Cervical Dysplasia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ERVICAL YSPLASIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cervical Dysplasia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84370-8 1. Cervical Dysplasia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cervical dysplasia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA .............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cervical Dysplasia ........................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA..................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervical Dysplasia ....................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA .............................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 General References ....................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA ................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Cervical Dysplasia ............................................................................................ 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA ........................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Recent Trials on Cervical Dysplasia ............................................................................................ 73 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA ........................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patents on Cervical Dysplasia ..................................................................................................... 79 Patent Applications on Cervical Dysplasia ................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA............................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 85 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................... 86 Chapters on Cervical Dysplasia ................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA ................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Cervical Dysplasia...................................................................... 90 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 102 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 CERVICAL DYSPLASIA DICTIONARY.................................................................................. 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cervical dysplasia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cervical dysplasia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cervical dysplasia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cervical dysplasia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cervical dysplasia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cervical dysplasia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cervical dysplasia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cervical dysplasia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Cervical Dysplasia Source: PAACNOTES; Dec. 1992. Contact: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 33 N LaSalle St Ste 2600, Chicago, IL, 60602-2601, (312) 795-4930, http://www.iapac.org. Saint Vincents Catholic Medical Centers of New York, Saint Vincents Hospital Manhattan, Comprehensive HIV Center, 153 W 11th St, New York, NY, 10011, (212) 604-8321, http://www.svcmc.org/hiv/manhattan/staff.asp. Summary: This article summarizes a round-table presentation on the clinical manifestations of HIV in women. The researchers concluded that HIV-positive women have a higher rate of squamous intraepithelial lesions on Pap tests than HIV-negative

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women. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) was found in most of the women with squamous intraepithelial lesions. Pap tests reliably predict colposcopic findings and histologic outcome. Rapid progression to severe genital disease in HIV-positive women after standard gynecologic care of early lesions is uncommon. This study highlights areas of concern and controversy for clinical care and future investigation with regard to cervical dysplasia and HIV. A review of the session concluded the following: cervical dysplasia occurs more frequently in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women; progression and recurrence are more frequent; stage of dysplasia correlates with immunosuppression; Pap tests may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect cell abnormalities; HPV is frequent in HIV-positive women; HPV is related to dysplasia; and HPV serotypes are heterogeneous and oncogenic serotypes associated with dysplasia. It was concluded that well-planned, large-scale studies must be undertaken in the key areas of cervical dysplasia and HIV. ·

Cervical Dysplasia in HIV - Infected Women Source: PAACNOTES; Dec. 1992. Contact: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 33 N LaSalle St Ste 2600, Chicago, IL, 60602-2601, (312) 795-4930, http://www.iapac.org. St Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Continuum Health Partners Incorporated, St Lukes - Roosevelt Hospital Center, Center for Comprehensive Care, Samuels Clinic, 1000 10th Ave Rm 2T, New York, NY, 10019, (212) 523-6500, http://wehealny.org/patients/slr_description.html. Summary: This journal article discusses cervical dysplasia in women with HIV. Despite the unusally high rate of abnormal Pap tests indicative of cervical dysplasia among women with HIV/AIDS, few clinical trials have included them. The article suggests that the pathologic effects of HPV are enhanced in the presence of HIV coinfection. It notes a possible connection between women with CD4 lymphocyte counts below 400 and the increased rates of high grade lesions. The article reports on the investigation of drug 5fluorouacil for maintenance therapy for recurrent or potentially recurrent cervical or vaginal lesions. Physicians are encouraged to include Pap tests in routine care of all women with HIV/AIDS and to use a low threshold for referral to colposcopy. The importance of repeating a Pap test within six months of a negative result is stressed. The article also recognizes the need to determine which subgroups of infected women are at greater or lesser risk of the most aggressive manifestations of cervical dysplasia.

Federally Funded Research on Cervical Dysplasia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cervical dysplasia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cervical dysplasia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cervical dysplasia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cervical dysplasia: ·

Project Title: ACTG 866 WOMENS STUDY OF PROT ACTG 320 INDINAVIR & LAMIVUDINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Richard; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: To determine the baseline incidence of cervical dysplasia among HIVinfected women enrolled in ACTG 320; to determine the rates of cervical dysplasia while on study; to determine the effect of indinavir on the rate of development of cervical dysplasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lertora, Juan J L.; Professor and Head of Medical Pharmacolo; Medicine; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1996; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from application abstract): This proposal is to establish an ACTU with a main unit based at Tulane University Medical Center and a subunit at Louisiana state University Medical Center, both in New Orleans, with the following goals. 1) To recruit 80 or more new patients per year into ACTG sponsored Phase I, II, III protocols for the treatment of HIV infection, opportunistic infections, and neurologic complications of AIDS. 2) To use GCRC for Phase I and II clinical trials and pathogenesis-related exploratory trials of new treatments for HIV. 3) To establish support laboratories to perform protocol mandated studies in virology, pharmacology, and immunology. 4) To systematically address women's health-related issues. 5) To recruit an ethnically diverse population of patients, representative of the regional population, in order to give minority populations and women access to ACTG clinical trials. 6) To address the subjects of compliance and patient retention, including outreach programs. 7) To work with the local CAB to include local patients and their advocates in the implementation of the ACTU research agenda. Scientifically the following areas will be emphasized: 1) Phase I pharmacokinetic, drug interactions, and toxicity studies, and pilot studies of HIV pathogenesis; 2) Correlations of plasma and intracellular drug levels with changes in viral load; 3) Pathogenesis of HIV and HTLV-I/II co-infection; 4) Therapy of HIV-induced thrombocytopenia; 5) HIV neuropathy; 6) Immune resistance of HIV; 7) Mechanisms and prevention of HIV-induced apoptosis; 8) Therapy of opportunistic diseases (mainly microporidiosis and mycobacterial infections); 9) Pathogenesis and therapy of cervical dysplasia in HIV infected women Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANAL DYSPLASIA IN HIV+ AND HIV- MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilkin, Timothy J.; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The rate of anal carcinoma among HIV positive men is 70/100,000 person years. This is higher than the rate of cervical carcinoma prior to the onset of routine cytology screening. Anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions (ASIL) are pre-malignant lesions that can be found by screening cytology analogous to cervical dysplasia. It is felt that persistent infection with oncogenic subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important cofactor for development of anal carcinoma. Prior to the routine use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, screening for anal dysplasia was studied in large cohorts of predominantly white HIV+ and HIV- men who have sex with men. High rates of ASIL and anal infection with HPV were found. It is not clear how this applies to other groups of HIV+ men including minorities, heterosexual men, and intravenous drug users, and how the rate of HPV and anal dysplasia may have changed after widespread use of HAART. This study will enroll 350 HIV+ men and 200 HIV- men who are 40% Hispanic and 40% African-American. Forty percent of the HIV+ men will report intravenous drug use or sex with women as their risk behavior for HIV. A standardized questionnaire will be administered to determine past sexual behaviors. Each participant will undergo anal cytology and anal HPV testing. Those individuals with oncogenic HPV at the first test will be followed with anal cytology and HPV testing every six months for a total of two years or five exams. Each participant with abnormal cytology will undergo high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy. Factors associated with prevalent ASIL and HPV infection including immunologic and sexual parameters will be compared using logistic regression. Persistence of HPV will be defined as the time to the first negative test for HPV and will be analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model. Factors associated with persistence will be included in a multiple Cox model. The influence of HAART will be assessed in both the prevalence and prospective components by including a term in the multiple models for length of time on anti-retroviral therapy with suppression of HIV. This study will help provide important new information on which groups of HIV+ men may benefit from screening and how HAART may modify this risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTI-HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS T CELL EFFECTOR RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mosmann, Tim R.; Professor and Director; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Different strains of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) cause skin warts, anogenital warts and cervical dysplasia, and are the main cause of cervical cancer. Several lines of evidence indicate that the immune system can limit the spread of the infected lesions, and in some cases can destroy warts. During the immune response against pathogens, the immune response has a wide variety of potential mechanisms to attack and kill the pathogen. For each pathogen, certain responses are effective, whereas others are ineffective because of defense strategies by the pathogen. Therefore the immune response must choose the correct mechanism for a particular injection so that the pathogen can be eradicated with minimal damage to the host. The choice between different types of immune response is regulated in a large part by T lymphocytes secreting different sets of cytokines. In this project we will define the T cell effector

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responses that are associated with the regression of established warts, and with protective immunity against HPV infection. The type of immune response that is mounted against HPV will be analyzed using a new assay for detecting simultaneous secretion of multiple cytokines by individual cells circulating in the blood. The potential of HPV-specific T cells to differentiate into additional effector types will be measured, to test the hypothesis that immune responses include many uncommitted T cells that can subsequently differentiate into divergent phenotypes. These studies will then be extended to the lymphocytes that infiltrate warts and cause regression, with the expectation that these T cells will include the cells mediating destruction of the lesion. Together, this information should identify the particular immune effector functions that are associated with an effective response against HPV, and also define the potential for modification of immune responses by therapeutic vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BECKMAN COULTER BIOMEK 2000 WORKSTATION AND ACCESSORIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccune, Joseph M.; Senior Investigator, Professor and Assoc; J. David Gladstone Institutes 365 Vermont St San Francisco, Ca 94103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): For the automation of flow cytometry-based assays of immune function, funding is requested to purchase a Beckman Coulter BioMek 2000 system, to be located in the Gladstone/UCSF Core Immunology Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital. In the Core Laboratory. a flow cytometry-based assay system has been developed and optimized to detect specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to HIV-1 and to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cohorts of HIV-1-infected patients. Unlike the MHC Class I tetramer assay, this ?cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) assay can be used to detect T cell responses against undefined antigenic epitopes in the context of uncharacterized MHC backgrounds. Related assays are being developed for the assessment of specific human CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to other AIDS-related opportunistic infections, including those caused by Mvcobacterium tuberculosis, the Mvcobacterium avium complex, Pneumocvstis carinii, and human papilloma virus. Many investigators at UCSF have incorporated CFC into their research protocols; consequently the number of CFC assays performed in the Core Laboratory is steadily and rapidly increasing. To keep up with the demand for this service, to improve safety and reliability, and to perform experiments that would be impractical or impossible to perform manually, it is necessary to automate CFC. Combined with the instrumentation already in place, the proposed instrument system will allow for the automation and further development of CFC assays, significantly strengthening and enhancing the ability of the Core Immunology Laboratory to support the many Gladstone/UCSF investigators engaged in HIV research. In addition, these automated assays will be made available to scientists engaged in other areas of research and to scientists from other parts of the country (e.g., through the AIDS Clinical Trials Group). The scientific interests and expertise of the selected major users include a broad spectrum of biology and a unifying focus on the analysis of immune function; consequently, the instrument system will support a broad range of projects involving the evaluation of T cell responses in the context of: 1) HIV-1 vaccines, 2) antiretroviral therapy failure, 3) structured treatment interruption, 4) cross clade recognition, 5) CTL dynamics, 6) HPV in cervical dysplasia, 7) Pneumocystis carinii infection, 8) solid organ transplantation, 9) "alternative therapy" with DHEA, and 10) CSF pleocytosis. In summary, this proposed instrument system is pivotal to the success of several NIH-funded investigations and

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researchers, will provide a critical resource to the Gladstone/UCSF research community, and will spark innovative research in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CAP-PAP TEST FOR CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Markovic, Olivera; Bioscicon, Inc. 259 Congressional Ln, Ste 602 Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): CAP-PAP Test (further: CPT) is a double-staining, single-slide method for cervical cancer primary screening based on a new biological marker of cervical dysplasia (US patent No. 6,143,512 of November 7, 2000). In phase-1 study (SBIR-NCI-NIH award No. 1R43CA86767-01) the method was established as a research service in a cytopathology laboratory (infrastructure: space, equipment, personnel trained for marker processing, staining and interpretation). A clinical laboratory trial (BSC-9902) began to study the accuracy of CPT in comparison with Pap test (adjudicated cytology standard) in a low-risk population of women recruited at clinical sites. After 200 analyses, in comparison with a historical control (Pap test), CPR was shown to increase perception of cytotechnicians performing primary screening and that this increased ability can result in a reduction of false negatives and an increase of true positives (ASCUS and above). After the method feasibility is confirmed, we are proposing this phase-2 project "CAP-PAP Test for Cervical Cancer Screening" to study, on 1,800 healthy women (three clinical sites), the efficacy of CPT in comparison with Pap test (clinical outcome standard) to predict occurrence and/or progress of cervical cancer or precancerosis. The goal is to bring to public benefit a screening test that could improve accuracy of Pap test, save many lives and reduce the cost of healthcare. Successful completion of phase-2 study will warrant entering a commercialization in phase-3, The test is lowcost (approximately $1.00 above the current cost of Pap test), consumer friendly (one day training), and accurate (internal control) The new marker is complementary (not competitive) to other technologies that have been recently developed to improve technical weaknesses of the conventional Pap test. If successful, CPT could face a market of 80 million requests per year. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHICAGO WOMENS INTERAGENCY HIV STUDY CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Mardge H.; Hektoen Institute for Medical Research 2100 W Harrison Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: The Chicago WIHS cohort consists of 223 HIV infected and 47 HIV uninfected women in 4 sites; the population of the cohort reflects the epidemic in women in Chicago and the nation. The collaborating institutions and investigators have developed an effective and efficient research infrastructure, with strong and consistent impact on the local and national levels. As a part of the national multi-center prospective study, the Chicago consortium continues to investigate a large number of the manifestations and ffects of HIV: including clinical effects, disease progression, as well as immunological, virological, psychosocial and behavioral impact. For WIHS II, the specific aims of the Chicago Consortium are to: 1) Determine how the immunologic, virologic, genetic, coinfections, sexual and drug behaviors, class, and social support system affects the progression of HIV disease in women; 2) Determine the rate of

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emergence of Protease Inhibitor Resistance; 3) Define the gender-specific characteristics of HIV disease in women, with particular attention to cervical dysplasia, HPV, the virology immunology of the genital tract, gynecologic infections, and hormonal influences; 4) Define the effect of early pregnancy on HIV disease and coincident infections; 5) Describe the role of malignancies to HIV infection; 6) Describe the correlation between oral health and HIV infection; 7) Identify the impact on HIV on the psychological and social status of women including quality of life, depression, neuropsychologic functioning and family interactions; 8) Characterize factors that may interact to influence experiences of HIV infected women in terms of their access to care, compliance with treatment and psychological and social outcomes; 9) Identify activities, attitudes and immune responses which lead at-risk women in the WIHS seronegative control group to seroconvert while others do not; and 10) Develop methods to increase the enrollment and retention of women, ethnic minorities, and socially disenfranchised individuals in clinical research. These aims are possible to accomplish because of the cooperation of the women of WIHS and the interconnected synergy which occurs among the large and dedicated group of clinical scientists who are our investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE ATYPICAL SQUAMOUS CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guido, Richard R.; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: ALTS intends to determine the optimal management of mildly abnormal Pap smears (encompassing LSIL and ASCUS)in women. Specifically, the trial will evaluate three possible management strategies: (1) Immediate colposcopy, the most common management option currently, and the most invasive and expensive; (2) HPV triage, in which participants will be typed for the HPV virus via Hybrid Capture Microtiter testing and triaged to colposcopy based upon the identification of a high-risk (oncogenic) viral type; and (3) conservative management, in which participants will be followed by cytology results at 6 month intervals, and triaged to colposcopy in the event of high-grade cytologic diagnosis. All women enrolled into ALTS will be followed, after the initial visit, at 6 month intervals with cytologic testing for 2 years. Collection of cervical cells, masked HPV tests, and bloodwork and cervical secretions obtained through an immunological component will provide information about both the natural history of mild cervical dysplasia as well as differences among management arms, if they exist. Treatment acceptability and quality of life data will be collected as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE -- BIOMATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Atkinson, E Neely.; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: During the initial funding period, members of the Program Project have explored the biological basis of fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy of the cervix, developed a device (the Fast EEM) for collecting spectral information from point sources in the cervix, and begun clinical trials evaluating the ability of the device to detect cervical dysplasia. The Biomathematics and Informatics Core (BIC) has been vital to all these activities. The BIC created a database, implemented data quality assurance

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procedures, implemented data visualization software, investigated diagnostic classification algorithms, devised methods for variable selection, and analyzed data from a study of fluorescence spectroscopy over the menstrual cycle. In the new proposal, we will evaluate the Fast EEM device in a randomized prospective clinical trial. We will also begin evaluation of two new devices that extend the work begun with the Fast EEM. The Fast EEM records fluorescence intensities at a number of excitation emission wavelength pairs; the data are stored in an excitation emission matrix or EEM. The Fast EEM also measures reflectance intensities at a number of wavelengths and source-detector separations. The Multispectral Digital Colposcope (MDC) will collect reflectance and fluorescence data similar to that collected by the Fast EEM, but from the entire surface of the cervix. The Multispectral Optical Wand (MOW) will collect point source information similar to that collected by the Fast EEM, but at a greatly reduced number of wavelengths. When both devices are used in conjunction, with the MDC providing guidance for point source collection by the MOW, we hope these devices will achieve the sensitivity and specificity of colposcopically directed biopsy at reduced costs and greater satisfaction to patient, payer, and provider. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO HPV 16 Principal Investigator & Institution: Nakagawa, Mayumi; Laboratory Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) As a student in an M.D.-Ph.D. program at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Dr. Nakagawa studied the structure function relationships of murine Major Histocompatibility Complex in terms of its immunological and physiological properties. After completing a residency program in laboratory medicine at the University of California at San Francisco, where she still is, she began a research project studying cell-mediated immunity to Human Papilloma Virus type 16 (HPV 16) which is a causative agent of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Data collected thus far, using a T cell proliferative assay as well as a cytotoxic lymphocyte assay, support her working hypothesis that cell-mediated immunity to HPV is instrumental in its elimination and thus is protected against the development of associated diseases. The experiments proposed in this application are nested with an ongoing longitudinal study in which HPV 16 infected women who have not developed high grade intraepithelial lesions are tested for cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HPV 16 oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7. The specific aims of this project are to characterize the lymphocyte subset(s) responsible for anti-HPV activity, to eliminate background activity, to explore alternative methods of in vitro stimulation, and to develop a protocol to perform cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay using T cell lines instead of bulk cultures. The last aim will give us a tool to identify immunodominant epitopes of HPV 16 in the future. The longterm goal of this project is to develop effective vaccines and immunotherapy for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. Dr. Nakagawa's long-term career goal is to continue research in HPV immunology as an independent investigator. She envisions this will be best accomplished by becoming a faculty member at an academic medical center where she will also have clinical responsibilities as a laboratory medicine physician. The University of California at San Francisco, which is a major academic medical institution with many distinguished scientists, offers an excellent environment to develop skills and further her expertise in the field to accomplish her goals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DISTRESS AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Fang, Carolyn Y.; Assistant Member; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The important role of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer is well-established. However, the contribution of possible psychosocial and immunological factors to the progression of high-risk HPV-related cervical lesions needs further exploration. The proposed project aims to examine the potential interrelations between psychosocial (i.e., stress, coping processes) and immunologic (e.g., natural killer cell activity) measures in women with mild dysplastic lesions of the cervix due to infection with highly oncogenic subtypes of HPV. Specifically, two studies are proposed. Study 1 is designed to identify potential behavioral and immunologic correlates of stress and coping, with a particular emphasis on the effects of avoidant coping strategies on cancer risk and development. Eighty-four women referred for a follow-up colposcopy will complete baseline psychosocial assessments and provide a blood sample (for immune assays) prior to their colposcopy. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at 6-months and 12-months post-baseline. Psychosocial assessments include measures of stressful life events, cancer-specific intrusive and avoidant ideation, and a variety of coping strategies. Relevant immune measures include T-cell numbers, natural killer cell numbers and functional activity, and lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogen stimulation. In addition, medical outcome (regression, persistence, or progression of cervical lesions), demographic variables, and behavioral risk factors will be assessed. Study 2 will provide a preliminary evaluation of a relaxation and coping skills intervention that is designed to reduce cancer-related distress and provide effective coping skills for facilitating adherence to screening recommendations. The identification of potential interrelations among psychosocial, behavioral, and immunologic variables has important implications for cancer prevention and control programs as they can be used to guide the development of psychological and behavioral interventions aimed at reducing distress and avoidance, which may lead to improved behavioral, immunologic, and health outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HPV METHYLATION: A BIOMARKER OF CERVICAL LESION PROGRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Giuliano, Anna R.; Associate Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant)Epidemiologic research has shown that infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of most cases of cervical cancer and that specific HPV types (e.g., 16 and 18) are associated with high risk of progression to cervical cancer. However, HPV infection is an insufficient cause of cervical cancer and appears to require the presence of other factors for the infection to progress to a significant cervical lesion. One factor that may modify progression of HPV to cervical neoplasia is DNA methylation. In support of this hypothesis, in vitro work from zur Hausen's laboratory indicated that methylation in the Upstream Regulatory Region (URR) of oncogenic HPV exerts a powerful effect on transcriptional activity and hence carcinogenicity of the virus. HPV DNA methylation patterns may modify the virulence resulting in increased risk for progression of HPV infection to high grade SIL. However,

