Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BENZENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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BENZENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Benzene: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84351-1 1. Benzene-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on benzene. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BENZENE ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Benzene ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 38 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BENZENE ......................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding Nutrition Studies on Benzene ........................................................................................ 93 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 98 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BENZENE ................................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 101 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 106 General References ..................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BENZENE ................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Dissertations on Benzene ........................................................................................................... 111 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BENZENE ............................................................................. 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Recent Trials on Benzene ........................................................................................................... 115 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BENZENE.............................................................................................. 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patents on Benzene .................................................................................................................... 119 Patent Applications on Benzene ................................................................................................ 136 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 176 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BENZENE ................................................................................................. 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 177 Chapters on Benzene .................................................................................................................. 180 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BENZENE ................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 183 Academic Periodicals covering Benzene .................................................................................... 185 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 187 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 187 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 187 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 188 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 191 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 193 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 195 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 197 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 197 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 197 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 199

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 201 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 201 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 201 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 207 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 208 BENZENE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 211 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 283

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with benzene is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about benzene, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to benzene, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on benzene. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to benzene, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on benzene. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on benzene.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and benzene, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Occupational Factors and Renal Disease Source: Renal Failure. 16(4): 425-434. 1994. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (212) 696-9000. Summary: This review article investigates the possible relationship between occupational factors and renal disease. The authors note that the male-to-female ratio of patients requiring dialysis treatment commonly approaches 2 to 1. They propose that environmental factors, particularly occupational exposure to hydrocarbons, may account for the excessive number of male patients. The term 'hydrocarbon' refers to the aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons; glycols; and organic solvents. Hydrocarbons have long been known to be neurotoxicants, affecting both

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peripheral and central nervous systems. Although benzene and its derivatives have a known association with uroepithelial tumors, there is now a considerable body of evidence suggesting a possible role for hydrocarbons in the development of nonneoplastic renal diseases. The authors present an epidemiological case for such an association and critically review the relevant literature. 64 references. (AA-M). •

Solvent Exposure As a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-Control Study Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 141(11): 1059-1071. November 1995. Summary: This study investigated whether a history of organic solvent exposure is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study base included about 23,000 people 60 years old and older from the local membership of a health maintenance organization in Seattle, Washington. About 193 cases of probable AD were identified and selected for the study in addition to 243 control subjects, randomly selected from the study base, who were free of dementia. Proxy informants provided specific solvent exposure history and job descriptions likely to involve solvent use as part of a comprehensive risk factor interview. The results suggest that kappa statistics indicated substantial agreement for control-control proxy solvent responses. History of exposure to one or more solvent groups (benzene and toluene; phenols and alcohols; ketones; and other solvents) yielded an adjusted AD odds ratio of 2.3; among males only, it increased to 6.0. The authors suggest that past exposure to organic solvents may be associated with onset of AD. 7 tables, 48 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Benzene The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to benzene. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to benzene. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore benzene. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for benzene: •

Project Title: A PF-GC FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH BREATH ASSESSMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: O'brien, Robert J.; Voc Technologies, Inc. 19251 Se Highway 224 Clackamas, or 970158845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2002

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Summary: Pneumatic Focusing Gas Chromatography (PFGC, patent pending) has achieved a limit of detection of 20 parts per trillion (0.8 pmol/liter) for benzene in ambient air in Portland OR. PFGC has a FID for universal hydrocarbon detection. Major endogenous compounds in human breath are methane, methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl acetate, and isoprene. Their concentrations range from 80 nmol/L for methane to 400 pmol/L or less for methyl acetate. More than 1000 additional compounds have been reported present in human breath, many originating in the inhaled air. Exposure to toxics such as BTEX or other industrial chemicals will evidence itself in breath as well as in the ambient air environment. PFGC can detect the compounds already established in breath and ambient air with better sensitivity and lower cost than current instrumental methods. PFGC has the potential to standardize the methodology of breath analysis research. The goal of Phase I is to modify 3 commercial gas chromatographs for pneumatic focusing and demonstrate their performance in single and dual-column modes. Specific capillary column choice for resolution and selectivity will be evaluated. Performance will be evaluated with simultaneous indoor air/breath analysis for assessment of toxic exposure and uptake through the lungs of volatile organic compounds. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Potential commercial applications include breath analysis for exposure assessment onsite, and in standard monitoring profiles, as a research tool of human and other organismal exposure and metabolic studies, and for life insurance screening for passive markers of drug use, tobacco smoking, and as a toxic chemical exposure assessment tool. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: APPLICATION OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Glusker, Jenny P.; Senior Member; Institute for Cancer Research Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1976; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Three aspects of chemical carcinogenesis will be investigated: the structural effect on DNA of alkylation by a bulky activated carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and the reason that it escapes enzymatic repair, the roles played by various metal ions in biochemical reactions that control growth and other cellular processes that are affected by cancer, and the types of reactions (particularly isomerizations) that free radicals can undergo readily in a biological setting. Results from these proposed studies will increase our understanding on a molecular scale of a wide range of processes involved in cancer, and will help in the design of chemotherapeutic agents to combat it. Structural studies of PAH-DNA adducts and their interactions with repair enzymes will allow us to identify the specific type of DNA lesion that results in progression of the carcinogenic process. In addition to structural studies, model building will be coupled with energy calculations to study these DNA lesions. Some ab initio molecular orbital studies of reaction pathways in the metabolism of benzene and phenol will also be carried out. In proposed studies of metal ions, their coordination geometry and preferred ligands in biological systems and their effects on the ligands that they bind will be analyzed from structural data retrieved from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database and the Protein Databank. The energetic consequences of deviations from these preferred modes will be determined by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The aim is to derive a series of rules on the different ways a given metal can behave in the environments found in biological systems. Conclusions will be tested in structural studies of enzymes (porphobilinogen synthase and ubiquitin hydrolase) and by studies of the binding of metal ions to D-xylose isomerase, an enzyme with two metal binding sites. Reactions of free radicals, causative agents in some forms

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of cancer, will be investigated by ab initio molecular orbital calculations to assess energy barriers to various reaction pathways. Initially, the B12-mediated reactions of the enzymes diol dehydrase and ethanolamine-ammonia lysase will be studied together with some structural work, but we will then proceed to other free-radical reactions such as those involving hydroxyl radicals and semiquinones that are relevant to cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASSESSMENT NAPTHALENE

OF

DERMAL

EXPOSURE

TO

BENZENE

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Nylander-French, Leena A.; Assistant Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Dermal exposure to allergenic and carcinogenic agents that may interact directly or indirectly (via electrophilic metabolites) with the skin is poorly understood and investigated. A major limitation to our understanding and development of this area of research has been the absence of non-invasive device and/or associated methodology to determine chemical specific skin exposure. New methods to determine the threshold dose to induce adverse effects under environmental and occupational exposure conditions are needed. We propose to test the hypothesis that very low levels of dermal exposure to benzene and naphthalene can be directly detected using samples of the keratinized epidermis removed by tape stripping. Subsequent extraction of the epithelium removed may then be analyzed for benzene or naphthalene by analytical chemical for recent exposures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods may be used for quantification for protein adducts as biomarkers for low level chronic exposures and for correlation of dermal and systemic exposure. First, we will develop and use a non-invasive tape-stripping technique coupled with analytical chemistry methods to measure dermal exposure to benzene and naphthalene in two selected populations of workers. Secondly, we will investigate the potential relationship between dermal exposure in systems exposure to benzene and naphtalene in these exposed populations. Finally, we will develop an ELISA method for quantification of dermal exposure to benzene using polyclonal antibodies produced to protein adducts of benzene metabolites. Benzene is metabolized by cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 to benzene oxide and other electrophilic species, which may be used for measuring adduction to keratin (dermal exposure) to human serum albumin (systemic exposure). The results obtained by these proposed studies will increase our knowledge of the significance and the role of dermal exposure and the internal dose received to both the skin and internal tissues. In addition, the potential health effects (allergic contact dermatitis, cancer, etc.) that may result due to dermal exposure can be examined and correlated exposures. Ultimately, the procedures and methods developed in this study may be used as a as a model non-invasive skin-sampling procedure that reliably and reproducibly determines dermal exposure to environmental toxicants. Through reliable exposure assessment, strategies for minimizing exposure and, thus, preventing adverse health effects, can be developed and implemented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN VOC EXPOSURE NEAR SUPERFUND SITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Thrall, Karla D.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098

Studies

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The research in this proposal to provide a fundamental understanding of the influence of route of reexposure on the total body burden and internal target tissue dosimetry of commonly encountered. Superfund contaminants, including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1- dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, toluene, xylene, benzene, diethylbenzene isomers, and chloroform. Furthermore, since this research will involved extension of existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to describe the brain dosimetry following exposures, this effort will enhance the ability to accurately extrapolate animal studies to relevant human exposure scenarios and improve hazard and risk assessments. Exposure assessment studies will be conducted with human volunteers using a novel real-time breath analysis system to determine the uptake of any of the nine potential contaminants of study from tap water by each of three routes: inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. This data will be coupled with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to determine the uptake kinetics and brain dosimetry. The resultant data from these comprehensive research projects within this Superfund program focused on development of biomarkers of susceptibility and response in potentially exposed populations. The specific research objectives are: 1. To generate physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to describe target organ dosimetry by route exposure. 2. To use the models to predict human dosimetry under environmentally relevant exposure conditions at characterized field study locations. 3. To conduct field studies to provide actual exposure assessments and target organ dose estimates by each route of exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BENZENE METABOLITES AND HEMATOTOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Monks, Terrence J.; Professor and Chair; Div/Pharmoacology & Toxicology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Benzene, a major industrial chemical and environmental pollutant, causes a variety of hematological disorders in man, including aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelogenous leukemia. While it is clear that benzene must be metabolized to cause its acute hematotoxic effects, no single metabolite of benzene reproduces these effects in vivo. Coadministration of hydroquinone (HQ) and phenol (PHE), however, does lead to bone marrow suppression in rodents. A pharmacokinetic interaction between these two benzene metabolites results in increased concentrations of both metabolites in bone marrow. Peroxidase and/or phenoxy-radical mediated oxidation of HQ then initiates redox cycling and formation of the reactive electrophile, 1,4-benzoquinone, which is considered the ultimate hematotoxic metabolite of benzene. However, 1,4benzoquinone readily undergoes glutathione (GSH) conjugation to form 2-(glutathion-Syl)hydroquinone, 2,5-bis-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, 2,6-bis-(glutathion-Syl)hydroquinone, and 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone. Preliminary data indicate that these GSH conjugates are present in the bone marrow of rats and mice following coadministration of hydroquinone and phenol. Moreover, the majority of HQGSH conjugates present in bone marrow are formed in situ and are metabolized to more reactive thiol conjugates via a previously unidentified mercapturic acid pathway. Because these quinol-thioether metabolites have enhanced capability to both redox cycle and arylate tissue macromolecules, we hypothesize that quinol-thioether metabolites contribute to benzene-mediated hematotoxicity and that the mechanism(s) likely

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involve the production of reactive oxygen species and/or interaction with proteins that specifically recognize GSH/cysteine and GSH/cysteine containing molecules. Such metabolite specific interactions interfere with growth- and differentiation-related signaling. We therefore propose to (i) assess the acute hematotoxicity of HQ-GSH conjugates in rodent hematopoietic tissue, (ii) determine changes in the production and/or function of hematopoietic growth factors in response to HQ-GSH conjugates, (iii) test the hypothesis that metabolite-induced changes in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (GGT), dipeptidase activity, cysteine transport, and GSH concentrations, precipitate sphingolipid turnover, the generation of ceramide and the induction of apoptosis, and (iv) test the hypothesis that specific proteins involved in the synthesis (GST), transport (GS-X pump), and metabolism (GGT, dipeptidases) of the peptidyl leukotrienes are targets of HQ-GSH conjugates and interfere with granulocytic cell differentiation. Because benzene reduces the number of myeloid stem cells in bone marrow and induces incomplete granulocytic differentiation, our studies will provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which reactive polyphenolic metabolites of benzene cause perturbations in growth- and differentiation-related signaling and how such changes culminate in benzene-mediated hematotoxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF EXOCYCLIC ADDUCTS IN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Singer, B A.; Faculty Scientist; Cell and Molecular Biology; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): Many environmental and industrial chemicals, found to be mutagenic/carcinogenic when metabolized, form exocyclic derivatives of nucleic acid bases. The chemicals in this category to be studied include two metabolites of benzene, 2-hydroxy-p-benzoquinone and Z,Z-muconaldehyde, and glycidaldehyde, a carcinogenic metabolite from the widely used glycidol ethers. These metabolites will all react with DNA bases, resulting in structures which have additional 5 or 6membered ring(s) between the 1, N6 of A, the 3, N4 of C and the 1, N2 of G. These adducts, when incorporated into DNA, will be studied in terms of resulting changes in nucleic acid conformation using thermodynamics, molecular modeling and NMR. Concurrently, their mutagenic potential will be assessed by measuring the extent and type of base incorporation opposite the adducts and subsequent lesion bypass in replication using both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Experimentally, we will synthesize modified deoxynucleosides and their phosphoramidites which will be site-specifically incorporated into defined oligomers with differing flanking sequences since it is known that the sequence context is an important variable in biochemical functions. For replication studies, a primer extension assay with a 32P-label will be followed by gel electrophoresis for analysis of mispairing. Structural studies will be carried out using thermodynamics, NMR and molecular modeling. Such approaches should yield information on the relationship of adduct structure to DNA duplex stability and local conformational alterations, as well as probable biological relevance of these adducts on the basis of in vitro mutagenic findings. By using these exocyclic adducts, which have incremental changes in chemical structure, information will be gained on how structure affects function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

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Project Title: BIOMARKERS OF BENZENE EXPOSURE AND GENOTOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Martyn T.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Benzene is an important industrial chemical (greater than 2 billion pounds produced annually in U.S.) And component of gasoline. It is also an established human leukemogen. The shape of the dose-response curve for benzene-induced leukemia at exposures below 10 ppm is highly controversial and a key public policy and risk assessment issue involving potentially billions of dollars. Conventional epidemiology and toxicology studies are unlikely to resolve this controversy. Work performed to date on this grant has led to the development of a mechanistically- relevant biomarker that should be sufficiently sensitive to shed light on the dose-response curve in the low dose region. This biomarker is the simultaneous detection of leukemia-specific aberrations in chromosomes 5, 7, 8 and 21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization in metaphase cells. We propose to examine this and other biomarkers in the blood of 300 workers exposed to a wide range of benzene concentrations (0.5 to greater than 10 ppm) and 150 unexposed matched controls. The first year will be devoted to the collection of these biological samples with detailed exposure information and sophisticated sample processing such that many new endpoints can be examined. Prior work on this grant has also shown that specific chromosomal translocations related to leukemogenesis can be detected by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in benzene- exposed workers. Recent advances in kinetic real-time PCR now make it possible to quantitate accurately the level of various chromosome translocations. We propose to use quantitative realtime PCR to measure levels of the translocations t(8;21), t(9;22), t(11q23) and t(14;18) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes and granulocytes of workers exposed to benzene and unexposed controls. Our studies to date also suggest that individuals differ in their susceptibility to benzene toxicity in relation to their folate status and genetic make-up. We therefore propose to further examine the role folate, vitamin B12, and various genetic polymorphisms play in individual susceptibility to benzene-induced chromosome damage. These studies will contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia, the risk benzene poses at low doses, and factors associated with susceptibility to this compound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE USING ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMET Principal Investigator & Institution: Turtletaub, Kenneth W.; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The scope of this proposal is to develop a novel and ultra sensitive method for the measurement of DNA adducts quantitatively in humans and to study the degree of benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE) macromolecular adduct formation and repair in adults and children at concentrations equivalent yo human exposure levels. Benzene and TCE are important toxicants in the workplace and are ubiquitous in the environment. Importantly, there may be age- and gender-specific sensitivity to these agents, which requires study to understand the risks posed to children as opposed to adults. Our goal for this project is to develop and validate a method in animals that will have the capacity to quantitatively measure adducts from benzene and TCE exposure in humans and to understand the relationship between age and gender on the dose

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reaching the target tissues and the resultant levels of macromolecular adducts that are formed at doses equivalent to those encountered around superfund waste sites. Specifically, we will: 1. Develop and validate an accelerator mass spectroscopy-based isotope "post-labeling" assay. This assay will involve chemical acylation of nucleosides or nucleotides, will be quantitative, and will have detection limits in the low attomole range (equivalent to approximately 1 adducts/10/12 nucleotides). This is a continuation of the development of this technology for broad use in toxicology research. 2. Apply this isotope post-labeling-AMS assay in pilot studies using a mouse model to explore age and gender effects on benzene and TCE DNA adduct formation and clearance. 3. Conduct a pilot study with human sperm from benzene exposed workers to assess the mean level and variation in DNA adduct levels. We will correlate DNA adduct levels with exposure dose, subject age, blood protein adducts, and markers of chromosomal damage measured by other projects in this program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOMARKERS NEURODEGENERATION

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Sabri, Mohammad I.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Superfund sites commonly contain organic solvents with neurotoxic potential. These substances include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene and aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone). Neurotic benzene derivatives, such as a 1,2- diethylbenzene (1,2-DEB) and its putative metabolite 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1,2-DAB), cause a blue-green coloration (chromogenicity) of tissues and urine. The chromogenic compound 1,2-DAB is a potent neurotoxicant that induces neuropathological changes (neurofilament-filled giant axonal swellings) comparable to those found in humans and animals repeatedly exposed to the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent n-hexane or its keto metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), respectively. In concert with components of the Analytical Core, we will use male and female young adult rats, and biochemical, analytical, and morphological methods, to test the following hypotheses: (a) that a relationship exists between the structural and toxicological properties of 1,2-DAB and 2,5-HD, (b) that the chromogenic and neurotoxic properties of 1,2-DAB are directly interrelated, (c) that 1,2-DAB is the neurotoxic metabolic of 1,2DEB, and (d) that 2-butanone and toluene, which respectively enhance and suppress the neurotoxic potential of n-hexane by altering its metabolism to 2,5-HD, modulate the neurotoxic potency of 1,2-DEB by altering its metabolism to 1,2-DAB. The major goal of this research project is to determine if the urinary chromogen (known to form in humans as well as rodents) can be used as a sensitive and specific biomarker of exposure to, and impending neuropathic effect of, aromatic hydrocarbons with neurotoxic potential. This biomarker may prove to be less invasive and more sensitive than an existing red blood cell spectrin-based biomarker of exposure to aliphatic gamma-diketones (2,5-HD). This project will also support studies in a companion research project (see Withers and Wallace, A4) that seek to determine if 1,2-DAB impacts brain development and plasticity. The long-term objective is to develop an ultrasensitive biomarker of exposure to non-chlorinated organic solvents that can be used to identify individuals/populations at risk for neurotoxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOTRANSFORMATION OF BENZENEARSONATES BY HUMAN ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bayse, Gladys S.; Spelman College 350 Spelman Ln Sw Atlanta, Ga 303144399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The long-term objectives of this project are to characterize the metabolism and assess the potential toxic effects n humans of the benzenearsonate additives in poultry and swine feed. Such information would provide the basis for consideration of potential metabolic or disease impact in humans, upon ingestion of these compounds. The benzene-arsonates, arsanilic acid (4-aminobenzenearsonic acid) and roxarsone (4hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid) are reactive compounds, with their phenolic aromatic amine, and aromatic nitro groups. Chronic exposure of humans to such compounds in the food supply is a matter of serious cancer, since structurally similar compounds are metabolized to active electrophiles which react with protein and DNA molecules to form tissue toxins or mutagens. Surprisingly, it appears that little attention has been given to analyzing human biotransformation of benzenearsonate compounds from consumed meat. An expanded study of the study of the action of human enzymes in biotransformations of the benzenearsonates will be undertaken, using human liver, including microsomes, the post-mitochondrial S9 fraction, several individual cytochrome P450 isoforms, flavin monoozygenases (FMO), and human cells in culture. Additional studies of the inhibitor roles of these benzenearsonates will be pursued as well, with attention given to the acid and alkaline phosphatase systems in human cell culture. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) will also be investigated as benzenearsonate inhibition targets. The PTPases occur as both cytoplasmic and integral membrane enzymes with cell growth inhibition and tumor suppression characteristics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CELL CYCLE DISRUPTION BY HYDROQUINONE AND CATECHOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccue, Jesica M.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Among the environmental immunotoxicants, benzene and its derivatives are produced in the greatest quantities have the widest human exposure, particularly as a result of cigarette smoking. Of these, hydroquinine (HQ) and catechol are potent inhibitors of several T cell responses in vitro. The long term objective of this research is to determine how HQ and catechol suppress cellular immunity by elucidating mechanisms by which exposure to these benzene derivatives affect human lymphocyte function. The hypothesis to be tested in this study is that HQ and catechol disrupt T cell responses by interfering with the normal sequence of cell cycle progression. In order to determine the molecular mechanisms of action of these phenolic compounds, the following specific aims will be undertaken using normal, human lymphocytes: Examine the kinetics and dose range of HQ- and catechol-induced cell cycle block. Determine the effects of acute exposure in vitro to HQ and catechol on IL-2 independent induction of competence by evaluating events that regulate T cell cycle entry (or G0 exit). Evaluate the effects of acute exposure in vitro to HQ and catechol on events that regulate IL-2 dependent G1 phase progression and cell survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHAR OF LOW BARRIER HYDROGEN BONDS IN SERINE PROTEASES & MODEL COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frey, Perry A.; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The goal of this project is the characterization of low-barrier hydrogen bonds in serine proteases and model compounds utilizing NMR spectroscopic techniques. Chymotrypsin, with various inhibitors (including N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyltrifluoromethyl ketone) will be studied by proton NMR to evaluate the low-field chemical shifts in buffer solutions such as acetate, formate and succinate. The deuterium chemical shift values of chymotrypsin amd chymotrypsin complexed with specific inhibitors are also of interest, and will be examined. A series of acetic acid derivatives in 1:1 complexes with N-methylimidazole is also under investigation. These complexes are proposed to model the histidine-aspartate coupling in chymotrypsin and will be studied by proton and deuterium NMR in order to examine the low-field chemical shift values. Other intramolecular model compounds will be studied to examine the low-field chemical shifts. The model compounds will be prepared in solvents such a chloroform, methylene chloride and benzene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHECKPOINTS, DNA REPAIR & HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufman, William K.; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This project concerns the roles of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes in protecting human cells from mutations and chromosomal aberrations induced by Superfund carcinogens. The "guardian of the genome" and tumor suppressor gene, p53, is now known to coordinate a complex set of checkpoint and DNA repair responses in carcinogen- damaged cells. Sone of the signals to activated p53 function come from the ATM kinase gene product. ATM also signals to p53-independent cell cycle checkpoints. Cells lacking p53 or ATM gene function display genetic instability and increased susceptibility to malignant transformation. Such cells provide a window to the systems of response to DNA damage that protect against human carcinogenesis. One human carcinogen found in many Superfund waste-sites is vinyl chloride (VC). Although not directly reactive with DNA, after absorption and metabolic activation to form chloroethylene oxide (CEO), mutagenic etheno adducts are produced on DNA bases. A subfraction of people exposed to VC in the workplace expressed high frequencies of hprt mutations in blood lymphocytes, while the majority of VC-exposed people did not. We will test whether this elevated mutation frequency is associated with a DNA repair defect by assessing CEO-induced genotoxicity in lymphoblastoid lines derived from sensitive and resistant people. Superfund waste-site carcinogens such as benzene and benzo[a]pyrene can be metabolized within cells to produce reactive electrophiles such as benzene- diolepoxide, respectively, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The electrophiles and ROS both may attack DNA producing mutations and chromosomal aberrations. This project will determine whether p53 and ATM protect against genotoxicity by CEO, ROS, and diolepoxides. Enhanced risk of development of breast cancer has been linked to mutations in genes that participate in DNA repair including p53 and ATM. This project will employ a functional assay for DNA repair capacity in peripheral and lymphocytes that measures rejoining of radiation-induced chromatid

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breaks. This assay will be used in a case- control study to test the hypothesis that development of breast cancer is associated with a defect in DNA repair. Sensitive cells identified in our case control study will be available as immortalized lines to determine whether hypersensitivity extends to ROS induced by Superfund carcinogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--BIOMARKER LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Holland, Nina T.; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In order to support the Superfund Program, we propose to establish a Biomarker laboratory Core that will combine the resources and facilities at the School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, UCSF, and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute. The main goal of the new Biomarker Core is to facilitate the collection, processing, and analysis of samples for epidemiological Projects 1-5 using established molecular and cytogenetic methods of analysis and to assure appropriate handling, storing, banking, and testing of these specimens. This core will be involved in the acquisition of handling, storing, banking, and testing of these specimens. This core will be involved in the acquisition of specimens from childhood leukemia cases and healthy controls of different ethnic backgrounds (with Projects #1-2); arsenic exposed children and adults from India and/or Chile (with Project #3); and benzene exposed workers from China (with Projects #4- 5). Laboratory protocols for sophisticated sample processing, including cryopreservation and storage in liquid nitrogen, will be established for cord blood, peripheral blood, buccal and urothelial cells, and sperm specimens. Routine characterization of these biological samples will include DNA/RNA isolation and storage; mutational analysis of the N- RAS gene; genotyping of a panel of cancer susceptibility genes; characterization of the cytogenetic traits in childhood leukemia cases by reverse-transcriptase PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization; and analysis of cytogenetic damage in different cell types by the micronucleus assay. A computer database will be created to manage sample tracking, recovery, and transmission throughout the core and the Superfund program. These services will greatly enhance the ability of the epidemiological Projects #1-5 to achieve their goals. Establishing a biomarker core for laboratory analysis is an efficient use of resources of the Superfund program as UCB, UCSF and CHORI collaborators are already capable of performing all of the assays required and can do so without incurring the expenses of an outside laboratory. A unique bank of tissues and DNA/RNA samples will be established from children and adults of different ethnic background for use in future of cancer risk from genetic and environmental factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hertz-Picciotto, Irva; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We propose to establish a Molecular Epidemiology Core to support Projects 1,2 and 3. The Core will build upon existing expertise and facilities in the Department of Epidemiology in three areas: collecting and archiving biologic samples from large, population-based epidemiologic studies; high throughput PCR-based genotyping to

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detect polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair genes; design and implementation of epidemiologic studies incorporating biomarkers. For Project 1, the Core will provide DNA, red blood cells, and plasma samples from 435 controls from a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in North Carolina. Plasma samples have previously been characterized for PCB levels. The Core will optimize procedures for extraction of DNA and proteins from these samples in order to investigate the relationship between PCB exposure and levels of oxidative stress (AP sites, TG adducts, M1G adducts, oxidized proteins). The Core will conduct assays for metabolism genes and DNA repair genes which modulate endogenous levels of ROS and confer susceptibility to exogenous sources of oxidative DNA damage. For Project 2, the Core will maintain and archive immortalized cell lines from participants in a hospital-based case-control study of breast cancer who have been characterized with a variety of DNA repair and metabolism genes in order to investigate the genetic basis for radiation hypersensitivity. For Project 3, the Core will conduct genotyping assays for metabolism genes which contribute to variability in levels of benzene, benzene metabolites and reactive intermediates in human populations. For Projects 1, 2 and 3, the Core will assist in the implementation of population-based studies incorporating biomarkers, including study design, power calculations, identifying appropriate populations, addressing issues of bias, and obtaining IRB approval. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYTOCHROME P450 SUBSTRATE SITING AND MOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdermott, Ann E.; Professor; Chemistry; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Rationalization and prediction of hydroxylation products of cytochrome P450 is crucial for understanding the mechanism of this enzyme and for understanding drug metabolism, but remains generally enigmatic. We propose studies of orientation of substrates in the enzyme pocket, and motion of substrates in the enzyme pocket, by new magnetic resonance methods. A longstanding hypothesis states that, counter to typical enzymological dogma, many substrates bound to the active site of (mammalian or prokaryotic) cytochrome P450 rotate rapidly on the timescale of enzymatic turnover; this putative motion might actually be reasonable and even needed for turnover, since the substrate pocket appears to be rather hydrophobic and chemically "featureless". If this motion does indeed occur, it would have important implications for understanding hydroxylation preferences. We have performed preliminary studies of substrate siting and motion for adamantane bound to the resting state of CP450cam, using deuterium magic angle spinning (MAS) SSNMR spectroscopy. These preliminary data support the hypothesis of extensive motion. On this preliminary basis we propose to conduct more detailed studies with medicinally relevant systems. In this preliminary study, competitive displacement and Curie-law temperature dependence of isotropic shifts were used to verify location at the active site. Simulation of deuterium spinning sideband intensities allowed us to determine the strengths of the electron-nuclear dipolar hyperfine coupling, the strength of the effective deuterium quadrupolar splitting (which serves as measure of local motion) and the Euler angles describing the mutual orientation of the dipolar and quadrupolar tensors. Simulations of analogous data from model compounds are reported in a recent publication; RMS agreements of approximately 5 percent are possible, and the simulations are used to determine distances to a precision of 0.5 Angstrom units up to a maximum "capture radius" of 7 Angstrom units, and angles were determined to within 20 degrees. Simulations of the

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data for enzyme-bound adamantane indicated an average metal-deuterium distance of 6.0 (+/- 0.2) Angstrom units and clear-cut evidence of a rapid high- symmetry motion. Computational and experimental improvements for analysis of the line-shape and spinning side-band intensities are proposed. We propose to characterize substrate motion for additional substrates (camphor, benzene, toluene, xylene, nicotine and warfarin), and an additional stable intermediate of the enzymatic cycle. Substrate geometry relative to the heme and substrate motion will be studies for the mammalian P450 enzyme using a membrane-mimic environment (DMPC/DHPC bicelles); information about substrate geometries is unavailable from crystallographic studies at present. Studies involving microbial detoxification enzymes with similar chemical mechanisms are also planned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECT, ID & CHARACTERIZE BENZENE ADDUCTED MOUSE LIVER & BONE MARROW PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Burlingame, Alma L.; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: By combining the ability of accelerator mass spectrometry to detect low levels of 14C with the high sensitivity of high energy collision-induced dissociation analysis for peptide sequence determination, we have developed a novel approach to detect and characterize proteins withadducted xenobiotic compounds. In the present study, we are trying to identify benzene-protein adducts purified from mouse liver and bone marrow cells. Benzene is a commonly occurring toxic compound and is present in combustion products, gasoline and tobacco smoke. It is known that chronic exposure to benzene leads to degeneration of the bone marrow and leukemia. Further, it has also been shown that benzene-protein adducts are formed via metabolism of benzene. Bioactivation of benzene occurs in the liver through oxidation by P450to phenol. However, several other reactive metabolites are formed as well, such as benzoquinones, catechol hydroquinone and muconaldehyde. The hematotoxic effect of benzene has been attributed to these benzene intermediates rather than benzene or phenol. The aim of this workis to characterize the protein adducts formed with benzene and to elucidate their possible importance for the development of leukemia and other benzene-induced pathological conditions. Crude liver homogenates obtained from mice injected with low amounts (500 ng/kg body weight) of 14C-benzene are fractionated by SDS-PAGE and the 14Cenriched proteins are detected by accelerator MS. The proteins of interest are subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion and the extracted peptides sequenced by high energy CID analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DETERMINANTS FOR CHROMOSOMALLY DEFECTIVE HUMAN SPERM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyrobek, Andrew; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Evidence for male-mediated developmental toxicity derives from strong animal data and from several epidemiological studies that exposures of fathers to environmental toxicants are associated with adverse consequences to the fetus and offspring. The proposed research will investigate the roles of specific paternal host

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factors and environmental risk factors for the transmission of chromosomal defects via sperm. Chromosomally defective sperm are detrimental to the developing embryo and live-born child resulting in spontaneous abortions and birth defects. Two promising sperm FISH methods have been recently developed to detect human sperm carrying abnormal numbers of chromosomes (aneuploidy) or structurally defective chromosomes (partial chromosomal duplications, deletions, or breakage). Studies with these sperm methods indicate that chromosomally defective sperm are inducible after exposures to certain drugs, both in murine and human studies; however, the utility of the genetic biomarkers in sperm in the assessment of reproductive hazards in occupationally or environmentally exposed populations remains to be proven. In addition, the modifying effects of host factors are not known. The objectives of the proposed research are to investigate the relationship of age and diet on sperm chromosomal defects in healthy non-smoking men and to determine if occupational exposure to benzene is associated with increases in the proportions of chromosomally defective sperm and with reduced semen quality. The specific aims are to: (a) characterize the relationship between age and chromosomal defects in sperm of approximately 100 healthy men aged approximately 20-80y, contrasting the age-defects on chromosome structure defects in sperm against numerical defects and semen quality; (b) examine the associations between diet and chromosomally abnormal sperm utilizing food- frequency questionnaire and seminal measurements of specific nutrients; and (c) investigate the effects of moderate-to-high occupational exposure to benzene (at or above US permissible levels) on chromosomal defects in sperm and semen quality for a group of approximately 50-benzene- exposed Chinese workers and approximately 40 unexposed controls. We will also compare the semen effects of benzene against its chromosome toxicity to lymphocytes We propose to investigate benzene because it is an important Superfund chemical, a proven human leukemogen, and occupational exposure induces chromosomal damage in lymphocytes. This project will contribute towards understanding male reproductive human health, specifically: (a) the importance of age and diet as paternal risk factors for chromosomally defective sperm, and (b) whether these genetic biomarkers in human sperm can be used as early warning signals for the identification of paternally mediated embryo-toxicity and teratogenicity due to exposure to Superfund chemicals. This project also has the exciting potential of identifying benzene as a human germinal mutagen, which would be extreme importance in assessing health risk to the unborn near Superfund sites. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rappaport, Steve M.; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Although it has been known for decades that benzene is a human carcinogen, the mechanism by which benzene causes human diseases is still unknown. One reason for this lack of understanding is the complex metabolism of benzene, which gives rise to many electrophilic intermediates capable of binding with macromolecules [notably, 1, 2- and 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), benzene oxide (BO), benzene diol (epoxide (BDE), 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) and the muconaldehydes (MAHs)]. In addition, some metabolites generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can also cause toxic effects. We previously developed cysteinyl protein adducts as biomarkers of exposure to BO and the BQs and now propose to extend the work to include BDE and the MAHs.

