Fibrous Dysplasia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FIBROUS DYSPLASIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fibrous Dysplasia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00470-4 1. Fibrous Dysplasia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fibrous dysplasia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIBROUS DYSPLASIA ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Fibrous Dysplasia ......................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIBROUS DYSPLASIA ....................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fibrous Dysplasia ........................................................................ 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 50 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIBROUS DYSPLASIA ................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 General References ....................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FIBROUS DYSPLASIA.................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Chapters on Fibrous Dysplasia .................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 80 FIBROUS DYSPLASIA DICTIONARY....................................................................................... 81 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 105

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fibrous dysplasia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fibrous dysplasia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fibrous dysplasia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fibrous dysplasia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fibrous dysplasia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fibrous dysplasia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIBROUS DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fibrous dysplasia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and fibrous dysplasia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Fifteen-Year Follow-Up of a Family with Inherited Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 54(6): 780-788. June 1996. Summary: This article presents a 15-year follow-up of a family with inherited craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. In a report in 1985, the authors described the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of fibrous dysplasia in a mother and two of her three daughters. It was proposed that the bimaxiallary involvement and pathologic nature of the lesions, in association with their familial occurrence, represented an example of inherited fibrous dysplasia. The current report examines the progression of the pathology over the last 15 years, and details the clinical course of treatment, which has involved surgical, prosthetic, and orthodontic procedures. 8 figures. 15 references. (AA-M).

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Federally Funded Research on Fibrous Dysplasia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fibrous dysplasia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fibrous dysplasia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fibrous dysplasia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for fibrous dysplasia: •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF FAMILIAL MYOPATHY & PAGET DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kimonis, Virginia E.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hereditary inclusion body myopathies (h-IBM) are a genetically diverse group of diseases characterized by distal/proximal limb-girdle muscle weakness and the presence of inclusion bodies in muscle. The various forms of h-IBM are devastating muscular disorders lacking a defined pathophyological basis and any effective therapies. We recently identified a new member of this group of disorders [1, 2], in which the inclusion body myopathy is associated with Pagets disease of the bone (PDB) and/or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). This new disorder previously diagnosed as a variety of disorders such as limb girdle muscular dystrophy and amyotropic lateral sclerosis has been categorized as IBMPFD (MIM 605382). The inclusion body myopathy is progressive with onset typically in the 30s-40s and associated with early demise. We have identified a locus on chromosome 9p21.1-p12, plan to identify the gene and simultaneously study the expression profile for autosomal dominant hereditary inclusion body myopathy, and Pagets disease of bone. The aims of the proposed research project are: (1) To establish a registry of individuals with familial myopathy associated with Paget disease of the bone (IBMPFD) (2) To refine the map placement of the IBMPFD gene by analyzing additional genetic markers within the IBMPFD region in existing and new families for the purpose of more precisely mapping crossovers needed to narrow the diseasecontaining interval. (3) To identify a causal gene for familial myopathy associated with Paget disease of the bone mapping to 9p21.1-p12 (4) Clinical and molecular characterization of a large family from Canada (appendix 10) diagnosed with myopathy and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and fractures. Elucidation of the genetic defect will help us understand the pathogenesis of this multifaceted disorder and hopefully result in specific therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: CLINICAL AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ADHR Principal Investigator & Institution: Econs, Michael J.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 30-APR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie metabolic bone diseases due to disorders of phosphate homeostasis remain incompletely understood. The main regulator of phosphate homeostasis is the kidney and thus it is necessary to identify the pathways that are responsible for regulating renal phosphorus handling to provide insight into both normal and disordered mineral metabolism. During the current grant cycle we have: 1) extended the phenotypic characterization of the renal phosphate wasting disorder autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR); 2) found that missense mutations in arginines 176 or 179 of a novel gene, FGF23, cause ADHR; 3) determined that neoplasms that cause tumor induced osteomalacia (TIO) markedly over express FGF23; 4) determined that circulating FGF23 concentrations are elevated in patients with TIO as well as well as with other disorders of renal phosphate wasting including X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and fibrous dysplasia; and 5) recently phenotypically described a novel renal phosphate wasting disorder, CFDH, and identified the mutation that causes it. During the upcoming years we propose to: 1) further clinically and biochemically characterize ADHR and assess whether plasma FGF23 concentrations are correlated to disease severity in ADHR, XLH, and other phosphaturic disorders; 2) determine the molecular mechanism by which the observed mutations cause CFDH; 3) perform studies in animal models to further explore the pathogenesis of XLH; and 4) perform pharmacokinetic studies in rats to better understand the pathogenesis of ADHR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for fibrous dysplasia in the PubMed Central database: •

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FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting. by Riminucci M, Collins MT, Fedarko NS, Cherman N, Corsi A, White KE, Waguespack S, Gupta A, Hannon T, Econs MJ, Bianco P, Gehron Robey P.; 2003 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182207

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fibrous dysplasia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fibrous dysplasia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone: evaluation of treatment performed 23 years ago. Author(s): Sakamoto M, Hayashida T, Sugasawa M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 125(5): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700463

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A case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the maxillary sinus. Author(s): Erdem LO, Erdem CZ, Kargi S. Source: Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2003 May; 10(5): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970595

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A comparative study of fibrous dysplasia and osteofibrous dysplasia with regard to expressions of c-fos and c-jun products and bone matrix proteins: a clinicopathologic review and immunohistochemical study of c-fos, c-jun, type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Author(s): Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 December; 30(12): 1418-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667418

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A comparative study of fibrous dysplasia and osteofibrous dysplasia with regard to Gsalpha mutation at the Arg201 codon: polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues. Author(s): Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M. Source: The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics : Jmd. 2000 May; 2(2): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272890

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A critical review of the surgical treatment of infantile fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Andrisano A, Calderoni P, Mignani G, Manfrini M. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1988 September; 14(3): 331-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3073148

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A novel technique based on a PNA hybridization probe and FRET principle for quantification of mutant genotype in fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Karadag A, Riminucci M, Bianco P, Cherman N, Kuznetsov SA, Nguyen N, Collins MT, Robey PG, Fisher LW. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2004 April 19; 32(7): E63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096559

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A rare case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia assessed by bone scintigraphy with Tc99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP). Author(s): Di Leo C, Ardemagni A, Bestetti A, Tagliabue L, Del Sole A, Conte A, Tarolo GL. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 1999; 38(5): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10488486

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A rare complication of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Cascone P, Valentini V, Nicolai G, Agrillo A. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 1998 September; 9(5): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9780910

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A rare, radiographic 'sunray' appearance in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Prapayasatok S, Iamaroon A, Miles DA, Kumchai T. Source: Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 2000 July; 29(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918458

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A simple bone cyst containing secretory cells in its lining membrane in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Kitoh H, Nogami H. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1999 June; 29(6): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369912

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Acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: dynamic endocrine studies and treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Author(s): Garcia MB, Koppeschaar HP, Lips CJ, Thijssen JH, Krenning EP. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 January; 17(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911814

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Acromegaly, multinodular goiter and silent polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. A variant of the McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Abs R, Beckers A, Van de Vyver FL, De Schepper A, Stevenaert A, Hennen G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1990 September; 13(8): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2273209

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Activating Gs(alpha) mutation in intramuscular myxomas with and without fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Okamoto S, Hisaoka M, Ushijima M, Nakahara S, Toyoshima S, Hashimoto H. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2000 August; 437(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993273

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Acute monocular blindness secondary to fibrous dysplasia of the skull: a case report. Author(s): Bland LI, Marchese MJ, McDonald JV. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1992 July; 24(7): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1514744

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Adamantinoma of long bone. An analysis of nine new cases with emphasis on metastasizing lesions and fibrous dysplasia-like changes. Author(s): Weiss SW, Dorfman HD. Source: Human Pathology. 1977 March; 8(2): 141-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=852865

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Adamantinoma of the tibia masked by fibrous dysplasia. Report of three cases. Author(s): Schajowicz F, Santini-Araujo E. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 January; (238): 294-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2910613

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Adamantinoma of tibia with predominant features of fibrous dysplasia--a case report. Author(s): Kim JY, Kang GH, Chi JG. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1996 October; 11(5): 444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8934402

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Aggressive fibrous dysplasia of the maxillary sinus. Author(s): Shapeero LG, Vanel D, Ackerman LV, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Housin D, Schwaab G, Sigal R, Masselot J. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993 November; 22(8): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8291007

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An animal model of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Bianco P, Robey PG. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 1999 July; 5(7): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498438

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An extensive type of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Sener RN. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1997 April; 27(4): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9094244

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An unusual case of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia presenting in early infancy. Author(s): Eich GF, Babyn P, Armstrong D, Burrows P, Posnick JC, Becker L. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1990; 20(6): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2202978

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An unusual case of fibrous dysplasia of the maxillary sinus. Author(s): Crawford LB. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2003 December; 124(6): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14666088

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An unusual presentation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Yap WL, McDonald F. Source: J Craniomandib Disord. 1989 Fall; 3(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2639161

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Analyses of variable panoramic radiographic characteristics of maxillo-mandibular fibrous dysplasia in McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Akintoye SO, Otis LL, Atkinson JC, Brahim J, Kushner H, Robey PG, Collins MT. Source: Oral Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996293

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Aneurysmal bone cyst arising in fibrous dysplasia during pregnancy. Author(s): Mintz MC, Dalinka MK, Schmidt R. Source: Radiology. 1987 November; 165(2): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3659382