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the association between HPV methylation patterns specifically has only been tested in vitro. In this application, we propose to conduct the first epidemiological study of the association between HPV methylation status and cervical cancer risk. The overall goal of this application is to examine in vivo methylation patterns of oncogenic HPV and determine if these patterns are associated with SIL. The primary aims of this study are to determine: 1) the overall methylation status and site-specific methylation in the URR of oncogenic HPV among women previously identified with normal, ASCUS, LgSIL, and HgSIL cytology; 2) whether methylation patterns of HPV are related to viral load; 3) the factors (such as smoking, oral contraceptives, and co-infections) associated with HPV methylation status; 4) whether HPV DNA methylation status is independently associated with risk of SIL Study Design: Data and biological samples collected from the USA-Mexico Border HPV, Cervical Dysplasia and Chlamydia trachomatis study (19971998) will be used for this proposed study. A population of 2,246 women, 246 of whom are HPV positive for one of eight oncogenic HPV types, 15 years and older were recruited from family planning clinics in 3 pairs of contiguous communities at the Arizona (US) - Sonora (Mexico) border, and in Tucson, AZ and Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. HPV DNA methylation status will be assessed among 246 women positive for one of eight HPV types (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 39, 45, 51, 52, and 58) utilizing the Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing technique. Data available from the completed study include laboratory measures (HPV typing, HPV viral load, C. trachomatis status, and cytology), and risk factor data (reproductive, sexual and medical histories, and demographic data). Results from this study may provide a novel biomarker for women at risk of progression of HPV infection to SIL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccune, Karen S.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL ISOTRETINOIN VERSUS OBSERVATION FOR LOW GRADE CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Valentine, Fred; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL ISOTRETINOIN VS OBSERVATION FOR LOW GRADE CERVICAL DYSPLASIA IN Principal Investigator & Institution: Fife, Kenneth H.; Professor of Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PAPILLOMAVIRUS MALIGNANCIES

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Androphy, Elliot J.; Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tile vast majority of cervical and anogenital cancers are caused by papillomavirus infection. This proposal focuses on optimization of a papillomavirus inhibitor and is submitted in response to PA-01-113 on AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and malignancies. HIV-infected individuals are particularly susceptible to developing papillomavirus infections and associated malignancies. Papillomavirus infection is also a major problem in the general population. This year 3 million women in tile U.S. will develop cervical dysplasia, the premalignant condition that can progress to cervical cancer. Although the viral genome and proteins are logical targets for the creation of inhibitors, no specific antiviral treatment yet exists. The key regulator of viral transcription and replication is the viral E2 protein, which has an Nterminal activation domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding/dimerization domain. When fused to a small peptide that mediates efficient cellular uptake, a repressor form of E2 that lacks the N-terminal activation domain is an inhibitor (ICs0 of 85 nM) of transcriptional activation in cell culture. The three-dimensional structure of the E2/DNA complex will be determined and used to guide refinements of the lead inhibitor along two tracks. One form of the E2 inhibitor is designed to bind and inactivate wild-type viral E2 protein through heterodimer formation; inhibition of viral E2 is expected to stop active viral infections. The second form of inhibitor is designed to target the E2 binding sites on viral DNA to repress viral E6 and E7 expression. E6 and E7 proteins allow viral propagation and predispose cells toward malignancy by stimulation of degradation and subsequent loss of p53 and Rb. Modified inhibitors will be evaluated for DNA affinity, dimerization, and stability, and will be assayed for their pharmacologic properties, including cellular uptake, half-life, and toxicity. The biochemical and pharmacologic properties of each inhibitor will be correlated with results from assays for inhibition of cell proliferation and viral replication. The optimal cellular delivery system for the best inhibitors will be defined. The overall goal is to achieve high potency in cell-based models for eventual testing in animals and in human clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PHOTOMEDICINE OF CERVICAL DYSPLASIA PDT & NON INVASIVE OPTICAL MONITORING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hornung, Rene; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (H-SIL) is an extremely frequent precancerous cervical lesion, leading to invasive cervical cancer if undetected and untreated. We are currently evaluating two new noninvasive methods for detection and treatment of H-SIL photodynamic therapy (PDT) and frequency domain photon migration (FDPM). PDT induces selective necrosis of dye sensitize malignant tissues when activated with light of appropriate wavelength. FDPM is a near-infrared spectroscopy technique for determining optical properties (i.e. absorption and scattering of light, ua and uUs) of tissues. Our objectives are 1) To determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of using PDT to treat H-SIL, 2) To quantitatively determine ua and uUs of

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normal cervical tissue and H-SIL in vivo, and to calculate physiologic parameters, specifically absolute concentration of oxy/deoxyhemoglobin and water in cervical tissue, 3) To assess the feasibility of differentiating normal cervical tissues from H-SIL based on the optical properties, 4) to monitor how cervical tissue optical and physiological properties change in response to PDT, 5) To optimize PDT light dosimetery and clinical outcome based on optical property measurements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ESTROGEN PROMOTED CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Auborn, Karen J.; Associate Professor, Head Phytochemical; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 01-DEC-2001 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Estrogen is a player in the genesis of a number of cancers including cervical, breast, and endometrium. The goal of this application is to reduce the anti-estrogen enhancement of transformation of target cells with diet, thereby preventing many of these cancers. Cervical cancer is a particularly good model because cells infected with certain papilloma viruses are at high risk for transformation The hypothesis of this application is that weak or anti-estrogens, competing with potent estrogens, can prevent estrogen enhancement of cancer promoting activities. Certain dietary compounds induce enzymes that cause more estradiol to be metabolized to antiestrogens. Phytoestrogens found in many foods are themselves weak estrogens. The hypothesis will be tested in in vitro and in in vivo models for cervical cancer. Weak and anti-estrogenic compounds will be evaluated for their ability to reduce cancer promoting activities of estrogen in cells infected with high risk papilloma viruses. The anti-estrogen metabolite, 2-hydroxy estrone will be used to compete with the potent estrogen metabolite 16a-hydroxy estrone. Indole-3-carbinol, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids will be used to induce 2-hydroxy estrone. The phytoestrogens genistein and equol, from soy will be used as competing weak estrogens. Transcription of papilloma viruses oncogenes, proliferation of cells and acquisition of anchorage independent growth will be evaluated. Dietary indole-3carbinol will be tested in a mouse transgene papilloma virus model for the ability to reduce estrogen induced cervical dysplasia and/or cervical cancer. Results should establish ways to reduce estrogen associated transformation. Results will also establish whether or not the relative amounts of weak or anti-estrogens to potent estrogens determine the activity of estrogen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREGNANCY OUTCOME AFTER TREATMENT OF CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sadler, Lynn C.; University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The proposed research will investigate pregnancy outcome after treatment of cervical dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition that can be effectively treated to prevent cancer of the uterine cervix. Incidence of cervical dysplasia peaks in women ages 25-35. Those with low-grade lesions are often not treated. The most common conservative treatment procedures are large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), carbon dioxide

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laser conization, and carbon dioxide laser vaporization. There is presently insufficient evidence concerning the potential effect of these procedures on subsequent pregnancy outcome. The proposed research will investigate whether: 1) treatment of cervical dysplasia is associated with increased risk of preterm delivery in subsequent pregnancies; 2) whether treatment of cervical dysplasia is associated with specific subcategories of preterm delivery; 3) whether treatment of cervical dysplasia is associated with infertility, low birthweight, prelabor rupture of membranes at term, duration of labor and cesarean section rate; and 4) whether severity of dysplasia, length of cone, number of cervical treatments and interval between treatment and birth among treated women are related to adverse pregnancy outcome. The proposed research study has a retrospective cohort design. The cohort will consist of all women less than 45 years of age seen at the Colposcopy Clinic of Greenlane Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, from 1989 through June 1998 who subsequently carried a singleton pregnancy beyond 20 weeks gestation. The cohort will be identified by linkage of the colposcopy and obstetric databases by means of a unique patient identification number. Outcome of the first >/= 20 week pregnancy following diagnosis will be compared for 535 treated women and 535 women not requiring treatment, using multiple logistic and linear regression models to control for confounding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ROLE OF PAH AND TSNA IN CERVICAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Prokopczyk, Bogdan; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Recent epidemiological studies continue to provide evidence that tobacco smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical cancer. Literature data also identifies human papillomaviruses (HPV) as an important etiological factor in the development of this disease. However, only a small population of HPV-infected individuals will develop cervical cancer. In addition, the transfection of human cervical cells with HPV immortalizes those cells but does not make them carcinogenic. It has, therefore, been suggested that other genetic changes are needed for the development of malignancy. These changes may result from oxidative damage or alkylation caused by tobacco derived carcinogens. We have demonstrated that these tobacco carcinogens are present in human cervical mucus and can be metabolically activated to genotoxic intermediates that can damage cervical DNA. It is our hypothesis that genetic damage induced by tobacco-derived carcinogens can lead to mutations of proto-oncogenes (e.g. c-myc, Hand K-ras, and c-erbB). Thus, genetic damaged induced by B[a]P and/or NNK combined with HPV-induced deactivation of tumor suppresser genes and inhibition of apoptosis can be expected to lead to the development of cervical cancer. Test our hypotheses we propose the following specific aims: (1) Develop an appropriate animal model to determine the role of carcinogenic activity of TSNA, PAH and HPV individually and in combination; and HPV transgenic mouse available in the laboratory of our collaborator is prerequisite to achieve the goals of this aim. (2) Examine the metabolism of NNK, NNAL and B[a]P in normal and HPV 16-immortalized human cervical cells and characterize enzymes responsible for their metabolic activation. (3) Evaluate the capacity of NNK, NNAL and B[a]P to induce malignant transformation to human cervical cells immortalized with HPV-16 as compared to controls. (4) Carry out a pilot study to establish the feasibility and conditions for a case-control study of the association between exposure to tobacco carcinogens (using representative biomarkers derived from the animal studies) and risk of cervical dysplasia/cancers, and risk

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modification by HPV infections. The studies proposed in this Project will provide important knowledge that is requisite to our understanding of the association of HPV infection and tobacco usage as it relates to the mechanism of induction of cervical neoplasias in humans. These studies will also provide a foundation to later test the chemopreventive efficacy of various chemopreventive agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Feld, Michael S.; Director; Center for Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a proposal to the National Institutes of Health to establish a Bioengineering Research Partnership to develop a spectroscopic imaging methodology for diagnosing pre-invasive neoplasia (dysplasia) and monitoring its progression. The proposed program is based on optical spectroscopic clinical instrumentation and associated diagnostic algorithms successfully developed at the MIT Spectroscopy Laboratory. The instrument to be developed will have two components, a system for wide-area imaging of neoplasia, based on light scattering spectroscopy i(LSS), and an optical fiber probe device for studying suspect regions thus revealed, based on tri-modal spectroscopy i(TMS). The goal of the program is to develop and perfect the new technology and assess its application to the diagnosis, characterization, and therapy of neoplastic progression in human patients in real time, The detection and monitoring of neoplastic lesions in the oral cavity and the cervix will be used as model systems for establishing the potential of the technology. In addition, basic studies to further improve the technology and its ability to characterize pre-invasive neoplasia will be conducted. Six projects will be undertaken, each led by an experienced investigator: (I) Prototype instruments and diagnostic algorithms for clinical studies will be developed, maintained and perfected. Clinical studies will be conducted on patients with suspected lesions in the (2) oral cavity and (3) uterine cervix to evaluate and perfect the technology for diagnosing and monitoring dysplasia and predicting the patient's response to chemopreventive and immunotherapeutic agents. Two basic projects aimed at enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical instrumentation will be undertaken, one (4) to explore the use of quasi-multiple scattered light to enhance the sensitivity and provide depth resolution to LSS imaging, and a second (5) to develop novel spectroscopic end-points based on well-characterized molecular and cellular events associated with the progression and regression of disease. (6) Pathology support activities will include analysis of oral and cervical tissues for molecular markers, and analysis of histologic sections of the same biopsy tissue by computer-assisted quantitative image analysis. An administrative core will coordinate the multidisciplinary activities of the program and insure information sharing and efficient communication. The partnership, composed of expert investigators at six institutions, will include experienced bioengineers with training in physics and mechanical/electrical engineering, pathologists experienced in cancer research, and hospital-based clinicians specializing in oral and cervical dysplasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UCLA FOGARTY AITRP: AIDS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Detels, Roger; Professor; Epidemiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): UCLA-AITRP Supplemental Program in AIDSAssociated Cancers The risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical dysplasia and other cancers is greatly increased in people who have HIV infection. While recent research developments have presented new opportunities for productive research in the area of HIV-associated malignancies, international collaborations involving US-based investigators and those in developing countries have been limited. The objective of this supplemental program to the UCLA-Fogarty AIRTP (AIDS International Training and Research Programs, Dr. Roger Detels, PI) is to provide significant research training opportunities in AIDS malignancies-related research for investigators from developing countries, with the aim of enhancing their ability to conduct research in this area. A secondary objective is to enhance the ability of UCLAbased investigators to carry out research in AIDS-associated cancers, much of which is funded by existing grants from the NIH-NCI, by facilitating international interactions that provide access to unique patient populations, resources, or research collaborations. At this time, there are several active international collaborations in the area of HIVassociated malignancies involving UCLA faculty and researchers in China and Brazil, on topics such as HHV8 molecular virology and pathogenesis, HPV infection and cervical dysplasia in HIV+ women, and the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of AIDSlymphoma. This supplemental program will be led by Drs. Otoniel Martinez-Maza and Ren Sun, investigators whose primary research interests are the immuno-pathogenesis of AIDS-associated malignancies and HHV8 molecular virology, respectively. This supplemental program will support both medium-term and long-term research training visits by investigators (primarily postdoctoral-level) from developing countries to work with appropriate investigators at UCLA. In addition to individualized medium- and long-term training opportunities, supplemental AITRP funding will be used to sponsor working visits by UCLA-based investigators to interact with collaborators abroad and/or to participate in workshops in developing countries on issues that are relevant to AIDS malignancies research. Short working visits by foreign investigators, including prior AITRP trainees, to UCLA, to develop or maintain collaborations in HIV-associated cancer research, also will be supported. Finally, a limited number of small re-entry seed grants will be provided to select program trainees. Overall, this supplemental program will allow the maintenance and expansion of existing collaborative interactions, will help build the capacity of foreign investigators to do AIDS-malignancies research, and will enhance the ability of UCLA-based investigators to carry out NIH/NCI-sponsored studies in AIDS and cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cervical dysplasia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cervical dysplasia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Liu T, Soong SJ, Wilson NP, Craig CB, Cole P, Macaluso M, Butterworth CE Jr. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1993 November-December; 2(6): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8268768&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical decision analysis of cryotherapy compared with expectant management for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Hamm RM, Loemker V, Reilly KL, Johnson G, Dubois P, Staveley-O'Carroll K, Brand J, Owens T, Smith K. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 September; 47(3): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752371&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison between loop diathermy conization and cold-knife conization for management of cervical dysplasia associated with unsatisfactory colposcopy. Author(s): Oyesanya OA, Amerasinghe C, Manning EA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1993 July; 50(1): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349168&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison between loop electrosurgical excision procedure and cold knife conization for treatment of cervical dysplasia: residual disease in a subsequent hysterectomy specimen. Author(s): Huang LW, Hwang JL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1999 April; 73(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094873&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the evaluation and treatment of cervical dysplasia by gynecologists and nurse practitioners. Author(s): Morris DL, McLean CH, Bishop SL, Harlow KC. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1998 April; 23(4): 101-2, 108-10, 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579352&dopt=Abstract

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A follow-up study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Richart RM, Barron BA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 October 1; 105(3): 386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5810787&dopt=Abstract

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A longitudinal analysis of human papillomavirus 16 infection, nutritional status, and cervical dysplasia progression. Author(s): Liu T, Soong SJ, Alvarez RD, Butterworth CE Jr. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1995 June; 4(4): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7655333&dopt=Abstract

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A method for the collection and examination of the exfoliative cytology of the human female reproductive tract from menstrual blood flow-Case reports: cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Freund M. Source: Acta Cytol. 1977 July-August; 21(4): 497-500. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=269597&dopt=Abstract

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A nuclear DNA study of uterine cervical dysplasia with reference to its prognostic significance. Author(s): Yokosuka K, Sato K, Izutsu T, Kagabu T, Nishiya I, Wied GL. Source: Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 November; 40(11): 1760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3235889&dopt=Abstract

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A one-step method for detecting and typing human papillomavirus DNA in cervical scrape specimens from women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Webb DH, Rogers RE, Fife KH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 December; 156(6): 912-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2824626&dopt=Abstract

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A phase I trial of topically applied trans-retinoic acid in cervical dysplasia-clinical efficacy. Author(s): Weiner SA, Surwit EA, Graham VE, Meyskens FL Jr. Source: Investigational New Drugs. 1986; 4(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818228&dopt=Abstract

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A population-based, controlled study of the relation between HIV infection and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Brocklehurst P. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 July; 102(7): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647075&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of interferon-alpha in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Gostout BS, Hartmann LC, Suman VJ, Fay NE, Jefferies JA, Morton RF, Gaffey TA, Farr GH Jr, Tschetter LK, Abu-Ghazaleh S, Gallenberg MM, Hatfield AK. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 August; 74(2): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502303&dopt=Abstract