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We will also apply existing methods to measure benzene and its metabolites in human urine and protein adducts associated with ROS in vivo (lysine adducts of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, the principal aldehyde product of lipid peroxidation). Armed with a comprehensive set of benzene biomarkers, we will explore the shapes of the gamut of exposure biomarker relationships in 1225 persons, about half of whom were occupationally exposed to benzene over a wide range of air levels (0.1 > 100 pp,). This will allow us to investigate the kinetics of the various metabolic routes. We will use these biomarkers to explore the magnitudes of inter-individual variability in human metabolism and to evaluate the association between biomarkers and genotypic expression of several enzymes involved in benzene metabolism (CYP4502E1, GSTT1 & GSTM1, NQO1, EH and MPO). We will also employ protein adducts to study the disposition of reactive benzene metabolites in rats and to compare the doses of these short-lived compounds in humans and rats, thereby improving quantitative risk assessment. Finally, we will use samples of blood and urine from unexposed persons to investigate the sources of background adducts of BO, the BQs and, potentially, to BDE and the MAHs. Collectively, these studies will provide information with which to characterize human metabolism of benzene, particularly in the critical range of benzene exposure below 10 ppm. Such information will be immensely valuable to those engaged in risk assessment and to researchers investigating the mechanism of benzene's particularly in the critical range of benzene exposure below 10 ppm. Such information will be immensely valuable to those engaged in risk assessment and to researchers investigating the mechanism of benzene's human health effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF COCAINE ABUSE TREATMENT AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojo, Babatunde; Savannah State University Savannah, Ga 31404 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of this proposed research is to synthesize and pre- clinically evaluate several new series of reversible and irreversibly binding cocaine antagonists in the methylphenidate class of stimulant agents. Extensive structural modifications involving the piperidine, ester moiety and aromatic ring of methylphenidate will be examined. It is anticipated that these structural modifications will provide therapeutic agents which inhibit cocaine binding, but spare dopamine uptake. The syntheses of desbenzene methylphenidate and a novel class of methylphenidate-like analogs (with piperidine ring replacement) are also proposed. These compounds will be evaluated in rats striatal tissue sin vitro for activity at the cocaine binding site using the [3H]WIN 35, 428 radioreceptor assay and for their ability to block synaptosomal [3H] dopamine transport. The ability to antagonize the behavioral effects of cocaine mediated through central dopaminergic pathways will be assessed utilizing tests which measure locomotor activity, cocaine discrimination and rotation following unilateral nigrostriatal lesions. Compounds which exhibit partial agonist or antagonist activity in the behavioral testings will be further evaluated ex vivo in the [3H]WIN 35, 428 and [3H] dopamine transport assays to obtain a better understanding of their interactions with the dopamine uptake complex in vivo. Computational modeling studies will be initiated to rationalize the biological significance of discrimination ratio (DR). Correlation between potency, dopamine uptake, DR, and the computational chemical analyses will be used to establish new structure activity relationships and hence, identify compounds which may be useful in directing efforts to develop medications for cocaine abuse. Successful completion of this research program will result in drugs with therapeutic

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potential against the reinforcing and addicting properties of cocaine. Ultimately, this work could serve as a significant contribution to the solution of cocaine addiction problem, a major continuing problem in the United States. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENZYME REPAIR OF EXOCYCLIC ADDUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hang, Bo; Staff Scientist; Cell and Molecular Biology; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary focus of this renewal proposal is on how repair enzymes process specific exocyclic DNA adducts, which are formed by diverse environmental mutagens/carcinogens including vinyl compounds, glycidyl ethers, chlorohydroxyfuranones, benzene and therapeutic nitrosoureas such as BCNU or formed by endogenous processes. Unrepaired adducts can block replication or cause mutation since many of these exocyclic adducts are miscoding lesions. The exocyclic adducts to be studied are structurally related but with differing features. Our central hypothesis is that such ring structural features, formed by different carcinogens, will determine specific enzymatic recognition and the type of repair. On this basis, we hope to identify and characterize new repair activities or novel repair enzymes. The proposed approaches from biochemistry and structural studies attempt to define specific structural features or rules that are essential for enzymatic recognition or repair efficiency. In addition, protein-protein interactions in glycosylase excision of exocyclic adducts will be investigated. By using in vitro biochemical approaches and specific oligonucleotides containing a single site-directed adduct, we wish to carry out the following specific aims: (1) To identify DNA glycosylases/endonucleases acting on newly synthesized exocyclic adducts; (2) To examine the initial recognition by mismatch repair (MMR) pathway of the available exocyclic adducts as these lesions form similar structures to mismatches; (3) To explore the potential pathway for p-benzoquinone adduct repair using an in vitro substitution methodology; (4) To study how and to what extent the DNA glycosylases excising exocyclic adducts interact with other cellular proteins such as 5'AP endonucleases, XPG protein and the MMR binding proteins; and (5) Structural studies, such as molecular modeling of damaged DNA/glycosylase complexes, will be performed to aid in understanding how repair enzymes interact with such adducted DNA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FOLDING OF UNNATURAL OLIGOMERS: HOLLOW HELICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gong, Bing; Associate Professor; Psychology; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The proposed research involves the design of a novel class of oligomers that automatically fold into helices with large (10 Angstrom units to 30 Angstrom units) tubular cavities. Such hollow helices are suggested as potential prototypes of functional models for pore-forming protein and peptide toxins. The oligomers consist of benzene rings linked by amide groups. The backbone of an oligomer is curved due to the incorporation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds that rigidify the amide linkages. As a result, a backbone that is long enough will fold back on itself, leading to a left- or righthanded helical conformation. The helix formed is further stabilized by stacking of the

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aromatic rings of neighboring spiral turns. Such a backbone- based helical programming will lead to helices whose folded conformation is resilient toward structural variation of the side groups that determine the outside surface properties. The interior of a helix is featured by the amide-O atoms, which makes the tubular cavities rather hydrophilic. The internal diameters of the helices are adjustable by combining meta- and paradisubstituted benzene rings or by using larger aromatic rings such as derivatives of naphthalene and anthracene. Preliminary results from ab initio calculations, 1H-NMR and X-ray crytsallography have clearly established the feasibility of the proposed research. These helices, as nanotubes, can be used as artificial pore-forming agents that can be easily functionalized. Molecular gatekeepers based on these nanotubes can be designed by including biochemical, chemical, and physical switches into the structures. The design of pore-forming drugs, drug carriers and sensitive membrane-bound sensors can be envisioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENOMICS OF AML-M3: PROGRESSION FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ley, Timothy J.; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 19-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: The goal of this project is to define the genomic changes that cooperate with t(15; 17) to cause progression of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). To study this question, we developed a mouse model of APL. In mice that express both PMLRARalpha (PR) and RARalpha-PML (RP) in early myeloid cells, progression to APL is usually associated with the acquisition of an interstitial deletion of chromosome 2 (del 2), which also occurs in mice that develop radiation or benzene-induced AML. We propose to define the importance of del 2 for APL progression, as follows: Specific Aim 1: We will define the minimal reqion of chromosome 2 relevant for APL progression using high-resolution Comparative Genomic Hybridization and RNA Array techniques. We will precisely define del 2 in PR/RP mice using long oligomer arrays and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The same arrays will be used to search for microdeletions, and genes that are silenced in tumors that contain del 2. These regions will be the first to be resequenced in Aim 2. Specific Aim 2: We will define the genetic alterations within del 2 that contribute to APL progression. Total exonic sequencing of the most relevant genes within the del 2 interval will be performed in a series of tumors with and without del 2. If mutant genes are identified, their human homologues will be resequenced in human APL samples. Verified mutations will be assessed biologically in appropriate mouse models. Specific Aim 3: We will establish the relevance of del 2 for APL progression by recreating the deletion in mice using homologous recombination and Lox P-Cre technology. We will define the endpoints of the minimal deletion in Specific Aim 1, and target Lox P sites to its ends. We will remove the region from chromosome 2 in embryonic stem cells (or adult mice) with Cre recombinase, and make adult mice that are heterozygous for del 2. The del 2 mice will be intercrossed with hCGPML-RARalpha mice to assess the contribution of del 2 to APL progression. Additional mutations will be made as required to further define the critical regions within del 2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEMATOTOXIC EFFECTS OF BENZENE AND DOXORUBICIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Walsh, Anne C.; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, Ny 12237

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) and the antitumor agent doxorubicin (DX) are chemically-related compounds that cause hematotoxicity through a mechanism that is likely to involve oxidative stress. Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF) is capable of directly protecting human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPC) from numerous oxidative stress-inducing hematotoxic agents, including HQ and DX. TNF also affects normal HPC proliferation and differentiation and may stimulate myelodysplastic and leukemic HPC to proliferate. However, the mechanism by which TNF affects the biological activities of HPC remains largely unknown. It is hypothesized that the TNF-induced genes that have been identified by differential display reverse transcription PCR and RNase protection analyses encode products that are important in the protective (or other biological) effects of TNF on human HPC. The specific aims, research design and methods are: 1) to determine whether the TNF-induced genes identified are preferentially expressed in primitive or committed HPC by RNase protection on double purified HPC. Full-length cDNAs of these TNF-induced genes will be isolated by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The promoter regions will also be isolated by subcloning these sequences from human genomic bacterial artificial chromosomes. Sequencing and DNA database searches with the coding and promoter regions of the induced genes will be done to gain insight into the functions of the products of the unknown genes and to identify putative transcriptional regulatory sequences. 2) to assess the involvement of the TNFinduced genes in protection of HPC from HQ or DX using antisense methods to selectively inhibit gene expression in HPC or by transiently transfecting a leukemic cell line, not normally protected by TNF, or purified HPC with vectors expressing candidate protective genes to determine whether resistance to HQ or DX can be conferred. 3) to create profiles of the expression levels of known genes in HPC treated with TNF and/or HQ or DX, using DNA array technology. The long-term objectives of this proposal are to determine what TNF-activated genes and biochemical pathways are involved in protection of human HPC from hematotoxic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN DOSIMETRY FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalman, David A.; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of this project is understand the extent to which humans absorb, metabolize, and eliminate volatile organic compounds to which they may be exposed as a result of environmental contamination. Of special interest to us is the range of normal variation in these processes, and the factors which influence this variation. To better understand the underlying physiology, this project has as one of its central features the development and validation of a detailed mathematical mode of absorption, metabolism, and elimination processes in humans. Our past success in using this model to describe the operation of these processes for toluene, with very good accuracy, leads us to anticipate that this model will be able to describe the behavior of other solvents with different biological and chemical properties. Most important, the model relies on only a few readily measured individual characteristics (e.g. body fat composition, height, simple measurements of metabolic rate such as respiratory ventilation rate) to predict the individual's response. The results of this study will therefore support

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relatively accurate health risk assessments and epidemiologic studies, without requiring complex or detailed input data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN GENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: King, Mary-Claire; American Cancer Society Professor; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IN VIVO GENTOXICITY TO HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pallavicini, Maria G.; Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract). The long term health effects of exposure to environmental contaminants are major public concerns. Occupational or environmental exposure to radiation, fuel hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls is associated with increased risk of malignancy, particularly leukemia. However, assessment of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of environmental contaminants is difficult. Uncertainties in physical exposure and variations in physiologic response among individuals complicates risk assessment. Cross-species data extrapolation from in vitro and in vivo animal model systems is problematic. Fortunately, recent advances in molecular and cellular methodologies and in vivo models promise to alleviate some of these limitations. Molecular cytogenetics facilitates detection of translocations using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Immune -deficient mice transplanted with human cord blood cells (HU-mice) maintain high levels of persistent multi-lineage hematopoiesis, thereby providing opportunities to evaluate molecular and functional changes in human hemopoietic cells exposed to genotoxins in vivo. HU-mice should allow assessment of genotoxin effects on human hemopoietic stem cells (hsc) in vivo. We propose a novel approach to assess genomic and cellular changes in human hsc exposed to environmental contaminants in vivo. specifically, we will determine whether human hsc in HU-mice exposed to single and intermittent low doses of radiation or chemicals provide a read-out assay useful to estimate exposure. Specifically, we will 1) determine whether the frequency of genetically-damaged human hsc in an optimized HU-mouse model reflects in vitro exposure to radiation or benzene. 2) establish the relationship between in vivo radiation and benzene exposure and frequency of genetically damaged human hsc. 3) Test the hypothesis that intermittent, low dose in vivo exposure of human has to a genotoxin with concomitant hematotoxicity will result in more genomic damage than dose-equivalent single exposures. These studies will establish the usefulness of the HU-mouse model to increase understanding of the relationship between genotoxin dose and genetic damage in human hsc- an important component of risk assessment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Benzene

Project Title: MECHANISM(S) OF CHEMICAL LEUKEMOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Irons, Richard D.; Pathologist/Scientist; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The purpose of this continuing project is to better understand the roles of altered hematopoietic stem or progenitor cell (HPC) differentiation and cytogenetic damage in early events in the development of acute myelogenous leukemia (sAML) following treatment with alkylating chemotherapeutic agents or benzene. Consistent with emerging models of carcinogenesis, sAML is an evolutionary process involving selection of clonal cytogenetic events in HPC together with microenvironmental changes in stromal cells that ultimately contribute to the development of myelodysplasia (MDS) and sAML. During the previous funding period a multistep model for the evolution of sAML was developed in which drug- induced alterations in HPC proliferation lead to development of a distinct pattern of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities (C.A.) and progressive dysplastic changes that select for the emergence of the malignant cell phenotype. Using this model as a hypothesis, the pattern of expression of genes known to be involved in regulation of normal hematopoiesis will be compared between normal human bone marrow (BM) cells and BM treated with alkylating agents in vitro. Treatment related changes in transcriptional regulation of gene expression occurring in purified subpopulations of human CD34+ BM cells in liquid culture will be assessed using a variety of molecular biology techniques and correlated with flow cytometric analysis of cell phenotype, clonogenic function in HPC, and cytokine production in stromal cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization also will be used to evaluate the potential of individual agents to produce C.A. in specific sub-populations of CD34+ human BM cells. Finally, patterns of gene expression will be correlated with genotype, phenotype and functional clonogenic response in BM cells obtained from patients with MDS or evolving sAML. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MICROWAVE REMEDIATION

TECHNOLOGY

FOR

SUPERFUND

SITE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cha, Chang Y.; Cha Corporation 372 W Lyon St Laramie, Wy 82072 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): CHA Corporation has developed a microwavebased air purification technology that can be effectively utilized to recover chemicals from soil vapors produced during hazardous site remediation without using a catalytic oxidizer. A field-ready prototype microwave treatment system will be designed, constructed, and tested in the laboratory during the first year of work. In the second year, the prototype microwave system will be transported to the Superfund site for a field demonstration. The prototype microwave system will be operated at the Superfund site to recover benzene and other chemicals in the soil vapors. Using the field demonstration test results, technical and economic feasibility of the microwave technology for hazardous waste site remediation will be assessed. If the microwave technology is successfully demonstrated for recovering chemicals including benzene from soil vapors, the technology will be ready to be commercialized for Superfund site remediation. Therefore, the main objective of Phase 2 of the proposed project is to

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perform a commercial demonstration for this Superfund site remediation. A successful application of microwave technology for Superfund site remediation will provide significant energy savings and economic and environmental benefits to industrial sites and military bases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MODULATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fiala, Emerich S.; Chief, Division of Molecular Biology; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Previously, we found that inhalation of cigarette smoke by guinea pigs fed a diet deficient in ascorbic acid (AA), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and increased the respiratory levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG). All of these effects, indicative of inflammation and of protein and DNA damage, were significantly decreased in guinea pigs fed a diet high in AA. The work proposed here is a logical extension of these findings. We postulate that cigarette smoke-derived oxidants, probably H2O2 and/or peroxynitrite, activate the transcription factors NFkappaB and AP-1, and that this is an anti- apoptotic, tumor promoting event. We further propose that the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 will be inhibited by anti-oxidants, specifically AA, vitamin E, and the tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, given singly or in combination in the diet. To test these hypotheses, we propose short term (approximately 40 day) cigarette smoke inhalation studies in which we determine changes in the levels of DNA 8-oxo-dG, 8- nitroguanine and selected etheno adducts, and the modulation of NF- kappaB, AP-1, c-myc, matrix metalloproteinase-9, iNOS, 3NT, cell proliferation and apoptosis in the guinea pig respiratory system, and the effects on these factors by dietary antioxidants. Specific Aim 1 will furnish basic information on the time courses of formation and loss of 8- oxo-dG, ethene adducts and 8-nitroguanine in lung DNA, The studies in Specific Aims 2 and 3 will give information on the degree of activation of inflammation- and tumor promotion-related transcription factors NFkappaB, AP-1 and c-myc, and on the consequences of such activation, including induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and iNOS, the appearance of 3-NT in protein, appearance of 8-oxo-dG, ethano adducts and 8-nitroguanine in lung DNA, and in changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Studies will then be undertaken to determine how these molecular marker changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Studies will then be undertaken to determine how these molecular markers are affected by dietary antioxidants, and whether the effects of the antioxidants, when given in combination, are either null, additive, or synergistic. As Specific Aim 2, we will continue the development of a method for the quantitative determination of 3-NT. The extension of this method, which has a sensitivity in the femtomol range for 3-NT (a marker for peroxynitrite-induced damage to proteins), to the array of 8- nitroguanine (a marker of peroxynitrite-induced damage to DNA), and to nitrated benzene metabolites generated in Project 2, will also be examined under this Aim. The results of our studies will read to a better understanding of the relationship of chronic respiratory inflammation to cigarette smoke-induced cancers, and the influence of dietary antioxidants. We expect that conclusions drawn into our research will be directly translatable to simple dietary intervention strategies in those smokers unable to quit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUIFER MICROBIAL COMMUNI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Scow, Kate M.; Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Numerous groundwater aquifers are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants. Directly monitoring biodegrading microbial communities could guide decisions about treatment and facilitate monitoring of remediation. A common, but not well-investigated, challenge at Superfund sites is managing remediation of mixtures of contaminants. Superfund chemicals, toluene, benzene and xylene, along with fuel oxygenates, comprise mixed contaminants associated with petroleum pollution. Our aim is to adapt and develop molecular tools to assess the behavior of microbial communities associated with mixtures of pollutants. The underlying hypothesis that will guide our technology development is that microbial community structure (diversity and numbers of total bacteria, certain anaerobic toluene/xylene degraders, and denitrifiers) and community functions (e.g. rates of utilization of pollutants as e donors, use of electron acceptors) when exposed to mixtures of contaminants will not behave as predicted from behavior on single contaminants. We will focus on toluene and xylene biodegradation under nitrate reducing conditions, but also consider interactions of these processes with other BTEX compounds and the fuel additives, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethanol. Our study system will be groundwater aquifer microbial communities, in microcosm and controlled field studies. Questions to be addressed include: 1) Are differences in biodegradation rates of contaminants, alone versus mixed with other chemicals, associated with differences in diversity and numbers of total bacteria, toluene/xylene degraders, and denitrifiers? 2) Do the same microbial populations use multiple contaminants? 3) Do readily degradable (e.g., ethanol) and recalcitrant (e.g., MTBE) fuel additives alter the biodegradation of BTEX under anaerobic conditions? We will use DGGE analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, targeting primers for enzymes involved in contaminant degradation (bssA) and nitrate reduction (nirS and nirK) and total bacterial cells (universal bacterial 16S rDNA). We will measure the accumulation of carbon from 14C labeled compounds (toluene, MTBE) into cellular constituents (PLFA, determine signature lipids/markers) of microbial communities using GC-MS and AMS (at Lawrence Livermore National Lab) in artificial mixes of bacterial strains and in microcosms. We will conduct studies in microcosms and across pollutant gradients (of BTEX, BTEX + MTBE or ethanol) at a field site containing a petroleum spill (with BTEX and MTBE) at Vandenberg Air Force Base in CA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Strom, Sara S.; Assistant Professor; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: Little is known about the epidemiologic risk factors associated with the development of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and less is known about the role that genetic susceptibility plays in the development of AML. We propose to conduct a population-based study to investigate genetic susceptibility in adult AML patients, both de novo and treatment-related in a well-defined geographical area. Using a case-control

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design, we will prospectively enroll 400 patients from the greater Houston area (Harris and surrounding counties) and 800 healthy controls. Controls will be recruited using random digit dialing, and will be matched to the cases by age, gender, and ethnicity. Epidemiological and demographic information will be obtained through personal interviews, and will be integrated with clinical information, cytogenetic data, and genotypic markers. Blood specimens will be collected on all participants, who will be genotyped for markers associated with activation and detoxification of chemical carcinogens, including chemotherapy drugs. Polymorphisms in genes such as cytochrome p450 (CYP2E1), glutathione S-transferases (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1 ), epoxide hydrolase (HYL1), NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) will be analyzed. This study will provide insight into the role that these susceptibility markers, along with clinical epidemiological, and cytogenetic factors, play in the identification of people at risk of developing AML. Understanding how genetic predisposition and exogenous exposures interact to determine AML susceptibility will allow the development of prevention strategies in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR CATECHOL/SEMIQUINOE/QUINONE

ORIGIN

OF

CANCER--

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cavalieri, Ercole L.; Associate Professor; None; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1991; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The results of our studies of the most potent carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzo[alpha,1]pyrene have provided critical information on the mechanism of tumor initiation. We have discovered that there is a correlation between depurinating adducts and oncogenic mutations, suggesting that these adducts are the primary culprit in the tumor initiation process and represent a common denominator for recognizing the potential of a chemical to initiate cancer. Oxidation of the carcinogenic 4-catechol estrogens (CE) produces depurinating adducts after reaction with DNA, whereas the noncarcinogenic 2-CE yield only stable adducts. These results form the basis to investigate initiation of cancer by the pathway of oxidative activation of catechols yields semiquinones yields quinones for CE in breast cancer, benzene in leukemia and dopamine in Parkinson's disease. We propose to (1) synthesize the 4hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2)-1-C8Ade adduct by reaction of semiquinone (E2-SQ) anion radical with dA or Ade and determine whether it is formed, along with other already determined depurinating CE adducts, by enzymic oxidation of 4-OHE2; (2) determine the mammary carcinogenicity in female ACI rats of (a) 2-OHE1 or 2 and 4-OHE1 or 2 by subdorsal implantation in silastic tubing and (b) 2-OHE2, 4-OHE2 and their quinones (with or without equimolar E2) by repeated application to six teats; (3) determine the levels of depurinating CE-DNA adducts and CE-N-acetylcysteine [N(Ac)Cys] adducts in the urine of female ACI rats treated with CE or CE quinones; (4) determine the levels of these adducts in urine specimens from women with and without breast cancer; (5) synthesize adducts by reaction of the quinones of catechol, hydroquinone and dopamine with dG, dA, Ade, GSH, Cys and N(Ac)Cys; and (6) identify and quantify the depurinating and stable adducts formed by reaction of catechol quinone, 1,4benzoquinone and dopamine quinone with DNA or GSH and by reaction of enzymeactivated catechol, hydroquinone and dopamine with DNA or GSH. By accomplishing these aims, we will gain evidence that this pathway of oxidation of catechols (amines and estrogens) to form depurinating DNA adducts is the common denominator for

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Benzene

triggering cancer and other diseases. In addition, we will identify biomarkers for use in diagnosis and in studies of prevention of breast cancer and other diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Allan; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is the largest of the research cores, consisting of nine investigators working on various aspects of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. It brings together toxicologists, molecular biologists, epidemiologist and geneticists. The multidisciplinary projects range in scope from studies on DNA damage through human population studies on biomarkers and cancer risk. The core leader is Dr. Allan Smith. Accomplishments from his laboratory include evidence for genotoxic effects in exfoliated bladder epithelial cells in human population exposed to arsenic in drinking water. Other accomplishments of this core include findings by Dr. Ames that oxidative DNA damage plays a major role in aging and cancer, that mitochondria are an important source of these oxidants, and that dietary antioxidant can protect against oxidative damage in humans. New Salmonella tester strains (Ames II test) have also been developed. New fluorescent labels for analysis of nucleic acid have been developed by Dr. Alexander Glazer. Dr. Lois Gold, in collaboration with Dr. Bruce Ames, has developed ranking schemes and databases for carcinogenic agents to which humans are exposed. Dr. Alexander Karu has developed immunoassays to detect PCBs and PAHs. Dr. Stuart Linn has added to our knowledge of the steps involved in oxidative DNA damage. Dr. Martyn Smith has new findings on the genotoxic effects of benzene metabolites, as well as development of a FISH technique for micronuclei in exfoliated bladder experiments which was used in the studies of Dr. Allan Smith. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL ACTIONS OF TOLUENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Woodward, John J.; Professor; Physiology and Neuroscience; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Volatile solvents such as toluene, benzene and trichloroethane are widely distributed in a variety of products encountered in both industrial and home settings. These include glues, thinners, rubber cements, aerosol sprays, nail polish removers, correction fluid and dry cleaning solvents. Although the occupational hazards of exposure to these solvents have been previously examined in a variety of toxicological studies, the cellular and molecular sites of action that account for their intoxicating effects are virtually unknown. Surveys of drug use show that a significant percentage of the population has used volatile solvents for their intoxicating properties and such use is especially prevalent among adolescents and teens who may have easy access to these products. Previous behavioral studies show that toluene and other abused volatile solvents display actions similar to that observed for CNS depressants such as ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and anesthetics. Thus, we hypothesize that abused solvents, like other CNS depressants, may exert some of its neurobehavioral effects by altering the function of specific ion channels that are involved in mediating and modulating neuronal transmission. We have generated data

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to support this hypothesis and have demonstrated that toluene and other volatile solvents inhibit the function of recombinant and native NMDA and acetylcholine receptors expressed in oocytes and cultured neurons. This inhibition was dosedependent and was influenced by the subunit composition expressed. In contrast to ethanol, toluene had negligible effects on currents mediated by non-NMDA receptors or on G-protein coupled potassium channels. These results suggest that abused solvents may show greater selectivity than alcohol with respect to their ability to modulate the activity of neuronal ion channels. Studies outlined in this proposal will test this hypothesis by determining the sensitivity of recombinant and native ion channels to toluene and other volatile solvents that are subject to abuse. Two-electrode voltageclamp and patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to analyze the solvent sensitivity of recombinant ionotropic receptors expressed in oocytes and HEK cells. The molecular sites of action for toluene will be explored by testing whether sites known to regulate the alcohol/anesthetic sensitivity of these channels also regulate solvent sensitivity. Finally, the relevance of the findings obtained in recombinant receptor systems will be assessed by measuring the effects of toluene and other abused solvents on ion channels expressed in cultured brain neurons using whole-cell patch clamp and calcium imaging. Results obtained from these studies outlined are expected to greatly expand our knowledge of the cellular and molecular targets of these important drugs of abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROTOXIC SUPERFUND CHEMICALS AND BIOMAKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spencer, Peter S.; Professor; Director and Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Cross-disciplinary and interdependent research will be undertaken to investigate several classes of Superfund-relevant chemicals that exert toxic or mutagenic effects on biological systems, notably the mammalian brain and other parts of the developing and adult nervous system. Research will be focused on mixtures of organochlorine and benzene- related solvents, their biodegradation products and associated metabolites. Three non-biomedical projects will investigate important aspects of the microbial degradation of these environmental toxicants. One focuses on enhancing in situ anaerobic biodegradation processes in groundwater (Project B1), a second examines methods to enhance in situ aerobic co- metabolism of these chemicals (Project B2), and the third investigates the nature and requirements of the microbial community involved in the breakdown process (Project B3). Four biomedical projects address the detection and health impact of animal and human exposure to low concentrations of these hazardous chemical species. One study will develop data-driven models to examine how Superfund-derived chemical enter the human brain (Project A1); another will develop a sensitive biomarker of neurotoxicant exposure based on structure-activity relationships (Project 2). The third will address molecular mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic and neuro-oncogenic properties of Superfund chemical metabolites (Project A3). The fourth will investigate subtle impacts of chemical exposure on the development and adaptability of the immature brain (Project A4). A communitybased project (Core C1) will seek to model neurobehavioral tests to disadvantaged pediatric populations exposed to Superfund chemicals with neurotoxic potential. Two Research Support Cores provide powerful, state-of-the-art technical support (Core D1), and next-generation mass spectroscopy (D3). The Outreach Core will assess the impact of Internet-based education on communities in remote locations that are at high risk for exposure to neurotoxicants in water and other media. Graduate students entering the

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Training Core will select from a wide range of biomedical and non- biomedical research opportunities that will provide them with a unique cross-disciplinary training. In sum, this program of research seeks innovative methods to promote microbial degradation and thereby reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals, to develop hazardous sensitive methods to detect their presence in environmental media and mammalian species, and to define their potential adverse effects on the developing and mature nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW CYCLIZATION METHODS AND MULTICOMPONENT COUPLINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Montgomery, John; Professor; Chemistry; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objective of this proposal is to develop powerful methods for the synthesis of complex molecules. The new methods to be specifically addressed during this project period will rely on the catalytic generation and functionalization of nickel metallacycles. A new synthetic strategy employing sequential nickel-catalyzed reactions will be developed that should provide access to a variety of carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic substructures. Other new cyclization methods that utilize allene precursors and vinylzirconium precursors will be developed. The efforts in synthetic methodology development should provide fundamentally new solutions to a variety of synthetic problems.The aims of this proposal also include the total syntheses of biologically interesting natural products utilizing new reactions developed in this program. The target molecules that will be pursued include testudinariols A and B, domoic acid, isodomoic acids G and H, serratezomine A, and pumiliotoxin 341A. These problems in total synthesis will allow us to pursue solutions to numerous substantial synthetic challenges including the generation of densely functionalized five and six membered rings that possess multiple contiguous stereocenters, the stereoselective generation of tri- and tetrasubstituted alkenes, and the stereoselective creation of quaternary carbon centers. Furthermore, the synthesis of preparative quantities of these biologically interesting natural products and closely related late stage intermediates will allow evaluation of their utility as potential pharmaceutical agents and as research tools in pharmacology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NQO1 IN PROTECTION AGAINST BENZENE TOXICICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ross, David; Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The homozygous NQO1*2 polymorphism results in a total lack of NQO1 activity due to accelerated degradation of the mutant NQO1*2 protein by the ubiquitin/proteasomal pathway. The NQO1*2 polymorphism has been found to be a risk factor for benzene-induced myeloid toxicity but also for childhood and adult de-novo leukemias and secondary leukemias arising as a result of chemotherapy. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of NQO1 against benzene-induced myelotoxicity and both de-novo and secondary leukemias were puzzling since NQO1 was not expressed in aspirated human bone marrow cells or human bone marrow CD34+ progenitor cells, the target cell for induction of both

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aplastic anemia and leukemia. However, we observed that NQO1 was present in human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC), which are not harvested by bone marrow aspiration. In the present application, we wish to explore the potential role of NQO1 in HBMEC in protection against benzene induced aplastic anemia and have established HBMEC cultures in our lab for this purpose. We propose a mechanism whereby HBMEC exposed to benzene metabolites produce increasing amounts of endothelial IL8 (elL8) which results in apoptosis of neighboring hematopoietic cells and myeloid progenitor cells resulting in aplastic anemia. We will also examine the mechanism underlying the lack of expression of NQO1 in human myeloid cells at the transcriptional level by characterizing cis acting DNA sequences and trans acting nuclear protein-DNA interactions that modulate NQO1 expression. One of the major tumor suppressor genes characterized in mammalian systems is p53 and a high percentage of leukemias contain mutations or allelic losses of p53. In preliminary data, we demonstrate that NQO1 forms a protein complex with wild type p53. We propose to examine whether the interaction of NQO1 and p53 is specific for wild type p53 and whether it has consequences for p53 stability and p53-dependent transcriptional activation of downstream genes. If NQO1 stabilizes p53 and the interaction has functional consequences, this would provide a mechanism for the increased incidence of leukemia of diverse origin that has been associated with a lack of NQO1 protein due to the NQO1*2 polymorphism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS

ORGANOCATALYSIS:

A

STRATEGY

FOR

ASYMMETRIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Macmillan, David W.; None; California Institute of Technology Mail Code 201-15 Pasadena, Ca 91125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The objective of this research proposal is to invent new catalytic synthetic methods or strategies that allow enantioselective access to structural and stereochemical motifs, which although common among anti-viral, anti-cancer antibacterial and antiinflammatory medicinal agents, cannot be readily accessed using conventional methods. In this endeavor, we target processes that are readily applied within the related discipline of enantioselective catalysis and therefore will have a direct and immediate impact on the production of single enantiomer drugs with established biological importance. Our intent is to develop synthetic methods of broad utility and function that will ultimately provide new chemical tools for the diverse range of biomedical researchers that utilize molecule construction. As a consequence, this core research will prove valuable to a number of wide-ranging therapeutical areas. Over the last 30 years, enantioselective catalysis has become one of the most important frontiers in exploratory organic synthetic research with widespread application in biomedical settings. Surprisingly, however, relatively few asymmetric transformations have been reported which employ organic molecules as reaction catalysts (organocatalysis) despite the widespread availability of organic chemicals in enantiopure form and the attendant potential for savings in cost, time, energy, operational complexity and chemical waste This proposal outlines the development of an innovative and general strategy for organocatalysis that enables simple chiral amines to function as asymmetric catalysts for a wide range of transformations that traditionally utilize Lewis acids. We further describe a catalyst design endeavor that should provide an inexpensive, robust amine catalyst that provides high levels of asymmetric induction across a broad spectrum of chemical processes. During the tenure of this granting period we hope to demonstrate the value of this new chemical strategy in the context of the first examples of

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enantioselective organocatalytic (1) intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions, (2) intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions, (3) 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, (4) Benzene alkylations, (5) Pyrrole alkylations, (6) Indole alkylations, (7) Furan alkylations, (8) Michael Additions, (9) Mukaiyama-Michael Additions, (10) Vinylogous Michael Additions and (10) Intramolecular Ene reactions. The pyrroloindolines and bispyrroloindolines represent a diverse family of structurally complex polyindoline alkaloids that exhibit remarkable biological properties across a broad spectrum of pharmacological screens (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroactivity receptors: cholecystokinin, substance P and neurokinin 1). This proposal outlines an innovative application of our iminium activation strategy towards the one step enantioselective cascade synthesis of bispyrroloindoline architecture. Having demonstrated the feasibility of this transformation, we hope to determine the scope of this catalytic tandem reaction methodology for the production of a range of bispyrroloindoline alkaloids. To exemplify the value of this innovative asymmetric catalytic methodology we will pursue the highly expeditious synthesis of (+)-pseudophrynamine A; a constituent of the dendrobatid amphibians. This new chemical tool will be further employed for the five step asymmetric synthesis of (+)-chimonanthine, a complex alkaloid that will serve as an architectural template to launch a variety of subsequent complex target syntheses endeavors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OXIDATIVE ACTIVATION OF QUINONES AND MUTAGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chakravarti, Dhrubo; University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln, Ne 685880430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Carcinogen-induced DNA depurination plays a central event in the initiation of cancer. Apurinic sites formed by carcinogens in this manner are mutated by errorprone repair. Studies indicate a remarkable similarity in the enzymatic (redox) mechanisms for the conversion of several carcinogens (diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol and benzene) and suspected agents for the initiation of neurodegenerative diseases (dopamine) into DNA-reactive metabolites. These chemicals primarily form DNA depurinating adducts. On the basis of these shared similarities, we hypothesize that these carcinogens (diethylstilbestrol and benzene) and dopamine cause disease through specific mutagenesis, induce mutations by error-prone repair. To examine this hypothesis, we have chosen three model systems (mouse skin H-ras, rat bone marrow N-ras and rat brain protein kinase C-gamma) to study the mechanism of mutagenesis by these agents. We have also noted that during the repair of carcinogeninduced DNA depurination, the level of AP endonuclease protein increases five-fold over untreated tissue levels. AP endonuclease is a multifunctional protein, with apurinic/apyrimidinic site incision activity (DNA repair) and a reducing activity on various transcription factors (redox activity). The redox status of AP endonuclease protein determines its ability to participate in DNA repair. We hypothesize that AP endonuclease induction plays important regulatory role in carcinogen-induced apurinic site repair. To examine these hypotheses, we propose four specific aims. In Specific Aim 1, we propose to examine the induction of mutations by the quinone of diethylstilbestrol in the mouse skin H-ras gene as a reporter system. In Specific Aim 2, we propose to examine induction of mutations by the quinone of benzene in the rat bone marrow Nras model system for leukemia. In Specific Aim 3, we propose to examine induction of mutations by the quinone of dopamine in rat brain protein kinase C-gamma model system for neurodegenerative diseases. In Specific Aim 4, we propose to examine the

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induction of AP endonuclease by these chemicals in the model tissues, determine the apurinic/apyrimidininc site incision activity and the redox status of AP endonuclease protein. In summary, the proposed studies (Specific Aims 1-3) will provide experimental evidence on the central role of apurinic site induction plays in causing various diseases. Experiments proposed in Specific Aim 4 will examine the redox status of AP endonuclease and its role in apuinic site misrepair. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT STUDY--MODELS DRINKING H2O

OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gurian, Patrick L.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Drinking water is an important source of exposure to environmental contaminants. Many organic compounds commonly found in drinking water (e.g., benzene, chloroform) are believed to be carcinogenic. Understanding current national exposures and the costs of reducing these exposures will allow us to prioritize among different health risks and focus efforts on those areas likely to have the greatest public health benefits. The specific objectives of this project are to develop joint statistical models of the concentrations of organic contaminants in U.S. drinking water, to estimate human exposure to these contaminants from drinking water, and to estimate the cost-effectiveness of efforts to reduce these exposures. Multivariate statistical models of organic contaminant concentrations in U.S. drinking water will be estimated using data in one or more publicly available databases on drinking water quality. A crossvalidation approach will be used to identify the multivariate statistical model with the greatest predictive power. Predictions from the selected model will be used in conjunction with information on the distribution of the population served by public water supplies in the U.S. to develop a national distribution of human exposure to these contaminants. The cost-effectiveness of risk mitigation options will be estimated by a statistical simulation of the effects of potential future drinking water standards. Finished water concentrations at each of the nation's approximately 55,000 community water systems will be simulated from statistical concentrations exceeding their potential future standards, the costs and exposure reductions achieved by additional treatment processes will be simulated. Incorporating joint models of contaminant occurrence in such benefit-cost models is important because treatments implemented to reduce exposure to one contaminant often affect the concentrations of other contaminants. This project will develop more accurate models of current human exposures to organic contaminants in drinking water and will also improve estimates and benefits of reducing human exposure to these contaminants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF QUINONE TOXICITY AND MUTAGENICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jaiswal, Anil Kumar.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Studies on the mechanisms that detoxify chemicals and protect cells against toxicity, mutagenicity and cancer are highly significant for human health. Two cytosolic proteins [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2)], with the expected function of quinone detoxification, were

32

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cloned and sequenced. Cellular studies showed that NQO1 and NQO2 reduced the DNA binding and mutagenicity of quinones. Knockout NQO1 -/- mice were produced using target gene disruption. The NQO1 -/- mice were born normal and reproduced the same as the wild-type NQO1 +/+ mice. However, NQO1 -/- mice exhibited a significant reduction in abdominal adipose tissue, bone marrow hyperactivity and hyperplasia. The NQO1 -/- mice, upon exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, developed skin tumors at a higher frequency, when compared with the wild-type mice. NQO1 and NQO2 were found to be differentially expressed among various mouse tissues. The mouse NQO2 cDNA and gene were cloned and sequenced. A targeting construct to generate NQO2 -/- mice was prepared. One of the major goals of this proposal is to extend our studies on the NQO1 /- mice. We will determine the susceptibility of NQO1 -/- mice to benzo(a)pyrene, benzene and their quinone metabolites induced carcinogenicity when compared with wild-type NQO +/+ mice and investigate the role of NQO1 in the accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue. In addition, we will generate knockout NQO2 -/- mice that do not express NQO2 and compare the sensitivity of these mice, to that of mice expressing NQO2, following carcinogen exposure. We also plan to generate double knockout mice that do not express both NQO1 and NQO2 and determine the susceptibility of double knockout mice to chemical carcinogens when compared with wild-type and single knockout mice. To this effect, we will expose the NQO1 -/- and NQO +/+ mice to chemicals and analyze the development skin and tissue specific tumors. To investigate the mechanism of reduced abdominal adipose tissue in NQO1 -/mice, we plan to analyze the ratio of reduced and oxidized cytosolic NAD(P) from livers an kidneys of NQO1 -/- and NQO1 +/+ mice. This ratio plays a role in regulation of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. NQO1 utilizes NAD(P)H and may participate in maintaining a balance between reduced and oxidized forms of NAD(P). We will use gene targeting and homologous recombination to generate NQO2 -/- mice deficient in NQO2. The NQO1 -/- mice will be bred with the NQO2 -/- mice to produce NQO1 -/-/NQO2 -/- double knockout mice. NQO2 -/- and double knockout mice, along with wild-type mice, will be exposed to quinones and precursors and analyzed for DNA/membrane damage and the development of skin and tissue specific tumors. Upon completion, these studies will provide significant information on the in vivo function of NQO1 and NQO2, as well as their role in chemical carcinogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RADIOIODINATED LIGANDS FOR IMAGING ABETA PLAQUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kung, Hank F.; Professor of Radiology & Pharmacology; Radiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain characterized by dementia, cognitive impairment and memory loss. Formation and accumulation of aggregates of &-amyloid (AB) peptides in the brain are critical factors contributing to the development and progression of AD. Currently, early appraisal of clinical symptoms for diagnosis of AD is often difficult and unreliable. Therefore, there is an urgent need for in vivo imaging agents, which can specifically demonstrate the location and density of amyloid plaques in the brain. The objective of this project is to develop potential 1-123 labeled diagnostic imaging agents specific for detection of AB plaques. Recent advances in developing tracers for binding A13 plaques suggest that there are specific and saturable binding sites on the aggregates of At3 that can be selectively labeled and imaged in vivo. The proposed agents are derivatives of

