originally his staff was to be placed more vertically. Pig Painter. Compare the reverse of Athens, N.M. 1427 (ARV2 564, 29). Comparethe drapery

92

CATALOGUE

of the woman on the left to that of the third figure from the left on Schwerin, StaatlichesMuseum 707 (ARV2 565, 41; CVA, Schwerin 1 [East Germany 1], pl. 23 [23]), the face of the youth to the youth on the right of the reverseof Brussels, Musees Royaux R 305 (ARV2 562, 5; CVA, Brussels 2 [Belgium 2], pl. 16 [69]:1), and the ornamentto that on Cambridge,Fitzwilliam GR 9.1917 (ARV2 564,27; CVA, Cambridge 1 [GB 6], pls. 33 [271]:2 and 34 [272]:4). For gift-giving scenes, see Sutton (under 80 above), pp. 276-387, esp. pp. 320-326 and M. Meyer, "Manner mit Geld," JdI 103, 1988, pp. 87-125. Gift-giving scenesoccuron a numberof other vases by the Pig Painter; see Sutton, op. cit., pp. 402-403, G 67, G 68, and G 69= ARV2 565, 34, 38, and 40 respectively.For pelikai by the Pig Painter, see R.-M. Becker, Formen attischer Peliken, Boblingen 1977, pp. 73-74. For the Pig Painter, see most recently F. Giudice, "Una kelebe del Pittore dei Porci e la distribuzionedei vasi del Gruppo Manierista nella Penisola Italiana," in AJrapXai.Nuove ricerchee studi sulla Magna Grecia e la Sicilia antica in onoredi Paolo Enrico Arias, Pisa 1982, pp. 279-284 and "Due pelikai del Pittore dei Porci nella collezione Navarra di Gela," Cronache di archeologiae di storia dell'arte, Universita di Catania9, 1970, pp. 59-76. 470-460 HYDRIA

116 (P 30055). Hydria, kalpis Fig. 7, PI. 38 P.H. 9.6; Diam. of rim 14.0; max. p. dim. 17.5. Seven joined sherds from the rim, neck, and shoulder. The top of the rim is left in reserve;a dotted-eggpattern decoratesthe torus outside; the neck is glazed inside to a depthof 3.9 cm. In the partiallypreserved picture field are parts of two figures. On the left remain the head, right shoulder, upper left arm, and hand of a youth(?) to right. He holds his left hand out, gesticulating. His long hair cascades down his back and neck, ending in dilute strands.He wears a chiton and ivy wreath. On the right are the head and part of the upper torso, arms, and hands of a woman who moves left, looking around.Her left hand is extendedback, and her right hand is raisedslightly out in frontat her side, therebygiving a sense of urgency to her movement. She wears chiton, mantle, and a band around her hair. On the left is a net pattern

between two black lines and on top a frieze of dotted saltire squares alternatingwith two stoppedmaeanders. Relief lines: outline of the faces, hands, and arms. An extensive preliminarydrawing, which indicates that originally her left arm was to be placed up higher and extendedfarther. 475-470 117 (P 30064). Hydria, kalpis

PI. 36

P.H. 4.0; p.W. 6.0; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the shoulder. Head and shoulders of a woman in profile to left. Part of what is most likely one of her hands is preserved on the left side. She wears sakkos, earring, and mantle. Her down-turnedmouth seems to indicate displeasurewith the situation.To the right and overlappingher draperyat a forty-five-degreeangle to the right border of the picture field is part of a narrow rectangularobjectwhose exact nature is unclear. Part of two reserve bands divided by a black line mark the right border. Relief lines: some outer contours.No preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. 470 118 (P 31518). Hydria, kalpis

PI. 38 P.H. 4.6; p.W. 3.9; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the shoulder. A small section of drapery. Traces of preliminary drawing. Perhaps by the ProvidencePainter. Comparethe drapery of Athena on Oxford, Ashmolean 277 (ARV2 636, 22; Beazley Addenda 133; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 17 [109]:2)or the draperyof the woman on Amsterdam, Allard Pierson Museum 1754 (ARV2 636, 11; Beazley Addenda 133; CVA, Musee Scheurleer 1 [Netherlands 1], pl. 4 [34]:3). For the ProvidencePainter, see 112. 470-460 P1.38 119 (P 30067). Hydria, kalpis P.H. 4.6; p.W. 8.1; Th. 0.5. Two joined sherdsfrom the shoulder. A woman in chitonand mantlesitting on a klismosto right. Most of her torso, legs, arms, and right hand remain. She gestureswith her hands, as if talking to another person on the right. A trace of something (kalathos?) is visible there. Relief lines: outer contours of the arms and upper leg. Dilute glaze: dowel of the klismos. Considerablepreliminarydrawing. 470-450

RED-FIGURED VESSELS 120 (P 31519 a-g). Hydria, kalpis a) P.H. 13.8; p.W. 15.8; Th. 0.5. b) P.H. 8.8; p.W. 8.6; Th. 0.45. c + e) P.H. 6.6; p.W. 13.5; Th. 0.4. d) P.H. 5.4; p.W. 5.2; Th. 0.45. f) P.H. 3.3; p.W. 3.5; Th. 0.45. g) P.H. 5.1; p.W. 4.7; Th. 0.5. One section of eleven joined sherds frc shoulder, body, and handle root (a), ano three joined sherds from the body (b), a t five joined sherds from the body and hand (c+e), and three non-joining sherds frc body (d, f, and g). Satyr pursuing maenads. On the right (a) is running left, thyrsos in left hand at his sic head, right leg, and part of his left arm and to lost. He holds out his right hand, palm upwai tips of the fingersof a maenadhe pursues are abovehis right biceps. To the left (b) is the riE and draperyof a maenad fleeing right, proba same one as on fragmenta. Fragmentf presern of a heel which most likely belongs to th4 maenad.On the far left is anothermaenad.Sh ably moves left, looking around. On c+ e right footand part of the left foot and drapery, d part of a drapedarm and the thyrsosshe cai net pattern between two black lines marks th and left borders;a red-figurechain of upright and palmettesbetweenreservelines marksthe Parts of the handle roots remain at the inters of the lower and side borders. Traces of the glaze used for the edges of his beardare visibl4 siderablepreliminarydrawing. A red-figurefloral band serving as the low der of a framed picture on a hydria is unusl other examples, see a hydria by the Ei des Painter in Wiirzburg, Martin-von-W Museum (AA [Jdl 100] 1985, pp. 266-267, 1 and 49) and another by the Tyskiewicz Pai London, B.M. E 165 (ARV2 294, 62; Beazl denda 105; CVA, British Museum 5 [GB 7], [321]:3and 72 [322]:4). 475-450 121 (P 30134). Hydria, kalpis P.H. 4.0; p.W. 6.7; Th. 0.5. Fragmentfrom the shoulder.

P1.39

93

The head of a woman in profileto left, the tip of her finger along with the flower she holds in her hand (now missing), and a fillet above. She wears a diadem. The flower is painted in added red. Dilute glaze: details of the fillet. Preliminarydrawing. Hermonax. Comparethe face to those of the maenads on Rome, Villa Giulia 50459 (ARV2 485, 27 and 1655; M. Pallottino, "Studisull'arte di Hermonax," Memorie. Atti delle Reale Accademiad'Italia, ser. 7, 1, 1940, pp. 18-24, figs. 8-11) or the head of Aigina on a stamnosin the Vatican, Musei Vaticani 16526 (ARV2 484, 21; Beazley Addenda 121; LIMC I, ii, pl. 284, Aigina 23). The same fillet is found elsewhere in his oeuvre: for example 48, Agora P 25357 (ARV2 483, 4), and London, B.M. E 371 (ARV2 486, 44; Johnson, AJA 49, 1945 [under 42 above],p. 496, fig. 6). For the painter,see 42, 48, and 103. For hydriaiby Hermonax, see Langenfass (under 48 above), pp. 92-93 and J. H. Oakley, "Athamas,Ino, Hermes, and the Infant Dionysos:A Hydria by Hermonax,"AntK 25, 1982, pp. 44-47 (see p. 47, note 26 for a list); add Sarajevo,National Museum 31 (CVA, Sarajevo 1 [Yugoslavia 4], pls. 34 [161]:1 and 2 and 35 [162]:1 and 2, pp. 4041, figs. 8 and 9) and Thera, ArchaeologicalMuseum 1816 (unpublished;attributionOakley). 460 122 (P 31515). Hydria, kalpis

PI. 39

P.H. 3.8; p.W. 4.7; Th. 0.4. Fragmentfrom the shoulder. The right hand of a figure holding a portableloom. Beneath the arm is a trace of drapery,probablythe knee of a seatedfigure. Relief lines:outer contoursof the arm. Dilute glaze: patterns of the cloth on the loom. Preliminarydrawing. For small textile frames, see L. Clark, "Notes on Small Textile Frames Pictured on Greek Vases," AJA 87, 1983, pp. 91-96 and "Small Textile Frames: An Addendum," AJA 88, 1984, p. 65; I. Jenkins and D. Williams, "Sprang Hair Nets: Their Manufacture and Use in Ancient Greece," AJA 89, 1985, pp. 411-418. For other vases illustrating these frames, see J. H. Oakley, The Phiale Painter, Mainz 1990, p. 44, note 311. 123 (P 31523 a-f). Closed vessel, hydria? a) P.H. 10.9; p.W. 13.0; Th. 0.6. b) P.H. 7.6; p.W. 9.0; Th. 0.6.

P1.39

94

CATALOGUE

c) P.H. 8.2; p.W. 6.7; Th. 0.6. d) P.H. 4.4; p.W. 7.3; Th. 0.5. e) P.H. 6.0; p.W. 8.3; Th. 0.4. f) P.H. 3.7; p.W. 5.8; Th. 1.0. Two sectionsof two joined sherdsfrom the shoulder and body (a, b), one preserving the right handle root (b); four non-joiningfragmentsof the body (c-e) and shoulder(f). Eos and Tithonos. a) The body and arms of Eos who pursues Tithonos to right. She wears chiton and mantle. Her left hand, palm up, is at her side, but she extends her right arm towards Tithonos. His right hand (perhaps holding a plectron) is visible on the right side of the fragment,as well as part of the outer edge of his upper leg and buttocks.b) The top of Tithonos'lyre and his left hand holdingit. c) Part of his mantledtorso and more of the lyre. d) Part of one of Eos' wings. e) Partof the uppertorsoof a mantledfigure:a companionof Tithonos?f) The head of a youth to right, most likely from a companionof Tithonos from the left side of the scene. Black dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle on fragmenta. Dark dilute glaze: overfoldof mantle on e. The area between the handle rootsis left in reserve.No preliminarydrawing; poorlyfired;surfacevery worn. Eos pursuing Tithonos. Eos is depictedon a number of Attic vases pursuing a youth. Those holding a lyre, as on 123, or some other school or musical instrumentare generally identifiedas Tithonos, although the vase-painterssometimesconfusedTithonos with Kephalos, which cautions against securely identifyingall the schoolboyspursuedby Eos as Tithonos. The compositionof the scene centers on the two principal protagonists, although other figures may be present,includingcompanions,a man, a king, or siblings. Fragment e with a mantled figure preserves part of one of these supplementary figures. The most commoncompositionfor the two protagonists is the one on 123, where Eos pursues Tithonos along the ground,reachingout to grab him with her hand.For the iconography,see Kaempf-Dimitriadou (under94 above),pp. 16-21 and 87-91; for additions to her list of vases, see Brommer (under 55 above), pp. 26-27; see also K. Schefold,Die Gottersagein der klassischenund hellenistischenKunst, Munich 1981, pp. 310-318 and LIMC III, i, pp. 758-779. 440

STAMNOS

124 (P 31522). Stamnos P1.40 P.H. 10.0; p.W. 9.7; Th. 0.6. Two joined sherdsfrom the lower body. The lower part of a figure in chiton and mantle moving rapidly to right; below, a band of dotted saltire squares alternatingwith running maeanders. Dilute glaze: lower edges of the mantle. Slight trace of a preliminarydrawing. 450 125 (P 31524). Stamnos Fig. 7, PI. 41 P.H. 7.0; Diam. of rim 17.4; p.W. 18.2. Two joined sherds preserve almost the complete rim and neck and part of the shoulder. Only a trace of the red-figure scene decoratingthe body is visible on the shoulder.The rim is decorated with an egg pattern and reserve band, the shoulder with a debased tongue pattern; neck glazed inside. No preliminarydrawing. 500-425 126 (P 30126 a-c). Closed vessel, stamnos? PI. 40 a) P.H. 7.7; p.W. 10.5; Th. 0.5. b) P.H. 8.3; p.W. 12.0; Th. 0.5. c) P.H. 10.4; p.W. 12.3; Th. 0.5. Two sectionsof threejoined sherds (a, b) and one of two joined sherds (c), all from the body. a) Part of a hand holdinga phiale, the head and part of the neck and back of a fawn standingto left, and part of the draped knees and scepter of a figure in profile to left. A trace of somethingelse is visible on the top left break.b) Most of the legs of the fawn, the toes of the right-handfigure on fragmenta, and part of the feet and lower draperyof the left-hand figure on a. The latter figure wears a chiton. On c part of the draped legs and foot of a figure in chiton and mantle who is probablythe same as the right-hand figureon a. Below, a bandwith an egg pattern.Relief lines: outer contours of the hand on fragment a, phiale, fawn, and scepter.Blackdilute glaze:spotson the fawn and stripes of the scepter. A line in added red above the phiale may indicate liquid which is being poured into the vessel (from an oinochoe?). Some preliminarydrawing;surfaceworn. Libation scene. The fawn suggests either a scene with Apollo, Artemis, and Leto as on 48, or Apollo

RED-FIGURED VESSELS

95

and one of the two goddesses.The figure on the right would most likely be Leto, although both Artemis and Apollo are depictedoccasionallycarryinga scepter rather than other more common attributes:for example, see Bologna, Museo Civico 292 (AR V2 1116, 35, Hephaistos Painter;LIMC II, ii, pl. 524, Artemis 1013) and Paris, LouvreG 151 (ARV2 406, 8, Briseis Painter; LIMC II, ii, pl. 529, Artemis 1066) respectively.See LIMC II, i, pp. 261-268 and 697-698. 460-450

inside edges of the mantle. Slight tracesof a preliminary drawing. 475-425

127 (P 31520 a, b). Closed vessel, stamnos? P1.41 a) P.H. 3.0; p.W. 5.0; Th. 0.65. b) P.H. 4.0; p.W. 3.8; Th. 0.65. Two non-joiningbody fragments. a) Part of the draperyof a figurein chitonand mantle who standsto right. b) Part of the drapedback of the legs of a figure in chiton and mantle: probably the same figure as on fragment a. Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle. No preliminarydrawing. Villa Giulia Painter. Cf. 66 and the vases listed there. 460-450

On the stand are part of the head of a figure on the left and the right hand of anotheron the right. Black dilute glaze is used at the top of the stand for the band of vertical,parallel, zigzag lines between a pair of horizontal black lines. The molding above is black. Traces of a tongue pattern on the bottom of the bowl are visible. Relief lines:outer contourof the hand. No preliminarydrawing. The size of the figuresindicatesthat the standwas probably decoratedwith more than one register of figures. For the shape, see F. Harl-Schaller, "Zur Entstehung und Bedeutungdes attischen Lebes gamikos,"OJh 50,1972-1975, Beiblatt,pp. 153-170. 475-450

128 (P 31521). Closed vessel, stamnos? P1.41 P.H. 15.0; p.W. 25.9; Th. 0.8. Sevenjoined sherds from the lower body. In the center, lower part of a figure of a woman in peplos who stands frontally;on the right, part of the feet in profile of a figure standing to left; below, a band with saltire squares alternating with two running maeanders. Slight traces of a preliminary drawing. Villa Giulia Painter. Compare the Muse on the right of the obverse of Oxford, Ashmolean 524 (ARV2 620, 30; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 28 [120]:3) and the central Peliad on Cambridge,Fitzwilliam 12.17 (ARV2 623, 66; J. Henle, Greek Myths. A Vase Painter's Notebook, Bloomington/ London 1973, p. 109, fig. 52). 460-450 129 (P 30143). Closed vessel, stamnos? P1.41 P.H. 5.0; p.W. 7.7; Th. 0.85. Fragmentfrom the body. A sectionof the chiton and mantle of a figure. Dilute glaze: decorative stripe running parallel with the

LEBESGAMIKOS 130 (P 31527). Lebes gamikos

PI. 42

P.H. 4.3; Diam. 8.4. Two joined sherds preservepart of the top of the stand, the molding between it and the bowl, and the start of the bowl.

OTHER CLOSEDVESSELS

131 (P 31516). Closed vessel

P1.42

P.H. 5.7; p.W. 4.4; Th. 0.5. Two joined sherds from the body. Part of the torso, left arm, right hand, and neck of a beardedmale figuremovingright. His left arm is extended in front, probably toward the figure he is pursuing, and he holds a striped scepter in his right hand. Very likely he is a deity, perhapsZeus. On the right is a trace of the figure he pursues. Relief lines: outlines of the figuresand scepter.Dark dilute glaze: stripes of the scepter and some strandsof hair. Preliminary drawing. Probably a scene of Zeus pursuing one of his many loves. See Kaempf-Dimitriadou (under 94 above), pp. 7-12 and 22-26 and K. W. Arafat, Classical Zeus. A Study in Art and Literature,Oxford 1990, pp. 64-88. 475-450

96

CATALOGUE

PI. 42 132 (P 31517). Closed vessel P.H. 5.8; p.W. 7.6; Th. 0.5. Three joined sherds from the body. On the left, a kalathos,out of the top of which spills wool indicatedin added red; on the right, the lower part of a figure in chiton and mantle who stands

frontally;below, a band with an egg pattern. Dilute glaze: lower edge of the mantle and much of the decorationon the kalathos.Preliminarydrawing. Domestic scene, perhapsone of working wool. 460-440

WHITE-GROUND VESSELS OPEN SHAPE

CLOSED SHAPES

KYLIX

133 (P 30052). Kylix

ALABASTRON

P1.42

134 (P 31443). Alabastron

P1.42

P.H. 2.9; p.W. 5.2; Th. 0.6. Fragment from the body and start of the stem of the foot.

P.H. 4.6; Diam. 5.3. Fragment preserves the bottom quarter of the vase.

In the white-ground tondo, the torso and arms of a warriorin a three-quarterbackview to right. On his left arm is a shield, the interior of which is painted red; the shield band is black. The outer borderof a shield with a leaf pattern delineated in black on white ground, which is visible in front of his right arm, may be the same shield or more likely that of an opponent. He wears a cuirass, the interior lines of which are paintedwith golden brown;the ornamental dots are black. Three red strings hang from his right shoulder. The outlines are in golden brown. Preliminarydrawing. Wehgartner lists 101 Attic white-ground cups with outline decoration,a list to which this cup can now be added:I. Wehgartner,Attischweissgrundige Keramik, Mainz 1983, pp. 51-76. Four closed white-groundcups are listed separatelyon pp. 161163. For white-groundcups, see also J. R. Mertens, "Attic White-Ground Cups: A Special Class of Vases," Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal 9, 1974, pp. 91-108 and Attic White-Ground:Its Development on Shapes Other than Lekythoi, New York/London 1977, pp. 155-194. The golden brownglaze outlinesindicatean Early Classicaldate (Wehgartner,op. cit., pp. 78 and 86-98). Although a wide range of subject matter is found on whiteground cups, of those subjects which occur more than once, a warrior is one of the most common; see Athens, Akropolis 435 (Graef and Langlotz, II, pl. 32:435). 475-450

Part of black palmetteson white ground;the bottom painted black, except for two reservebands running aroundthe vase. Cf. Girona, Museo Arqueologico Provincial 9 (ABL 237, 117, Diosphos Painter;Trias de Arribas [under61 above],pl. 39:1). 475-450 LEKYTHOS

135 (P 31444). Lekythos

P1.42

P.H. 6.9; est. Diam. 4.0. Two joined sherds preserve two-thirds of the body. On the upper, white-ground section, part of an ivy pattern which runs horizontally and is painted in black. The lower part of the body is painted black with three reserved lines slightly below the whiteground area. The ivy patternis poorly preserved. Small white-ground ivy lekythos. Cf. Corinth T 591 and T 592 (Corinth XIII, nos. 342-10, 342-11, p. 245, pl. 51); cf. Altenburg, Staatliches Lindenau-Museum 151 (CVA, Altenburg 1 [Germany 17], pl. 42 [827]:16).

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE

97

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE OPEN SHAPES SKYPHOS

136 (P 30073). Attic skyphos: Fig. 8, PI. 43 A Type H. 9.8; est. Diam. of rim 13.0; Diam. of base 8.2. Two-thirds of upper wall and one handle missing. Torus ring base with reservedrestingsurface;underside reservedwith glazed centraldot and circle. Vase rests on center of underside. Slightly convex wall. Horizontalhandlejoinsjust below rim. Dull gray-tored glaze outside, brownish black inside; miltos on underside.Clay soft, very fine, and micaceous. Cf. Agora XII, no. 342, p. 259, fig. 4, pl. 16 (Stoa of Zeus well). 470-460 137 (P 31456). Attic skyphos: Type A

Fig. 8, PI. 43

P.H. 4.2; Diam. of base 7.4. Base and part of lower wall. Torus ring base with beveled resting surface reserved. Reserved band around edge of underside; center reservedwith glazed circle and dot. Scraped groove at junction of base and body. Shiny black glaze with brown stackingcircle inside;miltos. Same treatment of underside appears on several pieces in AgoraXII (see p. 18 for discussionand further references)and on 265. 138 (P 30075). Attic skyphos: Figs. 8, 22, P1.43 Type A, graffito P.H. 5.7; Diam. of base 9.2. Two-thirds of base and one-thirdof lower wall. Slightly projecting ring base, underside, and flat resting surface reserved.Illegible graffitoon bottom. Shiny brown glaze with stackingcircle inside;miltos on underside. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 17, p. 70, fig. 2 on p. 73, pl. 27. 475-450 139 (P 31461). Attic skyphos: Type A P.H. 4.3; est. Diam. of base 8.0. One-thirdof base and lower wall.

Fig. 8, P1.43

Torus ring base, projectingmore at top than at bottom. Flat resting surfacereserved,undersideglazed. Slight concavityat base of wall. Shiny black glaze; clay mottledto gray;miltos. One of eight Attic skyphoiwith glazed undersides in deposit; for this feature cf. Agora XII, no. 334, p. 259, pl. 16. 140 (P 31460). Attic skyphos: Fig. 8, P1.43 A Type P.H. 2.5; Diam. of base 8.1. Three-fourthsof base and lower wall. Torus ring base with roundedresting surface,somewhat worn. Slight concavityat base of wall. Shiny black glaze coversall surfaces. For totally glazed skyphoi, cf. P 1186, P 20772, P 20773. 141 (P 31639 a, b). Attic skyphos: Fig. 8, PI. 43 Type A, rayed P.H. (a) 8.7, (b) 5.6; Diam. of base 15.8. a) Most of base and part of lower wall. b) Fragment of lower wall, broken all around (not illustrated). Torus ring base with flat, reservedresting surface. Underside has reserved band at edge and reserved center with central glazed circle. Reserved band at base of wall with black rays, two thin purple lines above and below. Shiny black to dull green glaze outside, shiny red underneath,shiny black-to-redinside; miltos on centerof underside. For undersidecf. 137. 142 (P 30116, P 31636). Attic Fig. 8, PI. 43 A, skyphos:Type patterned P.H. 7.7; Diam. 14.3. Two-thirds of rim and upper wall, one handle. Plain rim, slightly horseshoe-shapedhandlejoining just below rim. Below rim, myrtle wreath with reservedleaves with centralribs in dilute glaze. Stems and berries painted (stems pink, berries white). Below, two pink-to-white painted lines. Shiny black glaze. Another from deposit:P 30115, P 31637. For list of pots fromthe Agora similarlydecorated see T. Leslie Shear, Jr., "The Monument of the

98

CATALOGUE

EponymousHeroes in the AthenianAgora," ria 39, 1970 (pp. 145-222), p. 211, under also CVA, London 4 [GB 5], pl. 31 [224]:7, Geneva 2 [Switzerland3], pl. 79 [135]:14; I tron, Attic Vase Painting in New England I tions, Cambridge,Mass. 1972, no. 79, pp. 144-145. Handle as Agora XII, nos. 342 (Stoa of Zeuw s well), 343, p. 259, pl. 16. 143 (P 31615). Attic skyphos:Type B

P1.43

P.H. 4.9. Handle and trace of rim. Vertical ring handle joins at plain rim. Dul glaze. For the shape see Agora XII, nos. 36 p. 260, fig. 4, pl. 17. 144 (P 31457). Skyphos:Type B, Fig. 8, patterned P.H. 4.2; est. Diam. 12.0. Fragmentof rim and handle. Incurved rim, heavy horizontal handle joini: below rim. Trace of wreath on rim, with lea3 stem reserved and ribs of leaves in dilute White painted dots at base of leaves. Broad painted line below. Dull black glaze; clay fired gray. Cf. CVA, London 4 [GB 5], pl. 31 [224: patterneddecorationcf. 142 and comparand there. 145 (P 31468). Attic skyphos: Fig. 8, PI. 43 B Type P.H. 4.8; Diam. of base 5.4. Base and lower body. Torus ring base with reservedresting surface. Underside reservedwith central circle and dot. Shiny black glaze with stacking circle inside; miltos on underside. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 362, p. 260, pl. 17. 480-450 146 (P 31454). Corinthianskyphos Fig. 9, PI. 43 P.H. 4.5; Diam. of base 6.0. Base and lower body. Flaring ring base with roundedresting surface.Underside reservedwith glazed central dot and circle. Shiny red glaze with darkerpatches, peeling; miltos on underside.