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Aneurysmal bone cyst associated with fibrous dysplasia of the skull. Author(s): Rappaport ZH. Source: Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1989 November; 32(6): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2594137

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Aneurysmal bone cyst associated with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Yuen VH, Jordan DR, Jabi M, Agbi C. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 18(6): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439066

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Aneurysmal bone cyst associated with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Burd TA, Lowry KJ, Stokesbary SJ, Allen IC. Source: Orthopedics. 2001 November; 24(11): 1087-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727812

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Aneurysmal bone cyst of the orbit associated with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Lucarelli MJ, Bilyk JR, Shore JW, Rubin PA, Yaremchuk MJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 August; 96(2): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7624420

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Angiosarcoma of the chest wall in a patient with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Eguchi K, Ishi S, Sugiura H, Noga K. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 October; 22(4): 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297197

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Becker's melanosis associated with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Kim HJ, Kim KD, Lee MH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 41(7): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121546

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Bilateral proptosis: an unusual presentation of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Horgan MA, Delashaw JB, Dailey RA. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 June; 13(3): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10562851

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Bisphosphonate therapy in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Lane JM, Khan SN, O'Connor WJ, Nydick M, Hommen JP, Schneider R, Tomin E, Brand J, Curtin J. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 January; (382): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154006

Studies

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Bone mineral density response to long-term bisphosphonate therapy in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Parisi MS, Oliveri MB, Mautalen CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the Official Journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. 2001 Summer; 4(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477309

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Bone mineralization in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: histomorphometric analysis. Author(s): Terpstra L, Rauch F, Plotkin H, Travers R, Glorieux FH. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 November; 17(11): 1949-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12412801

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Bone sarcomas arising in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Huvos AG, Higinbotham NL, Miller TR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1972 July; 54(5): 104756. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4506620

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Bone scintigraphy in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia resembling multiple bone metastases. Author(s): Hardoff R, Eisenberg D, Gross B. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1989 December; 14(12): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2605856

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Bone scintigraphy in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Fukumitsu N, Dohi M, Midda K, Nakada N, Sunagawa Y, Harada J, Uchiyama M, Mori Y, Ishibasi K, Fukuda K. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 June; 24(6): 446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361945

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Bone turnover in children and adolescents with McCune-Albright syndrome treated with pamidronate for bone fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Isaia GC, Lala R, Defilippi C, Matarazzo P, Andreo M, Roggia C, Priolo G, de Sanctis C. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2002 August; 71(2): 121-8. Epub 2002 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200645

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Brushite in fibrous dysplasia of the jaw bone. Author(s): Yamamoto H, Sakae T. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1987 October; 37(10): 1699-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3434287

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Case report 769. Fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Malloy PC, Scott WW Jr, Hruban RH. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993; 22(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430350

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Case report 784: Fibrous dysplasia of the second pedal digit. Author(s): Vigorita V, D'Ambrosio F, Verde R, Kauderer C, Bryk E. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993 August; 22(6): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8248819

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Case report 800: Skeletal fibrous dysplasia associated with intramuscular myxoma (Mazabraud's syndrome). Author(s): Gober GA, Nicholas RW. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1993 August; 22(6): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8248822

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Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #54. Fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Kearney PJ. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1993 October; 64(10): 955-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8240203

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Cellular and molecular basis of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Marie PJ. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 2001 July; 16(3): 981-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510989

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Childhood fibrous dysplasia presenting as blindness: a skull base approach for resection and immediate reconstruction. Author(s): Posnick JC, Wells MD, Drake JM, Buncic JR, Armstrong D. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1993 September-October; 19(5): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8398851

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Comparative study of fibrous dysplasia and osteofibrous dysplasia: histopathological, immunohistochemical, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region and DNA ploidy analysis. Author(s): Maki M, Saitoh K, Horiuchi H, Morohoshi T, Fukayama M, Machinami R. Source: Pathology International. 2001 August; 51(8): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564214

Studies

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Computed tomography characteristics of non-syndromic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Chen YR, Wong FH, Hsueh C, Lo LJ. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 January; 25(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926581

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Computed tomography of Paget disease of the skull versus fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Tehranzadeh J, Fung Y, Donohue M, Anavim A, Pribram HW. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 December; 27(12): 664-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921927

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Concomitant fibrous dysplasia and aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull base. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Haddad GF, Hambali F, Mufarrij A, Nassar A, Haddad FS. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 March; 28(3): 147-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9705593

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Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Braccini F, Bacciu A, Bruzzo M, Pech-Gourg F, Thomassin JM. Source: Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 1999; 70(1-2): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11402810

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Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia complicated by acute, reversible visual loss: report of two cases. Author(s): Papadopoulos MC, Casey AT, Powell M. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 April; 12(2): 159-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11013671

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Cranio-facial fibrous dysplasia in a 38-year-old African woman: a case history. Author(s): Simon E, Matee M, Shubi F, Mselle T. Source: Oral Diseases. 1999 July; 5(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10483072

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Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia of the fronto-orbital region: a case series and literature review. Author(s): Ricalde P, Horswell BB. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 February; 59(2): 157-67; Discussion 167-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213984

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Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia showing marked involution postoperatively. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Tajima S, Maejima S, Umebayashi M. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 January; 30(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8333690

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Craniofacial surgery and optic canal decompression in adult fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Mahapatra AK, Gupta PK, Ravi RR. Source: Neurology India. 2003 March; 51(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865547

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Craniomaxillofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Ozek C, Gundogan H, Bilkay U, Tokat C, Gurler T, Songur E. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 May; 13(3): 382-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040205

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Cryosurgery in fibrous dysplasia: good result of a multimodality protocol in 16 patients. Author(s): Segev E, Kollender Y, Bickels J, Flusser G, Issakov J, Wientroub S, Meller I. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 73(4): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358128

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CT of the "Tegernsee Giant": juvenile gigantism and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Vogl TJ, Nerlich A, Dresel SH, Bergman C. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1994 March-April; 18(2): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8126293

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Cystic degeneration in fibrous dysplasia of the jaws: a case report. Author(s): Ferretti C, Coleman H, Dent M, Altini M. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 September; 88(3): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503865

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Cystic fibrous dysplasia mimicking giant cell tumor: MRI appearance. Author(s): Okada K, Yoshida S, Okane K, Sageshima M. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2000 January; 29(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10663589

Studies

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Dental characteristics of fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Akintoye SO, Lee JS, Feimster T, Booher S, Brahim J, Kingman A, Riminucci M, Robey PG, Collins MT. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 September; 96(3): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12973283

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Dental management of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Stephenson PA. Source: N Z Dent J. 1993 April; 89(395): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7898800

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Desmoplastic fibroma arising in fibrous dysplasia. Chromosomal analysis and review of the literature. Author(s): Bridge JA, Rosenthal H, Sanger WG, Neff JR. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 October; (247): 272-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2676299

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Desmoplastic fibroma of bone arising in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): West R, Huvos AG, Lane JM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 May; 79(5): 630-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6837528

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Diagnosis and treatment of an odontoid fracture in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: case report. Author(s): Stompro BE, Alksne JF, Press GA. Source: Neurosurgery. 1989 June; 24(6): 905-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2747866

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Different genotype of periosteal and endosteal cells of a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Kitoh H, Yamada Y, Nogami H. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 September; 36(9): 724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10507737

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Differential diagnosis of fibro-osseous jaw lesions (fibrous dysplasia vs. ossifying fibroma). Author(s): Meister HP, Lufft W, Schlegel D. Source: Beitr Pathol. 1973 March; 148(3): 221-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4700219

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Diseases affecting the jaws. 3. Giant cell lesions and fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Author(s): Batsakis JG, Rice DH. Source: Univ Mich Med Cent J. 1969 July-September; 35(3): 162-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5384684

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Effect of intravenous pamidronate on bone markers and local bone mineral density in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Parisi MS, Oliveri B, Mautalen CA. Source: Bone. 2003 October; 33(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555262

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Effect of pamidronate treatment in children with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Plotkin H, Rauch F, Zeitlin L, Munns C, Travers R, Glorieux FH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 October; 88(10): 4569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557424

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Effect of tiludronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. A case-report. Author(s): Balblanc JC, Vignon E. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 December; 66(12): 748-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649614

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with monostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Rao AA. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1979 July; 25(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=529175

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Electron microscopic studies of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Ohira O. Source: Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1981 May; 55(5): 497-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7288235

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Empty sella syndrome occurring with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the midface: report of a case. Author(s): Wood RE, Nortje CJ, Padayachee A. Source: Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 1987; 16(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3507319

Studies

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Enchondromata with annular calcification in association with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Sanerkin NG, Watt I. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1981 December; 54(648): 1027-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7296227

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Endonasal endoscopic management in fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Author(s): Ikeda K, Suzuki H, Oshima T, Shimomura A, Nakabayashi S, Takasaka T. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 November-December; 18(6): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395020

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Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Isenberg SF. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 December; 73(12): 926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7882885

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Epidermal naevus syndrome associated with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and central precocious puberty. Author(s): Yu AC, Ng V, Dicks-Mireaux C, Grant DB. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 February; 154(2): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7720734

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Epiphyseal involvement in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. A report of two cases. Author(s): Nixon GW, Condon VR. Source: Radiology. 1973 January; 106(1): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4682714

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Epistaxis in a standardbred weanling caused by fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Livesey MA, Keane DP, Sarmiento J. Source: Equine Veterinary Journal. 1984 March; 16(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6714217