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A study of cervical carcinoma and its precursor lesions. Part II: Cervical dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ. Author(s): Ranney B, Han H, Corrigan B. Source: S D J Med. 1980 October; 33(10): 5-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6932737&dopt=Abstract

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Acetic acid visualization of the cervix to detect cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Van Le L, Broekhuizen FF, Janzer-Steele R, Behar M, Samter T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 February; 81(2): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8423967&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescents' knowledge of human papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Gerhardt CA, Pong K, Kollar LM, Hillard PJ, Rosenthal SL. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2000 February; 13(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742668&dopt=Abstract

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Age and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Johnston M, Benrubi GI, Nuss RC, Nestok B. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 November; 81(11): 1458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3187639&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of telomerase as a diagnostic biomarker of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Jarboe EA, Liaw KL, Thompson LC, Heinz DE, Baker PL, McGregor JA, Dunn T, Woods JE, Shroyer KR. Source: Oncogene. 2002 January 21; 21(4): 664-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850794&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies to herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2) in Jamaican patients with cervical dysplasia and neoplasia. Author(s): Prabhakar P, Rao BN, Hosang R, Narla VR, Persaud V. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1984 June; 33(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6091343&dopt=Abstract

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Antineoblastic activity of antioxidant vitamins: the role of folic acid in the prevention of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Grio R, Piacentino R, Marchino GL, Navone R. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1993 December; 35(4): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8202330&dopt=Abstract

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Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism C677T and dietary folate with the risk of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Goodman MT, McDuffie K, Hernandez B, Wilkens LR, Bertram CC, Killeen J, Le Marchand L, Selhub J, Murphy S, Donlon TA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 December; 10(12): 1275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751445&dopt=Abstract

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Association of skin and other lesions with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Hartveit F. Source: Oncology. 1988; 45(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3353072&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior of mild cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Author(s): Nasiell K, Roger V, Nasiell M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 May; 67(5): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3960438&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior of moderate cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Author(s): Nasiell K, Nasiell M, Vaclavinkova V. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 May; 61(5): 609-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6835614&dopt=Abstract

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beta-Carotene and cervical dysplasia trials in Australia. Author(s): Mackerras D, Baghurst P, Fairley C, Irwig L, Weisberg E, Simpson J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 December 31; 691: 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8129305&dopt=Abstract

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Can cervical dysplasia and cancer be prevented with nutrients? Author(s): Giuliano AR, Gapstur S. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 January; 56(1 Pt 1): 9-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481113&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon dioxide laser treatment of cervical dysplasia in teenagers. Author(s): Sagot P, Lopes P, Mensier A, Barriere P, Boog G. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1992 September 23; 46(2-3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451891&dopt=Abstract

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Case-control study of plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B(12), and cysteine as markers of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Goodman MT, McDuffie K, Hernandez B, Wilkens LR, Selhub J. Source: Cancer. 2000 July 15; 89(2): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918169&dopt=Abstract

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Cell-mediated immunity to encephalitogenic factor (MMI test) in women with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: the effects of serum. Author(s): Flavell DJ, Singer A, Potter CW. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1978 September; 38(3): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=81675&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and cancer developing in women on immunosuppression therapy for renal homotransplantation. Author(s): Kay S, Frable WJ, Hume DM. Source: Cancer. 1970 November; 26(5): 1048-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4920398&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and condyloma as risks for carcinoma. Two case studies. Author(s): Toole KA, Vigilante P. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1990 May-June; 15(3): 170-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2113975&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and condylomata acuminata in young women. Author(s): Deitch KV, Smith JE. Source: Jogn Nurs. 1983 May-June; 12(3): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6553104&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and HIV type 1 infection in African pregnant women: a cross sectional study, Kigali, Rwanda. The Pregnancy and HIV Study Group (EGE). Author(s): Leroy V, Ladner J, De Clercq A, Meheus A, Nyiraziraje M, Karita E, Dabis F. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 April; 75(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448362&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and human immunodeficiency virus infection in women: prevalence and associated factors. Groupe d'Epidemiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine (GESCA). Author(s): Hocke C, Leroy V, Morlat P, Rivel J, Duluc MC, Boulogne N, Tandonnet B, Dupon M, Brun JL, Dabis F. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 October; 81(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846718&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus. Author(s): Carmichael JA, Maskens PD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 April; 160(4): 916-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2540656&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia associated with azathioprine (Imuran) therapy. Author(s): Gupta PK, Pinn VM, Taft PD. Source: Acta Cytol. 1969 July; 13(7): 373-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4899158&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in a large, predominantly black practice as diagnosed by colposcopy in patients with normal and class II Papanicolaou smears. Author(s): Kioko GM. Source: J Reprod Med. 1979 April; 22(4): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=458768&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in a nonadherent woman with AIDS. Author(s): Ball SC. Source: Aids Read. 2000 September; 10(9): 514, 517. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019437&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in HIV-seropositive women: role of human papillomavirus infection and immune status. Author(s): Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Butini L, Vecchi A, Montroni M. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1995; 40(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7557645&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: progression versus regression post-partum. Author(s): Siddiqui G, Kurzel RB, Lampley EC, Kang HS, Blankstein J. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2001 September-October; 46(5): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720201&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in the postmenopausal female: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Teaff NL, Malone JM Jr, Ginsburg KA, Bartles LW, Haigler BB. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1991 February; 34(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1671369&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a correlation with HIV viral load and CD4+ count. Author(s): Davis AT, Chakraborty H, Flowers L, Mosunjac MB. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2001 March; 80(3): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263930&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in women with HIV. Author(s): Goodman L, Croke V, Rodman A, Alexander MK. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1999 August; 24(8): 79-80, 82, 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479112&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia in young women. Author(s): Singer A. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1975 April; 68(4): 236. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1197318&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia on cervicovaginal Papanicolaou smear among HIV-1-infected pregnant and nonpregnant women. Women and Infants Transmission Study. Author(s): Stratton P, Gupta P, Riester K, Fox H, Zorrilla C, Tuomala R, Eriksen N, Vajaranant M, Minkoff H, Fowler MG. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1999 March 1; 20(3): 300-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077181&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia regression induced by all-trans-retinoic acid. Author(s): Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1994 April 6; 86(7): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133526&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia treatment: key issues for developing countries. Author(s): Bishop A, Sherris J, Tsu VD, Kilbourne-Brook M. Source: Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1996 December; 30(4): 378-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9041749&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia upturn worries gynecologists, health officials. Author(s): Raymond CA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 May 8; 257(18): 2397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3033341&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia, ploidy, and human papillomavirus status correlate with loss of Fhit expression. Author(s): Vecchione A, Zanesi N, Trombetta G, French D, Visca P, Pisani T, Botti C, Vecchione A, Croce CM, Mancini R. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2001 May; 7(5): 1306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350899&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia. An overview of current concepts in epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatments. Author(s): Cashavelly BJ. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1987 August; 10(4): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664459&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: association with sexual behavior, smoking, and oral contraceptive use? Author(s): Clarke EA, Hatcher J, McKeown-Eyssen GE, Lickrish GM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 March 1; 151(5): 612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3976761&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: cytology class III D and CIN I-II. Author(s): Naujoks H. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1985 January; 179(3): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2984645&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: early intervention. Author(s): Marshall K. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2003 May; 8(2): 156-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777161&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: encapsulated DNA treatment shows promise. Author(s): Habeck M. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 January 1; 8(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546976&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: its significance. 3. Biological behaviour. Author(s): Luthra UK, Mali S, Wahi PN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 April; 57(4): 629-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805370&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: its significance. I. Cytomorphological studies. Author(s): Wahi PN, Luthra UK, Mali S. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 April; 57(4): 617-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805368&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical dysplasia: its significance. II. Clinical and epidemiological studies. Author(s): Mali S, Luthra UK, Wahi PN. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 April; 57(4): 624-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805369&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia in Hispanic, Native American, and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico. Author(s): Becker TM, Wheeler CM, McGough NS, Jordan SW, Dorin M, Miller J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 May; 81(5): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1849706&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical tissue uptake of all-trans-retinoic acid delivered via a collagen spongecervical cap delivery device in patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Peng YM, Alberts DS, Graham V, Surwit EA, Weiner S, Meyskens FL Jr. Source: Investigational New Drugs. 1986; 4(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3818229&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the topological expression of markers of differentiation and apoptosis in defined stages of human cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Zanotti S, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Mannherz HG. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 June; 89(3): 376-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798698&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Costa S, Barnabe D, Medori A, Zanardi C, Sangiorgi B, Barrasso R, Faccioli G. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1982; 3(2): 107-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7166169&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydial infection in women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Schachter J, Hill EC, King EB, Coleman VR, Jones P, Meyer KF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 December 1; 123(7): 753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1200069&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosomal aberrations & sister chromatid exchanges in relation to herpes simplex virus antibody in women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Murty VV, Mitra AB, Sharma BK, Pratap M, Murthy NS, Luthra UK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1986 January; 83: 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3009321&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking and cervical dysplasia among non-Hispanic black women. Author(s): Kanetsky PA, Gammon MD, Mandelblatt J, Zhang ZF, Ramsey E, Wright TC Jr, Thomas L, Matseoane S, Lazaro N, Felton HT, Sachdev RK, Richart RM, Curtin JP. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1998; 22(2): 109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544431&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Author(s): Becker TM, Wheeler CM, McGough NS, Parmenter CA, Stidley CA, Jamison SF, Jordan SW. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1994 March; 3(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8049632&dopt=Abstract

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Class-specific antibodies (IgG and IgA) to membrane antigens of Herpes simplex type 2-infected cells in patients with cervical dysplasia and neoplasia. Author(s): Mendis LN, Best JM, Banatvala JE. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1981 May 15; 27(5): 669-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6270022&dopt=Abstract

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Clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection by treatment for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Bollen LJ, Tjong-A-Hung SP, van der Velden J, Mol BW, Boer K, ten Kate FJ, Bleker OP, ter Schegget J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 September; 24(8): 456-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293608&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and laboratory studies of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Richart RM. Source: Trans N Engl Obstet Gynecol Soc. 1964; 18: 105-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5832962&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with topical tretinoin in the treatment of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Meyskens FL Jr, Surwit ES. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 October; 15(4 Pt 2): 8269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3534021&dopt=Abstract

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Colposcopic diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia at a single clinic visit. Experience of low-voltage diathermy loop in 1000 patients. Author(s): Bigrigg MA, Codling BW, Pearson P, Read MD, Swingler GR. Source: Lancet. 1990 July 28; 336(8709): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1973781&dopt=Abstract

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Colposcopy and electrocoagulation-diathermy for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Chansen W, Hollyock VE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 April; 37(4): 623-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5547861&dopt=Abstract

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Colposcopy and the conservative management of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Chanen W, Hollyock VE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 April; 43(4): 527-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4817004&dopt=Abstract

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Colposcopy in the management of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Kuroshima Y, Shinozuka T, Sahashi T, Shinohara M, Fujii A. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1984 December; 9(5-6): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6545482&dopt=Abstract

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Combined colposcopy, loop conization, and laser vaporization reduces recurrent abnormal cytology and residual disease in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Bar-Am A, Daniel Y, Ron IG, Niv J, Kupferminc MJ, Bornstein J, Lessing JB. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 July; 78(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873409&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative epidemiology of invasive carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma in situ, and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Terris M, Wilson F, Nelson JH Jr. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1980 August; 112(2): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7416151&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of human leukocyte antigen DR-DQ disease associations found with cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. Author(s): Apple RJ, Becker TM, Wheeler CM, Erlich HA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 March 15; 87(6): 427-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861462&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance with therapy for cervical dysplasia among women of low socioeconomic status. Author(s): Laedtke TW, Dignan M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1992 January; 85(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1734540&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance with therapy for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Varma JR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1992 July; 85(7): 783-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1631706&dopt=Abstract

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Conization for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: long term follow-up of 1013 women. Author(s): Larsson G. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1981; 70(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7316444&dopt=Abstract

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Content of folic acid and free homocysteine in blood serum of human papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A, Semczuk-Sikora A, Korobowicz E. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214730&dopt=Abstract

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Contraceptive and reproductive risks for cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Author(s): Becker TM, Wheeler CM, McGough NS, Stidley CA, Parmenter CA, Dorin MH, Jordan SW. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 October; 23(5): 913-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860171&dopt=Abstract

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Contraceptive choice and prevalence of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Ory H, Naib Z, Conger SB, Hatcher RA, Tyler CW Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 March 15; 124(6): 573-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1258912&dopt=Abstract

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Correlates of total plasma homocysteine: folic acid, copper, and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Thomson SW, Heimburger DC, Cornwell PE, Turner ME, Sauberlich HE, Fox LM, Butterworth CE. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 June; 16(6): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869895&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between the progression of cervical dysplasia and the prevalence of human papillomavirus. Author(s): Asato T, Nakajima Y, Nagamine M, Nakashima Y, Takei H, Maehama T, Yamashiro T, Higashi M, Nakayama M, Kanazawa K. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 April; 169(4): 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133117&dopt=Abstract

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Cryosurgery therapy of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Boelter WC 2nd, Newman RL. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1978 September-October; 75(5): 258-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=694339&dopt=Abstract

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Cryosurgical treatment of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Kaufman RH, Conner JS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 April 15; 109(8): 1167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5554848&dopt=Abstract

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Cytobrush in evaluation of cervical dysplasia. Is cervical curettage necessary? Author(s): Frost L. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1990; 69(7-8): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2094148&dopt=Abstract

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Cytokeratins in cervical dysplasia and neoplasia: a comparative study of immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies NCL-5D3, CAM 5.2, and PKK1. Author(s): Angus B, Kiberu S, Purvis J, Wilkinson L, Horne CH. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1988 May; 155(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2454306&dopt=Abstract

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Cytologic diagnosis of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Spjut HJ, Fechner RE. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 December; 10(4): 785-807. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4869846&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased serum retinol levels in women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Shimizu H, Nagata C, Komatsu S, Morita N, Higashiiwai H, Sugahara N, Hisamichi S. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 June; 73(12): 1600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664137&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Smith-McCune KK, Weidner N. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 February 1; 54(3): 800-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7508337&dopt=Abstract

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Design and results of the USA-Mexico border human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical dysplasia, and Chlamydia trachomatis study. Author(s): Giuliano AR, Denman C, Guernsey de Zapien J, Navarro Henze JL, Ortega L, Djambazov B, Mendez Brown de Galaz E, Hatch K. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2001 March; 9(3): 172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349353&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of genomic amplification of the human telomerase gene (TERC) in cytologic specimens as a genetic test for the diagnosis of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Janz V, Castle PE, Chaudhri N, White N, Wilber K, Morrison LE, Auer G, Burroughs FH, Sherman ME, Ried T. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 October; 163(4): 1405-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507648&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of high-grade cervical dysplasia: impact of age and Bethesda system terminology. Author(s): Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Paliescheskey M, Stewart GK, Howell L, Green W. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1997 November; 17(5): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360043&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA and evidence for integration into the cell DNA in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Shirasawa H, Tomita Y, Kubota K, Kasai T, Sekiya S, Takamizawa H, Simizu B. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1986 September; 67 ( Pt 9): 2011-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3018133&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of multiple human papillomavirus types in the lower genital tract correlates with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Fife KH, Cramer HM, Schroeder JM, Brown DR. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 August; 64(4): 550-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468743&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of serologic neutralizing antibodies against HPV-11 in patients with condyloma acuminata and cervical dysplasia using an in vitro assay. Author(s): Leiserowitz GS, Hall KS, Foster CA, Hitchcock ME, Christensen ND, Heim K, Smith LH. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1997 August; 66(2): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9264579&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of telomerase, its components, and human papillomavirus in cervical scrapings as a tool for triage in women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Reesink-Peters N, Helder MN, Wisman GB, Knol AJ, Koopmans S, Boezen HM, Schuuring E, Hollema H, de Vries EG, de Jong S, van der Zee AG. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 January; 56(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499429&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a contingency recruitment plan for a phase III chemoprevention trial of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Loescher LJ, Graham VE, Aickin M, Meyskens FL Jr, Surwit EA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990; 339: 151-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202990&dopt=Abstract

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Development of severe cervical dysplasia under treatment with azathioprine (Imuran). Author(s): Schramm G. Source: Acta Cytol. 1970 September-October; 14(8): 507-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5278280&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and prognosis of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Santa UV. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 December; 38(6): 811-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5125427&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake and blood levels of lycopene: association with cervical dysplasia among non-Hispanic, black women. Author(s): Kanetsky PA, Gammon MD, Mandelblatt J, Zhang ZF, Ramsey E, Dnistrian A, Norkus EP, Wright TC Jr. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1998; 31(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682246&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women. Author(s): Buckley DI, McPherson RS, North CQ, Becker TM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1992; 17(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1584710&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Wassertheil-Smoller S, Romney SL, Wylie-Rosett J, Slagle S, Miller G, Lucido D, Duttagupta C, Palan PR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981 November; 114(5): 714-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7304600&dopt=Abstract

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Distinguishing tubal metaplasia from endocervical dysplasia on cervical Papanicolaou smears. Author(s): Van Le L, Novotny D, Dotters DJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 78(5 Pt 2): 974-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1923244&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of isozyme patterns in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Prasad R, Kaufman RH, Mumford DM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 May; 43(5): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4822651&dopt=Abstract

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Does the treatment of genital condylomata in men decrease the treatment failure rate of cervical dysplasia in the female sexual partner? Author(s): Krebs HB, Helmkamp BF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 October; 76(4): 660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216199&dopt=Abstract

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Early progression stage of malignancy of uterine cervical dysplasia as revealed by immunohistochemical demonstration of increased DNA-instability. Author(s): Khaled A, Imamura Y, Noriki S, Fukuda M. Source: Eur J Histochem. 2000; 44(2): 143-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968362&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of total plasma homocysteine on cervical dysplasia risk. Author(s): Thomson SW, Heimburger DC, Cornwell PE, Turner ME, Sauberlich HE, Fox LM, Butterworth CE. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 37(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142083&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of beta-carotene and other factors on outcome of cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Author(s): Romney SL, Ho GY, Palan PR, Basu J, Kadish AS, Klein S, Mikhail M, Hagan RJ, Chang CJ, Burk RD. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1997 June; 65(3): 483-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9190980&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of interferon-alpha on macrophage activation in patients with ovarian carcinoma and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Fuith LC, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Hetzel H, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Wachter H. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1989 June; 29(2): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2632803&dopt=Abstract

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Electrocoagulation diathermy for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: a 15-year survey. Author(s): Chanen W, Rome RM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 June; 61(6): 673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6843923&dopt=Abstract

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Electrocoagulation diathermy for the treatment of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Hollyock VE, Chanen W. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 February; 47(2): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1250542&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (moderate dysplasia) with topically applied all-trans-retinoic acid: a randomized trial. Author(s): Meyskens FL Jr, Surwit E, Moon TE, Childers JM, Davis JR, Dorr RT, Johnson CS, Alberts DS. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1994 April 6; 86(7): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133537&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of cervical dysplasia treatment by large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). Does completeness of excision determine outcome? Author(s): de Cabezon RH, Sala CV, Gomis SS, Lliso AR, Bellvert CG. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 May; 78(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9605455&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of Papanicolaou smear and effect of sample biopsy in follow-up of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Youkeles L, Forsythe AB, Stern E. Source: Cancer Research. 1976 June; 36(6): 2080-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1268861&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of MN/CA9 protein in Papanicolaou smears containing atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance is a diagnostic biomarker of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia. Author(s): Liao SY, Stanbridge EJ. Source: Cancer. 2000 March 1; 88(5): 1108-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699902&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of the MN antigen in cervical papanicolaou smears is an early diagnostic biomarker of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Liao SY, Stanbridge EJ. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 July; 5(7): 549-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827360&dopt=Abstract