Cf. AgoraXII, no. 316, p. 257, pl. 14. Ca. 450 147 (P 29991). Corinthianskyphos: IFigs. 9, 21, reservedband, graffito PI. 43 Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53I, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95, ill. 70. P.H. 2.5; Diam. of base 6.1. Base (chipped)and part of lower wall. Flaring ring base with rounded resting surface; outer face of base reserved.Underside reservedwith glazed central dot and circle. Lower wall reserved. Graffito E on underside.Shiny black glaze; miltos on undersideand lower wall. 148 (P 30076). Corinthianskyphos: Figs. 9, 22, Pls. 43, 53 rayed, graffito P.H. 5.3; Diam. of base 9.3. Base (chipped)and part of lower wall. Glaze chipped from most of resting surface, as from wear. Base and underside as 147. Lower wall reserved with vertical rays. Graffito on underside: EIKEAEKAAETOI AOKEITOI MOIXOI(Sikele [or the Sicilian girl] seems beautiful to the adulterer). Shiny black glaze; clay partly fired gray. The meaningis clear, althoughthe first TOIcould be read as either a particle(Tro) or a dativeindefinite pronoun (rw). A Sicilian girl is also mentionedinsultingly on another skyphos of perhaps slightly later date (Milne and Bothmer,no. 7, p. 220, fig. 2, pl. 66; Agora XXI, C 27, p. 14, pl. 6); the syntax resemblesthat of ibid., C 19, pp. 13-14, pl. 5. 475-450 149 (P 31548). Corinthianskyphos:crosshatched

PI. 43

Max. p. dim. 3.2. Part of lower wall and trace of flaring base. Lower wall reserved,then crosshatched.Shiny black glaze; miltos. 450-425 150 (P 31459). Corinthianskyphos

Fig. 9, PI. 43

P.H. 2.4; Diam. of base 7.1. Base (chipped)and part of lower wall. Flaring ring base with rounded resting surface; shiny black glaze coversall surfaces.Unique example of completeglazing of this shape in deposit.

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE 151 (P 31458). Corinthianskyphos

Fig. 9, PI. 44

P.H. 2.3; Diam. of base 4.9. Base and part of lower wall. Flaring ring base with rounded resting surface reserved.Undersidereservedwith centralglazed circle and dot. Shiny black-to-red glaze; miltos. Unique example of this patternof glazing in deposit. Cf. P 31152, from deposit of third quarter of 5th century. 152 (P 31453). Skyphos

Fig. 9, PI. 44

Max. p. dim. 3.5. Part of lower wall and underside.

Fig. 9, PI. 44

P.H. 8.4; Diam. of base 6.3. Base, lower wall, and part of upper wall, broken below rim. Flaring ring base with flat, reservedresting surface and broad, concave inner side. Underside reserved with two glazed circles and central dot. Dull orange glaze, peeling; miltos. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 27, p. 74, fig. 2 on p. 73, pi. 29; this form of base discussed in Corbett 1949, p. 301, note 12. 450-425 154 (P 31508). Subgeometricsurvival skyphos

Fig. 9, PI. 44

Ring base with lip at top. Steep wall. Resting surface and outer edge of base reserved.Shiny black-to-gray glaze. Cf. CVA, Geneva 1 [Switzerland 1], pls. B:6 and 26 [26]:6 (cup-skyphos);CVA, Gotha 2 [Germany 29], pl. 76 [1407]:1 (skyphos). STEMLESSCUP

Very slight concavityat base of wall. Very narrow, reserved resting surface. Inset underside reserved. Reserved band above base decorated with crosshatching. Shiny black glaze; miltos. For shape, cf. P 29901 from CrossroadsEnclosure (for the context, see Shear, Agora 1971, pp. 129130; Shear, Agora 1972, pp. 364-369). Ca. 425 153 (P 31455). Skyphos:molded base

155 (P 31616). Skyphosor cupskyphos P.H. 2.8; Diam. of base 8.2. Base and part of lower wall.

99

Fig. 9, PI. 44

P.H. 4.0; Diam. 9.7. Half of rim and upper body;partially restoredin plaster. Projecting rim, flat on top. Handle panels, top of rim, and band below rim reserved. Parallel strokes on top of rim above handles and between handles. Dull red-to-blackglaze; slightly gritty clay. For shape, cf. Agora XII, no. 371, p. 261, pl. 17; for decorationof rim cf. ibid., no. 374, p. 261, pl. 17.

156 (P 31504). Stemlesscup: Class of Fig. 9, PI. 44 Agora P 10359, intentionalred P.H. 1.0; Diam. of base 5.7; max. p. dim. 7.3. Most of base preserved,with trace of lower wall. Raised base, concaveunderneath,with nippled sinking in center. Outer edge of base glazed black. Underside reserved,with glazed circle around sinking and on nipple. Rest of cup glazed intentional red. Conventionalglaze is shiny brown;red glaze is dull, mostly missing. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 453, 454, p. 267, fig. 5, pl. 21; KerameikosIX, no. 154, p. 127, fig. 19 on p. 48, pl. 81; CVA, Heidelberg 4 [Germany 31], pl. 180 [1519]:7, p. 71, fig. 42. For list of intentionallyredglazed pieces of this shape see Agora XII, pp. 99-100. 500-470 157 (P 31567 a, b). Stemlesscup: Fig. 9, PI. 44 Class of Agora P 10359 P.H. 2.2; est. Diam. of base 6.0. Two non-joining fragments of base and lower wall, with trace of handle attachment;center of base missing. Raised base, concave underneath. Underside reserved, with glazed circle. Reservedband at base of wall. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 452, 455, p. 267, pl. 21. 500-470 158 (P 31566). Rheneia cup: inten- Fig. 9, PI. 44 tional red P.H. 2.4; max. p. dim. 8.5. Over half of base and part of lower wall, with trace of handle attachment.

100

CATALOGUE

Low ring base with flat resting surface.Resting surface and lower part of base glazed shiny black;rest of cup, including underside, glazed intentional red. Red glaze is shiny but peeling. One of two examples in deposit. Cf. KerameikosIX, no. 106:2, p. 115, fig. 19 on p. 48, pls. 31 and 81. 480-470 159 (P 31556). Rheneia cup

Fig. 9, P1.44

H. 4.1; est. Diam. 13.0, of base 5.0. One-fourthof wall with small sectionof base and rim. Low ring base with reserved, rounded resting surface. Underside reserved with two glazed circles. Inset rim, nearly straight. Reserved handle panel. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside and handle panel. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 456, p. 267, fig. 5, pi. 21. 480-470 160 (P 29993). Rheneia cup: Figs. 9, 21, PI. 44 graffito Shear, Agora 7972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95. P.H. 2.2; Diam. of base 5.3. Two-thirds of base and lower wall, with base of one handle. Ring base, convex on outside. Rounded resting surface;resting surfaceand outer face reserved.Underside reservedwith small central glazed circle within two concentriccircles.Reservedhandle panel. Graffito E on underside. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 456, p. 267, fig. 5, pl. 21. 480-470 161 (P 31550). Rheneia cup Fig. 9, PI. 44 H. 4.1; est. Diam. 12.0; Diam. of base 5.3. One-third of wall, all base, and one handle attachment. Low ring base with rounded, reservedresting surface. Underside reserved with three glazed circles and centraldot. Inset rim, slightly concave.Handles attachedbelow rim;handle panel glazed. Dull glaze, mottledgreenishblack to brown to orange;miltos on underside. Shape as AgoraXII, no. 456, p. 267, fig. 5, pl. 21, but glazed handle panels perhapsindicatelater date;

C. K. Williams, II and J. E. Fisher, Hesperia 45, 1976 (pp. 99-162), no. 22, pp. 105-106, pl. 19. Ca. 450? Fig. 9, PI. 44 H. 4.5; est. Diam. 13.0; Diam. of base 4.9. Base, one-fourthof wall, and handle attachments. Low ring base with narrow resting surface. Underside reservedwith two glazed circlesand centraldot. Reservedband at base of wall. Inset, nearly straight rim. Handles attachedbelow rim. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 456, p. 267, fig. 5, pl. 21 for position of handle, no. 457, p. 267, pl. 21 for base. Ca. 450? 162 (P 31553). Rheneia cup

Fig. 9, PI. 44 H. 4.0; est. Diam. 13.0; Diam. of base 5.5. One-fourth of wall, with one handle. Middle of floor restoredin plaster. Low ring base, beveledon outside;rounded,reserved resting surface. Center of undersidereserved.Plain concave rim. Slightly horseshoe-shapedhandle attachedbelow rim. Shiny black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 457, p. 267, pl. 21. Ca. 435-425 163 (P 31552). Rheneia cup

164 (P 30087). Rheneia cup: Fig. 9, Pls. 44, 56 stamped Shear, Agora 1972, p. 384, note 56. P.H. 2.3; Diam. of base 4.7. Base and part of lower wall, part of one handle attachment. Ring base with rounded,glazed resting surfacewith no trace of wear. Underside reserved with two glazed circlesand centraldot. Reservedband at base of body. Stampeddecorationon floor:at center, two broad shallow grooves, from which radiate four alternating palmettes and lotus buds. Around these, band of maeander broken in four places by sevenpetaled palmette, bordered on either side by two grooves.Shiny blackto dull gray glaze;miltos on underside.Clay partly fired gray. Shape of base as Agora XII, nos. 458, 462, 463, p. 267, fig. 5, pl. 21; same stamps appear on 165, 166, 193: Graef and Langlotz, II, no. 1269, p. 113, pl. 91. 450-425

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE 165 (P 31576). Rheneia cup: stamped

Pls. 44, 56

Max. p. dim. 7.1. Fragmentof lower wall with trace of base. Reserved band at base of wall. Stamped on floor: seven-petaled palmette with maeanders on either side, bounded by two glazed grooves. Shiny black glaze. Same palmettesand maeanderas 164, 166. 450-425 166 (P 31575). Rheneia cup: stamped

Pls. 44, 56

Max. p. dim. 3.8. Fragmentof floor. Seven-petaledpalmette and two maeandersstamped on floor, within two pairs of glazed grooves. Shiny black glaze; clay partly fired gray. Same stamps as 164, 165. 450-425 167 (P 31565). Rheneia cup: stamped

P1.45

P.H. 2.7; max. p. dim. 7.4. Part of lower wall and base. Low ring base with rounded,glazed resting surface. Reservedband at base of wall. Reservedunderside. Stamping on floor: between two sets of two concentric grooves,pairs of 11-petaledpalmettesare set end to end. Trace of further stamps visible within inner set of grooves. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Clay mottledto gray. Base as 164 and Agora XII, no. 458, p. 267, pl. 49. Ca. 425 168 (P 31564). Rheneia cup: stamped

P1.45

Max. p. dim. 6.0. Part of lower wall and base. Low ring base with flat, reservedrestingsurface.Reserved underside with glazed circle. Stamped on floor:lotus bud radiatesfrom center,in band defined by grooves; outside this, small linked nine-petaled palmetteswithout volutes,set on punch. Shiny blackto-grayglaze; miltos. 450-425 169 (P 29994). Rheneia cup: Figs. 10, 21, PI. 45 graffito Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95.

101

Diam. of base 4.9; max. p. dim. 6.5. Base and tracesof lower wall. Low ring base with flat reservedrestingsurface.Reservedundersidewith two glazed circles and central dot. Reservedline atjunctionof base and bodycarried only halfway around. Shiny black glaze. Graffito E: on underside.Other Rheneia cups with partial graffiti on underside, probably to be restored as AE: P 29998 and P 31558 (non-joiningfragmentsof one cup), P 29997, P 31450, P 31557, P 31559-31561. 170 (P 29996 + P 31447). Rheneia Figs. 10, 21, P1.45 cup: graffito Diam. of base 5.4; max. p. dim. 10.3. Half of base and one-thirdof lower wall. Ring base with wide, flat resting surface, slightly beveled, reserved. Underside reserved with three glazed circles and central dot. Shiny black glaze, brown on lower exterior; miltos. Graffito E on underside. 171 (P 29995). Rheneia cup: Figs. 10, 21, P1.45 graffito Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95. P.H. 1.7; Diam. of base 5.5. Two-thirds of base and part of lower wall. Low ring base with rounded, reserved resting surface. Underside reserved with three glazed circles and central dot. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Graffito E on underside. 172 (P 29990). Rheneia cup: Fig. 21, P1.45 graffito Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95. Max. p. dim. 4.0. Center of bottom of cup, with no part of base preserved. Reservedundersidewith three glazed circles. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Graffito E on underside. 173 (P 31446). Rheneia cup: Fig. 21, PI. 45 graffito Diam. of base 4.8; max. p. dim. 7.3. Three-fourthsof base and part of lower wall. Low ring base; rather narrow, rounded, reserved resting surface. Reservedundersidewith two glazed

102

CATALOGUE

circles and central dot. Reservedline at junction of base and body, part way aroundcup. Metallic black glaze. Graffito E on floor. Other Rheneia cups with partial graffiti, probably E:,on floor: P 31562 and P 31563 (non-joiningfragmentsof one cup), P 31448. 174 (P 30088). Small stemlesscup: Fig. 10, P1.45 stamped Shear, Agora 1972, p. 384, note 56. Max. p. dim. 6.7. Small part of base and lower wall. Ring base with reserved resting surface. Second ridge inside base, with reservedgroove with miltos on either side. Reservedline at junction of base and body. Reserved handle panel. Stamping on floor: linked nine-petaled palmettes with punches below, within two grooves. Outside grooves, row of ovules with punchesbetween. Shiny black glaze. For profiled ring inside base cf. Boulter 1953, no. 73, p. 86, fig. 1 on p. 67. 450-440 175 (P 31474). Large stemlesscup: Fig. 10, PI. 45 inset lip H. 5.6; est. Diam. 16.5. About one-fourthof wall, base, and floor, base of one handle;partially restoredin plaster. Lipped ring base, with beveledresting surface;resting surface and outer edge of base reserved.Underside reserved with central circle. Rim concave on outside, offset on inside. Handle joins below rim; handle panel reserved.Shiny black glaze; clay soft, fired gray at core. Another closely similar in the deposit: P 31473. Cf. Agora XII, no. 470, p. 268, pl. 22; Hayes, Black GlossROM, no. 36, pp. 24-25, fig. 10. 480-470 176 (P 31470). Large stemlesscup

Fig. 10, P1.45

P.H. 4.8; est. Diam. of base 8.1. Less than half of base and one-fourth of lower wall. Lipped ring base, with flat, reservedresting surface. Underside reservedwith glazed circle. Convex wall with trace of handle scar near top. Shiny black-togray glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 471, p. 268, fig. 5. 470-450

177 (P 30072). Large stemlesscup: Fig. 10, P1.46 incised decoration P.H. 3.9; Diam. of base 11.2. Most of base and lower wall; many small pieces missing, resting surface and edges of fragments worn. Heavy, lipped ring base with flat, glazed restingsurface, slightly beveled. Reserved underside with glazed band at circumferenceand two small glazed circles and dot at center. Lower body slightly concave. Incised decorationon floor: rosette of tongues radiatingfrom small centralgroovedcircle,bounded by two to fQurgrooves,and overlyinga single circle and one group of two to three circles. Shiny black glaze with brown patches;miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 472, p. 268, pl. 22 for shape; no. 483, p. 269, pl. 50 and R. Tolle-Kastenbein, Samos,XIV, Das KastroTigani, Bonn 1974, p. 149, fig. 238:C for decoration. Ca. 450 178 (P 31574). Large stemlesscup: Fig. 10, PI. 46 incised decoration P.H. 2.9; est. Diam. of base 12.0. Less than half of base and lower wall. Shape as 177. Underside reservedwith glazed circle at circumferenceand center. Incised decorationon floor:rosettesurroundedby one to two grooves,with another single groove well outside this; another groove near center of floor. Shiny black-to-gray glaze; miltos. Ca. 450 179 (P 30086). Large stemlesscup: Fig. 10, PI. 46 incised decoration P.H. 2.4; Diam. of base 11.4. Base, with tracesof wall. Shape as 177 but totally glazed. Incised decoration on floor:tongues forming rosette radiate from small central circle. Rosette enclosed in groove, with two sets of two concentricgrooves within its perimeter. Shiny blackglaze, peeling. Fragmentsof a twin from the deposit, P 31472. Ca. 450 180 (P 31568). Stemlesscup: plain Fig. 10, PI. 46 rim Est. Diam. 14.0-15.0; max. p. dim. 6.8. Small part of rim and half of handle.

103

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE Plain rim, convex wall. Handle attachedbelow rim, rising above it. Shiny black glaze. Cf. Agora XII, no. 475, p. 268, fig. 5, pl. 22; six small glazed lipped feet from deposit possibly from this shape. Ca. 450 KYLIX

181 (P 31509). Vicup Fig. 10, P1.46 P.H. 5.5; est. Diam. 13.0; max. p. dim. 12.3. Stem, most of floor, trace of rim and base of one handle. Thick stem. Nearly straightrim meets wall at angle. Rim offset inside. Handles join at bottom of rim area. Glaze mottledgreen to red to black. One of 12 in deposit. Cf. Agora XII, no. 436, p. 265, pl. 20 (Stoa of Zeus well, with E ligature); Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126-127, fig. 94:a= Agora XXI, Fa 16, p. 52, pl. 29 (Tholos debris), with E ligature;Delos XXI, no. 139, p. 57, pl. XLVIII. 470-460 182 (P 31510). Vicup Fig. 10, P1.46 P.H. 4.4; est. Diam. 14.0. One-sixth of rim, one handle. Rim slightly inset on exterior, offset on interior. Handle joins below rim area and rises above lip. Handle panel and inside of handle reserved. Shiny black-to-red glaze with stacking circle on outside; miltos. Clay partly fired gray. Cf. Agora XII, no. 437, p. 265, fig. 5, pl. 20 (Stoa of Zeus well). Ca. 460 183 (P 31583). Base of Vicup

Fig. 11, P1.46

P.H. 2.2; Diam. 6.4. Base and lower part of stem. Flaring base with edge beveledand reserved.Underside curves up from edge into stem, reserved with broad glazed band. Dull black glaze outside, shiny underneath;miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 437, p. 265, fig. 5, pl. 20 (Stoa of Zeus well). Ca. 460 184 (P 31585). Base of Vicup? P.H. 3.6; est. Diam. 7.0. Stem and one-fourthof base.

Fig. 11, P1.46

As 183 but larger, and lower part of outer edge is convex and glazed. Shiny black glaze; miltos. 185 (P 31589). Base of Acrocup

Fig. 11, P1. 46

P.H. 2.2; est. Diam. 6.5. One-fourthof base and lower stem. Flaring base with faintly lipped torus edge. Scraped groovein upper surface.Undersideslightly concave, reserved,angling up into stem. Base partly hollow. Very shiny black glaze. Cf. Agora XII, no. 440, p. 266, figs. 1, 5, pl. 20 (Stoa of Zeus well); Roberts 1986, p. 15, nos. 20, 21, fig. 8 on p. 14, pl. 4; CVA, Heidelberg 4 [Germany 31], pl. 180 [1519]:1-3, p. 70, fig. 39. 480-460 186 (P 31582). Base of Acrocup

Fig. 11, PI. 46

P.H. 3.6; Diam. 6.3. Base and stem;base chipped. Spreading base with top surface slightly concave. Torus edge. Roundedrestingsurfacecurvingup into stem. Underside reserved with broad glazed band. Square molding at top of stem. Very shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 443, p. 266, pl. 20; H. Bloesch, FormenattischerSchalenvon Exekias bis zum Ende des StrengenStils, Bern 1940, pl. 39:2, p. 142, no. 7; CVA, Geneva 1 [Switzerland1], pl. 26 [26]:4;CVA, Reading 1 [GB 12], pl. 34 [561]:6. 475-450 187 (P 31466). Kylix: Type B?

Fig. 11, PI. 46

P.H. 4.0; est. Diam. 2.1. Fragmentof rim. Plain outer wall. Rim offset on inside. Shiny black glaze inside, mottledto red outside. Cf. Bloesch (under 186), pls. 16:5, 17:3, and 34:4. 188 (P 31588). Kylix: Type B?

Fig. 11, P1.46

P.H. 3.3; est. Diam. 9.0. Less than half of base and lower stem. Flaring base with offset on upper surface.Edge concave, reserved. Flat resting surface. Underside reserved with broad glazed band at edge. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. Talcott 1936, p. 338, fig. 6 (Stoa of Zeus well); Agora XII, no. 432, p. 265, fig. 4. 500-460

104 189 (P 31590). Kylix: intentional red

CATALOGUE Fig. 11, P1.46

P.H. 1.8; est. Diam. 6.5. One-fourthof base with trace of stem. Flaring base with slightly lipped edge. Underside curves from edge into stem, reserved with broad, black, glazed band. Base hollow. Band of dull black glaze at circumferenceof top of base; edge of base and inner part of top intentional red. Possibly goes with 190. P1.46 Max. p. dim. (a) 6.5, (b) 2.4. Two non-joining fragments preserving part of centerof kylix. Shallow bowl with horizontal grooving on outside. Slender stem (Diam. 0.6) broken away. Intentional red inside and out. Possibly goes with 189. Cf. P 31678, with black concave rim, from another pit in the same area; Rock-cut Shaft, no. 52, pp. 285-287, pl. XXXV (unribbedred-figuredkylix with same exterior glazing pattern);Agora XII, no. 520, p. 272, fig. 6, similar fragments, from a phiale, but with the same glazing pattern and ribbing; CVA, Kassel 1 [Germany35], pl. 47 [1727]:5, also a phiale. 190 (P 31513 a, b). Kylix: intentionalred

191 (P 31625). Kylix or stemmed Fig. 11, P1.46 dish: graffito P.H. 2.9; max. p. dim. 11.2. Floor and top of stem. Fairly thin stem. Graffito E on floor. Shiny black glaze with stackingcircle inside. Anotherkylix from the depositwith graffitoE on floor:P 31618. MUG

192 (P 31500 a, b). Pheidias mug Fig. 11, P1.47 P.H. 2.2; est. Diam. of base 7.0. Two non-joining fragments of base (only one illustrated),with part of lower wall. Ring base with rounded, reserved resting surface. Undersidereservedwith three glazed circlesand dot. Junction of base and bodyreserved.Glazed grooveat base of ribbedwall. Shiny blackglaze;miltos on resting surfaceand underside. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 217, p. 251, fig. 3, pl. 11. 450-425

193 (P 31501). Pheidias mug: Fig. 11, Pls. 47, 56 stamped P.H. 3.5; est. Diam. 6.0. Part of rim and upper wall. Rounded shoulder,low neck with flaring rim. Wall ribbedwith jeweling betweentops of ribs. Simplified lotus bud and inverted palmette stamped over ribbing. Similar stamp appearson 194 (also a Pheidias mug). Anothermotif, perhapslotus, is partially preserved in a similar position;perhaps same stamp as the lotus of 164. Scored or cabled ridge at base of neck. Dull brown glaze outside, tan inside. For shape cf. Hayes, Black Gloss ROM, no. 51, pp. 32-33, fig. 15, which may bear the same palmette stamp. Same palmettealso on 194, 195. 450-425 194 (P 31499). Pheidias(?) mug: Pls. 47, 56 stamped P.H. 1.9. Fragmentof upper wall, brokenall around. Ribbed wall; in gap in ribbing, two nine-petaled palmettes stampedend to end, with simplified lotus buds perpendicularto them. Shiny black glaze. Same stamp as 193, 195. For locationof stamp cf. Hayes, Black GlossROM, no. 51, pp. 32-33, fig. 15 (probablysame stamp);cf. also AgoraXII, nos. 207, 208, p. 250, pl. 47. 450-425 195 (P 31451). Strap handle from mug Pls. 47, 56 W. 1.6; max. p. dim. 2.3. Brokenat both ends, on one at handle attachment. Strap handle of small jug or mug (as Agora XII, no. 201, p. 250, fig. 3, pl. 11 and no. 224, p. 252, pl. 11). Stamped on upper surface with palmette, with base of another palmette below. Above stamp, E incised before glazing. Possibly same pot as 194, which has same palmettestamp. Shiny black glaze. 450-425 196 (P 31502). Mug or oinochoe: Fig. 11, PI. 47 stamped P.H. 4.1. Fragmentof upper wall. Convex body runs smoothlyinto concaveneck. Body ribbed, with jewels between tops of petals. Two grooveson neck, with 11-petaledpalmetteshanging fromthem, and ovolo abovethem. Shiny blackglaze.