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Establishment and characterization of a cell line from a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone developing in a patient with multiple fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Fang Z, Mukai H, Nomura K, Shinomiya K, Matsumoto S, Kawaguchi N, Kitagawa T, Kanda H. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2002 January; 128(1): 45-9. Epub 2001 October 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862471

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Estrogen receptors in bone in a patient with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCuneAlbright syndrome). Author(s): Kaplan FS, Fallon MD, Boden SD, Schmidt R, Senior M, Haddad JG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 August 18; 319(7): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3398893

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Etiology of fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Cohen MM Jr, Howell RE. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1999 October; 28(5): 36671. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10535539

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Exacerbation of fibrous dysplasia associated with an adolescent pregnancy. Author(s): Stevens-Simon C, Stewart J, Nakashima II, White M. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1991 July; 12(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1751511

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Exophytic variant of fibrous dysplasia (fibrous dysplasia protuberans). Author(s): Dorfman HD, Ishida T, Tsuneyoshi M. Source: Human Pathology. 1994 November; 25(11): 1234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7959669

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External cholesteaoma and fibrous dysplasia of temporal bone. Author(s): Magliulo G, Sepe C, Varacalli S, Gagliardi M. Source: An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 2000; 27(4): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105332

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Extradural optic nerve decompression for fibrous dysplasia with a favorable visual outcome. Author(s): Kurimoto M, Endo S, Onizuka K, Akai T, Takaku A. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996 February; 36(2): 102-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8907013

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Extratesticular dermoid cyst and fibrous dysplasia of epididymis. Author(s): Bloom DA, DiPietro MA, Gikas PW, McGuire EJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 May; 137(5): 996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3573207

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False-positive uptake of Tc-99m penta-DMSA in fibrous dysplasia of breast in a patient with medullary carcinoma of thyroid. Author(s): Mudun A, Unal S, Ilhan R, Aktay R, Demiryont M, Cantez S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1994 April; 19(4): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911752

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Fatty metamorphosis and other patterns in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Shidham VB, Chavan A, Rao RN, Komorowski RA, Asma Z. Source: Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders [electronic Resource]. 2003 August 28; 4(1): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946277

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FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting. Author(s): Riminucci M, Collins MT, Fedarko NS, Cherman N, Corsi A, White KE, Waguespack S, Gupta A, Hannon T, Econs MJ, Bianco P, Gehron Robey P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 September; 112(5): 683-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952917

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Fibrous dysplasia associated with cortical bony destruction: CT and MR findings. Author(s): Yao L, Eckardt JJ, Seeger LL. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1994 January-February; 18(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8282892

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Fibrous dysplasia complicated by aneurysmal bone cyst formation affecting multiple cervical vertebrae. Author(s): Lomasney LM, Basu A, Demos TC, Laskin W. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2003 September; 32(9): 533-6. Epub 2003 July 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898056

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Fibrous dysplasia in the frontoethmoidal complex: diagnosis and surgical aspects. Author(s): Van Rompaey D, Schmelzer B, Verstraete W, Cammaert T. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1994; 48(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8171999

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Fibrous dysplasia in the spine: prevalence of lesions and association with scoliosis. Author(s): Leet AI, Magur E, Lee JS, Wientroub S, Robey PG, Collins MT. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 March; 86-A(3): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996879

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Fibrous dysplasia in two siblings. Author(s): Sarkar AK, Ghosh AK, Chowdhury SN, Biswas SK, Bag SK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1993 March-April; 60(2): 301-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8244508

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Fibrous dysplasia masquerading as extramedullary relapse after bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Hon C, Kwok AK, Shek TW, Ho WK, Ng WM, Lie AK, Au WY. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 October; 44(10): 1823-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692542

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Fibrous dysplasia of rib. Author(s): Pazare AR, Paidhungat AJ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 February; 42(2): 167. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7860488

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Fibrous dysplasia of the clivus. Author(s): Sato K, Kubota T, Kaneko M, Kawano H, Kobayashi H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1993 December; 40(6): 522-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8235979

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Fibrous dysplasia of the frontal sinus. Author(s): Rojas R, Palacios E, Kaplan J, Wong LK. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2004 January; 83(1): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986750

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Fibrous dysplasia of the orbit. Author(s): Bibby K, McFadzean R. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 April; 78(4): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8199111

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Fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Author(s): Ferguson BJ. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 May-June; 15(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8024114

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Fibrous dysplasia of the rib presenting as a huge chest wall tumor: report of a case. Author(s): Chang BS, Lee SC, Harn HJ. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1994 July; 93(7): 633-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7866065

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Fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus and skull base presents in an adult with localized temporal headache. Author(s): Selmani Z, Aitasalo K, Ashammakhi N. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2004 March; 15(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15167246

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Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Ozbek C, Aygenc E, Fidan F, Tuna EU, Ozdem C. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 July; 112(7): 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12903689

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Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Reddy KT, Vinayak BC, Jefferis AF, Grieve DV. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1994 January; 103(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8291863

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Fibrous dysplasia with cartilaginous differentiation ("fibrocartilaginous dysplasia"): a review, with an illustrative case followed for 18 years. Author(s): Kyriakos M, McDonald DJ, Sundaram M. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2004 January; 33(1): 51-62. Epub 2003 November 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14647989

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Fronto-orbital sphenoidal fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Jan M, Dweik A, Destrieux C, Djebbari Y. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 March; 34(3): 544-7; Discussion 547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190234

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Ga-67 uptake in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Kapadia K, Florio F, Heyman S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 October; 21(10): 797-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896930

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Gallium-67 uptake in fibrous dysplasia of the bone. Author(s): Hoshi H, Futami S, Ohnishi T, Nagamachi S, Jinnouchi S, Murai N, Watanabe K. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1990 March; 4(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2206770

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General practitioner's radiology casebook VII. Mandibular fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Wood RE, Nortje CJ. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1988 February; 43(2): 41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3269061

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General practitioner's radiology casebook X. Fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla and zygoma. Author(s): Wood RE, Nortje CJ. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1988 May; 43(5): 251. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3269073

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Giant bilateral fibrous dysplasia of first ribs: compression of mediastinum and thoracic outlet. Author(s): Thomas de Montpreville V, Dulmet E, Ponlot R, Dartevelle P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 June; 8(6): 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7589367

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Giant fibrous dysplasia of the mandible: surgical management. Author(s): Kreutziger KL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1989 June; 99(6 Pt 1): 618-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2725157

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Giant monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Author(s): Otu AA. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1985 April; 30(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4020720

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Gigantic monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the right humerus. A plea for advice on management. Author(s): O'Connor BT, Ross R. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1980; 96(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7425813

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Gigantism and hyperprolactinemia in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Mc Cune-Albright syndrome). Author(s): Polychronakos C, Tsoukas G, Ducharme JR, Letarte J, Collu R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1982 September-October; 5(5): 323-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7153476

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Glucocorticoids decrease interleukin-6 levels and induce mineralization of cultured osteogenic cells from children with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Stanton RP, Hobson GM, Montgomery BE, Moses PA, Smith-Kirwin SM, Funanage VL. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1999 July; 14(7): 1104-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404010

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Growth hormone excess and sexual precocity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome): evidence for abnormal hypothalamic function. Author(s): Lightner ES, Penny R, Frasier SD. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 December; 87(6 Pt 1): 922-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1185394

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Gsalpha gene mutations in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone and fibrous dysplasia-like low-grade central osteosarcoma. Author(s): Pollandt K, Engels C, Kaiser E, Werner M, Delling G. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 August; 439(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561757

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Harada's disease associated with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Maxwell DP Jr, Stonecipher K, Karcioglu ZA, Cole HP 3rd, Haik BG. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1990 July; 22(7): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2203296

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Hemibody uptake on bone scintigraphy in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Rudenko B, Klingelschmitt S, Aubry S, Bamba M, Boulahdour H. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 December; 28(12): 992-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663327

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Hemorrhage into fibrous dysplasia following minor head injury--effective decompression for the ophthalmic artery and optic nerve. Author(s): Kurokawa Y, Sohma T, Tsuchita H, Kitami K, Suzuki S, Sohma K. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1989 December; 32(6): 421-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2700051

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Hereditary fibrous dysplasia of the jaws (cherubism): report of case. Author(s): Cannon ML, Spiegel RE, Cooley RO. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1983 July-August; 50(4): 292-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578225

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High resolution computed tomography: Part 6. Craniofacial Paget's disease and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Swartz JD, Vanderslice RB, Korsvik H, Saluk PH, Popky GL, Marlowe FI, Wolfson RJ. Source: Head Neck Surg. 1985 September-October; 8(1): 40-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4066367

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Hip problems in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Funk FJ Jr, Wells RE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1973 January-February; 90: 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4689132

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HMPAO scintigraphy, MRI, and CT of a vascular fibrous dysplasia of the craniofacial bones. Author(s): Conrad GR, Dean BL, Baumann RJ, Seabold JE. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1991 October; 16(10): 743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742927

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Hydroxyapatite cranioplasty in fibrous dysplasia of the skull. Author(s): Vories A, Mansfield E. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 January; 80(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11209516

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Hypersecretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones: a possible explanation of the endocrine manifestations of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Albright's syndrome). Author(s): Hall R, Warrick C. Source: Lancet. 1972 June 17; 1(7764): 1313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4113403

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Idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: report of a case. Author(s): Huang TS, Chang CC, Lai SM, Chen FW. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1990 April; 89(4): 310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976749

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Idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Shires R, Whyte MP, Avioli LV. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 October; 139(10): 1187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=485758