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Familial cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Saltzman CL, Hensinger RN, Blane CE, Phillips WA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 February; 73(2): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1993711&dopt=Abstract

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Folate deficiency and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Macaluso M, Cole P, Sauberlich HE, Soong SJ, Borst M, Baker VV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 January 22-29; 267(4): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729576&dopt=Abstract

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Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine status. findings of no relation between human papillomavirus persistence and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Sedjo RL, Fowler BM, Schneider A, Henning SM, Hatch K, Giuliano AR. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781848&dopt=Abstract

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Folic acid and vitamin C in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Norris D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 February; 37(2): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6823899&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of HPV infection and GSH levels in plasma of women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Kwasniewska A, Tukendorf A, Semczuk M. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1997; 18(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174835&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent allelic imbalance of tumor suppressor gene loci in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Luft F, Gebert J, Schneider A, Melsheimer P, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1999 October; 18(4): 374-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10542947&dopt=Abstract

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Frequent detection of human papilloma viruses in cervical dysplasia by PCR singlestrand DNA-conformational polymorphism analysis. Author(s): Nakagawa H, Sugano K, Fujii T, Kubushiro K, Tsukazaki K, Nozawa S. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 May-June; 22(3): 1655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168850&dopt=Abstract

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Fully automated proteomic detection of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Keesee SK, Domanik R, Patterson B. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2002 June; 24(3): 137-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102125&dopt=Abstract

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Genital herpetic infection. Association with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Naib ZM, Nahmias AJ, Josey WE, Kramer JH. Source: Cancer. 1969 April; 23(4): 940-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4304780&dopt=Abstract

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Genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia--opportunistic complications of HIV infection. Author(s): Laga M, Icenogle JP, Marsella R, Manoka AT, Nzila N, Ryder RW, Vermund SH, Heyward WL, Nelson A, Reeves WC. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1992 January 2; 50(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1309459&dopt=Abstract

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Global DNA hypomethylation increases progressively in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Kim YI, Giuliano A, Hatch KD, Schneider A, Nour MA, Dallal GE, Selhub J, Mason JB. Source: Cancer. 1994 August 1; 74(3): 893-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039116&dopt=Abstract

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Grading cervical dysplasia with AgNORs using a semiautomated image analysis system. Author(s): Bharucha H, McCluggage G, Lee J, Bannister W, Kuan L, Wilhelm P, Nelson A. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1993 October; 15(5): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8259973&dopt=Abstract

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Growth retardation in human cervical dysplasia-derived cell lines by beta-carotene through down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Author(s): Muto Y, Fujii J, Shidoji Y, Moriwaki H, Kawaguchi T, Noda T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 December; 62(6 Suppl): 1535S1540S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7495256&dopt=Abstract

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Growth suppression and induction of heat-shock protein-70 by 9-cis beta-carotene in cervical dysplasia-derived cells. Author(s): Toba T, Shidoji Y, Fujii J, Moriwaki H, Muto Y, Suzuki T, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Source: Life Sciences. 1997; 61(8): 839-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9275014&dopt=Abstract

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Herpes simplex virus and human cancer. III. Search for relationship of herpes simplex antibodies and cervical dysplasia and labial neoplasia. Author(s): Rotola A, Gerna G, Di Luca D, Virgili AR, Manservigi R, Cassai E. Source: Tumori. 1983 April 30; 69(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6304957&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of cervical dysplasia in female consorts of men with genital warts. Author(s): Hockenstrom T, Jonassen F, Knutsson F, Lowhagen GB, Radberg T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1987; 67(6): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2451377&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of cervical dysplasia in STD clinic patients warrants routine cytologic screening. Author(s): Briggs RM, Holmes KK, Kiviat N, Barker E, Eschenbach DA, DeJong R. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1980 November; 70(11): 12124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6893526&dopt=Abstract

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High-risk types of human papillomavirus associated with the progression of cervical dysplasia to carcinoma. Author(s): Saito J, Fukuda T, Hoshiai H, Noda K. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1999 August; 25(4): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540533&dopt=Abstract

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HLA DOA1 and DOB1 loci in Honduran women with cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma and their relationship to human papillomavirus infection. Author(s): Ferrera A, Olivo A, Alaez C, Melchers WJ, Gorodezky C. Source: Human Biology; an International Record of Research. 1999 June; 71(3): 367-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380373&dopt=Abstract

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HPV 11, 16 and 18 DNA sequences in cervical swabs from women with cervical dysplasia: prevalence and associated risk of progression. Author(s): Hording U, Daugaard S, Bock JE, Sebbelov AM, Norrild B. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1991 June 5; 40(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1649773&dopt=Abstract

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HPV DNA positivity and natural killer cell activity in the clinical outcome of mild cervical dysplasia: integration between virus and immune system. Author(s): Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Goteri G, De Nictolis M, Menso S, Muzzioli M, Fabris N. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1995; 39(2): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7737583&dopt=Abstract

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H-ras codon 12 mutation in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Van Le L, Stoerker J, Rinehart CA, Fowler WC. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1993 May; 49(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389312&dopt=Abstract

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Human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections: relation with cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in African women. Author(s): La Ruche G, You B, Mensah-Ado I, Bergeron C, Montcho C, Ramon R, ToureCoulibaly K, Welffens-Ekra C, Dabis F, Orth G. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 May 18; 76(4): 480-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590121&dopt=Abstract

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Human papillomavirus DNA after treatment of cervical dysplasia: low prevalence in normal cytologic smears. Author(s): Bollen LJ, Tjong-A-Hung SP, van der Velden J, Mol BW, Lammes FB, ten Kate FW, ter Schegget J, Bleker OP. Source: Cancer. 1996 June 15; 77(12): 2538-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640703&dopt=Abstract

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Human papillomavirus infection, cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer in Honduras: a case-control study. Author(s): Ferrera A, Velema JP, Figueroa M, Bulnes R, Toro LA, Claros JM, De Barahona O, Melchers WJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 September 9; 82(6): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10446444&dopt=Abstract

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Human papillomavirus, gonorrhea, syphilis, and cervical dysplasia in jailed women. Author(s): Bickell NA, Vermund SH, Holmes M, Safyer S, Burk RD. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 October; 81(10): 1318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928533&dopt=Abstract

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Humoral and cellular immunity to papillomavirus in patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Cubie HA, Norval M. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1988 January; 24(1): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2828535&dopt=Abstract

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Images in infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Bond S. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999; 7(6): 272. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10598914&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical demonstration of papillomavirus antigen in cervical dysplasia and vulvar condyloma. Author(s): Toki T, Oikawa N, Tase T, Satoh S, Wada Y, Yajima A. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1986; 22(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3021598&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical localization of survivin in benign cervical mucosa, cervical dysplasia, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Frost M, Jarboe EA, Orlicky D, Gianani R, Thompson LC, Enomoto T, Shroyer KR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 May; 117(5): 738-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090422&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoperoxidase localization of HSV2 antigens in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Setzu A, Puligheddu P, Marcello C, Parodo G, Liguori C, Zucca A, Lecca U. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1987; 8(6): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2826170&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomavirus antigens in cervical dysplasia and vulvar condylomas. Author(s): Kurman RJ, Shah KH, Lancaster WD, Jenson AB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 August 15; 140(8): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6267941&dopt=Abstract

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Implications of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Clarke EA, Anderson TW. Source: Lancet. 1980 June 28; 1(8183): 1420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6104208&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement in cervical dysplasia associated with folic acid therapy in users of oral contraceptives. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Gore H, Mueller H, Krumdieck CL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982 January; 35(1): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7064879&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and predictors of cervical dysplasia in patients with minimally abnormal Papanicolaou smears. Author(s): Shackelford DP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 January; 93(1): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9916981&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and predictors of cervical dysplasia in patients with minimally abnormal Papanicolaou smears. Author(s): Kobelin MH, Kobelin CG, Burke L, Lavin P, Niloff JM, Kim YB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 September; 92(3): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9721769&dopt=Abstract

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Increased cervical dysplasia in intravenous cyclophosphamide-treated patients with SLE: a preliminary study. Author(s): Bateman H, Yazici Y, Leff L, Peterson M, Paget SA. Source: Lupus. 2000; 9(7): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035421&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing antibody titers to herpes simplex virus type 2 during follow-up of women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Sprecher-Goldberger S, Thiry L, Gould I, Fassin Y, Gompel C. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1973 February; 97(2): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4347508&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of norethynodrel and mestranol upon cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Ayre JE, Hillemanns HG, Le GUERRIER J, Leguerrier J, Arsenault J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 July; 28(1): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5940458&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of specialty on pathology resource use in evaluation of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Shackelford DP, Griffin D, Hoffman MK, Jones DE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 November; 94(5 Pt 1): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546715&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of vitamin A on cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Wylie-Rosett JA, Romney SL, Slagle NS, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Miller GL, Palan PR, Lucido DJ, Duttagupta C. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1984; 6(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6545570&dopt=Abstract

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Interobserver variation in histopathological grading of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): de Vet HC, Knipschild PG, Schouten HJ, Koudstaal J, Kwee WS, Willebrand D, Sturmans F, Arends JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1990; 43(12): 1395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2254777&dopt=Abstract

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Isotretinoin for low-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virusinfected women. Author(s): Robinson WR, Andersen J, Darragh TM, Kendall MA, Clark R, Maiman M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 99(5 Pt 1): 777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978287&dopt=Abstract

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Local immune response in persistent cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Fukuda K, Hachisuga T, Nakamura S, Matsuo N, Iwasaka T, Sugimori H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 December; 82(6): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8233269&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term administration of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone on regression of low-grade cervical dysplasia--a pilot study. Author(s): Suh-Burgmann E, Sivret J, Duska LR, Del Carmen M, Seiden MV. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624548&dopt=Abstract

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Loop electrosurgical excision procedures for cervical dysplasia: experience in a community hospital. Author(s): Krebs HB, Pastore L, Helmkamp BF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 August; 169(2 Pt 1): 28993; Discussion 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8362938&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphoid follicles are generated in high-grade cervical dysplasia and have differing characteristics depending on HIV status. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Darragh T, Herndier B, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, Levine A, Grant LA, Hyun W, Weinberg V, Greenblatt R, Smith-McCune K. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 January; 160(1): 151-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786409&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant potential of cervical dysplasia: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Villasanta U. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 October; 61(10): 1018-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5746292&dopt=Abstract

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Management of cervical dysplasia at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Author(s): Muse JM, Vellios F, Edwards CL. Source: Tex Med. 1973 April; 69(4): 83-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4693370&dopt=Abstract

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Management of cervical dysplasia in pregnancy. Author(s): McGee JE. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1987 March; 12(3): 34, 37, 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3446215&dopt=Abstract

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Management of low-grade cervical dysplasia during pregnancy. Author(s): Patsner B. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 December; 83(12): 1405-6, 1412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2123562&dopt=Abstract

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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism C677T is not associated to the risk of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Lambropoulos AF, Agorastos T, Foka ZJ, Chrisafi S, Constantinidis TC, Bontis J, Kotsis A. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 March 10; 191(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618332&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiology of the female genital tract in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Author(s): Kumari S, Bhatia R, Agarwal DS, Mitra AB, Luthra UK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982 January; 75: 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7085038&dopt=Abstract

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Microphotometric nuclear DNA analysis in cervical dysplasia of the uterine cervix: its relation to the progression to malignancy and regression to normalcy. Author(s): Kashyap V, Das DK, Luthra UK. Source: Neoplasma. 1990; 37(5): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2234211&dopt=Abstract

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Mild cervical dysplasia. Experience in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Sondheimer SJ, Casey MV, Rubin M, Mangan C, Atkinson B, Huggins GR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 July; 28(7): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6887154&dopt=Abstract

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Natural history of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Spriggs AI. Source: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1981 April; 8(1): 65-79. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7021036&dopt=Abstract

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Neutralizing antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2 in carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma in situ and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): McDonald AD, Williams MC, Manfreda J, West R. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1974 August; 100(2): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4368955&dopt=Abstract

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New markers for cervical dysplasia to visualise the genomic chaos created by aberrant oncogenic papillomavirus infections. Author(s): von Knebel Doeberitz M. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2002 November; 38(17): 2229-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441259&dopt=Abstract

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Noncompliance in screening follow-up among family planning clinic patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Michielutte R, Diseker RA, Young LD, May WJ. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1985 March; 14(2): 248-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4048087&dopt=Abstract

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Non-detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical dysplasia and disease progression. Author(s): Iwasaka T, Matsuo N, Yokoyama M, Sugimori H. Source: Lancet. 1996 August 3; 348(9023): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8709702&dopt=Abstract

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Number of sexual partners and smoking behaviour as risk factors for cervical dysplasia: comments on the evaluation of interaction. Author(s): Eluf-Neto J. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 October; 23(5): 1101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860164&dopt=Abstract

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Observer variation in cytologic grading for cervical dysplasia of Papanicolaou smears with the PAPNET testing system. Author(s): Doornewaard H, van der Schouw YT, van der Graaf Y, Bos AB, van den Tweel JG. Source: Cancer. 1999 August 25; 87(4): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10455204&dopt=Abstract

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Office diagnosis and management of cervical dysplasia (colposcopy and cryosurgery in 32 patients). Author(s): Crapanzano JT. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1978 May; 130(5): 101-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=659955&dopt=Abstract

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Oral folic acid supplementation for cervical dysplasia: a clinical intervention trial. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Soong SJ, Cole P, Tamura T, Sauberlich HE, Borst M, Macaluso M, Baker V. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 166(3): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1312773&dopt=Abstract

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Oral progestins and regression of carcinoma in situ and cervical dysplasia. A cytologic evaluation. Author(s): Ayre JE, Reyner FC, Fagundes WB, Leguerrier JM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 October; 34(4): 545-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5822680&dopt=Abstract

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Outpatient procedures for cervical dysplasia: a 3 year review of laser vaporisation and LEEP. Author(s): Lee KE, Koh CF, Watt WF. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1999 March; 54(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972004&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of p16INK4A in liquid-based specimens (SurePath) as marker of cervical dysplasia and neoplasia. Author(s): Saqi A, Pasha TL, McGrath CM, Yu GH, Zhang P, Gupta P. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 December; 27(6): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451568&dopt=Abstract

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Papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Shah KH, Lewis MG, Jenson AB, Kurman RJ, Lancaster WD. Source: Lancet. 1980 November 29; 2(8205): 1190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6107787&dopt=Abstract

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Patient distress and satisfaction with optical spectroscopy in cervical dysplasia detection. Author(s): Basen-Engquist K, Shinn EH, Warneke C, de Moor C, Le T, Richards-Kortum R, Follen M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 189(4): 1136-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586367&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent genital human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for persistent cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Ho GY, Burk RD, Klein S, Kadish AS, Chang CJ, Palan P, Basu J, Tachezy R, Lewis R, Romney S. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995 September 20; 87(18): 1365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658497&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent uterine cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Sehgal A, Singh V, Bhambhani S, Luthra UK. Source: Cancer. 1991 June 15; 67(12): 3165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2044060&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Romney SL, Duttagupta C, Basu J, Palan PR, Karp S, Slagle NS, Dwyer A, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Wylie-Rosett J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 April 1; 151(7): 976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985059&dopt=Abstract

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Ploidy patterns in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Bibbo M, Bartels PH, Dytch HE, Wied GL. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1985 September; 7(3): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4052223&dopt=Abstract

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Preclinical feasibility study of NMP179, a nuclear matrix protein marker for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Keesee SK, Meyer JL, Hutchinson ML, Cibas ES, Sheets EE, Marchese J, Oreper A, Potz D, Wu YJ. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 November-December; 43(6): 1015-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578972&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting residual disease after excision of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Johnson N, Khalili M, Hirschowitz L, Ralli F, Porter R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 October; 110(10): 952-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14550367&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of recurrent and residual cervical dysplasia by human papillomavirus detection among patients with abnormal cytology. Author(s): Bollen LJ, Tjong-A-Hung SP, van der Velden J, Mol BW, ten Kate FW, ter Schegget J, Bleker OP. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1999 February; 72(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10021301&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of cervical dysplasia and HPV infection according to sexual behavior. Author(s): Azocar J, Abad SM, Acosta H, Hernandez R, Gallegos M, Pifano E, Blanch R, Kramar A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 April 15; 45(4): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2157672&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes, as analyzed by PCR, in a population-based sample of women with and without cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Gjooen K, Olsen AO, Magnus P, Grinde B, Sauer T, Orstavik I. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1996 January; 104(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8645461&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic features of cervical dysplasia associated with specific types of HPV DNA and cytologic features characteristic of HPV infection in dysplasia. Author(s): Sato S, Maruta J, Ito K, Konno R, Yajima A, Sasaki H. Source: Acta Cytol. 1998 November-December; 42(6): 1377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850646&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferating and non-proliferating compartments in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Rubio CA, Lagerlof B. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [a]. 1975 January; 83(1): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1124650&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in normal cervix and in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Mittal K. Source: Human Pathology. 1994 September; 25(9): 964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916322&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferative T cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 L1 peptides in patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Shepherd PS, Rowe AJ, Cridland JC, Coletart T, Wilson P, Luxton JC. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1996 April; 77 ( Pt 4): 593-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8627247&dopt=Abstract

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Proliferative T cell responses to the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein in women with cervical dysplasia and cervical carcinoma and in healthy individuals. Author(s): Luxton JC, Rowe AJ, Cridland JC, Coletart T, Wilson P, Shepherd PS. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1996 July; 77 ( Pt 7): 1585-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8758003&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoneuroimmunological aspects of disease progression among women with human papillomavirus-associated cervical dysplasia and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 co-infection. Author(s): Goodkin K, Antoni MH, Helder L, Sevin B. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1993; 23(2): 119-48. Review. Erratum In: Int J Psychiatry Med 1996; 26(2): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8395480&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo. Author(s): Hornung R, Pham TH, Keefe KA, Berns MW, Tadir Y, Tromberg BJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 November; 14(11): 2908-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548647&dopt=Abstract

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Recrudescence of cervical dysplasia among women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control analysis. Author(s): Tate DR, Anderson RJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015501&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced levels of connexin43 in cervical dysplasia: inducible expression in a cervical carcinoma cell line decreases neoplastic potential with implications for tumor progression. Author(s): King TJ, Fukushima LH, Hieber AD, Shimabukuro KA, Sakr WA, Bertram JS. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 June; 21(6): 1097-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836996&dopt=Abstract

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Regular disappearance of the human papillomavirus genome after conization of cervical dysplasia by carbon dioxide laser. Author(s): Kjellberg L, Wadell G, Bergman F, Isaksson M, Angstrom T, Dillner J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 183(5): 123842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084572&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of cervical dysplasia with hyperthermia. Author(s): Shecterle LM, Zablow A, St Cyr JA. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 2000 SeptemberOctober; 16(5): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001577&dopt=Abstract