105

For shape cf. Agora XII, nos. 223, 224, p. 252, fig. 3, pl. 11; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 48 [140]:14; CVA, Leiden 3 [Netherlands5], pl. 156 [250]:1. 450-425

201 (P 31465 a, b). Phiale

197 (P 31635). Two-handled Fig. 11, P1.47 mug? P.H. 6.2; est. Diam. of rim 9.0. One-third of rim and one handle preserved.

Low ring surroundsdepressionon underside.Wall plain for about 1 cm., then horizontally grooved. Concave rim. Central boss on floor surroundedby ridge. Reserved:band aroundridge on underside;alternate grooves on wall; ridge around boss. Shiny black on inside and upper outside, shiny red on lower outside;miltos. Glazing scheme resembles Agora XII, no. 520, p. 272, fig. 6, with intentional-redbowl and black rim, although this may be fortuitous.

Plump lower body slopes gently into concave neck. Flaring rim. Strap handle from shoulder to below rim. Very shiny blackglaze; possiblyfrom same vase as 23 or 24. Cf. Agora XII, no. 223, p. 252, fig. 3, pl. 11. Ca. 450 198 (P 31614). Mug?

Fig. 11, P1.47

P.H. 3.9; Diam. of base 8.2. Base and part of lower wall. Flat bottom, reserved.Nearly vertical wall with reserved groove at bottom, sloping inward at top of preservedsection. Shiny black glaze inside and out; miltos. Cf. CVA, Gotha 2 [Germany29], pl. 76 [1407]:2. 199 (P 31595). Mug?

Fig. 11, P1.47

P.H. 2.8; Diam. of base 6.3. Base and part of lower wall. Slightly convex bottom, reservedwith glazed circle and dot at center. Broad reservedgroove at base of wall. Shiny black glaze outside, thinner brown inside. One of three in the deposit. For treatment of lower wall see Agora XII, no. 192, p. 249, fig. 3. OTHERDRINKINGCUPS

200 (P 31613). Bolsal: stamped P.H. 4.8; est. Diam. of base 9.0. Part of base and lower wall.

Fig. 12, PI. 47

Flaring ring base with concaveresting surface. Underside reserved. Concave lower wall meets upper wall at an angle. Trace of stampedpalmetteon floor. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 541, p. 273, fig. 6, p1.24; Corbett 1949, no. 157, p. 344, fig. 1 on p. 319, pl. 94; Delos XXI, nos. 167-172, p. 60, pls. 49 and 52. Ca. 425

Fig. 12, PI. 47 P.H. (a) 4.0, (b) 1.8; est. Diam. 17.0. a) Sectionfrom rim to lower wall. b) Sectionfrom base to lower wall.

KRATER

202 (P 30003). Bell-krater:lug handles

Fig. 12, P1.48

P.H. 11.1; Diam. of rim 35.5. Rim, one handle, and part of upper wall. Flaring rim slightly offset from wall, with egg pattern below offset. Lug handle, reservedunderneath. On inside, reserved band at rim and below rim. Shiny black glaze. For similar ornament on a figured example, cf. CVA, San Francisco 1 [USA 10], pl. 22 [482]:1. 475-450 203 (P 30004 a, b). Bell-krater: horizontalhandles

Fig. 12, PI. 48

P.H. (a) 15.0, (b) 13.8; Diam. of rim 39.2. Three-fourths of rim, one handle, part of upper wall. Flaring rim, with rounded lip. Decorated band of rim offset from rounded segment above and offset from body below by pronounced molding. Fairly thick handles, round in section,join well below rim and curve up. Reserved band inside lip and below rim on inside. Red-figure laurel running left between two reserved bands on rim. Handle attachments surroundedby egg pattern.Shiny black glaze. For this type of ornamenton red-figuredbell-kraters cf., for example, CVA, Tiibingen 4 [Germany 52], pls. 23 [2540], 25 [2542], and 27 [2544]:1and 2; CVA, Kassel 1 [Germany35], pl. 35 [1715]:3and 4. For molding of rim cf. CVA, Louvre 4 [France 5],

106

CATALOGUE

pi. 21 [221]:8; Moon, Midwest, no. 117, pp. 208209; E. Simon, Die griechischen Vasen, Munich 1976, no. 190, pp. 132-133. 460-440 204 (P 30137). Column-krater

Fig. 12, PI. 48

P.H. 22.0; Diam. of rim 40.0. Upper body, neck, rim, and handles. Threefourths of neck and shoulder,one handle column, and part of one handle-platerestoredin plaster. Rounded shoulder, nearly straight neck. Overhanging rim with concaveoverhang,top sloping down to outside. Two columns support short handle-plates. Shiny black glaze outside, red inside. Area under lip overhangunglazed.Tiny egg-and-dartband around base of columns. Cf. Roberts 1986, no. 71, p. 32, fig. 22, pl. 9. For similar decoration on figured column-kraters, cf. CVA, Bologna 1 [Italy 5], pls. 35 [233]:1 and 2, 36 [234], and 41 [238]; CVA, Ferrara 1 [Italy 37], pls. 34 [1678] and 37 [1681]:3and 4. 460-450 ONE-HANDLER

205 (P 31570). One-handler: banded

Fig. 13, PI. 48

H. 4.6; est. Diam. 11.0; Diam. of base 7.4. Full profile preserved;most of wall and handle missing. Angular ring base, slightly incurvedplain rim. Interior glazed except for reserved center with two glazed circles. Exterior unglazed, with glazed band at half height and on lower part of base. Inner face of base glazed, two glazed circles on underside. Dull brownishblack glaze; miltos. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 738, 739, 742, p. 289, fig. 8, pl. 30; Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126-127, fig. 94:d (Tholos debris);Talcott 1936, P 5139, p. 342, note 5 and fig. 10 on p. 343 (Stoa of Zeus well). 475-450 206 (P 30000). One-handler: Figs. 13, 21, P1.48 banded,graffito Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95. P.H. 2.6; Diam. of base 6.0. Base and part of lower wall.

Ring base, steeply rising wall. Glazing as 205. Graffito ZEon floor. Shiny brown glaze, much peeled. 475-450 207 (P 31571). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 48 banded,graffito H. 3.8; est. Diam. 10.5; Diam. of base 5.9. Base and half of wall. Ring base, plain rim. Inside glazed except for reserved center with glazed circle and dot. Glazed band at half height outside. Inner and outer face of base glazed. Underside reserved with glazed circle and dot. Scratcheson underside may be graffito X. Shiny brown glaze. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 738, 739, 742, p. 289, fig. 8, pl. 30; Boulter 1953, no. 64, pp. 84-85, fig. 3 on p. 82. 475-450 208 (P 30090). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 48 banded H. 4.8; est. Diam. 12.5; Diam. of base 6.0. Full profile, with most of upper wall and handle missing. Torus ring base. Slight concavity at base of body, slight flare at rim. Delicate inwardly beveled rim. Interior glazed except for rim and central reserved circle with two glazed circles and dot. Glazed band at half height on outside.Inner and outer face of base glazed; underside and resting surface unglazed. Shiny black glaze, peeling inside. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 63, p. 84, fig. 3 on p. 82. Ca. 450 209 (P 30100). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 48 miniature banded, H. 3.0; Diam. of rim 5.0, of body 5.4, of base 3.7. Handle and pieces of wall missing. Raised disk base, slightly concaveunderneath.Convex body, plain incurvedrim. Shiny black glaze inside, in one band on body, on outer face of base, and in area between handle attachments.Handle round in section, attached at rim. Another in deposit, P 31573. Shape as AgoraXII, no. 1382, p. 333, pl. 45. 500-450 210 (P 30093). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 49 glazed H. 6.0; Diam. 16.9, of base 10.1.

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE Not quite full profile;centerof floor and over onefourth of wall missing. Torus ring base with inwardly beveled resting surface, reserved.Undersidereservedwith glazed circle. Convex lower wall, slight flare below rim. Rim flat on top, sloping inward. Horseshoe-shaped handle attachedjust below rim. Shiny black glaze, mostly missing on outside;miltos. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 61, p. 84, fig. 3 on p. 82; Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126-127, fig. 94:e (Tholos debris). 460-440 211 (P 30092). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 49 glazed H. 4.3; Diam. of rim 11.0, of body 11.1, of base 6.5. Part of floor, about one-third of wall, and handle missing. Low, flaring ring base. Slightly angular wall. Incurvedrim. Dull black glaze on all surfaces. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 64, pp. 84-85, fig. 3 on p. 82 for rim shape. 460-440 212 (P 30091). One-handler: Fig. 13, P1. 49 glazed H. 4.3; est. Diam. 9.5; Diam. of base 6.1. All base and one-fourthof body preserved;handle missing. Torus ring base with roundedresting surface. Handle joins just below incurvedrim. Shiny black glaze on all surfaces. Cf. P 4854, from potter's shop behind Stoa of Zeus (deposit H 7:1). 435-425 213 (P 30094). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 49 glazed H. 3.9; est. Diam. 8.5; Diam. of base 6.5. Three-quartersof wall and handle missing. Low flaring ring base with reservedresting surface. Incurvedrim. Dull black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 765, p. 290, fig. 8, pl. 30. Ca. 430 214 (P 30095). One-handler: Fig. 13, PI. 49 glazed H. 3.8; est. Diam. 8.5; Diam. of base 5.7. Half of upper wall and handle missing.

107

Flaring ring base. Continuouslycurving body with slightly incurvedrim and plain lip. Handlejoinsjust below lip. Shiny to dull black glaze, flaking. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 772, p. 291, pl. 31. Ca. 425 215 (P 30001). One-handler? Glazed, graffito

Figs. 13, 21, PI. 49

Shear, Agora 1972, p. 383, note 53, pl. 68:d; Camp, p. 95. P.H. 2.1; Diam. of base 7.0. Base and part of lower wall. Low ring base with flat resting surface. Underside glazed, with reserved band around circumference. Reservedband above base. Shiny black glaze. Graffito /E on underside. The reservedband at junction of body and base is paralleledon AgoraXII, no. 753, p. 290, pls. 31 and 56 and on P 4854, from potter'sshop behind Stoa of Zeus (depositH 7:1) (bothca. 435-425), but the low foot is closer to earlier examples (e.g. Agora XII, no. 747, p. 289, fig. 8, pl. 31, of ca. 480). 216 (P 29999). One-handler? Figs. 13, 21, PI. 49 Glazed, graffito P.H. 2.5; est. Diam. of base 6.0. One-fourth of base and underside,with part of lower wall. Angular ring base with resting surface slightly beveled to outside. Trace of handle attachmentat top of preservedsection of wall. Shiny black glaze on all surfaces.Graffito E on underside. DISH STEMMED

217 (P 31507 a, b). Stemmeddish Fig. 14, PI. 49 P.H. (a) 3.6, (b) 3.1; est. Diam. 12.5. Two non-joining sections of rim, preserving between them less than half of rim. Slightly incurvedrim; lip curvedon top and slightly projecting. Reserved band below projection. Shiny black glaze, peeling;miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 777, p. 291, fig. 8, pl. 32 and no. 960, p. 303, pl. 35; Delos XXI, no. 198, p. 63, pl. XLIX:F. Ca. 500 218 (P 31506). Stemmeddish P.H. 2.8; est. Diam. 1.5. Fragmentof rim.

Fig. 14, PI. 49

108

CATALOGUE

Incurved rim, slightly thickened to outside, with groove below thickening. Shiny black glaze. One of 26 examples in deposit. Cf. Agora XII, no. 961, p. 303, pl. 35 (Stoa of Zeus well); CVA, Reading 1 [GB 12], pl. 34 [561]:1. Ca. 470-460 219 (P 31642). Stemmeddish: reservedband

Fig. 14, PI. 49

P.H. 4.4; est. Diam. 19.0. One-fourth of rim, one-third of body, stem missing; partiallyrestoredin plaster. Shallow bowl. Rim slightly offset on outside, flat on top. Slightly concave reservedband on lower body. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. P 31679, from a related deposit behind the Royal Stoa (but with incurvedrim); CVA, Warsaw National Museum 6 [Poland9], pi. 9 [385]:9and 10; CVA, Oxford 1 [GB 3], pl. 47 [139]:1;CVA, Copenhagen 4 [Denmark4], pl. 159 [161]:6;CVA, Gotha 2 [Germany 29], pl. 76 [1407]:3; CVA, Stuttgart 1 [Germany26], pl. 37 [1249]:10. 475-450 220 (P 31626). Stemmeddish: reservedband

Fig. 14, P1.49

P.H. 5.8; Diam. of base 7.4. Base, stem, and part of floor. Flaring base with concaveedge. Broad,beveledresting surface,reserved.Undersidereservedwith black band at circumference. Broad, shallow, reserved band on lower body. Shiny black glaze. For comparandacf. 219. 475-450 221 (P 31634). Stemmeddish: reservedband

Fig. 14, PI. 49

P.H. 5.2; Diam. of base 7.1. Base, stem, and part of floor. Flaring base with vertical edge reserved save for black line at bottom. Beveled resting surface reserved.Underside glazed except at center. On lower wall, broad shallow groove, reserved. Shiny olivegreen glaze outside, green with black stackingcircle inside;miltos. For comparandacf. 219. 475-450

222 (P 31586). Base of stemmed dish?

Fig. 14, PI. 49

P.H. 4.0; Diam. 7.0. Part of floor, stem, and base;base chipped. Heavy stem which does not run smoothlyinto sloping base with beveled edge. Broad resting surface, slightly concave, reserved. Center of underside reserved. Shiny black glaze on floor and underside, thin brown on base; miltos on resting surface. 223 (P 31587). Base of stemmed dish

Fig. 14, PI. 49

P.H. 2.0; Diam. 6.9. Half of base and lower stem. Concaveedge, with upper part reserved.Broad, flat resting surface;resting surface and center of underside reserved.Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. CVA, Copenhagen 4 [Denmark 4], pl. 159 [161]:6. 224 (P 31584). Base of stemmed dish?

Fig. 14, PI. 49

P.H. 2.8; Diam. 7.4. Over half of base and lower stem. As 223, but lower edge of base projectsand is unglazed. Shiny black glaze. 225 (P 31503). Stemmeddish: Fig. 14, PI. 50 chalice shape P.H. 4.0; Diam. 6.2. Rim, base, and part of wall missing. Thin stem. Bottom of bowl flat, meeting concave sides at sharp angle. Dull black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 992-994, pp. 305-306, pl. 35; Roberts 1986, no. 356, p. 53, fig. 35 on p. 52; Delos XXI, no. 185, p. 62, pl. XLIX:E; CVA, Geneva 1 [Switzerland1], pls. A:15 and 25 [25]:20. Ca. 500 226 (P 31620). Stemmedcup Fig. 14, PI. 50 P.H. 3.2; est. Diam. 6.5. Stem and part of wall missing. Thin stem. Nearly hemisphericalbowl with plain rim, slightly incurved. Shiny black glaze; clay mottled to gray. Cf. P 29416 (CrossroadsEnclosure:Shear, Agora 1971, pp. 129-130 and Shear, Agora 1972,


109

pp. 364-369); CVA, Karlsruhe 1 [Germany 7], pl. 35 [333]:12and 13. 450-425

moldingat base, meeting convexupper wall at sharp angle. Rim roundedon top. Shinyblackglaze;miltos. 450-425

227 (P 30108). Stemmeddish: small

231 (P 31479). Bowl: shallow wall Fig. 15, PI. 50 and convex-concaveprofile H. 2.4; Diam. 8.9, of base 6.6. Over half preserved. Beveledresting surfacereserved.Undersidereserved with two glazed circles and central dot. Concave lower wall; convex upper wall with lip at bottom. Dull greenish-to-orangeglaze, black on underside and outside of base; miltos. 435-425

Fig. 14, P1. 50

P.H. 4.5; Diam. 11.0. One-third of bowl, lower stem, and base missing. Concave stem with square molding at top. Scraped groove below molding and at junction of stem and body. Broad shallow bowl with wide rim, curvedon top. Shiny black glaze. Treatment of stem as 21; rim as 236. Ca. 460-450 228 (P 31652). Stemmeddish or small bowl: concaverim

Fig. 14, PI. 50

P.H. 2.3; est. Diam. 9.2. About one-third of circumference,from rim to base of wall. Spreading body with trace of base at bottom. Concave rim, flat on top and sloping steeply to inside. Top of rim and concave area below lip reserved. Shiny black glaze, streaky black to brown inside; miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 989, p. 305, pl. 35. Ca. 470 BOWL

229 (P 31481). Bowl: deep wall Fig. 15, PI. 50 and convex-concaveprofile P.H. 2.9; Diam. of base 10.6. Half of base and part of lower wall. Ring base with concaveouter face, convexinner face. Roundedresting surface. Lower wall convex. Shiny black glaze on all surfaces. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 809, 810, p. 294, fig. 8, pi. 32, but more delicateand undersidetotally glazed. 475-450? 230 (P 30099). Bowl: shallow wall Fig. 15, P1. 50 and convex-concaveprofile H. 2.9; est. Diam. of rim 9.5, of base 6.5. Slightly less than half preserved. Broad, flat resting surface. Resting surface and underside reserved. Concave lower wall with torus

232 (P 31480). Bowl: shallow wall Fig. 15, PI. 50 and convex-concaveprofile H. 3.6; Diam. 10.6, of base 8.0. Over half preserved. Narrow, flat restingsurface,slightly projectingbase. Undersidereserved.Concavelower wall, convexupper wall with groove at bottom. Shiny black inside, dull brown to black outside;clay partly fired gray. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 819-821, pp. 294-295, fig. 8, pl. 32; Boulter 1953, no. 202, p. 115, fig. 3 on p. 82; Corbett 1949, no. 151, pp. 343-344, fig. 4 on p. 325. Ca. 425 233 (P 31505). Bowl: incurvedrim Fig. 15, PI. 50 P.H. 3.6; est. Diam. 19.0. One-sixth of rim preserved. Shallow bowl with incurved rim, thickened with moldingbelow lip on outside. Shiny black-to-brown glaze. Cf. Agora XII, no. 825, p. 295, fig. 8. Ca. 430 234 (P 31638 a-c). Large twoFig. 15, P1. 50 handledbowl P.H. (a) 8.0 (b) 5.3, (c) 3.4; est. H. 12.0; Diam. of rim 26.3, of base 12.1. a) Over half of rim and one handle. b) Base. c) Non-joining fragmentof rim with handle scar (not illustrated). Ring base, slightly flaring and convex on outer face. Flat resting surfaceand lower edge of base reserved. Low, wide profile. Slightly incurvedrim, projecting and downturnedto outside,curvedon top. Horizontal

110

CATALOGUE

handles,roundin section,join well below rim andrise tojust slightlybelow it. Handle panel reserved.Shiny brownishblackglaze, peeling. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 69, p. 241, pl. 4, with different rim; no. 1791, p. 362, fig. 15, pl. 83. 460-440 235 (P 30089 a-c). Large onehandledbowl: banded

Fig. 15, PI. 50

a) H. 9.9, Diam. of rim 16.1, of base 9.6. b) P.H. 3.6. c) P.H. 5.4. a, b) Just under half of rim and wall, complete base, with small fragment at center missing. c) Non-joining fragment of rim (not illustrated). Handle missing,but scar indicatesposition. Very low ring base with broad, flat resting surface. Slightly convexunderside.Convex lower wall; nearly vertical upper wall. Outwardly thickened rim, curved on top and sloping down to outside, slightly offsetfromwall. One horizontalhandle,roundin section, joins below rim. Dull black-to-brownglaze all overinteriorand in three bandson outside;heavyapplicationof miltos. Cf. P 30554, from U 13:1, a deposit primarilyof the last quarterof the 5th centuryand early 4th century; and G. Kleiner and W. Muller-Wiener, "Die Grabung in Milet im Herbst 1959," IstMitt 22, 1972 (pp. 45-92), no. 3, pp. 75-76, fig. 7, pl. 21:4. SMALLBOWL

236 (P 30096). Small bowl: broad rim

Fig. 16, PI. 50

H. 3.2; Diam. 10.8, of base 6.0. Center of floor and small part of rim missing. Ring base, with resting surface and underside reserved. Convex wall. Thick, inwardly sloping rim, convexon top. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. 227 (stemmed dish); Agora XII, no. 849, p. 296, fig. 9; no. 955, p. 303, fig. 9. 460-450 237 (P 30098). Small bowl: broad rim

Fig. 16, PI. 50

H. 2.6; Diam. 8.9, of base 6.7. Part of floor, rim, and wall missing; resting surface worn.

Disk base with concave underside reserved. Outer face of base convex, with angle at top. Low heavy wall. Broad rim, roundedon top. Shiny black glaze, peeling;miltos. 238 (P 30097). Small bowl: early Fig. 16, P1. 50 and heavy H. 3.0; Diam. 8.5, of base 5.9. One-fourthmissing;full profile preserved. Lipped ring base. Flat resting surface, underside, and outer face of base reserved. Thick rim meets outer wall at angle, convex on top and sloping towards outside. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 854-856, p. 297, pl. 33. 475-450 239 (P 31482). Small bowl: early and heavy H. 3.3; est. Diam. 9.0. One-thirdof base and wall.