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stilbenes containing a p-MezN-, -SH, -SMe, -0Me or -OH group on one of the benzene rings, while radioactive iodine can be attached to the other benzene ring without affecting the binding affinity. They are simple, relatively small, neutral and lipophilic. On the basis of their exquisitely high binding affinity to At3140 aggregates (Ki at the range of 0.1-40 nM), they are suitable candidates as A&-plaque-selective imaging agents. They also showed ability to penetrate the intact blood-brain barrier, an essential prerequisite for a useful plaque-imaging agent. The proposed synthesis and methodology provide a framework to test the hypothesis that small probes can be used to detect At3 plaques in vivo. The proposed compounds are innovative and carefully crafted to meet the stringent requirements for t3-amyloid imaging agents. Together with the compelling preliminary data presented in this project we believe that At3 plaque-selective imaging agents can be successfully developed. The At3-plaque-specific imaging agents will be useful for early detection or monitoring the progression and effectiveness of treatment of AD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REACTIVE METABOLITES AND DRUG TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanzlik, Robert P.; Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; University of Kansas Lawrence Youngberg Hall Lawrence, Ks 660457563 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Many simple organic molecules containing phenyl substituents or benzene rings become cytotoxic upon biotransformation to reactive electrophilic metabolites. Prime examples include halothane, acetaminophen and bromobenzene (BB). Their hepatotoxicity is correlated with covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cellular proteins. As a start toward elucidating the biochemical mechanism(s) of their cytotoxicity we identified the structures of ten adducts of BB metabolites to protein-SH groups; most arose via quinone metabolites, but we also found that BB-3,4-oxide (BBO), thought to be the primary "toxic" metabolite of BB, alkylates histidine and lysine as well as cysteine residues of rat liver proteins. Key questions concerning the mechanism of cell injury by reactive metabolites include the identity of the proteins they target and the functional consequences of their covalent modification. We recently identified several rat liver proteins targeted by BB metabolites. One was a nonspecific esterase also known to be a target for metabolites of halothane and molinate. Another, surprisingly, was epoxide hydrolase, which is supposed to detoxify BBO. To address the mechanism of BB-induced cytotoxicity it is essential to expand this list by identifying other liver proteins targeted by BB metabolites. In doing so we will emphasize mitochondrial proteins but will continue to explore cytosolic and microsomal proteins. To facilitate recognition of BBO adducts, we raised antibodies to p-bromophenyl-cysteine and demonstrated their utility for western blotting; we will now develop antibodies to pbromophenyl-histidine and p-bromophenyl-lysine as well. These antibodies, coupled with [C14]-BB, will give us a broad and powerful means for finding and identifying those proteins of greatest toxicological interest. Very little is known about the chemistry and consequences of protein adduction by reactive metabolites. Thus we will elucidate in detail the specific site(s), metabolite(s) and linkage(s) involved in adduct formation for select BB target proteins. For those target proteins which are enzymes, we will evaluate the effect of adduction on catalytic activity to assess its potential contribution to cell injury. Comparing the proteins modified by bromobenzene to those modified by other small bioactivated toxins may reveal the existence, or the lack of, a "common pathway" for chemically-induced cytotoxic responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Benzene

Project Title: RE-ENGINEERING THE DIAMETER OF THE DOUBLE HELIX Principal Investigator & Institution: Kool, Eric T.; Professor; Chemistry; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This proposal is aimed at expanding or contracting the diameter of the DNA helix, and studying the effects on its pairing properties. The normal C1'-C1' distance in B-form DNA is ca. 10.7 Angstrom units. It is proposed that DNA bases of varying length be synthesized and their base pairing thermodynamics tested in helices consisting entirely of such "stretched" or "compressed" base pairs. Taking inspiration from an extended adenine compound originally synthesized by Leonard, we will accomplish the length variation of the nucleobases by addition or removal of the width of one benzene ring. Thus, the dimensions will be varied in 2.4 Angstrom units increments. This work will address some important basic scientific questions, by providing new insight into the physical origins of DNA helix stability, and the role that electrostatics and base stacking play in it. It will also provide useful data regarding the effects of steric size and shape of the nucleobase on polymerase replication of DNA. Finally, the project will explore the viability of an alternative genetic system, giving insight into how our natural genetic system evolved. For sequence-generalizable hybridization, designs of four 2.4 Angstrom units extended DNA bases are proposed. It is hypothesized that DNA strands completely comprised of such analogues will be competent in hybridizing to natural RNA or DNA complements. Moreover, it is predicted that because of greatly enhanced base stacking, the binding will exhibit higher affinity and pairing specificity than natural DNA does. Further, a number of these extended bases are expected to be fluorescent, allowing for the possibility that they can act as self-reporters of helix formation. These enhanced properties are likely to be of significant utility in many nucleic acid hybridization applications, such as in synthetic DNA microarrays. In the term covered by this proposal, the aims are to (1) evaluate two compressed thymine analogues in 8.4 Angstrom units helices; (2) study an expanded deoxyadenosine analogue in 10.7 and 13.0 Angstrom units helices, and evaluate polymerase enzyme activity; (3) test generalizability of pairing with analogues of four expanded bases in 10.7, 13.0 and 15.4 Angstrom units helices; and (4) study the structure and fluorescence properties of single nucleosides and of helices comprised of these modified- sized bases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: ROLE OF PEROXYNITRITE IN BENZENE INDUCED TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Melikian, Assieh A.; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Benzene is a known leukemia-inducing agents in humans and multi-site carcinogen in rodents. It is present in tobacco smoker and also a major environmental pollutant. About 60% of smoking-related acute myeloid leukemia mortality is attributed to benzene. The molecular mechanisms responsible for benzene-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are not well defined; however, metabolism is a pre-requisite for its biological effects. The cytochrome P4502E1 activation of benzene is considered the dominant pathway in productive active metabolites. The CYP2E1 pathways alone is insufficient to explain the mechanism of benzene toxicity. Thus, other cellular processes participate in the biological activation of benzene. There is mounting evidence to suggest that bone marrow depression is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (.NO) by bone marrow. On the basis of our preliminary

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studies we hypothesize that (a) superoxide generated in redox cycling of ringhydroxylated metabolites reacts with. NO (induced by benzene metabolites) to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite can damage DNA directly, or modify benzene and its primarily metabolites non- enzymatically to more toxic hydroxylated and nitrated products. Therefore, peroxynitrite, may in part, be responsible for the toxicity of benzene. (b) Further activation of primary may also contribute to benzene toxicity. These hypotheses will be tested by formulating the following Specific Aims. (1) Demonstrate that peroxynitrite is the primary causative agent in DNA strand breakage induced by the synergistic interaction of ring-hydroxylated benzene metabolites with an NO-donor compound in plasmid DNA in vitro. (2) Investigate catalytic role of myeloperoxidase in generating reactive benzene metabolites and study the involvement of these metabolites in DNA damage and cell toxicity in vitro. 3 (I) Extend information obtained from Aims 1 and 2 to in vivo B6C3F1 mice. Determine dose-dependent effects of benzene and its metabolites in formation and persistence of oxidized DNA bases and co-valent DNA adducts as well as production of 3-nitro tyrosine and etheno-base adducts and their relationships with cytotoxicity. 3 (II) Investigate whether C57BI/6AiTAC (KO)Nos2 mice (deficient in iNOS) are protected against benzene induced bone marrow suppression. The results of this study will provide detailed information on the mechanisms and the nature of the DNA lesions that are responsible for benzene toxicity; such knowledge is of paramount importance for risk assessment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIMULATION AND PREDICTION OF PROTEIN FOLDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Levitt, Michael; Professor; Structural Biology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term aim of this project is to fold proteins "in silico". The proposed research involves a variety of different theoretical and computational methods as well as a collaboration with an experimentalist with whom we have a longstanding relationship. The five specific aims are to be achieved by answering these questions: 1. How accurately do all-atom simulations reproduce the hydrophobic interactions? Encouraged by the ability of molecular dynamics with simple all-atom energy functions to reproduce the hydrophobic interaction quantitatively, we will investigate the effect of temperature and pressure on our calculations. We will also examine the time-averaged arrangement of water molecules around a benzene molecule. 2. How do short chains of connected hydrophobic amino acids collapse? Having reproduced the clustering behavior of small hydrophobic molecules in molecular dynamics simulations, we plan to examine the role of the polypeptide chain in hydrophobic collapse by extending our techniques to short artificial sequences of the form GGGhGhGGGhhhGhhGGGhGG (h is a hydrophobic amino acid). 3. Do alphahelix unfolding simulations agree in detail with experiment? Working with our experimental collaborator, Dr. William Eaton, we plan to study the rate of helix unfolding. This will involve new experimental work as well as massive amounts of computer time. With the help of Dr. Vijay Pande, we will deploy Encad as a massively parallel simulation system via the folding@home client-server scheme. 4. Can simulated annealing minimization with special potentials generate better decoys? With our greater understanding of the need to develop a potential that captures the free-energy of a protein, we plan to develop terms for solvation and cooperativity. Use of a fast simulated annealing code will enable different potentials to be prototyped and tested rapidly. 5. Can decoy discrimination be improved by better clustering and the use of

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Benzene

sequence homologues3 Discrimination of near-native folds from less good structures has become increasingly important with our expanding ability to generate native-like decoy sets. We propose new methods involving homologous sequences, non-linear mapping of conformation space and robust clustering. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOBACCO CARCINOGENESIS AND CHEMOPREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: El-Bayoumy, Karam E.; Director of Research; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JUN-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Smokers are the largest population exposed to known carcinogens. Besides containing carcinogenic agents such as the tobacco-specific nitrosamines [TSNA, e.g., 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone, (NNK)], the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [e.g., benzo[a]pyrene, (BaP))] and benzene, cigarette smoke is also a rich source of free radical species that are capable of inducing oxidative stress. Free radicals represent a serious threat to cellular components. Although significant progress has been made toward explaining the causal association of cigarette smoking and cancers, several important academic and cancer control issues remain to be addressed. This Program consists of 4 Projects and a CORE. In contrast to extensively studied genotoxic agents, such as NNK and B[a]P, there is a lack of information on the molecular mechanisms by which reactive oxidative species (RO2)- induced oxidative damage occurs in vivo. Thus, Project 1 will test the hypothesis that an inflammatory response to cigarette smoke in the guinea pig respiratory system contributes to the tumor promotion phase of lung carcinogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis through pathways involving activation of the transcriptional nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) and that this process can be modulated by dietary anti-oxidants (vitamins and EGCG, a polyphenolic compound in tea). The results should provide a strong rationale for dietary recommendations to smokers who are unable to quit. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of bone marrow toxicity and leukemia by benzene remain to be defined. Thus, in model studies, Project 2 will test the hypothesis that a superoxide, generated via redox cycling of ring-hydroxylated derivatives of benzene, reacts with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite; the latter may be responsible for the toxicity of benzene and tobacco-associated leukemia in smokers. Project 3 combines the most sensitive analytical tools with molecular and clinical investigations to test the hypothesis that critical events required for the development of cervical cancer are genetic damage and mutations of p53 induced by tobacco carcinogens combined with HPV-induced deactivation of p53 and inhibition of apoptosis. Primary prevention techniques must continue to take a prominent role in our efforts to reduce tobacco-related cancers. However, such efforts showed limited success in the past and, chemopreventive approaches can provide complementary strategies. One of the most exciting clinical trials in the U.S.A. is the recent study demonstrating that supplementation of human nutrition with selenium-enriched yeast significantly reduces lung cancer incidence and mortality. The chemopreventive efficacy depends on the structure of the selenium-containing compound; not the element per se. Thus, Project 4 will test the hypothesis that selenium may, in part, inhibit lung carcinogenesis by inhibiting NF-kappaB; thereby down-regulating COX- 2 and LOX activities and inducing apoptosis. In summary, this Program Project proposes to resolve critical problems in tobacco carcinogenesis and provide insights into mechanisms and optimal models of intervention by modulation of smoke carcinogens and by nutritional supplements, i.e., selenium compounds, vitamins, and EGCG.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METABOLISM

TOXICOLOGICAL

SIGNIFICANCE

OF

ALKYLBENZENE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Backes, Wayne L.; Professor; Pharmacology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-AUG-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this proposal is to supply information that will aid in identifying conditions under which individuals may be susceptible to alkylbenzene-induced toxicity. Alkylbenzenes are produced in extensive quantities throughout the world. Simple aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene) are major components of unleaded gasoline and are also used in the production of a wide variety of consumer products. The P450 system is responsible for both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, with several forms, CYP1A2, CYP2B4, and CYP2E1, being implicated in hydrocarbon metabolism. The toxicity from many of the hydrocarbons is known to be due to bioactivation of a small percentage of the parent compound to reactive intermediates. This process requires a functional interaction between P450 and the flavoprotein NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase. However, total P450 levels exceed those of reductase by a ratio of 20:1. In addition, there are multiple forms of P450, each having their own reductase binding characteristics and substrate dependencies. This raises the question: "How does a single reductase supply electrons to all the P450s?" A second question is: "Can one P450 influence the function of a second P450?" The proposed studies are designed to address questions related to the organization of P450 and reductase, focusing on the metabolism of alkylbenzenes. During the prior grant period, we identified important interactions among CYP2B4, CYP1A2 and reductase that have a substantial effect on substrate metabolism. The results are consistent with the formation of a CYP1A2-CYP2B4 complex having unusual reductase binding characteristics. We now propose to characterize these interactions, and to identify the region(s) responsible for the interactions among these proteins. We also intend to examine P450-P450 interactions in the CYP2E1/CYP1A2/reductase, and CYP2E1/CYP2B4/reductase systems, and to focus on the ability of these interactions to alter not only metabolism of hydrocarbons and other substrates, but also generation of reactive oxygen. These studies will increase our understanding of how the P450 electron transport chain is organized, and will provide new important information on the role of the P450 system in the bioactivation of aromatic hydrocarbons and the generation of reactive oxygen - a process that can have a significant influence on chemical toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: V-HA-RAS TRANSGENE EXPRESSION IN TGAC MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nwosu, Veronica C.; North Carolina Central University 160 Alexander-Dunn Bidg. Durham, Nc 27707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The broad long term objective of this study is to better understand benzene toxicity relative to hematopoiesis and v-Ha-ras transgene activation in bone marrow cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) that lead to the onset of leukemia. The vHa-ras transgenic Tg.AC mouse is used to investigate environmental determinants of carcinogenesis. The transgene construct is composed of a zeta-globin promoter fused to a v-Ha-ras coding sequence and a 3'SV40 polyadenylation sequence. Procedures for

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clonal selection of murine HPC from bone marrow cells using defined culture media for quantification and characterization of erythroid and myeloid lineage of HPC are evaluated. Transgene expression in bone marrow cells and HPC derived from them is assayed by RT-PCR. The effect of benzene on hematopoiesis and transgene expression is studied by exposing groups of experimental and control mice to benzene (34 mg/kg body weight/day) in their drinking water for extended time periods. It is hypothesized that benzene will have a significant negative effect on hematopoiesis and will activate transgene expression beyond basal levels. It is also hypothesized that benzene toxicity cooperates with the expressed transgene to drive selection proliferation and differentiation of transformed neoplastic HPC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for benzene in the PubMed Central database: •

A Chromosomally Based tod-luxCDABE Whole-Cell Reporter for Benzene, Toluene, Ethybenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Sensing. by Applegate BM, Kehrmeyer SR, Sayler GS.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106455

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A cluster of bacterial genes for anaerobic benzene ring biodegradation. by Egland PG, Pelletier DA, Dispensa M, Gibson J, Harwood CS.; 1997 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21076

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A new condensing reagent, 1-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)-5-(pyridin-2yl)tetrazolide and its use in the synthesis of lambda cro binding heptadecanucleotide on a polymer support. by Ohtsuka E, Tozuka Z, Iwai S, Ikehara M.; 1982 Oct 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=326913

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A Novel 2-Aminomuconate Deaminase in the Nitrobenzene Degradation Pathway of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45. by He Z, Spain JC.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107194

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A potential mechanism underlying the increased susceptibility of individuals with a polymorphism in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to benzene toxicity. by Moran JL, Siegel D, Ross D.; 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22203

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

An unusual mechanism for the major human apurinic /apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease involving 5[prime prime or minute] cleavage of DNA containing a benzene-derived exocyclic adduct in the absence of an AP site. by Hang B, Chenna A, Fraenkel-Conrat H, Singer B.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19409

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Anaerobic Benzene Biodegradation Linked to Nitrate Reduction. by Burland SM, Edwards EA.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91057

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Anaerobic Benzene Degradation in Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifer Sediments after Inoculation with a Benzene-Oxidizing Enrichment. by Weiner JM, Lovley DR.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106118

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Anaerobic degradation of alkylated benzenes in denitrifying laboratory aquifer columns. by Kuhn EP, Zeyer J, Eicher P, Schwarzenbach RP.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202478

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Anaerobic Degradation of Ethylbenzene by a New Type of Marine Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium. by Kniemeyer O, Fischer T, Wilkes H, Glockner FO, Widdel F.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143655

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Anaerobic Degradation of the Benzene Nucleus by a Facultatively Anaerobic Microorganism. by Taylor BF, Campbell WL, Chinoy I.; 1970 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247568

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Anaerobic Oxidation of o-Xylene, m-Xylene, and Homologous Alkylbenzenes by New Types of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. by Harms G, Zengler K, Rabus R, Aeckersberg F, Minz D, Rossello-Mora R, Widdel F.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91135

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Analysis of cumene (isopropylbenzene) degradation genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01. by Habe H, Kasuga K, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Omori T.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168274

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BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF BENZENE. by Marr EK, Stone RW.; 1961 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279025

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Benzene Induces Gene-Duplicating but not Gene-Inactivating Mutations at the Glycophorin A Locus in Exposed Humans. by Rothman N, Haas R, Hayes RB, Li G, Wiemels J, Campleman S, Quintana PJ, Xi L, Dosemeci M, Titenko-Holland N, Meyer KB, Lu W, Zhang LP, Bechtold W, Wang Y, Kolachana P, Yin S, Blot W, Smith MT.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42104

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Benzene, NQO1, and genetic susceptibility to cancer. by Smith MT.; 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33590

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Benzene-Induced Uncoupling of Naphthalene Dioxygenase Activity and Enzyme Inactivation by Production of Hydrogen Peroxide. by Lee K.; 1999 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93710

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Biodegradation of 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene in Soil and in Liquid Enrichment Culture. by Marinucci AC, Bartha R.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243591

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Biodegradation of mixtures of substituted benzenes by Pseudomonas sp. strain JS150. by Haigler BE, Pettigrew CA, Spain JC.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195761

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Biodegradation of n-Alkylcycloalkanes and n-Alkylbenzenes via New Pathways in Alcanivorax sp. Strain MBIC 4326. by Dutta TK, Harayama S.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92823

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Biotransformation of benzothiophene by isopropylbenzene-degrading bacteria. by Eaton RW, Nitterauer JD.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205597

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Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopic Fractionation during Anaerobic Biodegradation of Benzene. by Mancini SA, Ulrich AC, Lacrampe-Couloume G, Sleep B, Edwards EA, Sherwood Lollar B.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152413

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Characterization and expression of the plasmid-borne bedD gene from Pseudomonas putida ML2, which codes for a NAD+-dependent cis-benzene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. by Fong KP, Goh CB, Tan HM.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178396

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Characterization of a novel TOL-like plasmid from Pseudomonas putida involved in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene degradation. by Bestetti G, Galli E.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212019

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Characterization of a plasmid-specified pathway for catabolism of isopropylbenzene in Pseudomonas putida RE204. by Eaton RW, Timmis KN.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213428

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Chlorobenzene degradation by bacteria isolated from contaminated groundwater. by Nishino SF, Spain JC, Belcher LA, Litchfield CD.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195663

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cis-Chlorobenzene Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase (TcbB) from Pseudomonas sp. Strain P51, Expressed in Escherichia coli DH5[alpha](pTCB149), Catalyzes Enantioselective Dehydrogenase Reactions. by Raschke H, Fleischmann T, Van Der Meer JR, Kohler HP.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91711

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Cloning and characterization of plasmid-encoded genes for the degradation of 1,2dichloro-, 1,4-dichloro-, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene of Pseudomonas sp. strain P51. by van der Meer JR, van Neerven AR, de Vries EJ, de Vos WM, Zehnder AJ.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207149

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Cloning, sequencing, and expression of isopropylbenzene degradation genes from Pseudomonas sp. strain JR1: identification of isopropylbenzene dioxygenase that mediates trichloroethene oxidation. by Pflugmacher U, Averhoff B, Gottschalk G.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168215

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Coexistence of different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp. by Jigami Y, Kawasaki Y, Omori T, Minoda Y.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243586

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Combination of the tod and the tol pathways in redesigning a metabolic route of Pseudomonas putida for the mineralization of a benzene, toluene, and p-xylene mixture. by Lee JY, Jung KH, Choi SH, Kim HS.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167492

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Complete mineralization of benzene by aquifer microorganisms under strictly anaerobic conditions. by Edwards EA, Grbic-Galic D.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195836

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Construction and Use of an ipb DNA Module To Generate Pseudomonas Strains with Constitutive Trichloroethene and Isopropylbenzene Oxidation Activity. by Berendes F, Sabarth N, Averhoff B, Gottschalk G.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106411

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Construction of chlorobenzene-utilizing recombinants by progenitive manifestation of a rare event. by Krockel L, Focht DD.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204131

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Degradation of 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene by Pseudomonas chlororaphis RW71. by Potrawfke T, Timmis KN, Wittich RM.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106552

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Degradation of 1,2,4-Trichloro- and 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene by Pseudomonas Strains. by Sander P, Wittich RM, Fortnagel P, Wilkes H, Francke W.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182966

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Degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by a Pseudomonas sp. by Spain JC, Nishino SF.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203802

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Degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by Alcaligenes sp. strain A175. by Schraa G, Boone ML, Jetten MS, van Neerven AR, Colberg PJ, Zehnder AJ.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239236

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Degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) by the lignindegrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. by Yadav JS, Reddy CA.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202186

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Degradative capacities and 16S rRNA-targeted whole-cell hybridization of sulfatereducing bacteria in an anaerobic enrichment culture utilizing alkylbenzenes from crude oil. by Rabus R, Fukui M, Wilkes H, Widdle F.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168167

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Directed Evolution of Biphenyl Dioxygenase: Emergence of Enhanced Degradation Capacity for Benzene, Toluene, and Alkylbenzenes. by Suenaga H, Mitsuoka M, Ura Y, Watanabe T, Furukawa K.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95430

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Evidence of Two Oxidative Reaction Steps Initiating Anaerobic Degradation of Resorcinol (1,3-Dihydroxybenzene) by the Denitrifying Bacterium Azoarcus anaerobius. by Philipp B, Schink B.; 1998 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107334

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Evolution of a Pathway for Chlorobenzene Metabolism Leads to Natural Attenuation in Contaminated Groundwater. by van der Meer JR, Werlen C, Nishino SF, Spain JC.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106626

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Fate of the Benzene Ring of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Natural Waters. by Larson RJ, Payne AG.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243749

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Friedel-Crafts Phenylethylation of Benzene and Toluene with [alpha]- and [beta]Phenylethyl Chlorides: [pi]-Aryl Participation in Polarized Donor-Acceptor [beta]Phenylethylating Complexes Distinct from Phenonium Ions ([sigma] Complexes). by Olah GA, Hamanaka S, Wilkinson JA, Olah JA.; 1992 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48355

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Fungal Metabolism of n-Alkylbenzenes. by Fedorak PM, Westlake DW.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238889

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Genetic and Molecular Organization of the Alkylbenzene Catabolism Operon in the Psychrotrophic Strain Pseudomonas putida 01G3. by Chablain PA, Zgoda AL, Sarde CO, Truffaut N.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92599

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Genetic organization and regulation of a meta cleavage pathway for catechols produced from catabolism of toluene, benzene, phenol, and cresols by Pseudomonas pickettii PKO1. by Kukor JJ, Olsen RH.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208133

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Identification and characterization of a transmissible linear plasmid from Rhodococcus erythropolis BD2 that encodes isopropylbenzene and trichloroethene catabolism. by Dabrock B, Kesseler M, Averhoff B, Gottschalk G.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201402

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Identification of Chlorobenzene Dioxygenase Sequence Elements Involved in Dechlorination of 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene. by Beil S, Mason JR, Timmis KN, Pieper DH.; 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107608

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In Vitro Studies on the Initial Reactions of Anaerobic Ethylbenzene Mineralization. by Johnson HA, Spormann AM.; 1999 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94085

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Incorporation of Oxygen from Water into Toluene and Benzene during Anaerobic Fermentative Transformation. by Vogel TM, Grbi`c-Gali`c D.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203449

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Influence of Side-Chain Substituents on the Position of Cleavage of the Benzene Ring by Pseudomonas fluorescens. by Seidman MM, Toms A, Wood JM.; 1969 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249834

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Inhibition of alkylbenzene biodegradation under denitrifying conditions by using the acetylene block technique. by Hutchins SR.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183109

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Inhibition of pure cultures of methanogens by benzene ring compounds. by Patel GB, Agnew BJ, Dicaire CJ.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183906

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Initial reactions in anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation by a denitrifying bacterium, strain EB1. by Ball HA, Johnson HA, Reinhard M, Spormann AM.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178416

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Mechanism of ATP-driven electron transfer catalyzed by the benzene ring-reducing enzyme benzoyl- CoA reductase. by Unciuleac M, Boll M.; 2001 Nov 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61090

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Metabolism of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene Hydrocarbons in Soil. by Tsao CW, Song HG, Bartha R.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90944

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Microbial Communities Associated with Anaerobic Benzene Degradation in a Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifer. by Rooney-Varga JN, Anderson RT, Fraga JL, Ringelberg D, Lovley DR.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91456

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Microbial degradation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene. by de Bont JA, Vorage MJ, Hartmans S, van den Tweel WJ.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239096

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Microbial metabolism of haloaromatics: isolation and properties of a chlorobenzenedegrading bacterium. by Reineke W, Knackmuss HJ.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239681

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Mineralization of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate by a Four-Member Aerobic Bacterial Consortium. by Jimenez L, Breen A, Thomas N, Federle TW, Sayler GS.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182987

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Modeling the Complexation of Substituted Benzenes by a Cyclophane Host in Water. by Jorgensen WL, Nguyen TB.; 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45839

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Modulation of Affinity of a Marine Pseudomonad for Toluene and Benzene by Hydrocarbon Exposure. by Law AT, Button DK.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238903

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Mossbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of chloroperoxidase following mechanism-based inactivation with allylbenzene. by Debrunner PG, Dexter AF, Schulz CE, Xia YM, Hager LP.; 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23999

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Nucleotide sequence analysis of genes encoding a toluene/benzene-2-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain JS150. by Johnson GR, Olsen RH.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167614

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Nucleotide sequencing and characterization of the genes encoding benzene oxidation enzymes of Pseudomonas putida. by Irie S, Doi S, Yorifuji T, Takagi M, Yano K.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213923

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Parallel Characterization of Anaerobic Toluene- and Ethylbenzene-Degrading Microbial Consortia by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, RNA-DNA Membrane Hybridization, and DNA Microarray Technology. by Koizumi Y, Kelly JJ, Nakagawa T, Urakawa H, El-Fantroussi S, Al-Muzaini S, Fukui M, Urushigawa Y, Stahl DA.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126768

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Phylogenetic Analysis of an Anaerobic, Trichlorobenzene-Transforming Microbial Consortium. by von Wintzingerode F, Selent B, Hegemann W, Gobel UB.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91014

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Potentiation of DNA Adduct Formation in HL-60 Cells by Combinations of Benzene Metabolites. by Levay G, Bodell WJ.; 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49654

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Rapid Benzene Degradation in Methanogenic Sediments from a PetroleumContaminated Aquifer. by Weiner JM, Lovley DR.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106255

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Reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene to tri- and dichlorobenzenes in anaerobic sewage sludge. by Fathepure BZ, Tiedje JM, Boyd SA.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202451

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Shedding light on anaerobic benzene ring degradation: a process unique to prokaryotes? by Harwood CS, Gibson J.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=178697

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Spontaneous deletion of a 20-kilobase DNA segment carrying genes specifying isopropylbenzene metabolism in Pseudomonas putida RE204. by Eaton RW, Timmis KN.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213470

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Structural analysis of the binding modes of minor groove ligands comprised of disubstituted benzenes. by Hawkins CA, Watson C, Yan Y, Gong B, Wemmer DE.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29609

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Substrate interactions during aerobic biodegradation of benzene. by Arvin E, Jensen BK, Gundersen AT.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203250

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Substrate Interactions during the Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Hydrocarbons by the Fungus Cladophialophora sp. Strain T1. by Prenafeta-Boldu FX, Vervoort J, Grotenhuis JT, van Groenestijn JW.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123968

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Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene, and para-xylene during microbial degradation by pure cultures and mixed culture aquifer slurries. by Alvarez PJ, Vogel TM.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183908

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Synergistic Action of the Benzene Metabolite Hydroquinone on Myelopoietic Stimulating Activity of Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in vitro. by Irons RD, Stillman WS, Colagiovanni DB, Henry VA.; 1992 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48937

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The Alkene Monooxygenase from Xanthobacter Strain Py2 Is Closely Related to Aromatic Monooxygenases and Catalyzes Aromatic Monohydroxylation of Benzene, Toluene, and Phenol. by Zhou NY, Jenkins A, Chan Kwo Chion CK, Leak DJ.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91225

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The Benzene Metabolite p-Benzoquinone Forms Adducts with DNA Bases that are Excised by a Repair Activity from Human Cells that Differs from an Ethenoadenine Glycosylase. by Chenna A, Hang B, Rydberg B, Kim E, Pongracz K, Bodel WJ, Singer B.; 1995 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41607

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The Branched-Chain Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate Degradation Pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa W51D Involves a Novel Route for Degradation of the Surfactant Lateral Alkyl Chain. by Campos-Garcia J, Esteve A, Vazquez-Duhalt R, Ramos JL, Soberon-Chavez G.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91560

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The effect of ferredoxin(BED) overexpression on benzene dioxygenase activity in Pseudomonas putida ML2. by Tan HM, Joannou CL, Cooper CE, Butler CS, Cammack R, Mason JR.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205386

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The Xenobiotic Compound 1,4-Bis[2-(3,5-Dichloropyridyloxy)]Benzene Is an Agonist Ligand for the Nuclear Receptor CAR. by Tzameli I, Pissios P, Schuetz EG, Moore DD.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85552

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Toluene and ethylbenzene oxidation by purified naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4. by Lee K, Gibson DT.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168101

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Toluene-Degrading Bacteria Are Chemotactic towards the Environmental Pollutants Benzene, Toluene, and Trichloroethylene. by Parales RE, Ditty JL, Harwood CS.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92264

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Transformation of Chlorinated Benzenes and Toluenes by Ralstonia sp. Strain PS12 tecA (Tetrachlorobenzene Dioxygenase) and tecB (Chlorobenzene Dihydrodiol Dehydrogenase) Gene Products. by Pollmann K, Beil S, Pieper DH.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93129

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Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methanogenic cultures. by GrbicGalic D, Vogel TM.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203647

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with benzene, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for benzene (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A combination of the micronucleus assay and a FISH technique for evaluation of the genotoxicity of 1,2,4-benzenetriol. Author(s): Chung HW, Kang SJ, Kim SY. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 April 26; 516(1-2): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943610&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study between 10 per cent sulfur ointment and 0.3 per cent gamma benzene hexachloride gel in the treatment of scabies in children. Author(s): Singalavanija S, Limpongsanurak W, Soponsakunkul S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 August; 86 Suppl 3: S531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14700144&dopt=Abstract

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A note on myeloperoxidation index and its correlation to the biomarker, urine trans, trans-muconic acid level, in the subjects occupationally exposed to benzene. Author(s): Wiwanitkit V, Soogarun S, Suwansaksri J. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2004 February; 18(2): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14671636&dopt=Abstract

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A quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis on a series of alkyl benzenes metabolized by human cytochrome p450 2E1. Author(s): Lewis DF, Sams C, Loizou GD. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2003; 17(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616646&dopt=Abstract

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A review of quantitative studies of benzene metabolism. Author(s): Lovern MR, Cole CE, Schlosser PM. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2001 May; 31(3): 285-311. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405442&dopt=Abstract

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Actual commuter exposure to methyl-tertiary butyl ether, benzene and toluene while traveling in Korean urban areas. Author(s): Lee JW, Jo WK. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 May 27; 291(1-3): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150439&dopt=Abstract

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Airborne concentrations of benzene and mineral spirits (stoddard solvent) during cleaning of a locomotive generator and traction motor. Author(s): Madl AK, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 December 13; 65(23): 1965-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490042&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene

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Airborne concentrations of benzene due to diesel locomotive exhaust in a roundhouse. Author(s): Madl AK, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 December 13; 65(23): 1945-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490041&dopt=Abstract

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Albumin adducts of benzene oxide and 1,4-benzoquinone as measures of human benzene metabolism. Author(s): Rappaport SM, Waidyanatha S, Qu Q, Shore R, Jin X, Cohen B, Chen LC, Melikian AA, Li G, Yin S, Yan H, Xu B, Mu R, Li Y, Zhang X, Li K. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 March 1; 62(5): 1330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888901&dopt=Abstract

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Ambient air levels and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylenes in northwestern Italy. Author(s): Bono R, Scursatone E, Schiliro T, Gilli G. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 March 28; 66(6): 519-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712594&dopt=Abstract

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An online automatic sample cleanup system for the quantitative detection of the benzene exposure biomarker S-phenylmercapturic acid in human urine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Liao PC, Li CM, Lin LC, Hung CW, Shih TS. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002 May-June; 26(4): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054360&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m-xylene in biological samples from the general population. Author(s): Perbellini L, Pasini F, Romani S, Princivalle A, Brugnone F. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 October 5; 778(1-2): 199-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376127&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-androgenic activity of substituted azo- and azoxy-benzene derivatives. Author(s): Takahashi H, Ishioka T, Koiso Y, Sodeoka M, Hashimoto Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 November; 23(11): 1387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085374&dopt=Abstract

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Antitumor agents. Part 3: synthesis and cytotoxicity of new trans-stilbene benzenesulfonamide derivatives. Author(s): Yang LM, Lin SJ, Hsu FL, Yang TH. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2002 April 8; 12(7): 1013-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909706&dopt=Abstract

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Application of statistical models to estimate the correlation between urinary benzene as biological indicator of exposure and air concentrations determined by personal monitoring. Author(s): Tolentino D, Zenari E, Dall'Olio M, Ruani G, Gelormini A, Mirone G. Source: Aiha Journal : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2003 September-October; 64(5): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521437&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing health risk from benzene pollution in an urban area. Author(s): Carletti R, Romano D. Source: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2002 December; 80(2): 135-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449321&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the health risks of benzene: a report on the benzene state-of-the-science workshop. Author(s): Krewski D, Snyder R, Beatty P, Granville G, Meek B, Sonawane B. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 307-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086936&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of the correlation between exposure to benzene and urinary excretion of t, t-muconic acid in workers from a petrochemical plant. Author(s): Panev T, Popov T, Georgieva T, Chohadjieva D. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2002 October; 75 Suppl: S97-100. Epub 2002 September 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397418&dopt=Abstract

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Association of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2E1, MPO, NQO1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes with benzene poisoning. Author(s): Wan J, Shi J, Hui L, Wu D, Jin X, Zhao N, Huang W, Xia Z, Hu G. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 December; 110(12): 1213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460800&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene

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Attomole detection of in vivo protein targets of benzene in mice: evidence for a highly reactive metabolite. Author(s): Williams KE, Carver TA, Miranda JJ, Kautiainen A, Vogel JS, Dingley K, Baldwin MA, Turteltaub KW, Burlingame AL. Source: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : Mcp. 2002 November; 1(11): 885-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488464&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene and leukemia. Author(s): Snyder R. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2002 May; 32(3): 155-210. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071572&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene and lymphohematopoietic malignancies in humans. Author(s): Hayes RB, Songnian Y, Dosemeci M, Linet M. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 August; 40(2): 117-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494338&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene and naphthalene in air and breath as indicators of exposure to jet fuel. Author(s): Egeghy PP, Hauf-Cabalo L, Gibson R, Rappaport SM. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 December; 60(12): 969-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14634191&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene and total hydrocarbons exposures in the downstream petroleum industries. Author(s): Verma DK, Johnson DM, Shaw ML, des Tombe K. Source: Aihaj : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2001 March-April; 62(2): 176-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331990&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene emitted from glowing charcoal. Author(s): Olsson M, Petersson G. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 March 1; 303(3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606161&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene exposure and hematopoietic mortality: A long-term epidemiologic risk assessment. Author(s): Rinsky RA, Hornung RW, Silver SR, Tseng CY. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 December; 42(6): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439870&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene exposure assessment for use of a mineral spirits-based degreaser. Author(s): Fedoruk MJ, Bronstein R, Kerger BD. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2003 October; 18(10): 764-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959887&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene exposure measurement in shoe and glue manufacturing: a study to validate biomarkers. Author(s): Qu Q, Cohen BS, Shore R, Chen LC, Li G, Jin X, Melikian AA, Yin S, Yan H, Xu B, Li Y, Mu R, Zhang X, Li K. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2003 December; 18(12): 98898. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612295&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene exposure monitoring of Tunisian workers. Author(s): Chakroun R, Kaabachi N, Hedhili A, Feki M, Nouaigui H, Ben Laiba M, Mebazaa A. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 December; 44(12): 1173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500460&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene in gasoline and crude oil: occupational and environmental implications. Author(s): Verma DK, des Tombe K. Source: Aiha Journal : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2002 March-April; 63(2): 225-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975660&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population. Author(s): Duarte-Davidson R, Courage C, Rushton L, Levy L. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 January; 58(1): 2-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119628&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene metabolism in rodents at doses relevant to human exposure from urban air. Author(s): Turteltaub KW, Mani C. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2003 February; (113): 1-26; Discussion 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675491&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene metabolites antagonize etoposide-stabilized cleavable complexes of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha. Author(s): Baker RK, Kurz EU, Pyatt DW, Irons RD, Kroll DJ. Source: Blood. 2001 August 1; 98(3): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468185&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene

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Benzene: a case study of the control of a carcinogen in New South Wales. Author(s): Brotherton J. Source: New South Wales Public Health Bulletin. 2002 September-October; 13(9-10): 20911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555112&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene-extracted components are important for the major activity of diesel exhaust particles: effect on interleukin-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Author(s): Kawasaki S, Takizawa H, Takami K, Desaki M, Okazaki H, Kasama T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Nakahara K, Tanaka M, Sagai M, Ohtoshi T. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2001 April; 24(4): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306435&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene-induced myelodysplastic syndrome. Author(s): Chen YH, Su WL, Liou SH. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2001 January-February; 14(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206698&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene's adverse effects. Microarray's reveal breadth of toxicity. Author(s): Medlin J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(11): A590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940287&dopt=Abstract

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Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene in petrol pump workers and dry cleaners. Author(s): Verma Y, Rana SV. Source: Ind Health. 2001 October; 39(4): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758996&dopt=Abstract

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Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene in traffic policemen of north India. Author(s): Verma Y, Kumar A, Rana SV. Source: Ind Health. 2003 July; 41(3): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916757&dopt=Abstract

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Biological monitoring of workers exposed to ethylbenzene and co-exposed to xylene. Author(s): Jang JY, Droz PO, Kim S. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2001 January; 74(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196078&dopt=Abstract