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Risk assessment in cervical dysplasia patients by single cell gel electrophoresis assay: a study of DNA damage and repair. Author(s): Udumudi A, Jaiswal M, Rajeswari N, Desai N, Jain S, Balakrishna N, Rao KV, Ahuja YR. Source: Mutation Research. 1998 January 30; 412(2): 195-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9539974&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for cervical dysplasia in Kerala, India. Author(s): Varghese C, Amma NS, Chitrathara K, Dhakad N, Rani P, Malathy L, Nair MK. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1999; 77(3): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212523&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women: a pilot study. Author(s): Becker TM, Wheeler CM, McPherson RS, Kratochvil A, Parmenter CA, North CQ, Miller JA. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 October-December; 35(4): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8160918&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for cervical dysplasia: implications for prevention. Author(s): de Vet HC, Sturmans F. Source: Public Health. 1994 July; 108(4): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066168&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the vaginal microbiological ecosystem and cytokine profile in the promotion of cervical dysplasia: a case-control study. Author(s): Behbakht K, Friedman J, Heimler I, Aroutcheva A, Simoes J, Faro S. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(4): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648311&dopt=Abstract

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Rosette formation and inhibition in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Sawanobori S, Ashman RB, Nahmias AJ, Benigno BB, LaVia MF. Source: Cancer Research. 1977 December; 37(12): 4332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=922724&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for cervical dysplasia in department of genitourinary medicine. Author(s): Tait IA, Alawattegama AB, Rees E. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 August; 64(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169756&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reported health concerns and sexual behaviors in adolescents with cervical dysplasia. A pilot study. Author(s): Biro FM, Rosenthal SL, Wildey LS, Hillard PA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1991 July; 12(5): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1751508&dopt=Abstract

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Serological and T-helper cell responses to human papillomavirus type 16 L1 in women with cervical dysplasia or cervical carcinoma and in healthy controls. Author(s): Luxton JC, Rose RC, Coletart T, Wilson P, Shepherd PS. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1997 April; 78 ( Pt 4): 917-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129666&dopt=Abstract

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Serological response to HPV 16 in cervical dysplasia and neoplasia: correlation of antibodies to E6 with cervical cancer. Author(s): Ghosh AK, Smith NK, Stacey SN, Glew SS, Connor ME, Arrand JR, Stern PL. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 February 20; 53(4): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382193&dopt=Abstract

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Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa H, Noda K, Nozawa S, Yajima A, Sekiya S, Sugimori H, Hirai Y, Kanazawa K, Sugase M, Kawana T. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584887&dopt=Abstract

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Serum micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in Southwestern American Indian women. Author(s): Yeo AS, Schiff MA, Montoya G, Masuk M, van Asselt-King L, Becker TM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 141-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525590&dopt=Abstract

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Serum retinol level and risk of subsequent cervical cancer in cases with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Higashiiwai H, Sugahara N, Morita N, Komatsu S, Hisamichi S. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1999; 17(4): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225004&dopt=Abstract

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Severe cervical dysplasia and nasal cartilage calcification following prenatal warfarin exposure. Author(s): Howe AM, Lipson AH, de Silva M, Ouvrier R, Webster WS. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 September 5; 71(4): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286443&dopt=Abstract

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Severe cervical dysplasia. Control by biopsies or primary conization? A comparative study. Author(s): Westergaard L, Norgaard M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1981; 60(6): 549-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7336893&dopt=Abstract

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Sexually transmitted diseases and other risk factors for cervical dysplasia among southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Author(s): Becker TM, Wheeler CM, McGough NS, Parmenter CA, Jordan SW, Stidley CA, McPherson RS, Dorin MH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 20; 271(15): 1181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151876&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of smoking and detection of serum antibodies to cytomegalovirus in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Grail A, Norval M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1988 November; 95(11): 1103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2849986&dopt=Abstract

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Some (regressive) effects of DMSO dexamethasone upon cervical cells in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Author(s): Ayre JE, LeGuerrier J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1967 March 15; 141(1): 414-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5232254&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of interobserver variation in histopathological grading of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): de Vet HC, Knipschild PG, Schouten HJ, Koudstaal J, Kwee WS, Willebrand D, Sturmans F, Arends JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992 July; 45(7): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1619458&dopt=Abstract

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Specific HLA class I down-regulation is an early event in cervical dysplasia associated with clinical progression. Author(s): Bontkes HJ, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, Helmerhorst TJ, Stern PL. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 17; 351(9097): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449880&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of secretory immunoglobulins in cervical mucus of women with uterine cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Sharma BK, Gupta MM, Saha K, Luthra UK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1987 January; 85: 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3034776&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid contraceptive use and cervical dysplasia: increased risk of progression. Author(s): Stern E, Forsythe AB, Youkeles L, Coffelt CF. Source: Science. 1977 June 24; 196(4297): 1460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=867043&dopt=Abstract

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Stress and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): De Punzio C, Salvestroni C, Guazzelli G, Papa MC, Freschi G, Ferdeghini M, Masoni S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998; 19(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641233&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic lupus erythematosus: predisposition for uterine cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Blumenfeld Z, Lorber M, Yoffe N, Scharf Y. Source: Lupus. 1994 February; 3(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8025589&dopt=Abstract

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The association of numerous life changes with cervical dysplasia and metaplasia. Author(s): Walters CA, Gallucci BB, Molbo DM, Pesznecker BL, Holmes TH. Source: Cancer Nursing. 1980 December; 3(6): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6903476&dopt=Abstract

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The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. Author(s): Goodman MT, Kiviat N, McDuffie K, Hankin JH, Hernandez B, Wilkens LR, Franke A, Kuypers J, Kolonel LN, Nakamura J, Ing G, Branch B, Bertram CC, Kamemoto L, Sharma S, Killeen J. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 June; 7(6): 537-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641499&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical significance of the poor correlation of cervical dysplasia and cervical malignancy with referral cytologic results. Author(s): Lonky NM, Sadeghi M, Tsadik GW, Petitti D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 181(3): 560-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486464&dopt=Abstract

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The correlation between HIV seropositivity, cervical dysplasia, and HPV subtypes 6/11, 16/18, 31/33/35. Author(s): Tweddel G, Heller P, Cunnane M, Multhaupt H, Roth K. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1994 February; 52(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8314133&dopt=Abstract

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The demonstration of papilloma virus in cervical dysplasia and/or neoplasia. Author(s): Ghosh L, Nadimpalli VR, Ronan SG, Robertson AL Jr. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1986 May; 32(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3014223&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of beta-carotene on the regression and progression of cervical dysplasia: a clinical experiment. Author(s): de Vet HC, Knipschild PG, Willebrand D, Schouten HJ, Sturmans F. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1991; 44(3): 273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1999687&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of 9-cis-retinoic acid (aliretinoin) as a chemopreventive agent for cervical dysplasia: results of a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Alvarez RD, Conner MG, Weiss H, Klug PM, Niwas S, Manne U, Bacus J, Kagan V, Sexton KC, Grubbs CJ, Eltoum IE, Grizzle WE. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 February; 12(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582020&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology and interrelationship of cervical dysplasia and type 2 herpesvirus in a low-income housing project. Author(s): Ory HW, Jenkins R, Byrd JY, Nahmias AJ, Tyler CW, Allen DT, Conger SB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 October 1; 123(3): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=170825&dopt=Abstract

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The fate of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Sedlis A, Cohen A, Sall S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 August 1; 107(7): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5429973&dopt=Abstract

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The hazard of cryosurgery for treatment of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Saidi MH, White AJ, Weinberg PC. Source: J Reprod Med. 1977 August; 19(2): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=894648&dopt=Abstract

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The increased frequency of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is related to the degree of immunosuppression. Author(s): Schafer A, Friedmann W, Mielke M, Schwartlander B, Koch MA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 February; 164(2): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1992708&dopt=Abstract

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The intrauterine device and cervical neoplasia. A prospective study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Richart RM, Barron BA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 March 13; 199(11): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6071295&dopt=Abstract

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The management of minor degrees of cervical dysplasia associated with the human papilloma virus. Author(s): Carmichael JA. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1991 November-December; 64(6): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1667239&dopt=Abstract

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The mode ages of women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Carson HJ, DeMay RM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 September; 82(3): 430-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8355947&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of cervical infection with human papillomaviruses and cervical dysplasia in Alaska Native women. Author(s): Davidson M, Schnitzer PG, Bulkow LR, Parkinson AJ, Schloss ML, Fitzgerald MA, Knight JA, Murphy CM, Kiviat NB, Toomey KE, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 April; 169(4): 792-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133094&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and cervical dysplasia in Jewish women. Author(s): Czernobilsky B, Zeituni M, Lancet M, Mazor B, Baram A, Deligdish L. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 May; 49(5): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=850575&dopt=Abstract

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The problem of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Wood HD, Clark JF. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1969 May; 69(3): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5789925&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of cervical dysplasia to in situ and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Author(s): Varga A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 July 15; 95(6): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5940593&dopt=Abstract

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The role of beta-carotene and other dietary factors in the aetiology of cervical dysplasia: results of a case-control study. Author(s): de Vet HC, Knipschild PG, Grol ME, Schouten HJ, Sturmans F. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 September; 20(3): 603-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1659558&dopt=Abstract

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The role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): de Vet HC, Sturmans F, Knipschild PG. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1994 November; 5(6): 631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841245&dopt=Abstract

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The role of nutrients in the prevention of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Author(s): Giuliano AR. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 5703. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906559&dopt=Abstract

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The role of sexual factors in the aetiology of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): de Vet HC, Knipschild PG, Sturmans F. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993 October; 22(5): 798-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8282457&dopt=Abstract

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The time lag between menarche and marriage as a risk factor for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Indira C, Murthy NS, Sehgal A, Satyanarayana L, Luthra UK. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1989; 42(9): 925-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2778471&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of cervical dysplasia by outpatient electrocauterization. Author(s): Richart RM, Sciarra JJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 May 15; 101(2): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5652954&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of cervical dysplasia with bromocriptine. Author(s): Donath EM, Schindler AE. Source: Lancet. 1984 July 21; 2(8395): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6146049&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of cervical dysplasia with electrocautery and tetracycline suppositories. Author(s): Wilbanks GD, Creasman WT, Kaufmann LA, Parker RT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 October 15; 117(4): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4582706&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of cervical dysplasia with large loop excision of the transformation zone: is endocervical curettage necessary? Author(s): Naumann RW, Crispens MA, Alvarez RD, Partridge EE, Shingleton HM, Kilgore LC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1996 October; 89(10): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865787&dopt=Abstract

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Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect aneuploidy in cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Kurtycz D, Nunez M, Arts T, Bauman C, Harris C, Inhorn S, Meisner L. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1996 July; 15(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807251&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cervical dysplasia & herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Luthra UK, Kotwani BG, Kochhar M, Khurana B, Seth P, Mohapatra LN, Mitra AB, Bhatnagar P, Prabhakar AK, Agarwal SS, et al. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1983 July; 78 Suppl: 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6654432&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cervical dysplasia and cancer: identification of c-myc status by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Aoyama C, Peters J, Senadheera S, Liu P, Shimada H. Source: Diagnostic Molecular Pathology : the American Journal of Surgical Pathology, Part B. 1998 December; 7(6): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207671&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cervical dysplasia with reference to the betel quid chewing habit. Author(s): Chakrabarti RN, Dutta K, Ghosh K, Sikdar S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1990; 11(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347336&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal 5-fluorouracil for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial. Author(s): Maiman M, Watts DH, Andersen J, Clax P, Merino M, Kendall MA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 December; 94(6): 954-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10576182&dopt=Abstract

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Viral characteristics of human papillomavirus infection and antioxidant levels as risk factors for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Ho GY, Palan PR, Basu J, Romney SL, Kadish AS, Mikhail M, WassertheilSmoller S, Runowicz C, Burk RD. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 November 23; 78(5): 594-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9808528&dopt=Abstract

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Women's feedback on a chemopreventive trial for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Bieniasz ME, Underwood D, Bailey J, Ruffin MT 4th. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2003 February; 16(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624859&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cervical dysplasia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervical Dysplasia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym): ·

A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Biostatistics Unit, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294. Source: Liu, T Soong, S J Wilson, N P Craig, C B Cole, P Macaluso, M Butterworth, C E Cancer-Epidemiol-Biomarkers-Prevolume 1993 Nov-December; 2(6): 525-30 1055-9965

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A longitudinal analysis of human papillomavirus 16 infection, nutritional status, and cervical dysplasia progression. Author(s): Biostatistics Unit, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300, USA. Source: Liu, T Soong, S J Alvarez, R D Butterworth, C E Cancer-Epidemiol-BiomarkersPrevolume 1995 June; 4(4): 373-80 1055-9965

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Antineoblastic activity of antioxidant vitamins: the role of folic acid in the prevention of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Turin, Italy. Source: Grio, R Piacentino, R Marchino, G L Navone, R Panminerva-Med. 1993 December; 35(4): 193-6 0031-0808

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Association of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism C677T and Dietary Folate with the Risk of Cervical Dysplasia. Author(s): Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 [M. T. G., K. M., B. H., L. R. W., L. L. M., S. M., T. A. D.]. Source: Goodman, M T McDuffie, K Hernandez, B Wilkens, L R Bertram, C C Killeen, J Le Marchand, L Selhub, J Murphy, S Donlon, T A Cancer-Epidemiol-BiomarkersPrevolume 2001 December; 10(12): 1275-80 1055-9965

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Beta-carotene and cervical dysplasia in trials in Australia. Source: Mackerras, D. Baghurst, P. Fairley, C. Irwig, L. Weisberg, E. Simpson, J. AnnNY-Acad-Sci. New York : New York Academy of Sciences, 1877-. 1993. volume 691 page 253-254. 0077-8923

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Can cervical dysplasia and cancer be prevented with nutrients? Author(s): Arizona Prevention Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA. Source: Giuliano, A R Gapstur, S Nutr-Revolume 1998 January; 56(1 Pt 1): 9-16 0029-6643

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Case-control study of plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B(12), and cysteine as markers of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): 1 Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. Source: Goodman, M T McDuffie, K Hernandez, B Wilkens, L R Selhub, J Cancer. 2000 July 15; 89(2): 376-82 0008-543X

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Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Author(s): University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131. Source: Becker, T M Wheeler, C M McGough, N S Parmenter, C A Stidley, C A Jamison, S F Jordan, S W Cancer-Epidemiol-Biomarkers-Prevolume 1994 Mar; 3(2): 113-9 10559965

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Content of alpha-tocopherol in blood serum of human Papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasias. Author(s): I Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lublin Medical Academy, Poland. Source: Kwasniewska, A Tukendorf, A Semczuk, M Nutr-Cancer. 1997; 28(3): 248-51 0163-5581

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Content of beta-carotene in blood serum of human papillomavirus infected women with cervical dysplasias. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Academy, Lublin, Poland. Source: Kwasniewska, A Tukendorf, A Semczuk, M Arch-Immunol-Ther-Exp-(Warsz). 1996; 44(5-6): 309-13 0004-069X

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Content of folic acid and free homocysteine in blood serum of human papillomavirus-infected women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lublin Medical Academy, Poland. Source: Kwasniewska, A Tukendorf, A Gozdzicka Jozefiak, A Semczuk Sikora, A Korobowicz, E Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 2002; 23(4): 311-6 0392-2936

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Correlates of total plasma homocysteine: folic acid, copper, and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Departments of Nutrition Sciences, Medicine, and Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3360, USA. Source: Thomson, S W Heimburger, D C Cornwell, P E Turner, M E Sauberlich, H E Fox, L M Butterworth, C E Nutrition. 2000 June; 16(6): 411-6 0899-9007

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Decreased serum retinol levels in women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University, School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Shimizu, H Nagata, C Komatsu, S Morita, N Higashiiwai, H Sugahara, N Hisamichi, S Br-J-Cancer. 1996 June; 73(12): 1600-4 0007-0920

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Development of a contingency recruitment plan for a phase III chemoprevention trial of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724. Source: Loescher, L J Graham, V E Aickin, M Meyskens, F L Surwit, E A Prog-Clin-BiolRes. 1990; 339151-63 0361-7742

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Dietary and serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago. Source: VanEenwyk, J Davis, F G Bowen, P E Int-J-Cancer. 1991 April 22; 48(1): 34-8 0020-7136

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Dietary intake and blood levels of lycopene: association with cervical dysplasia among non-Hispanic, black women. Author(s): Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA. [email protected] Source: Kantesky, P A Gammon, M D Mandelblatt, J Zhang, Z F Ramsey, E Dnistrian, A Norkus, E P Wright, T C Nutr-Cancer. 1998; 31(1): 31-40 0163-5581

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Dietary micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women. Author(s): University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131. Source: Buckley, D I McPherson, R S North, C Q Becker, T M Nutr-Cancer. 1992; 17(2): 179-85 0163-5581

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Effect of total plasma homocysteine on cervical dysplasia risk. Source: Thomson, S.W. Heimburger, D.C. Cornwell, P.E. Turner, M.E. Sauberlich, H.E. Fox, L.M. Butterworth, C.E. Jr. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 37 (2) page 128-133. 0163-5581

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Effects of beta-carotene and other factors on outcome of cervical dysplasia and human papillomavirus infection. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. Source: Romney, S L Ho, G Y Palan, P R Basu, J Kadish, A S Klein, S Mikhail, M Hagan, R J Chang, C J Burk, R D Gynecol-Oncol. 1997 June; 65(3): 483-92 0090-8258

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Enhancement of regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (moderate dysplasia) with topically applied all-trans-retinoic acid: a randomized trial. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson. Source: Meyskens, F L Surwit, E Moon, T E Childers, J M Davis, J R Dorr, R T Johnson, C S Alberts, D S J-Natl-Cancer-Inst. 1994 April 6; 86(7): 539-43 0027-8874

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Folate deficiency and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-3360. Source: Butterworth, C E Hatch, K D Macaluso, M Cole, P Sauberlich, H E Soong, S J Borst, M Baker, V V JAMA. 1992 January 22-29; 267(4): 528-33 0098-7484

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Folic acid deficiency and cervical dysplasia. Source: Butterworth, C.E. Jr. Pennington-Cent-Nutr-Ser. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press. 1993. volume 3 page 196-208.