Fig. 16, PI. 50

As 238 but with lighter base and wall curving into rim with no angle. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 854, 856, p. 297, pl. 33; P 31427, from lot BF 547, area of Royal Stoa. 475-450 240 (P 31477). Small bowl: early Fig. 16, P1. 50 and heavy H. 2.3; est. Diam. 9.0. One-fourthpreserved;centerof floor missing. Low ring base with rounded, reservedresting surface. Underside reserved. Thickened rim sloping down towardsoutside. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 855, p. 297, pl. 33. 475-450 241 (P 31483). Small bowl: early Fig. 16, PI. 50 and heavy H. 3.1; est. Diam. 8.5. One-sixth preserved;floor missing. Ring base with flat resting surfaceand undersidereserved. Thickened rim sloping down towards outside. Shiny black-to-redglaze with stackingcircleon outside;miltos. SALTCELLAR

242 (P 30105). Saltcellar:convex wall, recessedunderside

Fig. 16, P1. 51

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE H. 2.7; est. Diam. 6.0. Slightly over half missing. Recessedundersidereserved.Curvedresting surface with no wear, running directly into wall. Incurved rim. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Clay partly fired gray. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 890, p. 299, fig. 9, pl. 34. Ca. 500 243 (P 30106). Saltcellar:echinus Fig. 16, PI. 51 wall, recessedbottom H. 3.1; Diam. 6.1, of base 2.9. About one-thirdof wall missing. Recessed underside,reservedwith glazed circle and dot. Light wall, incurved rim. Shiny brown glaze with black streaksand black at rim; miltos. Cf. Agora XII, no. 903, p. 300, fig. 9, pl. 34. Ca. 475 244 (P 31609). Saltcellar:echinus Fig. 16, PI. 51 wall, recessedunderside H. 2.1; Diam. 4.6, of base 3.2. Two-thirds of rim missing. Recessedundersideand flat resting surfacereserved. Reserved line at one-third height on outside. Wall nearly straight at base. Incurved rim. Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. 475-450 245 (P 30107). Saltcellar:echinus Fig. 16, PI. 51 wall, recessedbottom H. 2.9; Diam. 5.5, of base 4.1. Small fragmentsmissing. Recessedbottom,reservedwith glazed dot, one thick circle, and two thin circles. Narrow resting surface. Lower wall concave. Incurved rim. Shiny black glaze with crazing inside;miltos. For narrowresting surfacecf. AgoraXII, no. 903, p. 300, fig. 9, pl. 34. Ca. 450? 246 (P 30103). Saltcellar:echinus Fig. 16, PI. 51 wall, flat bottom H. 2.8; Diam. 5.2, of base 3.5. About one-fourthof wall missing. Concavebottomreserved.Incurvedrim. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 912, p. 300, pl. 34. 450-425

111

247 (P 30101). Saltcellar:echinus Fig. 16, PI. 51 wall, flat bottom H. 2.1; Diam. 5.3, of base 3.6. Chips missing. As 246 but glazed all over. Shiny black-to-tanglaze, mostly missing. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 913, p. 301, fig. 9, pl. 34; C. G. Boulter,"Gravesin LenormantStreet,Athens,"Hesperia 32, 1963 (pp. 113-137), no. 23, p. 133, pl. 47. Ca. 425 248 (P 31628). Saltcellar:concave wall

Fig. 16, PI. 51

H. 4.1; est. Diam. of rim 6.3; Diam. of base 6.8. Full profile preserved, with most of base and small sectionof wall. Concave bottom reserved. Concave wall with reserved groove at base. Rim slightly convex on top and sloping inward, reservedon top. Shiny black-tobrown glaze, peeling; miltos on bottom. Cf. Agora XII, no. 927, p. 301, fig. 9, pl. 34 (Stoa of Zeus well); Delos XXI, no. 196, p. 63, pl. XLIX:E. 475-460 249 (P 31478). Saltcellar:footed, raised base

Fig. 16, PI. 51

H. 3.5; est. Diam. 7.5; Diam. of base 5.0. Base and one-fourth of wall, badly chipped and battered. Raised base with flaring profile, concave and reserved underneath, with lightly incised groove. Broad reservedband at junction of base and body. Incurved rim. Scratches on floor may be illegible graffito.Shiny black glaze, peeling. For reservedband and raised base cf. Agora XII, no. 939, p. 302, fig. 9, pl. 34. Fig. 16, PI. 51 H. 2.5; est. Diam. 6.5; Diam. of base 4.4. Ring base with rounded,reservedresting surface. Underside reserved.Straight upper and lower walls meet at slight angle. Thick rim, flat on top. Shiny black glaze, peeling; miltos on underside. Cf. Kerameikos IX, no. 41:5, p. 98, pl. 22 for profile of wall, with somewhat different base and rim. 250 (P 31475). Saltcellar:footed

112

CATALOGUE

PLATE

251 (P 31612). Plate: broadrim Fig. 16, PI. 51 Est. Diam. 18.0; max. p. dim. 8.6. Fragmentof rim. Convex lower wall meets upper wall at angle, below which is a shallow groove. Lip has thickenededge. Floor offset from convex rim on inside. Offset of rim from floor and top edge and side of rim reserved. Shiny brown glaze; miltos. Cf. KerameikosIX, no. 103:4, p. 114, fig. 20:a on p. 56, pi. 17:1; Agora XII, no. 1006, p. 307, fig. 9, pl. 36 for glazing;for shape, P 20779 from R 12:1. Ca. 480 or perhapslater 252 (P 30111). Plate: broadrim Fig. 16, PI. 51 H. 1.8; Diam. 14.7, of base 7.3. Part of rim and floor missing. Low ring base with broad, flat resting surface, slightly beveled to inside. Convex lower wall, concave upper wall. Slightly overhanginglip with vertical edge and ridge on top surface, pierced with two holes for suspension. Rim convex on top, running smoothly into slightly concave floor. Reserved:undersidewith two glazed circles and dot; resting surface;lower half of outer wall, outer face of lip; band at inner edge of rim area inside. Thin, shiny brown glaze; miltos. For pattern of glazing cf. Agora XII, no. 1006, p. 307, fig. 9, pl. 36; Rock-cutShaft,no. 258, p. 321, pls. LXIV and LXV; cf. also Corbett 1949, no. 150, p. 343, fig. 4 on p. 325. Ca. 480 or perhaps later 253 (P 30110 a, b). Plate: thickFig. 16, P1. 51 ened edge H. 2.9; est. Diam. of rim 17.5, of base 12.5; max. p. dim. (a) 13.4, (b) 9.2. Two non-joiningsectionspreservingone-third of rim and base and part of floor. Ring base with narrow, rounded resting surface. Inner face of base offset, concave.Concavewall with grooveat bottom.Edge of rim convex, lipped at bottom. Interior: molded rim with molded outer edge and two sections, the outer convex, the inner concave. Flat floor,angleddown slightly at edge and offset from rim. Shiny black glaze on all surfaces. For top of rim cf. Agora XII, no. 1007, p. 307, fig. 9, pl. 36; but form of base, with concave inner

edge, suggests later date (see Corbett 1949, p. 301, note 12). 450-425 254 (P 30112). Plate: thickened Fig. 16, PI. 51 edge, unglazed H. 2.0; est. Diam. of rim 16.5, of base 12.0. About one-third preserved, with center of floor missing. Slightly projectingbase with roundedrestingsurface and broad, convex inner face. Lower wall runs directly into base. Undersidea seriesof concavebands. Wall concave,flaring. Rim convex on side, with lip at bottom.Top surfaceof lip raised. Top of rim convex, offset from flat floor by broadgroove. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 1012, 1013, p. 307, fig. 9, pl. 36; Corbett1949, no. 152, p. 344, fig. 4 on p. 325, from potter's shop behind Stoa of Zeus (deposit H 7:1, Thompson 1937, pp. 47-53). Ca. 450 255 (P 30113). Plate: thickened Fig. 16, P1. 51 wall, unglazed H. 2.0; est. Diam. of rim 15.7, of base 11.5. One-third of rim and about one-fourth of floor; centerof floor missing. Ring base with narrowresting surfacebeveledto inside. Flat underside with two raised concentric ridges. Profile of wall and lip generally similar to 254 but with differences in detail and proportion: two ridges at top edge of lip, and base separatefrom wall. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1012, p. 307, pi. 36; Boulter 1953, no. 53, p. 83, fig. 3 on p. 82. Ca. 450 LEKANIS

256 (P 31580). Lekanis: ribbon-handled

Fig. 17, PI. 52

P.H. 4.7; est. Diam. 11.5. Half of upper wall; handles missing. Rounded lower wall; nearly vertical upper wall, slightly concave at top. Flanged rim, flat and reserved on top. Trace of ribbon handles. Handle panels reserved.Shiny black-to-greenglaze, peeling; miltos on handle panels.

113

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE Cf. Agora XII, no. 1220, pp. 321-322, fig. 11, pi. 40. Ca. 425 257 (P 31581 a-c). Lekanis: ribbon-handled

Fig. 17, P1. 52

P.H. (a) 8.6, (b) 4.1, (c) 5.4; est. Diam. 25.0. a, b) One-third of rim and part of upper body, partlyrestoredin plaster.c) Fragmentof wall (not illustrated). Steep wall with offsetbandat top, reservedand decoratedwith zigzag. Flangedrim with top of rim partly reserved. Position of handle scars suggests ribbon handles. Two purple stripes on body below reserved rim band. Shiny blackto dull green glaze; miltos. For decorationof rim cf. Agora XII, nos. 1217, 1221, pp. 321-322, pi. 40 and list on p. 166, note 16; Moon, Midwest, no. 121, pp. 214-215. 258 (P 31640 a, b). Lekanis lid Fig. 17, P1. 52 P.H. (a) 3.5; est. Diam. 25.0; max. p. dim. (a) 23.4, (b) 13.7. Two non-joining sections preserve one-fourth of; rim, half of wall, with knob missing. Flat, reserved resting surface. Vertical rim meets slightly convex top at slight angle. Reserved band with black rays aroundknob. Two purple lines outside reserved band, two in middle of top. Shiny brownish black glaze with stacking circle outside. May go with 257. Cf. Moon, Midwest, no. 121, pp. 214-215. 259 (P 31633). Lekanis lid Fig. 17, P1. 52 H. 5.1; est. Diam. 16.0. Full profile preserved, with one-fourth of wall, one-thirdof knob. Beveled, reservedresting surface. Vertical rim runs smoothly into sloping top. Thick stem with molded knob: lipped edge, recessedtop with sinking at center. Reserved:top of knob (except for sinking and bandinside edge), side of knob(althoughon the latter glaze may have peeled away). Shiny blackglaze with stackingcircleinside;miltos. Clay mottledto gray. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1220, pp. 321-322, fig. 11, pl. 40; no. 1239, p. 323, fig. 11, pl. 41. Ca. 425 260 (P 31579). Lykinic lekanis P.H. 4.5; est. Diam. 8.5.

Fig. 17, PI. 52

One-fourth of wall and base; center of floor missing. Ring base with beveled resting surface and concave edge. Resting surface and side reserved,but line of black glaze at bottom of base. Underside reserved. Convex wall, flanged rim, top of lip reserved.Shiny black glaze; miltos on underside. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1242, p. 323, fig. 11, pl. 42. 450-425 261 (P 31511). Lid of Lykinic lekanis

Fig. 17, P1. 52

P.H. 4.8; est. Diam. 15.5. Most of top, one-sixth of rim. Knob missing. Slightly convex, verticalrim with flat, reservedresting surface;rim curvessmoothlyinto horizontaltop. Square fillet at base of thin stem. Shiny black glaze with green patches, stacking circle inside and out; clay mottled to gray. Remarkably large for this shape. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1243, p. 323, pl. 42; CVA, Gotha 2 [Germany29], pl. 76 [1407]:8. 450-425 262 (P 31512). Small lid Fig. 17, PI. 52 H. 3.4; est. Diam. 9.5. Full profile preserved;knob chipped, most of rim missing. Vertical rim lipped at bottom. Beveled, reserved resting surface.Offset at junction of verticalrim and horizontal top. Knob lipped, with raised concave disk in centerof top. Shiny blackglaze, with stacking circle inside. Cf. Hayes, Black GlossROM, no. 56, p. 35, fig. 6; H. F. Mussche et al., Thorikos,II, Thorikos 1964, Brussels 1967, p. 38, fig. 30. Ca. 425? OTHEROPEN SHAPES

263 (P 31578). Type D pyxis Fig. 17, P1. 52 P.H. 4.4; est. Diam. 7.5. One-fourthof wall; floor missing. Concavewall flaring out to base at bottom. Flanged rim, with top reserved.Shiny black-to-brownglaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1308, p. 328, pl. 43. Ca. 430

114 264 (P 31577). Ring

CATALOGUE Fig. 17, PI. 52

H. 3.2; est. Diam. 12.5. One-fourthpreserved. Flat restingsurface,reserved.Convexwall with hole at top. At base of wall, half height, and aroundhole, a reservedband with miltos and two grooves. Dull black glaze, unglazedinside. For the shape see Agora XII, nos. 1335, 1336, p. 330, pl. 43. 265 (P 31471). Base of stemlesscup, cup- Fig. 17, PI. 52 skyphos,or one-handler P.H. 2.6; Diam. 7.4. Base and part of lower body. Torus ring base with reserved,beveled resting surface. Underside glazed, with reserved band at circumference;reserved circle at center, with glazed circle and dot. Spreading body. Shiny black-tobrown glaze with metallic blotches; heavy application of miltos. One of seven similar bases with the same shape and treatment of underside. For treatment of underside see 137 and comparanda cited there. 266 (P 30084). Base: graffito Figs. 17, 22, PI. 53 Diam. 7.1; max. p. dim. 8.3. Base and small part of lower wall; resting surface worn. Torus ring base with flat resting surface,convexunderside. Glaze scraped or worn off resting surface. Totally glazed except for inside of about one-fourth of base, which was left unglazed unintentionally. Widely spreading wall. Dull black glaze. Graffito EQEIOon underside. The nameappearson the undersideof an unglazed pot in a contextof 420-400 (AgoraXXI, F 134, p. 39, pl. 16; see AgoraXII, p. 397 underQ 15:2 for date of context)and in a lengthiergraffitoon the bottomof a lekanisfromthe Stoaof Zeus well (AgoraXXI, C 18, p. 13, pl. 5 = AgoraXII, no. 1794, p. 362, fig. 21). 450-425 267 (P 30082). Base: graffito Figs. 17, 22, PI. 53 Est. Diam. 5.5; max. p. dim. 4.9. One-fourthof base and two-thirdsof underside. Ring base with roundedresting surface, convex underside. Underside and resting surface reserved. Mottled black glaze; miltos. Graffito APIEAN[ on

underside;possibly 'Ap&orAy[(Aristagoras?[PA 1625 and 1626]) or 'ApLt-av[ (Aristandros?[PA 1644]). CLOSED SHAPES ASKOS 268 (P 29992). Deep askos: Figs. 18, 21, PI. 53 graffito H. 3.7; Diam. of base 5.3. Base, less than one-fourth of top, and all lower wall preserved. Disk base with reservededge and underside.Vertical wall, covered top. Tube in center. Shiny black glaze outside, thin brown inside. GraffitoE on top. For the shape see Agora XII, nos. 1166-1168, 1170-1172, p. 318, fig. 11, pi. 39; Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126-127, fig. 94:f (Tholos debris). 269 (P 29989). Deep askos:graffito Fig. 21, P1. 53 Max. p. dim. 4.4. Small fragmentof top of askos similar to 268, with beginningof curvedown to verticalwall. Shiny black glaze outside, thin brown inside. Graffito E on top. Anotherwith partial graffito:P 31449. 270 (P 31629). Shallow askos Fig. 18, P1. 53 P.H. 1.8; est. Diam. 8.5. Part of base, floor, and lower wall. Raised base, slightly concaveunderneath,with underside and edge reserved. Greatest diameter just above base. Dull greenish gray glaze outside, dull thin brown inside;miltos. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 59, pp. 83-84, fig. 3 on p. 82. 460-440 OLPE

271 (P 31602). Olpe Fig. 18, PI. 53 P.H. 4.5; est. Diam. of mouth 5.0. One-fourthof mouth, part of neck and shoulder. Full body tapering into concaveneck. Plain flaring rim. Shiny black glaze outside and inside mouth. For complete examples see Agora XII, nos. 278, 279, p. 255, pl. 13.

115

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE 272 (P 31681). Olpe: small, footed P1. 53 P.H. 4.4; Diam. of base 4.2. Base and part of lower wall. Projecting base, concave underneath. Steep wall, slightly concaveat base. Dip glazed, with underside and most of edge of base reserved;inside unglazed. For complete examples see Agora XII, nos. 278, 279, 281, p. 255, pl. 13. 273 (P 31605). Olpe: small, Fig. 18, PI. 53 footless P.H. 4.0; Diam. of base 4.2. Bottomand lower body. Underside slightly concave, reserved. Lower wall slightly concave at base. Dull black glaze, inside unglazed. For complete example see Agora XII, no. 273, p. 255, pl. 13; Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126-127, fig. 94:c (Tholos debris). LEKYTHOS

274 (P 31596). Lekythos:globular Fig. 19, PI. 53 body P.H 8.4; Diam. of rim 7.1. Most of rim and part of shoulder;handle missing. Nearly horizontalshoulder.Handle attachmentjust above drip ring on neck. Funnel-shapedmouth with very slightly incurvedlip. Shiny black glaze, pitted, on outside and on inside of mouth;inside unglazed. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1104, p. 313, fig. 11, pl. 38. Ca. 450 275 (P 31452). Squat lekythos: Fig. 18, PI. 53 patterned P.H. 7.8; Diam. 6.5, of base 5.3. Upper neck and mouth, handle, part of base, and over half of body missing. Low, flaring ring base with flat resting surface,convex underside.Underside,restingsurface,and inside of base reserved.Squat plump body with groove at shoulder. Reservedband above mid-height of body, with maeander between two lines. Maeander continues three-fourthsof way around body, discontinued under handle. Handle attached at shoulder. Shiny black glaze outside, unglazed inside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1123, p. 315, fig. 11, pl. 38. Ca. 425

276 (P 31608). Squat lekythos?Horizontal PI. 53 ribbing P.H. 5.4; est. Diam. 10.0. Wall fragment with four broad, convex ribs preserved. Unglazed inside. Shiny black glaze. For a ribbed lekythos see Agora XII, no. 1136, p. 316, pl. 38. OINOCHOE

277 (P 31669). Bandedoinochoe:round mouth

P1. 54

P.H. 10.7. Handle and part of rim, neck, and shoulder. Rounded shoulder. Cylindrical neck, round mouth, pushed in and up at point of handle attachment. Strap handle, concave to outside, attached at rim, rises well above rim and runs down to shoulder. Black glaze inside and outsideneck;red wash on rest of outside. For completeexamples see Boulter 1953, nos. 92, 93, pp. 89-90, pl. 32; Thompson, Tholos, pp. 126127, fig. 94:b (Tholos debris);Talcott 1936, P 5154, p. 342 and note 5, fig. 10 on p. 343 (Stoa of Zeus well). 278 (P 31670 a, b). Bandedoinochoe: trefoil mouth

PI. 54

Max. p. dim. (a) 9.9, (b) 8.1. Two non-joiningfragmentsof neck and rim, preserving about half of trefoil mouth. Brown glaze on inside of rim, with dilute glaze below on inner body. Brown wash on outside. Dribble of glaze runs down outsideof rim. Cf. Agora XII, no. 155, p. 247, pl. 8; Boulter 1953, no. 95, p. 90, pl. 32. 450-425 279 (P 31672). Mushroomjug: banded

P1. 54

Max. p. dim. 12.8. Part of handle and shoulder. Double handle, arched at top. Brown wash on outside. Brown glaze stripe below handle attachment and splashes of brown glaze on side of handle. Unglazed inside. Cf. Corbett 1949, no. 92, pp. 334-335, pl. 96.

116

CATALOGUE

PI. 54 280 (P 31671). Bandedoinochoe P.H. 9.1; Diam. of base 9.1. Half of base and one-fourthof lower body. Flaring ring base with flat resting surface and convex underside. Red wash on exterior. Unglazed inside, one splash of brownishred glaze underneath. PI. 54 281 (P 31598). Trefoil oinochoe:Shape 2 P.H. 4.9. Trefoil mouth and neck preserved. Handle, triangular in section,joined at rim, apparently continuing up vertically. Neck slightly offset from body. Dull orange-to-grayglaze, peeling, inside and out. Possibly same pot as 282. For complete examples see Agora XII, no. 103, p. 243, fig. 2, pl. 5; CVA, Geneva 1 [Switzerland1], pl. 24 [24]:15; CVA, Leiden 3 [Netherlands 5], pl. 155 [249]:2-5. 282 (P 31594). Oinochoe:Shape 2 Fig. 19, PI. 54 P.H. 3.1; est. Diam. of base 9.0. Projecting, raised base, concave underneath, with underside reserved. Steep lower wall. Scraped groove at junction of base and wall. Shiny black glaze outside, unglazed inside; miltos. Possibly part of 281. See 281 for comparanda. 283 (P 30117). Oinochoe:Shape 3, P1. 54 patterned P.H. (a) 10.0, (b) 6.2, (c) 4.4. Three non-joiningsectionsfrombelly area. a) Entire height of right side of patternedpanel. b) Part of lower wall and lower part of panel. c) Fragment of panel. On belly of closedshape, ivy garlandin panel defined by dottedegg patternaboveand below;reservedband on sides. Leavesand main stem reserved;stems of individualleaves addedin tan paint. Shiny black glaze outside,dilute glaze inside. For ivy decoration(but completelyin addedpaint) cf. AgoraXII, no. 114, p. 244, pl. 6; KerameikosIX, no. 277:1, p. 149, pl. 63:5; nos. 295:5 and 6, p. 153, pl. 41:3. 450-425 284 (P 31593). Base of oinochoeor Fig. 19, PI. 54 lekythos P.H. 2.7; Diam. 10.1. Base and part of lower wall.

Spreading ring base with angular profile. Broad, convex resting surface. Underside, resting surface, and inner edge of base reserved.Shiny black glaze outside;interiorunglazed. 285 (P 31632). Base of oinochoeor Fig. 19, PI. 54 lekythos P.H. 2.4; Diam. 10.8. Base and part of lower wall; center of floor missing. As 284 but with heavier, less spreadingbase. Shiny black glaze; miltos. 286 (P 31591). Base of oinochoeor Fig. 19, PI. 54 lekythos P.H. 2.3; Diam. 10.3. Base and part of lower wall. Spreadingring base with broad,slightly convexresting surface. Inner face of base concave.Resting surface, underside, and inner face of base reserved. Shiny black glaze outside, thin dull brown inside; miltos. Cf. CVA, Tubingen 4 [Germany 52], pi. 42 [2559]:1and 2, p. 92, fig. 26 (oinochoe). 450-425 287 (P 31592). Base of oinochoeor Fig. 19, P1.54 lekythos P.H. 5.9; Diam. 12.5. Base and part of lower wall. Similar to 286 but with heavier base. Dull black glaze outside, thin dull brown inside. 450-425 288 (P 31627). Base of closed Fig. 20, PI. 54 vessel P.H. 8.2; Diam. of base 13.5. Over half of base, part of lower wall. Ring base with two torus moldings on outside, the lower one reserved. Scraped groove between moldings and between base and wall. Rounded resting surface. Resting surface, inside edge of base, underside reserved. Shiny black glaze outside, dull thin brown inside;miltos. PSYKTER

289 (P 31604). Psykter P.H. 4.2; Diam. of base 9.1. Base and lower wall preserved.

Fig. 20, PI. 54

BLACK AND BANDED FINE WARE Disk base, slightly concaveand reservedunderneath. Two torus moldingson edge, the lower one reserved. Straightwall. Shiny black glaze outside, thin brown inside;clay mottledto gray. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 37, 39, pp. 238-239, pl. 2; Rock-cutShaft,p. 322, under no. 263, pl. LXV. 500-450 290 (P 31621). Psykter

PI. 54

P.H. 4.9. Fragmentof shoulder. Curvedshoulderwith doubletube handle. Shiny tan glaze outside, peeling; inside partially unglazed. Handle reserved,with miltos. 500-450 291 (P 31603). Psykter

Fig. 20, PI. 54

P.H. 3.4; est. Diam. of rim 7.0. Fragmentof rim and neck. Nearly horizontalshoulderwith fine scrapedgroove at junction with neck. Low, concave neck. Rim flanged to receive lid; vertical rim is reservedabove flange. Shiny black glaze, partly peeling; miltos. Inside unglazed below neck. Cf. Agora XII, no. 38, p. 239, fig. 2, pl. 2. 500-450 OTHER CLOSEDSHAPES

Fig. 18, PI. 55 P.H. 12.5; est. Diam. of mouth 11.0. Less than half of mouth and neck, with handle and part of shoulder.

292 (P 31599). Round-mouthjug

Shoulderhorizontalat top, curvingdown to globular body. Cylindricalneck, with raised ring below rim. Thickened rim, convex on outside. Broadstrap handle, concaveto outside,fromshoulderto base of neck. Shiny blackglaze on outside,blackwith red splotches on interiorof neck. Lower interiorunglazed. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 181, 183, p. 249, p1. 10. 475-425 293 (P 31597). Lidless pelike

Fig. 20, P1. 55

P.H. 7.7; Diam. of rim 9.3. Mouth, one handle, and part of upper wall. Sloping shoulder.Torus mouth. Thick strap handle fromshoulderto below rim. Shinyblackglaze outside

117

and inside mouth and neck; lower part of interior unglazed. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 48, p. 81, fig. 2 on p. 73; R.-M. Becker, Formen attischer Peliken von der Pionier-Gruppe bis zum Beginn der Fruhklassik, Boblingen 1977, no. 141, pp. 49-50, pl. 15:c. 460-440 294 (P 31600). Hydria

Fig. 20, PI. 55

P.H. 4.3; Diam. of rim 7.5. Half of rim and part of neck. Thickened rim lipped on outside, concave and reservedon top. Handle scaron neck below rim. Possibly from a figured piece. Very shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. Delos XXI, nos. 128, 129, p. 56, pl. LI. 295 (P 31464). Feeder

Fig. 18, PI. 55

P.H. 2.1; est. Diam. 8.0. Fragmentof top, with trace of spout. Horizontal top with opening in center. Curved shoulder with trace of spout just below curve of shoulder. Shiny black glaze outside, brownish green inside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1197, p. 320, fig. 11, pl. 39; Delos XXI, no. 193, p. 63, pl. XLIX:F, L. 450-425 296 (P 31631). Miniature glazed Fig. 18, PI. 55 chytra P.H. 2.7; Diam. of mouth 4.3. Two-thirds of rim and half of upper body. Plump body with pronouncedshoulder. Short concave neck, plain outturned rim. Dull black-to-red glaze outside, shiny black inside. Anotherin deposit: P 31607. For completeexamples see AgoraXII, nos. 1400, 1401, p. 334, pl. 45. Fig. 18, PI. 55 H. 5.5; Diam. of base 2.8, of body 4.2, of rim 3.5. Handle missing, rim chipped. Raised disk base, slightly concave underneath. Plump body, wide neck, flaring rim. Handle runs from rim to point of greatest diameter. Very thick bottom.Another in deposit:P 31606. Shape as Agora XII, no. 1389, p. 333, pl. 45, but smaller.