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California perspective on the assessment of benzene toxicological risks. Author(s): Zeise L, McDonald TA. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 479-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086956&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer mortality among workers with benzene exposure. Author(s): Ireland B, Collins JJ, Buckley CF, Riordan SG. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1997 May; 8(3): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9115030&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary electrophoresis determination of urinary muconic acid as a biological marker for benzene in cigarette smoke. Author(s): Coutrim MX, Jager AV, de Carvalho LR, Tavares MF. Source: J Capillary Electrophor. 1997 January-February; 4(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384719&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinogenic effects of benzene: Cesare Maltoni's contributions. Author(s): Mehlman MA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 December; 982: 137-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562633&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinogenic effects of benzene--a status update and research needs to improve risk assessments: US EPA perspective. Environmental Protection Agency. Author(s): Sonawane B, Bayliss D, Valcovic L, Chen C, Rodan B, Farland W. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086954&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinogenic potential of benzene and toluene when evaluated using cyclindependent kinase activation and p53-DNA binding. Author(s): Dees C, Askari M, Henley D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118908&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization and mechanisms of chromosomal alterations induced by benzene in mice and humans. Author(s): Eastmond DA, Schuler M, Frantz C, Chen H, Parks R, Wang L, Hasegawa L. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2001 June; (103): 1-68; Discussion 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504146&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of genetic instability in radiation- and benzene-induced murine acute leukemia. Author(s): Rithidech K, Dunn JJ, Bond VP, Gordon CR, Cronkite EP. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 16; 428(1-2): 33-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517976&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood cancer and possible exposure to benzene from traffic and petrol stations. Author(s): Jarvholm B, Forsberg B. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 July; 57(7): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917714&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosome damage from biological reactive intermediates of benzene and 1,3butadiene in leukemia. Author(s): Smith MT. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 500: 279-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764955&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of hematopoietic malignancies and related disorders among benzene-exposed workers in China. Benzene Study Group. Author(s): Linet MS, Yin SN, Travis LB, Li CY, Zhang ZN, Li DG, Rothman N, Li GL, Chow WH, Donaldson J, Dosemeci M, Wacholder S, Blot WJ, Hayes RB. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1353-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118920&dopt=Abstract

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Coast Guard exposure to gasoline, MTBE, and benzene vapors during inspection of tank barges. Author(s): Davenport AC, Glynn TJ, Rhambarose H. Source: Aihaj : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2000 November-December; 61(6): 865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192221&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the mutations induced by p-benzoquinone, a benzene metabolite, in human and mouse cells. Author(s): Nakayama A, Koyoshi S, Morisawa S, Yagi T. Source: Mutation Research. 2000 October 31; 470(2): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11027969&dopt=Abstract

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Construction of a database of benzene biological monitoring. Author(s): Pople JE, Ball RL, Padgett MJ, Aston JP. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 August 5; 134(1-3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191892&dopt=Abstract

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Critical literature review of determinants and levels of occupational benzene exposure for United States community-based case-control studies. Author(s): van Wijngaarden E, Stewart PA. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2003 September; 18(9): 67893. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909536&dopt=Abstract

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Customer exposure to MTBE, TAME, C6 alkyl methyl ethers, and benzene during gasoline refueling. Author(s): Vainiotalo S, Peltonen Y, Ruonakangas A, Pfaffli P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 February; 107(2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924009&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochromes P450 involved with benzene metabolism in hepatic and pulmonary microsomes. Author(s): Powley MW, Carlson GP. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2000; 14(6): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083083&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic changes in subjects occupationally exposed to benzene. Author(s): Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, Sentija K. Source: Chemosphere. 2000 February; 40(3): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665421&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic findings on shoe workers exposed long-term to benzene. Author(s): Tunca BT, Egeli U. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118912&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic 1,4-bis(2-oxo-1-cycloalkylmethylene)benzenes and related compounds. Author(s): Dimmock JR, Jha A, Kumar P, Zello GA, Quail JW, Oloo EO, Oucharek JJ, Pasha MK, Seitz D, Sharma RK, Allen TM, Santos CL, Manavathu EK, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Stables JP. Source: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 January; 37(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841873&dopt=Abstract

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Degradation of sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulphonate photoinduced by Fe(III) in aqueous solution. Author(s): Mailhot G, Asif A, Bolte M. Source: Chemosphere. 2000 August; 41(3): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057598&dopt=Abstract

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Dermal absorption of benzene: implications for work practices and regulations. Author(s): Kalnas J, Teitelbaum DT. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2000 April-June; 6(2): 114-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828140&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of chromosome-specific aneusomy and translocation by benzene metabolites in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes for chromosomes 5, 7, 8, and 21. Author(s): Chung HW, Kim SY. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 March; 65(5-6): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936217&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of DNA damage in human lymphocytes by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis after exposure to benzene or benzene metabolites. Author(s): Andreoli C, Leopardi P, Crebelli R. Source: Mutation Research. 1997 June 9; 377(1): 95-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219584&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of benzene and its metabolites: application in biological monitoring of environmental and occupational exposure to benzene. Author(s): Ong CN, Lee BL. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 October 3; 660(1): 1-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7858701&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of benzene in urine by static headspace gas chromatography. Author(s): Skender L, Brcic I, Zuzul S. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2002 September; 53(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557472&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of firefighter exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene during fire fighting using measurement of biological indicators. Author(s): Caux C, O'Brien C, Viau C. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2002 May; 17(5): 379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018402&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of leukemogenic benzene exposure concentrations: refined analyses of the Pliofilm cohort. Author(s): Schnatter AR, Nicolich MJ, Bird MG. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1996 December; 16(6): 833-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972111&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of low concentrations of benzene in urine using multi-dimensional gas chromatography. Author(s): Ljungkvist G, Larstad M, Mathiasson L. Source: The Analyst. 2001 January; 126(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205510&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of specific mercapturic acids as an index of exposure to environmental benzene, toluene, and styrene. Author(s): Maestri L, Ghittori S, Imbriani M. Source: Ind Health. 1997 October; 35(4): 489-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348721&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid in urine as an indicator of exposure to benzene. Author(s): Ghittori S, Imbriani M, Maestri L, Capodaglio E, Cavalleri A. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1999 September 5; 108(2-3): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511279&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Melikian AA, O'Connor R, Prahalad AK, Hu P, Li H, Kagan M, Thompson S. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1999 April; 20(4): 719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223205&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of urinary t-t muconic acid as biomarker of environmental benzene intake and its interference factors. Author(s): Valente T, Medico L, Chiapperini D, Bonsignore AD. Source: Ann Chim. 2002 September; 92(9): 911-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407914&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a competitive immunoassay for urinary Sphenylmercapturic acid and its application in benzene biological monitoring. Author(s): Aston JP, Ball RL, Pople JE, Jones K, Cocker J. Source: Biomarkers : Biochemical Indicators of Exposure, Response, and Susceptibility to Chemicals. 2002 March-April; 7(2): 103-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101630&dopt=Abstract

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Development of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of urinary metabolites of benzene in humans. Author(s): Melikian AA, Meng M, O'Connor R, Hu P, Thompson SM. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 1999 June; (87): 1-36: Discussion 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500979&dopt=Abstract

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Differential cleavage of oligonucleotides containing the benzene-derived adduct, 1,N6-benzetheno-dA, by the major human AP endonuclease HAP1 and Escherichia coli exonuclease III and endonuclease IV. Author(s): Hang B, Chenna A, Sagi J, Singer B. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 August; 19(8): 1339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744526&dopt=Abstract

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DNA adduct formation in the bone marrow of B6C3F1 mice treated with benzene. Author(s): Pathak DN, Levay G, Bodell WJ. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1995 August; 16(8): 1803-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7634407&dopt=Abstract

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DNA damage by ethylbenzenehydroperoxide formed from carcinogenic ethylbenzene by sunlight irradiation. Author(s): Toda C, Uchida T, Midorikawa K, Murata M, Hiraku Y, Okamoto Y, Ueda K, Kojima N, Kawanishi S. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 638-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727201&dopt=Abstract

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Does benzene cause multiple myeloma? An analysis of the published case-control literature. Author(s): Bezabeh S, Engel A, Morris CB, Lamm SH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1393-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118925&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-response nonlinearities for benzene revisited: a reply to Crump et al. Author(s): Cox LA Jr, Ricci PF. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1993 October; 13(5): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8259437&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality and the function of accessory gonad of exposed workers. Author(s): Xiao G, Pan C, Cai Y, Lin H, Fu Z. Source: Ind Health. 2001 April; 39(2): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341554&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality of exposed workers. Author(s): Xiao G, Pan C, Cai Y, Lin H, Fu Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 August; 112(8): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601277&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced benzene-induced DNA damage in PMA-stimulated cells in vitro and in LPS-treated animals. Author(s): Tuo J, Loft S, Poulsen HE. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999 April; 26(7-8): 801-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232822&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of myeloid cell growth by benzene metabolites via the production of active oxygen species. Author(s): Wiemels J, Smith MT. Source: Free Radical Research. 1999 February; 30(2): 93-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193577&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene during self-service automobile refueling. Author(s): Egeghy PP, Tornero-Velez R, Rappaport SM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 December; 108(12): 1195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133401&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental benzene exposure assessment for parent-child pairs in Rouen, France. Author(s): Kouniali A, Cicolella A, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Dujardin R, Gehanno JF, Bois FY. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 June 1; 308(1-3): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738202&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental use of diffusive samplers: evaluation of reliable diffusive uptake rates for benzene, toluene and xylene. Author(s): Brown RH. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 1999 February; 1(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529070&dopt=Abstract

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Estimating mean exposures from censored data: exposure to benzene in the Australian petroleum industry. Author(s): Glass DC, Gray CN. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2001 June; 45(4): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378148&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of human exposure to styrene and ethylbenzene. Author(s): Tang W, Hemm I, Eisenbrand G. Source: Toxicology. 2000 April 3; 144(1-3): 39-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781869&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of trace amounts of benzene in solvent-extracted vegetable oils and oil seed cakes. Author(s): Masohan A, Parsad G, Khanna MK, Chopra SK, Rawat BS, Garg MO. Source: The Analyst. 2000 September; 125(9): 1687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11064941&dopt=Abstract

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Ethylbenzene and xylene from Sarstedt Monovette serum gel blood-collection tubes. Author(s): Streete PJ, Flanagan RJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1993 June; 39(6): 1344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8504548&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of benzene exposure in children living in Campania (Italy) by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid assay. Author(s): Amodio-Cocchieri R, Del Prete U, Cirillo T, Agozzino E, Scarano G. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2001 May 25; 63(2): 7987. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393801&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to benzene and risk of leukemia among shoe factory workers. Author(s): Seniori Costantini A, Quinn M, Consonni D, Zappa M. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003 February; 29(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630436&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to benzene in fuel distribution installations: monitoring and prevention. Author(s): Peretz C, Froom P, Pardo A, Goren A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 November-December; 55(6): 439-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128883&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to benzene in urban workers: environmental and biological monitoring of traffic police in Rome. Author(s): Crebelli R, Tomei F, Zijno A, Ghittori S, Imbriani M, Gamberale D, Martini A, Carere A. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 March; 58(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171929&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to benzene, occupational stress, and reduced birth weight. Author(s): Chen D, Cho SI, Chen C, Wang X, Damokosh AI, Ryan L, Smith TJ, Christiani DC, Xu X. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 October; 57(10): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984337&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to carbon monoxide, methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and benzene levels inside vehicles traveling on an urban area in Korea. Author(s): Jo WK, Park KH. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1998 AprilJune; 8(2): 159-71. Erratum In: J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1998 July-September; 8(3): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9577748&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to methyl tert-butyl ether and benzene among service station attendants and operators. Author(s): Hartle R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 December; 101 Suppl 6: 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8020445&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to methyl tertiary butyl ether and benzene in close proximity to service stations. Author(s): Jo WK, Oh JW. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2001 August; 51(8): 1122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518287&dopt=Abstract

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Exposures to jet fuel and benzene during aircraft fuel tank repair in the U.S. Air Force. Author(s): Carlton GN, Smith LB. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2000 June; 15(6): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10853289&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for indoor environmental benzene exposure at PPB levels. Author(s): Sanguinetti G, Accorsi A, Barbieri A, Raffi GB, Violante FS. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2001 August 24; 63(8): 599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549119&dopt=Abstract

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Feasibility of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid determination using high performance liquid chromatography for biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Author(s): Wiwanitkit V, Suwansaksri J, Nasuan P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 June; 84 Suppl 1: S263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529343&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide in mouse, rat, and human blood. Author(s): Lindstrom AB, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Waidyanatha S, McDonald TA, Golding BT, Rappaport SM. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1998 April; 11(4): 302-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548800&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of nitrated and hydroxylated aromatic compounds from benzene and peroxynitrite, a possible mechanism of benzene genotoxicity. Author(s): Tuo J, Wolff SP, Loft S, Poulsen HE. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 April; 28(4): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684981&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma benzene hexachloride neurotoxicity. Author(s): Sarkar M, Sarkar AK, Biswas SK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1993 November; 30(11): 1358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7518805&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma benzene hexachloride resistant scabies. Author(s): Judd LE. Source: N Z Med J. 1993 February 24; 106(950): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7679786&dopt=Abstract

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Gasoline-contaminated ground water as a source of residential benzene exposure: a case study. Author(s): Lindstrom AB, Highsmith VR, Buckley TJ, Pate WJ, Michael LC. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1994 AprilJune; 4(2): 183-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549473&dopt=Abstract

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GC/MS determination of N-phenylvaline, a possible biomarker for benzene exposure in human hemoglobin by the “N-alkyl Edman method”. Author(s): Bader M, Lehnert G, Angerer J. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1994; 65(6): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8034366&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative disorders and other cancer risks by major occupational group among workers exposed to benzene in China. Author(s): Li GL, Linet MS, Hayes RB, Yin SN, Dosemeci M, Wang YZ, Chow WH, Jiang ZL, Wacholder S, Zhang WU, et al. Source: J Occup Med. 1994 August; 36(8): 875-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7807268&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic polymorphisms influence variability in benzene metabolism in humans. Author(s): Rossi AM, Guarnieri C, Rovesti S, Gobba F, Ghittori S, Vivoli G, Barale R. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1999 August; 9(4): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780264&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: evidence of geneenvironment interaction. Author(s): Wang X, Chen D, Niu T, Wang Z, Wang L, Ryan L, Smith T, Christiani DC, Zuckerman B, Xu X. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 October 15; 152(8): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052546&dopt=Abstract

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Genitoanocrural porokeratosis following chronic exposure to benzene. Author(s): Trcka J, Pettke-Rank CV, Brocker EB, Hamm H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 January; 23(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667106&dopt=Abstract

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Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to benzene: with special reference to exposure biomarkers and confounding factors. Author(s): Bogadi-Sare A, Brumen V, Turk R, Karacic V, Zavalic M. Source: Ind Health. 1997 July; 35(3): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248220&dopt=Abstract

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Genotoxic effects in workers exposed to low levels of benzene from gasoline. Author(s): Nilsson RI, Nordlinder RG, Tagesson C, Walles S, Jarvholm BG. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1996 September; 30(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876800&dopt=Abstract

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Geographical distribution of benzene in air in northwestern Italy and personal exposure. Author(s): Gilli G, Scursatone E, Bono R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118883&dopt=Abstract

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Glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GST T1 genotypes and hematopoietic effects of benzene exposure. Author(s): Hsieh LL, Liou SH, Chiu LL, Chen YH. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1999 March; 73(2): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350187&dopt=Abstract

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Hairy cell leukaemia and occupational exposure to benzene. Author(s): Clavel J, Conso F, Limasset JC, Mandereau L, Roche P, Flandrin G, Hemon D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 August; 53(8): 533-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8983464&dopt=Abstract

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Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in urine. Author(s): Fustinoni S, Giampiccolo R, Pulvirenti S, Buratti M, Colombi A. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 February 19; 723(1-2): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080638&dopt=Abstract

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Hematologic effects of benzene. Job-specific trends during the first year of employment among a cohort of benzene-exposed rubber workers. Author(s): Cody RP, Strawderman WW, Kipen HM. Source: J Occup Med. 1993 August; 35(8): 776-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8229327&dopt=Abstract

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Hematological changes among Chinese workers with a broad range of benzene exposures. Author(s): Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, Jin X, Chen LC, Cohen B, Melikian AA, Eastmond D, Rappaport SM, Yin S, Li H, Waidyanatha S, Li Y, Mu R, Zhang X, Li K. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 October; 42(4): 275-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271475&dopt=Abstract

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Hematological changes of children exposed to volatile organic compounds containing low levels of benzene. Author(s): Lee CR, Yoo CI, Lee JH, Kim SR, Kim Y. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 November 1; 299(1-3): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462588&dopt=Abstract

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Hematopoietic malignancies and related disorders among benzene-exposed workers in China. Author(s): Travis LB, Li CY, Zhang ZN, Li DG, Yin SN, Chow WH, Li GL, Dosemeci M, Blot W, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 June; 14(1-2): 91-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7920231&dopt=Abstract

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Hematotoxocity among Chinese workers heavily exposed to benzene. Author(s): Rothman N, Li GL, Dosemeci M, Bechtold WE, Marti GE, Wang YZ, Linet M, Xi LQ, Lu W, Smith MT, Titenko-Holland N, Zhang LP, Blot W, Yin SN, Hayes RB. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1996 March; 29(3): 236-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833776&dopt=Abstract

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Hemoglobin and albumin adducts of benzene oxide among workers exposed to high levels of benzene. Author(s): Yeowell-O'Connell K, Rothman N, Smith MT, Hayes RB, Li G, Waidyanatha S, Dosemeci M, Zhang L, Yin S, Titenko-Holland N, Rappaport SM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 September; 19(9): 1565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771926&dopt=Abstract

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Human health risk assessment and management in hazardous waste site contaminated by polychlorinated benzenes. Author(s): Dura G, Laszlo E, Horvath A. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2000 July; 8 Suppl: 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943459&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, increases the level of aneusomy of chromosomes 7 and 8 in human CD34-positive blood progenitor cells. Author(s): Smith MT, Zhang L, Jeng M, Wang Y, Guo W, Duramad P, Hubbard AE, Hofstadler G, Holland NT. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 August; 21(8): 1485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910948&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroquinone, a bioreactive metabolite of benzene, inhibits apoptosis in myeloblasts. Author(s): Hazel BA, Baum C, Kalf GF. Source: Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio). 1996 November; 14(6): 730-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948030&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroquinone, a reactive metabolite of benzene, inhibits NF-kappa B in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Author(s): Pyatt DW, Stillman WS, Irons RD. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1998 April; 149(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9571986&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperphosphorylation of p53 induced by benzene, toluene, and chloroform. Author(s): Dees C, Travis C. Source: Cancer Letters. 1994 September 15; 84(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8076368&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of benzene oxide as a product of benzene metabolism by mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes. Author(s): Lovern MR, Turner MJ, Meyer M, Kedderis GL, Bechtold WE, Schlosser PM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 September; 18(9): 1695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328163&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes by a potent CYP2A6 inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine), and its nonamine analog, cyclopropylbenzene. Author(s): Taavitsainen P, Juvonen R, Pelkonen O. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 March; 29(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181487&dopt=Abstract

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Increased aneusomy and long arm deletion of chromosomes 5 and 7 in the lymphocytes of Chinese workers exposed to benzene. Author(s): Zhang L, Rothman N, Wang Y, Hayes RB, Li G, Dosemeci M, Yin S, Kolachana P, Titenko-Holland N, Smith MT. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 November; 19(11): 1955-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9855009&dopt=Abstract

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Increased gene expression in human promyeloid leukemia cells exposed to trans,trans-muconaldehyde, a hematotoxic benzene metabolite. Author(s): Ho TY, Witz G. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 April; 18(4): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111208&dopt=Abstract

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Increased levels of alpha-class and pi-class glutathione S-transferases in cell lines resistant to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Author(s): Wareing CJ, Black SM, Hayes JD, Wolf CR. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1993 October 15; 217(2): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223610&dopt=Abstract

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Increased translocations and aneusomy in chromosomes 8 and 21 among workers exposed to benzene. Author(s): Smith MT, Zhang L, Wang Y, Hayes RB, Li G, Wiemels J, Dosemeci M, Titenko-Holland N, Xi L, Kolachana P, Yin S, Rothman N. Source: Cancer Research. 1998 May 15; 58(10): 2176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9605763&dopt=Abstract

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Indicators of benzene emissions and exposure in Bangkok street. Author(s): Leong ST, Laortanakul P. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 July; 92(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804513&dopt=Abstract

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Indirect validation of benzene exposure assessment by association with benzene poisoning. Author(s): Dosemeci M, Yin SN, Linet M, Wacholder S, Rothman N, Li GL, Chow WH, Wang YZ, Jiang ZL, Dai TR, Zhang WU, Chao XJ, Ye PZ, Kou QR, Fan YH, Zhang XC, Lin XF, Meng JF, Zho JS, Blot WJ, Hayes RB. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118918&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of micronuclei and aneuploidy by the quinone-forming agents benzene and o-phenylphenol. Author(s): Eastmond DA. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1993 April; 67(1-3): 105-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451753&dopt=Abstract

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Industrial sources of benzene exposure? Author(s): Rosebrook DD, Worm GH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 April 22; 101(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513754&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of culture conditions on the DNA-damaging effect of benzene and its metabolites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Fabiani R, De Bartolomeo A, Rosignoli P, Scamosci M, Lepore L, Morozzi G. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2001; 37(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170236&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalation toxicokinetics of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene in volunteers: comparison between exposure to white spirit and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene alone. Author(s): Jarnberg J, Johanson G, Lof A, Stahlbom B. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 June 20; 199(1-2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200848&dopt=Abstract

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Inter-individual variability of benzene metabolism to trans,trans-muconic acid and its implications in the biological monitoring of occupational exposure. Author(s): Gobba F, Rovesti S, Borella P, Vivoli R, Caselgrandi E, Vivoli G. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 June 20; 199(1-2): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200846&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin 1 alpha hematological examination in mechanics exposed to low benzene concentrations. Author(s): Hotz P, Carbonnelle P, Scheiff JM, Tschopp A, Lauwerys R. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 February; 71(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523245&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of benzene-DNA adducts and their detection in human bone marrow. Author(s): Bodell WJ, Levay G, Pongracz K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 March; 99: 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319633&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of the role of the 2',3'-epoxidation pathway in the bioactivation and genotoxicity of dietary allylbenzene analogs. Author(s): Guenthner TM, Luo G. Source: Toxicology. 2001 March 7; 160(1-3): 47-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246123&dopt=Abstract

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Investigations of benzene exposure, benzene poisoning, and malignancies in China. Author(s): Wong O. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2002 February; 35(1): 126-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846642&dopt=Abstract

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Iodopyridine-for-iodobenzene substitution for use with low molecular weight radiopharmaceuticals: application to m-iodobenzylguanidine. Author(s): Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR, DeGrado TR. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 1998 November-December; 9(6): 758-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815170&dopt=Abstract

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Is benzoquinone the prohapten in cross-sensitivity among aminobenzene compounds? Author(s): Lisi P, Hansel K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 December; 39(6): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9874021&dopt=Abstract

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Issues for discussion: benzene-induced leukemia--human studies. Author(s): Bayliss D, Sonawane B. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086953&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of correlation between environmental or biological indicators of benzene exposure at parts per billion levels and micronuclei induction. Author(s): Violante FS, Sanguinetti G, Barbieri A, Accorsi A, Mattioli S, Cesari R, Fimognari C, Hrelia P. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 March; 91(3): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648475&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of sensitivity of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid in determining low-level (ppb) benzene exposure in children. Author(s): Barbieri A, Accorsi A, Raffi GB, Nicoli L, Violante FS. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 May-June; 57(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507175&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of specificity of trans,trans-muconic acid as a benzene biomarker after ingestion of sorbic acid-preserved foods. Author(s): Weaver VM, Buckley T, Groopman JD. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 July; 9(7): 749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919747&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia after exposure to benzene: temporal trends and implications for standards. Author(s): Finkelstein MM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2000 July; 38(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861761&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia and cumulative exposure to butadiene, styrene and benzene among workers in the synthetic rubber industry. Author(s): Macaluso M, Larson R, Delzell E, Sathiakumar N, Hovinga M, Julian J, Muir D, Cole P. Source: Toxicology. 1996 October 28; 113(1-3): 190-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901898&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia in relation to occupational exposures to benzene and other agents: a casecontrol study nested in a cohort of gas and electric utility workers. Author(s): Guenel P, Imbernon E, Chevalier A, Crinquand-Calastreng A, Goldberg M. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 August; 42(2): 87-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125084&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia mortality by cell type in petroleum workers with potential exposure to benzene. Author(s): Raabe GK, Wong O. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1381-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118924&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the Pliofilm cohort. Author(s): Paxton MB. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118929&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort. II. Risk estimates. Author(s): Paxton MB, Chinchilli VM, Brett SM, Rodricks JV. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1994 April; 14(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008924&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort: I. Mortality update and exposure distribution. Author(s): Paxton MB, Chinchilli VM, Brett SM, Rodricks JV. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1994 April; 14(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008923&dopt=Abstract

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Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure. Author(s): Glass DC, Gray CN, Jolley DJ, Gibbons C, Sim MR, Fritschi L, Adams GG, Bisby JA, Manuell R. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 September; 14(5): 569-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14501272&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of benzene in unleaded petrol. Author(s): Deschamps F. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1994 July; 44(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7919303&dopt=Abstract

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Limitations to benzene cancer risk assessment by Cox and Ricci. Author(s): Crump K, Allen B, Clewell H. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1993 April; 13(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8502787&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric urine assay for a highly metabolized cyclic ureidobenzenesulfonamide: issues concerning assay specificity and quality control preparation. Author(s): Fisher AL, DePuy E, Shih T, Stearns R, Lee Y, Gottesdiener K, Flattery S, De Smet M, Keymeulen B, Musson DG. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 December; 26(5-6): 739-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600286&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid/air partition coefficients of the trimethylbenzenes. Author(s): Jarnberg J, Johanson G. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1995 January-February; 11(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7652753&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocyte phenotype analysis and chromosome aberration frequency of workers occupationally exposed to styrene, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or mixed solvents. Author(s): Biro A, Pallinger E, Major J, Jakab MG, Klupp T, Falus A, Tompa A. Source: Immunology Letters. 2002 April 22; 81(2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852118&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphohaematopoeitic cancer mortality among workers with benzene exposure. Author(s): Collins JJ, Ireland B, Buckley CF, Shepperly D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 September; 60(9): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937190&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphohaematopoietic malignancies and quantitative estimates of exposure to benzene in Canadian petroleum distribution workers. Author(s): Schnatter AR, Armstrong TW, Nicolich MJ, Thompson FS, Katz AM, Huebner WW, Pearlman ED. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 November; 53(11): 773-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9038803&dopt=Abstract

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Mammalian enzymatic repair of etheno and para-benzoquinone exocyclic adducts derived from the carcinogens vinyl chloride and benzene. Author(s): Singer B, Hang B. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 1999; (150): 233-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626224&dopt=Abstract

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Matrix interferences in the analysis of benzene in urine. Author(s): Perbellini L, Buratti M, Fiorentino ML, Fustinoni S, Pasini F, Magnaghi S. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 March 19; 724(2): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219666&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of benzene in human breath associated with an environmental exposure. Author(s): Yu R, Weisel CP. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1996 JulySeptember; 6(3): 261-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889948&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of benzene in the workplace and its evolution process, Part I: Overview, history, and past methods. Author(s): Verma DK, des Tombe K. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1999 January-February; 60(1): 38-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028615&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of benzene in the workplace and its evolution process, Part II: Present methods and future trends. Author(s): Verma DK, des Tombe K. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1999 January-February; 60(1): 48-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028616&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of DNA repair deficiency in workers exposed to benzene. Author(s): Hallberg LM, el Zein R, Grossman L, Au WW. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 May; 104 Suppl 3: 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8781377&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of the urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid from benzene exposure in humans. Author(s): Yu R, Weisel CP. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1996 August 9; 48(5): 453-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751835&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanistic considerations in benzene physiological model development. Author(s): Medinsky MA, Kenyon EM, Seaton MJ, Schlosser PM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1399-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118926&dopt=Abstract

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Meta-analysis of multiple myeloma and benzene exposure. Author(s): Sonoda T, Nagata Y, Mori M, Ishida T, Imai K. Source: J Epidemiol. 2001 November; 11(6): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769942&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic polymorphisms and urinary biomarkers in subjects with low benzene exposure. Author(s): Verdina A, Galati R, Falasca G, Ghittori S, Imbriani M, Tomei F, Marcellini L, Zijno A, Vecchio VD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2001 December 21; 64(8): 607-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766168&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of benzene in human liver microsomes: individual variations in relation to CYP2E1 expression. Author(s): Nedelcheva V, Gut I, Soucek P, Tichavska B, Tynkova L, Mraz J, Guengerich FP, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1999 February; 73(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207612&dopt=Abstract

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Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. Author(s): Lagorio S, Crebelli R, Ricciarello R, Conti L, Iavarone I, Zona A, Ghittori S, Carere A. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1998 November; 48(8): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024724&dopt=Abstract

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Modeling annual benzene, toluene, NO2, and soot concentrations on the basis of road traffic characteristics. Author(s): Carr D, von Ehrenstein O, Weiland S, Wagner C, Wellie O, Nicolai T, von Mutius E. Source: Environmental Research. 2002 October; 90(2): 111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483801&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of the toxicity and macromolecular binding of benzene metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase in transfected HL-60 cells. Author(s): Wiemels J, Wiencke JK, Varykoni A, Smith MT. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1999 June; 12(6): 467-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368308&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular analysis of mutations induced by a benzene metabolite, p-benzoquinone, in mouse cells using a novel shuttle vector plasmid. Author(s): Nakayama A, Kawanishi M, Takebe H, Morisawa S, Yagi T. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 July 21; 444(1): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10477346&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular cytogenetic analysis of buccal cells and lymphocytes from benzeneexposed workers. Author(s): Surralles J, Autio K, Nylund L, Jarventaus H, Norppa H, Veidebaum T, Sorsa M, Peltonen K. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 April; 18(4): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9111220&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular models of benzene leukemogenesis. Author(s): Irons RD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086945&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality among benzene-exposed workers in China. Author(s): Hayes RB, Yin SN, Dosemeci M, Li GL, Wacholder S, Chow WH, Rothman N, Wang YZ, Dai TR, Chao XJ, Jiang ZL, Ye PZ, Zhao HB, Kou QR, Zhang WY, Meng JF, Zho JS, Lin XF, Ding CY, Li CY, Zhang ZN, Li DG, Travis LB, Blot WJ, Linet MS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118919&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple myeloma and benzene exposure in a multinational cohort of more than 250,000 petroleum workers. Author(s): Wong O, Raabe GK. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 October; 26(2): 188-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9356282&dopt=Abstract

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Myelofibrosis and benzene exposure. Author(s): Tondel M, Persson B, Carstensen J. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1995 February; 45(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7703476&dopt=Abstract

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NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) polymorphism, exposure to benzene, and predisposition to disease: a HuGE review. Author(s): Nebert DW, Roe AL, Vandale SE, Bingham E, Oakley GG. Source: Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics. 2002 March-April; 4(2): 62-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882782&dopt=Abstract

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National Association of Medical Examiners Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry Report 3. Case submission summary and data for acetaminophen, benzene, carboxyhemoglobin, dextromethorphan, ethanol, phenobarbital, and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Hanzlick R. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1995 December; 16(4): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599337&dopt=Abstract

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Needs for research on benzene metabolism and dosimetry. Author(s): Schlosser PM. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 373-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086941&dopt=Abstract

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New PBPK model applied to old occupational exposure to benzene. Author(s): Sherwood RJ, Sinclair GC. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1999 March-April; 60(2): 25965. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10222577&dopt=Abstract

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Nitric oxide as a mediator of benzene-induced hematosuppression and toxicity. Author(s): Laskin DL, Heck DE, Punjabi CJ, Laskin JD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 413-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086947&dopt=Abstract

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Non-amidine-containing 1,2-dibenzamidobenzene inhibitors of human factor Xa with potent anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity. Author(s): Masters JJ, Franciskovich JB, Tinsley JM, Campbell C, Campbell JB, Craft TJ, Froelich LL, Gifford-Moore DS, Hay LA, Herron DK, Klimkowski VJ, Kurz KD, Metz JT, Ratz AM, Shuman RT, Smith GF, Smith T, Towner RD, Wiley MR, Wilson A, Yee YK. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2000 June 1; 43(11): 2087-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10841787&dopt=Abstract

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to benzene in a multinational cohort of more than 308,000 petroleum workers, 1937 to 1996. Author(s): Wong O, Raabe GK. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 May; 42(5): 554-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824308&dopt=Abstract

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to benzene in petroleum workers. Author(s): Goldstein BD, Shalat S. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 December; 42(12): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125674&dopt=Abstract

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Non-linear production of benzene oxide-albumin adducts with human exposure to benzene. Author(s): Rappaport SM, Yeowell-O'Connell K, Smith MT, Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Zhang L, Li G, Yin S, Rothman N. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 October 5; 778(1-2): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376141&dopt=Abstract

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Novel inhibitors of the sodium-calcium exchanger: benzene ring analogues of Nguanidino substituted amiloride derivatives. Author(s): Rogister F, Laeckmann D, Plasman P, Van Eylen F, Ghyoot M, Maggetto C, Liegeois J, Geczy J, Herchuelz A, Delarge J, Masereel B. Source: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 July-August; 36(7-8): 597-614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600230&dopt=Abstract

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NTP Technical Report on the metabolism, toxicity and predicted carcinogenicity of diazoaminobenzene (CAS No. 136-35-6). Author(s): Ress NB; National Toxicology Program. Source: Toxicity Report Series. 2002 September; (73): 1-23, A1-C6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370695&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational paternal exposure to benzene and risk of spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Strucker I, Mandereau L, Aubert-Berleur MP, Deplan F, Paris A, Richard A, Hemon D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1994 July; 51(7): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044247&dopt=Abstract

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On the carcinogenic risk evaluation of diesel exhaust: benzene in airborne particles and alterations of heme metabolism in lymphocytes as markers of exposure. Author(s): Muzyka V, Veimer S, Schmidt N. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1998 June 30; 217(1-2): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9695175&dopt=Abstract

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Optimization issues in physiological toxicokinetic modeling: a case study with benzene. Author(s): Woodruff TJ, Bois FY. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1993 August; 69(2): 181-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8212060&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia. Author(s): Smith MT. Source: European Journal of Haematology. Supplementum. 1996; 60: 107-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8987251&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of the toxicology of benzene. Author(s): Snyder R. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 339-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086937&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induced by benzene metabolites. Author(s): Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Source: Cancer Research. 1996 November 15; 56(22): 5172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912853&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative modifications produced in HL-60 cells on exposure to benzene metabolites. Author(s): Rao NR, Snyder R. Source: Journal of Applied Toxicology : Jat. 1995 September-October; 15(5): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666725&dopt=Abstract

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Particle-bound benzene from diesel engine exhaust. Author(s): Muzyka V, Veimer S, Shmidt N. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998 December; 24(6): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988090&dopt=Abstract

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Partition coefficients for benzene in human skin. Author(s): Sinclair GC, Wester RC, Maibach HI. Source: Aiha Journal : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2002 November-December; 63(6): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570074&dopt=Abstract

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Partitioning of benzene in blood: influence of hemoglobin type in humans and animals. Author(s): Wiester MJ, Winsett DW, Richards JH, Doerfler DL, Costa DL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 March; 110(3): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882476&dopt=Abstract

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p-Benzoquinone, a reactive metabolite of benzene, prevents the processing of preinterleukins-1 alpha and -1 beta to active cytokines by inhibition of the processing enzymes, calpain, and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Author(s): Kalf GF, Renz JF, Niculescu R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118901&dopt=Abstract

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Personal exposure to benzene and the influence of attached and integral garages. Author(s): Mann HS, Crump D, Brown V. Source: J R Soc Health. 2001 March; 121(1): 38-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329696&dopt=Abstract

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Personal exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in different microenvironments at the Mexico City metropolitan zone. Author(s): Ortiz E, Alemon E, Romero D, Arriaga JL, Olaya P, Guzman F, Rios C. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 March 27; 287(3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993966&dopt=Abstract

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Personal exposure to different levels of benzene and its relationships to the urinary metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid. Author(s): Melikian AA, Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, Li H, Jin X, Cohen B, Chen L, Li Y, Yin S, Mu R, Zhang X, Wang Y. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 October 5; 778(1-2): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376128&dopt=Abstract

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Personal reflections on 50 years of study of benzene toxicology. Author(s): Parke DV. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118881&dopt=Abstract

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Petroleum worker studies and benzene risk assessment. Author(s): Schnatter R. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086949&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of and monoamine oxidase B inhibition by (E)-4-fluoro-betafluoromethylene benzene butanamine in man. Author(s): Dulery BD, Schoun J, Zreika M, Dow J, Huebert N, Hinze C, Haegele KD. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 March; 43(3): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8489556&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologically based modeling of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene inhalation toxicokinetics. Author(s): Jarnberg J, Johanson G. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1999 March 15; 155(3): 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10079206&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of a ternary mixture of alkyl benzenes in rats and humans. Author(s): Tardif R, Charest-Tardif G, Brodeur J, Krishnan K. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1997 May; 144(1): 120-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169076&dopt=Abstract

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Platelet aggregation inhibiting and anticoagulant effects of oligoamines, XX: 4,4',4''(1,3,5)-benzene-tris-sydnone imines. Author(s): Rehse K, Martens A. Source: Archiv Der Pharmazie. 1993 April; 326(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494483&dopt=Abstract

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Population toxicokinetics of benzene. Author(s): Bois FY, Jackson ET, Pekari K, Smith MT. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118927&dopt=Abstract

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Possible genotoxicity in low level benzene exposure. Author(s): Karacic V, Skender L, Bosner-Cucancic B, Bogadi-Sare A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1995 March; 27(3): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747744&dopt=Abstract

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Possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis after exposure to benzene. Author(s): Golding BT, Watson WP. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 1999; (150): 75-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626210&dopt=Abstract

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Potential biomarkers of benzene exposure. Author(s): Medeiros AM, Bird MG, Witz G. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1997 August 29; 51(6): 519-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242226&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of antibodies to heat stress proteins in workers exposed to benzene and in patients with benzene poisoning. Author(s): Wu T, Yuan Y, Wu Y, He H, Zhang G, Tanguay RM. Source: Cell Stress & Chaperones. 1998 September; 3(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764756&dopt=Abstract