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Frequency of HPV infection and GSH levels in plasma of women with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): I Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lublin Medical Academy, Poland. Source: Kwasniewska, A Tukendorf, A Semczuk, M Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 1997; 18(3): 196-9 0392-2936

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Growth retardation in human cervical dysplasia-derived cell lines by beta-carotene through down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Muto, Y Fujii, J Shidoji, Y Moriwaki, H Kawaguchi, T Noda, T Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 1995 December; 62(6 Suppl): 1535S-1540S 0002-9165

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Growth suppression and induction of heat-shock protein-70 by 9-cis beta-carotene in cervical dysplasia-derived cells. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Toba, T Shidoji, Y Fujii, J Moriwaki, H Muto, Y Suzuki, T Ohishi, N Yagi, K LifeSci. 1997; 61(8): 839-45 0024-3205

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Human papillomavirus detection in cervical dysplasias or neoplasias and in condylomata acuminata by in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes. Author(s): Departamento de Anatomia Patologica e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Source: Guimaraes, E M Brasileiro Filho, G Pena, S D Rev-Inst-Med-Trop-Sao-Paulo. 1992 Jul-August; 34(4): 309-14 0036-4665

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Influence of Vitamin A on cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Source: Wylie Rosett, Judith A. Romney, Seymour L. Slagle, N.Susan Wassertheil Smoller, Sylvia Miller, Gail L. Palan, Prabhudas R. Lucido, David J. Duttagupta, Charalekha. Nutr-Cancer. Philadelphia, Pa. : Franklin Institute Press. 1984. volume6 (1) page 49-57. charts. 0163-5581

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Isotretinoin for low-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virusinfected women. Author(s): Harrington Cancer Center/Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA. Source: Robinson, W R Andersen, J Darragh, T M Kendall, M A Clark, R Maiman, M Obstet-Gynecol. 2002 May; 99(5 Pt 1): 777-84 0029-7844

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Low vitamin C intake as a risk for cervical dysplasia. Source: Wassertheil Smoller, S. Bristol-Myers-Nutr-Symp. New York : Academic Press. 1983. volume 2 page 289-301. ill., charts.

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Measurements of ascorbic acid and glutathione in exfoliated cervicovaginal epithelial cells of smokers and women with cervical dysplasias. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, N.Y. Source: Basu, J Mikhail, M S Goldberg, G L Palan, P R Romney, S L Gynecol-ObstetInvest. 1990; 30(1): 48-51 0378-7346

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Nutrient antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of cervical dysplasias and cancer. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Source: Romney, S L Palan, P R Basu, J Mikhail, M J-Cell-Biochem-Suppl. 1995; 2396-103 0733-1959

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Oral folic acid supplementation for cervical dysplasia: a clinical intervention trial. Author(s): Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-3360. Source: Butterworth, C E Hatch, K D Soong, S J Cole, P Tamura, T Sauberlich, H E Borst, M Macaluso, M Baker, V Am-J-Obstet-Gynecol. 1992 March; 166(3): 803-9 0002-9378

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Prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, USA. Source: Meyskens, F L Manetta, A Am-J-Clin-Nutr. 1995 December; 62(6 Suppl): 1417S1419S 0002-9165

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Risk factors for cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women: a pilot study. Author(s): University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque. Source: Becker, T M Wheeler, C M McPherson, R S Kratochvil, A Parmenter, C A North, C Q Miller, J A Alaska-Med. 1993 Oct-December; 35(4): 255-63 0002-4538

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Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Nagata, C Shimizu, H Yoshikawa, H Noda, K Nozawa, S Yajima, A Sekiya, S Sugimori, H Hirai, Y Kanazawa, K Sugase, M Kawana, T Br-J-Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1234-7 0007-0920

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Serum micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women. Source: Yeo, A.S.S. Schiff, M.A. Montoya, G. Masuk, M. Van Asselt King, L. Becker, T.M. Nutr-cancer. Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2000. volume 38 (2) page 141-150. 0163-5581

·

Serum retinol level and risk of subsequent cervical cancer in cases with cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Gifu University, School of Medicine, Japan.

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Source: Nagata, C Shimizu, H Higashiiwai, H Sugahara, N Morita, N Komatsu, S Hisamichi, S Cancer-Invest. 1999; 17(4): 253-8 0735-7907 ·

Severe cervical dysplasia and nasal cartilage calcification following prenatal warfarin exposure. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Source: Howe, A M Lipson, A H de Silva, M Ouvrier, R Webster, W S Am-J-Med-Genet. 1997 September 5; 71(4): 391-6 0148-7299

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Sexually transmitted diseases and other risk factors for cervical dysplasia among southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Author(s): University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5306. Source: Becker, T M Wheeler, C M McGough, N S Parmenter, C A Jordan, S W Stidley, C A McPherson, R S Dorin, M H JAMA. 1994 April 20; 271(15): 1181-8 0098-7484

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The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. Author(s): Etiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA. Source: Goodman, M T Kiviat, N McDuffie, K Hankin, J H Hernandez, B Wilkens, L R Franke, A Kuypers, J Kolonel, L N Nakamura, J Ing, G Branch, B Bertram, C C Kamemoto, L Sharma, S Killeen, J Cancer-Epidemiol-Biomarkers-Prevolume 1998 June; 7(6): 537-44 1055-9965

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The effect of beta-carotene on the regression and progression of cervical dysplasia: a clinical experiment. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: de Vet, H C Knipschild, P G Willebrand, D Schouten, H J Sturmans, F J-ClinEpidemiol. 1991; 44(3): 273-83 0895-4356

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The role of beta-carotene and other dietary factors in the aetiology of cervical dysplasia: results of a case-control study. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology/Health Care Research, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: de Vet, H C Knipschild, P G Grol, M E Schouten, H J Sturmans, F Int-JEpidemiol. 1991 September; 20(3): 603-10 0300-5771

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The role of sexual factors in the aetiology of cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: de Vet, H C Knipschild, P G Sturmans, F Int-J-Epidemiol. 1993 October; 22(5): 798-803 0300-5771

·

Uterine cervical dysplasia with reference to the betel quid chewing habit. Author(s): Dept. of Pathology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Center, Calcutta, India. Source: Chakrabarti, R N Dutta, K Ghosh, K Sikdar, S Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 1990; 11(1): 57-9 0392-2936

·

Vaginal hydrolysis of retinyl acetate: increase in plasma retinol and retinol binding protein in women with cervical dysplasias. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.

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Source: Palan, P R Basu, J Romney, S L Biochem-Med-Metab-Biol. 1988 December; 40(3): 282-90 0885-4505 ·

Viral characteristics of human papillomavirus infection and antioxidant levels as risk factors for cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. [email protected] Source: Ho, G Y Palan, P R Basu, J Romney, S L Kadish, A S Mikhail, M Wassertheil Smoller, S Runowicz, C Burk, R D Int-J-Cancer. 1998 November 23; 78(5): 594-9 00207136

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

·

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

·

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

·

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

·

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to cervical dysplasia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

·

Minerals Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

·

Food and Diet Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cervical dysplasia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cervical dysplasia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cervical dysplasia: ·

Can cervical dysplasia and cancer be prevented with nutrients? Author(s): Giuliano AR, Gapstur S. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 January; 56(1 Pt 1): 9-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481113&dopt=Abstract

·

Cervical dysplasia: early intervention. Author(s): Marshall K. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2003 May; 8(2): 156-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777161&dopt=Abstract

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·

Chemopreventive action of garlic on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mice. Author(s): Hussain SP, Jannu LN, Rao AR. Source: Cancer Letters. 1990 February; 49(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2306712&dopt=Abstract

·

Correlates of total plasma homocysteine: folic acid, copper, and cervical dysplasia. Author(s): Thomson SW, Heimburger DC, Cornwell PE, Turner ME, Sauberlich HE, Fox LM, Butterworth CE. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 June; 16(6): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869895&dopt=Abstract

·

Folates: supplemental forms and therapeutic applications. Author(s): Kelly GS. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 June; 3(3): 208-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630738&dopt=Abstract

·

Iscador update: interview with Robert Gorter, M.D. Interview by Fred Gardner. Author(s): Gorter R. Source: Aids Treat News. 1998 October 2; (No 304): 7-8 Contd. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11365865&dopt=Abstract

·

Oral folic acid supplementation for cervical dysplasia: a clinical intervention trial. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch KD, Soong SJ, Cole P, Tamura T, Sauberlich HE, Borst M, Macaluso M, Baker V. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 March; 166(3): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1312773&dopt=Abstract

·

Prevention of cervix cancer. Author(s): Rock CL, Michael CW, Reynolds RK, Ruffin MT. Source: Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2000 March; 33(3): 169-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789491&dopt=Abstract

·

Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Author(s): Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 October; 12(5): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512803&dopt=Abstract

·

Psychoneuroimmunological aspects of disease progression among women with human papillomavirus-associated cervical dysplasia and human immunodeficiency

Alternative Medicine 67

virus type 1 co-infection. Author(s): Goodkin K, Antoni MH, Helder L, Sevin B. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1993; 23(2): 119-48. Review. Erratum In: Int J Psychiatry Med 1996; 26(2): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8395480&dopt=Abstract ·

Radiation-induced atypia of endocervical epithelium: a histological, immunohistochemical and cytometric study. Author(s): Lesack D, Wahab I, Gilks CB. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1996 July; 15(3): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8811386&dopt=Abstract

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Role of male behavior in cervical carcinogenesis among women with one lifetime sexual partner. Author(s): Agarwal SS, Sehgal A, Sardana S, Kumar A, Luthra UK. Source: Cancer. 1993 September 1; 72(5): 1666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348498&dopt=Abstract

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Stressful events, pessimism, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and cytotoxic/suppressor T cells in HIV+ black women at risk for cervical cancer. Author(s): Byrnes DM, Antoni MH, Goodkin K, Efantis-Potter J, Asthana D, Simon T, Munajj J, Ironson G, Fletcher MA. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998 November-December; 60(6): 714-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847030&dopt=Abstract

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The 'tomato effect' in clinical nutrition. New treatments languishing on the vine? Author(s): Podell RN. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1984 December; 76(8): 49-52, 61-3, 65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6390398&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine cervical dysplasia with reference to the betel quid chewing habit. Author(s): Chakrabarti RN, Dutta K, Ghosh K, Sikdar S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1990; 11(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347336&dopt=Abstract

·

Zinc concentration in plasma and erythrocytes of subjects receiving folic acid supplementation. Author(s): Butterworth CE Jr, Hatch K, Cole P, Sauberlich HE, Tamura T, Cornwell PE, Soong SJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 March; 47(3): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279748&dopt=Abstract

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cervical dysplasia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

·

Herbs and Supplements Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lycopene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to cervical dysplasia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cervical dysplasia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Cervical Dysplasia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cervical dysplasia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

Local Immunological Predictors of HPV Infection and Cervical Dysplasia in HIV Positive and Negative Women by Snowhite, Isaac Vaughn, PhD from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102974

·

Psychosocial Factors Associated with Cervical Dysplasia by Sanford, Tiffany Casandra, PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099630

·

Sexual Function in Women Following Treatment for Cervical Dysplasia and Microinvasive Cervical Carcinoma by Burgess, Carolyn E., PhD from University of North Texas, 1985, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8527355

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning cervical dysplasia.

Recent Trials on Cervical Dysplasia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to cervical dysplasia.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Infrared Coagulation in Preventing Anal Cancer in Patients With HIV Who Have Anal Neoplasia Condition(s): Anal Cancer; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): AIDS Associated Malignancies Clinical Trials Consortium; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Infrared coagulation may be effective in preventing the development of anal cancer in patients who have anal neoplasia. PURPOSE: Pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared coagulation in preventing anal cancer in HIV-positive patients who have high-grade anal neoplasia. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00066430

·

Photodynamic Therapy Using Lutetium Texaphyrin in Treating Patients With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Condition(s): Cervical Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI)

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Photodynamic therapy uses light and drugs such as lutetium texaphyrin that make abnormal cells more sensitive to light and may kill abnormal cells in the cervix and prevent the development of cervical cancer. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with lutetium texaphyrin in treating patients who have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005808 ·

Protein Expression as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker of Cervical Dysplasia and/or Cancer Condition(s): stage 0 cervical cancer; Precancerous Condition Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: The presence of specific proteins may allow a doctor to determine whether a patient has cervicaldysplasia and/or cancer. PURPOSE: Diagnostic trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the presence of a specific protein as a potential biomarker of cervical dysplasia and/or cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003384

·

SGN-00101 in Treating Patients With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Condition(s): Cervical Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of or treat early cancer. SGN-00101 may be effective in preventing the development of cervical cancer in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of SGN-00101 in preventing cervical cancer in patients who have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060099

·

Celecoxib in Treating Patients With High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix Condition(s): stage 0 cervical cancer; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Clinical Trials 75

Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer. Celecoxib may be effective in preventing cervical cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of celecoxib in preventing cervical cancer in patients who have high-gradesquamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00072540 ·

SGN-00101 Immunotherapy Intraepithelial Neoplasia

in

Treating

Patients

With

Grade

III

Cervical

Condition(s): Cervical Cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Cornell University Medical College; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer or to treat early cancer. SGN-00101 may be effective in preventing the development of cervical cancer in patients who have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of SGN00101 immunotherapy in preventing cervical cancer in patients who have grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075569 ·

Vaccine Therapy in Preventing Cervical Cancer in Patients With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Condition(s): Cervical Cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Vaccines made from antigens may make the body build an immune response to kill abnormal cervical cells and may be effective in preventing cervical cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of vaccine therapy in preventing cervical cancer in patients who have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054041

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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·

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cervical dysplasia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cervical Dysplasia By performing a patent search focusing on cervical dysplasia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 6Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cervical dysplasia: ·

Biochemical methods for detecting cervical dysplasia and cancer Inventor(s): Grossnickle; Ellen Beth (San Diego, CA), Razani; Nooshin (San Francisco, CA), Smith-McCune; Karen (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (oakland, Ca) Patent Number: 6,221,623 Date filed: November 10, 1998 Abstract: Primary screening for cervical dysplasia is effected by measuring a biochemical marker of apoptosis and/or angiogenesis in each of a population of cells derived from convenient, superficial swabbing, sponging, scraping or lavage of superficial epithelial cells from the cervix, wherein the marker indicates the presence of cervical dysplasia in the sample, and scoring the results of the measuring step for cervical dysplasia (i.e. ascertaining whether or not the marker is present) in the patient in the absence of any cytological examination. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is biochemical methods for screening for cervical dysplasia and cancer in exfoliated cells. Human cervical epithelium can elaborate a series of progressive neoplastic changes known as cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which are precursors to invasive cervical cancer. The designations CIN I, II and III refer to mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, respectively. This histological grading scheme is based largely on the extent to which the thickness of the epithelium is replaced by mitotically active cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei [1]. Untreated, a subset of dysplastic lesions will advance to cancer, with a frequency that increases dramatically in CIN III lesions [2]. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly correlated with the development of cervical cancer [3, 4]. HPV is present in over 90% of CIN lesions [5], 95% of cervical cancer [4], and 93% percent of anal squamous cancers in women [6]. In many developing countries, cervical cancer is the most common cancer (excluding skin) in women and the major cause of cancer-related deaths in women [7]. In the United States, abnormalities on Papanicolaou, or "Pap" smears are detected in millions of women annually, resulting in an estimated annual cost of $6 billion for patient evaluation and treatment [8]. The success of Pap smear screening is reflected by the fact that there are only approximately 15,000 new cases of cervical cancer annually in the United States. Indeed, a significant body of evidence supports the observation that population-based Pap smear screening can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer between 3 and 10-fold [9]. Nevertheless, at least 10% of dysplasia cases are diagnosed as negative by Pap smear (false negative). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221623__

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·

Method for the detection of cellular abnormalities using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Inventor(s): Bhandare; Prashant S. (Arlington, MA), Cohenford; Menashi A. (West Warwick, RI), Rigas; Basil (White Plains, NY) Assignee(s): Bio-rad Laboratories (hercules, Ca) Patent Number: 6,146,897 Date filed: May 6, 1997 Abstract: This invention teaches a method to identify cellular abnormalities which are associated with disease states. The method utilizes infrared (IR) spectra of cell samples which are dried on an infrared-transparent matrix and scanned at the frequency range from 3000-950 cm.sup.-1. The identification of samples is based on establishing a reference using a representative set of spectra of normal and/or diseased specimens. During the reference assembly process, multivariate techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and/or Partial Least Squares (PLS) are used. PCA and PLS reduce the data based on maximum variations between the spectra, and generate clusters in a multidimensional space representing the different populations. The utilization of Mahalinobis distances, or linear regression (e.g., Principle Component Regression on the reduced data from PCA) form the basis for the discrimination. In one embodiment, the invention is a method to distinguish premalignant and malignant stages of cervical cancer from normal cervical cells. This method is simple to use and achieves statistically reliable distinction between the following groups of cervical smears: normal (individuals with no prior history of dysplasia), dysplasia and malignant samples. Further, this invention discloses a method to obtain the IR spectrum of individual cervical cells fixed on an infrared-transparent matrix and to use the spectra of the individual cells in the method described above. In another aspect, the invention is a method for using vibrational spectroscopic imaging to distinguish between normal and diseased cells. In another aspect, the invention is a method to identify women at a high risk for developing cervical dysplasia. Excerpt(s): The detection of premalignant and malignant cells by the Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) has greatly reduced the high mortality rate due to cervical cancer. Nevertheless, the Pap screening process is labor intensive and has remained essentially unchanged since it was first described by Papanicolaou almost 50 years ago. To perform the test, cells are exfoliated from a patient's cervix by scraping using a spatula or brush. The scraping is then smeared on a slide, and the slide is stained and microscopically examined. The microscopic examination is a tedious process, and requires a cytotechnologist to visually scrutinize all the fields within a slide to detect the often few aberrant cells in a specimen. Consequently, the detection of abnormal specimens depends on the level of a cytotechnologist's experience and workload, and also on the quality of the smear preparation. A recent critical evaluation of the Pap smear reported that the error rates associated with the current technique can be startlingly high. For example, the reported false negative rate (sensitivity) ranges from 6% to 55% (see, Shingleton, H. M., et al., CA Cancer J. Clin., 45:305-320 (1995)). As a result of these concerns, attempts have been made to automate the Pap screening process and to standardize the staining procedure. Certain of the available automated systems have been designed to improve the diagnostic yield of the Pap smear by minimizing the content of blood, mucus and other non-diagnostic debris in the examined cervical scrapings. In spite of these changes and the resulting simplification of the sample, the diagnosis of Pap smears continues to be heavily influenced by subjective bias. Thus, efforts are currently being directed towards developing alternative means of diagnosing

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Pap smears which are based on objective criteria such as chemical or morphological changes in cervical cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06146897__ ·

Methods and a diagnostic aid for distinguishing a subset of HPV that is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer Inventor(s): Parmenter; Cheryl A. (Albuquerque, NM), Wheeler; Cosette M. (Placitas, NM) Assignee(s): University of New Mexico (albuquerque, Nm) Patent Number: 5,679,509 Date filed: September 30, 1994 Abstract: Methods and a diagnostic aid for distinguishing a subset of HPV that is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. The method comprises either distinguishing leucine or valine at amino acid position 83 in the HPV-16 E6 open reading frame, or detecting a nucleotide of T or G at nt 350 in the HPV-16 E6 gene. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and a diagnostic aid for distinguishing a subset of HPV that is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified previously as an important cofactor in the development of cervical neoplasia and cancer. Infection with HPV is however insufficient to cause cervical cancer. That is to say that when conducting random surveys 30-50% of all women are infected with HPV but only 8/100,000 women ever develop cervical cancer. This can in part be explained by the fact that women are often treated for precursor dysplastic cervical disease detected at annual Pap smear. Despite the existence of Pap smear screening, epidemiologic investigations continue to implicate HPV as the single greatest risk factor for progression to cervical dysplasia and cancer. Many investigations continue to search for host and/or viral (HPV) markers that will help identify those women infected with HPV who are at risk for cervical dysplasia or invasive cervical cancer. Specific host genetics in the HLA Class II locus have been one area recently identified in a subset of patients infected with HPV. Individuals infected with HPV-16 who have specific HLA haplotypes will either be at risk or protected from getting cervical cancer. In this case it has been possible to identify genetic markers that predispose a patient with HPV to progress to cancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05679509__

·

Treatment of chronic viral infections with M. vaccae Inventor(s): Rook; Graham A. W. (London, GB), Stanford; Cynthia A. (Kent, GB), Stanford; John L. (Kent, GB) Assignee(s): Stanford Rook Limited (london, Gb) Patent Number: 6,596,282 Date filed: September 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides the use of an M. vaccae preparation for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a chronic viral infection,

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excluding an HIV infection. Chronic viral infections include HPV infection, such as HPV infection associated with cervical dysplasia, herpes virus infection, subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis and hepatitis virus infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of M. vaccae in the treatment of viral infections, particularly chronic viral infections. British Specification No. 2156673 (International Patent Specification WO85/03639) describes immunotherapeutic agents comprising killed cells of M. vaccae. These agents are useful in the immunotherapy of mycobacterial disease, especially tuberculosis and leprosy. It is stated that use of this immunotherapeutic agent facilitates the removal of the persisting bacilli responsible for tuberculosis or leprosy which, as is well known, it is difficult to remove by chemotherapy alone. International Patent Specification PCT/GB85/00183 (WO85/05034) describes compositions for the alleviation of the symptoms of, and for the treatment or diagnosis of, arthritic disease which comprise as active ingredient the whole organism of M. vaccae. It is stated that the preparations of M. vaccae are useful for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and especially arthritic conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or Reiter's syndrome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596282__

Patent Applications on Cervical Dysplasia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cervical dysplasia: ·

Methods for detecting papillomavirus DNA in blood plasma and serum Inventor(s): Christensen, Neil; (Harrisburg, PA), Gocke, Christopher D.; (Ellicott City, MD) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030175770 Date filed: December 24, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to the detection of extracellular papillomavirus DNA in blood plasma or serum from a human or animal. In particular, the invention relates to the detection, identification, evaluation, or monitoring of neoplastic, premalignant or malignant disease associated with a papillomavirus. The invention thereby provides methods for the identification of individuals at risk for, or having, cervical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, or cervical cancer. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,222, filed Dec. 7, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/049,234, filed Mar. 27, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/818,058, filed Mar. 14, 1997, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/028,180, filed Oct. 15, 1996, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/026,252, filed Sep. 17, 1996, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.