297 (P 30142). Miniaturejug

CATALOGUE

118 MISCELLANEOUS

298 (P 31611). Disk Fig. 18, P1. 55 Est. Diam. 8.5; Th. 1.2. Small segmentof rim, very worn. Clay disk with rounded rim, thickened above and below. Rim glazed shiny black. Red bandingon both sides of disk: A, broad outer band, two narrow bands, anotherbroadband; B, two narrow bands. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1322, p. 329, fig. 11, pl. 43. 6th century 299 (P 31623). Stem of thurible P.H. 5.7; Diam. of stem 1.9. Brokenat either end.

black glaze outside this. Narrow black band below handle. On shoulder, four narrow stripes (red, black, black, red), row of large black dots, two narrow black bands. Black on inner edge of mouth. Traces of black glaze on top of handle. Blackglaze is dull and mostly peeling; red has lasted better. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3), no mica. For other Corinthian kothons in the Agora see Agora XII, no. 1337, p. 330, pl. 44 and Roberts 1986, no. 329, p. 49, fig. 31, pl. 13; cf. also Corinth, XV, iii, no. 1223, p. 224, pls. 50 and 118.

Fig. 18, PI. 55 FOURTH-CENTURY POTTERY

Cylindrical stem flaring out to base below, with torus molding above. Underside concave, reserved, slightly uneven. Shiny black glaze on torus molding, in one band on stem, and in anotherat flare to base; miltos. Anotherin deposit:P 31622. For a better-preservedfragment,somewhat similar, see AgoraXII, no. 1354, p. 331, pl. 44. 300 (P 31692). Gray-wareamphoraor jug

PI. 55

Est. Diam. of body 22.0; max. p. dim. 17.0. Part of handle and shoulder. Wheel marks suggest very sloping shoulder. Double handle arches over at steep angle. Dull gray-tobrown glaze on outside only; fine, fairly soft, and very micaceousgray-to-light-grayclay (10YR 6/1). For double handles in gray ware cf. Agora XII, nos. 1701-1703, 1705, 1707, pp. 355-356, fig. 14, pl. 79; for shape cf. perhaps ibid., no. 1476, p. 339, pl. 62. 301 (P 31693 a-e). Corinthiankothon

PI. 55

Max. p. dim. (a) 6.6, (b) 5.9, (c) 5.5, (d) 3.0, (e) 7.1. Five non-joiningsections preservecentral part of floor (e), one handle (a), and part of upper wall and rim (a-d). Edge of e curves down as though to a ring base. Floor and undersideflat. Wall curvesup to horizontal shoulder (a-d), then curves in, forming hole mouth (b, c). Continuationof incurved rim broken away. Horizontalribbonhandle with recurvedends. Black glaze: central dot, two thin bands and one broad band at circumferenceon underside(?); on floor(?),red centraldot, wide red band with tracesof

302 (P 31624 a, b). Cup-kantharos Fig. 23, PI. 56 P.H. (a) 5.0, (b) 3.0; est. Diam. of rim 9.5. Two non-joining sections (b not illustrated) preserve half of rim, part of upper wall, and trace of lower body with handle scar. Squat, low profile. Hollow moldedrim. Shiny black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 652, 653, p. 282, fig. 7, pl. 28; OlynthusXIII, no. 506, pp. 286-287, pls. 187 and 189. Ca. 375 Fig. 23, PI. 56 H. to rim 4.3; Diam. of rim 10.9, of base 6.7. Two large pieces of wall missing. Flaring ring base with flat, reservedresting surface. Continuously curving convex wall. Top of rim slopes inward. Slightly triangularhandleattachedat rim and rising above it. Dull red-to-black glaze, peeling, with stackingcircle inside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 759, p. 290, fig. 8 for rim; no. 760, p. 290, pl. 31 for body;nos. 758,760, p. 290, pl. 31 for handle. 375-350 303 (P 30074). One-handler

304 (P 31476). Small bowl

Fig. 23, PI. 56

H. 3.2; est. Diam. 9.5. One-fourthpreserved,middle of floor missing. Torus ring base with rounded resting surface and underside reserved. Thickened wall. Rim rounded on top with sharp lip on inside. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 944, p. 302, fig. 9, pi. 34. 375-350

HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES 305 (P 30104). Saltcellar:footed Fig. 23, PI. 56 H. 3.1; Diam. 6.1, of base 4.2. Ring base with reserved line at junction of base and body. Flat resting surface and underside reserved. Incurvedrim. Shiny black glaze; miltos.

119

306 (P 31610). Saltcellar:concave Fig. 23, PI. 56 wall H. 2.9; est. Diam. of rim 6.0, of base 6.5. Half of base and one-fourthof wall. Recessedunderside,flat resting surface.Rim rounded on top. Shiny black glaze on all surfaces. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 936-938, p. 302, fig. 9, pl. 34; Olynthus XIII, nos. 935, 936, p. 389, pls. 238 and 239. 375-325

HOUSEHOLDAND COOKINGWARES HOUSEHOLD WARE 307 (P 31665). Lekane

Fig. 23, PI. 57

P.H. 11.5; est. Diam. 36.0. Fragmentof rim with handle. Outturned, overhangingrim, convex on top. Horizontal handle, round in section, attachedbelow rim and angling up slightly towards rim. Interior and top of rim glazed; glazed stripe below and above handle attachment.Shiny black glaze inside, brown on rim, very worn; red wash outside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1793, p. 362, fig. 21 (Stoa of Zeus well); for other examples from Stoa of Zeus well see ibid., nos. 1792-1797, p. 362, fig. 21, pl. 84; Talcott 1936, p. 342 and note 5, fig. 10 on p. 343.

Broadshallow basin with rim flat on top, moldedon side. Moldings decoratedwith diagonalslashes. Soft, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with mica and small white and red inclusions. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1876, p. 368, fig. 16, pl. 88 (Attic); for slashes cf. Corinth XV, iii, nos. 2172, 2173, p. 349, pl. 76 (but of pale fabric). 311 (P 29988). Louterion:Corinthian tile fabric

Fig. 24, PI. 57

309 (P 31667). Lekane P1. 57 P.H. 7.5; est. Diam. of base 16.5. Half of base with part of lower wall. Flaring raised base with concaveundersiderising to slight convexity at center. Black glaze inside, red stripeon outerface of base;thin red wash on exterior.

M. Iozzo, "CorinthianBasins on High Stands," Hesperia 56, 1987 (pp. 355-416), no. 37, p. 376, fig. 2, pl. 68. P.H. 4.3; est. Diam. 51.0. Small segment of overhanging rim, possibly brokenat point of originaljoin with basin. Flat on top. Molded edge, with five concavebands, the middle one wider than the others. Molded spool lug (three beadswith interveningreels, flaringends) applied over moldings of rim. Dull glaze: band at outer edge of top orange; lowest concave band and second from top brown, lower part of middle band orange; ends of lug and central bead orange, two flanking beads brown. Soft, fine clay with much red shale; fine mica visible only in orange and brown glaze. Very pale brown slip (1OYR 8/4), reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Cf. Agora XII, no. 1860, p. 367, pi. 89; Corinth XV, iii, no. 2165, p. 349, pl. 76.

310 (P 30077). Louterion P.H. 9.8; est. Diam. 65.0. Ca. one-sixth of rim.

312 (P 30080). Mortar:collar rim, Fig. 24, PI. 57 Corinthian H. 8.5; Diam. 35.0, of base 21.9.

308 (P 31666). Lekane

Fig. 23, PI. 57

P.H. 6.9; est. Diam. 29.0. Rim fragment,with handle. Similar to 307, but rim narrower,flatteron top, and handle angled up to slightly below level of rim. Red glaze inside, black on rim, brown on single stripe below handle. No wash on outside. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1805, p. 363, fig. 21.

Fig. 24, PI. 57

120

CATALOGUE

Complete except for small pieces; restored in plaster. Raised base, flat underneath. Lower wall convex. Heavy, straight collar rim overhanginglower wall. Rim curved on top, slightly overhangingon inside. Handmadespout. Very soft clay with large red grits and some white inclusions. Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with reddercore. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1907, p. 370, fig. 16, pl. 91. 313 (P 31686). Mortar Fig. 24, PI. 57 H. 5.7; est. Diam. 25.5. Slightly less than half. Raised base, very slightly concaveunderneath.Convex wall. Outturned rim, rounded on top, slightly offset from wall on exterior, possibly added separately. Floor roughened with large red inclusions. Surface mostly missing. Fine, soft, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Shape similar to Agora XII, no. 1896, p. 369, pl. 90 (a mortarof the sandy class) but smaller and of differentfabric. 314 (P 31677). Basin?

Fig. 23, P1. 57

H. 5.3; est. Diam. 13.0. One-sixth of rim, with wall preserved down to edge of floor;lower edge of rim chipped. Flat bottom. Straightwall widens out to rim. Offset rim, with outer face about vertical.Inside fire blackened. Very soft, fine, slightly micaceousclay (7.5YR 7/6) with large voids. 315 (P 31690). Lid

P1. 57

H. 8.5; Diam. 28.3, of flange 17.7. Slightly over half preserved. Lid with flangeon lower surface.Very irregularprofile, approximately horizontal and slightly convex near rim, then sloping up to knob, which is formed like a high ring base with flaring sides. Top glazed, except for top surface of knob and band approximately at inner edge of horizontalrim area. Underside unglazed.Dull red glaze with blackpatches. 316 (P 31668). Table amphora Fig. 23, PI. 57 P.H. 8.5; est. Diam. 13.0. One-third of rim and neck, with stub of one handle. Cylindrical neck with projectingrim, slightly concave on top. Handle, oval in section, attachedbelow

rim. Light grooveon neck at level of handle attachment. Shiny black glaze inside, on top, and on outer edge of rim. Red wash outside. For a plain table amphorafrom the Stoa of Zeus well see Agora XII, no. 1448, p. 337, pl. 60. 317 (P 31691). Smalljar or bottle: imported? P.H. 8.0; Diam. of base 3.7. Base (chipped)and lower body.

PI. 57

Spreadingbase with broad resting surface and central depressionin underside. Body slightly concave below, slightly convex above. Very fine, fairly soft, and highly micaceous red clay (2.5YR 5/6), fired gray inside. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1663, pp. 352-353, pl. 77. 318 (P 31673 a, b). Epinitron

PI. 57

Max. p. dim. (a) 10.7, (b) 7.1. Two non-joiningfragments,with part of edge (a). Wheelmade cylindrical body with plain, flat edge. Incised feather pattern on upper surface, stopping, borderedby fine line, 4.2 cm. from edge. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1997, p. 376, pl. 96. COOKING WARE Fig. 25, P1. 57 Est. Diam. 39.0; max. p. dim. 12.4. Fragmentof rim with part of handle. Shallow body, broadflat rim, sloping down to inside and overhangingfloor. Horizontal handle, round in section, attached below rim. Inner edge of rim fire blackened. Fine, micaceous, light-red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with voids and fine black and white inclusions. Cf. Agora XII, no. 2030, p. 378, fig. 17, pl. 98; Talcott 1935, no. 82, p. 514, fig. 27 on p. 515. 319 (P 31662). Eschara

Fig. 25, PI. 57 Est. Diam. 44.0; max. p. dim. 18.8. Fragmentof rim with spit support. Broad flat rim, concave underneath, narrow spit supportslightly concaveon top. Grooveon outsideat junction of rim and convex body. Spit support and inner edge of rim fire blackened. Semifine, micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6), with tiny black grits, large white grits, and voids. 320 (P 31663). Eschara

HOUSEHOLD AND COOKING WARES 321 (P 31664). Eschara

Fig. 25, P1. 57

Est. Diam. 30.0; max. p. dim. 9.3. Fragmentof rim with part of spit support. Flat rim with overhangingedge, concaveunderneath and joining convex lower wall at an angle. Semifine, micaceous, light-red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with white, red, and black inclusions and a few voids. 322 (P 31657). Bean parcher

P1. 58

Max. p. dim. 11.9. Handle and part of rim. Shallow bowl, slight groovebelow plain rim on interior. Loop handle attached at rim. Light striations on floor. Traces of burningoutside. Very micaceous, light brownishgray clay (10YR 6/2) with black and white inclusions (possibly shell?) and a few voids. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1987, p. 375, fig. 17, pl. 96. 323 (P 31676 a, b). Griddle

PI. 58

P.H. 3.4; est. Diam. 35.0; max. p. dim. (a) 13.7, (b) 13.6. Two non-joining rim fragments, with part of floor. Shallow pan with flat bottom and nearly vertical sides. b) Rim begins to rise at left side, as though for attachmentof verticallug handle. Bottompartly fire blackened. Coarse, micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with abundantgray and white inclusions varying in size from coarseto very coarse;gray core. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1983, p. 375, fig. 17, pl. 96. 324 (P 31659). Lidded chytra

Fig. 25, P1. 58

P.H. 7.0; est. Diam. of rim 28.0. Handle, with part of rim and shoulder. Sloping shoulder. Vertical rim with flange inside. Broad strap handle from rim to shoulder. Micaceous, reddishyellow clay (5YR 6/6) with voids. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 1943, 1944, p. 372, pl. 94. Fig. 25, PI. 58 Est. Diam. of rim 12.0; max. p. dim. 6.3. Spout (chipped),with part of rim and shoulder.

325 (P 31660). Liddedchytra

Sloping shoulder.Spouthas concavesides, communicates with body through small, pierced hole. End of spout fire blackened.Slightly flaring rim with slight flange on inside. Micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with black,red, and white inclusions.

121

Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 112, p. 94, pl. 36; Talcott 1935, no. 80, p. 513, fig. 26 on p. 514; Corbett1949, no. 96, p. 335, pl. 96; Talcott 1936, P 5184, p. 342, note 5 and fig. 10 on p. 343 (Stoa of Zeus well). 326 (P 31658). Lidless chytra

Fig. 25, PI. 58 P.H. 5.5. Handle and part of rim and shoulder.

Sloping shoulder. Plain, outturned rim with strap handle running from rim to shoulder. Micaceous, reddishyellow clay (5YR 6/6) with many voids. Shape as Agora XII, no. 1932, p. 372, fig. 18, pl. 93. 327 (P 31661). Lopadion:pyre Fig. 25, PI. 58 type Est. Diam. 13.0; max. p. dim. 7.3. Rim fragment,with part of wall and floor. Shallow body, with faint striations on floor. Plain rim slopes outwards, flanged on inside. Fine, micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with voids, small black grits, and a few white grits. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1974, 1975, p. 374, pl. 95. 328 (P 31654). Hydria

Fig. 26, P1. 58

P.H. 6.1; Diam. of rim 14.2. Half of mouth and neck, part of shoulder. Nearly horizontalshoulder.Wide, short neck. Flaring rim with thickened edge, slightly overhanging and lipped at top. Very micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with white inclusions and voids; gray core. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1596, p. 348, fig. 17, pl. 71. 329 (P 31653). Hydria

Fig. 26, P1. 58

P.H. 5.1; Diam. of rim 12.6. Half of mouth and neck. Wide, low neck. Projectingrim slopes down slightly to outside.Very micaceous,reddishyellow clay (5YR 6/6) with white inclusionsand voids;gray core. Rim as AgoraXII, no. 1592, p. 348, fig. 17, pl. 71 and no. 1659, p. 352, fig. 17, pl. 76. 330 (P 31655). Trefoil jug

PI. 58

P.H. 7.0; max. Diam. of rim 11.5. Mouth, neck, part of shoulderand handle. Sloping shoulder,low neck. Trefoil mouth with flattened rim. Handle round in section,joins rim. Very

122

CATALOGUE

micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with white inclusionsand voids. Cf. Agora XII, pl. 75. 331 (P 31656). Base of hydria, kados,or jug Pl. 58 P.H. 3.0; Diam. 11.7. Base, with trace of lower wall. Ring base with flat resting surface. Outer face runs directly into lower wall. Inner face runs smoothly into convex underside. Micaceous, light-red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with white and black inclusions and voids. Cf. Agora XII, nos. 1603, 1607, p. 349, fig. 17, pl. 72; nos. 1641, 1645, pp. 351-352, fig. 17, pl. 75; no. 1659, p. 352, fig. 17, pl. 76. 332 (P 31675). Storagebin Fig. 25, P1. 58 P.H. 7.1; est. Diam. of mouth 21.0, of flange 25.0. One-fourthof rim with part of neck.

Broad neck widens slightly to deep body below. Slightly flaring rim with heavy horizontal flange outside. Top surface of flange concave.Very micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with voids, black and white grits, and gray core. Cf. Agora XII, no. 1543, pp. 344-345, fig. 13, pl. 68. 333 (P 31674). Lid

P1. 58

P.H. 2.8; est. Diam. 13.0. One-fourthof rim and part of wall. Vertical rim, offset from sloping, convex top. Light striations on upper surface. Hard, fine, micaceous, light-brownclay (7.5YR 6/4) with fine black inclusions and large gray and white inclusions, partly fired gray.

LAMPS 334 (L 5919). Flat rim, at angle to wall

Fig. 26, PI. 59

P.H. 1.8; est. Diam. 9.0. One-fourthof top and wall, base of handle. Nearly horizontal lower wall meets vertical upper wall at angle. Slightly convex top, sloping inward. Strap handle. Reserved:line at center of top, handle panel. Shiny black glaze outside, dull inside. For profile cf. Agora IV, nos. 77, 78, p. 27, pls. 3 and 31; KerameikosXI, no. 7, pp. 14-15, pls. 4 and 5; GLThorikos,no. 64, p. 71, fig. 8, pl. 4; for glazing cf. AgoraIV, nos. 180-182, pp. 50-51, pls. 6 and 35; no. 194, p. 53, pls. 7 and 35. Ca. 480 335 (L 5925). Flat rim, Fig. 26, P1. 59 wall overhanging Howland Type 16 B; ScheiblerDRL. P.H. 1.7; est. Diam. 10.0. Small piece of top and side. Vertical wall curves in at bottom.Convex top, overhanging wall on outside. Shiny black glaze on top only.

Cf. Agora IV, nos. 97, 98, pp. 32-33, pls. 4 and 32; KerameikosXI, nos. 10, 12, p. 17, pls. 6 and 7; GLThorikos, no. 38, p. 63, fig. 5; Roberts 1986, nos. 395-400, p. 60, fig. 39, pl. 14. Late 6th to early 5th century. 336 (L 5924). Flat rim, Fig. 26, PI. 59 overhangingwall ScheiblerDRL. H. 2.9; est. Diam. 8.0. One-fourthof wall, base of nozzle, trace of base. Raised base, concaveand reservedunderneath.Top and wall as 335 but with taller proportions.Shiny black glaze; clay mottledto gray. Cf. Roberts 1986, no. 401, p. 60, fig. 39, pl. 14. Ca. 480 337 (L 5920). Continuouslycurving Fig. 26, PI. 59 wall, band aroundfilling hole Howland Type 20; ScheiblerRSL 3. H. 2.1; est. Diam. 9.0. Nozzle and one-fourthof wall, part of base.

123

LAMPS Raised base. Top offset, convex,slopes down to large filling hole. Peeling red glaze on upper body and nozzle. Cf. Agora IV, no. 149, p. 44, pls. 5 and 34 (without base); KerameikosXI, no. 72, p. 25, pls. 16 and 17; GLThorikos,nos. 68, 69, p. 74, fig. 9, pl. 5. 500-450 338 (L 5814). Continuously Fig. 26, PI. 59 wall curving Howland Type 21 A; ScheiblerRSL 1. H. 1.8; Diam. 7.3. Handle missing. Plain, slightly concave bottom curves gently into side. Top slightly convex. Strap handle, small nozzle. Underside reserved; thinner glaze on handle panel. Shiny black-to-brownglaze. Cf. G. V. Lalonde, "A Fifth Century Hieron Southwest of the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 37, 1968 (pp. 123-133), p. 129, pl. 37:a, upper right; GLThorikos,no. 74, p. 79, fig. 10, pl. 6. Ca. 500-475 339 (L 5813). Continuously curvingwall

Fig. 26, P1. 59

Howland Type 21 B; ScheiblerRSL 1. H. 1.9; Diam. 7.7, of base 5.2. Handle and half of bottommissing. Raised base, slightly concave underneath. Wall curves gently into top. Fairly long nozzle with small wick hole. Horizontal handle, round in section. Shiny brown glaze over all. Cf. Agora IV, nos. 167-169, p. 47, pls. 6 and 34; Kerameikos XI, no. 56, p. 23, pls. 14 and 15; GLThorikos,no. 91, p. 83, fig. 11. 460-430 340 (L 5916). Continuously curvingwall

Fig. 26, P1. 59

ScheiblerRSL 1. H. 2.3; est. Diam. 8.0. One-fourthof body, part of rim. Raised base, concave underneath. Rounded shoulder. Shiny black to dull brown glaze on inside, top, and nozzle; reservedband on top. Extremely micaceous, fine, soft, pinkish gray clay (7.5YR 7/2).

Cf. Agora IV, nos. 180, 183, pp. 50-51, pls. 6 and 35 (but without base); Hackens (footnote 8 above, p. 36), p. 85, figs. 117 and 118. 475-425 341 (L 5927). Continuously curvingwall

Fig. 26, PI. 59

ScheiblerRSL 1. H. 2.0; est. Diam. 9.5. Nozzle, one-fourthof body, small sectionof base. Raised base, concave underneath. Continuously curving convex wall. Short, broad nozzle. Reserved: underside,top of nozzle. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Cf. KerameikosXI, no. 51, p. 23, pls. 12 and 13 (but with flat base); pattern of glazing (but not profile) as GLThorikos,no. 135, p. 96, fig. 15, pl. 10. Ca. 425 342 (L 5917). Continuously Fig. 26, PI. 59 wall curving Howland Type 22 B; ScheiblerRSL 1. H. 2.1; est. Diam. 8.5. One-third preserved,without nozzle. Raised base, concaveand reservedunderneath.Low wall, round shoulder.Wall totally glazed except for one broad and one narrow band around filling hole. Shiny black-to-brownglaze, peeling;miltos. Cf. Agora IV, no. 198, p. 54, pls. 7 and 35; Kerameikos XI, no. 55, p. 23, pls. 12 and 13; GLThorikos, no. 79, p. 80, fig. 10, pl. 6. 475-425 343 (L 5923). Continuously Fig. 26, PI. 59 wall curving H. 2.6; max. p. dim. 6.2. Base of handle, one-fourth of wall, trace of top and base. Raised base, concavewith grooveunderneath.Wall runs continuously into top, which curves down sharplyinto filling hole. Straphandle. Reserved:underside, side of base, handle panel. Shiny black glaze. Cf. Agora IV, no. 170, p. 47, pls. 6 and 34; GLThorikos, no. 89, p. 82, fig. 11, with rim like no. 141, p. 98, fig. 15, pl. 11. Ca. 425

124

CATALOGUE

344 (L 5922). Continuously Fig. 26, P1. 59 wall curving H. 2.5; est. Diam. 9.0. Nozzle, half of wall, and trace of base. Base as 343. Convexwall curvesinto top. Large nozzle with small wick hole. Reserved:bottom, side of base. Shiny black glaze; miltos. Ca. 425 345 (L 5918). Flat rim at angle to wall

Fig. 26, PI. 59

ScheiblerKSL 1. H. 2.9; Diam. 11.5, of base 7.0. Handle, one nozzle, and part of wall and base missing. Ring base with flat, reservedrestingsurface.Underside reserved,with two glazed circles and dot. Wall curvessharplyinto top, which slopes down steeplyto filling hole. Two of three nozzles preserved.Strap handle with reservedpanel. Shiny black-to-greenish black glaze, peeling;miltos. Cf. KerameikosXI, nos. 37 (rim), 39 (base), p. 21, pls. 10 and 11; GLThorikos,nos. 140, 141, pp. 9798, fig. 15,pl. 11. 435-425 346 (L 5815). Flat rim at angle to wall

Fig. 26, P1. 59

ScheiblerKSL 1. H. 2.5; Diam. 9.4, of base 6.0. Handle and half of base and lower body missing. Low ring base with flat restingsurface.Low echinus body meets top at angle. Top slightly convex, slopes down to filling hole. Strap handle. Small nozzle. Reserved: underside, resting surface, handle panel, inside of top. Shiny black glaze with dull brown patches. Cf. Agora IV, no. 227, p. 59, pls. 8 and 36 and comparandacited under 345. 435-425

347 (L 5928). Flat rim at angle to Fig. 26, PI. 59 wall Howland Type 23 B; ScheiblerKSL 1. P.H. 2.6; est. Diam. 9.5. One-fourthof wall, over half of base. Most of top missing. Raised base with reservedband aroundedge, sloping steeply up to tube. Inside of tube unglazed. Outside of base and band at junction of base and body reserved.Convex wall meets top at angle. Shiny black glaze inside, dull greenishblack outside;miltos. Cf. Agora IV, no. 223; p. 59, pls. 8 and 36; KerameikosIX, no. 35, p. 21, pls. 10 and 11. 435-425 348 (L 5929). Flat rim at angle to wall

Fig. 26, P1. 59

ScheiblerKSL 1. P.H. 3.7; est. Diam. 16.0; Diam. of base 9.7. Base and part of lower body. Raised base sloping up to tube in center. Center of underside reserved. Scraped groove at junction of wall and base and aroundtube on floor. Shiny black glaze with stackingring outside;miltos. 349 (L 5926 a, b). Sunken rim ScheiblerSRL.