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Protein adducts as dosimeters of human exposure to styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and benzene. Author(s): Rappaport SM, Yeowell-O'Connell K. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1999 September 5; 108(2-3): 117-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511253&dopt=Abstract

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Protein adducts of 1,4-benzoquinone and benzene oxide among smokers and nonsmokers exposed to benzene in China. Author(s): Yeowell-O'Connell K, Rothman N, Waidyanatha S, Smith MT, Hayes RB, Li G, Bechtold WE, Dosemeci M, Zhang L, Yin S, Rappaport SM. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 August; 10(8): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489749&dopt=Abstract

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Radioiodinated styrylbenzene derivatives as potential SPECT imaging agents for amyloid plaque detection in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Kung MP, Hou C, Zhuang ZP, Skovronsky DM, Zhang B, Gur TL, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Kung HF. Source: Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : Mn. 2002 August-October; 19(1-2): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212796&dopt=Abstract

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Radioiodinated styrylbenzenes and thioflavins as probes for amyloid aggregates. Author(s): Zhuang ZP, Kung MP, Hou C, Skovronsky DM, Gur TL, Plossl K, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Kung HF. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 June 7; 44(12): 1905-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384236&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Benzene and lymphohematopoietic malignancies in humans. Hayes et al. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:117-126, 2001. Author(s): Robbins A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 December; 40(6): 714-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757049&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Benzene and the dose-related incidence of hematologic neoplasms in China. Author(s): Wong O. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998 March 18; 90(6): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9521175&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Benzene and the dose-related incidence of hematologic neoplasms in China. Author(s): Niazi GA, Fleming AF. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 November 19; 89(22): 1728-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390548&dopt=Abstract

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Recent developments in benzene risk assessment. Author(s): Kacew S, Lemaire I. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 485-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086957&dopt=Abstract

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Recent developments in the understanding of benzene toxicity and leukemogenesis. Author(s): Snyder R. Source: Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2000 February; 23(1): 13-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711386&dopt=Abstract

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Recent findings and new initiatives for epidemiologic research on benzene. Author(s): Wong O. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 457-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086952&dopt=Abstract

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Reconstruction of benzene exposure for the Pliofilm cohort (1936-1976) using Monte Carlo techniques. Author(s): Williams PR, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 April 25; 66(8): 677-781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746133&dopt=Abstract

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Red blood cell glycerol lysis and hematologic effects in occupational benzene exposure. Author(s): Bogadi-Sare A, Turk R, Karacic V, Zavalic M, Trutin-Ostovic K. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1997 July-August; 13(4): 485-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9249930&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between environmental exposure to toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene and the expired breath concentrations for gasoline service workers. Author(s): Chen ML, Chen SH, Guo BR, Mao IF. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2002 August; 4(4): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196001&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between smoking habits, smoking-associated hematological changes, and urinary benzene metabolites. Author(s): Haufroid V, Hotz P, Carbonnelle P, Lauwerys R. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1997 September; 52(1): 1-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269319&dopt=Abstract

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Report on the workshop entitled: “Modeling chemically induced leukemia-implications for benzene risk assessment”. Author(s): Smith MT, Fanning EW. Source: Leukemia Research. 1997 May; 21(5): 361-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225061&dopt=Abstract

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Resonance light-scattering method for the determination of BSA and HSA with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate or sodium lauryl sulfate. Author(s): Liu R, Yang J, Sun C, Wu X, Li L, Li Z. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 September; 377(2): 375-9. Epub 2003 July 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851737&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective estimation of exposure to benzene in a leukaemia case-control study of petroleum marketing and distribution workers in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Lewis SJ, Bell GM, Cordingley N, Pearlman ED, Rushton L. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1997 March; 54(3): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155777&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective exposure assessment for benzene in the Australian petroleum industry. Author(s): Glass DC, Adams GG, Manuell RW, Bisby JA. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2000 June; 44(4): 301-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831734&dopt=Abstract

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Review of epidemiologic evidence on benzene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Author(s): Savitz DA, Andrews KW. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 March; 31(3): 287-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055951&dopt=Abstract

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Rheological behaviour of red blood cells suspended in hemoglobin solutions. In vitro study comparing dextran-benzene-tetra-carboxylate hemoglobin, stroma free hemoglobin and plasma expanders. Author(s): Menu P, Longrois D, Faivre B, Donner M, Labrude P, Stoltz JF, Vigneron C. Source: Transfusion Science. 1999 February; 20(1): 5-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621560&dopt=Abstract

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Rising leukemia rates in Thailand: the possible role of benzene and related compounds in cigarette smoke. Author(s): Mitacek EJ, Brunnemann KD, Polednak AP, Limsila T, Bhothisuwan K, Hummel CF. Source: Oncol Rep. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 1399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375055&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of premenopausal breast cancer in association with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene. Author(s): Petralia SA, Vena JE, Freudenheim JL, Dosemeci M, Michalek A, Goldberg MS, Brasure J, Graham S. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999 June; 25(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450771&dopt=Abstract

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Scientific update on benzene. Author(s): Rangan U, Snyder R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 December 26; 837: 105-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472333&dopt=Abstract

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Self-assessment of exposure--a pilot study of assessment of exposure to benzene in tank truck drivers. Author(s): Liljelind IE, Stromback AE, Jarvholm BG, Levin JO, Strangert BL, Sunesson AL. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2000 February; 15(2): 195202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675977&dopt=Abstract

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Self-collected breath sampling for monitoring low-level benzene exposures among automobile mechanics. Author(s): Egeghy PP, Nylander-French L, Gwin KK, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rappaport SM. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002 July; 46(5): 489-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12176763&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of the renal effects of ethyl benzene in rodents for assessing human carcinogenic risk. Author(s): Hard GC. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2002 September; 69(1): 30-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215658&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in urine by thermal desorption-gas chromatography. Author(s): Hung IF, Lee SA, Chen RK. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998 March 20; 706(2): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551824&dopt=Abstract

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Single strand DNA breaks in T- and B-lymphocytes and granulocytes in workers exposed to benzene. Author(s): Sul D, Lee D, Im H, Oh E, Kim J, Lee E. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 August 5; 134(1-3): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191865&dopt=Abstract

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Species comparison of hepatic and pulmonary metabolism of benzene. Author(s): Powley MW, Carlson GP. Source: Toxicology. 1999 December 6; 139(3): 207-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647921&dopt=Abstract

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Species differences in the metabolism of benzene. Author(s): Henderson RF. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1173-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118889&dopt=Abstract

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Specific determination of benzene in urine using dynamic headspace and massselective detection. Author(s): Ljungkvist G, Larstad M, Mathiasson L. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 January 8; 721(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027635&dopt=Abstract

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S-phenylcysteine in albumin as a benzene biomarker. Author(s): Bechtold WE, Strunk MR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118885&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and validation of a pharmacokinetic model for benzene. Author(s): Sinclair GC, Gray CN, Sherwood RJ. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1999 March-April; 60(2): 24958. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10222576&dopt=Abstract

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Structure-activity relationships in the induction of DNA-protein cross-links by hematotoxic ring-opened benzene metabolites and related compounds in HL60 cells. Author(s): Schoenfeld HA, Witz G. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2000 July 27; 116(1-2): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906425&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the antitumor 2,6-piperazinediones: synthesis of 2,3-diacetoxy-4carbomethoxy-(3',5'-dioxo-N4' substituted piperazinyl methyl) benzene. Author(s): Li Q, Shao HW, Jiang HL, Xie YY. Source: Pharmazie. 1995 July; 50(7): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675884&dopt=Abstract

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Study of some immunological parameters in workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Author(s): Bogadi-Sare A, Zavalic M, Trosic I, Turk R, Kontosic I, Jelcic I. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2000 August; 73(6): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007343&dopt=Abstract

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Suitability of S-phenyl mercapturic acid and trans-trans-muconic acid as biomarkers for exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Author(s): Boogaard PJ, van Sittert NJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104 Suppl 6: 1151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118886&dopt=Abstract

86

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Suppression of apoptosis by Bcl-2 to enhance benzene metabolites-induced oxidative DNA damage and mutagenesis: A possible mechanism of carcinogenesis. Author(s): Kuo ML, Shiah SG, Wang CJ, Chuang SE. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1999 May; 55(5): 894-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220568&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis and crystal structures of substituted benzenes and benzoquinones as tissue factor VIIa inhibitors. Author(s): Parlow JJ, Stevens AM, Stegeman RA, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 September 25; 46(20): 4297-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678408&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzene thymidine mimics, some related alpha-anomers, and their evaluation as antiviral and anticancer agents. Author(s): Wang ZX, Duan W, Wiebe LI, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Knaus EE. Source: Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. 2001 January-February; 20(1-2): 1140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303557&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes: “thymine replacement” analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. Author(s): Wang ZX, Duan W, Wiebe LI, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Knaus EE. Source: Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. 2001 January-February; 20(1-2): 4158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303562&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis, antiviral and antiproliferative activity of some N-benzenesulphonyl-2(2- or 3-pyridylethyl)-benzimidazoles. Author(s): Garuti L, Roberti M, Rossi T, Cermelli C, Portolani M, Malagoli M, Castelli M. Source: Anti-Cancer Drug Design. 1998 July; 13(5): 397-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702206&dopt=Abstract

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Terrestrial risk assessment for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in sludgeamended soils. Author(s): de Wolf W, Feijtel T. Source: Chemosphere. 1998 March; 36(6): 1319-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493328&dopt=Abstract

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The absorption of benzene through human skin. Author(s): Hanke J, Dutkiewicz T, Piotrowski J. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2000 April-June; 6(2): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828138&dopt=Abstract

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The benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, selectively induces 5q31- and -7 in human CD34+CD19- bone marrow cells. Author(s): Stillman WS, Varella-Garcia M, Irons RD. Source: Experimental Hematology. 2000 February; 28(2): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706073&dopt=Abstract

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The benzene metabolites hydroquinone and catechol act in synergy to induce dosedependent hypoploidy and -5q31 in a human cell line. Author(s): Stillman WS, Varella-Garcia M, Irons RD. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 October; 35(3-4): 269-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706450&dopt=Abstract

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The casual relation between benzene exposure and multiple myeloma. Author(s): Goldstein BD, Shalat SL. Source: Blood. 2000 February 15; 95(4): 1512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722282&dopt=Abstract

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The contribution of benzene to smoking-induced leukemia. Author(s): Korte JE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Schulz MR, Ball LM, Duell EJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 April; 108(4): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753092&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of aliphatic (n-nonane), naphtenic (1,2, 4-trimethylcyclohexane), and aromatic (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) hydrocarbons on respiratory burst in human neutrophil granulocytes. Author(s): Myhre O, Vestad TA, Sagstuen E, Aarnes H, Fonnum F. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2000 September 15; 167(3): 222-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986013&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of benzene and hydroquinone on myeloid differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Author(s): Kalf GF, O'Connor A. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1993 November; 11(5-6): 331-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124204&dopt=Abstract

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The frontier orbital phase angles: novel QSAR descriptors for benzene derivatives, applied to phenylalkylamine hallucinogens. Author(s): Clare BW. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1998 September 24; 41(20): 3845-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9748359&dopt=Abstract

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The National Exposure Registry: analyses of health outcomes from the benzene subregistry. Author(s): Burg JR, Gist GL. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1998 May-June; 14(3): 367-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9569445&dopt=Abstract

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The nature of chromosomal aberrations detected in humans exposed to benzene. Author(s): Zhang L, Eastmond DA, Smith MT. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2002 January; 32(1): 1-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846214&dopt=Abstract

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The putative benzene metabolite 2,3, 5-tris(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone depletes glutathione, stimulates sphingomyelin turnover, and induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Author(s): Bratton SB, Lau SS, Monks TJ. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2000 July; 13(7): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898586&dopt=Abstract

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The role of metabolism and specific metabolites in benzene-induced toxicity: evidence and issues. Author(s): Ross D. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 November; 61(56): 357-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086940&dopt=Abstract

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The toxicology of benzene. Author(s): Snyder R, Witz G, Goldstein BD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1993 April; 100: 293-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8354177&dopt=Abstract

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The use of non-tumor data in cancer risk assessment: reflections on butadiene, vinyl chloride, and benzene. Author(s): Albertini R, Clewell H, Himmelstein MW, Morinello E, Olin S, Preston J, Scarano L, Smith MT, Swenberg J, Tice R, Travis C. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2003 February; 37(1): 105-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662914&dopt=Abstract

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Time courses of sensory irritations due to 2-butanone and ethyl benzene exposure: influences of self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (sMCS). Author(s): van Thriel C, Haumann K, Kiesswetter E, Blaszkewicz M, Seeber A. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 February; 204(5-6): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885363&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicokinetics of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene in humans exposed to vapours of white spirit: comparison with exposure to 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene alone. Author(s): Jarnberg J, Johanson G, Lof A, Stahlbom B. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1998 July-August; 72(8): 483-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9765063&dopt=Abstract

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Trans,trans-muconic acid, a biological indicator to low levels of environmental benzene: some aspects of its specificity. Author(s): Pezzagno G, Maestri L, Fiorentino ML. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1999 May; 35(5): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212704&dopt=Abstract

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Trisubstituted benzene leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists: synthesis and structureactivity relationships. Author(s): Konno M, Nakae T, Sakuyama S, Odagaki Y, Nakai H, Hamanaka N. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 1997 August; 5(8): 1649-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9313868&dopt=Abstract

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Urban benzene and population exposure. Author(s): Cocheo V, Sacco P, Boaretto C, De Saeger E, Ballesta PP, Skov H, Goelen E, Gonzalez N, Caracena AB. Source: Nature. 2000 March 9; 404(6774): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724154&dopt=Abstract

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Urban benzene exposure and oxidative DNA damage: influence of genetic polymorphisms in metabolism genes. Author(s): Sorensen M, Skov H, Autrup H, Hertel O, Loft S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 June 20; 309(1-3): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798093&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary benzene as a biomarker of exposure among occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects. Author(s): Waidyanatha S, Rothman N, Fustinoni S, Smith MT, Hayes RB, Bechtold W, Dosemeci M, Guilan L, Yin S, Rappaport SM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 February; 22(2): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181449&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of unmetabolized benzene as an indicator of benzene exposure. Author(s): Ghittori S, Fiorentino ML, Maestri L, Cordioli G, Imbriani M. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1993 March; 38(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8450555&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary phenylmercapturic acid as a marker of occupational exposure to benzene. Author(s): Inoue O, Kanno E, Kakizaki M, Watanabe T, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. Source: Ind Health. 2000 April; 38(2): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812842&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid determined by liquid chromatography: application in biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Author(s): Lee BL, New AL, Kok PW, Ong HY, Shi CY, Ong CN. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1993 September; 39(9): 1788-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8375048&dopt=Abstract

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Urine trans,trans-muconic acid determination for monitoring of benzene exposure in mechanics. Author(s): Suwansaksri J, Wiwanitkit V. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 September; 31(3): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11289027&dopt=Abstract

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Use of expert judgment in exposure assessment. Part I. Characterization of personal exposure to benzene. Author(s): Walker KD, Evans JS, MacIntosh D. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2001 JulyAugust; 11(4): 308-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571610&dopt=Abstract

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Use of expert judgment in exposure assessment: part 2. Calibration of expert judgments about personal exposures to benzene. Author(s): Walker KD, Catalano P, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2003 January; 13(1): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595879&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of breath analysis for exposure estimates of benzene associated with active smoking. Author(s): Jo WK, Pack KW. Source: Environmental Research. 2000 June; 83(2): 180-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856191&dopt=Abstract

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Validated method for quantitation of biomarkers for benzene and its alkylated analogues in urine. Author(s): Laurens JB, Mbianda XY, Spies JH, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 July 15; 774(2): 173-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076687&dopt=Abstract

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Validation and evaluation of biomarkers in workers exposed to benzene in China. Author(s): Qu Q, Shore R, Li G, Jin X, Chen LC, Cohen B, Melikian AA, Eastmond D, Rappaport S, Li H, Rupa D, Waidyanatha S, Yin S, Yan H, Meng M, Winnik W, Kwok ES, Li Y, Mu R, Xu B, Zhang X, Li K. Source: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2003 June; (115): 1-72; Discussion 73-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12931845&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of benzene exposure assessment. Author(s): Dosemeci M, Rothman N, Yin SN, Li GL, Linet M, Wacholder S, Chow WH, Hayes RB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 December 26; 837: 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472334&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of biomarkers in humans exposed to benzene: urine metabolites. Author(s): Qu Q, Melikian AA, Li G, Shore R, Chen L, Cohen B, Yin S, Kagan MR, Li H, Meng M, Jin X, Winnik W, Li Y, Mu R, Li K. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2000 May; 37(5): 522-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723046&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of exposure estimation for benzene in the Australian petroleum industry. Author(s): Glass DC, Gray CN, Adams GG, Manuell RW, Bisby JA. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2001 May; 17(4): 113-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479507&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of biomarkers in environmental health studies: the case of PAHs and benzene. Author(s): Dor F, Dab W, Empereur-Bissonnet P, Zmirou D. Source: Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 1999 March; 29(2): 129-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10213110&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and benzene.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Benzene The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “benzene” (or a synonym): •

Accumulation of low molecular weight (bleomycin detectable) iron in bone marrow cells of rats after benzene exposure. Author(s): Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India. Source: Pandya, K P Rao, G S Khan, S Krishnamurthy, R Arch-Toxicol. 1990; 64(4): 33942 0340-5761

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An online automatic sample cleanup system for the quantitative detection of the benzene exposure biomarker S-phenylmercapturic acid in human urine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan. [email protected] Source: Liao, P C Li, C M Lin, L C Hung, C W Shih, T S J-Anal-Toxicol. 2002 May-June; 26(4): 205-10 0146-4760

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Benzene exposure in car mechanics and road tanker drivers. Author(s): Institut Medecine du Travail Languedoc Roussillon, Carcassonne, France. Source: Javelaud, B Vian, L Molle, R Allain, P Allemand, B Andre, B Barbier, F Churet, A M Dupuis, J Galand, M Millet, F Talmon, J Touron, C Vaissiere, M Vechambre, D Vieules, M Viver, D Int-Arch-Occup-Environ-Health. 1998 June; 71(4): 277-83 0340-0131

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Benzene-extracted components are important for the major activity of diesel exhaust particles: effect on interleukin-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Author(s): Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Source: Kawasaki, S Takizawa, H Takami, K Desaki, M Okazaki, H Kasama, T Kobayashi, K Yamamoto, K Nakahara, K Tanaka, M Sagai, M Ohtoshi, T Am-J-RespirCell-Mol-Biol. 2001 April; 24(4): 419-26 1044-1549

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Biofilter performance and characterization of a biocatalyst degrading alkylbenzene gases. Author(s): University of La Coruna, Department of Fundamental and Industrial Chemistry, Spain. Source: Veiga, M C Fraga, M Amor, L Kennes, C Biodegradation. 1999 June; 10(3): 169-76 0923-9820

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Comparative studies of the in vitro metabolism and covalent binding of 14C-benzene by liver slices and microsomal fraction of mouse, rat, and human. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic & Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905. Source: Brodfuehrer, J I Chapman, D E Wilke, T J Powis, G Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1990 Jan-February; 18(1): 20-7 0090-9556

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Contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. IV. Specificity: mono- and polysubstituted benzene analogs. Author(s): Max-Planck-Institut fur Biophysik, Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Ullrich, K J Rumrich, G Kloss, S Pflugers-Arch. 1988 December; 413(2): 134-46 0031-6768

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Depletion of liver regulatory heme in benzene exposed rats. Author(s): Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India. Source: Siddiqui, S M Rao, G S Pandya, K P Toxicology. 1988 March; 48(3): 245-51 0300483X

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Determination of urinary t-t muconic acid as biomarker of environmental benzene intake and its interference factors. Author(s): Sez. Medicina del Lavoro, Universita degli Studi di Genova Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genova. [email protected] Source: Valente, T Medico, L Chiapperini, D Bonsignore, A D Ann-Chim. 2002 September; 92(9): 911-7 0003-4592

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Development and validation of a competitive immunoassay for urinary Sphenylmercapturic acid and its application in benzene biological monitoring. Author(s): AB Biomonitoring Ltd, Cardiff Medicentre, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4UJ, UK. [email protected] Source: Aston, J P Ball, R L Pople, J E Jones, K Cocker, J Biomarkers. 2002 Mar-April; 7(2): 103-12 1354-750X

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Development of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of urinary metabolites of benzene in humans. Author(s): American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. Source: Melikian, A A Meng, M O'Connor, R Hu, P Thompson, S M Res-Rep-Health-EffInst. 1999 June; (87): 1-36: discussion 37-43 1041-5505

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Feasibility of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid determination using high performance liquid chromatography for biological monitoring of benzene exposure. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Wiwanitkit, V Suwansaksri, J Nasuan, P J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2001 June; 84 Suppl 1: S263-8 0125-2208

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Genetic polymorphisms influence variability in benzene metabolism in humans. Author(s): Pisa University, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Genetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Italy. [email protected] Source: Rossi, A M Guarnieri, C Rovesti, S Gobba, F Ghittori, S Vivoli, G Barale, R Pharmacogenetics. 1999 August; 9(4): 445-51 0960-314X

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Hepatic and pulmonary microsomal benzene metabolism in CYP2E1 knockout mice. Author(s): School of Health Sciences, 1338 Civil Engineering Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1338, USA. Source: Powley, M W Carlson, G P Toxicology. 2001 December 28; 169(3): 187-94 0300483X

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Hydrogen bonding NH/pi interactions between betacarboline and methyl benzene derivatives. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. Source: Munoz, M A Sama, O Galan, M Guardado, P Carmona, C Balon, M SpectrochimActa-A-Mol-Biomol-Spectrosc. 2001 April; 57A(5): 1049-56 1386-1425

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Identification of N-acetyl-S-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-cysteine as a urinary metabolite of benzene, phenol, and hydroquinone. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40292. Source: Nerland, D E Pierce, W M Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1990 Nov-December; 18(6): 95861 0090-9556

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Improvement in HPLC analysis of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, a promising substitute for phenol in the assessment of benzene exposure. Author(s): Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, Vandoeuvre, France. Source: Ducos, P Gaudin, R Robert, A Francin, J M Maire, C Int-Arch-Occup-EnvironHealth. 1990; 62(7): 529-34 0340-0131

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In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes by a potent CYP2A6 inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine), and its nonamine analog, cyclopropylbenzene. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 5000, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Finland. [email protected] Source: Taavitsainen, P Juvonen, R Pelkonen, O Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2001 March; 29(3): 217-22 0090-9556

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Investigation of the role of the 2',3'-epoxidation pathway in the bioactivation and genotoxicity of dietary allylbenzene analogs. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. [email protected] Source: Guenthner, T M Luo, G Toxicology. 2001 March 7; 160(1-3): 47-58 0300-483X

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Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. Author(s): Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. [email protected] Source: Lagorio, S Crebelli, R Ricciarello, R Conti, L Iavarone, I Zona, A Ghittori, S Carere, A Occup-Med-(Lond). 1998 November; 48(8): 497-504 0962-7480

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Muconic acid determinations in urine as a biological exposure index for workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Author(s): Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87185. Source: Bechtold, W E Lucier, G Birnbaum, L S Yin, S N Li, G L Henderson, R F Am-IndHyg-Assoc-J. 1991 November; 52(11): 473-8 0002-8894

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Pharmacological evaluation of 1-(carboxymethyl)-3,5-diphenyl-2-methylbenzene, a novel arylacetic acid with potential anti-inflammatory properties. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. Source: Cutler, S J DeWitt Blanton, C Akin, D T Steinberg, F B Moore, A B Lott, J A Price, T C May, S W Pollock, S H Inflamm-Res. 1998 July; 47(7): 316-24 1023-3830

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Retinoic acids repress constitutive active receptor-mediated induction by 1,4-bis[2(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene of the CYP2B10 gene in mouse primary hepatocytes. Author(s): Pharmacogenetics Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. [email protected] Source: Kakizaki, Satoru Karami, Sohrab Negishi, Masahiko Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2002 February; 30(2): 208-11 0090-9556

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Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. Author(s): Department of Post-Graduate Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India. Source: Ahmed, M Ahamed, R N Aladakatti, R H Ghosesawar, M G J-Basic-ClinPhysiol-Pharmacol. 2002; 13(1): 51-9 0792-6855

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Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.

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Source: Lohiya, N K Mishra, P K Pathak, N Manivannan, B Jain, S C Adv-Contracept. 1999; 15(2): 141-61 0267-4874 •

SFE with GC and MS determination of safrole and related allylbenzenes in sassafras teas. Author(s): Total Diet Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, Lenexa, Kansas 66285-5905. Source: Heikes, D L J-Chromatogr-Sci. 1994 July; 32(7): 253-8 0021-9665

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Sonolysis of chlorobenzene in Fenton-type aqueous systems. Author(s): Costin D. Nenitzescu Institute of Organic Chemistry, P.O. Box 15-254, 71141 Bucharest, Romania. Source: Stavarache, C Yim, B Vinatoru, M Maeda, Y Ultrason-Sonochem. 2002 November; 9(6): 291-6 1350-4177

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Subclinical effects of groundwater contaminants. IV. Effects of repeated oral exposure to combinations of benzene and toluene on regional brain monoamine metabolism in mice. Source: Hsieh, G.C. Sharma, R.P. Parker, R.D.R. Arch-Toxicol. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer. 1990. volume 64 (8) page 669-676. 0340-5761

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The benzene metabolites hydroquinone and catechol act in synergy to induce dosedependent hypoploidy and -5q31 in a human cell line. Author(s): Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. Source: Stillman, W S Varella Garcia, M Irons, R D Leuk-Lymphoma. 1999 October; 35(34): 269-81 1042-8194

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The influence of benzene on the erythroid cell system in mice. Author(s): Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, University of Ulm, FRG. Source: Seidel, H J Beyvers, G Pape, M Barthel, E Exp-Hematol. 1989 August; 17(7): 7604 0301-472X

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Toxicokinetics of benzene, toluene and xylenes. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan. Source: Sato, A IARC-Sci-Publ. 1988; (85): 47-64 0300-5038

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trans,trans-Muconic acid, a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the ppm level. Author(s): Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, Vandoeuvre, France. Source: Ducos, P Gaudin, R Bel, J Maire, C Francin, J M Robert, A Wild, P Int-ArchOccup-Environ-Health. 1992; 64(5): 309-13 0340-0131

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Tylophorine B benzene solvate. Author(s): Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Lanzhou University, Gansu, People's Republic of China. [email protected] Source: Wang, Q Xie, L Zhai, J Acta-Crystallogr-C. 2000 February; 56 ( Pt 2)197-8 01082701

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Uptake by foods of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, toluene, and benzene from air. Author(s): Kantonales Labor, Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Grob, K Frauenfelder, C Artho, A Z-Lebensm-Unters-Forsch. 1990 December; 191(6): 435-41 0044-3026

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Urinary excretion of phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and muconic acid by workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Author(s): Occupational Studies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. [email protected] Source: Rothman, N Bechtold, W E Yin, S N Dosemeci, M Li, G L Wang, Y Z Griffith, W C Smith, M T Hayes, R B Occup-Environ-Med. 1998 October; 55(10): 705-11 1351-0711

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Urine trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for benzene exposure in gas station attendants in Bangkok, Thailand. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. [email protected] Source: Wiwanitkit, V Suwansaksri, J Nasuan, P Ann-Clin-Lab-Sci. 2001 October; 31(4): 399-401 0091-7370

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Uterotrophic and Hershberger assays for n-butylbenzene in rats. Author(s): Chemicals Assessment Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Hita, Oita, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yamasaki, Kanji Sawaki, Masakuni Noda, Shuji Takatsuki, Mineo Arch-Toxicol. 2002 January; 75(11-12): 703-6 0340-5761

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Validity of biomarkers in environmental health studies: the case of PAHs and benzene. Author(s): Agence De L'Environnement et de La Maitrise De L'Energie, Paris. Source: Dor, F Dab, W Empereur Bissonnet, P Zmirou, D Crit-Rev-Toxicol. 1999 March; 29(2): 129-68 1040-8444

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to benzene; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to benzene. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to benzene and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to benzene: •

2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)benzene sulfinate desulfinase from the thermophilic desulfurizing bacterium Paenibacillus sp. strain A11-2: purification and characterization. Author(s): Konishi J, Maruhashi K. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003 September; 62(4): 356-61. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743754&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-fertility activity of a benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers on female albino rats. Author(s): Singh MP, Singh RH, Udupa KN. Source: Planta Medica. 1982 March; 44(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7089096&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene exposure measurement in shoe and glue manufacturing: a study to validate biomarkers. Author(s): Qu Q, Cohen BS, Shore R, Chen LC, Li G, Jin X, Melikian AA, Yin S, Yan H, Xu B, Li Y, Mu R, Zhang X, Li K. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2003 December; 18(12): 98898. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14612295&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene metabolites antagonize etoposide-stabilized cleavable complexes of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha. Author(s): Baker RK, Kurz EU, Pyatt DW, Irons RD, Kroll DJ. Source: Blood. 2001 August 1; 98(3): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468185&dopt=Abstract

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Benzene myeloclastogenicity: a function of its metabolism. Author(s): Gad-el-Karim MM, Ramanujam VM, Ahmed AE, Legator MS. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1985; 7(5-6): 475-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003406&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effectiveness of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy benzene 1,3-disulphonic acid disodium salt) and CaNa2EDTA with time after beryllium poisoning. Author(s): Sharma P, Shukla S. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 August; 38(8): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557911&dopt=Abstract

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Complexation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol with inorganic and ferritin-released iron in vitro. Author(s): Ahmad S, Rao GS. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 May 27; 259(1): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334934&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow by benzene exposure and the excretion of metabolites in urine of CD-1 mice. Author(s): Gad-El Karim MM, Sadagopa Ramanujam VM, Legator MS. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1986 September 30; 85(3): 464-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3764927&dopt=Abstract

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Differential susceptibility of rats and guinea pigs to the ototoxic effects of ethyl benzene. Author(s): Cappaert NL, Klis SF, Muijser H, Kulig BM, Ravensberg LC, Smoorenburg GF.

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Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2002 July-August; 24(4): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127896&dopt=Abstract •

DNA breakage induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol: relative contributions of oxygenderived active species and transition metal ions. Author(s): Li AS, Bandy B, Tsang S, Davison AJ. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2001 May 1; 30(9): 943-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316574&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the estrous cycle and ovarian activity in albino mice. Author(s): Murthy DR, Reddy CM, Patil SB. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997 July; 20(7): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255415&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Sheng-Mai injection on the PRPP synthetase activity in BFU-es and CFU-es from bone marrows of mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia. Author(s): Liu LP, Liu JF, Lu YQ. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 August 10; 69(12): 1373-9. Erratum In: Life Sci 2001 October 12; 69(21): 2573. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531161&dopt=Abstract

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Efficiency of rice bran for removal of organochlorine compounds and benzene from industrial wastewater. Author(s): Adachi A, Ikeda C, Takagi S, Fukao N, Yoshie E, Okano T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312856&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of daily dietary intake of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and benzene hexachloride (BHC) in India. Author(s): Kashyap R, Iyer LR, Singh MM. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1994 January-February; 49(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509592&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the role of free hydroxyl radicals in the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed oxidation of benzene and cyclohexanol. Author(s): Gorsky LD, Coon MJ. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1985 MarchApril; 13(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2859164&dopt=Abstract

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Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent. III: Interceptive effect of benzene extract in mouse. Author(s): Pakrashi A, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pal AK. Source: Contraception. 1986 November; 34(5): 523-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3816235&dopt=Abstract

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Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agent: II. Possible mode of action with reference to anti-implantation effect of the benzene extract. Author(s): Pal AK, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pakrashi A. Source: Contraception. 1985 November; 32(5): 517-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4085250&dopt=Abstract

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Gasoline-contaminated ground water as a source of residential benzene exposure: a case study. Author(s): Lindstrom AB, Highsmith VR, Buckley TJ, Pate WJ, Michael LC. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1994 AprilJune; 4(2): 183-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549473&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of T-lymphocyte responses to a small molecular weight antigen. II. specific tolerance induced in azebenzenearsonate (ABA)-specific T cells in Guniea pigs by administration of low doses of an ABA conjugate of chloroacetyl tyrosine in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Author(s): Bullock WW, Katz DH, Benacerraf B. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1975 August 1; 142(2): 261-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=806648&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of 1,2,4-benzenetriol-generated active oxygen species and induction of phase II enzymes by green tea polyphenols. Author(s): Lee SF, Liang YC, Lin JK. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1995 December 22; 98(3): 283-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8548865&dopt=Abstract

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Iron-stimulated ring-opening of benzene in a mouse liver microsomal system. Mechanistic studies and formation of a new metabolite. Author(s): Zhang Z, Goldstein BD, Witz G. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 November 9; 50(10): 1607-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503763&dopt=Abstract

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Muconaldehyde formation from 14C-benzene in a hydroxyl radical generating system. Author(s): Latriano L, Zaccaria A, Goldstein BD, Witz G.


Source: J Free Radic Biol Med. 1985; 1(5-6): 363-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3018062&dopt=Abstract •

Phenoxyl radical-induced thiol-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species: implications for benzene toxicity. Author(s): Stoyanovsky DA, Goldman R, Claycamp HG, Kagan VE. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1995 March 10; 317(2): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893144&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. Author(s): Ahmed M, Ahamed RN, Aladakatti RH, Ghosesawar MG. Source: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2002; 13(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099405&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rabbits. Author(s): Lohiya NK, Mishra PK, Pathak N, Manivannan B, Jain SC. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1999; 15(2): 141-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997896&dopt=Abstract

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Role of iron and copper during benzene toxicity. Author(s): Ahmad S, Murthy RC, Rao GS. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 March; 36(3): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754061&dopt=Abstract

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Sterility due to inhibition of sperm motility by oral administration of benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rats. Author(s): Pathak N, Mishra PK, Manivannan B, Lohiya NK. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 July; 7(4): 325-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969727&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the metabolism of the benzene ring of tryptophan in mammalian tissues. ii. enzymic formation of alpha-aminomuconic acid from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Author(s): ICHIYAMA A, NAKAMURA S, KAWAI H, HONJO T, NISHIZUKA Y, HAYAISHI O, SENOH S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1965 February; 240: 740-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14275130&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of spirodienones by intramolecular ipso-cyclization of N-methoxy-(4halogenophenyl)amides using [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene in trifluoroethanol. Author(s): Miyazawa E, Sakamoto T, Kikugawa Y. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003 June 27; 68(13): 5429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816516&dopt=Abstract

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The biofiltration of indoor air: air flux and temperature influences the removal of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Author(s): Darlington AB, Dat JF, Dixon MA. Source: Environmental Science & Technology. 2001 January 1; 35(1): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352020&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of iron overload on the development of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) porphyria. Author(s): Bach PH, Taljaard JT, Joubert SM, Shanley BC. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1971 September 25; : 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4113778&dopt=Abstract

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The non-enzymic oxidation of NADH by nitrosobenzene. Author(s): Bernheim ML. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1972 February 25; 46(4): 1598-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4401357&dopt=Abstract

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Transplacental genotoxicity of triethylenemelamine, benzene, and vinblastine in mice. Author(s): Xing SG, Shi X, Wu ZL, Chen JK, Wallace W, Whong WZ, Ong T. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1992; 12(5): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1363495&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources •


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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine


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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to benzene; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Guatteria Alternative names: Guatteria gaumeri Greenman Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Liquorice Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Mentha Alternative names: Pennyroyal; Mentha/Hedeoma pulegium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the


MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to benzene. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “benzene” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on benzene, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Benzene ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to benzene. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Benzene-Structure Controversies, 1865-1920. by Koeppel, Tonja A., PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 1973, 429 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7414092

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Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes (BTX) under Denitrifying Conditions in Sand from a Shallow Aquifer a Microcosm Study by Major, David William; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38737

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Chelate-Exchange Reactions of Beta-Diketonates of Zinc, Cadmium and Several Transition Metals in Benzene and Methanol : Thermodynamic Properties and Titrimetric Applications by D'Amboise, Marius; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18134

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Cluster Ion Mobility, Structures, and Binding Energy: Application to the Benzene Cluster System by Rusyniak, Mark John, PhD from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082014

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Dipole Moment and Spectroscopic Studies on Methyl-substituted BenzeneTetracyanoethylene Complexes by Liao, Shu-Chung; AdvDeg from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07223

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Electrodeposition of Aluminum from Alkyl Benzene Electrolytes by Capuano, Guido A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15805

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Factors Influencing the Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, MXylene (BTEX), Naphthalene, and Phenanthrene in Subsurface Environments by D'Adamo, Peter Charles, PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080647

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Goal Setting and Task Performance at the Organizational Level: Studies of Emissions Reduction Goals and Performance (Chemical Manufacturers Association, Benzene Emissions) by Milledge, Vicki Lynn, PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 1995, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9621283

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Novel Use of a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactor for the Removal and Destruction of Benzene and Toluene in a Gas Stream by Davidson, Colin Thomas, MSC(Eng) from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2003, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ74899

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Stereospecific Long-Range Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling Constants between the SideChain Carbon-13 Nucleus and Hydrogen,Carbon-13 and Fluorine-19 Nuclei in the Ring of Some Benzene Derivatives Conformational Applications by Penner, Glenn H; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37208

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Structural Determinations of Some Transition Metal Hydrido and Tris (Benzene-1,2Dithiolato) Complexes by Cowie, Martin; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20988

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The High Resolution Raman Spectrum of Gaseous Benzene and Benzene-D 6 by Hollinger, Allan Bernard; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36693

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The Tertiary Amide and Carbamoyloxy Groups in Aromatic Directed Metalation Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzene and Pyridine Derivatives by Miah, M. A. J; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29580 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60767

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning benzene.