7

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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60/013,497, filed Mar. 15, 1996, the entire disclosure of each of the foregoing is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to methods for detecting specific extracellular nucleic acid in plasma or serum fractions of human or animal blood associated with neoplastic or proliferative disease. Specifically, the invention relates to detection of nucleic acid derived from human viruses associated with human neoplasia, and to methods of detecting and monitoring extracellular viral nucleic acids found in the plasma or serum fraction of blood by using nucleic acid amplification with or without enrichment for viral DNA. In particular, the invention relates to the detection, identification, or monitoring of the existence, progression or clinical status of human neoplastic disease caused by or associated with viral infection through detection of viral nucleic acid in plasma or serum fractions. The invention permits the detection of extracellular, viral nucleic acid in the serum or plasma of humans or other animals recognized as having a neoplastic or proliferative disease or in individuals without any prior history or diagnosis of neoplastic or proliferative disease. The invention specifically provides methods for early identification of cervical carcinoma, cervical carcinoma in situ, cervical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and penile squamous cell carcinoma associated with infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus subtypes. Cervical carcinoma is a common form of malignancy afflicting women, arising from the squamous epithelium of the cervix. Much is known of the natural history of this disease. The vast majority of cases are attributable, at least in part, to an infection by a papillomavirus of the cervical epithelium. In particular, certain subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV), including HPV subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, are associated with cervical malignancy, where HPV infection seems to alter the epithelium to predispose an individual to the development of cancer. This alteration of the epithelium by viral infection initially leads to cervical premalignant states, specifically cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Cervical dysplasia/CIN is important for recognizing, diagnosing, and treating women at risk for developing cervical cancer, because surgical removal of dysplastic epithelium reduces and may even eliminate the risk of development of cervical cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cervical dysplasia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cervical dysplasia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cervical dysplasia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cervical dysplasia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cervical dysplasia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on cervical dysplasia: ·

HIV Infection in Women: National Lesbian and Gay Health Conference; New Orleans, LA: July 26, 1991 Contact: Encore Cassettes, PO Box 231340, San Diego, CA, 92194, (619) 596-8402. Summary: This sound recording of proceedings from the 1991 National Lesbian and Gay Health Conference focuses on the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in women. Catlin Ryan announces several speakers. The first speaker discusses clinical symptoms in women with HIV. Women are the fastest-growing population contracting HIV/AIDS in the United States. AIDS is the leading cause of death in women in New York City and New Jersey, she says, and Washington, D.C. has the highest prevalance of women with HIV/AIDS in the United States. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection in women with HIV/AIDS. Women also have gynecological problems, including an increased rate of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), bleeding between

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menstrual cycles, increased cervical dysplasia, and increased incidence of Human papillomavirus (HPV). The second speaker discusses the importance of early intervention. On going, frequent contact with an individual infected with HIV/AIDS, counseling, and support should be continuous throughout the whole cycle of the disease. Perinatal services should also be implemented. She says it should be left up to the woman whether or not she wants to have her child if pregnant and infected with HIV. This speaker worked with incarcerated women in D.C. and found that these women are having sex with correctional personnel and other women, and that HIV is being transmitted at the correctional facilities. The third speaker discusses her perspective experience as a lesbian with HIV/AIDS. She says women must speak out. The final speaker argues that lesbians are dying from HIV/AIDS, and that women have been invisible from the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. This session is followed with questions and comments from the audience.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cervical dysplasia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cervical dysplasia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

Get It Out! Eliminating the Cause of Diverticulitis, Kidney Stones, Bladder Infections, Prostate Enlargement, Menopausal Discomfort, Cervical Dysplasia, PMS, and More by Soma Grismaijer, Sydney Ross Singer; ISBN: 1930858027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930858027/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Cervical Dysplasia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cervical dysplasia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cervical dysplasia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CERVICAL DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cervical dysplasia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cervical dysplasia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cervical dysplasia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cervical dysplasia: ·

Zycos drug shows promise in cervical dysplasia study Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 23, 2002

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Recurrence rate of cervical dysplasia high in HIV-positive women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 2002

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Low-grade cervical dysplasia usually reverts to normal in young girls Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 06, 2002

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Multiple HPV types present in women with cervical dysplasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 2001

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DNA alterations better marker of cervical dysplasia than HPV Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 07, 2001

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HIV-related immunosuppression may contribute to cervical dysplasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2001

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Zycos initiates phase II trial of cervical dysplasia treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 11, 2000

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Cidofovir gel inhibits cervical dysplasia lesions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 18, 2000

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High prevalence of low grade cervical dysplasia seen in HIV-infected women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 1999

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Mild, moderate cervical dysplasias more likely to regress than progress Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 03, 1999

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Antioxidant vitamins may protect against HPV-related cervical dysplasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 24, 1998

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Presence of HPV and grade of lesion predict progression of cervical dysplasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 05, 1998

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Marker For Early Detection Of Cervical Dysplasia Identified; Assay Developed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 01, 1998

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Colposcopy, Not Repeat Pap, Urged for Low-Grade Cervical Dysplasias Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 12, 1998

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Cervical Dysplasia Difficult To Manage During Pregnancy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 23, 1997

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HPV Infection Cleared By Therapy Directed At Cervical Dysplasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 16, 1997

Periodicals and News

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Cervical Dysplasia Increasing Among Sexually Active Adolescents Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 26, 1997

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cervical dysplasia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Cervical Dysplasia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cervical dysplasia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cervical dysplasia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

·

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

·

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

·

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3034 43 355 101 95 3628

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted from 17

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cervical dysplasia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cervical dysplasia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cervical dysplasia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cervical dysplasia”:

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Other guides Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Uterine Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinecancer.html Uterine Fibroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html Vaginal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginalcancer.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html Vulvar Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vulvarcancer.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cervical dysplasia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Cervical Cancer Contact: Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange, PO Box 1104, Toronto, (416) 203-7122, http://www.catie.ca.

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Summary: This fact sheet for women discusses cervical cancer; an abnormal growth of cells on the cervix, the opening of the uterus that leads into the vagina, which can develop slowly from a pre-cancerous condition, called cervical dysplasia. Cervical cancer has been linked to the sexually transmitted disease (STD) human papillomavirus (HPV, by immune system suppression due to medical drug use, or as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Practicing safer sex with condoms or having non-penetrative sex are ways to reduce the risk of contracting HIV or HPV. Often, there are no symptoms for cervical cancer other than genital warts that indicate exposure to HPV, particularly in the early stages. In the advanced stages there may be pain in the lower abdomen or back, pain during intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, or bleeding between menstrual periods. Cervical cancer and its precursory conditions can often be detected using Pap smears or colposcopies, both of which are described in the fact sheet. These tests will determine if abnormal cells exist on the cervix but do not determine if they are cancerous. Treatment for cervical cancer varies depending on the location and size of the cancer, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of the body. The treatments for cervical cancer are outlined in the fact sheet. Although cervical cancer can be treated, HIV-positive women are at risk for recurrences. Cervical cancer is an AIDS-defining condition in HIV-positive women.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cervical dysplasia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

·

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

·

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

·

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

·

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

·

WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cervical dysplasia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cervical dysplasia.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cervical dysplasia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cervical dysplasia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cervical dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cervical dysplasia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

·

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cervical dysplasia: ·

Basic Guidelines for Cervical Dysplasia Cervical dysplasia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001491.htm HIV Infection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000602.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

·

Diagnostics and Tests for Cervical Dysplasia Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Colposcopy-directed biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003913.htm

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Cone biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003910.htm Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm VDRL Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003515.htm ·

Surgery and Procedures for Cervical Dysplasia Hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm

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Background Topics for Cervical Dysplasia Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Cryosurgery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002322.htm Electrocauterization Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002359.htm Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm Epithelial Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002363.htm Epithelium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002363.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Invasive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002384.htm Safer sex behaviors Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CERVICAL DYSPLASIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allelic Imbalance: A situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (loss of heterozygosity) or amplified. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH]

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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Anoscopy: A test to look for fissures, fistulae, and hemorrhoids. The doctor uses a special instrument, called an anoscope, to look into the anus. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this

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binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to

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strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.

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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as

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metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chaos: Complex behavior that seems random but actually has some hidden order. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which

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causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colposcopy: The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Condylomata Acuminata: Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conization: The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the cervix uteri. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU]

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Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling

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it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several

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systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection.

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Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endocervical curettage: The scraping of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]

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Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites,

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including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used

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therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the

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previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of lentivirus, subgenus primate lentiviruses, formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH]

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Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It

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includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or

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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutetium: Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. [NIH] Lutetium texaphyrin: A substance that is being studied in photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called metallotexaphyrins. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes

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dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells.

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Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycobacterial disease: Any disease caused by Mycobacterium other than M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Matrix: The fibrogranular network of residual structural elements within which are immersed both chromatin and ribonucleoproteins. It extends throughout the nuclear interior

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from the nucleolus to the nuclear pore complexes along the nuclear periphery. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological

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oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH]

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PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Ploidy: The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their

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complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from

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lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in

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psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete

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remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Residual disease: Cancer cells that remain after attempts have been made to remove the cancer. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the

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elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in Bloom syndrome. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a

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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Squamous intraepithelial lesion: SIL. A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear. [NIH]

Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other

Dictionary 147

excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]

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Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for

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nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some

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viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

151

INDEX A Abdomen, 101, 115, 118, 131, 133, 146, 147, 148 Aberrant, 43, 81, 115 Ablate, 115, 125 Acne, 115, 144, 148 Acne Vulgaris, 115, 148 Adverse Effect, 115, 145 Aetiology, 54, 55, 62, 115 Affinity, 13, 115 Agonist, 115, 119, 125 Algorithms, 10, 16, 115, 118 Alkaloid, 115, 119 Alkylation, 15, 115 Allelic Imbalance, 36, 115 Alopecia, 115, 123 Alternative medicine, 89, 115 Amenorrhea, 115, 119 Amino Acid Sequence, 116, 128 Amino Acids, 116, 121, 128, 139, 141, 142 Amplification, 31, 84, 116 Anaesthesia, 116, 132 Anal, 6, 36, 37, 46, 73, 80, 116, 134 Analog, 116, 127 Analogous, 6, 116, 148 Anemia, 116, 127 Aneuploidy, 56, 116 Angiogenesis, 80, 116 Animal model, 15, 116 Annealing, 116, 140 Anogenital, 6, 13, 116, 122 Anoscopy, 6, 116 Antibacterial, 116, 146 Antibiotic, 116, 139, 146, 147 Antibodies, 20, 27, 32, 37, 43, 50, 51, 116, 117, 126, 129, 134, 136, 140 Antibody, 27, 41, 115, 116, 117, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 146 Anticoagulant, 117, 142, 150 Antigen, 29, 35, 39, 47, 115, 116, 117, 121, 126, 130, 131, 132 Anti-inflammatory, 117, 119, 124, 128 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 117, 119 Antimetabolite, 117, 127 Antineoplastic, 117, 123, 127, 128 Antioxidant, 21, 56, 58, 63, 88, 117 Antiviral, 13, 117, 132, 139 Anus, 116, 117, 119, 139

Apoptosis, 5, 15, 26, 80, 117 Aqueous, 117, 118, 123 Arteries, 117, 118, 122, 136, 137 Ascorbic Acid, 61, 117, 131 Assay, 7, 10, 32, 48, 88, 117 ATP, 117, 124, 128, 142, 148 Atrial, 117, 150 Atrial Fibrillation, 117, 150 Atypical, 35, 117 Autoimmune disease, 83, 118 B Bacteria, 116, 117, 118, 125, 136, 146, 149 Base, 7, 118, 124, 128, 133 Basement Membrane, 118, 119 Benign, 39, 118, 137, 139, 150 Binding Sites, 13, 118 Bioavailability, 118, 132 Biochemical, 13, 80, 117, 118, 127 Biological response modifier, 118, 132 Biomarkers, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 35, 52, 53, 58, 62, 118 Biopsy, 6, 10, 16, 35, 111, 112, 118 Biotechnology, 17, 89, 95, 118 Blood Platelets, 118, 148 Blood pressure, 118, 136 Blood vessel, 116, 118, 125, 135, 140, 147, 148, 149 Body Fluids, 118, 149 Bowel, 116, 118, 119, 124 Bowel Movement, 119, 124 Branch, 52, 62, 109, 119, 139, 145, 147 Bromocriptine, 55, 119 Buccal, 119, 134 C Calcification, 50, 62, 119 Calcium, 119, 121, 136 Carbon Dioxide, 14, 48, 119, 140, 144 Carcinogen, 119, 127, 136 Carcinogenesis, 48, 66, 67, 119, 120 Carcinogenic, 15, 119, 138 Carcinoma in Situ, 22, 28, 29, 30, 34, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 51, 60, 80, 84, 119 Carotene, 21, 34, 37, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 68, 119, 144 Carotenoids, 50, 59, 61, 119 Cause of Death, 85, 119 Celecoxib, 74, 75, 119 Cell Cycle, 119, 142

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Cell Death, 117, 119, 137 Cell Division, 118, 119, 120, 129, 136, 140 Cell proliferation, 13, 120, 138 Cell Size, 120, 127 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 34, 59, 60, 61, 74, 75, 80, 83, 84, 120 Cervix, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 28, 43, 47, 54, 66, 74, 75, 80, 81, 84, 101, 112, 120, 121, 122, 133, 146 Cesarean Section, 15, 120 Chaos, 43, 120 Chemoprevention, 32, 59, 74, 75, 120 Chemopreventive, 16, 53, 56, 66, 120 Chemotherapy, 83, 120 Cholera, 120, 145 Chromatin, 117, 120, 137 Chromosomal, 27, 116, 120 Chromosome, 116, 120, 129, 133, 134, 137, 145, 148 Chronic, 82, 83, 115, 120, 124, 132, 133, 134, 142, 147 CIS, 37, 53, 60, 120, 144 Citrus, 117, 120 Clinical Medicine, 120, 141 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 9, 13, 53, 73, 76, 95, 120, 122, 142, 143 Cloning, 118, 120 Coagulation, 73, 118, 119, 120, 150 Codon, 38, 121, 128 Coenzyme, 117, 121 Cofactor, 6, 82, 121, 142 Collagen, 26, 118, 121, 128, 142 Colloidal, 121, 125 Colposcopy, 4, 9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 28, 44, 88, 111, 121 Complement, 121, 122, 135 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 69, 121 Complementary medicine, 65, 122 Computational Biology, 95, 122 Conception, 122, 127, 141, 146 Condoms, 101, 122 Condyloma, 22, 32, 39, 122 Condylomata Acuminata, 22, 60, 122 Cone, 15, 112, 122, 147 Confounding, 15, 122 Conization, 15, 18, 28, 29, 48, 50, 122 Connective Tissue, 117, 121, 122, 128, 134, 135, 139, 144 Consumption, 122, 124, 138, 144 Contraceptive, 25, 29, 51, 122 Contraindications, ii, 122

Control group, 9, 122 Controlled study, 19, 122 Coronary, 122, 136, 137 Coronary Thrombosis, 122, 136, 137 Cortex, 122, 126 Cortisone, 123, 124 Cruciferous vegetables, 14, 123, 132 Cryosurgery, 30, 44, 53, 112, 123 Cryotherapy, 18, 123 Curative, 123, 147 Curettage, 30, 123 Curette, 123, 126 Cutaneous, 123, 134 Cyclophosphamide, 40, 123 Cysteine, 22, 58, 123 Cystine, 123 Cytokine, 7, 49, 123 Cytomegalovirus, 7, 51, 123 Cytoplasm, 117, 123 Cytotoxic, 10, 67, 123 Cytotoxicity, 67, 123 D Databases, Bibliographic, 95, 123 Degenerative, 123, 130 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 42, 123 Deletion, 117, 123, 134 Denaturation, 123, 140 Density, 124, 127, 145 Developing Countries, 17, 24, 80, 124 Dexamethasone, 51, 124 Diagnostic procedure, 79, 89, 124 Diathermy, 18, 28, 34, 124 Digestive system, 76, 124 Digestive tract, 124, 146 Dihydrotestosterone, 124, 143 Dilatation, 124, 141 Dimerization, 13, 124 Diploid, 116, 124, 137, 140, 148 Direct, iii, 120, 124, 125, 143 Discrimination, 81, 124 Disease Progression, 8, 44, 47, 66, 124, 149 Dissociation, 115, 124 DNA Topoisomerase, 124, 128 Dopamine, 119, 124 Drug Interactions, 5, 125 E Ecosystem, 49, 125 Effector, 6, 121, 125 Efficacy, 8, 13, 16, 19, 53, 125 Elastin, 121, 125 Electrocoagulation, 28, 34, 121, 125 Electrons, 117, 118, 125, 133, 139, 143