Fig. 26, PI. 59

P.H. (a) 2.9, (b) 2.4; est. Diam. 14.0. Two non-joining fragmentspreservingone-third of wall and top. Convexwall, nearlyhorizontalat bottom,where it is broken away from base. Wall meets top at angle. Convextop with ridge at inner and outer edge. Shiny black glaze over all. Cf. KerameikosXI, no. 18, p. 18, pls. 6 and 7. Ca. 450?

TRANSPORT AMPHORAS 350 (P 31682). Chian P.H. 20.4. Toe and lower body.

PI. 60

Slightly flaring toe with deep hole in underside. Slightly gritty, very micaceous,reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with medium-sized inclusions of quartz and lime, larger red inclusions.

TRANSPORT AMPHORAS Cf. SS 1839 from R 13:4;Anderson (footnote80 above,p. 31), p. 175, fig. 9:g. 351 (P 31683). Chian

PI. 60

P.H. 14.8. Part of lip and neck, with trace of handle. Convex neck, constrictedand concave below. Outwardly thickenedor rolled rim. Trace of handle attachmentwell below rim. Very micaceousclay with some white inclusions, reddishyellow (7.5 YR 7/6) with slightly pinker core (5YR 7/6). Cf. Boulter 1953, nos. 150, 151, p. 104, pl. 39; C. K. Williams, II, Hesperia 47,1978, C-1977-105, p. 18, fig. 5; Anderson (footnote 80 above, p. 31), no. 49, p. 175, fig. 8:51b;P 5180, from Stoa of Zeus well. Mid-5th century PI. 60 352 (P 31688). Mendean P.H. 17.4. One-fourth of rim and neck and one handle, preservedto shoulder. Sloping shoulder. Broad handle, only slightly arched, from shoulder to below rim. Slightly outturned rim, outwardly thickened and offset on outside. Red wash in uneven band below rim. Gritty clay with large pieces of mica, small red-to-yellow inclusions, sparse large white inclusions. 5YR 7/6 on surface,gray-to-redcore. Cf. P 2376 from R 13:4; Williams (under 351 above), C-1977-131, pp. 18-19, fig. 5, with longer neck; Grace, Picture Book 6 (footnote 80 above, p. 31), fig. 43; Boulter 1953, no. 161, pp. 106-107, fig. 5 on p. 103; Talcott 1935, no. 88, p. 496, fig. 17. 353 (P 31685). CorinthianB

P1. 60

P.H. 10.4. Over half of rim and neck. Slightly flaring neck. Lip flares out, slightly convex on side, sloping slightly towards inside on top. Shallow groove at top of neck. Handles attached below lip. Mouth squeezed to oval. Very soft, fine, powdery clay (10YR 7/4) with sparse, small red inclusions;much surfacemissing. Cf. C. K. Williams, II and J. E. Fisher, Hesperia 45, 1976, no. 27, pp. 106-107, pi. 19; C. G. Koehler, "CorinthianDevelopmentsin the Study of Trade in the Fifth Century," Hesperia 50, 1981 (pp. 449458), C-75-69, p. 454, fig. 1:a on p. 455, pl. 99:c. Mid-5th century

354 (P 31684). Lesbian

125 PI. 60

P.H. 10.6. Toe and part of lower body. Tapering lower body. Bottomof toe convexwith depression 1.7 cm. across, 0.05 cm. deep. Fine, very micaceous clay with coarse white inclusions and large, irregular voids. Pale brown surface (10YR 6/3) with darker(gray) core (10YR 5/1). Cf. SS 10289 from B 19:11; Boulter 1953, no. 148, p. 102, fig. 5 on p. 103; Clinkenbeard,Hesperia 51, 1982, no. 4, p. 265, pls. 70 and 71. 355 (P 31689). Punic

P1. 60

P.H. 13.0. One handle with part of neck. Lower neck slightly concave, widening out at bottom. Neck angles in at point of upper handle attachment. Thick handle, round in section. Hard, gritty clay with much fine mica, large blackinclusions,and a few white and red inclusions;pink surface (7.5YR 7/4) with light red core (2.5YR 6/6). Cf. R. PascualGuasch, "UnderwaterArchaeology in Andalusia(Almeriaand Granada),"IJNA 2,1973 (pp. 107-119), p. 116, fig. 10:A;Williams and Fisher (under 353 above), nos. 29, 30, p. 107, pl. 20; Williams (under351 above),pp. 17-20, fig. 6; C. K. Williams, II, Hesperia 48, 1979, no. 29, p. 123, pl. 43 (but with horizontal lines at upper handle attachment) and C-1978-43, pl. 45:b; A. Mallwitz and W. Schiering,Die Werkstattdes Pheidiasin Olympia (OlympischeForschungenV), Berlin 1964, p. 236, pl. 78. 356 (P 30085). Unknown: graffito

Fig. 22, PI. 60

P.H. 7.0. Single fragmentof lower neck, brokenall around. Horizontal grooveat base of neck. Graffito: HHHTIIII There is a slight vertical line to the left, but spacing suggests that this is not more of the graffito. Clay fairly soft and fine, extremely micaceous, with golden mica; light red (2.5YR 6/6) with slight trace of lighter surfacein places (7.5YR 8/4). For graffiti on necks of transport amphoras cf. Boulter 1953, nos. 141, 142, pp. 100-101, fig. 4; M. Lang, "Numerical Notation on Greek Vases," Hesperia 25, 1956, pp. 1-24; Agora XXI, Ha 3, p. 59, pl. 32, Ha 10 and 11, p. 60, pl. 32, He 1-3, p. 76, pi. 42.

126

CATALOGUE

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND MOLDS PI. 60 357 (T 4199). Standingwoman: Greek? East P.H. 5.3; W. 3.2; Th. 2.1. Head and lower body missing;very worn. Frontal female figure with right arm bent and hand held against breast.Vertical folds of garmentvisible below arm. Fine, soft, slightly micaceousclay with many voids, large white and dark red inclusions; mottled reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) to very pale brown (10YR 7/3). Hollow and moldmade, with addedback. Cf. BMTerracottas,no. 112, p. 62, pl. 21. Late Archaic 358 (T 4041). Standingwoman: East PI. 60 Greek P.H. 3.4; W. 4.2; D. 4.2. Broken at top. Whole plinth and lowest part of figure preserved. Two shod feet, the left advanced.Drapery, with no folds, between legs. Low plinth with square corners at front, rounded at back; wider at front than at back. Moldmade with added back, sealed base. Fabric as 359, 360. Another from deposit, probably made in same mold:T 4042. Late Archaic? PI. 60 359 (T 4048). Standingwoman P.H. 5.6; W. 8.5; p.D. 7.4. Front half of high, rectangularplinth, with full width preserved. Bare feet, the left one slightly advanced.Traces of fine folds of draperybetween feet. Heavier drapery with no visible folds at left. Moldmade. Soft, fine, very micaceous,reddishyellow clay (5YR 6/6) with partly gray core;cf. 358, 360. Anotherfrom deposit, probablymade in same mold:T 4049. Cf. T 2200 (barefoot woman with child); BMTerracottas,no. 669, p. 179, pl. 88; Breitenstein, no. 262, p. 28, pl. 29. Ca. 450 360 (T 4047). Standingor seated woman P1. 60 P.H. 6.0; p.W. 6.2; p.D. 5.7. Broken at back and right, with part of front and top chippedaway.

High rectangularplinth. Right foot of figure,apparently shod, on a footstool.Drapery with no folds indicatedcomes down to plinth. Fabric as 358, 359. Cf. 358, T 4042; Mollard-Besques, C 1, p. 82, pl. LV. 5th century 361 (T 4050). Seatedwoman (mold)

P1.60

P.H. 10.5; p.W. 15.3. Broken all around except for trace of original lower edge at left. Lower body of drapedfigure, preservedfrom feet to below knees. Horizontal edge of kolpos at top, between legs. Four vertical folds between legs. Shod feet rest on low plinth. Backof mold smoothed.Fine, hard, slightly micaceous,reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Cf. Breitenstein,no. 265, p. 28, pl. 29. Early Classical PI. 60 362 (MC 1226). Seatedwoman (mold) P.H. 10.4; p.W. 5.5. Brokenat both sides and top; back chipped. Similar to precedingbut smaller. Vertical folds between legs, with horizontal edge of kolpos below knees. Lap irregular,with one side higher than the other. Shod feet rest on low plinth. Soft, fine, slightly micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with sparse, large white inclusions. Early Classical 363 (T 4046). Female head P.H. 4.4; W. 2.5. Head, brokenaway from body at neck.

P1. 60

Oval face with full cheeks, straight nose. Thick roll of hair over forehead,parted at center. Hair in long bun at back of head, probably bound in kerchief. Solid. Soft, fine, very micaceous, light-red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Another similar head in deposit, from anothermold. For hair over forehead cf. Sindos, Athens 1985, nos. 27, 29, pp. 26-27; Mollard-Besques, C 135, pp. 106-107, pl. LXXVII and C 595, p. 159, pl. CIII; BMTerracottas,no. 679, p. 181, pl. 89; for face cf. Higgins, Greek Terracottas,p. 62, pi. 24:E. Ca. 450

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND MOLDS 364 (MC 1225). Reclining banqueter (mold) P.H. 12.5; p.W. 12.0; D. 6.0. Brokenat left.

P1. 61

Couch with leg projectingabovehorizontalmember. Leg ornamentedwith verticalgrooves.Lower part of leg set off from upper part. On mattress of couch, lower leg of reclining figure. Horizontal line of hem visible across ankles. Back of mold smoothed.Hard, fine, slightly micaceous,light-red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Cf. Corolla Ludwig Curtius, Stuttgart 1937, pl. 22:1 (reclining hetaira); compare also T 4200 from near by, a smaller but very similar figurine, and T 1437, found slightly furtherafield (Agoragrid F 5; PI. 64), an archetype fragment with part of a couch for a similar figure. Classical PI. 61 365 (T 4051 a-c, MC 1227 a). Protome (mold) Max. p. dim. (a) 17.8, (b) 11.8, (c) 9.6, (d) 11.7. Four non-joining sections, with one edge preservedon a, b, and c; d brokenall around. a) Left side of mold for protome,with ear, waves of hair radiating from forehead, fairly wide stephane, partly restoredin plaster. b) Part of right side, section perhaps slightly higher up, preservinghair and stephane, with traces of some motif at inner edge of hair. c) Part of stephane,or, more likely, lower edge of bust. d) Lower part of right side of neck and top of garment. Back of mold smooth, with handprints. Very fine, soft, micaceous clay, mottled light red (2.5YR 6/6) to pink (7.5YR 7/4), with gray core, similar to fabric of 358-360. Two fragments of another mold (T 4052, MC 1227 b), also from the pit, probablycome from the same archetype. Note another mold for a large Late Archaic protome found near by (T 4038). Cf. Breitenstein, no. 261, p. 28, pl. 28. Probably an early work of Nicholls' Group of the Basle Head (mid-6th to third quarter of 6th century). For hairstyle cf. the kouros from Tenea (G. M. A. Richter, Kouroi, London 1960, no. 73, p. 84, figs. 245 and 246), the Spata sphinx (G. M. A. Richter, The ArchaicGravestones of Attica, London 1961, no. 12, p. 16, figs. 40 and 41), and Akropoliskore 654 (G. M. A. Richter, Korai, London 1968, no. 65, p. 49, figs. 212 and 213). Mid- to early third quarterof 6th century

366 (T 4045). Female mask or protome

127 PI. 61

P.H. 5.0; p.W. 5.0; D. 3.1. Brokenat bottom,made in very worn mold. Female face with waves over brow, stephane. Ears against stephane. Open at back, with hole pierced in top. Somewhat micaceous, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3), possiblyburned,gritty, with white inclusions. Cf. Mollard-Besques, B 93, p. 16, pl. XII. Late Archaic PI. 61 367 (T 4040). Sitting woman (woman on birth throne?) P.H. 5.2. Missing: head, lower left arm, right arm, lower left leg, right foot. Nude woman seated with weight on buttocks, on small, square stool or pillow, with knees drawn up in front of her. Small nick in right calf may be where right hand originally grasped leg. Solid, handmade, with skewer vent underneath.Lunate depressionin top of neck; head possibly moldmade. Fine, very micaceous, pale brown clay (10YR 6/3), possibly burned. Cf. T 3264, a similar, handmade figurine of the so-called Baubo type (F. Winter, Die Typen der figurlichen TerrakottenII, Berlin/Stuttgart 1903, p. 458) from a Late Archaiccontext (H 12:15);pose similar to T 2358+T 2378, an Early Classical moldmadefigurine (see Nicholls, p. 105). Late Archaic 368 (T 4043). Male torso (rider?)

P1.61

P.H. 4.7; p.W. 4.4; p.D. 2.3. Missing: head, arms, lower body.Appearsto have been burned. Male torso with chest slightly modeled. Arms not raised but bent slightly back from shoulder. Handmade. Fine, slightly micaceous,very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4), burnedgray in places. For positionof armssee Nicholls, no. R 1:1,p. 119, pl.28:g. Late Archaic 369 (T 4044). Tortoise: East Greek? H. 3.1; p.L. 6.1; W. 4.4. Head missing.

P1. 61

128

CATALOGUE

Tortoise with segmentedshell and four stubby legs. Top hollow: molded top, undersideadded, legs and head pinched out; small skewer vent in underside. Right side of shell slightly concavewhere coroplast held figurine while working it. Soft, fairly fine, slightly micaceous, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4), possibly scorched,with red, white, and black inclusionsof varying sizes.

Cf. D. B. Thompson, Miniature Sculpturefrom the Athenian Agora (Excavations of the Athenian AgoraPicture Books3), Princeton1959, back cover; for tortoises from various parts of the Greek world see BMTerracottas,nos. 667, 668, p. 178, pl. 87, nos. 191-197, pp. 79-80, pl. 35, and no. 923, p. 251, pl. 132. Late Archaic

OTHER OBJECTS PI. 61 370 (MC 1337). Terracottaring Est. Diam. 23.0 (exterior),14.5 (interior);Th. 0.8. One-eighth preserved,brokenat both ends. Shortsectionof ring, flat on one side, slightly convex on the other. Traces of glaze on inner edge, mostly fired orange. Very fine, hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with pink surface (7.5YR 8/4); almost no mica. Cf. Hesperia, Supplement VII, no. 29, p. 35, fig. 14 on p. 31. PI. 61 371 (MC 1223). Spindle whorl H. 4.5; Diam. 4.3. Chips missing from edges and top. Convexunderside,concavesides. Singleverticalhole. Dull black-to-greenglaze, partly missing. Another fromthe deposit,similar,smaller:MC 1224. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 188, p. 112, pi. 41. 372 (MC 1213). Loomweight:Type 1, unglazed H. 5.8; W. 4.1; D. 3.4; Weight 74.2 gr. Intact.

P1.61

Truncated pyramid, with two holes horizontally pierced,side by side, at top. GraffitoW on top. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) with very little mica, white and black inclusions. Another: MC 1219; partially glazed fragment with one hole has graffitoH on bottom (MC 1338). For graffition loomweightssee Hesperia, Supplement VII, pp. 75-76, nos. 85-96, pp. 87-88, fig. 36. 373 (MC 1212). Loomweight:Type 1, glazed H. 6.3; W. 4.5; D. 3.8; Weight 104.9 gr. Edges chipped.

Pl. 61

Truncated pyramid, wider than deep, roundedtop. Two holes. Dull brown glaze, mostly missing, originally all over. Fine, hard, micaceous,light-red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Another from the deposit: MC 1214, with lowest body unglazed. P1.61 374 (MC 1216). Loomweight:Type 1, unglazed H. 6.8; W. 5.1; D. 3.7; Weight 115.5 gr. Edges chipped. As 372, but with bottomsharply beveled from front to back. Lentoid stamp on top, probablyfrom bezel of ring:standinghuman figure?Stamp applied carelessly, so that image is partially doubled.Very fine, somewhat soft and slightly micaceousclay, reddish yellow on surface (5YR 7/6) with very pale brown core (10YR 8/3). For oval stamp see Corbett 1949, no. 127, p. 340, pl. 101; Hesperia, SupplementVII, nos. 56, 57, 72, 75, pp. 83-86, fig. 34; G. R. Davidson,Corinth,XII, The Minor Objects, Princeton 1952, pp. 153-154, fig. 25, pl. 75. PI. 61 375 (MC 1215). Loomweight:Type 1, Corinthian H. 7.9; W. 6.6; D. 4.9; Weight 226.7 gr. Lower edges chipped. Shape as 372. Soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3), gritty to the touch, with many red inclusions measuring 0.05-0.4 cm., similar to Corinthian tile fabric. Cf. Boulter 1953, no. 185, p. 112, pl. 41. 376 (MC 1220). Loomweight:Type 2, unglazed H. 6.1; W. 4.5; D. 4.5; Weight 100.9 gr. Large chips missing.

P1.61

OTHER OBJECTS Truncatedpyramidpiercedby one horizontalhole at top. Three impressed circles at bottom of one side, possibly impressedwith same tool (a reed?) used to make hole. Fine, hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4) with few inclusions. Four more similar pieces in deposit, of varying fabrics (e.g., MC 1221, MC 1222). PI. 61 377 (MC 1217). Loomweight:Type 2, glazed H. 5.8; W. 3.7; D. 3.7; Weight 86.3 gr. Small chips missing. Shape as 376. Dip glazed while string was tied around middle, leaving unglazed stripe at mid-

129

height. Dull, thin brown-to-orange-brownglaze. Fine, hard, micaceous, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Five more glazed or partially glazed, of same type (e.g., MC 1218). 378 (B 1416). Bronze spike

P1.61

P.L. 13.0; Diam. of head 2.3. Point perhaps brokenoff. Spike with slightly convex head, shaft square in section exceptjust below head, where it is round.

TABLE 1 ESTIMATE OF SHAPE FREQUENCY USING RIMS AND FEET: FIGURED POTTERY (b.f. = black-figured;r.f. = red-figured;wt.gr. = white-ground) Catalogue

Tins

Total

15 5 2 1 1

51

66 5 13 3 2

3 2 2 4 1 3 1 2

5

MIXING

krater, bell r.f. calyx r.f. column r.f. volute r.f. stamnos r.f.

11 2 1

DRINKING

cup-skyphosb.f. kantharosr.f. kylikes b.f. r.f. wt.gr. mugs r.f. skyphoi b.f. r.f.

3 2

8 2 4 4 1 3 4 4

1 1 13 4

1 1 14 4

1

2 1 19 2 6

2

CONTAINERS, LARGE

amphora, Panathenaicb.f. neck r.f. hydria r.f. pelike r.f.

1

CONTAINERS, SMALL

alabastronwt.gr. askos r.f. lekythos, cylindricalb.f., r.f., wt.gr. squat r.f. oinochoe r.f.

1 1 4 1 6

15 1

OTHER SHAPES

lebes gamikos r.f. loutrophorosr.f. plate r.f. pyxis r.f. TOTAL

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 173

NOTE: There are obvious problems in attempting to calculate the number of vases in the deposit. One cannot always clearly determine whether a body fragment belongs with a particular rim or a loose

132

TABLES

rim with a foot. The method adoptedwas to count rims and feet, both those cataloguedand those storedin the tins, and to use the larger number as representative.In a few cases, such as with redfigured cups, calyx-kraters,and oinochoai, the number of cataloguedpieces was greater than the numberof rims or feet. Therefore,the numberof examplesrepresentedin the Cataloguewas used instead. It is likely that in some cases, as with volute-kraters,the pieces might not have been decorated in red figurebut in black glaze; fromthe fragmentspreserved,however,there is no way to determine this. Vases whose exact shape is unknownare not included.The numbersgiven, then, are estimates, probablylow, but they at least serve to indicatesome idea of the size of the deposit and the relative proportionsof differentshapes.