Recent Trials on Benzene The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to benzene.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Biomarkers of Benzene Exposure in Inner City Residents Condition(s): Lung Disease; Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Purpose - Excerpt: This study compares air pollution exposures of residents in a South Baltimore community next to major industry with those in a comparison community with much less industry nearby. Parents and children as well as adults alone will be included. Air levels of 3 chemicals that have been found in increased amounts in the community as well as two urinary breakdown products of benzene will be measured. Participants will limit the amount of sorbate preserved foods they eat as this preservative interferes with one of the benzene breakdown products. Benzene air and urine exposure measurements will be compared in each community as well as between communities. By including children and parents we will gather exposure information on children who may be more sensitive that adults to these types of pollution. Lastly, by restricting the amount of food preserved with sorbates, we can decide if this improves the use of ttMA for people exposed to benzene from air pollution. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00014963 •

Modulation of Benzene Metabolism by Exposure to Environment Condition(s): Lung Diseases; Cancer Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: The research is to evaluate benzene metabolism after exposure at levels that can be found in the environment, such as the higher end concentrations in the air inside cars and buses while being driven in heavy traffic and inside private and public parking garages. To do so breath, urine, and blood samples prior to, during and after being exposed to benzene as well as benzene levels and benzene metabolites present are measured. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00041860

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Protection Against Benzene Toxicity Condition(s): Leukemia; Aplastic Anemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: We are investigating the role of an enzyme (NQO1) in protection against the bone marrow toxicity of the occupational and environmental toxicant benzene. All of the proposed studies involve use of human bone marrow cells in-vitro to define mechanisms of NQO1-mediated protection. Cells are obtained from healthy volunteers and protocols have undergone IRB review and approval. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011453

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “benzene” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical

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trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BENZENE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “benzene” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on benzene, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Benzene By performing a patent search focusing on benzene, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on benzene: •

Catalysts for oxidative polymerization of fluorophenol, method of oxidative polymerization of fluorophenol, and poly(oxyfluorophenylene) derivative Inventor(s): Kumaki; Yosuke (Tokyo, JP), Oyaizu; Kenichi (Tokyo, JP), Saito; Kei (Tokyo, JP), Tsuchida; Eishun (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Science and Technology Corporation (saitama, Jp) Patent Number: 6,689,919 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: The synthesis of fluoropolyarylene ether with a high degree of polymerization is enabled, by using a copper complex catalyst with an oxidation potential in the range of -1V to 2V, for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols that contain at least one hydrogen atom as well as a fluorine atom bonded to the carbon atoms constituting the benzene ring. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols and a method for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols wherein such catalysts are used. More particularly, this invention relates to catalysts for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols useful for the synthesis of engineering plastics, such as fluoropolyarylene ether, with excellent heat resistance and flame resistance, as well as small friction factor, and a method for the oxidative polymerization of fluorophenols wherein such catalysts are used. Further, the present invention relates to poly(oxyfluorophenylene) compounds. More particularly, the present invention relates to soluble poly(oxyfluorophenylene) compounds with excellent heat resistance, membrane-formability and chemical stability. Polyarylene ethers are known as engineering plastics having characteristics such as excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength, drug resistance, dimensional stability, electric performance, and workability, and are used in various industrial fields, such as mechanical parts, gas separating membranes, conductive resins, and functional rubbers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689919__

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Epoxy resin composition and curing product thereof Inventor(s): Ogura; Ichiro (Chiba, JP), Takahashi; Yoshiyuki (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,660,811 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: An epoxy resin composition comprising: (i) an epoxy resin having a melt viscosity of from 0.1 dPa to 5 dPa at 150.degree. C. and having two or more repeating units each comprising: a methylene bond substituted by at least an aromatic ring; and a benzene ring substituted by at least a glycidyloxy group, wherein said aromatic ring is at least one member selected from the group consisting of (a) condensed aromatic rings and (b) combinations of aromatic rings in which two or more aromatic monocycles or condensed aromatic rings are connected directly to each other via a single bond; and (ii) a curing agent.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an epoxy resin composition which is excellent in flame retardance and which is suitably used as a semiconductor-sealing material or a printed circuit board material. An epoxy resin can be cured with various curing agents to form a cured product normally excellent in mechanical properties, humidity resistance, chemical resistance, heat resistance, electrical properties, etc. Thus, an epoxy resin finds wide application to electronic materials and molding materials. An epoxy resin to be used in the art of electronic materials such as printed wiring circuit board essentially comprises a halogen compound incorporated therein to render these materials flame retardant. In recent years, however, a halogen-based flame retardant has been considered problematic as a dioxin-producing factor from the standpoint of environmental protection. Thus, it has been keenly desired to provide a halogen-free flame retardant epoxy resin material. In the art of semiconductor-sealing material, as the semiconductor surface packaging process has spread, the solder crack resistance of the semiconductor package has become an important factor. A conventional semiconductorsealing material comprising a cresol-novolac type epoxy resin and a phenol-novolac resin in combination exhibits an excellent heat resistance but is disadvantageous in that it exhibits a poor humidity resistance and hence a deteriorated solder crack resistance. Referring to the method for solving these problems, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-1524 discloses a technique involving the use of an epoxy resin having a specific molecular structure that meets the requirements for humidity resistance. The invention of the above cited Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-1524 can provide a cured product excellent in humidity resistance but is poor in flame retardance, which is required in the art of electronic material. Further, the epoxy resin described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-1524 is bifunctional and thus cannot increase in its crosslinking density. Thus, the foregoing epoxy resin exhibits a deteriorated heat resistance and leaves something to be desired in the improvement of solder crack resistance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660811__ •

Fluorescent nucleoside analogs and combinatorial fluorophore arrays comprising same Inventor(s): Kool; Eric T. (Stanford, CA) Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. (tucson, Az) Patent Number: 6,670,193 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides fluorescent nucleoside analogs which comprise a fluorescent cyclic compound joined to a carbon of a sugar molecule such as pentose, hexose, ribose or deoxyribose or analogs thereof in either an.alpha. or.beta. configuration. The subject compounds are useful as probes in the study of the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids and their complexes with proteins. In addition, the subject compounds are useful in any technique which uses labeled oligonucleotides for detection. Non-fluorescent spacer molecules in which a cyclohexane, cyclohexene, decalin, or benzene is joined to a carbon of a sugar moiety such as pentose, hexose, ribose or deoxyribose are also provided. Also provided are the 5' dimethoxytrityl-3'-Ophosphoramidite derivatives, suitable for incorporation into oligonucleotides by automated synthesizers. Combinatorial fluorophore array (CFA) libraries comprising oligomers of the subject nucleoside analogs attached to one or more solid supports are also provided as are methods of selecting fluorophores from the CFA libraries. The

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present invention also provides oligonucleotide analogs comprising one or more of the subject nucleoside analogs in place of a DNA or RNA base. Excerpt(s): Fluorescence methods are extremely widespread in chemistry and biology. The methods give useful information on structure, distance, orientation, complexation, and location for biomolecules [1]. In addition, time-resolved methods are increasingly used in measurements of dynamics and kinetics [2]. As a result, many strategies for fluorescence labeling of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, have been developed [3]. In the case of DNA, one of the most convenient and useful methods for fluorescence labeling is to add a fluorescent moiety during the DNA synthesis itself. Addition of the fluorescent moiety during DNA synthesis avoids the extra steps required for postsynthesis labeling and purification. The majority of labels commonly used during DNA synthesis are attached to the DNA by tethers that are often 5 to 11 atoms long. These flexible tethers can at times be problematic, since they allow the dye to tumble independently of the DNA and make the location of the dye difficult to determine precisely [4]. There are very few examples of dye conjugates that hold the dye close to the DNA, thus avoiding these problems. Among the known dyes of this class are ethenodeoxyadenosine [5] and 2-aminopurinedeoxyriboside [6]. These latter two compounds have modified DNA bases that are themselves fluorescent, and have found much use as probes of enzymatic activities such as DNA synthesis, editing, and repair [7-9]. The present invention provides fluorescent labels for nucleic acids which, rather than modifying an existing nucleic acid base, replace one or more DNA or RNA bases with a fluorescent cyclic compound. Since the replacement fluorescent cyclic compound is also a flat cyclic structure, only small perturbations to the overall nucleic acid structure occur upon its use. The fluorescent label may be thought of as a nucleoside analog in which a known fluorescent cyclic compound is joined to a carbon atom of a sugar moiety. The subject nucleoside analogs allow for close interaction, including stacking, with a neighboring RNA or DNA helix. There are many known cyclic fluorophores which may be joined to a carbon atom of a sugar moiety to form the nucleoside analogs of the present invention. Many of the known cyclic fluorophores have high quantum yields with varied excitation and emission characteristics. Moreover, their lack of functional groups makes them relatively simple to work with in preparing conjugates. The literature has reported incorporation of 4-methylindole, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene fluorophores at the C1-position of deoxyribose [10, 11]. In a similar strategy, the substitution of a coumarin dye at the C1 position of deoxyribose has also been reported[12]. The methylindole derivative has recently found use as a fluorescent reporter of DNA repair activities [13]. In addition, the C1.alpha. pyrene derivative has been shown to be useful in DNA diagnostics strategies, where it efficiently forms excimers with neighboring pyrene labels [14]. The C1.beta. pyrene derivative stabilizes DNA helices markedly (due to its low polarity) [15, 16], and can be enzymatically incorporated into the DNA helix [17]. Thus, this new nucleic acid labeling strategy has many useful applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06670193__ •

Low dielectric constant polymer and monomers used in their formation Inventor(s): Martin; Arthur (Glenham, NY), Tseng; Wei-Tsu (Hopewell Junction, NY) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (armonk, Ny) Patent Number: 6,660,820 Date filed: July 24, 2002

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Abstract: A new class of fluorinated arylacetylene compounds useful as monomers in the formation of polymers having low dielectric constant. These polymers, which are the reaction products of one of the fluorinated arylacetylene compounds, a diphenyl oxide biscyclopentadienone and, optionally, 1,3,5-tris(phenylacetylene)benzene, are useful in insulating microelectric device. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a new class of fluorinated aryl acetylenes useful as monomers in the polymerization of a low dielectric constant polymer which has excellent thermal stability. In addition, the present invention is directed to a polymeric reaction product of the new class of fluorinated aryl acetylenes, a diphenyloxide biscyclopentadienone and, optionally, 1,3,5tris(phenylacetylene)benzene. The continuing decrease in the size of integrated circuits has resulted in the development of dramatically decreased size integrated circuits wherein the spaces between individual devices or elements thereon are similarly diminished. This development has put increased insulative demand upon insulators, disposed between conductive paths, to prevent "cross-talk," shorts and other integrated circuit failures. A limiting factor in the development of these devices has been the inability to insulate between decreased conductive paths which these insulative layers separate. This problem has been addressed in the prior art by the development of fluorine silicate glass (FSG) films. However, these films, effective in the relatively large size integrated circuits of recent years, have proven inadequate insofar as the dielectric constant of these films has proven to be too high to prevent "cross talk," shorting and other manifestations of capacitance failure in the much smaller integrated circuits presently in use or under development. The insulating films currently employed in electrically insulating conductive layers of integrated circuits, which are usually metallic layers, particularly copper layers, include little or no fluorine. The most recent of these new films are polyphenylenes, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,679, which is incorporated herein by reference. These polyphenylene films, which are polymerized from a monomeric reaction product, are characterized by lower dielectric constants compared to films heretofore employed in this application. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660820__ •

Low temperature chemical vapor deposition of thin film magnets Inventor(s): Miller; Joel S. (Salt Lake City, UT), Pokhodnya; Kostyantyn I. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): University of Utah Research Foundation (salt Lake City, Ut) Patent Number: 6,660,375 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: A thin-film magnet formed from a gas-phase reaction of tetracyanoetheylene (TCNE) OR (TCNQ), 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-P-quinodimethane, and a vanadium-containing compound such as vanadium hexcarbonyl (V(CO).sub.6) and bis(benzene)vanalium (V(C.sub.6 H.sub.6).sub.2) and a process of forming a magnetic thin film upon at least one substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at a process temperature not exceeding approximately 90.degree. C. and in the absence of a solvent. The magnetic thin film is particularly suitable for being disposed upon rigid or flexible substrates at temperatures in the range of 40.degree. C. and 70.degree. C. The present invention exhibits air-stable characteristics and qualities and is particularly suitable for providing being disposed upon a wide variety of substrates.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to thin-film magnets, or magnetic thin films, and more specifically relates to the composition of magnetic thin films produced from the reaction of a vanadium containing compound, tetracyanoethylene and a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition processes for depositing a vanadium containing thin-film upon a wide variety of supporting substrates. Thin films having certain magnetic, electrical, optical properties, low temperature processibility, insulating to semiconducting behavior, mechanical flexibility, solubility, and substrate compatibility properties, as well as other physical properties, are of interest and often times are essential in many applications. Of particular interest are magnetic thin films that may be deposited upon substrates comprised of materials such as plastics, glasses, metals, and ionic crystalline materials and in which the substrates are either rigid or flexible. For example, thin magnetic films are used extensively on magnetic tapes and media used in the storage and retrieval of computer generated data, magnetic shielding, as well as for providing extraction of magnetic substances. The use of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for applying various thin films onto a variety of substrates is generally well known. For example, CVD is used extensively in the semiconductor industry to apply thin films having various electrical and magnetic characteristics onto substrates constructed primarily or entirely of semiconductive material containing silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide and other generally inorganic substrates. Normally CVD techniques used in the semiconductor industry are conducted at temperatures above 200.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660375__ •

Magnetic recording medium containing specific binder in the magnetic layer and the lower non-magnetic layer Inventor(s): Hashimoto; Hiroshi (Kanagawa, JP), Meguro; Katsuhiko (Kanagawa, JP), Murayama; Yuichiro (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (kanagawa, Jp) Patent Number: 6,686,073 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: A magnetic recording medium containing a support having provided thereon a lower layer containing a nonmagnetic powder and a binder and further provided thereon at least one magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder. The lower layer can contain as a binder at least a monomer unit containing from 5 to 45% by weight of a (meth)acrylate unit containing a benzene ring and from 1 to 45% by weight of a radical polymerizable monomer unit containing a nitrogen atom, with these units making a total amount of 100% by weight. It can also contain an acrylic resin having a hydrophilic polar group. The magnetic recording medium may also contain a support having provided thereon at least one magnetic layer containing a ferromagnetic powder and a binder each in the dispersed state. The magnetic layer can contain at least a monomer unit comprising from 15 to 75% by weight of an alkyl (meth)acrylate as a binder and from 1 to 45% by weight of a radical polymerizable monomer unit containing nitrogen, with these units making a total amount of 100% by weight. It can also contain an acrylic resin having a hydrophilic polar group used in combination with a resin (A) defined herein; a resin (B) defined herein; or a resin (C) defined herein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a magnetic recording medium having very excellent electromagnetic conversion characteristics (i.e., electromagnetic characteristics) and running durability. The magnetic recording medium commonly used is a recording

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medium obtained by providing on a nonmagnetic support a magnetic layer comprising a binder having dispersed therein ferromagnetic powder particles. Recently, in the field of magnetic recording, digital recording is practically taking the place of conventional analog recording because of its less deterioration of recording. In the digital recording, a large number of signals must be generally recorded and moreover, the recording/reproducing apparatus and the recording medium used therefor are demanded to ensure high image quality and high sound quality and at the same time, realize downsizing and space saving. To cope with these requirements, still higher density recording is being demanded. For achieving higher density recording, recording signal with a short wavelength and recording locus in a narrow track are employed. As for the recording medium, more improvement in the electromagnetic conversion characteristics is demanded and for this purpose, various proposals have been proposed, such as improvement in the magnetic characteristics of ferromagnetic powder, formation of fine particles, high filling, or ultra-smoothing of the medium surface. These are, however, not satisfactory for the higher density recording demanded in recent years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06686073__ •

Method of manufacturing phenol by direct oxidation of benzene Inventor(s): Tsuruya; Shigeru (Hyogo-ken, JP) Assignee(s): President of Kobe University (kobe, Jp) Patent Number: 6,646,167 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: Benzene, ascorbic acid acting as a reducing agent, and a vanadium-supported alumina catalyst are placed in an aqueous solution of acetic acid used as a solvent, and the reaction is carried out under an oxygen gas atmosphere having a pressure of at least 0.3 MPa so as to directly oxidize benzene and, thus, to obtain phenol at a high yield of at least 8%. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing phenol by a single stage direct oxidation of benzene. However, the cumene process, which involves three process steps, is not economical. Also, the phenol manufacture is dependent on the market price of acetone obtained as a by-product in the cumene process. Under the circumstances, the present inventor has conducted an extensive research on the method to obtain phenol by direct oxidation of benzene in the presence of a Cu-supported catalyst. However, the conventional method is not satisfactory in the phenol yield and leaves room for further improvement in the phenol manufacturing cost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646167__

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Optical resin composition comprising thiol-ene prepolymer Inventor(s): Herold; Robert D. (Monroeville, PA), Okoroafor; Michael O. (Export, PA), Smith; Robert A. (Murrysville, PA) Assignee(s): Ppc Industries Ohio, Inc. (cleveland, Oh) Patent Number: 6,669,873 Date filed: March 14, 2000

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Abstract: Described is a polymerizable organic composition comprising: (a) a radically polymerizable gel-free prepolymer of (i) at least one first polymerizable monomer having at least two radically polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated groups, e.g., divinyl benzene, and (ii) at least one first polythiol monomer having at least two thiol groups, e.g., thioglycerol bis(mercaptoacetate); and (b) at least one second polymerizable monomer having at least two radically polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated groups, e.g., divinyl benzene and/or methacrylic anhydride, the first and second radically polymerizable monomers each being substantially free of norbornene groups. The molar equivalent ratio of ethylenically unsaturated groups of (a)(i) to the thiol groups of (a)(ii) is no greater than 1:1. The described polymerizable composition has reduced shrinkage, and a polymerizate prepared therefrom has a refractive index of at least 1.57 and an Abbe number of at least 33. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to polymerizable organic compositions having reduced shrinkage and solid polymerizates prepared therefrom having a refractive index of at least 1.57, and an Abbe number of at least 33. Particularly, the present invention relates to certain polymerizable organic compositions comprising a substantially gel-free liquid prepolymer of a first polyethylenically unsaturated monomer and a polythiol monomer, and a separate second polyethylenically unsaturated monomer. More particularly, the polymerizable compositions of the present invention have a percent shrinkage less than that of a corresponding polymerizable composition containing no prepolymer. Organic polymeric materials having refractive indices of at least 1.57 and low levels of chromatic dispersion have been developed recently as alternatives and replacements for high refractive index inorganic silica based glass for applications such as optical lenses. These polymeric materials can provide advantages relative to glass, including, shatter resistance, lighter weight for a given application, ease of molding and ease of dying. The chromatic dispersion of an optical lens is typically quantified with reference to Abbe numbers (also known as nu-values). Lower Abbe numbers are indicative of an increasing level of chromatic dispersion, which is typically manifested as an optical distortion at or near the rim of the lens. Values of Abbe numbers corresponding to desirably lower levels of chromatic dispersion are, for example, typically at least 33 and more typically at least 35. It is known that polymeric materials having high refractive indices, e.g., of at least 1.57, and low levels of chromatic dispersion, e.g., having Abbe numbers of at least 33, can be prepared from polymerizable compositions containing monomers having at least two thiol groups and monomers having two or more radically polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated groups. Such compositions, which are referred to in the art as thiol-ene compositions, are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,972, and International Patent Publication No. WO 96/38486. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06669873__ •

Oxidation bases containing a guanidine chain, process for preparing them, their use for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, dye compositions and dyeing processes Inventor(s): Bordier; Thierry (Tremblay en France, FR), Philippe; Michel (Wissous, FR) Assignee(s): L'oreal S.a. (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,652,600 Date filed: January 29, 2001 Abstract: Novel oxidation bases comprising a benzene nucleus and a guanidine chain, a process for their preparation, their use for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, dye

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compositions containing them, and oxidation dyeing processes using them are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel oxidation bases containing a benzene nucleus and comprising a guanidine chain, to a process for their preparation, to their use for the oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, to dye compositions containing them and to oxidation dyeing processes using them. It is known practice to dye keratin fibers, and in particular human hair, with dye compositions containing oxidation dye precursors, in particular ortho-phenylenediamines, para-phenylenediamines, ortho-aminophenols or para-aminophenols and heterocyclic compounds, which are generally referred to as oxidation bases. The oxidation dye precursors, or oxidation bases, are colorless or weakly colored compounds which, when combined with oxidizing products, can give rise to colored compounds and dyes by a process of oxidative condensation. It is also known that the shades obtained with these oxidation bases can be varied by combining them with couplers or coloration modifiers, the latter being chosen in particular from aromatic meta-diamines, meta-aminophenols, meta-diphenols and certain heterocyclic compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652600__ •

Paint containing surfactants for structuring non-aqueous liquid compositions Inventor(s): Broeckx; Walter August Maria (Zele, BE), Parry; Diane (Cincinnati, OH), Smerznak; Mark Allen (Cincinnati, OH), White, Jr.; Daniel Jerome (North Bend, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (cincinnati, Oh) Patent Number: 6,682,723 Date filed: December 13, 2001 Abstract: A paint containing a surfactant system capable of structuring a non-aqueous liquid composition, wherein the surfactant system comprises at least about 5% of a structuring particle. The surfactant system preferably further comprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactants and mixtures thereof. A well dispersed mixture of a non-aqueous liquid, for example, a nonionic surfactant, and at least about 25%, by weight of the surfactant system results in the mixture having a yield of at least about 2.0 Pa when measured at 20 sec.sup.-1 and 25.degree. C. Moreover, the surfactant system should exhibit a peak when measured by SAXS x-ray diffraction, wherein the peak's center is between about the 1.5 to 2.5 v positions on the 2 theta axis. The structuring particles are most preferably structuring particles of sulfate and linear alkyl benzene sulfonate. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of structuring particles. Specifically, surfactant systems comprising a sufficient concentration of a surfactant that can structure a nonaqueous liquid. Structured liquids, for example, gels and certain non-Newtonian fluids, have numerous applications and have gained great favor among consumers. For example, many paints are supplied as liquids that are structured in situ, that is, the structure is established in the container as the paint is mixed. Paint is typically structured in an attempt to evenly suspended fine, solid pigment particles in the liquid paint carrier. But as most consumers of paint products are well aware, more often than not when paint is purchased the pigment particles have settled to the bottom of the container. This occurs when the structure of the paint is broken down by the normal jostling during shipping and handling of the containerized paint. Once the structure is broken down it cannot be reestablished, and the paint must be shaken or stirred before

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each use to resuspend the pigment particles. The necessity of shaking or stirring, which is often a messy procedure, is the bane of painting. Among the most common structurants for liquid compositions are clay compounds. While clay provides good in situ structuring for certain liquid environments, clay structured systems are inherently unstable. Liquids structured with clay and other conventional structurants rely of a delicate balancing of particle forces that when disturbed cause the structure to break down. Specifically, two particles are often attracted due to natural forces such as van der Waals forces. But if brought too close together two particles will normally repel one another due to natural repulsive forces between particles. Also, entropy works to break down weakly structured systems. Hence, structured liquids are fragile and the structure is easily broken down. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682723__ •

Polyetherimide resin/polyester resin blends having improved visual clarity Inventor(s): Jin; Yimin (Newburgh, IN), Liao; Jun (Evansville, IN) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (pittsfield, Ma) Patent Number: 6,646,031 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: Transparent thermoplastic resin compositions include a polyetherimide resin, a polyester resin, sodium benzene phosphinate, and optionally 3,4-epoxy cyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexanecarboxylate and preferably comprising a first polyester resin and a second polyester resin and sodium benzene phosphinate, wherein from 50 to 100 mole percent of the structural units of the first polyester resin include an alicyclic hydrocarbon radical as the diol residue of the structural unit, and wherein less than 50 mole percent of the structural units of the second polyester include an alicyclic hydrocarbon radical as the diol residue of the structural unit, exhibit resistance to elevated temperature and improved impact properties. Excerpt(s): The disclosure relates to thermoplastic resin blends, more specifically to certain transparent blends of polyetherimide resins and polyester resins. Blends of polyetherimide resins and polyester resins derived predominantly from cyclohexanedimethanol and a carbocyclic dicarboxylic acid, such as, for example, a poly(cyclohexane-dimethanol terephthalate) resin that provide improved impact strength are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,987. Blends of polyetherimide resins and copolyesters of terephthalic acid and/or isoterephthalic acid, 1,4cyclohexanedimethanol and ethylene glycol, that is, certain poly(cyclohexane-1,4dimethylene-co-ethylene terephthalate) resins that are said to exhibit a high flexural modulus are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,987. Polyetherimide-polyester blends that exhibit transparency, resistance to elevated temperature, reduced processing temperatures, and further improvements are desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646031__

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Porous part for refrigerators, and method of producing the same and refrigerator Inventor(s): Endou; Atsushi (Kusatsu, JP), Taira; Shigeharu (Kusatsu, JP) Assignee(s): Daikin Industries, Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,672,100 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: In this porous part producing method, a head part (11A, 11B) in the interior of a compressor, which is a sintered part, is subjected at least to vacuum substitution or heat blow cleaning, whereby after oils causing contamination and/sludge, such as rustpreventive oil, in the head part (11A, 11B) in the interior of the compressor is discharged therefrom, the head part (11A, 11B) is immersed in alkyl benzene type oil serving as refrigerator oil. Thereby, deterioration-inducing substances in the head part (11A, 11B) in the interior of the compressor is replaced with the refrigerator oil; thus, it is possible to produce a porous part which will not bring about contamination and/or sludge even if used as a component for refrigerators for a long time. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a porous part for refrigerators, which is used as a component for a compressor, refrigerant piping, or the like. This invention also relates to a refrigerator having a material (e.g., a porous part) used as a component for a compressor, refrigerant piping, or the like. A sintered part as a porous part is inexpensive. However, because oils such as a processing oil, a form-rolling oil, a cutting oil and so on are used when processing the sintered part, these oils are contained in large quantities in the sintered part after the processing. When this sintered part is used, for example, as a component for a compressor of a refrigerator, repetition of operation/stop conditions causes variations in the pressure in the interior of the compressor. As a result, the oils such as the processing oil exude from the sintered part. Among these oils, rust-preventive oils, which are liable to deteriorate a refrigerator oil in a refrigerator, have a problem of easily causing contamination and/or sludge which are a cause of clogging. For that reason, it is conceivable to wash the sintered part with a cleaning device before it is incorporated into the refrigerator as a component thereof. However, since this requires new capital investment, there is a problem in that the cost increases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06672100__

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Process for producing 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene Inventor(s): Hayashi; Hidetoshi (Omuta, JP), Nukii; Yasuhiro (Omuta, JP), Okazaki; Koju (Sodegaura, JP), Tomoshige; Naoki (Sodegaura, JP), Wada; Masaru (Omuta, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,664,425 Date filed: September 5, 2002 Abstract: 1,3-Bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene effective, for example, as a raw material for highly heat-resistant polyimide is produced industrially at a high yield by a reaction between 1,3-difluorobenzene and an alkali metal salt of 3-aminophenol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing 1,3-bis(3aminophenoxy)benzene which is useful as a raw material for especially adhesive polyimide resin, and polyether-polyamines useful as a raw material for heat-resistant polymer, especially polyimide, as well as to an intermediate used for production of 1,3-

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bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene. As a process for producing 1,3-bis(3aminophenoxy)benzene, a reaction between 1,3-dibromobenzene and an alkali metal salt of 3-aminophenol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,962. In the process, however, the reactivity of the second step is inferior and the yield is low at 65%. Also in JP-A-03255058 is described a process which comprises reacting 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene with an alkali metal salt of 3-aminophenol to form two ether linkages and then conducting hydrogenolysis using a noble metal catalyst to eliminate the remaining chloro group. In the process described in the literature, however, trichlorobenzene into which electronattractive chloro group is introduced excessively, is used in order to enhance the reactivity of chloro group substitution. This requires two steps and the process has not been satisfactory as an industrial process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06664425__ •

Process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and liquefied petroleum gas from hydrocarbon feedstock Inventor(s): Choi; Sun (Eulsan, KR), Kim; Yong-Seung (Eulsan, KR), Lim; Beung-Soo (Eulsan, KR), Oh; Seung-Hoon (Taejon, KR), Seong; Kyeong-Hak (Taejon, KR) Assignee(s): SK Corporation (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 6,635,792 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling points of 30-250.degree. C. and a catalyst useful therefor. In the presence of said catalyst, aromatic components in the hydrocarbon feedstock are converted to BTX-enriched components of liquid phase through hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation, and non-aromatic components are converted to LPG-enriched gaseous materials through hydrocracking. The products of liquid phase may be separated as benzene, toluene, xylene, and C.sub.9 or higher aromatic compounds, respectively according to their different boiling points, while LPG is separated from the gaseous products, in a distillation tower. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains, in general, to a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds of liquid phase and non-aromatic hydrocarbon compounds of gas phase, for instance, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), from hydrocarbon feedstock, and a catalyst useful therefor. More specifically, the present invention pertains to a process for converting aromatic compounds in hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling points of 30-250.degree. C. to oil components including BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) through dealkylation and/or transalkylation, and for converting non-aromatic compounds to LPG-rich gaseous components through hydrocracking; and a catalyst used in said process. Generally, aromatic hydrocarbons are separated from non-aromatic hydrocarbons by subjecting feedstocks abundantly containing aromatic compounds, such as reformate produced through a reforming process and pyrolysis gasoline obtained from a naphtha cracking process, to solvent extraction. The aromatic hydrocarbons obtained as above is separated as benzene, toluene, xylene, and C.sub.9 or higher aromatic compounds, according to their different boiling points, and thus used as fundamental materials of the petrochemical industry. Non-aromatic hydrocarbons are used as raw materials or fuel of the naphtha cracking process. In this regard, U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,454 refers to a solvent extraction process for separating and recovering polar hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon mixture including polar hydrocarbons and non-polar hydrocarbons. Such solvent extraction process uses

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polarity of aromatic hydrocarbons to achieve separation. That is, when polar materialsdissolving solvents, such as sulfolane, are contacted with hydrocarbon mixture, polar aromatic hydrocarbons can be selectively dissolved and thus separated from non-polar non-aromatic hydrocarbons. Said process is advantageous in terms of obtaining high purity aromatic hydrocarbon mixture, while is disadvantageous in requiring additional solvent-extraction equipments and continuously feeding solvents during operation of equipment. Therefore, the methods for separating aromatic hydrocarbons and nonaromatic hydrocarbons from raw oils without additional solvent extraction process have been devised. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635792__ •

Process for reducing volatile organic compound content of refinery liquid waste streams using aqueous solutions containing microbes Inventor(s): Leonhardt; Gene (Texas City, TX) Assignee(s): Marathon Ashland Petroleum Llc (findlay, Oh) Patent Number: 6,653,120 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for reducing volatile organic compound content, e.g., benzene content, of a hydrocarbon-containing gas stream, e.g., a refinery waste vapor stream by contacting the stream, preferably in a single pass, with an aqueous liquid medium containing volatile organic compound-metabolizing microbes, e.g., Bacillus subtilis, under volatile organic compound-metabolizing conditions. A treated stream results which contains volatile organic compound metabolization products of volatile organic compounds, e.g., water and carbon dioxide, and substantially reduced volatile organic compound content. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to biodegrading volatile organic compounds found in refinery liquid waste streams and, in particular, to a process and apparatus for removing volatile organic compounds from refinery liquid waste streams. Processes for biodegrading hazardous organic waste are generally classified in U.S. Patent Office Class 435/262.5. Microbial degradation of oil dates back to at least 1942, when the American Petroleum Institute began to subsidize research in the field. Considerable basic knowledge about factors that affect natural biodegradation, about the kinds of hydrocarbons capable of being degraded, and about the species and distribution of the microorganisms involved in biodegradation had already been developed in the early 1970s. The Office of Naval Research sponsored more than a dozen basic and applied research projects in the late 1960s and early 1970s on oil biodegradation to control marine oil spills. Since this time, a large number of refineries, tank farms, and transfer stations now employ in situ bioremediation to restore land contaminated by accidental spills of fuel oil or other hydrocarbons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653120__

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Process for the coproduction of benzene from refinery sources and ethylene by steam cracking Inventor(s): Netzer; David (7979 Westheimer Rd., Apt. 1408, Houston, TX 77063) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,677,496 Date filed: October 23, 2001 Abstract: A process for the coproduction of purified benzene and ethylene is provided. The method comprises providing a first mixture comprising benzene, toluene, and one or more C.sub.6 to C.sub.7 non-aromatics and separating the majority of the benzene and the one or more C.sub.6 to C.sub.7 non-aromatics from the majority of the toluene to form a second mixture containing benzene and at least a portion of the one or more C.sub.6 to C.sub.7 non-aromatics. Thereafter at least about 80% of the C.sub.6 to C.sub.7 non-aromatics in the second mixture are cracked while maintaining essentially no cracking of benzene to produce a cracked product containing ethylene, propylene and pyrolysis gasoline comprising olefins, di-olefins and benzene. The pyrolysis gasoline is preferably hydrotreated and then fractionated to form a purified benzene product comprising at least about 80 wt % benzene. The purified benzene can be used as a feed to a liquid phase or mixed phase alkylation and/or to produce ethylbenzene or cumene. Excerpt(s): About 50% of benzene consumption in the petrochemical industry is directed to the production of ethylbenzene, an additional about 25% is dedicated to the production of cumene, and another 15% goes toward the production of cyclohexane. About 4 to 5% of benzene is directed to the production of nitrated products. Ethylbenzene is a precursor for the production of styrene, which is a precursor for the production of polystyrene, and cumene is a precursor for the production of phenol. Benzene is obtained from various sources. Over 55% of all benzene is attained from to petroleum refining, mostly catalytic reforming of naphtha. Additionally, over 30% of all benzene is obtained from pyrolysis gasoline resulting from steam cracking in olefins production and under 15% is obtained from coke oven gas, originated from coal, as related to iron and steel production. All the above sources are coproducers of toluene, and a significant portion of toluene is converted to benzene by either hydrodealkylation or by coproduction of xylenes. Production of ethylene by gas crackers, mostly C2-C3 and some C4 feeds, amounts to about 40% of the world ethylene capacity. This results in a relatively small coproduction of benzene compared to benzene coproduced in naphtha and gas oil crackers, which account for 60% of the world's ethylene production capacity. A typical overall benzene yield from ethane cracking is on the order of 0.60 wt % of the ethane feed, and benzene yield from propane cracking is on the order of 3.0 wt % of the propane feed. Benzene yield resulting from naphtha cracking can range from 4 wt % to 10 wt % of the naphtha feed depending the on aromatic content of the naphtha and severity of cracking. The benzene coproduction in naphtha cracking is a coincidental production to ethylene, whereas in the present invention additional ethylene production is coincidental to benzene production. For C2/C3 cracking, any significant downstream alkylation process, such as for producing ethylbenzene, is likely to be deficient in benzene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06677496__

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Quaternary ammonium salt and process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Harada; Katsuyoshi (Aichi, JP), Kourai; Hiroki (Tokushima, JP), Kume; Masayoshi (Aichi, JP), Shibata; Shigeyuki (Aichi, JP) Assignee(s): Toagosei Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,664,224 Date filed: May 15, 2001 Abstract: The novel quaternary ammonium salt according to the invention has two quaternary ammonium groups connected to a benzene ring, wherein two C.sub.4-12 alkyl groups and one C.sub.1-2 alkyl group are connected per one nitrogen atom constituting the quaternary ammonium. The compound is used as an antimicrobial agent, exhibits a high safety to human as compared with known antimicrobial agents, exerts an excellent sterilizing effect itself and exhibits a wide sterilizing spectrum. In particular, the compound is used as a presevative for eye drop. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel quaternary ammonium salt and a process for the preparation thereof. The compound according to the present invention is useful as an antimicrobial agent such as preservative for eye drop. A quaternary ammonium salt having an antimicrobial activity has long been known and is now widely used. However, conventional quaternary ammonium salts are normally disadvantageous in that they show deteriorated sterilizing power and antimicrobial power due to the effect of saccharides, protein and lipid or in an acid range having a low pH value and have no effect on cellular spore. As solutions to the foregoing problems, a compound having two structural units called quaternary ammonium per molecular has been proposed, which unit is capable of having four alkyl groups or other groups connected to one nitrogen atom, e.g., the antimicrobial agent comprising quaternary ammonium salt in JP-A-6-321902 (The term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application") and JP-A-10-114604. The compound disclosed in these published applications has methyl or ethyl groups connected thereto in a proportion of 2 or more per one of nitrogen atoms constituting the quaternary ammonium. Accordingly, this compound has a high antimicrobial activity and thus is a good compound from the standpoint of antimicrobial properties. This compound has been actually used as an antimicrobial agent. This compound has a high antimicrobial activity but it has been desired to improve the safety of this compound to human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06664224__

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Reactive distillation process for the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons Inventor(s): Brown; Mary J. (Cedar Park, TX), Howe; Richard C. (Round Rock, TX), Murray; Joy L. (Austin, TX), Schell; John R. (Austin, TX), Sorensen; Wayne L. (Austin, TX), Szura; Daniel P. (Georgetown, TX), Wharry; Donald L. (Austin, TX), Winder; J. Barry (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): Sasol North America Inc. (houston, Tx) Patent Number: 6,642,425 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: A unified process for reactive distillation under pressure for the alkylation of light aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and cumene with straight chain C.sub.6 -

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C.sub.18 olefins using a solid acid alkylation catalyst supported in the reflux zone of the distillation column. The process is continuous, using a reactive distillation configuration such that at least a portion of the olefin is injected below the benzene rectification zone at the top of the column. The aromatic hydrocarbon is injected continuously at a low rate above the rectification zone at the base of the column and above the reboiler. The alkylation reaction takes place primarily in the liquid phase on the solid acid catalyst and is characterized in that the molar ratio of aromatic hydrocarbon to olefin in the liquid phase may be adjusted. The molar ratio is adjustable up to about 100/1, through adjustment of the internal column operating pressure, the benzene reflux rate, the amount of benzene removed from the reflux condenser to storage or from the reboiler with the distillation column operated at or near total aromatic hydrocarbon reflux. The unexpectedly high liquid phase aromatic hydrocarbon to olefin molar ratios achieved in the reactive distillation column increases the selectivity to mono-alkylated aromatics and helps stabilize catalyst lifetime. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an alkylation process. More particularly, this invention relates to the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins in a continuous, pressurized, reactive distillation process employing a solid alkylation catalyst system. Linear alkylated aromatic compounds have many uses of significant commercial value. For example, alkylated light aromatic compounds, such as benzene and cumene, have value as gasoline octane enhancers. Aromatic compounds alkylated with long chain (that is, having greater than about 10 carbon atoms) linear olefins are commonly sulfonated to produce surfactants suitable for use in detergent manufacture. The chemical reactions involving alkylation of aromatics with olefins have been studied for a long time. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,860,173 discloses the use of a solid phosphoric acid as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with propylene to produce cumene. More recently, the use of Friedel Crafts catalysts, especially aluminum chloride and certain natural zeolites and synthetic commercial sieves, as alkylation catalysts, has been taught. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642425__ •