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Images and diagnoses. Fibrous dysplasia with healed oblique pathological fracture through the mid-shaft of the left femur. Author(s): West WM. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2002 March; 51(1): 45, 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12089878

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Images and diagnoses. Osteoid osteoma in a patient with fibrous dysplasia of the right radius. Author(s): West WM. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2000 September; 49(3): 237, 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11076218

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Images in clinical medicine. A quarter-century of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): De Jesus H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 July 10; 349(2): E2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12853600

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Increased bone mineral turnover without increased glucose utilization in sclerotic and hyperplastic change in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Toba M, Hayashida K, Imakita S, Fukuchi K, Kume N, Shimotsu Y, Cho I, Ishida Y, Takamiya M, Kumita S. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1998 June; 12(3): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673717

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Increased expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene in bone from patients with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Candeliere GA, Glorieux FH, Prud'homme J, St-Arnaud R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 June 8; 332(23): 1546-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7739708

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Increased proliferation of osteoblastic cells expressing the activating Gs alpha mutation in monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Marie PJ, de Pollak C, Chanson P, Lomri A. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1997 March; 150(3): 1059-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9060842

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Inherited craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Pierce AM, Wilson DF, Goss AN. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 October; 60(4): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3864099

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Instrumentation for correction and fixation of scoliosis in fibrous dysplasia of the thoracolumbar spine. Author(s): Janus GJ, Engelbert RH, Pruijs JE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1998; 7(3): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9684964

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Interdisciplinary team approach to the dental management of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Hurd A. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 1999 Summer; 90(1): 30-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10726493

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Intracerebral abscess secondary to frontal mucocele with underlying fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Palacios E, Rojas R, Ramirez G. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2004 April; 83(4): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15147088

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Intraligamental analgesia in monostotic fibrous dysplasia--a case report. Author(s): Kourie J, Zenon D. Source: Diastema. 1986; 14: 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3470231

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Intramedullary rodding and bisphosphonate treatment of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): O'Sullivan M, Zacharin M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2002 March-April; 22(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856942

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Intramuscular myxoma and fibrous dysplasia of bone--Mazabraud's syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Court-Payen M, Ingemann Jensen L, Bjerregaard B, Schwarz Lausten G, Skjoldbye B. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1997 May; 38(3): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9191425

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Intramuscular myxoma: a rare but important association with fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Sundaram M, McDonald DJ, Merenda G. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1989 July; 153(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2735277

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Intraoral expansion of normal bone resembling fibrous dysplasia: case report. Author(s): Belfiglio EJ, Cuenin PR, Fox LJ. Source: Ann Dent. 1987 Winter; 46(2): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3481528

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Intravenous pamidronate treatment of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with the McCune Albright syndrome. Author(s): Zacharin M, O'Sullivan M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 September; 137(3): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969268

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Is McCune-Albright syndrome overlooked in subjects with fibrous dysplasia of bone? Author(s): Hannon TS, Noonan K, Steinmetz R, Eugster EA, Levine MA, Pescovitz OH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 May; 142(5): 532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756386

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Isolated unilateral fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus. Author(s): Mladina R, Manojlovic S, Markov-Glavas D, Heinrich Z. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 December; 108(12): 1181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10605926

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Juvenile gigantism plus polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in the Tegernsee giant. Author(s): Nerlich A, Peschel O, Lohrs U, Parsche F, Betz P. Source: Lancet. 1991 October 5; 338(8771): 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1681239

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Kyphoscoliosis in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. A case report. Author(s): Shikata J, Yamamuro T, Shimizu K, Shimizu K, Akiyama H. Source: Spine. 1992 December; 17(12): 1534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471018

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Life-size, computer-generated skull replica to assist surgery of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Sugawara Y, Harii K, Hirabayashi S, Sakurai A. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1997 December; 25(6): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504304

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Localized craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in a young girl. Author(s): Hilte F, Dua G, Fidlers L, Kockx M, De Herdt P, Appel B. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1991; 74(3): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797785

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Long-term aminobisphosphonate treatment of fibrous dysplasia: spectacular increase in bone density. Author(s): Weinstein RS. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1997 August; 12(8): 1314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258763

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Long-term effects of intravenous pamidronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Liens D, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 16; 343(8903): 953-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7909013

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Long-term effects of intravenous pamidronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Chapurlat RD, Delmas PD, Liens D, Meunier PJ. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1997 October; 12(10): 1746-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9333137

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Low-grade central osteosarcoma resembling fibrous dysplasia. A report of two cases. Author(s): Franceschina MJ, Hankin RC, Irwin RB. Source: Am J Orthop. 1997 June; 26(6): 432-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193698

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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the tibia. Author(s): Karr JC, Black JA, Bernard JM. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 June; 91(6): 306-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11420349

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Magnetic resonance imaging findings of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Yano M, Tajima S, Tanaka Y, Imai K, Umebayashi M. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 April; 30(4): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8512297

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Malignancies in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Ruggieri P, Sim FH, Bond JR, Unni KK. Source: Cancer. 1994 March 1; 73(5): 1411-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8111708

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Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia into chondroblastic osteosarcoma. Author(s): Kaushik S, Smoker WR, Frable WJ. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2002 February; 31(2): 103-6. Epub 2001 November 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828332

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Massive chondroid differentiation in fibrous dysplasia of bone (fibrocartilaginous dysplasia) Author(s): Ishida T, Dorfman HD. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1993 September; 17(9): 924-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352377

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Melatonin deficiency and fibrous dysplasia: might a relation exist? Author(s): Abdel-Wanis ME, Tsuchiya H. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 November; 59(5): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376077

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Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia of the femur. Author(s): Blackwell JB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 October; 46(10): 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8227418

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Metabolic changes in osteoclasts isolated from children with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Pensler JM, Langman CB. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 1993 June; 12(5): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517927

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the hand. A case report. Author(s): Caso Martinez J, Agote Jemein JA, Aran Santamaria C, Lopez Unzu A. Source: Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1994; 13(4): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7528040

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the clivus: MRI and CT findings. Author(s): Sirvanci M, Karaman K, Onat L, Duran C, Ulusoy OL. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 October; 44(10): 847-50. Epub 2002 September 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389136

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the orbit: an unusual lacrimal fossa mass. Author(s): McCluskey P, Wingate R, Benger R, McCarthy S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 January; 77(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435402

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone with associated lymphadenopathy. Author(s): Donnelly MJ, McShane DP, Burns H. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 May; 73(5): 328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8045238

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the thoracic spine. Author(s): Nabarro MN, Giblin PE. Source: Spine. 1994 February 15; 19(4): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8178238

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the thoracic spine: clinopathological description and follow up. Case report. Author(s): Arazi M, Guney O, Ozdemir M, Uluoglu O, Uzum N. Source: J Neurosurg Spine. 2004 April; 100(4): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070149

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia originating from ethmoid bone: treatment with endoscopic approach. Author(s): Kutluhan A, Kiroglu AF, Yurttas V, Arslan H, Ozen S. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2004 February; 113(2): 13941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994770

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Monostotic fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia with convulsion--case report. Author(s): Kanda M, Yuhki I, Murakami Y, Hasegawa Y, Kanki T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 January; 42(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902076

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Monostotic lumbar manifestation of fibrous dysplasia--a rare entity. Author(s): Hertel F, Hopf T, Feiden W, Bettag M, Walter C, Delling G. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 November; 145(11): 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628210

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MR appearance of cystic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Fisher AJ, Totty WG, Kyriakos M. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1994 March-April; 18(2): 315-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8126292

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MR imaging of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the clivus. A case report. Author(s): Maeda M, Kimura H, Tsuchida C, Ishii Y, Kubota T. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1993 September; 34(5): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369194

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MRI in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Casselman JW, De Jonge I, Neyt L, De Clercq C, D'Hont G. Source: Neuroradiology. 1993; 35(3): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8459931

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Natural history and treatment of fibrous dysplasia of bone: a multicenter clinicopathologic study promoted by the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. Author(s): Ippolito E, Bray EW, Corsi A, De Maio F, Exner UG, Robey PG, Grill F, Lala R, Massobrio M, Pinggera O, Riminucci M, Snela S, Zambakidis C, Bianco P; European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2003 May; 12(3): 155-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703030

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Neurofibromatosis 1 and osseous fibrous dysplasia in a family. Author(s): Schotland HM, Eldridge R, Sommer SS, Malawar M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 July 15; 43(5): 815-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1642269

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Neurological complications of fibrous dysplasia of the skull. Author(s): Sassin JF, Rosenberg RN. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1968 April; 18(4): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5638539

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Non-epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. II. Osseous and fibro-osseous lesions, including osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, osteoblastoma, giant cell tumor, and osteosarcoma. Author(s): Fu YS, Perzin KH. Source: Cancer. 1974 May; 33(5): 1289-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4207295

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Normal vision despite narrowing of the optic canal in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Lee JS, FitzGibbon E, Butman JA, Dufresne CR, Kushner H, Wientroub S, Robey PG, Collins MT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 November 21; 347(21): 1670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444181

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Nuclear medicine case of the day. Fibrous dysplasia in a patient with neurofibromatosis. Author(s): Hansen AV, Delbeke D. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1992 June; 158(6): 1384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1590161

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Oblique wedge osteotomy for femoral diaphyseal deformity in fibrous dysplasia: a case report. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Hashimoto Y, Mizuno K. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 March; (384): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249172

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Occipital fibrous dysplasia tonsillar herniation and cervical syringomyelia. Author(s): Chandy MJ. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 April; 13(2): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10616597