Index 153

Electrophoresis, 48, 125 Emboli, 125, 150 Embolism, 125, 143, 150 Embolization, 125, 150 Embryo, 125, 132, 141, 146 Embryo Transfer, 125, 141 Encapsulated, 25, 125 Encephalitis, 83, 125 Encephalitis, Viral, 125 Endocervical curettage, 55, 126 Endocrinology, 126, 129 Endometrium, 14, 126, 135 Endoscope, 121, 126 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 126 Enzymatic, 119, 121, 126, 141, 144 Enzyme, 121, 124, 125, 126, 140, 142, 143, 148, 150 Epidemic, 8, 86, 126 Epidemiological, 12, 15, 26, 126 Epidermal, 37, 60, 126, 150 Epidermal Growth Factor, 37, 60, 126 Epidermis, 126 Epidermoid carcinoma, 126, 146 Epithelial, 6, 61, 80, 112, 119, 126, 130, 139 Epithelial Cells, 61, 80, 126, 130 Epithelium, 67, 80, 84, 112, 118, 122, 126, 139 Epitopes, 7, 126 Ergot, 119, 126 Erythrocytes, 67, 116, 126 Esophagus, 124, 126, 146, 147 Estradiol, 14, 126, 127 Estrogen, 14, 126, 141 Estrone, 14, 127 Eukaryotic Cells, 127, 132, 138 Excitation, 10, 127 Extracellular, 83, 84, 122, 127 F Family Planning, 12, 43, 44, 95, 127 Fat, 119, 125, 127, 138, 144 Fertilization in Vitro, 127, 141 Fetus, 120, 127, 140, 141, 146, 149 Flow Cytometry, 7, 127 Fluorescence, 9, 127 Fluorescent Dyes, 127 Fluorouracil, 56, 127 Folate, 21, 22, 35, 58, 60, 64, 127 Fold, 80, 127 Folic Acid, 21, 29, 30, 40, 44, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 127 Follicles, 42, 127 Fungi, 127, 129, 136

G Gallbladder, 124, 128 Gangrenous, 128, 145 Gas, 119, 128, 130, 137 Gastric, 126, 128 Gelatin, 128, 147, 148 Gene, 31, 82, 115, 118, 128, 138, 148 Gene Expression, 128, 148 Genetic Code, 128, 138 Genetic Markers, 82, 128 Genetic testing, 128, 141 Genetics, 50, 82, 128 Genistein, 14, 128 Genital, 4, 9, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 45, 101, 128, 129, 149 Genitourinary, 49, 128, 149 Genotype, 128, 140 Gestation, 15, 128, 140, 146 Gland, 123, 128, 134, 135, 139, 142, 144, 146, 147 Glucocorticoid, 124, 128 Glucose, 117, 128, 129 Glutamic Acid, 127, 129, 142 Gonorrhea, 39, 129 Governing Board, 129, 141 Gp120, 129, 139 Grade, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 31, 41, 42, 56, 61, 73, 74, 75, 88, 129, 146 Grading, 37, 41, 44, 51, 80, 129 Graft, 129, 130, 132 Graft Rejection, 129, 132 Grasses, 127, 129 Growth factors, 129, 138 H Half-Life, 13, 129 Haploid, 129, 140 Haplotypes, 82, 129 Haptens, 115, 129 Hemoglobin, 116, 126, 129, 133 Hemorrhage, 125, 130, 147 Hemorrhoids, 116, 130 Hepatitis, 83, 130 Hepatocytes, 130 Heredity, 115, 128, 130 Herpes, 20, 27, 37, 41, 56, 83, 130 Herpes virus, 83, 130 Herpes Zoster, 130 Heterodimer, 13, 130 Heterogeneity, 115, 130 Homologous, 130, 142 Hormonal, 9, 130 Hormone, 123, 126, 130, 141, 144, 147

154

Cervical Dysplasia

Host, 6, 82, 130, 131, 149 Hydrogen, 118, 123, 130, 136, 139, 140 Hydrolysis, 62, 130, 141 Hydroxylysine, 121, 130 Hydroxyproline, 121, 131 Hyperplasia, 54, 131 Hypersensitivity, 131, 144 Hyperthermia, 48, 124, 131 Hypertrophy, 131 Hysterectomy, 18, 112, 131 Hysterotomy, 120, 131 I Id, 63, 68, 101, 108, 110, 131 Immune function, 7, 131 Immune response, 6, 9, 41, 75, 117, 118, 123, 129, 131, 135, 147, 150 Immune system, 6, 38, 101, 131, 134, 135, 149, 150 Immunity, 7, 10, 22, 39, 131, 134, 138 Immunization, 131, 132 Immunodeficiency, 23, 24, 38, 41, 47, 48, 53, 56, 61, 66, 85, 101, 130, 131 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 85, 130, 131 Immunodominant Epitopes, 10, 131 Immunoglobulin, 116, 131, 136 Immunologic, 6, 8, 11, 130, 131, 135 Immunology, 5, 7, 9, 10, 115, 127, 131 Immunosuppressant, 127, 131 Immunosuppressive, 123, 128, 131, 132 Immunosuppressive therapy, 131, 132 Immunotherapy, 10, 75, 83, 131 Impairment, 132, 135 In situ, 54, 56, 60, 132 In Situ Hybridization, 56, 60, 132 In vitro, 10, 11, 14, 32, 125, 132, 140 In vivo, 12, 14, 47, 132 Incision, 131, 132, 133 Indicative, 4, 86, 132, 139, 149 Indinavir, 5, 132 Indole-3-carbinol, 14, 132 Induction, 16, 37, 60, 124, 132, 141 Infarction, 132 Infertility, 15, 119, 132 Inorganic, 132, 137 Interferon, 20, 34, 132 Interferon-alpha, 20, 34, 132 Intermittent, 132, 134 Intestinal, 119, 132 Intracellular, 5, 132, 133 Intraepithelial, 4, 10, 73, 74, 75, 84, 133 Intravenous, 6, 40, 133 Intrinsic, 115, 118, 133

Invasive, 9, 13, 16, 28, 29, 38, 39, 54, 80, 82, 112, 131, 133 Invasive cervical cancer, 13, 39, 80, 82, 133 Ionizing, 133, 145 Ions, 118, 124, 130, 133 K Kb, 94, 133 L Lag, 55, 133 Large Intestine, 124, 133, 143 Latent, 133, 141 Lavage, 80, 133 Lentivirus, 130, 133 Leprosy, 83, 133 Lesion, 7, 11, 13, 88, 133 Leucine, 82, 133 Leukocytes, 132, 133 Library Services, 108, 133 Linkage, 15, 128, 133 Liver, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 133 Localization, 39, 40, 133 Localized, 125, 132, 134, 140 Longitudinal study, 10, 134 Long-Term Care, 10, 134 Loop, 14, 18, 28, 34, 42, 55, 134 Loss of Heterozygosity, 115, 134 Lupus, 40, 52, 134 Lutetium, 73, 74, 134 Lutetium texaphyrin, 74, 134 Lycopene, 32, 59, 69, 134 Lymph, 120, 130, 134, 147 Lymph node, 120, 134 Lymphadenopathy, 130, 134 Lymphatic, 132, 134, 135, 145, 146 Lymphocyte, 4, 10, 11, 117, 134, 135 Lymphocyte Count, 4, 134 Lymphoid, 42, 116, 134 Lymphokines, 134, 135 Lymphoma, 17, 134 Lytic, 134, 145 M Macrophage, 34, 134, 135 Macrophage Activation, 34, 135 Maintenance therapy, 4, 135 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 10, 129, 135 Malignancy, 13, 15, 33, 43, 52, 84, 135, 139 Malignant, 6, 13, 15, 42, 81, 83, 117, 119, 135, 137, 144, 147 Malignant tumor, 119, 135 Mammogram, 119, 135, 136 Mastitis, 135, 145

Index 155

Medicament, 82, 135, 147 MEDLINE, 95, 135 Megaloblastic, 127, 135 Membrane, 27, 121, 122, 126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 144 Menarche, 55, 135 Menopause, 135, 141 Menstrual Cycle, 10, 86, 135 Menstruation, 115, 135 Mental Disorders, 77, 135 Mercury, 127, 135 Mesenchymal, 126, 135 Metabolite, 14, 127, 136 Metaplasia, 33, 52, 54, 136 Methylcholanthrene, 66, 136 MI, 113, 136 Microbe, 136, 148 Microbiological, 49, 136 Microbiology, 43, 117, 136 Microcalcifications, 119, 136 Micronutrients, 33, 50, 52, 59, 61, 62, 136 Microorganism, 121, 136, 139, 150 Micro-organism, 125, 136, 145 Migration, 13, 135, 136 Mitochondrial Swelling, 136, 137 Mitosis, 117, 136 Modification, 7, 16, 136, 143 Molecular, 16, 17, 56, 95, 97, 118, 122, 136, 141 Molecule, 117, 118, 121, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 136, 139, 143, 148 Monitor, 14, 136, 137 Monoclonal, 30, 136 Monoclonal antibodies, 30, 136 Monosomy, 116, 137 Morphological, 82, 125, 137 Morphology, 135, 137 Mucosa, 39, 134, 137, 142 Mucus, 15, 51, 81, 137 Mutagenic, 137, 145 Mycobacterial disease, 83, 137 Myocardial infarction, 122, 136, 137, 150 Myocardium, 136, 137 N NCI, 1, 8, 17, 73, 74, 75, 76, 93, 120, 137 Necrosis, 13, 117, 132, 136, 137 Need, 3, 4, 85, 86, 102, 137, 148 Neoplasia, 11, 16, 20, 27, 30, 35, 37, 38, 45, 50, 52, 53, 73, 74, 75, 82, 84, 137 Neoplasm, 137, 139, 144 Neoplastic, 16, 48, 80, 83, 84, 134, 137, 138 Nervous System, 129, 137, 147

Neurologic, 5, 130, 137 Neuropathy, 5, 137 Nitrogen, 115, 123, 137, 149 Nuclear, 19, 43, 46, 47, 125, 127, 137, 138 Nuclear Matrix, 46, 137 Nuclear Pore, 138 Nuclei, 80, 125, 136, 138 Nucleic acid, 84, 128, 132, 137, 138 Nucleolus, 138 Nucleus, 117, 120, 123, 127, 138, 147 Nurse Practitioners, 18, 138 Nutritional Status, 19, 58, 138 O Omega-3 fatty acid, 14, 138 Oncogenes, 14, 138, 142 Oncogenic, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 43, 84, 133, 138 Operon, 138, 144 Opportunistic Infections, 5, 7, 13, 138 Oral Health, 9, 138 Organ Transplantation, 7, 138 Outpatient, 45, 55, 138 Ovary, 126, 138 Ovum, 128, 138, 142, 150 Oxidation, 117, 123, 138 P Palliative, 139, 147 Pancreas, 118, 124, 139, 149 Papilloma, 7, 10, 14, 36, 52, 54, 122, 139 Papillomavirus, 4, 6, 11, 13, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 66, 74, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 101, 130, 139 Parturition, 138, 139, 141 Pathogen, 6, 139 Pathogenesis, 5, 17, 61, 139 Pathologic, 4, 117, 118, 122, 131, 139, 142 Pathologic Processes, 117, 139 Patient Education, 100, 106, 108, 113, 139 Penicillin, 139, 149 Penis, 122, 139 Peptide, 13, 139, 141, 142 Peptide T, 13, 139 Perception, 8, 122, 139 Perianal, 122, 139 Peripheral blood, 132, 139 Peripheral Nerves, 133, 139 PH, 13, 46, 140 Pharmacokinetic, 5, 140 Pharmacologic, 13, 129, 140, 148 Phenotypes, 7, 140 Photocoagulation, 121, 140

156

Cervical Dysplasia

Photodynamic therapy, 13, 74, 134, 140 Physiologic, 14, 115, 129, 135, 136, 140, 143 Physiology, 126, 129, 140 Pigment, 134, 140 Pilot study, 15, 42, 49, 61, 73, 140 Placenta, 126, 127, 140, 143 Plants, 115, 119, 120, 128, 137, 140, 148 Plasma, 5, 22, 30, 33, 36, 45, 52, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 83, 84, 116, 128, 130, 140, 149 Plasma cells, 116, 140 Platinum, 134, 140 Ploidy, 25, 46, 140 Polymerase, 56, 140, 144 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 56, 140 Polymorphism, 21, 36, 43, 58, 141 Polypeptide, 116, 121, 126, 141 Polysaccharide, 117, 141 Posterior, 116, 139, 141 Postmenopausal, 24, 141 Practice Guidelines, 96, 141 Precancerous, 13, 14, 74, 120, 141 Precursor, 20, 82, 123, 125, 126, 141, 149 Predisposition, 52, 141 Pregnancy Outcome, 14, 141 Premalignant, 13, 81, 83, 84, 141 Prenatal, 50, 62, 125, 141 Prevalence, 6, 23, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 46, 54, 88, 141 Probe, 16, 141 Progression, 4, 8, 11, 16, 19, 23, 30, 33, 38, 43, 48, 51, 53, 58, 62, 82, 84, 88, 116, 141 Progressive, 80, 129, 137, 141 Prolactin, 119, 141 Proline, 121, 131, 142 Promyelocytic leukemia, 142, 148 Prophylaxis, 142, 144, 150 Proportional, 6, 142 Prospective study, 8, 53, 134, 142 Prostate, 86, 100, 118, 142, 149 Protease, 9, 132, 142 Protein C, 116, 121, 142 Protein Kinases, 138, 142 Protein S, 118, 128, 142, 147 Proteins, 10, 13, 74, 116, 117, 120, 121, 130, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 148 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 128, 142 Protocol, 5, 10, 142 Proto-Oncogenes, 15, 138, 142 Protozoa, 136, 142 Psoriasis, 142, 144, 148 Public Policy, 95, 143 Puerperium, 138, 143

Pulmonary, 118, 122, 143, 150 Pulmonary Embolism, 143, 150 Pulse, 136, 143 Q Quality of Life, 9, 143 R Race, 136, 143 Radiation, 67, 127, 131, 133, 143, 145, 150 Radio Waves, 124, 143 Radioactive, 129, 130, 137, 138, 143 Randomized, 10, 20, 34, 53, 56, 60, 125, 143 Receptor, 37, 60, 117, 122, 125, 129, 139, 143 Recombination, 128, 143 Rectum, 117, 119, 124, 128, 133, 142, 143, 147 Recurrence, 4, 88, 120, 143 Reductase, 21, 43, 58, 143 Refer, 1, 80, 119, 121, 128, 130, 133, 143 Refraction, 143, 146 Refractory, 125, 143 Regimen, 125, 143 Reliability, 7, 143 Remission, 135, 143 Repressor, 13, 138, 144 Reproduction Techniques, 141, 144 Residual disease, 18, 28, 46, 144 Respiration, 119, 136, 144 Retinal, 122, 144 Retinoids, 144 Retinol, 31, 50, 59, 61, 62, 144 Retrospective, 15, 144 Rheumatism, 144 Rheumatoid, 83, 144 Rheumatoid arthritis, 83, 144 Rhinitis, 144, 145 Ribonucleoproteins, 137, 144 Risk factor, 11, 12, 15, 27, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 82, 142, 144 S Salivary, 123, 124, 144, 147 Salivary glands, 123, 124, 144 Sarcoma, 17, 144 Screening, 6, 8, 11, 37, 44, 49, 80, 81, 82, 120, 144 Secretion, 7, 115, 119, 126, 137, 144, 145 Secretory, 51, 145 Semisynthetic, 119, 145 Septicaemia, 145 Sequence Homology, 139, 145 Sequencing, 12, 141, 145 Serologic, 32, 145

Index 157

Serotypes, 4, 145 Serum, 22, 29, 31, 50, 51, 58, 59, 61, 83, 84, 121, 145 Sex Behavior, 112, 145 Sexual Partners, 44, 145 Shock, 37, 60, 145, 148 Side effect, 115, 123, 145, 148 Sister Chromatid Exchange, 27, 145 Social Environment, 143, 145 Social Support, 8, 145 Solid tumor, 116, 145 Somatic, 136, 145, 147 Sound wave, 124, 145 Specialist, 102, 145 Species, 130, 133, 136, 138, 143, 145, 149, 150 Specificity, 10, 51, 115, 131, 146 Spectrum, 7, 81, 143, 146 Spinal cord, 137, 139, 146 Spirochete, 146, 147 Spleen, 123, 134, 146 Spondylitis, 83, 146 Spontaneous Abortion, 141, 146 Squamous, 3, 6, 13, 39, 54, 73, 74, 80, 84, 126, 146 Squamous cell carcinoma, 39, 84, 126, 146 Squamous cells, 146 Squamous Epithelium, 84, 146 Squamous intraepithelial lesion, 3, 13, 73, 74, 146 Standardize, 81, 146 Sterility, 123, 132, 146 Steroids, 123, 128, 146 Stillbirth, 141, 146 Stimulant, 146, 149 Stimulus, 127, 133, 146, 148 Stomach, 124, 126, 128, 130, 133, 146, 147 Strand, 36, 140, 147 Stress, 11, 52, 141, 144, 147 Stroke, 77, 94, 147 Subacute, 83, 132, 147 Subclinical, 132, 147 Submaxillary, 126, 147 Substance P, 136, 145, 147 Supplementation, 44, 61, 66, 67, 147 Suppositories, 55, 128, 147 Suppression, 6, 37, 60, 101, 147 Syphilis, 39, 147 Systemic, 52, 118, 132, 147, 150 T Telomerase, 20, 31, 32, 147 Teratogenic, 147, 148

Terminator, 121, 147 Testis, 126, 147 Testosterone, 143, 147 Tetracycline, 55, 147 Therapeutics, 147 Thermal, 124, 140, 148 Thorax, 115, 148 Threonine, 139, 148 Threshold, 4, 148 Thrombocytopenia, 5, 148 Thrombosis, 142, 147, 148 Topical, 28, 148 Toxic, iv, 123, 129, 131, 137, 148 Toxicity, 5, 13, 125, 135, 148 Toxicology, 96, 148 Toxins, 117, 125, 132, 137, 148 Transcriptase, 147, 148 Transcription Factors, 138, 148 Transfection, 15, 118, 148 Trauma, 137, 148 Treatment Failure, 33, 148 Tretinoin, 28, 148 Triage, 9, 32, 148 Trisomy, 116, 148 Tryptophan, 121, 148 Tuberculosis, 7, 83, 122, 134, 137, 149 Tumor marker, 118, 149 Tumor suppressor gene, 36, 134, 149 U Unconscious, 131, 149 Urinary, 128, 149 Urine, 126, 127, 149 Urogenital, 128, 129, 149 Uterus, 101, 120, 126, 131, 135, 149 V Vaccine, 75, 142, 149 Vagina, 101, 120, 121, 131, 135, 149 Vaginal, 4, 49, 56, 62, 100, 101, 149 Vaginal Discharge, 101, 149 Valine, 82, 149 Vascular, 132, 140, 149 Vein, 133, 137, 149 Venereal, 147, 149 Venous, 130, 142, 149, 150 Venous Thrombosis, 149, 150 Vertebrae, 146, 149 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 149 Viral, 5, 9, 12, 13, 24, 56, 63, 82, 83, 84, 125, 138, 142, 149, 150 Viral Load, 5, 12, 24, 149 Virulence, 11, 148, 149 Vitro, 12, 150

158

Cervical Dysplasia

Vivo, 150 W Warfarin, 50, 62, 150 Warts, 6, 37, 68, 101, 130, 150 White blood cell, 116, 133, 134, 137, 140, 150

Womb, 149, 150 X Xenograft, 116, 150 X-ray, 127, 135, 137, 150

Index 159

160

Cervical Dysplasia