Self-doped conductive polymer, monomer for synthesizing self-doped conductive polymer, and processes of producing the same Inventor(s): Kondo; Kuniyoshi (Nishikasugai-gun, JP), Sato; Makoto (Nishikasugai-gun, JP), Tanaka; Hiromitsu (Aichi-gun, JP), Usuki; Arimitsu (Aichi-gun, JP) Assignee(s): Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. (aichi-ken, Jp) Patent Number: 6,660,183 Date filed: June 13, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing an aromatic monomer for synthesizing a self-doped conductive polymer, the process comprising:introducing an alkoxysulfonic acid group as a self-doping group to a benzene or naphthalene derivative having a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic ring thereof by alkanesulfonation of the hydroxyl group;protecting the self-doping group by converting to an acid halide form by sulfonyl halogenation; andintroducing two chloromethyl groups as a polymerizable groups into the aromatic ring. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a monomer for synthesizing a self-doped conductive polymer, a process of producing the monomer, a self-doped conductive polymer, and a process of producing a self-doped conductive polymer. The terminology "self-doped

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conductive polymer" means a polymer having a functional group serving as a dopant covalently bonded to the backbone thereof either directly or via a spacer so as to have controlled conductivity. While the present invention will be described with particular reference to poly[(2,5-dipropoxysulfonic acid)phenylene-1,4-vinylene] as a self-doped conductive polymer (hereinafter referred to as a self-doped PPV), the present invention is not limited thereto. The present invention is applicable to synthesis of any aromatic monomer from a benzene or naphthalene derivative having a hydroxyl group bonded to its aromatic nucleus and self-doped conductive polymers obtained therefrom. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06660183__ •

Thermographic recording material with improved image tone Inventor(s): Defieuw; Geert (Bonheiden, BE), Dooms; Philip (Oosteeklo, BE), Hoogmartens; Ivan (Wilrijk, BE) Assignee(s): Agfa-gevaert (be) Patent Number: 6,693,062 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: A monosheet black and white substantially light-insensitive thermographic recording material comprising a thermosensitive element and a support, the thermosensitive element containing one or more substantially light-insensitive organic silver salts, one or more reducing agents consisting of one or more 1,2dihydroxybenzene-compounds in thermal working relationship therewith and a binder, wherein the molar ratio of molar hydroxy-equivalents of the 1,2-dihydroxybenzene compounds to molar silver-equivalents of the substantially light-insensitive organic silver salts is between 1.2 and 6.0; the 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-compounds have a -(CH.dbd.CH).sub.n R group in the 4 position wherein n is zero or an integer and R is a substituent with a Hammett.sigma.sub.p constant >0.35 and B1>C1. Expression (1)A process cartridge makes use of this toner. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a toner used in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, toner jet recording and the like, and a process cartridge making use of the toner. Conventionally, as resins for toners, vinyl copolymers (such as styrene resins) and polyester resins are chiefly used. The vinyl copolymers such as styrene resins show superior pulverizability when toners are produced, and have superior high-temperature anti-offset properties because they can be made to have high molecular weight with ease. However, in an attempt to lower molecular weight in order to improve lowtemperature fixing performance, anti-blocking properties and developing performance may come poor. As for the polyester resins, though having high glass transition temperatures, they can readily provide resins having low softening points, and, when melted by heating, have so good wettability to fixing sheets such as paper that the fixing can sufficiently be performed at lower temperatures. On the other hand, however, the polyester resins simultaneously have a disadvantage that they tend to cause a phenomenon of high-temperature offset. For the purpose of providing resistance to such offset, a large number of proposals have been made, e.g., on making molecular weight distribution double-peak, on a polyester resin containing chloroform-insoluble matter as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-60904, and on a polyester resin having THF-insoluble matter as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 3269542 and No. 4-70765.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Transalkylation of aromatic fluids Inventor(s): Benitez, Francisco M.; (Houston, TX), Helton, Terry Eugene; (Bethlehem, PA), Mozeleski, Edmund John; (Califon, NJ), Schlosberg, Richard Henry; (Bridgewater, TX), Silverberg, Steven E.; (Seabrook, TX) Correspondence: Exxonmobil Chemical Company; Law Technology; P.O. Box 2149; Baytown; TX; 77522-2149; US Patent Application Number: 20040006251 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: A process for making an ethylated polycyclic aromatic compound in a mixed aromatic fluid, the process comprising contacting the mixed aromatic fluid containing a polycyclic aromatic compound and a monocyclic aromatic compound having an ethyl substituent in the presence of an acid catalyst under conditions sufficient to effect transalkylation to form the ethylated polycyclic compound and a de-ethylated monocyclic aromatic compound and removal of the de-ethylated monocyclic aromatic compound. A process for decreasing naphthalene concentration in a naphthalenecontaining aromatic fluid by acid catalyzed transalkylation of an alkylbenzene and naphthalene to form benzene and an alkylnaphthalene. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transalkylation of alkylated mononuclear aromatic compounds in the presence of polycyclic aromatic compounds. More particularly, the present invention relates to the selective transalkylation of a mixture of mononuclear aromatic compounds in the presence of a bicyclic aromatic compound. Large-scale refinery production separates crude oil into many fractions one of which is known as virgin naphtha. Virgin naphtha is often reformed to make aromatic naphtha or reformate for motor gasoline blending and chemicals recovery. The fractionation process is often a complex distillation that primarily relies on the difference in the boiling points of the components of the reformate for separation into various fractions. Many of these fractions may contain naphthalene. Consequently, there exists a need for aromatic fluids having a reduced naphthalene concentration and a process for producing aromatic fluids having a reduced concentration of naphthalene. These processes permit naphthalene-containing aromatic fluid and ethylbenzene-containing fluid to be converted into products with enhanced value and to recover by-products for recycling. Additionally, some of the refinery fractions contain a mixture of xylene and ethylbenzene. The xylene comprises at least one of 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3dimethylbenzene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. Removal of the ethylbenzene from the xylene is desirable, but complicated by the similar boiling points of the xylene and ethylbenzene. The problems of removing naphthalene from aromatic fluids and ethylbenzene from a mixture of xylene and ethylbenzene can be solved by transalkylation of the naphthalene containing aromatic fluid with a mixture of xylene and ethylbenzene under conditions for the selective de-ethylation of ethylbenzene and the ethylation of naphthalene. This results in increased value for a naphthalene-depleted aromatic fluid and for ethylbenzene-deplete xylene. Also this permits the recovery of benzene for recycle into higher value products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with benzene, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on benzene. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning benzene. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BENZENE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to benzene. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on benzene include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “benzene” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “benzene” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “benzene” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A preliminary appraisal of the risk from benzene with a high octane unleaded petrol : technical note; ISBN: 0478001797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0478001797/icongroupinterna

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Alkyl Benzenes: By Committee on Alkyl Benzene Derivatives Board Ontoxicology and Environmental Health Hazards; ISBN: 030903180X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030903180X/icongroupinterna

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Aromatic Compounds: Part G: Monocarboxylic Acids of the Benzene Series; (Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. 2nd Edition) by S. Coffey (Editor); ISBN: 0444415734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444415734/icongroupinterna

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Assignments for Vibrational Spectra of Seven Hundred Benzene Derivatives, by Gyorgy Varsanyi, L. Lang; ISBN: 0470903309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470903309/icongroupinterna

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Benzene by Kenneth Schofield; ISBN: 0900771933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900771933/icongroupinterna

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Benzene by Who Task Force Group On Environmental He; ISBN: 9241571500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241571500/icongroupinterna

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Benzene; ISBN: 1560812354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560812354/icongroupinterna

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Benzene (BUA Reports); ISBN: 3527284648; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527284648/icongroupinterna

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Benzene (TR) by R.J. Fielder; ISBN: 0118836277; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118836277/icongroupinterna

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Benzene : environmental and technical information for problem spills; ISBN: 0662131819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662131819/icongroupinterna

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Benzene [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Global Industry Analysts (Author); ISBN: B00005RB7N; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005RB7N/icongroupinterna

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Benzene and Its Industrial Derivatives by E. G. Hancock; ISBN: 0470347805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470347805/icongroupinterna

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Benzene and its industrial derivatives; ISBN: 0510462456; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0510462456/icongroupinterna

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Benzene Carcinogenicity by Muzaffer Aksoy (Editor); ISBN: 0849366704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849366704/icongroupinterna

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Benzene continuous emission monitoring systems for gasoline bulk storage project summary (SuDoc EP 1.89/2:600/S 4-87/034) by Jon N. Bolstad; ISBN: B00010FWMU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010FWMU/icongroupinterna

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Benzene emissions from coke by-product recovery plants : background information for revised proposed standards : draft EIS (SuDoc EP 4.18:B 44/4) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B000102BUG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102BUG/icongroupinterna

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Benzene fugitive emissions : background information for proposed standards (SuDoc EP 4.18:B 44/5) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B0001016OI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001016OI/icongroupinterna

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Benzene in Africa [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Gobi International (Author); ISBN: B00008DBTK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008DBTK/icongroupinterna

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Benzene in Air: Laboratory Method Using Pumped Porous Polymer Adsorbent Tubes, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography (MDHS); ISBN: 0118859595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118859595/icongroupinterna

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Benzene Scientific Update by Myron A. Mehlman (Editor); ISBN: 0471843997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471843997/icongroupinterna

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Benzene, Basic and Hazardous Properties by Paul N. Cheremisinoff; ISBN: 0824768604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824768604/icongroupinterna

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Benzene, scientific update : proceedings of the International Conference on Benzene; ISBN: 0845102451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845102451/icongroupinterna

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Benzene: Occupational and Environmental Hazards-Scientific Update (Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol 16) by M.A. Mehlman (Editor); ISBN: 0911131205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911131205/icongroupinterna

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Benzene-Index of New Information and Medical Research Bible by Dubois; ISBN: 0788300911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788300911/icongroupinterna

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Carcinogenic effects of benzene an update (SuDoc EP 1.23/6:600/P-97/001 F) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010YCOO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010YCOO/icongroupinterna

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Carcinogenicity and Toxicity of Benzene (Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Vol 4) by Myron A. Mehlman; ISBN: 0911131043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911131043/icongroupinterna

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COM (1998) 591 Final, Brussels, 01.12.1998 - 98/0333 (SYN): 14 - Environment; 12 Energy; 07 -Transport; 05 - Social Questions: Proposal for a Council Directive Relating to Limit Values for Benzene and Carbon Monoxide in Ambient Air (COM (1998) 591 Final, Brussels, 01.12.1998 - 98/0333 (SYN)); ISBN: 0119762455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119762455/icongroupinterna

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DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Acetic Acid, Alkanols, Benzene and Benzene Homologues, Hydrogen Chloride by Dieter Behrens (Editor); ISBN: 3527266577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527266577/icongroupinterna

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Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis: Vol.7: Benzene to Brewery Products by Foster Dee Snell (Editor), Clifford L. Hilton (Editor); ISBN: 0471809969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471809969/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Carcinogens: Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement: Benzene and Alkylated Benzenes (Iarc Scientific Publications, No 85) by L. Fishbein (Editor), I.K. O'Neill (Editor); ISBN: 9283211855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283211855/icongroupinterna

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Evaluating the SESOIL model for benzene leaching assessment in Alaska (SuDoc D 103.33/2:96-11) by Gurdarshan S. Brar; ISBN: B00010RM5A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RM5A/icongroupinterna

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Guidelines for Health Surveillance and Biological Monitoring for Occupational Exposure to Benzene; ISBN: 085293131X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085293131X/icongroupinterna

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Halogenated Benzenes, Toluenes and Phenols With Water (Solubility Data Series, Vol. 20) by A.L. Horvath, et al; ISBN: 0080239269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080239269/icongroupinterna

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Ignition delay times of benzene and toluene with oxygen in argon mixtures (SuDoc NAS 1.15:87312) by A. Burcat; ISBN: B000107D5E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000107D5E/icongroupinterna

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In situ bioremediation of benzene from a distilled hydrocarbon spill (SuDoc EP 1.23/10:600/F-94/005) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010KZZE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KZZE/icongroupinterna

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Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of benzene (SuDoc EP 4.2:B 44/2/998) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010Y0IM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y0IM/icongroupinterna

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Major Benzene Study Results; ISBN: 0852931638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852931638/icongroupinterna

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National inventory of sources and emissions of benzene (1985) by A. P. Jaques; ISBN: 0662175913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662175913/icongroupinterna

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Occupational Exposure Limits: Criteria Document for Benzene by G. Neumeier; ISBN: 9282648206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282648206/icongroupinterna

•

Pollution at Coke Works: Joint Report of Investigations into the Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Project 7257-13) and Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (Project 7257-14) in and Around Coke Works by B. Thomas; ISBN: 9282605027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282605027/icongroupinterna

•

Second Supplements to the 2nd Edition of Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds : Aromatic Compounds : Part F (partial): Polybenzenoid Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives: Hydrocarbon Ring Assemblies, Polyphenyl-Substituted Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives. Part G: Monocarboxylic Acids of the Benzene Series: C7-C13-Carbocylic Compounds with Fused-Ring Systems and their Derivatives. Part H: Polycarbocyclic Compounds with More than Thirteen Atoms in the Fuse by Malcolm Sainsbury (Editor); ISBN: 0444822291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444822291/icongroupinterna

•

Technical Note on Best Available Technologies Not Entailing Excessive Cost for the Manufacture, Storage and Handling of Benzene: Environment and Quality of Life: Environment and Quality of Life [series]; ISBN: 0119725916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119725916/icongroupinterna

•

The Certification of Benzene, Toluene and M-xylene Sorbed on Tenax in Tubes: CRM 112 by S. Vandendriessche, B. Griepink; ISBN: 9282606880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282606880/icongroupinterna

•

The Chemistry of Conjugated Cyclic Compounds: To Be or Not to Be Like Benzene? by Douglas Lloyd; ISBN: 0471917214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471917214/icongroupinterna

•

The Human Health Effects of Benzene by David Coggan; ISBN: 0852931352; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852931352/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Pure Benzene: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134A0W; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134A0W/icongroupinterna

•

Toxicity Caused by Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene/Propylene, Glycol, Gasoline, Jet Fuel, and Stoddard Solvent by James E. Cone; ISBN: 0756718317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756718317/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Benzene In order to find chapters that specifically relate to benzene, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book

Books

181

chapters and benzene using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BENZENE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover benzene.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on benzene is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to benzene. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “benzene” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for benzene: •

European Union will monitor benzene air pollution Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 17, 2002

•

Maternal genotype affects gestational susceptibility to benzene Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 12, 2000

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•

Carpet, wood may trap benzene in houses Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 09, 2000

•

Benzene Exposure Increases Risk Of Hematologic Neoplasms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 21, 1997

•

Benzene at Work: Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 16, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “benzene” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to benzene, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “benzene” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Benzene Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to benzene. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering benzene that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for benzene. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with benzene. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to benzene: Lindane •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Bio-Well; GBH; G-well; Kildane; Kwell; Kwildane; Scabene; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

191

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 13552 98 18 4 1743 15415

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “benzene” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on benzene can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to benzene. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to benzene. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “benzene”:

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•

Benzene

Other guides Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Household Poisons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/householdpoisons.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to benzene. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to benzene. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with benzene. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about benzene. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “benzene” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “benzene”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “benzene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “benzene” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on benzene: •

Basic Guidelines for Benzene Benzene ingestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002720.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Benzene Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm

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Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Irregular heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Rapid, shallow breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Small red dots Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Staggering Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Tight chest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Background Topics for Benzene Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 209

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BENZENE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of adenine (6-aminopurine). [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute

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myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the

Dictionary 213

tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle

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cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU]

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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

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Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH]

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Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C,

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functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH]

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Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Pairing: Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by hydrogen bonding in doublestranded DNA or RNA. [NIH] Basidiomycete: A major group of fungi whose diagnostic characteristic is the basidium; includes the rusts, "bracket" fungi, and toadstools. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Benzoates: Salts and esters of benzoic acid that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations including oral preparations, cosmetics, and food. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzoquinones: Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts.

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[NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]

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Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow aspiration: The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Boronic Acids: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2. [NIH]

Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Butylated Hydroxytoluene: Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed

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round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and

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secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]

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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU]

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Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chrysosporium: A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple

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mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the

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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]

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Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or

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transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytogenetic Analysis: Examination of chromosomes to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, karyotyping is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.

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The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating

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release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Imaging: Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diamines: Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dipeptidases: Exopeptidases that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13. [NIH] Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate

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objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dosimeter: In nuclear science and radiotherapy, a device used for the detection and measurement of radiation absorbed dose or any dose-related ionizing radiation received by the individual; a radiation meter intended to measure absorbed dose. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Carriers: Substances that facilitate time-controlled delivery, organ-specific targeting, protection, prolonged in vivo function, and decrease of toxicity of drugs. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable

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drug carriers. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

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Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental

Pollutants:

Substances

which

pollute

the

environment.

Use

for

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environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH]

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Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed

Dictionary 239

silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and

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atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an

Dictionary 241

increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycidyl: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH]

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Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Growth Inhibitors: Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (plant growth regulators). [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil,

Dictionary 243

cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hematopoietic growth factors: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Hematopoietic tissue: Tissue in which new blood cells are formed. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is proto-oncogene protein C-met. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. [NIH]

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Hexestrol: A synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]

Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH]

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Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]

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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH]

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Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism: The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin

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or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Job Description: Statement of the position requirements, qualifications for the position, wage range, and any special conditions expected of the employee. [NIH]

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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]

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Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC

Dictionary 251

1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lomustine: An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH]

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Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH]

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Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabolization: The chemical process by which matter is broken down into simpler substances, said especially of food processed by the human body. [EU] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanogens: Common name of organisms requiring completely anaerobic conditions for growth and producing methane gas as a catabolic product. Methanogens are found in the bovine stomach, swamp mud, and other environments in which oxygen is not present. There are four taxonomic orders: Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinales. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl Ethers: A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH]

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Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region.

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[EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat

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(lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myeloid Progenitor Cells: One of the two stem cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells the other being the lymphoid progenitor cell. Derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the erythroid progenitor cells and the myeloid cells (monocytes and granulocytes). [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of

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these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of

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aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nitrosoureas: A group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine and lomustine are nitrosoureas. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Office Automation: Use of computers or computer systems for doing routine clerical work, e.g., billing, records pertaining to the administration of the office, etc. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a

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vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organic Chemicals: A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form. [NIH] Organosilicon Compounds: Organic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Osmium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain osmium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Paternal Exposure: Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH]

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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH]

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Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma expander: Artificial plasma extender. [EU] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator

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dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short

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oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porokeratosis: A rare, chronic, progressive autosomal dominant disorder seen most often in males and usually appearing in early childhood. It is characterized by the formation of slightly atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Porphobilinogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. EC 4.2.1.24. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.

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Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the

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lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man

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and animals. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship: A quantitative prediction of the biological, ecotoxicological or pharmaceutical activity of a molecule. It is based upon structure and activity information gathered from a series of similar compounds. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Rationalize: To attribute one's actions to rational and creditable motives without adequate analysis of the true and unconscious motives. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive

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error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH]

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Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sassafras: The dried bark, deprived of most of the cork, of the root of Sassafras variifolium. [NIH]

Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion,

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contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senile Plaques: Spherical masses consisting of amyloid fibrils and neuronal processes. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]

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Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shock, Traumatic: Shock produced as a result of trauma. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium-Calcium Exchanger: An electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. It is widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic

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system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]

Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH]

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Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [NIH]

Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers,

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polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH]

Dictionary 277

Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hyrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. Chronic exposure to this compoud may pose a health hazard to animals and humans. It is considered a potential carcinogen. Tetrachlorethylene was formerly used as anthelmintic for hookworms, but less toxic products are now used. [NIH]

Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermography: Measurement of the regional temperature of the body or an organ by infrared sensing devices, based on self-emanating infrared radiation. [NIH] Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH]

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Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another

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compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers. [NIH] Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis. [NIH] Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is

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also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Very low-density lipoprotein: The lipoprotein particles that initially leave the liver, carrying cholesterol and lipid. VLDLs contain 10 to 15 percent of the total serum cholesterol along with most of the triglycerides in the fasting serum; VLDLs are precursors of LDL, and

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some forms of VLDL, particularly VLDL remnants, appear to be atherogenic. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]

White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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Benzene

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

283

INDEX 2 2-Aminopurine, 122, 211 A Abdomen, 211, 221, 247, 251, 274, 275 Abdominal, 32, 211, 240, 248, 261, 280 Abdominal Pain, 211, 240, 248, 280 Acceptor, 42, 211, 250, 261, 279 Accommodation, 142, 211 Acetaldehyde, 159, 211 Acetaminophen, 33, 75, 211 Acetone, 5, 125, 145, 211, 249 Acetylcholine, 27, 138, 167, 211, 225, 258 Acetylcysteine, 25, 211 Acremonium, 211, 224 Acrylonitrile, 159, 211, 271 Actin, 211, 257 Acute leukemia, 54, 211, 266 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 7, 22, 24, 211, 212 Acute myeloid leukemia, 34, 211, 212, 266 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 211, 212 Acyl, 135, 159, 167, 212 Acylation, 10, 212 Adamantane, 14, 212 Adaptability, 27, 212, 224 Adaptation, 212, 264 Adduct, 8, 9, 18, 25, 33, 39, 44, 58, 212 Adduction, 6, 33, 212 Adenine, 34, 211, 212, 268 Adhesives, 211, 212, 221 Adipose Tissue, 32, 212 Adjustment, 134, 211, 212 Adjuvant, 104, 212, 240 Adrenal Cortex, 212, 213, 229, 266 Adrenergic, 138, 212, 233, 236, 276, 279 Adsorption, 144, 212 Adsorptive, 212 Adverse Effect, 6, 28, 52, 171, 212, 273, 281 Aerobic, 27, 44, 45, 212, 254, 261 Aerosol, 26, 212, 281 Affinity, 33, 34, 44, 212, 213, 218, 232, 250, 273 Agar, 213, 230, 263 Agonist, 17, 46, 213, 233, 258 Agrochemicals, 164, 213 Albumin, 6, 48, 62, 65, 76, 85, 213, 233, 263, 273 Aldehydes, 154, 159, 213

Aldosterone, 213, 254 Algorithms, 213, 220 Alkaline, 11, 56, 165, 213, 214, 219, 222, 261 Alkaline Phosphatase, 11, 213 Alkaloid, 30, 213, 226, 255, 258 Alkylating Agents, 22, 213, 280 Alkylation, 5, 132, 133, 134, 146, 213 Allergen, 213, 272 Allylamine, 213, 214 Alpha Particles, 214, 268 Alpha-helix, 35, 214, 249 Alternative medicine, 101, 108, 184, 214, 228 Aluminum, 112, 134, 144, 148, 214 Alveoli, 214, 280 Amine, 11, 29, 214, 244 Amino Acid Sequence, 214, 216, 240 Amino Acids, 35, 172, 214, 223, 226, 240, 262, 265, 267, 272, 276 Aminolevulinic Acid, 214, 265 Ammonia, 6, 214 Amphetamines, 214, 226 Amplification, 20, 214 Amyloid, 32, 80, 81, 171, 214, 272 Anaemia, 77, 214, 217 Anaerobic, 24, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 215, 253 Anaesthesia, 215, 246 Anal, 61, 94, 215, 236, 238 Analgesic, 156, 211, 215, 227, 250, 255, 260 Analog, 66, 96, 122, 125, 215, 232 Analogous, 14, 215, 278 Anaplasia, 215 Anatomical, 215, 235, 246, 271 Androgenic, 48, 215 Anemia, 7, 29, 103, 116, 215, 217, 226, 239, 255 Anesthesia, 215, 279 Anesthetics, 26, 215, 219, 236 Aneuploidy, 16, 67, 215 Angiogenesis, 215, 252 Animal model, 21, 215 Anionic, 127, 151, 215 Anions, 213, 215, 248, 273 Annealing, 35, 215, 265 Anode, 153, 158, 215 Anthelmintic, 215, 277

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Benzene

Antibacterial, 215, 219, 274 Antibiotic, 141, 215, 222, 231, 233, 274, 275, 277 Antibodies, 6, 33, 80, 216, 242, 251, 263 Antibody, 213, 216, 227, 242, 244, 245, 246, 248, 252, 255, 269, 272, 274, 282 Anticoagulant, 75, 79, 161, 216, 267, 281 Anticonvulsants, 216, 219 Antifungal, 216, 219 Antigen, 104, 213, 216, 227, 244, 245, 246, 252, 272 Anti-infective, 216, 223, 244, 248 Anti-inflammatory, 29, 96, 211, 216, 241, 261 Antimicrobial, 133, 216 Antineoplastic, 213, 216, 221, 233, 244, 264, 279, 281 Antineoplastic Agents, 213, 216, 281 Antioxidant, 26, 153, 216, 218, 222, 239, 260, 261 Antiproliferative, 86, 216 Antipruritic, 216, 223 Antipyretic, 211, 216 Antiseptic, 211, 216, 223 Antithrombotic, 75, 156, 216 Antitussive, 216, 232, 260 Antiviral, 86, 211, 216, 262 Antiviral Agents, 86, 216 Anxiety, 166, 216 Aplastic anaemia, 77, 217 Aplastic anemia, 7, 29, 103, 217 Apoptosis, 8, 23, 29, 36, 65, 77, 86, 88, 171, 217 Aqueous, 55, 97, 125, 127, 131, 144, 172, 217, 219, 230, 244, 249, 279 Arachidonic Acid, 217, 250 Arginine, 217, 258, 279 Argon, 179, 217 Aromatic, 3, 5, 10, 11, 17, 19, 25, 28, 36, 37, 45, 56, 62, 71, 83, 87, 112, 120, 127, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 160, 167, 172, 175, 177, 180, 217, 223, 226, 262, 275 Arsanilic Acid, 11, 217 Arterial, 214, 217, 222, 225, 247, 267 Arteries, 217, 218, 221, 225, 229, 251, 254, 256 Arterioles, 217, 221, 223 Arteriolosclerosis, 217 Arteriosclerosis, 159, 217 Arteriovenous, 217, 225 Articular, 217, 250, 260

Ascorbic Acid, 23, 125, 217 Aseptic, 172, 218 Aspartate, 12, 218, 232 Aspiration, 29, 218, 221 Assay, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 21, 47, 60, 71, 218, 245 Astringent, 218, 223 Astrocytes, 218, 255 Atherogenic, 218, 281 Atmospheric Pressure, 155, 218 Atopic, 152, 218 Atrial, 218, 281 Atrial Fibrillation, 218, 281 Atrophy, 218, 257 Attenuated, 167, 218 Autoimmune disease, 218, 255 Autonomic, 211, 218, 259, 262 Axonal, 10, 218 Azoospermia, 96, 105, 218 B Bacteria, 24, 39, 40, 42, 46, 141, 172, 212, 215, 216, 218, 228, 231, 235, 242, 254, 256, 264, 269, 274, 280 Bacterial Infections, 218, 242, 270 Bactericidal, 140, 141, 218, 236 Bacteriophage, 218, 263 Bacterium, 39, 42, 43, 101, 218, 228 Barbiturates, 26, 219, 272 Barium, 144, 219 Base, 4, 8, 10, 24, 34, 35, 122, 134, 164, 173, 212, 219, 231, 240, 242, 249, 277 Base Pairing, 34, 219 Basidiomycete, 41, 219 Basophils, 219, 242, 250 Baths, 153, 219 Benign, 168, 169, 217, 219, 257, 269 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 168, 169, 219 Benzo(a)pyrene, 32, 159, 219 Benzoates, 145, 219 Benzodiazepines, 26, 219 Benzoic Acid, 219 Benzoquinones, 15, 86, 219 Benzyl Alcohol, 164, 219 Berylliosis, 219, 220 Beryllium, 102, 219, 220 Beta Rays, 220, 234 Beta-pleated, 214, 220 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 220, 247 Bile, 220, 239, 251, 275 Bilirubin, 213, 220 Binding Sites, 5, 32, 220

Index 285

Biochemical, 5, 8, 10, 18, 19, 20, 33, 47, 55, 57, 58, 102, 104, 106, 220, 260, 267, 272 Biochemical reactions, 5, 220 Biodegradation, 24, 27, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 94, 111, 112, 131, 220 Biological Transport, 220, 232 Biomarkers, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 26, 51, 57, 63, 69, 73, 80, 85, 91, 95, 98, 102, 115, 220 Biosynthesis, 32, 217, 220, 272 Biotechnology, 38, 46, 101, 184, 193, 220 Biotransformation, 11, 33, 40, 220 Bladder, 26, 219, 220, 255, 266, 280 Bleomycin, 94, 221 Bloating, 221, 248 Blood Coagulation, 221, 222, 278 Blood Glucose, 221, 243 Blood pressure, 221, 255, 273 Blood vessel, 215, 221, 223, 225, 235, 247, 248, 263, 273, 275, 278, 280 Blood-Brain Barrier, 33, 221, 250, 259 Body Burden, 7, 221 Body Fluids, 220, 221, 222, 234, 264, 273, 279 Bone Cements, 221, 265 Bone marrow aspiration, 29, 221 Bone Marrow Cells, 15, 28, 37, 87, 94, 116, 221, 252, 256 Bone metastases, 221 Boron, 143, 144, 221 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 221 Boronic Acids, 166, 221 Bowel, 155, 156, 166, 215, 221, 232, 239, 246, 247, 248, 275, 280 Bowel Movement, 221, 232, 275 Brachytherapy, 222, 247, 248, 269, 282 Bradykinin, 222, 258, 263 Brain Ischemia, 222, 225 Brain Stem, 222, 224, 225, 257 Branch, 98, 205, 222, 230, 261, 268, 274, 277 Breakdown, 27, 115, 222, 232, 240 Broad-spectrum, 222, 224 Bromine, 150, 156, 222 Bronchi, 222, 236 Bronchial, 52, 94, 222, 244 Buccal, 13, 74, 222 Buffers, 222, 274 Burns, 222, 244 Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 141, 222 Bypass, 8, 222, 256 C Calcification, 217, 222

Calcium, 27, 144, 160, 161, 221, 222, 223, 227, 252, 256, 267, 273 Callus, 222, 249 Calpain, 78, 223 Camphor, 15, 223 Capillary, 5, 53, 222, 223, 280 Capsules, 223, 238, 240 Carbohydrate, 223, 241, 265, 272 Carbon Dioxide, 131, 145, 159, 223, 238, 240, 263, 270 Carboxy, 135, 223 Carboxylic Acids, 164, 223 Carcinogen, 12, 14, 16, 30, 32, 34, 52, 212, 219, 223, 256, 277 Carcinogenesis, 5, 12, 22, 26, 32, 36, 37, 57, 58, 65, 66, 74, 80, 86, 89, 106, 223, 225, 277 Carcinogenic, 5, 6, 8, 21, 25, 26, 31, 36, 53, 58, 77, 84, 179, 213, 219, 223, 246, 259, 260, 266, 275 Carcinoma, 223, 226, 231, 232 Cardiac, 214, 218, 223, 234, 236, 250, 257, 275 Cardiomyopathy, 166, 223, 232 Cardiotoxicity, 223, 279 Cardiovascular, 223, 250, 272 Case-Control Studies, 55, 223, 236 Catabolism, 40, 42, 223 Catechol, 11, 15, 25, 87, 97, 98, 159, 223 Catecholamine, 223, 233, 262 Cathode, 158, 215, 220, 224, 234 Cations, 224, 248 Causal, 36, 224, 236 Cell Cycle, 11, 12, 224, 230, 237 Cell Death, 171, 217, 224, 237, 257 Cell Differentiation, 8, 224 Cell Division, 218, 224, 230, 237, 242, 253, 254, 263, 266, 272, 277 Cell membrane, 152, 220, 224, 248, 262, 265 Cell motility, 224, 243 Cell proliferation, 23, 217, 224, 247 Cell Respiration, 224, 254, 261, 270 Cell Survival, 11, 224, 242 Cellulose, 224, 239, 263 Centrifugation, 224, 254 Cephalosporins, 141, 224 Ceramide, 8, 224 Cerebellum, 224, 225 Cerebral, 221, 222, 225, 236, 257, 274 Cerebral Infarction, 225 Cerebrovascular, 161, 171, 225

286

Benzene

Cerebrovascular Disorders, 171, 225 Cerebrum, 225 Cervical, 36, 225 Cervix, 225 Chemopreventive, 36, 225 Chemotherapy, 25, 28, 225 Chlorine, 150, 156, 225 Chloroform, 7, 12, 31, 66, 96, 105, 174, 225 Cholecystokinin, 30, 225 Cholesterol, 159, 220, 225, 250, 251, 275, 280 Cholinergic, 138, 225, 258 Chromatin, 217, 225, 236, 274, 277 Chromium, 144, 154, 225 Chromosomal, 9, 10, 12, 16, 53, 88, 214, 215, 225, 254, 264 Chromosome, 9, 16, 19, 54, 56, 71, 215, 226, 228, 242, 250, 254, 255, 272, 279, 280 Chromosome Aberrations, 226, 279 Chronic, 6, 11, 15, 23, 63, 107, 166, 226, 242, 246, 249, 265, 267, 270, 277, 280 Chronic Disease, 226, 249 Chrysosporium, 41, 226 Chymotrypsin, 12, 226 CIS, 29, 40, 226 Citrus, 217, 226 Clamp, 27, 226 Clear cell carcinoma, 226, 231, 232 Clinical Medicine, 226, 266 Clinical trial, 4, 36, 115, 116, 193, 226, 269 Cloning, 40, 41, 220, 226 Coagulation, 161, 221, 222, 226, 243, 263, 278, 281 Coal, 132, 163, 219, 226, 227 Cobalt, 154, 163, 226 Coca, 226 Cocaine, 17, 226 Codeine, 227, 232, 260 Coenzyme, 159, 218, 227 Cofactor, 227, 258, 267, 278 Cognition, 138, 227 Cohort Studies, 227, 236 Coke, 132, 178, 180, 227 Colitis, 155, 156, 166, 227, 246, 248, 280 Collagen, 212, 227, 237, 238, 240, 252, 264 Collapse, 35, 222, 227 Colloidal, 154, 213, 227, 234, 237, 273 Combinatorial, 121, 227 Complement, 227, 228, 263, 272 Complementary and alternative medicine, 101, 108, 228 Complementary medicine, 101, 228

Computational Biology, 193, 228 Computer Systems, 228, 259 Conception, 228, 229, 238 Concomitant, 21, 228 Confounding, 63, 228 Congestive heart failure, 228, 277 Conjugated, 142, 180, 219, 228, 230 Conjugation, 7, 220, 228 Connective Tissue, 217, 221, 227, 228, 238, 240, 251, 270, 275 Consciousness, 215, 228, 231, 233 Constipation, 228, 239, 248 Consumption, 132, 148, 158, 229, 240, 270 Contact dermatitis, 6, 229 Contamination, 20, 129, 229 Contraception, 104, 105, 229, 250 Contraceptive, 229, 252, 259 Contraindications, ii, 229 Coordination, 5, 224, 229, 255 Cornea, 229, 275 Corneum, 229, 236, 245 Coronary, 161, 229, 254, 256, 277 Coronary Thrombosis, 229, 254, 256 Corpus, 229, 266 Corpus Luteum, 229, 266 Cortex, 139, 212, 213, 229, 244, 257, 266 Corticosteroids, 229, 241, 254 Cortisol, 213, 229 Coumarin, 122, 229 Crossing-over, 229, 269 Cross-Sectional Studies, 229, 236 Cryofixation, 229 Cryopreservation, 13, 229 Crystallization, 144, 229 Culture Media, 38, 213, 229 Curative, 230, 258, 277 Cutaneous, 229, 230, 271 Cyclic, 71, 121, 122, 149, 150, 158, 168, 180, 223, 230, 242, 259, 265, 272 Cyclin, 53, 230 Cysteine, 8, 33, 95, 211, 223, 230, 276 Cystine, 230 Cytochrome, 6, 11, 14, 25, 34, 37, 47, 66, 96, 103, 230, 270 Cytochrome b, 230, 270 Cytogenetic Analysis, 74, 230 Cytogenetics, 21, 230 Cytokine, 22, 230, 247 Cytoplasm, 217, 219, 224, 230, 235, 236, 242, 255, 257, 277 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 223, 230 Cytotoxic, 33, 55, 230, 269

Index 287

Cytotoxicity, 33, 35, 49, 213, 230 D Databases, Bibliographic, 193, 230 Daunorubicin, 231, 233 De novo, 24, 231 Deamination, 231, 255 Degenerative, 231, 252, 260 Deletion, 19, 45, 66, 217, 231 Delusions, 231, 242, 268 Dementia, 4, 32, 138, 166, 231, 258 Denaturation, 231, 265 Dendrites, 231, 258 Density, 32, 121, 125, 224, 231, 250, 251, 260, 264 Dental Caries, 231, 239 Depressive Disorder, 231, 251 Dermal, 6, 7, 56, 231 Dermatitis, 6, 68, 152, 229, 231 DES, 17, 50, 51, 72, 84, 231, 232 Detoxification, 15, 25, 31, 231 Deuterium, 12, 14, 231, 244 Dextroamphetamine, 231, 254 Dextromethorphan, 75, 232 Diabetes Mellitus, 232, 243 Diagnostic Imaging, 32, 232 Diagnostic procedure, 119, 184, 232 Diamines, 127, 232 Diarrhea, 232, 239, 248 Diencephalon, 225, 232, 257 Diethylstilbestrol, 30, 231, 232 Diffusion, 147, 155, 220, 232, 248 Digestion, 15, 220, 221, 232, 247, 251, 275 Digestive system, 117, 232, 255 Digestive tract, 232, 273 Dihydrotestosterone, 232, 269 Dihydroxy, 102, 135, 160, 213, 232, 237 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 166, 232 Dipeptidases, 8, 232 Dipeptides, 232 Diploid, 215, 232, 255, 263, 279 Direct, iii, 29, 125, 135, 165, 187, 226, 232, 233, 269, 276 Discrimination, 17, 35, 232 Disease Vectors, 232, 247 Disinfectant, 232, 236, 262 Disposition, 17, 66, 103, 233 Dissociation, 15, 213, 233, 248 Dissociative Disorders, 233 Distal, 218, 233, 234, 267 Domesticated, 233, 242 Dopa, 167, 233, 250