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Octreotide effect on hypersecretion of growth hormone in a patient with fibrous dysplasia: a case report. Author(s): Chen HS, Hwu CM, Shih KC, Kwok CF, Ho LT. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1999 August; 62(8): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10462834

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Ophthalmic manifestations of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Lee AG, Michael CB, Blacklock JB. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 May; 106(5): 858-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328378

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Ophthalmic manifestations of fibrous dysplasia: a disease of children and adults. Author(s): Katz BJ, Nerad JA. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 December; 105(12): 2207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9855148

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Optic nerve decompression in fibrous dysplasia: indications, efficacy, and safety. Author(s): Seiff SR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 November; 100(6): 1611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385983

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Optic nerve decompression in fibrous dysplasia: indications, efficacy, and safety. Author(s): Chen YR, Breidahl A, Chang CN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 January; 99(1): 22-30; Discussion 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8982183

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Oral bisphosphonates in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Khadilkar VV, Khadilkar AV, Maskati GB. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 September; 40(9): 894-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530553

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Oral pathology quiz #33. Case 1. Fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Mardirossian G, Milles M. Source: J N J Dent Assoc. 2001 Summer; 72(3): 32-3, 36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699063

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Orbital fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Gogi R, Nath K, Krishna G. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1976 October; 24(3): 18-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1031400

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Orbital reconstruction in fibrous dysplasia--a case report. Author(s): Misra M, Mohanty AB, Rath S. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1990 January-March; 38(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365440

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Orthognathic surgery in craniomaxillofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Yeow VK, Chen YR. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 1999 March; 10(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10388417

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Osteoblastic cells derived from isolated lesions of fibrous dysplasia contain activating somatic mutations of the Gs alpha gene. Author(s): Shenker A, Chanson P, Weinstein LS, Chi P, Spiegel AM, Lomri A, Marie PJ. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1995 September; 4(9): 1675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8541861

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Osteoclastogenesis in fibrous dysplasia of bone: in situ and in vitro analysis of IL-6 expression. Author(s): Riminucci M, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Corsi A, Bianco P, Gehron Robey P. Source: Bone. 2003 September; 33(3): 434-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678786

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Osteogenic sarcoma arising from bony regenerate following Ilizarov femoral lengthening through fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Harris NL, Eilert RE, Davino N, Ruyle S, Edwardson M, Wilson V. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1994 January-February; 14(1): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8113362

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Osteomalacic and hyperparathyroid changes in fibrous dysplasia of bone: core biopsy studies and clinical correlations. Author(s): Corsi A, Collins MT, Riminucci M, Howell PG, Boyde A, Robey PG, Bianco P. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2003 July; 18(7): 1235-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854833

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Osteomyelitis, malignant disease, and fibrous dysplasia. Some radiologic similarities and differences. Author(s): Worth HM, Stoneman DW. Source: Dent Radiogr Photogr. 1977; 50(1): 1-8, 12-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=264832

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Osteosarcoma and fibrous dysplasia: radiographic features in the differential diagnosis: a case report. Author(s): Bohay RN, Daley T. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1993 November; 59(11): 931-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8252452

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Osteosarcoma in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Taconis WK. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1988; 17(3): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3163851

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Osteosarcoma. Low-grade intraosseous-type osteosarcoma, histologically resembling parosteal osteosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, and desmoplastic fibroma. Author(s): Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Fabbri N, Mercuri M, Picci P, Ruggieri P, Campanacci M. Source: Cancer. 1993 January 15; 71(2): 338-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8422626

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Paget's disease and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Hullar TE, Lustig LR. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003 August; 36(4): 707-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567061

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Paget's disease and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Ryan WG. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1990 February; 2(1): 8-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2223461

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Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Ryan WG. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1992 June; 4(3): 410-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1599823

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Paget's disease of bone, osteogenesis imperfecta, and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Smith R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 February 5; 1(6057): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=837101

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Pamidronate treatment in bone fibrous dysplasia in children and adolescents with McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Matarazzo P, Lala R, Masi G, Andreo M, Altare F, de Sanctis C. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 15 Suppl 3: 929-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199352

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Pamidronate treatment of bone fibrous dysplasia in nine children with McCuneAlbright syndrome. Author(s): Lala R, Matarazzo P, Bertelloni S, Buzi F, Rigon F, de Sanctis C. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 February; 89(2): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709889

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Panostotic fibrous dysplasia. A new craniotubular dysplasia. Author(s): Leslie WD, Reinhold C, Rosenthall L, Tau C, Glorieux FH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1992 July; 17(7): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1638836

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Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the aetiology of fibrous dysplasia of bone in the McCune Albright syndrome. Author(s): Fraser WD, Walsh CA, Birch MA, Durham B, Dillon JP, McCreavy D, Gallagher JA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 November; 53(5): 621-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11106924

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Pathologic quiz case 2. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Talmi YP, Finkelstein Y, Bar-Ziv J, Halpern M, Gal R, Zohar Y. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 September; 115(9): 1136-7, 1139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2765239

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Polymerase chain reaction-based technique for the selective enrichment and analysis of mosaic arg201 mutations in G alpha s from patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Candeliere GA, Roughley PJ, Glorieux FH. Source: Bone. 1997 August; 21(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267696

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Polyostotic coexisting fibrous dysplasia and aneurysmal bone cyst of the chest wall. Author(s): Tresserra F, Rami R, Salas A, Domingo A, Forcada P, Gonzalez-Pont G, Tarroch X, Cuesta M. Source: The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 1993 October; 41(5): 321-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8303704

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with extensive linear epidermal naevi. Author(s): Rustin MH, Bunker CB, Gilkes JJ, Robinson TW, Dowd PM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 September; 14(5): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2612042

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia associated with intramuscular myxomas: Mazabraud's syndrome. Author(s): Cabral CE, Guedes P, Fonseca T, Rezende JF, Cruz Junior LC, Smith J. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 May; 27(5): 278-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638839

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in McCune-Albright syndrome diagnosed by bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Sisayan R, Lorberboym M, Hermann G. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1997 June; 22(6): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193821

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with craniofacial localization presenting with frontal lobe compression in a 14-year-old girl. Author(s): Yuceer N, Kutluhan A, Bekerecioglu M, Arslan H, Akman E. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1999; 141(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189504

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. A long-term follow up of 8 patients. Author(s): Ozaki T, Sugihara M, Nakatsuka Y, Kawai A, Inoue H. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1996; 20(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8872545

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: an unusual presentation in childhood. Author(s): Posnick JC, Hughes CA, Milmoe G, Dolan R. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1996 December; 54(12): 1458-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957128

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Positivity of extrapulmonary Ga-67 uptake in sarcoidosis: thyroid uptake due to chronic thyroiditis and bone uptake due to fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Matsuoka S, Uchiyama K, Shima H, Oishi S, Nojiri Y, Ueno N. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2001 December; 15(6): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11831403

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Preoperative difficulties in differentiating intraosseous meningiomas and fibrous dysplasia around the orbital apex. Author(s): Hansen-Knarhoi M, Poole MD. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1994 August; 22(4): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962570

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Primary hyperparathyroidism-associated polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: absence of McCune-Albright syndrome mutations. Author(s): Hammami MM, al-Zahrani A, Butt A, Vencer LJ, Hussain SS. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1997 October; 20(9): 552-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413810

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Radical treatment for fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia: the chain-link fence. Author(s): Munro IR, Chen YR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 June; 67(6): 719-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7243972

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Radiographic differentiation of osteogenic sarcoma, osteomyelitis, and fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Author(s): Petrikowski CG, Pharoah MJ, Lee L, Grace MG. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 December; 80(6): 744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8680984

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Radiologic case study. Monomelic presentation of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Nguyen KP, Sundaram M. Source: Orthopedics. 1994 August; 17(8): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971529

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Radiologic case study. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Lucas E, Sundaram M, Boccini T. Source: Orthopedics. 1995 March; 18(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7761325

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Radiological case of the month. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Talmi YP, Ziv JB, Shimberg R, Finkelstein Y, Zohar Y, Wood BP. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 November; 143(11): 1351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816865

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Radiological case of the month: Fibrous dysplasia with Albright's syndrome. Author(s): Naraval R, Weiner CI. Source: Md State Med J. 1976 November; 25(11): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=979357

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Radiological difficulties in the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus and the cranial base. Author(s): Khalil HS, Toynton S, Steventon N, Adams W, Gibson J. Source: Rhinology. 2001 March; 39(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11340697

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Radiology case of the month. Multiple bubbly bony lesions. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Hall L, Ram SK, Wilson S, Neitzschman HR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 March-April; 154(2): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014453

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Radiology case of the month. Painful right hip. Fibrous dysplasia of the intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric region of right femur. Author(s): Hubbert TE, Neitzschman HR, De Mouy EH. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1998 November; 150(11): 521-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9861802

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Radiology quiz case 1. Isolated fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoid sinus. Author(s): Gillman G, Bryson PC, Rao UN. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2004 April; 130(4): 479, 4812. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15096436

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Radiology rounds. Fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): McLennan MK, Margolis M. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1993 January; 39: 29, 217. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435560

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Radionuclide bone imaging as an aid in the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia: report of case. Author(s): Shuster HL, Sadowsky D, Friedman JM. Source: J Oral Surg. 1979 April; 37(4): 267-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=285232