TABLE 2 RELATIVE REPRESENTATION OF FINE TABLE-WARE SHAPES (exclusiveof 4th-centurypieces) The table attemptsto give a rough idea of the relativerepresentationof various shapes. Becausethe householdpottery was weeded and severelyreducedat the time of excavation,only table wares are included. Banded oinochoai are not included because these were originally sorted with household wares. The order is somewhat differentfrom that of the Catalogue, designedto draw attentionto the functions of the shapes: for drinking, serving wine, eating, serving oil, and so forth. Sometimes,of course, we are not sure how a shape was used. Thus one-handlers,for example, could have been used as drinking cups, although here they are placed with vessels for eating. The five 4th-century pieces, which appear to be intrusivein the deposit, are not included. Emphasis has been put on trying to assess the numberof vessels originally present,ratherthan simply listing every identifiedfragment.Wall fragments,for example, are not included, since they do not aid in the establishment of such an estimate. For shapes that were representedin small numbers,it was possibleto estimatethe numberof pieces fairly accuratelyon the basis of similarities among the preservedfragments. For those shapes representedby hundreds,or even tens, of fragments, this was much more difficult.Usually feet were the most useful indicationof number.Whole feet, fragmentsaccountingfor more than half, and fragmentsaccountingfor less than half of a foot were countedseparately.The maximum estimateequals the numberof non-joiningfoot fragments. For the minimum,each fragmentpreservinga completefoot or more than half of a foot was counted as one pot; the number of fragmentspreservingmore than half of a foot was subtractedfrom the numberof fragmentspreservingless than half of a foot, to accountfor the possibilitythat there were unrecognizedjoins among these fragments. The number of remaining fragments comprisingless than half of a foot were taken as each representinghalf of a pot. More simply put, the following formula was applied:Estimate= W + O + (U-0)/2, where W = a whole foot, 0 = over half of a foot, and U = under half of a foot. Clearly this is an arbitraryformulaand probablygives too low a minimum figure, but it will serve to give at least a very general idea of the numberof vases represented. In cases where the number of handles preservedindicateda larger minimum than the number of feet, that larger figure was used. Numbers in bold type refer to examples in the catalogue. DRINKINGCUPS

Attic skyphos

Type A (e.g. 136-142)

423-792

Type B (e.g. 143-145)

7

Corinthianskyphos(e.g. 146-151) all black(e.g. 146, 150, 151) reservedband(e.g. 147)

50-85 23-40

rayed (e.g. 148) crosshatched(e.g. 149) var. unknown miniature

55-99 2 6 2

TABLES

134

Other skyphoi inset underside(152) molded base (e.g. 153) skyphos(?), lipped base (e.g. 155) Subgeometricsurvival skyphos (e.g. 154) Stemless cup Class of P 10359 (e.g. 156, 157) Rheneia cup (e.g. 158-173) small stemless cup, double base (174) large stemless cup reservedfoot (e.g. 175) glazed foot (e.g. 176-179) stemless cup, plain rim (e.g. 180)

1 8 5 4 4 81-162 1 29 22 6

Kylix Type C Type B? (e.g. 187, 188) Vicup smaller foot (e.g. 183) larger foot (e.g. 184) Acrocup (e.g. 186) (185) ribbed, intentional red (189, 190) ribbed,black

4 5 23 14 17 1 1 1

Mug Pheidias mug (e.g. 192-194) other mugs (e.g. 196-199) Bolsal (e.g. 200) Phiale (201)

6 7 10 1

OTHER VESSELS ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING

Krater: no statisticssince fragmentsare assumedto belong to red-figuredpieces unless clearly undecorated. 5 Psykter (e.g. 289-291) 6 Oinochoe, black, Shape 2 (e.g. 281, 282) Oinochoe, Shape 3 (Chous) 11 black 1 patterned (283) Base (oinochoeor lekythos) 31 unglazed inside (e.g. 284, 285) 2 washed inside, lighter (e.g. 286) 5 washed inside, heavier (e.g. 287) 5 Lidless pelike (e.g. 293) 1 Hydria (294)

TABLE 2: RELATIVE REPRESENTATION OF FINE TABLE-WARE SHAPES VESSFT.SFOR EATING

One-handler banded (e.g. 205-209) glazed (e.g. 210-214) Stemmeddish e.g. 217 e.g. 218 base (e.g. 222) base (e.g. 223) base (e.g. 224) chalice shape (225) cup shape (226) small (e.g. 227) concaverim (228) Bowl convex-concave deep (e.g. 229) shallow (e.g. 230-232) incurvedrim (233) two-handled (234) banded one-handled (235) small bowl, broad rim (236, 237) early and heavy (e.g. 238-241) Saltcellar convex wall, recessedbottom (e.g. 242) echinus wall, recessedbottom (e.g. 243-245) echinus wall, flat bottom (e.g. 246, 247) concavewall (248) footed, raised base (249) footed (e.g. 250) Plate broad rim, offset (e.g. 251) broad rim, no offset (e.g. 252) thickenededge, glazed (253) unglazed (e.g. 254, 255)

34-67 27 1 12 3 9 10 1 1 6 1

9 10 1 1 1 2 16 4 23 57 1 1 9 6 8 1 3

VFSSFTS FOR OIL

Askos deep (e.g. 268, 269) shallow (e.g. 270)

24 6

footed (e.g. 272) footless (e.g. 273)

39 8

Lekythos globular body (e.g. 274) squat (e.g. 275) squat, ribbed (276)

8 22 1

Olpe

135

TABLES

136 VESSELS FOR OTHER OR UNCERTAIN

PURPOSES

Lekanis ribbon-handled(e.g. 256, 257) Lykinic (e.g. 260, 261) Pyxis, Type D (e.g. 263) Round-mouthjug (292)

9 4 2 1

Feeder (295)

1

Disk (298) Thurible (e.g. 299)

1 2

Miniature chytra (e.g. 296)

3

Miniature jug (e.g. 297)

3

TABLE 3 HOUSEHOLD

AND COOKING WARES, LAMPS, TRANSPORT AND OTHER CLAY OBJECTS

AMPHORAS,

Becauseof the limitationsof storagespace, a large proportionof the householdwares was discarded at the time of excavation,and the bulk was reducedfrom 34 to 7 tins. Except for lekanai, terracotta figurines, loomweights, and spindle whorls, no detailed count of this material was recorded.The following totals refer to the remaining material, except where otherwise noted. Numbers indicate rim fragments (unless otherwise stipulated), not estimates of total pots represented. HOUSEHOLD WARE

Banded oinochoe round-mouthoinochoe (e.g. 277) trefoil mouth (e.g. 278) mushroomjug (e.g. 279) bases (e.g. 280) Table amphora (e.g. 316) Lekane base (e.g. 309)

47 2 3 17 2 115 (before weeding)

COOKINGWARE

Eschara E.g. 319 E.g. 320 E.g. 321

39 6 5

Bean parcher (e.g. 322)

2

Griddle (323)

2

Chytra lidded (e.g. 324, 325) unlidded (e.g. 326) Lopadion (e.g. 327)

13 8

Hydria overhangingrim (e.g. 328) projectingrim (e.g. 329) Trefoil jug (e.g. 330)

18 2

Ring bases (e.g. 331)

32

3

3

LAMPS

Scheibler RSL 3 (e.g. 337) Scheibler RSL 1 (e.g. 338-342) reservedbase glazed base (e.g. 339)

2 167 69 14

TABLES

138

flat bottom (e.g. 338) reservednozzle panel (e.g. 341) reservedband on top (e.g. 340) two reservedbands on top (e.g. 342) Round-shouldered,variant (343, 344) ScheiblerKSL 1 ring base (e.g. 345, 346) raised base (347, 348) Flat rim at angle to wall (334) Scheibler DRL (335, 336) ScheiblerSRL (349) Type unknown

8 2 8 16 2 12 5 2 1 2 1 20

AMPHORAS(estimates of total amphoras represented, based on both toes and TRANSPORT

upper-bodyfragments) Chian (e.g. 350, 351) Mendean (e.g. 352) Corinthian B (e.g. 353) Lesbian (354) Punic (355) Unidentified

8 3 2 1 1 33

TERRACOTTAS

Figurines (e.g. 357-360, 363, 366-369) Molds (e.g. 361, 362, 364, 365)

26 (before weeding) 6 (beforeweeding)

OTHER CLAY OBJECTS

Ring (e.g. 370) Spindle whorls (e.g. 371) Loomweights (e.g. 372-377)

2 2 (beforeweeding) 18 (before weeding)

CONCORDANCE Page referencesare given in arabicnumerals,with footnotessuperscript.Cataloguenumbersare in bold type. Inv. No. B 213 B 1416

Cat. or Page No. 55 378

I 882 I 6532

3711 3711

Inv. No. MC 1225 MC 1226 MC 1227 a MC 1227 b MC 1337 MC 1338

Cat. or Page No. 364 362 365 cf. 365; 32 370 cf. 372; 34

L 1943

55

L 5642

724

P 420

56

L 5643 L 5813 L 5814 L 5815 L 5916 L 5917 L 5918 L 5919 L 5920 L 5922 L 5923 L 5924 L 5925 L 5926 L 5927 L 5928 L 5929

724

55 55 55 55 373 372 cf. 373 375 374

P 454 P 486 P 1142 P 1186 P 2376 P 4854 P 5113-5137 P 5139 P 5141-5144 P 5145 P 5146-5153 P 5154 P 5180 P 5184 P 5190 P 5243 P 5325 P 5326 P 5333 P 5444 P 5446 P 5448 P 5453 P 5454 P 5455 P 5456 P 5458

cf. 11 56 cf. 1 cf. 140 cf. 352 cf. 212, 215 522 cf. 205 522 cf. 13; 522 522 cf. 277 cf. 351 cf. 325 522 5516 5516 5516 5516 5519 5519 5625

MC 1217

377

P 5493

5522

MC 1218

cf. 377

P 5494

5520

MC 1219

cf. 372

P 5495

5523

MC MC MC MC MC

376 cf. 376 cf. 376 371 cf. 371

P 6501 P 6502 P 6503 P 6504 P 6505

5518 5519 5516,5624 5516 5519

MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC

210 211 212 213 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216

1220 1221 1222 1223 1224

339 338 346 340 342 345 334 337 344 343 336 335 349 341 347 348

5625

5516 5625 5625 5625

CONCORDANCE

140 P 6506 P 6507 P 6510 P 6512 P 6514 P 6517 P 6518 P 6520 P 6524 P 6526 P 6528 P 6529 P 7575 P 8312 P8313 P 12179 P 17898 P 17971 P 20570 P 20772 P 20773 P 20779 P 21348 P 21916 P 24736 P 25296 P 25357 P 28411-28426 P 29416 P 29901 P 29915 P 29981 P 29982 P 29983 P 29988 P 29989 P 29990 P 29991 P 29992 P 29993 P 29994 P 29995 P 29996 P 29997 P 29998 P 29999 P 30000 P 30001 P 30002

5521, 5624 5523, 5624 5625 5625 5625

5517 5625 5625

5625 5516 5625 5625 522 2966 2966 4135

cf. 25 cf. 25 4135

cf. 140 cf. 140 cf. 251 cf. 13 cf. 87 368, 4135

5518 cf. 121 724

cf. 226 cf. 152 367 35 35

41 311 269 172 147 268 160 169 171 170 cf. 169 cf. 169 216 206 215 37

P 30003 P 30004 P 30005 a-c P 30005 d P 30005 e P 30006 P 30007 P 30008 P 30009 P 30010 P 30011 P 30013 P 30014 a P 30014 b P 30015 P 30016 P 30017 P 30018 P 30019 P 30025 P 30027 P 30030 P 30031 P 30032 P 30033 P 30034 P 30035 P 30036 P 30037 P 30038 P 30039 P 30040 P 30041 P 30042 P 30043 P 30044 P 30045 P 30046 P 30047 P 30048 P 30050 P 30051 P 30052 P 30053 P 30054 P 30055 P 30056 P 30057 P 30058

202 203 63 60 27 28 34 69 40 27 38 36 52 36 49 43 42 53 48 16 31 54 51 57 44 61 68 67 50 64 55 40 39 21 22 24 23 25 20 13 14 17 133 92 80 116 115 114 73

141

CONCORDANCE P 30059 P 30060 P 30061 P 30062 P 30063 P 30064 P 30065 P 30066 P 30067 P 30068 P 30069 P 30070 P 30071 P 30072 P 30073 P 30074 P 30075 P 30076 P 30077 P 30078 P 30079 P 30080 P 30082 P 30084 P 30085 P 30086 P 30087 P 30088 P 30089 P 30090 P 30091 P 30092 P 30093 P 30094 P 30095 P 30096 P 30097 P 30098 P 30099 P 30100 P 30101 P 30103 P 30104 P 30105 P 30106 P 30107 P 30108 P 30109 P 30110

113 110 112 89 91 117 103 76 119 99 97 8 9 177 136 303 138 148 310 6 5 312 267 266 356 179 164 174 235 208 212 211 210 213 214 236 238 237 230 209 247 246 305 242 243 245 227 79 253

P 30111 P 30112 P 30113 P 30114 P 30115 P 30116 P 30117 P 30118 P 30119 P 30120 P 30121 P 30122 P 30123 P 30124 c P 30124 a, b P 30125 P 30126 P 30127 P 30128 P 30129 P 30130 P 30131 P 30132 P 30133 P 30134 P 30135 P 30137 P 30138 P 30139 P 30140 P 30141 P 30142 P 30143 P 30197 P 30554 P 31152 P 31427 P 31440 P 31443 P 31444 P 31445 P 31446 P 31447 P 31448 P 31449 P 31450 P 31451 P 31452 P 31453

252 254 255 78 cf. 142 142 283 45 29 56 30 59 81 32 33 65 126 63 70 16 83 86 16 93 121 3 204 4 11 75 21 297 129 71 cf. 235 cf. 151 cf. 239; 2238 367, 4135 134 135 10 173 170 cf. 173 cf. 269; 24 cf. 169 195 275 152

142 P 31454 P 31455 P 31456 P 31457 P 31458 P 31459 P 31460 P 31461 P 31462 P 31463 P 31464 P 31465 P 31466 P 31468 P 31470 P 31471 P 31472 P 31473 P 31474 P 31475 P 31476 P31477 P 31478 P 31479 P 31480 P31481 P 31482 P 31483 P 31486 P 31487 P31488 P 31489 P 31490 P 31491 P 31492 P 31493 P 31494 P 31495 P 31496 P 31497 P 31498 P 31499 P 31500 P 31501 P 31502 P 31503 P 31504 P 31505 P 31506

CONCORDANCE 146 153 137 144 151 150 140 139 7 1 295 201 187 145 176 265 cf. 179 cf. 175 175 250 304 240 249 231 232 229 239 241 98 96 100 95 94 101 102 104 105 106 107 108 109 194 192 193 196 225 156 233 218

P 31507 P 31508 P 31509 P 31510 P 31511 P 31512 P 31513 P 31514 P 31515 P 31516 P 31517 P 31518 P 31519 P 31520 P 31521 P 31522 P 31523 P 31524 P 31525 P 31526 P 31527 P31528 P 31529 P 31530 P 31531 P31532 P 31533 P 31534 P 31535 P 31536 P 31537 P 31538 P 31539 P 31540 P 31541 P 31542 P 31543 P 31544 P 31545 P 31546 P 31547 P 31548 P 31550 P 31552 P 31553 P 31556 P 31557 P 31558 P 31559-31561

217 154 181 182 261 262 190 111 122 131 132 118 120 127 128 124 123 125 12 15 130 19 18 87 88 89 90 58 74 77 47 46 40 26 35 27 66 84 85 82 2 149 161 163 162 159 cf. 169 cf. 169 cf. 169

CONCORDANCE P 31562 P 31563 P 31564 P 31565 P 31566 P 31567 P 31568 P 31570 P 31571 P 31573 P 31574 P 31575 P 31576 P 31577 P 31578 P 31579 P 31580 P 31581 P 31582 P 31583 P 31584 P 31585 P 31586 P 31587 P 31588 P 31589 P 31590 P 31591 P 31592 P 31593 P 31594 P 31595 P 31596 P 31597 P 31598 P 31599 P 31600 P 31602 P 31603 P 31604 P 31605 P 31606 P 31607 P 31608 P 31609 P 31610 P 31611 P 31612 P 31613

cf. 173 cf.173 168 167 158 157 180 205 207 cf.209 178 166 165 264 263 260 256 257 186 183 224 184 222 223 188 185 189 286 287 284 282 199 274 293 281 292 294 271 291 289 273 cf. 297 cf. 296 276 244 306 298 251 200

P 31614 P 31615 P 31616 P 31618 P 31620 P 31621 P 31622 P 31623 P 31624 P 31625 P 31626 P 31627 P 31628 P 31629 P 31631 P 31632 P 31633 P 31634 P 31635 P 31636 P 31637 P 31638 P 31639 P 31640 P 31641 a-e P 31642 P 31652 P 31653 P 31654 P 31655 P 31656 P 31657 P 31658 P 31659 P 31660 P 31661 P 31662 P 31663 P 31664 P 31665 P 31666 P 31667 P 31668 P 31669 P 31670 P 31671 P 31672 P 31673 P 31674

143 198 143 155 cf. 191 226 290 cf. 299 299 302 191 220 288 248 270 296 285 259 221 197 142 cf. 142 234 141 258 72 219 228 329 328 330 331 322 326 324 325 327 319 320 321 307 308 309 316 277 278 280 279 318 333

CONCORDANCE

144 P 31675 P 31676 P 31677 P 31678 P 31679 P 31680 P 31681 P 31682 P 31683 P 31684 P 31685 P 31686 P 31688 P 31689 P 31690 P 31691 P 31692 P 31693 P 31766 P 31768-31771 P 31772 P 31774 P 31775 P 31776 P 31777 SS 1839 SS 10289

332 323 314 cf. 190 cf. 219 56 272 350 351 354 353 313 352 355 315 317 300 301 619 619 722 721 721

619 619

cf. 350 cf. 354

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

785 786 1437 2200 2358 2378 3264 4038 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4199 4200

55 55 cf. 364 cf. 359 cf. 367; 33 cf. 367; 33 cf. 367; 33 cf. 365; 33 367 358 cf. 358, cf. 360; 33 368 369 366 363 360 359 cf. 359; 33 361 365 cf. 365; 32 357 cf. 364

INDEXES Page referencesare given in arabicnumerals,with footnotessuperscript.Cataloguenumbersare in bold type; where referencesare to a secondpage of an entry, the page numberis given in parentheses.

I: VASE-PAINTERS Achilles Painter:under 11 (64) Aegisthus Painter: 13 Agrigento Painter:38 (73); 13 Aischines Painter:99, 107; 13 AkridionPainter:13; 14 AlkimachosPainter: 13 Altamura Painter: 114; under 16 (66), under 71 (82); 1311,14 Barclay Painter:under 110 Beldam Painter, Workshopof: 8, 9; 12 Berlin Painter:under 62 Berlin Painter, reminiscentof: 94, traditionof: 13 Birth of Athena, Painter of: under 38 (73) Bologna 228, Painter of: under 71 (82) Boreas-FlorenceGroup: 13 Boreas Painter:41; 13 Bowdoin Painter:95; 13 Briseis Painter:under 54, under 126 (95) Camtar Painter:under 20 CarlsruhePainter:97, 98; 12, 13 Cassel Painter:under 83 CHC Group: 1 Chicago Painter:under 68 Christie Painter:50; 13 Codrus Painter:under 38 (73) Deepdene Painter: 13 Diosphos Painter:under 134 EdinburghOinochoe,Painter of: 56 Eretria Painter:20; under 80; 9, 11 EucharidesPainter:under 120 Eupolis Painter:under 83

Haimon Painter, Follower of (see also Lancut Group): 5 (63), 6; 11, 14 Hephaistos Painter:under 61, under 126 (95) Hermonax:42, 48, 103, 121; under 32; 12-13, 14 Lancut Group:3; 14 LeningradPainter:37, 77; 13, 14, 368 Lewis Painter:21; 14 London E 80, Painter of: under 113 (91) London E 445, Group of: under 62 London E 489, Painter of: 36 (71); 13, 14 Louvre G265, Painter of: under 54 Nausicaa Painter:368 Niobid Painter:39, 64, 89; under 32; 13 Niobid Painter, Manner of the: 64, 110 OrchardPainter:under 113 (91) Oreithyia Painter: 13 Pan Painter:under 54 PenthesileanWorkshop:14; 1312 PersephonePainter:under 38 (73) Phiale Painter:under 110 Pig Painter:115; under 54; 13 Polygnotos,Group of: 50, 71 (82); 13, 14 ProvidencePainter:112, 118; 13 Robinson Group:under 11 (64) SabouroffPainter:22 Tyrrhenion Group: under 20 Tyskiewicz Painter:under 120 Unattributed,same hand: 101, 102 Villa Giulia Painter:40 (74), 66, 127, 128; under38 (73); 13

INDEXES

146

II: SUBJECT MATTER SCENES AND FIGURES FROM MYTHOLOGY Amazonomachy20, 41, 53, 71, 83; 14 Amazons20, 53, 83; 14 Amymone94 Apollo, Artemis,and Leto 48, 126; 14 Artemis62 Artemis.See Apollo, Artemis, and Leto Argos 55 Athena 11 (64) Centaur 57 Dioskouroi38 (72); 14, 4771 Eos and Tithonos 71 (82), 123 (94); 14 Erotes 28 (69) Hector, Ransom of 113 (91) Herakles 57 Hermes 51 Hermes and Argos 55 (79) Iris 44 Leto. See Apollo, Artemis,and Leto

Maenad 103, 121; 14 Maenad and satyr 3, 5, 21, 27, 120; 14 Nereid 94 Nike 44, 61, 70, 104 Orestes pursuedby the Furies 28 (69) Orpheus, Death of 32, 33; 14 Paris, Judgment of 16; 14 Patroklos20 Peleus and Thetis 94 Perseus and the Gorgons28 (69) Phineus and the Harpies 28 (69) Poseidon,pursuing a woman 88, 94 Satyr 23 (68), 67, 68; 14. See also Maenad and satyr Sphinx 1 Thetis. See Peleus and Thetis Tithonos. See Eos and Tithonos Zeus pursuing a woman 88, 131

SCENES AND FIGURES FROM EVERYDAY LIFE Arming 37, 81; 14 Boxing 11 (64) Flute player 54; 14 Gift giving 115 Hoplite 85 Hoplitodromos36; 14 Horseriders84, 86 Komast22 Libation 59, 89 Loom, portable,held by figure 122; 14 Man and woman 114 Mule 75

Music 4, 54, 79, 93 Outdoorsman43; 14 Sacrifice55 (79) Skaphephoros113; 14 Warrior 20, 133 Warrior'sdeparture40 (74), 60, 65 (81), 81; 14 Woman 17, 80, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 109, 132; 14 Woman and youth 6, 115; 14 Youth 13, 24, 25, 36, 40 (74); 14. See also Woman and youth Youth's departure46 (76)

INDEXES

147

III: FIGURED VASESFROM OTHER COLLECTIONS Adria, Museo ArcheologicoNazionale 37 B217 Museo ArcheologicoRegionale Agrigento, column-krater37 10 C.765 Aleri, Musee ArcheologiqueJerome Carcopino 36 2097 Altenburg,StaatlichesLindenau-Museum 99 302 135 151 Amsterdam,Allard Pierson Museum 118 1754 22 8210 Argos, ArchaeologicalMuseum C 909 48, 103 Athens, AkropolisMuseum 16 310a-d 133 435 Athens, Agora Museum. See Concordance Athens, National Museum 50 1166 1421 21 115 1427 99 1506 13 10478 95 17291 Baltimore,Museum of Art 11 1960.55.3 Museo Barcelona, Arqueol6gico 61 pelike Basel und Sammlung Antikenmuseum Basel, Ludwig 48 BS 483 54 Ka 425 Basel, art market 113 amphora Berkeley,University of California, R. H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology 3 8.444 Berlin, StaatlicheMuseen 71 F 2353 F 2532 80 Bologna, Museo Civico Archeologico 11 11 114 174 41 273 292 126

Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 01.16 110 54 03.788 13.197 68 90.156 32 98.916 20 Brooklyn,BrooklynMuseum 83 09.3 Musees Brussels, Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire 115 R305 Cambridge,Corpus Christi College 57 21 Cambridge,Fitzwilliam Museum 12.17 128 28.7 16 44 20 97 138 115 GR 9.1917 Cambridge(Mass.), Harvard University, Sackler Art Museum 107 25.30.36 50 1970.108 (Once) Castle Ashby 38 kylix Art Institute Chicago, 37 1911.456 market art Chicago, 13 skyphos Corinth, ArchaeologicalMuseum 135 T 591 135 T 592 3 T805 Cyrene, Museum of Antiquities 39 pelike Eton College 13 skyphos Museo Nazionale Ferrara, 40 2790 2739 41 41 44701 38 T.31 A VP 83 T.203 T.254 C VP 113 T.386 C VP 36 Florence, Museo Nazionale 113 7B24 14 B 5 42

148

INDEXES

15B24 38 89 4007 PD 60 a 37 Girona, Museo ArqueologicoProvincial 9 134 Wadsworth Athenaeum Hartford, 103 30.184 Heidelberg,Antikenmuseumund Abgusssammlungdes ArchaologischenInstituts der Universitat 38 243 Hearst Hillsborough, 19 114 Japan, private 38 pelike Karlsruhe,BadischesLandesmuseum 40 208 209 38 Lecce, Museo ProvincialeSigismondo Castromediano 600 61 Leiden, Rijksmuseumvan Oudheden SvL 120 10 London, British Museum E 165 120 E371 121 E374 42 E 381 89,110 E450 71 London,Victoria and Albert Museum 4816.58 48 Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art A 5933.50.41 48 (Once) Lugano, Bolla 64 stamnos Museo Madrid, ArqueologicoNacional 11098 48 Reiss-Museum Stadtisches Mannheim, 190 97 Marburg, Antiken- und Abgussammlungdes ArchaologischenSeminarsder Universitat 1749 99 Miletos 1 K 86.159.1 Staatliche Munich, Antikensammlungenund Glyptothek 37 2323 71 2379 14 2688 14 2689

Naples, Museo Nazionale 54 Stg. 225 New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery 1933.175 38 (Once) New York, art market 107 lekythos New York, MetropolitanMuseum of Art 06.1021.176 40 24.97.96 66 26.60.77 103 27.74 54 29.131.7 71 38.11.4 71 56.171.44 114 56.171.48 50 99.13.2 89, 110 1979.11.15 40 1988.40 62 Oxford, AshmoleanMuseum 277 118 305 54 524 66, 128 1916.68 38, 71 1927.4462 95 Palermo, Museo Regionale V 673 103 Paris, BibliothequeNationale, Cabinet des Medailles 365 112 388 38 851 20 Musee du Louvre Paris, F416 5 G151 126 G 336 103 G 369 38 G416 32 Paris, Petit Palais 71 868 Paris, Seilliere 39 amphora Reading, University, Museum of Greek Archaeology 22.iii.2 3 26.xii.17 5 Reggio, Museo Nazionale 3877 21 Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia 50459 121

INDEXES St. Petersburg,Museum of the Hermitage 51562 94 Salonika,ArchaeologicalMuseum 8.29 11 San Francisco,M. H. de Young Museum 62 230/24872 Sarajevo,National Museum 31 121 Schwerin, StaatlichesMuseum 707 115 1261 40 Syracuse,Museo ArcheologicoRegionale 44291 71 Taranto, Museo Nazionale 11 4601 Thera, ArchaeologicalMuseum 1816 121 Borowski Toronto, V-74-H21 48 Museo Civico Trieste, S 424 62

149

Trondheim, Kunstgallerei 807 99 Tubingen, Antikensammlungdes Archaologischen Instituts der Universitat E 104 89 Vatican, Musei Vaticani 258 38 16256 121 Vienna, KunsthistorischesMuseum 698 112 770 38 3733 110 Viterbo, Museo Civico 113 amphora National Museum Warsaw, 142458 20 Wiirzburg,University, Martin-von-WagnerMuseum 120 hydria

INDEXES

150

IV: GENERAL INDEX See Kylix ACROCUP.