Dopamine, 17, 25, 30, 167, 227, 231, 233, 250, 255, 262 Doping, 134, 163, 233 Dose-dependent, 27, 35, 87, 97, 233 Dosimeter, 80, 233 Dosimetry, 7, 75, 233 Doxorubicin, 20, 233 Drive, ii, vi, 38, 93, 233, 248 Drug Carriers, 19, 233 Drug Interactions, 188, 234 Drug Resistance, 120, 234 Drug Tolerance, 234, 278 Duct, 234, 237, 261, 271 Duodenum, 220, 226, 234, 261, 275 Dyes, 122, 127, 140, 170, 214, 219, 234, 258, 276 E Edema, 225, 229, 234, 256, 268 Effector, 211, 227, 234, 258 Effector cell, 234, 258 Efficacy, 36, 234 Ejaculation, 234, 272 Elasticity, 142, 217, 234 Elective, 234, 265 Electrocoagulation, 226, 234 Electrode, 27, 136, 147, 155, 215, 224, 234 Electrolysis, 215, 224, 234, 235 Electrolyte, 136, 158, 213, 234, 254, 265, 273 Electrons, 37, 216, 219, 220, 224, 234, 248, 260, 261, 268, 269 Electrophoresis, 8, 44, 53, 56, 234 Electroplating, 153, 223, 235, 276 Elementary Particles, 234, 235, 258, 267 Emboli, 235, 247, 281 Embolism, 225, 235, 247, 268, 281 Embolization, 235, 281 Embryo, 16, 224, 235, 246, 274 Emesis, 166, 208, 235 Emollient, 235, 241, 259 Enamel, 231, 235, 249 Endometriosis, 235, 250, 259 Endonucleases, 18, 235 Endothelial cell, 29, 221, 235, 238, 247, 278 Endothelium, 235, 258 Endothelium-derived, 235, 258 Endotoxins, 227, 235, 249 Energetic, 5, 235 Enhancers, 134, 235 Enteropeptidase, 235, 279 Environmental Exposure, 21, 72, 82, 235, 260

288

Benzene

Environmental Pollutants, 46, 235, 264 Enzymatic, 5, 14, 18, 30, 72, 122, 222, 227, 231, 236, 244, 265 Eosinophils, 236, 242, 250 Epidemiologic Studies, 13, 21, 236 Epidemiological, 4, 13, 15, 25, 236 Epidermal, 152, 236, 249 Epidermis, 6, 229, 236, 244, 245, 249, 266 Epinephrine, 212, 233, 236, 259, 280 Epithelial, 26, 52, 94, 159, 220, 236, 243, 254 Epithelial Cells, 26, 52, 94, 159, 236, 243, 254 Epithelium, 6, 152, 235, 236 Erythema, 229, 236 Erythrocytes, 214, 215, 221, 223, 233, 236, 269, 272 Erythroid Progenitor Cells, 236, 256 Esophagus, 232, 236, 269, 275 Estrogen, 147, 236, 244 Estrogen receptor, 147, 236 Ethanol, 5, 24, 26, 75, 236 Ethanolamine, 6, 236 Ether, 24, 47, 61, 120, 130, 136, 139, 151, 162, 237 Ethylene Glycol, 128, 237 Etoposide, 51, 102, 237 Eukaryotic Cells, 230, 237, 246, 280 Excimer laser, 157, 237 Excitation, 122, 214, 237 Exocrine, 225, 237, 261 Exogenous, 14, 25, 212, 220, 237, 240, 242 Expander, 237, 263 Extender, 237, 263 Extensor, 237, 267 External-beam radiation, 237, 248, 268, 282 Extracellular, 171, 214, 218, 228, 237, 238, 252, 273 Extracellular Matrix, 228, 237, 238, 252 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 237, 252 Extraction, 6, 14, 124, 130, 137, 154, 174, 237 Extrapyramidal, 233, 237 F Family Planning, 193, 237 Fat, 20, 212, 217, 221, 224, 235, 238, 249, 250, 255, 264, 270, 273, 276 Fathers, 15, 238 Fatigue, 142, 238 Fatty acids, 213, 223, 238, 241, 250 Ferritin, 102, 238

Fertilizers, 213, 238, 258, 276 Fetus, 15, 238, 263, 266, 274, 280 Fibrin, 161, 221, 238, 277 Fibrinogen, 161, 238, 263, 277 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 152, 238 Fibroblasts, 238, 247 Fibrosis, 214, 238, 271 Filler, 159, 160, 238 Filtration, 162, 238 Fixation, 229, 238, 272 Flatus, 239, 240 Fluorescence, 9, 13, 21, 22, 34, 56, 122, 239 Fluorine, 112, 120, 123, 150, 156, 168, 239 Folate, 9, 239 Fold, 18, 30, 35, 239 Folic Acid, 239 Food Technology, 239, 253 Forearm, 221, 239, 269 Fractionation, 40, 175, 239 Friction, 120, 239 Fructose, 96, 105, 239 Functional Disorders, 171, 239 Fungi, 141, 216, 219, 228, 239, 254, 256, 274, 282 Fungicide, 239, 243 Fungistatic, 219, 239, 274 Fungus, 45, 224, 239, 256 G Gallate, 23, 239 Gallbladder, 211, 225, 232, 239 Gallium, 124, 143, 144, 239 Gamma Rays, 240, 256, 268, 269 Ganglia, 211, 240, 257, 262 Gas exchange, 240, 270, 280 Gasoline, 9, 15, 37, 51, 54, 55, 62, 63, 82, 104, 130, 132, 134, 175, 178, 180, 219, 240 Gastric, 155, 156, 168, 169, 240, 244 Gastric Acid, 168, 169, 240 Gastrin, 240, 244 Gastroenteritis, 222, 240 Gastrointestinal, 222, 225, 236, 240, 250, 272, 276, 279 Gastrointestinal tract, 236, 240, 250, 272, 279 Gelatin, 230, 240, 241, 277 Gels, 127, 154, 240 Gene Expression, 20, 22, 52, 66, 94, 240 Gene Targeting, 32, 240 Generator, 47, 240 Genetic Code, 240, 259 Genetic testing, 240, 265 Genetics, 75, 95, 228, 230, 241

Index 289

Genotype, 22, 183, 241, 262 Germ Cells, 241, 253, 260, 274 Germanium, 124, 144, 241 Gestation, 63, 241, 263, 274 Gestational, 183, 241 Gland, 212, 238, 241, 251, 261, 263, 266, 267, 272, 275, 278 Glucocorticoid, 147, 241, 254 Gluconeogenesis, 32, 241 Glucose, 217, 221, 224, 225, 232, 241, 243, 263, 271 Glucuronic Acid, 241, 243 Glutamate, 232, 241, 262 Glutathione Peroxidase, 241, 272 Glycerol, 82, 241, 262 Glycerophospholipids, 241, 262 Glycidyl, 18, 163, 164, 241 Glycine, 214, 219, 241, 272 Glycols, 3, 241, 245 Glycoprotein, 238, 241, 242, 255, 278 Gonad, 59, 241, 242 Gonadal, 242, 275 Governing Board, 242, 265 Gp120, 242, 262 Graft, 242, 244, 256 Grafting, 242, 246 Granulocytes, 9, 84, 87, 242, 249, 256, 281 Granulocytopenia, 217, 242 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 242, 270 Growth factors, 8, 242, 243 Growth Inhibitors, 152, 242 Guanidine, 126, 127, 242 Guanylate Cyclase, 242, 259 Guinea Pigs, 23, 102, 242 H Haematemesis, 235, 242 Hallucinogens, 88, 242 Haploid, 242, 263 Haptens, 213, 242 Hazardous Waste, 22, 65, 242 Heartbeat, 208, 243 Hematopoiesis, 21, 22, 37, 243 Hematopoietic growth factors, 8, 243 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 243, 256 Hematopoietic tissue, 8, 221, 243 Heme, 15, 77, 94, 214, 220, 230, 243, 265 Hemoglobin, 62, 63, 65, 78, 83, 215, 236, 243, 265 Hemoglobin A, 62, 83, 243, 265 Hemorrhage, 234, 243, 256, 275 Hemostasis, 161, 243, 272 Heparin, 152, 243, 264

Hepatic, 55, 84, 95, 213, 243, 255, 265 Hepatocyte, 152, 243 Hepatocyte Growth Factor, 152, 243 Hepatotoxicity, 33, 243 Herbicide, 141, 243 Heredity, 240, 241, 243 Heterogeneity, 213, 243 Heterotrophic, 239, 243 Hexachlorobenzene, 44, 106, 243 Hexestrol, 30, 244 Hippocampus, 244, 257 Histamine, 244 Histidine, 12, 33, 244 Histology, 244, 258, 261 Homogeneous, 165, 217, 244 Homologous, 19, 32, 36, 39, 229, 240, 244, 272, 276, 277 Hookworms, 244, 277 Hormonal, 218, 244 Hormone, 147, 213, 229, 231, 232, 236, 240, 244, 248, 250, 252, 253, 266, 270, 271, 277, 278 Horny layer, 236, 244 Host, 15, 44, 218, 232, 244, 245, 250, 281 Hybrid, 244 Hybridization, 9, 13, 19, 21, 22, 34, 42, 44, 56, 244, 246, 259 Hydrochloric Acid, 153, 163, 244 Hydrofluoric Acid, 153, 244, 273 Hydrogen Bonding, 219, 244, 259 Hydrogen Cyanide, 159, 244 Hydrogen Peroxide, 39, 172, 241, 244, 250 Hydrolysis, 220, 235, 245, 248, 265, 267, 279 Hydrophilic, 19, 124, 245 Hydrophobic, 14, 35, 140, 171, 241, 245, 250 Hydroxides, 245 Hydroxyl Radical, 6, 103, 104, 245 Hydroxylation, 14, 37, 245 Hyperplasia, 32, 245, 267 Hypersensitivity, 13, 14, 213, 245, 250, 270, 272 Hypertrophy, 219, 245 Hypoxia, 222, 225, 245 I Ichthyosis, 152, 245 Id, 99, 106, 198, 204, 206, 245 Illusions, 242, 245, 271 Immersion, 219, 245 Immune response, 212, 216, 218, 242, 245, 246, 272, 276, 281

290

Benzene

Immune system, 234, 245, 246, 250, 251, 255, 262, 280, 281 Immunity, 11, 245 Immunization, 245, 272 Immunoassay, 57, 95, 245 Immunologic, 245, 269 Immunology, 71, 212, 213, 246 Immunosuppressant, 213, 246 Immunosuppressive, 241, 246 Impairment, 32, 138, 225, 246, 253, 268, 279 Implant radiation, 246, 247, 248, 269, 282 Implantation, 25, 104, 228, 246 In situ, 7, 9, 13, 21, 22, 27, 56, 127, 131, 179, 246 In Situ Hybridization, 9, 13, 21, 22, 56, 246 In vitro, 8, 11, 18, 21, 22, 35, 45, 59, 66, 83, 94, 96, 102, 246, 264 In vivo, 7, 17, 21, 32, 35, 36, 50, 233, 243, 246, 260 Incision, 30, 246, 247 Indicative, 23, 126, 177, 246, 261, 280 Induction, 8, 11, 23, 28, 29, 30, 36, 67, 69, 85, 96, 102, 104, 246 Industrial Waste, 103, 246 Infarction, 220, 222, 225, 229, 246, 254, 256, 270, 281 Infection, 218, 240, 244, 246, 251, 258, 270, 281 Inflammation, 23, 213, 216, 227, 229, 231, 238, 240, 246, 250, 270, 271, 280 Inflammatory bowel disease, 166, 246 Ingestion, 7, 11, 69, 141, 207, 243, 246, 253, 264 Inhalation, 7, 23, 67, 79, 96, 212, 243, 246, 253, 264, 279 Initiation, 25, 30, 246, 275, 278 Inorganic, 24, 102, 124, 126, 154, 221, 245, 247, 252, 255, 260, 272 Inotropic, 233, 247 Insecticides, 165, 247, 262 Insight, 20, 25, 34, 247 Insulator, 247, 256 Interleukin-1, 78, 247 Interleukin-2, 247 Interleukin-8, 52, 94, 247 Interleukins, 78, 247 Intermediate Filaments, 247, 257 Intermittent, 21, 247 Internal radiation, 247, 248, 269, 282 Interstitial, 19, 222, 247, 248, 282 Intestinal, 159, 225, 235, 247

Intestine, 159, 221, 234, 244, 247, 249, 269, 273, 279 Intoxication, 247, 280, 281 Intracellular, 147, 246, 247, 253, 259, 265, 271, 272 Intracranial Embolism, 225, 247 Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, 225, 247 Intrinsic, 161, 213, 247 Invasive, 6, 10, 245, 247 Iodine, 33, 150, 156, 248 Ion Channels, 26, 218, 248, 258, 276 Ion Exchange, 144, 224, 248, 273 Ion Transport, 248, 254 Ionization, 48, 58, 94, 95, 248 Ionizing, 214, 233, 235, 248, 252, 261, 269 Ions, 5, 42, 103, 153, 158, 219, 222, 233, 234, 242, 244, 248, 252, 255, 265, 267 Iridium, 143, 248 Irradiation, 58, 157, 221, 248, 282 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 155, 156, 239, 248 Ischemia, 218, 222, 225, 248, 256, 270 Isopropyl, 141, 248 J Job Description, 4, 248 Joint, 31, 180, 217, 249, 260 K Kb, 192, 249 Keratin, 6, 126, 127, 249 Keratinocytes, 152, 247, 249 Keratosis, 152, 249 Keto, 10, 249 Ketone Bodies, 211, 249 Kilobase, 45, 249 Kinetic, 9, 248, 249 L Large Intestine, 232, 247, 249, 269, 273 Latent, 173, 249, 266 Lens, 126, 160, 249 Lesion, 5, 8, 249 Lethal, 218, 249, 256 Leucocyte, 249 Leukaemia, 64, 82, 249 Leukocytes, 219, 221, 236, 242, 247, 250, 255 Leukotrienes, 8, 217, 250 Levo, 233, 250, 259 Levodopa, 233, 250 Levonorgestrel, 147, 250, 259 Levorphanol, 232, 250 Library Services, 204, 250

Index 291

Lidocaine, 219, 250 Life cycle, 239, 250 Ligaments, 229, 250 Ligands, 5, 45, 138, 147, 250 Linkage, 33, 250 Lipid, 17, 133, 159, 217, 241, 249, 250, 256, 261, 280 Lipid Peroxidation, 17, 250, 261 Lipophilic, 33, 250, 264 Lipoprotein, 250, 251, 280 Lipoxygenase, 250 Lithium, 136, 158, 251 Liver Neoplasms, 251, 281 Localized, 222, 229, 231, 238, 246, 251, 255, 263 Locomotion, 251, 263 Locomotor, 17, 251 Lomustine, 251, 259 Loop, 154, 251 Low-density lipoprotein, 159, 250, 251, 280 Lubricants, 251, 262 Lymph, 225, 235, 251 Lymph node, 225, 251 Lymphatic, 83, 235, 246, 251, 273, 274, 278 Lymphocyte, 11, 71, 104, 216, 251, 252 Lymphoid, 216, 229, 249, 251, 256 Lymphoma, 65, 76, 87, 97, 251 Lymphoproliferative, 63, 251 Lymphoproliferative Disorders, 63, 251 Lysine, 17, 33, 251, 279 M Macrophage, 45, 247, 251 Macula, 251, 252 Macula Lutea, 251, 252 Macular Degeneration, 166, 252 Magnesium Chloride, 163, 252 Malignancy, 21, 252 Malignant, 12, 22, 216, 217, 252, 255, 257, 269 Malignant tumor, 252, 255 Malnutrition, 213, 218, 252 Malondialdehyde, 17, 252 Mammary, 25, 252 Manic, 251, 252, 268 Manic-depressive psychosis, 252, 268 Manifest, 218, 252 Man-made, 223, 252 Matrix metalloproteinase, 23, 252 Meat, 11, 252 Medial, 217, 252 Mediate, 96, 233, 252

Mediator, 75, 225, 233, 247, 252, 264, 272 MEDLINE, 193, 252 Medroxyprogesterone, 147, 252 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 147, 252 Medullary, 232, 252 Megakaryocytes, 221, 252 Meiosis, 253, 254, 276, 277, 280 Melanin, 253, 262, 280 Membrane Glycoproteins, 253, 265 Membrane Proteins, 253, 274 Memory, 32, 138, 155, 231, 253 Meninges, 224, 253 Menopause, 253, 266 Menstrual Cycle, 253, 266 Mental Disorders, 117, 253, 267, 268 Mental Health, iv, 4, 117, 192, 194, 253, 268 Mental Processes, 233, 253, 267 Metabolite, 7, 8, 10, 20, 33, 45, 50, 54, 65, 66, 72, 74, 78, 87, 88, 95, 104, 220, 253, 266 Metabolization, 131, 253 Metaphase, 9, 253, 277, 280 Metastasis, 252, 253 Methanogens, 43, 253 Methanol, 5, 111, 253 Methionine, 253, 276 Methyl Ethers, 55, 253 Methylene Chloride, 12, 145, 253 Methylphenidate, 17, 254 MI, 24, 162, 209, 254 Microbe, 254, 278 Micronuclei, 26, 67, 69, 102, 254 Microorganism, 39, 227, 254, 281 Micro-organism, 141, 231, 242, 254 Microsomal, 33, 94, 95, 104, 254 Microspheres, 233, 254 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 254, 257 Microtubules, 247, 254, 257 Mineralization, 41, 43, 44, 254 Mineralocorticoid, 147, 254 Mitochondria, 26, 254, 256 Mitosis, 217, 254 Mitotic, 237, 254, 281 Modeling, 7, 8, 17, 18, 44, 73, 77, 79, 82, 254 Modification, 33, 173, 254 Modulator, 139, 254 Molecular Structure, 121, 141, 255 Monitor, 183, 255, 259 Monoamine, 79, 97, 232, 255, 279 Monoamine Oxidase, 79, 232, 255, 279

292

Benzene

Monoclonal, 248, 255, 269, 282 Monocytes, 247, 250, 255, 256 Mononuclear, 67, 175, 255 Monosomy, 215, 255 Morphine, 166, 227, 255, 257, 260 Morphological, 10, 235, 239, 255 Motility, 105, 155, 156, 224, 239, 243, 255, 272, 274 Mucolytic, 211, 255 Mucosa, 225, 255, 275 Mucositis, 255, 278 Mucus, 255, 280 Multiple Myeloma, 58, 73, 87, 255 Multiple sclerosis, 166, 255 Mustard Gas, 256 Mutagen, 16, 219, 256 Mutagenesis, 26, 30, 67, 86, 95, 106, 256 Mutagenic, 8, 12, 27, 213, 256, 259 Mutagenicity, 31, 256 Myasthenia, 242, 256 Mycosis, 226, 256 Mycotoxins, 213, 256 Myelin, 255, 256 Myelodysplasia, 22, 256 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 7, 52, 256, 273 Myelogenous, 7, 22, 24, 107, 211, 212, 256 Myeloid Cells, 19, 29, 256 Myeloid Progenitor Cells, 29, 256 Myeloma, 58, 73, 74, 87, 255, 256 Myocardial infarction, 220, 229, 254, 256, 281 Myocardial Reperfusion, 256, 270 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 256, 270 Myocardium, 254, 256, 257 Myofibrils, 223, 257 N Narcolepsy, 231, 254, 257 Narcotic, 211, 250, 253, 255, 257 Nausea, 208, 240, 257, 277 NCI, 1, 98, 117, 191, 226, 257 Necrosis, 20, 217, 225, 246, 254, 256, 257, 270 Need, 3, 32, 35, 140, 157, 175, 180, 199, 212, 252, 257, 278 Neocortex, 257 Neoplasia, 257 Neoplasm, 257 Neoplastic, 4, 38, 215, 251, 257 Nephrotoxic, 217, 257 Nerve, 167, 171, 212, 215, 218, 231, 239, 252, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 270, 271, 275, 279

Nervous System, 4, 27, 138, 211, 214, 219, 224, 225, 226, 231, 240, 250, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, 262, 272, 276, 279 Neural, 167, 214, 255, 257 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 30, 166, 167, 171, 257 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 171, 257 Neurofilaments, 257, 258 Neuromuscular, 211, 258, 270 Neuromuscular Junction, 211, 258, 270 Neuronal, 26, 167, 171, 258, 272 Neurons, 27, 138, 171, 172, 227, 231, 240, 250, 257, 258, 276 Neuropathy, 166, 171, 258 Neuropeptides, 223, 258 Neurotoxic, 10, 27, 258 Neurotoxicity, 10, 62, 232, 258 Neurotransmitters, 167, 258 Neutralization, 165, 166, 258 Neutrons, 214, 221, 248, 258, 268 Neutrophil, 87, 258 Niacin, 258, 279 Nickel, 28, 146, 154, 163, 258 Nicotine, 15, 139, 258 Nitric acid, 165, 258 Nitric Oxide, 23, 34, 36, 166, 258 Nitrogen, 13, 124, 133, 150, 159, 167, 213, 214, 217, 237, 238, 244, 259, 260, 279 Nitrosamines, 36, 259 Nitrosoureas, 18, 259 Norepinephrine, 212, 233, 259 Norgestrel, 250, 259 Nuclear, 14, 29, 36, 46, 112, 226, 228, 233, 234, 237, 240, 252, 257, 259 Nuclei, 112, 214, 228, 234, 254, 258, 259, 267, 277 Nucleic acid, 8, 26, 34, 121, 122, 240, 244, 246, 259, 266, 268 Nucleic Acid Conformation, 8, 259 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 34, 244, 259 O Occupational Exposure, 3, 6, 16, 48, 56, 64, 68, 70, 75, 83, 90, 179, 180, 259 Odds Ratio, 4, 259 Odour, 217, 259 Office Automation, 148, 259 Ointments, 141, 259, 261 Oncogene, 243, 260 Oncogenic, 25, 27, 260 On-line, 76, 207, 260 Oocytes, 27, 260 Opacity, 231, 260

Index 293

Opium, 255, 260 Orbit, 260 Orbital, 5, 88, 260 Organic Chemicals, 29, 260 Organosilicon Compounds, 162, 260 Osmium Compounds, 155, 260 Osmotic, 213, 260, 273 Osteoarthritis, 166, 260 Ototoxic, 102, 217, 260 Ovary, 229, 241, 260, 275 Ovulation, 166, 259, 260 Ovum, 229, 241, 250, 260, 266, 282 Oxidants, 23, 26, 36, 260 Oxidation-Reduction, 220, 260, 261 Oxidative metabolism, 250, 261 Oxidative Stress, 14, 20, 36, 261 Oxides, 144, 155, 261 P Palladium, 146, 261, 271 Palliative, 261, 277 Pancreas, 211, 220, 226, 232, 261, 279 Pancreatic, 225, 226, 261 Pancreatic Juice, 226, 261 Paraffin, 169, 261 Particle, 77, 127, 128, 252, 261 Patch, 27, 261 Paternal Exposure, 76, 261 Pathologic, 217, 229, 245, 261, 267 Pathologic Processes, 217, 261 Peptide, 15, 18, 139, 225, 235, 238, 249, 262, 265, 267, 269, 279 Peptide T, 18, 262 Peracetic Acid, 172, 262 Perception, 242, 262, 271 Peripheral blood, 9, 13, 67, 217, 262, 266 Peripheral Nervous System, 257, 262, 276 Pesticides, 213, 220, 247, 262 Phagocyte, 260, 262 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 79, 85, 262 Pharmacologic, 215, 262, 278 Pharmacotherapy, 159, 262 Phenobarbital, 75, 262 Phenotype, 22, 71, 262 Phenyl, 33, 85, 137, 141, 149, 151, 155, 156, 168, 262 Phenylalanine, 262, 279 Phospholipids, 161, 238, 250, 262 Phosphorous, 144, 263 Phosphorus, 222, 260, 263 Phosphorylase, 223, 263 Phosphorylated, 227, 263 Photocoagulation, 226, 263

Physiologic, 21, 213, 220, 232, 233, 253, 263, 269 Physiology, 20, 26, 212, 263, 270, 280 Pigment, 127, 220, 263 Pilot study, 10, 84, 263 Pituitary Gland, 238, 263 Placenta, 263, 266 Plant Growth Regulators, 242, 263 Plants, 178, 213, 223, 226, 241, 243, 259, 263, 271, 274, 278, 279 Plaque, 33, 80, 218, 263 Plasma cells, 216, 255, 256, 263 Plasma expander, 83, 263 Plasma protein, 213, 263, 267, 273 Plasma Volume, 254, 263 Plasmid, 35, 40, 42, 74, 264, 280 Plasticity, 10, 264 Plasticizers, 145, 264 Platelet Aggregation, 258, 264 Platelet Factor 4, 247, 264 Platelets, 161, 220, 223, 252, 259, 264, 272, 277, 278 Platinum, 144, 251, 261, 264, 271 Pleated, 214, 220, 249, 264 Podophyllotoxin, 237, 264 Poisoning, 49, 67, 68, 80, 102, 220, 240, 247, 257, 264 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 21, 264 Polyethylene, 139, 172, 264 Polymerase, 9, 34, 216, 264 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 9, 264 Polymers, 123, 135, 173, 233, 265, 267, 276 Polymorphism, 28, 38, 75, 265 Polypeptide, 35, 214, 227, 238, 244, 265, 282 Polysaccharide, 216, 224, 265 Porokeratosis, 63, 265 Porosity, 154, 265 Porphobilinogen Synthase, 5, 265 Porphyria, 106, 265 Porphyrins, 265 Postnatal, 265, 275 Potassium, 27, 144, 155, 156, 173, 213, 254, 265 Potassium Channels, 27, 155, 156, 265 Potentiates, 247, 265 Practice Guidelines, 194, 265 Precancerous, 225, 265 Precursor, 132, 160, 167, 171, 217, 233, 234, 236, 250, 259, 262, 266, 267, 279, 280 Predisposition, 25, 75, 266 Preleukemia, 256, 266, 273

294

Benzene

Premenopausal, 83, 266 Prenatal, 235, 266 Prevalence, 259, 266 Prickle, 249, 266 Prion, 171, 266 Probe, 242, 266 Prodrug, 167, 266 Progeny, 228, 266 Progesterone, 147, 250, 259, 266, 275 Progression, 5, 11, 19, 32, 139, 167, 215, 266 Progressive, 22, 217, 224, 231, 234, 242, 257, 260, 265, 266 Promoter, 20, 37, 266 Promyelocytic leukemia, 87, 266 Prone, 30, 266 Prophase, 260, 266, 276, 277, 280 Prophylaxis, 216, 266, 281 Prostate, 219, 220, 266, 267, 279 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 168, 169, 219, 267 Protease, 161, 267 Protein C, 27, 29, 85, 213, 214, 218, 238, 249, 250, 267, 274 Protein Folding, 267, 279 Protein S, 171, 216, 220, 240, 267, 275, 277 Proteins, 8, 14, 15, 18, 23, 31, 33, 35, 37, 80, 121, 139, 152, 171, 214, 216, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230, 237, 243, 244, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 262, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 274, 277, 278 Proteinuria, 255, 267 Proteolytic, 227, 235, 238, 267 Prothrombin, 161, 267, 277 Protons, 214, 244, 248, 267, 268 Protozoa, 228, 254, 267, 274 Proximal, 94, 233, 267 Proxy, 4, 267 Pruritic, 267, 271 Psoriasis, 152, 256, 267 Psychiatry, 238, 267, 280 Psychology, 18, 233, 267 Psychosis, 166, 241, 252, 268 Public Health, 13, 31, 52, 65, 90, 194, 219, 268 Public Policy, 9, 193, 268 Publishing, 38, 268 Pulmonary, 55, 84, 95, 221, 225, 226, 229, 250, 268, 270, 276, 280, 281 Pulmonary Edema, 225, 268 Pulmonary Embolism, 268, 281 Pulmonary Ventilation, 268, 270 Pulse, 255, 268

Purines, 268, 272 Q Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, 47, 268 Quaternary, 28, 133, 267, 268 Quinones, 25, 32, 268 R Race, 233, 250, 259, 268 Radiation therapy, 237, 239, 247, 248, 268, 282 Radioactive, 33, 221, 244, 246, 247, 248, 252, 259, 260, 269, 282 Radiolabeled, 248, 269, 282 Radiopharmaceutical, 240, 269 Radiotherapy, 222, 233, 248, 269, 282 Radius, 14, 269 Randomized, 234, 269 Ras gene, 30, 269 Rationalize, 17, 269 Reactive Oxygen Species, 8, 12, 16, 34, 105, 269 Reagent, 38, 137, 162, 225, 236, 244, 269 Reality Testing, 268, 269 Receptor, 27, 46, 89, 96, 138, 147, 152, 212, 216, 232, 233, 236, 242, 243, 262, 269, 272 Recombinant, 27, 269, 280 Recombination, 19, 32, 228, 240, 269 Rectum, 221, 232, 239, 240, 246, 249, 267, 269 Red blood cells, 14, 83, 236, 269, 271, 273 Reductase, 37, 43, 269 Refer, 1, 222, 227, 238, 239, 251, 258, 265, 268, 269 Reflux, 134, 137, 269 Refraction, 269, 274 Regeneration, 167, 238, 270 Regimen, 234, 262, 270 Reperfusion, 166, 256, 270 Reperfusion Injury, 166, 256, 270 Research Design, 20, 270 Respiration, 223, 224, 254, 255, 261, 270 Respiratory Burst, 87, 270 Respiratory distress syndrome, 166, 270 Respiratory Paralysis, 211, 270 Respiratory Physiology, 270, 280 Respiratory System, 23, 36, 270 Retina, 249, 251, 252, 270, 271 Rheumatism, 270 Rheumatoid, 166, 260, 270 Rheumatoid arthritis, 166, 270 Ribose, 121, 271 Rigidity, 263, 271

Index 295

Risk factor, 4, 16, 24, 28, 236, 271 Rod, 218, 226, 271 Roxarsone, 11, 271 Rubber, 26, 64, 69, 211, 271 Ruthenium, 155, 271 S Salivary, 232, 271 Salivary glands, 232, 271 Saponins, 271, 275 Sassafras, 97, 108, 271 Scabies, 47, 62, 271 Schizoid, 271, 281 Schizophrenia, 271, 281 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 271, 281 Scleroproteins, 249, 271 Sclerosis, 166, 167, 171, 217, 255, 271 Screening, 5, 226, 271 Second Messenger Systems, 258, 271 Secretion, 159, 168, 169, 171, 244, 247, 254, 255, 271, 272 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 219, 272 Segregation, 269, 272 Selenium, 36, 272 Selenium Compounds, 36, 272 Semen, 16, 59, 218, 234, 266, 272 Semisynthetic, 237, 272 Senile, 138, 171, 272 Senile Plaques, 171, 272 Sensitization, 170, 272 Septic, 166, 218, 272 Sequence Analysis, 44, 272 Sequence Homology, 262, 272 Sequencing, 19, 20, 41, 44, 265, 272 Serine, 12, 161, 226, 272, 279 Serologic, 245, 272 Serotonin, 255, 262, 272, 279 Serum, 6, 60, 213, 227, 251, 254, 272, 273, 280 Serum Albumin, 6, 273 Shock, 166, 273, 279 Shock, Traumatic, 166, 273 Side effect, 187, 212, 273, 278 Silicon, 124, 143, 144, 155, 260, 273 Silicon Dioxide, 273 Skeletal, 226, 255, 257, 273 Skeleton, 211, 249, 273 Skull, 260, 273, 277 Sludge, 44, 86, 129, 153, 273 Small intestine, 159, 234, 244, 247, 273, 279 Smoldering leukemia, 256, 273 Smooth muscle, 138, 213, 214, 223, 244, 255, 273, 276

Social Problems, 159, 273 Sodium, 55, 76, 82, 128, 144, 173, 213, 221, 254, 273 Sodium-Calcium Exchanger, 76, 273 Soft tissue, 221, 273 Solid tumor, 215, 221, 233, 251, 273 Sorbic Acid, 69, 274 Soybean Oil, 145, 274 Spastic, 248, 274 Specialist, 199, 274 Specificity, 34, 69, 71, 89, 94, 213, 266, 274 Spectrin, 10, 274 Spectrum, 29, 112, 133, 222, 224, 274 Sperm, 10, 13, 16, 96, 105, 226, 274 Sperm Motility, 105, 274 Spermatozoa, 218, 272, 274 Spermatozoon, 274 Spinal cord, 166, 218, 222, 224, 225, 253, 257, 258, 262, 270, 274 Spinous, 236, 249, 274 Spleen, 251, 274 Spontaneous Abortion, 16, 76, 274 Sporadic, 257, 274 Spores, 172, 274 Standardize, 5, 275 Steady state, 169, 170, 275 Steel, 132, 226, 275, 279, 280 Stem Cells, 8, 19, 21, 65, 167, 236, 243, 256, 275 Sterile, 218, 275 Steroid, 147, 229, 271, 275 Stilbenes, 33, 275 Stimulant, 17, 231, 244, 254, 275 Stimulus, 233, 234, 237, 247, 248, 275, 277 Stomach, 211, 232, 236, 240, 244, 253, 257, 269, 273, 274, 275 Stool, 248, 249, 275 Strand, 35, 84, 264, 275 Streptomycin, 141, 275 Stress, 14, 20, 36, 61, 80, 224, 229, 239, 240, 248, 257, 261, 266, 270, 271, 275 Stroke, 117, 166, 192, 275 Stroma, 83, 275 Stromal, 22, 221, 235, 275 Stromal Cells, 22, 221, 275 Structure-Activity Relationship, 27, 47, 89, 268, 275 Styrene, 57, 60, 69, 71, 80, 132, 174, 271, 275 Subspecies, 274, 276 Substance P, 221, 253, 272, 275, 276

296

Benzene

Substrate, 14, 37, 45, 123, 124, 146, 153, 155, 157, 160, 276, 279 Suction, 238, 276 Sulfur, 47, 144, 150, 158, 237, 253, 260, 276 Sulfuric acid, 153, 165, 166, 276 Superoxide, 35, 36, 270, 276 Supplementation, 36, 276 Suppression, 7, 11, 35, 86, 167, 276 Surfactant, 45, 127, 151, 236, 276 Sympathomimetic, 231, 233, 236, 259, 276, 279 Symptomatic, 167, 276 Synapses, 258, 276 Synaptic, 258, 276 Synaptic Transmission, 258, 276 Synergistic, 23, 35, 45, 277 Systemic, 6, 221, 222, 236, 245, 246, 248, 258, 269, 277, 281, 282 Systemic disease, 245, 277 T Tellurium, 144, 277 Telophase, 254, 277 Temporal, 69, 244, 251, 277 Teratogenic, 213, 277 Teratogenicity, 16, 277 Testosterone, 269, 277 Tetrachloroethylene, 97, 277 Tetracycline, 141, 277 Tetravalent, 144, 153, 277 Therapeutics, 161, 188, 255, 277 Thermal, 84, 123, 135, 142, 154, 178, 221, 233, 258, 265, 277 Thermography, 135, 277 Thiouracil, 149, 277 Threonine, 262, 272, 277 Threshold, 6, 277 Thrombin, 161, 238, 264, 267, 277, 278 Thrombocytes, 264, 277 Thrombocytopenia, 217, 278 Thrombomodulin, 267, 278 Thrombosis, 161, 220, 225, 229, 247, 254, 256, 267, 275, 278, 280, 281 Thymidine, 86, 278 Thymus, 245, 251, 278 Thyroid, 248, 278, 280 Thyroxine, 213, 262, 278 Tin, 143, 144, 153, 264, 278 Tolerance, 104, 146, 166, 212, 234, 278 Topical, 141, 188, 218, 236, 244, 261, 278 Toxicokinetics, 67, 79, 89, 97, 278 Toxins, 11, 18, 33, 216, 235, 241, 246, 256, 278

Trace element, 221, 225, 226, 239, 258, 273, 278 Traction, 47, 226, 278 Transcriptase, 9, 13, 278 Transcription Factors, 23, 30, 147, 278 Transfection, 220, 278 Transferases, 25, 66, 278 Translocation, 56, 279 Transmitter, 211, 218, 233, 248, 252, 259, 276, 279 Trauma, 166, 257, 273, 279 Trees, 271, 279 Trichloroethylene, 7, 9, 46, 97, 279 Triethylenemelamine, 106, 279 Trifluoroacetic Acid, 137, 279 Trifluoroethanol, 106, 279 Trisomy, 215, 279 Trivalent, 144, 279 Trypsin, 15, 226, 235, 279, 282 Tryptophan, 105, 227, 272, 279 Tuberculosis, 229, 279 Tumor marker, 220, 279 Tumor suppressor gene, 12, 29, 279 Tungsten, 224, 279 Tyramine, 255, 279 Tyrosine, 11, 35, 104, 233, 279 U Ubiquitin, 5, 28, 257, 280 Ulcerative colitis, 166, 246, 280 Unconscious, 215, 245, 269, 280 Univalent, 245, 261, 280 Uracil, 149, 150, 280 Urethra, 219, 266, 280 Urinary, 10, 49, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 69, 72, 73, 78, 82, 89, 90, 95, 96, 98, 115, 280 Uterus, 225, 229, 266, 280 V Vaccine, 212, 280 Vagina, 225, 231, 232, 280 Vanadium, 123, 124, 125, 163, 280 Vascular, 138, 161, 213, 225, 235, 246, 258, 263, 280 Vasculitis, 225, 280 Vasodilator, 222, 233, 244, 256, 277, 280 Vector, 74, 280 Vein, 217, 259, 280 Venous, 217, 220, 225, 247, 267, 280, 281 Venous Thrombosis, 220, 280, 281 Ventilation, 20, 268, 270, 280 Venules, 221, 223, 280 Vertebrae, 274, 280 Very low-density lipoprotein, 159, 280

Index 297

Vesicular, 254, 281 Veterinary Medicine, 193, 281 Vinblastine, 106, 281 Vinca Alkaloids, 281 Vinyl Chloride, 7, 12, 72, 88, 281 Viral, 29, 211, 216, 260, 281 Virulence, 218, 278, 281 Virus, 216, 218, 235, 242, 263, 281 Virus Diseases, 216, 281 Viscosity, 120, 211, 281 Vitro, 8, 11, 17, 18, 21, 22, 35, 43, 45, 59, 66, 83, 94, 96, 102, 116, 243, 246, 264, 281 Vivo, 7, 17, 21, 32, 35, 36, 50, 233, 243, 246, 260, 281 W Warfarin, 15, 281

Wart, 249, 281 Wettability, 174, 281 White blood cell, 216, 242, 250, 251, 255, 256, 258, 263, 281 Withdrawal, 166, 281 Wound Healing, 238, 252, 281 X Xenograft, 215, 281 X-ray, 19, 127, 157, 224, 239, 240, 248, 252, 256, 259, 268, 269, 282 X-ray therapy, 248, 282 Y Yeasts, 239, 262, 282 Z Zygote, 228, 282 Zymogen, 226, 267, 282

298

Benzene

Index 299

300

Benzene

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