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Recurrent chromosome aberrations in fibrous dysplasia of the bone: a report of the CHAMP study group. CHromosomes And MorPhology. Author(s): Dal Cin P, Sciot R, Brys P, De Wever I, Dorfman H, Fletcher CD, Jonsson K, Mandahl N, Mertens F, Mitelman F, Rosai J, Rydholm A, Samson I, Tallini G, Van den Berghe H, Vanni R, Willen H. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2000 October 1; 122(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11104029

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Remodeling of the tibia after grafting of a large cavity with particulate bioactive glass-hydroxylapatite--case report on treatment of fibrous dysplasia with 13 years' follow-up. Author(s): Aho AJ, Suominen E, Alanen A, Yli-Urpo A, Knuuti J, Aho HJ. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 74(6): 766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763713

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Renal infarction secondary to fibrous dysplasia and aneurysm formation of renal artery. Author(s): Siegelbaum MH, Weiss JP. Source: Urology. 1990 January; 35(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2296823

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Renal phosphate wasting in fibrous dysplasia of bone is part of a generalized renal tubular dysfunction similar to that seen in tumor-induced osteomalacia. Author(s): Collins MT, Chebli C, Jones J, Kushner H, Consugar M, Rinaldo P, Wientroub S, Bianco P, Robey PG. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 May; 16(5): 806-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341325

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Reproduction of human fibrous dysplasia of bone in immunocompromised mice by transplanted mosaics of normal and Gsalpha-mutated skeletal progenitor cells. Author(s): Bianco P, Kuznetsov SA, Riminucci M, Fisher LW, Spiegel AM, Robey PG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 April 15; 101(8): 1737-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9541505

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Residents' corner. Answer to case of the month #12. McCune-Albright syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia). Author(s): Duong H, Azouz EM. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1992 April; 43(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1562893

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Reversible visual loss caused by fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Weisman JS, Hepler RS, Vinters HV. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 September 15; 110(3): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2396647

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Roentgen rounds #80. Fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): London J, Cone RO, Gilula LA. Source: Orthop Rev. 1986 February; 15(2): 111-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3453447

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Salmonella osteomyelitis presenting as fibrous dysplasia. A case report. Author(s): Sanchez AA, Mazurek MT, Clapper MF. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 September; (330): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804290

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Scintigraphic evaluation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Johns WD, Gupta SM, Kayani N. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1987 August; 12(8): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665301

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Scintigraphic manifestation of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Machida K, Makita K, Nishikawa J, Ohtake T, Iio M. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1986 June; 11(6): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3720157

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Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst simulating malignant transformation in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Bandiera S, Bacchini P, Bertoni F. Source: Orthopedics. 2000 November; 23(11): 1205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11103968

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Segmentary fibrous dysplasia manifesting as macrodactyly. Author(s): Keymolen K, De Smet L, Kenis H, Fryns JP. Source: Genet Couns. 1999; 10(4): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10631925

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Sequential computed tomography images demonstrating characteristic changes in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Tokano H, Sugimoto T, Noguchi Y, Kitamura K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 September; 115(9): 757-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564313

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Severe hyperparathyroidism associated with fibrous dysplasia: a case report. Author(s): Arik N, Biriken D, Akpolat T, Sungur C, Coskun C, Basoglu T, Keskin M, Sahin M, Toller MO. Source: Nephron. 1996; 74(2): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893201

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Shepherd's Crook deformities of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia treated by osteotomy and Zickel nail fixation. Author(s): Connolly JF. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1977 March-April; (123): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=852177

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Soft-tissue myxomas and fibrous dysplasia of bone. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Prayson MA, Leeson MC. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1993 June; (291): 222-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504604

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SPECT imaging in a patient with monostotic rib fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Jimenez CE, Moreno AJ, Pacheco EJ, Carpenter AL. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 June; 21(6): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8744194

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Spontaneous malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Xu D, Luan H, Zhan A, Feng W, Sun X, Meng F. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1996 December; 109(12): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9275327

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Steroid-induced visual recovery in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Arroyo JG, Lessell S, Montgomery WW. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1991 December; 11(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1838545

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Surgery of massive fibrous dysplasia and osteoma of the midface. Author(s): Ragab MA, Mathog RH. Source: Head Neck Surg. 1987 March-April; 9(4): 202-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3667297

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Surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of bone in McCune-Albright syndrome. Author(s): Ippolito E, Caterini R, Farsetti P, Potenza V. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 15 Suppl 3: 939-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199353

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Surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the cranio-maxillo-facial area. Review of the literature and personal experience form 1984 to 1999. Author(s): Becelli R, Perugini M, Cerulli G, Carboni A, Renzi G. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 2002 July-August; 51(7-8): 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434124

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Surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the skull in children. Author(s): Maher CO, Friedman JA, Meyer FB, Lynch JJ, Unni K, Raffel C. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 37(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145517

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Surgical treatment of nasal obstruction secondary to craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Stompro BE, Bunkis J. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1990 January; 85(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2293718

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Symptomatic fibrous dysplasia of the right first rib excised via a posterolateral thoracotomy. Author(s): Payne-James JJ, Walesby RK. Source: Thorax. 1986 July; 41(7): 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3787540

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Symptomatic monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the thoracic spine. Author(s): Oba M, Nakagami W, Maeda M, Kobayashi K. Source: Spine. 1998 March 15; 23(6): 741-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9549798

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Systemic fibrous dysplasia involving multiple bones in human body. Report of 4 cases. Author(s): Xu DY, Zhan AL, Feng WH. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 November; 106(11): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8143501

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Tc-99m HMDP and Ga-67 imaging along with CT and MRI in fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Author(s): Ohta H, Hojo M, Shintaku M, Komibuchi T, Okamoto S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1997 May; 22(5): 328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152539

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Temporal bone fibrous dysplasia and cholesteatoma leading to the development of a parapharyngeal abscess. Author(s): Yagoda MR, Selesnick SH. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 January; 108(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8133169

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The "Taiwanese giant": hormonal and genetic influences in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Szwajkun P, Chen YR, Yeow VK, Breidahl AF. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 July; 41(1): 75-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9678473

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The histopathology of fibrous dysplasia of bone in patients with activating mutations of the Gs alpha gene: site-specific patterns and recurrent histological hallmarks. Author(s): Riminucci M, Liu B, Corsi A, Shenker A, Spiegel AM, Robey PG, Bianco P. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 January; 187(2): 249-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10365102

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The identification of monoclonality in fibrous dysplasia by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for the human androgen receptor gene. Author(s): Mikami M, Koizumi H, Ishii M, Nakajima H. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 444(1): 56-60. Epub 2003 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576938

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The nonsurgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Chapurlat R, Meunier PJ. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 January; 66(1): 1-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10036690

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The role of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Zhibin Y, Quanyong L, Libo C, Jun Z, Hankui L, Jifang Z, Ruisen Z. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2004 March; 29(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15162988

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The treatment of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the first metatarsal with free vascularized fibular bone graft. Author(s): Tomczak RL, Johnson RE, Hamilton J. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1993 November-December; 32(6): 604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8130791

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Thoracic outlet syndrome due to monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the first rib. Author(s): Karanjia ND, Sayer RE. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1990 April; 35(2): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2355375

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Titanium miniplate fixation for osteotomies in facial fibrous dysplasia--a histologic study of the screw/bone interface. Author(s): Cheung LK, Samman N, Pang M, Tideman H. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1995 December; 24(6): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8636634

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Total reconstruction and rehabilitation with vascularized fibula graft and osseointegrated teeth implantation after segmental mandibulectomy for fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Chang YM, Shen YF, Lin HN, Tsai AH, Tsai CY, Wei FC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 April 1; 113(4): 1205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083021

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Transnasal endoscopic surgery for the treatment of fibrous dysplasia of maxillary sinus associated to aneurysmal bone cyst in a 5-year-old child. Author(s): Pasquini E, Ceroni Compadretti G, Sciarretta V, Ippolito A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 January 11; 62(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738696

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Treatment of craniomaxillofacial fibrous dysplasia: how early and how extensive? Author(s): Chen YR, Noordhoff MS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1990 November; 86(5): 835-42; Discussion 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2236309

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Treatment of fibrous dysplasia involving the proximal femur. Author(s): Shih HN, Chen YJ, Huang TJ, Hsu KY, Hsu RW. Source: Orthopedics. 1998 December; 21(12): 1263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9867300

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Treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the mandible with radical excision and immediate reconstruction: case report. Author(s): Zenn MR, Zuniga J. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2001 May; 12(3): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358100

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Treatment of monostotic fibrous dysplasia with pamidronate. Author(s): Kos M, Luczak K, Godzinski J, Klempous J. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2004 February; 32(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729043

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Trigeminal neuralgia-like pain in an aged woman with fibrous dysplasia of the skull base. Author(s): Bollen E, Vielvoye J, Van Dijk JG, Roos RA. Source: Headache. 1990 April; 30(5): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2354950

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Tuberous sclerosis and fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Gasparetto EL, de Carvalho Neto A, Bruck I, Antoniuk S. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 May; 24(5): 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748080

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Two cases of secondary angiosarcoma arising from fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Fukuroku J, Kusuzaki K, Murata H, Nakamura S, Takeshita H, Hirata M, Hashiguchi S, Hirasawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 September-October; 19(5C): 4451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10650791

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Two stage reconstruction for the Shepherd's crook deformity in a case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Nagda TV, Singh H, Kandoi M, Samant A, Patel BR. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 July-September; 43(3): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10740732