Addedpaint technique.See Over-painteddecoration Aeisitoi49 Aglaurion 3927

Aigina 368 Akropolis368, 39, 59. See also Parthenon Alabastron12, white-ground 130, 134 Amphora, cooking-ware29, 332, fine-ware 36, 46, gray-ware 26, 300, household-ware 29, 41, 42, 316, Panathenaic, black-figured 12, 11, redfigured 12, 13, 110-113, transport 3, 28, 31-32, 36, 47, 48, 350-356 Anthippasia37 AphroditeGroup (figurine) 33 Archaic period, characteristicsof pottery in 14, 16, 17; material in pit 4, 9, 20, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33, 34, 58; other remains in area 3, 5, 3928, 29

Archon:Basileus 38, 4030;Eponymous38, 58 Archons37, 38-41, 4352,44, 4874,49, 52-53, 58. See also Thesmothetai Areopagus,Council of the 52 Aristagoras27, 267 Aristandros27, 267 Aristophanes40, 47 Askos 12, black-glazed24, 25, 35, 41, 56, 268-270, fine-ware 48, red-figured55, 56, 87 Athenian Coinage Decree 31-32 Athens-Piraeus railway 5, 37 BANDEDPOTTERY 20, 22, 24, 25, 356, 51, 205-209,

235,277-280,298,299 Banqueter,terracottamold for 34, 364 Barley:cake (,uaCa)4771,48, 49; gruel 4877 Base, ring, cooking-ware29, 331, black-glazed 27, 266,267 Basin, household-ware29, 49, 314 Basle Head, Group of 3390,365 Bean parcher.See Parcher Beans 4877 Black-figuredpottery3, 91, 11, 12, 368, 55, 1-11 Black-glazed pottery 4, 9-10, 15-28, 51, 55, 56, 136-141, 143, 145-204, 210-234, 236-253, 256-274,276,281,282, 284-297, 302-306 Blonde, classificationsystemfor lamps 30 Boiotia.See Earthquake Bolsal, black-glazed10, 19, 36, 51, 56, 200

Bottle, household-ware29, 317 Boule. See Council Bouleuterion.See Council House Bowl, black-glazed 36, 47, convex-concave10, 21, 27, 51, 229-232, household-ware29, 314, other 22, 233-235, red-figured 58, small 22, 28, 56, 228,236-241,304 Brauron"Kouros",Group of the 3390 Brazier.See Eschara Bread, wheat (aprog) 4666, 47, 48, 49

Breakage,cause of 53-57, 58, rate of 41 Bronze.See Pulley; Spike Bryaxis relief 37 CAVALRY37-38. See also Hipparchs Cheese 4771, 4877

Chios, amphorafrom 32, 47, wine from 47, 58 Chous. See Oinochoe Chronologyof potteryin pit 4, 9-10, 15, 40, 51, 58 Chytra, black-glazed,miniature 26, 35, 296, cooking-ware 29, 48, 324-326 Cistern.See Deposit Class of Agora P 10359. See Stemlesscup Closed shapes, difficultyof estimatingnumberof 24 Conglomerateblockswest of Royal Stoa 7 Cook 49, 50 Cookingware 28, 29, 36, 47, 319-333 Cooper, Frederick43 Corinth,dried fish at 48; Punic AmphoraHouse 32; wine from 47 Corinthianimports:kothon26, 301; loomweight34, 375; louterion 28, 310, 311; mortar 28-29, 312, 313; transportamphora32, 353 Council (Boule) 52 Council House (Bouleuterion) 39; called Metroon 3928

Crosshatching16, 17, 51,149, 152 CrossroadsEnclosure (J 5:2) 16-17, 21, 22, under 152, under 226 Crossroads Well (J 5:1, well at bifurcation of PanathenaicWay) 37 Cup-kantharos,black-glazed10, 28, 302 Cup-skyphos, black-figured11, 14, 55, 3, 4, blackglazed 17, 41, 51, 56, 155, 265 Czartoryskikantharos,Class of the, 11-12, 21, 22

INDEXES

151

AHMOZION 1, 35, 4135

BLACK-GLAZED FEEDER, 26, 35, 295

Deposit B 19:11 (well) under 354; E 6:3 (pit) 4135; E 13:1 (well) 55; E 19:5 (pits) 56; F 5:3 (pit) 56; F 11:2 (well) 4561,4662;F 12:3 (well and cistern) 4662; F 14:2 (deposit in a cutting) 56; F 16:8 (Menon's Cistern) 4666; G 12:22 (debris in the Tholos) 4561, under 181, under 205, under 210, under 268, under 273, under 277; G 14:6 (cutting) 56; H 4:1 (pit) 619,724;H 4:5, see Preface; H 6:5, see Stoa of Zeus, well under; H 7:1, see Potter's workshop behind Stoa of Zeus; H 12:15 (well) under 367; I 17:1 (well) 56; J 5:1, see CrossroadsWell; J 5:2, see CrossroadsEnclosure; K 5:1 (pit) 56; M 17:7 (pit) 56; M 18:8 (well) 56; N 7:3 (Boulter'smid-5th-centurywell) 20, 32, 44, 4666,47, 511;N 8:3 (pocketof fill) 56; O 7:10 (pit) 56; Q 15:2 (well) under 266; R 10:6 (pit) 56; R 11:1 (symbolonpit) 4135;R 12:1 (well) under 251; R 13:4 (well) 56, under 352; U 13:1 (well) under 235 Diet, ancient Greek 48. See also Menu Dikasteria. See Lawcourts Dining: at public expense 352, 38, 39, 42-50, increase in incidenceof 51-53, 58; while seated 43. See also Syssition Dining rooms 7, 58. See also Syssition Dinos 11 Dipylon Gate 37 Disk 9, 26, 35, 298 Donations of utensils to syssition44-45, 53, 58 Drinking cups 41, 44, 46; black-figured 11; blackglazed 15-20; red-figured11-12, 13

Figs 4877

OF426 B.C. 53-57, 58 EARTHQUAKE

East Greek imports 33, 357, 358, 369 See also Gray ware Eggs 4877 Ekklesia 52 Eleusinion 37 Ependytes 14, 54, 61 Ephialtes, reformsof 40, 43, 45, 46, 52-53, 58 Epidamnos,prytaneionof 48 Epinitron,household-ware29, 35, 318 Eschara (brazier)29, 4662,47, 48, 58, 319-321 Estimate of total number of vessels, method of calculating 131, 132, 136 Euboia. See Earthquake

Figured pottery 1, 9, 10, 11-14, 18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 35-36, 368, 42, 4352, 44, 45, 51, 52, 55-56, 58, 1-135 Figurines. See Terracottafigurines Financing of the dining room 39, 49-50 Fish 47, 48, 49 Flute player 39, 44, 49, 53 Fourth-century:fill west of Royal Stoa 7-8; intrusions in pit 4, 7, 8, 10, 23, 28, 58, 302-306 GLAZING,

PATTERN OF, ON BLACK-GLAZED VFSSFIS

16,27 Golden mica 32, 356 Grace, Virginia 31 Graffiti 27-28, 32, 34, 367, 138, 148, 191, 207, 249, 266, 267, 356, 372; AE as separateletters4135;EC ligature 1, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 2654, 27, 35-37, 4030, 4245, 41-46, 147, 160, 169-173, 206, 215, 216, 268, 269; AH ligature 4135,4557;:EM 367 Gray ware 26, 300 Griddle 29, 323 HABICHT, CHRISTIAN 37

Halai (Lokris). See Earthquake Hand-washing 49 Hegesander37 Heliaia 53 Hellenotamias2759 Hephaisteion 4135 Herms 37 Hesychios 38, 39 Hipparcheion37, 58 Hipparchs 37-38, 41, 53, 58 Hippeis 38 Honey 24 Household ware 28-29, 307-318 Howland, classificationsystem for lamps 29-30 Hydria 46, black-glazed26, 294, cooking-ware29, 328, 329, 331, red-figured9, 12, 26, 116-123 IMPORTEDPOTTERY26, 29, 300, 317. See also

Amphora, transport; Corinthian imports; East Greek imports Importedterracottas33, 34, 357, 358, 369 Impressed decoration 18, 27, 177-179. See also Stampeddecoration

152

INDEXES

Incenseburner.See Thurible Inciseddecoration.See Impresseddecoration Industrialactivity4, 33-34, 35 Intentionalred 17, 19, 20, 156, 158, 189, 190 JAR, HOUSEHOLD-WARE29, 317

Jug, black-glazed26, 56, 292, black-glazed,miniature 26, 35, 297, cooking-ware29, 330, 331, grayware 26, 300. See also Oinochoe,Mushroomjug 29, 331 KADOS,COOKING-WARE

Kalapodi (Phokis). See Earthquake KaAos/KaXA27-28, 21, 148 Kalos-nameunder 93 Kantharos, red-figured 11-12, 14, 21, 22. See also Cup-kantharos 27-28 Kararivywdv/KaTrarvyaLva Kerameikos23, 30, 31, 37; Building Z 55, 57; ThemistokleanWall 55, 57 Kitchen7 Kitchen ware 15, 35, 36. See also Cooking ware; Household ware Kleon 47 Kleroterion40 KolonosAgoraios 55, 58 Kothon, Corinthian26, 301 Krater 41, 44-45, 47, black-figured3, black-glazed 11, 20, 202-204, red-figured 11, 12-14, 43-44, 46, 55, 26-78; donatedto prytaneion44 Kylix 367, black-figured 11, 5, 6; black-glazed 18-19, 35, 41, 181-188, 191, intentional red 19, 189, 190, red-figured9, 11, 13, 55, 17-20, whiteground 11, 133; Acrocup 18, 185, 186; Vicup 18, 35, 51,181-184 LAMP9, 10, 29-31, 36, 51, 55, 334-349 Lawcourts(Dikasteria) 40, 52-53 Laws of Athens 38 Lebes gamikos,red-figured12, 35, 130, 130 Leeks 4771

Lekane 28, 41, 42, 49, 307-309 Lekanis, black-glazed23-24, 35, 36, 256, 257, 260. See also Lid Lekythos 48, black-figured 12, 55, 8-10, blackglazed or patterned 10, 25, 36, 51, 274-276, 284-287, red-figured 12, 13, 55, 56, 94-109, white-ground12, 135 Leontis 37 Lesbos, amphorafrom 32, wine from 47

Libationsas part of public meals 35 Lid: cooking-ware 29, 4662, 333; household-ware 29, 315; of lekanis, black-glazed23-24, 258, 259, 261, 262, red-figured55 Lithos 38 Lokris.See Halai Loomweight34, 35, 55, 372-377 Lopadion,cooking-ware,miniature29, 4662,327 Lopas. See Lopadion Louterion28, 49, 310, 311 Loutrophoros,red-figured12, 1311,14, 35, 114 MAZA. See Barley cake

Mask. See Protome Meat as part of menu 47-49, 58 Mende, amphora32, from wine from 47 Menon's Cistern. See Deposit F 16:8 Menu of syssitia 46-50 Messenger 39, 44, 49, 53 Metronomoi38 Miltos 16 Miniatures 20, 26, 29, 35, 209, 296, 297, 327 Mnesimachos37 Molds. See Terracottas Morris, Sarah 43 Mortar 28-29, 312, 313 Mug 36, black-glazed19, 51, 56, 192-199, Pheidias 19, 26, 51,192-195, red-figured11-12, 19, 23-25 Mutton 4877

Mytilene, meals in prytaneionof 4767 NAUKRATIS, PUBLICDININGAT 46, 4767, 4877

Nicholls, Richard3289,33 Number of vessels, calculating.See Estimateof total numberof vessels OIL 24, 36, 48, 49

Oinochoe36, 46, banded24, 25, 51, 277-280, blackglazed 19, 25, 196, 281, 282, 284-288, patterned 25, 283, red-figured12-13, 55, 56, 88-93; Chous 25, 56, 92, 93; Mushroomjug 278 Olives 4771 Olpe 36, black-glazed24, 48, 271-273 Olympia 368 Olynthos 28 One-handler 41, banded 20, 35, 45, 51, 205-209, black-glazed10, 16, 20, 28, 35, 56, 210-216, 265, 303 Opsonion49, 50

INDEXES Organicremains 3, 46, 47, 48, 59 Ostwald, Martin 53 Overpainteddecoration16, 142 Owner's marks 27, 191, 266, 267 WAY3, 37 PANATHENAIC

Pantry 7 Parcher,bean, cooking-ware29, 49, 322 Paredroi44 Parthenon55, 57 Patterneddecoration16, 20, 25, 142, 144, 275, 283 Pay for public service43, 46, 49, 52-53 Pelike 46, black-glazed26, 293, red-figured 12, 13, 26, 115 Perikles 46, 47, 48, 52, 58 Persian destruction3, 4, 40, 51 Persians, drinkinghabits of 47, 58 Persian War 44-45 Phanodikos44 Pheidias mug. See Mug Phiale, black-glazed19, 35, 201 Phigalia, meals in prytaneion of 4767, 4877, 49

Philippi, meals in prytaneionof 48 Phokis. See Kalapodi Phylarchs37-38, 41, 53, 58 Pit. See Deposit Pits west of Royal Stoa 619,7, 21 Plastic vase 33 Plate 36, 47, banded 51, black-figured 7, blackglazed 9, 23, 251-253, red-figured 12, 79, unglazed 23, 254, 255 Plutarch47 Pnyx 368 Polyandrionof Thespiai 93 Polychrono(Chalcidice)368 Pork 4877

Potter'sworkshopbehind Royal Stoa 3, 35 Potter's workshop behind Stoa of Zeus (deposit H 7:1) 4, 20, 35, 4135,56, 57, under 212, 215 Pottery,fragmentarystate of 1, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15 Prices:of food 49-50; of red-figure4352 Private use, vases for 12,.26, 35 Prokonnesos44 Proportionalrepresentationof shapes in pit 15, 28, 41, 43-44, 130-137 Propylon, Roman, behind the Royal Stoa 3, 5, 6, 8 Protome,terracotta33, 34, 365, 366 Prytaneion of Athens 38, 3927, 42-43, 47-49. See also Epidamnos; Mytilene;

Thasos

Philippi;

Sigeion;

153

Prytaneis45, 48, 49 Psykter 25-26, 36, 46, 56, 289-291 Public dining. See Dining at public expense Public dining room. See Syssition Public property, pottery marked as 1, 16, 42. See also Graffiti Public use of pottery35-46 Pulley, bronze 55 Pyxis, black-glazed 24, 35, 56, 263, red-fig:ured9, 12, 35, 80 RED-FIGURED POTTERY 1, 9-14, 368, 55-56, 12-132

Rhegium 44 Rheneia cup. See Stemlesscup Rheneia deposit 93 Rhodes, P. J. 45 Richter, G. M. A. 44 Rider, terracotta33, 368 Ring, black-glazed 24, 35, 264, household-ware4, 34, 35, 370 Ritual, potteryassociatedwith 12, 19, 26, 35 Royal Stoa. See Stoa, Royal SACRIFICE AS PART OF PUBLIC MEALS 35, 48

Salt 48 Saltcellar,black-glazed9, 10, 22-23, 28, 35, 41, 48, 51, 56, 242-250, 305, 306 Samothrace,dump from a dining room 4666 Sardis, bowl 21 Scheibler,classificationsystem for lamps 30 Seafood.See Fish; Shells Secretaryof the archons44, 49, 53 Sets of pots from the same workshop 12-13, 17, 19, 21,26-27,44,45 Shear, T. Leslie, Jr. 1, 40 Shells 3, 48 Sigeion, meals in prytaneionof 44, 4767 Sigma, four-bar27, 266 Sikele 27-28, 148 Sitos (grain) 49 Skias. See Tholos Skyphos 11, black-figured12, 1, 2, black-glazed9, 15-17, 27, 35, 36, 41, 51, 56, 136-141, 143, 145-153, 155, patterned16, 142, 144, red-figured 9, 12, 14, 55, 12-16, Subgeometricsurvival 17, 154 Solon 39, 4771 Sosias 27, 266 Soterides93 South Stoa I. See Stoa, South, I

154

INDEXES

Sphakteria,Spartiatewine ration at 50 Spike, bronze 34, 378 Spindle whorl 34, 35, 55, 371 Stamnos,red-figured11, 46, 124-129 Stamped decoration4, 17, 19, 26-27, 51, 164-168, 174, 193-196, 200. See also Impresseddecoration Stampedloomweight34, 374 Stand, black-glazed.See Ring Standdonatedto Prytaneion44 Stemless cup, black-glazed9, 16, 17-18, 27, 36, 51, 56, 156, 157, 174-180, 265; Rheneia cup 17, 26, 35, 41, 45, 51,158-173 Stemmed dish 36, 47, black-glazed 9, 21, 51, 191, 217-225, 227, 228, red-figured21; stemmedcup 226 Stew 48 Stoa, as dining room of archons39 Stoa Gutter Well 30 Stoa, Roman, on Panathenaicway 1, 3, 4 Stoa, Royal 3, 22, 36, 37, 38, 3928, 41; buildings behind 1, 3-8, 37, 39, 58; date of 3929;dining in 39-40, 58 Stoa, South, I 38 Stoa of Attalos 4135,56 Stoa of the Herms 37 Stoa of Peisianax. See Stoa Poikile

366-369, molds for 4, 32-34, 35, 361-365. See also Banqueter; Protome; Rider; Tortoise; Woman Thasos, meals in prytaneionof 4767 Thebes, potteryfrom Kabirion4666 Thesmophoreion38 Thesmothetai (archons)39, 53. See also Archons Thesmotheteion38, 39-40, 58 Thespian Polyandrion.See Polyandrionof Thespiai

Stoa Poikile 3928

WALLSOFATHENS.See Kerameikos, Themistoklean

Stoa of Zeus 1, 7, 36, 37, 38, 3928,44-45; buildings under north wing 1, 3-8, 39, 4030,57, 58; date of construction4, 57; sanctuaryunder 3; well under (H 6:5) 1,6, 27, 35, 36, 4030,41,42,45,49, 51-52 Storagebin. See Amphora,cooking-ware Strainerdonatedto prytaneion44 Strategoi352, 48 Submycenaeanburials 34 Symbolonpit 4135 Symposion46, 47 Syssition (public dining room) 1, 36-37, 38-46, 49, 58. See also Menu

Wall Well. See Crossroads Well; Deposit; Stoa Gutter Well Well under Stoa of Zeus. See Stoa of Zeus West Road 37 Wheat 49, 50. See also Bread, wheat White-groundpottery 11, 12, 133-135 Wine: imported47, 58; part of public meal 46, 47, 48, 49, 58; price of 47, 49-50; ration, see Sphakteria Woman, terracotta figurines of, head of 34, 363, seated 33, 34, 360-362, standing33, 34, 357-360; giving birth? 33, 367

Tholos 35, 36, 38, 39, 4135, 42, 43, 45, 4662, 4984;

debris in, see Deposit G 12:22; called the Skias 3928

Thompson, Homer 1, 38, 43 Thorikos 15, 368 Thucydides 53-54, 58 Thurible 26, 35, 299 Tortoise, terracotta33, 369 Trademarks368 Tripods, Street of the 39 Troad 44 UNGLAZED FINE WARE 23,

254, 255

VEGETABLES AS PART OF MENU 4877, 49

Vicup. See Kylix

TABLETS, LEAD 37

Talcott, Lucy 1, 42, 56 Taranto 44 Terracotta figurines 32-34, 55, 357-360, 363,

XENOPHON37 44-45. See also Stoa of Zeus ZEUSELEUTHERIOS

FIGURES

FIGURE 1

BLACK- AND RED-FIGURED VESSELS -

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FIGURE 8

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PLATE 59

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343 345 344 346

PLATE 60

TRANSPORT

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FIGURINES

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PLATE 62

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1 5th CENTURY B.C.

Plan of buildings at the northwestcornerof the Agora

PLATE 63

Section A

MARTYR

4

?|3

Section B I

Sectionsthrough the area to the west of the Royal Stoa

DUG BEDROCK

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CONGLOMERATE

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LEGEND * DEPOSITH 4:5 * LARGEDEPOSITS O SMALLDEPOSITS A GRAVES 0R .1:6

AREOPAGUS

Plan of Agora Excavationsshowing deposits laid down ca. 425 B.C.

Debris from a Public Dining Place in the Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement vol 25)

Fragmentary decrees from the Athenian agora (Hesperia Supplement 38)

Hellenistic Relief Molds from the Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement 23)

Ostraka (Athenian Agora vol. 25)

The Athenian Constitution After Sulla (Hesperia Supplement vol 12)

The Greek Coins (Athenian Agora, Vol. 26)

Women in the Athenian Agora

Inscriptions: The Athenian Councillors (Athenian Agora vol. 15)

Hellenistic Pottery: The Plain Wares (Agora) (Athenian Agora vol. 33)

Ancient Portraits from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #5)

Portrait Sculpture (Athenian Agora vol 1)

Bronzeworkers in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #20)

Graffiti in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #14)

Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #10)

Lamps from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #9)

Miniature Sculpture from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #3)

Small Objects from the Pnyx I (Hesperia Supplement vol 7)

Graffiti and Dipinti (Athenian Agora vol. 21)

Prytaneis: A Study of the Inscriptions Honoring the Athenian Councillors (Hesperia Supplement vol 1)

Waterworks in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #11)

Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement 31)

The Athenian Grain-Tax Law of 374 3 B.C. (Hesperia Supplement vol 29)

The Athenian Citizen: Democracy in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Books 4)

Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora (Hesperia Supplement 2)

The Eridanos Valley and the Athenian Agora

Fortified Military Camps in Attica (Hesperia Supplement vol 11)

The Setting of the Periclean Parthenon (Hesperia Supplement vol 3)

Debris Ensuing from a Supervortex

Birds of the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #22)

Studies in Archaic Corinthian Vase Painting (Hesperia Supplement vol 28)

The Neolithic and Bronze Ages (Athenian Agora)

Debris from a Public Dining Place in the Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement vol 25)

Fragmentary decrees from the Athenian agora (Hesperia Supplement 38)

Hellenistic Relief Molds from the Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement 23)

Ostraka (Athenian Agora vol. 25)

The Athenian Constitution After Sulla (Hesperia Supplement vol 12)

The Greek Coins (Athenian Agora, Vol. 26)

Women in the Athenian Agora

Inscriptions: The Athenian Councillors (Athenian Agora vol. 15)

Hellenistic Pottery: The Plain Wares (Agora) (Athenian Agora vol. 33)

Ancient Portraits from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #5)

Portrait Sculpture (Athenian Agora vol 1)

Bronzeworkers in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #20)

Graffiti in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #14)

Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #10)

Lamps from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #9)

Miniature Sculpture from the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #3)

Small Objects from the Pnyx I (Hesperia Supplement vol 7)

Graffiti and Dipinti (Athenian Agora vol. 21)

Prytaneis: A Study of the Inscriptions Honoring the Athenian Councillors (Hesperia Supplement vol 1)

Waterworks in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #11)

Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora (Hesperia Supplement 31)

The Athenian Grain-Tax Law of 374 3 B.C. (Hesperia Supplement vol 29)

The Athenian Citizen: Democracy in the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Books 4)

Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora (Hesperia Supplement 2)

The Eridanos Valley and the Athenian Agora

Fortified Military Camps in Attica (Hesperia Supplement vol 11)

The Setting of the Periclean Parthenon (Hesperia Supplement vol 3)

Debris Ensuing from a Supervortex

Birds of the Athenian Agora (Agora Picture Book #22)

Studies in Archaic Corinthian Vase Painting (Hesperia Supplement vol 28)

The Neolithic and Bronze Ages (Athenian Agora)

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