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Ultrastructure of fibrous dysplasia of bone: a study of its fibrous, osseous, and cartilaginous components. Author(s): Greco MA, Steiner GC. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 1986; 10(1): 55-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3961924

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Unilateral blindness after ipsilateral prophylactic transcranial optic canal decompression for fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Edelstein C, Goldberg RA, Rubino G. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 September; 126(3): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744390

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Unilateral extradural approach for bilateral optic canal release in a patient with fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Saito K, Suzuki Y, Nehashi K, Sugita K. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1990 August; 34(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2367932

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Unilateral proptosis due to fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Natchiar G. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1976 July; 24(2): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1031394

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Unilateral proptosis due to monostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Retter RH. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1976 January; 8(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1247261

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Unusual manifestations of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia: clinical, endocrinological and computed tomographic features. Author(s): Daly BD, Chow CC, Cockram CS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 January; 70(819): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8140010

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Unusual presentation of fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Calhoun KH, Stiernberg CM, Clark WD, Bailey BJ. Source: Tex Med. 1987 July; 83(7): 47-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3629523

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Unusual presentation of progressive eye movement disturbance in a patient with unilateral cranioorbital fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Chan TK, Agius-Fernandez A, Best PV. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1998 January-February; 35(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9503322

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Unusual treatment of an aggressive polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with a 3-year follow-up. Author(s): Forman D, Leiblich S, Berger J, Gold BD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 August; 70(2): 150-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2290640

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Use of intranasal endoscopic surgery to relieve ostiomeatal complex obstruction in fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Author(s): Kessler A, Berenholz LP, Segal S. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1998; 255(9): 454-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9833213

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Variation of fibrous dysplasia in the jaws. Author(s): Obwegeser HL, Freihofer HP Jr, Horejs J. Source: J Maxillofac Surg. 1973 September; 1(3): 161-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4520654

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Vascularised bone grafting for fibrous dysplasia of the upper limb. Author(s): Kumta SM, Leung PC, Griffith JF, Kew J, Chow LT. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2000 April; 82(3): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813179

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Visual loss associated with fibrous dysplasia of the anterior skull base. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Michael CB, Lee AG, Patrinely JR, Stal S, Blacklock JB. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 February; 92(2): 350-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10659026

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Visualization of fibrous dysplasia during somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Author(s): Chen CC, Czerwiec FS, Feuillan PP. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 February; 39(2): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9476926

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What's your diagnosis, doctor? Monastotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Weinberg S. Source: Oral Health. 1975 April; 65(4): 70, 72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1055354

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Widened vascular grooves in fibrous dysplasia of the skull. Author(s): Rosencrantz M. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1969; 9: 95-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5381082

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIBROUS DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fibrous dysplasia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Fibrous Dysplasia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fibrous dysplasia” (or a synonym): •

Long-term effects of intravenous pamidronate in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Department of Rheumatology and Bone Diseases, Hopital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. Source: Chapurlat, R D Delmas, P D Liens, D Meunier, P J J-Bone-Miner-Res. 1997 October; 12(10): 1746-52 0884-0431

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Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the lumbar spine. Author(s): Rheumatology Department, Trousseau Teaching Hospital, Tours, France. Source: Avimadje, A M Goupille, P Zerkak, D Begnard, G Brunais Besse, J Valat, J P Joint-Bone-Spine. 2000 January; 67(1): 65-70 1297-319X

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Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the aetiology of fibrous dysplasia of bone in the McCune Albright syndrome. Author(s): University Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK. Source: Fraser, W D Walsh, C A Birch, M A Durham, B Dillon, J P McCreavy, D Gallagher, J A Clin-Endocrinol-(Oxf). 2000 November; 53(5): 621-8 0300-0664

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Polymerase chain reaction-based technique for the selective enrichment and analysis of mosaic arg201 mutations in G alpha s from patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone. Author(s): Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Candeliere, G A Roughley, P J Glorieux, F H Bone. 1997 August; 21(2): 201-6 8756-3282

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with contrasting responses to calcitonin and mithramycin: aetiological and therapeutic implications. Source: Long, A Loughlin, T Towers, R P McKenna, T J Ir-J-Med-Sci. 1988 July; 157(7): 229-34 0021-1265

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Renal phosphate wasting in fibrous dysplasia of bone is part of a generalized renal tubular dysfunction similar to that seen in tumor-induced osteomalacia. Author(s): Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4320, USA. Source: Collins, M T Chebli, C Jones, J Kushner, H Consugar, M Rinaldo, P Wientroub, S Bianco, P Robey, P G J-Bone-Miner-Res. 2001 May; 16(5): 806-13 0884-0431

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

53

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIBROUS DYSPLASIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fibrous dysplasia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fibrous dysplasia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fibrous dysplasia: •

Albright's syndrome with rickets. Author(s): McArthur RG, Hayles AB, Lambert PW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1979 May; 54(5): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=431133

•

Comparing flow cytometric analysis and nucleolar organizer region enumeration in archival oral premalignant lesions. Author(s): Kahn MA, Mincer HH, Dockter ME, Hermann-Petrin JM. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1993 July; 22(6): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8355224

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•

Distinguishing features of focal cemento-osseous dysplasia and cemento-ossifying fibromas. II. A clinical and radiologic spectrum of 316 cases. Author(s): Su L, Weathers DR, Waldron CA. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 November; 84(5): 540-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9394387

•

Distinguishing features of focal cemento-osseous dysplasias and cemento-ossifying fibromas: I. A pathologic spectrum of 316 cases. Author(s): Su L, Weathers DR, Waldron CA. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 September; 84(3): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377196

•

Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Dent CE, Gertner JM. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1976 July; 45(179): 411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=948543

•

Hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Author(s): Chattopadhyay A, Bhansali A, Mohanty SK, Khandelwal N, Mathur SK, Dash RJ. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003 July-August; 16(6): 893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948303

•

Prevention of osteitis fibrosa, aluminium bone disease and soft-tissue calcification in dialysis patients: a long-term comparison of moderate doses of oral calcium +/Mg(OH)2 vs Al(OH)3 +/- 1 alpha OH vitamin D3. Author(s): Moriniere P, Boudailliez B, Hocine C, Belbrik S, Renaud H, Westeel PF, Solal MC, Fournier A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1989; 4(12): 1045-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517325

•

Progressive osseous heteroplasia. Author(s): Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2000 November; 15(11): 2084-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11092391

Alternative Medicine 55

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

57

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FIBROUS DYSPLASIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to fibrous dysplasia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on fibrous dysplasia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Fibrous Dysplasia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to fibrous dysplasia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and fibrous dysplasia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on fibrous dysplasia: •

Fibrous Dysplasia Source: in Reichert, P.A.; Philipsen, H.P., eds. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2004. p. 281-291. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (630) 682-3223. Fax: (630) 682-3288. Website: www.quintpub.com. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $168.00. ISBN: 850970599. Summary: Odontogenic tumors are lesions derived from elements that are, or have been, part of the tooth-forming apparatus. These tumors, therefore, are found exclusively within the jawbones or in the soft mucosal tissue overlying tooth-bearing areas. This chapter on fibrous dysplasia (FD) is from a textbook that devotes a separate chapter to each of the odontogenic tumors, and includes descriptions and illustrations of each type. FD is a benign non-neoplastic developmental bone disease of fibro-osseous origin that may involve one or more bones of the cranial or extracranial skeleton. FD is

58

Fibrous Dysplasia

considered an uncommon developmental anomaly. In most cases, FD tends to stabilize and essentially stops enlarging when skeletal maturation is reached. Small lesions, particularly those of the mandible (lower jaw) may be surgically resected. Surgical recontouring and surgical reduction of the dysplasia to an acceptable contour without complete removal is usually recommended. This chapter covers terminology, the expected clinical and radiographic profile of these tumors, epidemiological data (prevalence, incidence, age factors, location), pathogenesis, pathology, and notes on treatment and recurrence rate. 10 figures. 26 references.

59

APPENDICES

61

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3426 21 35 0 42 3524

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fibrous dysplasia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fibrous dysplasia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fibrous dysplasia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fibrous dysplasia”:

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Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Bone Marrow Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Cartilage Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html Dwarfism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Lymphatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphaticdiseases.html Myositis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myositis.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Spleen Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spleendiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on fibrous dysplasia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search

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options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Questions and Answers About Fibrous Dysplasia Source: New York, NY: Paget Foundation. 1995. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Paget Foundation. 120 Wall Street, Suite 1602, New York, NY 10005-4001. (212) 509-5335. Fax (212) 509-8492. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.paget.org. Price: Single copy free plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure answers common questions about fibrous dysplasia, a chronic disorder of the skeleton that causes expansion of one or more bones (due to abnormal development of fibrous tissue within the bone). The abnormality causes uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity in affected bones. Topics include the bones most commonly affected by fibrous dysplasia, symptoms (bone pain, bone deformity, fracture), McCune Albright syndrome, the causes of fibrous dysplasia, related hormonal problems, the incidence of fibrous dysplasia, diagnostic issues, the prognosis of fibrous dysplasia, surgical and nonsurgical treatment options, the types of physicians that treat fibrous dysplasia, and the importance of exercise in patients with fibrous dysplasia. The brochure briefly identifies the Paget Foundation, an organization that provides information and programs for consumers and medical professionals for bone disorders involving abnormal bone resorption, including Paget's disease of bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, fibrous dysplasia, osteopetrosis, and cancer metastatic to bone. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fibrous dysplasia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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•

Fibrous Dysplasia

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fibrous dysplasia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fibrous dysplasia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fibrous dysplasia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fibrous dysplasia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fibrous dysplasia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fibrous dysplasia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

73

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

75

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on fibrous dysplasia: •

Basic Guidelines for Fibrous Dysplasia Fibrous dysplasia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001234.htm McCune-Albright syndrome Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001217.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Fibrous Dysplasia Bone pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003180.htm Difficulty walking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm

•

Background Topics for Fibrous Dysplasia Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm

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Fractures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FIBROUS DYSPLASIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Aerospace Medicine: A specialty which is concerned with the health and medical problems of man in aviation (aviation medicine) and space (space medicine). [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH]

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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in

Dictionary 83

an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]

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Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cherubism: A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Chondrosarcoma: A type of cancer that forms in cartilage. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all

Dictionary 85

codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH]

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Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral

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circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]

Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official

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standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fence: A hearing threshold level above which degrees of hearing handicap (or disability) are deemed to exist. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its

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length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frontal Sinus: One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gigantism: The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

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occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH]

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Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the

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gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A sarcoma that usually begins in soft tissue. It usually appears as an enlarging, painful mass that can cause fracture due to destruction of the bone by a spreading tumor. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms

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the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]

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Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odontogenic Tumors: Neoplasms produced from tooth-forming tissues. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-

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carboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteonectin: Non-collagenous, calcium-binding glycoprotein of developing bone. It links collagen to mineral in the bone matrix. In the synonym SPARC glycoprotein, the acronym stands for secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine. [NIH] Osteopetrosis: Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures, osteitis, splenomegaly with infarct, anemia, and extramedullary hemopoiesis. [NIH]

Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid

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artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Ploidy: The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand

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as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyostotic Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]

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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH]

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Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in

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successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH]

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Sphenoidal: Relating or belonging to the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH]

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Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 81, 96, 99 Abscess, 26, 43, 81 Adenosine, 81, 97 Adrenal Glands, 81, 99 Aerospace Medicine, 12, 81 Aetiology, 35, 50, 81 Age Factors, 58, 81 Algorithms, 81, 82 Alkaline, 81, 83 Allium, 21, 81 Alternative medicine, 81 Amino acid, 81, 84, 86, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 103 Ampulla, 81, 88 Anal, 81, 89 Analog, 81, 95 Anaplasia, 81 Anatomical, 82, 100 Anemia, 82, 96 Aneurysm, 39, 82 Angiosarcoma, 10, 45, 82 Animal model, 5, 9, 82 Annealing, 82, 98 Anorexia, 82, 96 Antibacterial, 82, 101 Antibiotic, 82, 101 Anti-inflammatory, 82, 96 Aorta, 82, 99 Arteries, 82, 83, 86, 93 Artery, 82, 86, 87, 93, 95, 97 Axons, 82, 95, 100 B Bacteria, 82, 87, 101 Bacteriostatic, 81, 82 Benign, 57, 68, 82, 87, 88, 90, 94 Benign tumor, 82, 88 Bilateral, 10, 22, 46, 82 Biopsy, 82 Biosynthesis, 82, 96 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 63, 82 Blood Coagulation, 82, 83 Blood vessel, 82, 83, 92, 93, 101, 103 Bone Density, 28, 83 Bone Marrow, 20, 68, 83, 92, 94 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 20, 83 Bone metastases, 11, 83 Bone Resorption, 69, 83

Bowel, 81, 83, 95 Bronchi, 83, 93, 103 C Calcification, 17, 54, 83 Calcitonin, 50, 83 Calcium, 54, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96 Carbon Dioxide, 83, 89 Carcinogens, 83, 95 Carcinoma, 19, 83 Case report, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 83, 84 Case series, 13, 84 Causal, 4, 84 Cell, 14, 16, 17, 29, 31, 82, 84, 85, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100 Central Nervous System, 84, 90, 95 Central Nervous System Infections, 84, 90 Cerebral, 84, 89, 101 Cervical, 19, 25, 32, 68, 84 Cervix, 84 Cherubism, 23, 84 Chest wall, 10, 20, 36, 84, 102 Cholesteatoma, 43, 84 Chondrosarcoma, 29, 84 Chromosome, 4, 39, 84, 90, 92 Chromosome Aberrations, 39, 84 Chronic, 20, 37, 69, 84, 91 Clinical Medicine, 25, 84 Clinical trial, 4, 63, 84, 99 Cloning, 82, 84 Codon, 6, 84 Collagen, 6, 81, 85, 88, 96, 98 Complement, 85 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 55, 85 Complementary medicine, 53, 85 Computational Biology, 63, 85 Computed tomography, 13, 23, 41, 83, 85, 86 Computerized axial tomography, 85, 86 Computerized tomography, 85, 86 Conception, 86, 101 Connective Tissue, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 100 Consciousness, 86, 87 Contraindications, ii, 86 Convulsion, 30, 86 Core biopsy, 34, 86 Coronary, 86, 93

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Coronary Thrombosis, 86, 93 Cortex, 86, 96 Cortical, 19, 86 Cranial, 38, 57, 86, 88, 90, 94, 95, 97, 101 Craniocerebral Trauma, 86, 90 Curative, 86, 100 Cyst, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19, 36, 41, 44, 86 Cysteine, 86, 96 D Decompression, 14, 18, 23, 32, 46, 86 Decompression Sickness, 86 Dementia, 4, 87 Denaturation, 87, 98 Density, 11, 16, 83, 87, 95 Dermoid, 18, 87 Dermoid Cyst, 18, 87 Diabetes Mellitus, 87, 95 Diagnostic procedure, 87 Diploid, 87, 97 Direct, iii, 84, 87, 99 Distal, 4, 87 Duodenum, 87, 88, 102 Dwarfism, 68, 87 Dystrophy, 4, 87 E Efficacy, 32, 87 Elastin, 85, 87 Embolus, 87, 91 Embryo, 87, 96 Emulsion, 87, 89 Endoscope, 88 Endoscopic, 17, 30, 44, 47, 88 Environmental Exposure, 88, 95 Environmental Health, 62, 64, 88 Enzymatic, 81, 83, 85, 88, 98, 100 Enzyme, 88, 97, 103 Epidemiological, 58, 88 Epidermal, 17, 36, 88 Epidermis, 88 Epithelial, 31, 88 Erythrocytes, 82, 83, 88 Esophagus, 88, 93, 97, 102 Ethmoid, 30, 88 Excrete, 88, 99 Exophthalmos, 88, 98 F Facial, 7, 13, 16, 27, 37, 42, 44, 45, 88, 93, 95, 96 Family Planning, 63, 88 Fat, 83, 87, 88, 101 Femoral, 32, 33, 88 Femur, 24, 29, 38, 45, 88, 102

Fence, 37, 88 Fibroblasts, 88, 91 Fibroma, 15, 31, 34, 88 Fibrosis, 88, 100 Fibula, 44, 88, 102 Fistula, 89, 95 Fixation, 25, 41, 44, 89 Fossa, 29, 89 Fovea, 89 Frontal Lobe, 36, 89 Frontal Sinus, 20, 89 G Gastrin, 89, 90 Gastrointestinal, 89, 101 Gastrointestinal tract, 89, 101 Gene, 4, 5, 23, 33, 43, 82, 89, 95 Genetic Markers, 4, 89 Genetic testing, 89, 98 Genital, 89, 92 Genotype, 7, 15, 89 Giant Cells, 89, 100 Gigantism, 14, 22, 27, 89 Gland, 88, 89, 92, 96, 100, 102 Glucose, 25, 87, 89 Glycoprotein, 89, 90, 96 Goiter, 8, 90 Gonads, 90, 91 Governing Board, 90, 98 Grade, 23, 28, 34, 90 Graft, 44, 90 Grafting, 39, 47, 90, 91 H Handicap, 88, 90 Haploid, 90, 97 Headache, 21, 45, 90 Headache Disorders, 90 Hemorrhage, 23, 86, 90 Hereditary, 4, 23, 84, 90 Heredity, 89, 90 Histology, 12, 90, 96 Homeostasis, 5, 90 Hormonal, 43, 69, 90 Hormone, 23, 32, 35, 50, 83, 87, 89, 90, 95, 96, 101, 102 Hybridomas, 90, 91 Hydroxylysine, 85, 90 Hydroxyproline, 81, 85, 91 Hypertension, 90, 91, 95 Hypogonadism, 24, 91 Hypothalamic, 23, 24, 91 Hypothalamus, 91, 101

107

I Idiopathic, 24, 91, 100 Immune system, 91 Immunocompromised, 40, 91 Implantation, 44, 86, 91 In situ, 33, 91 In vitro, 33, 91, 98 In vivo, 91 Incision, 91, 102 Infancy, 9, 91, 100 Infantile, 7, 91 Infarction, 39, 86, 91, 93 Infection, 91, 92 Insight, 5, 91 Interleukin-6, 22, 91 Intramuscular, 8, 12, 26, 36, 91 Intravenous, 16, 27, 28, 50, 91 Involuntary, 86, 91, 94 Involution, 14, 91 Ipsilateral, 46, 92 K Kb, 62, 92 L Lacrimal, 29, 92 Lesion, 92 Leukemia, 20, 92 Leukocytes, 83, 92, 94 Linkage, 89, 92 Liver, 81, 88, 92, 100 Localization, 36, 92 Localized, 21, 27, 81, 89, 91, 92, 96, 97 Lumbar, 30, 50, 92 Lymph, 29, 84, 92, 93, 100 Lymph node, 84, 92, 93, 100 Lymphadenopathy, 29, 92 Lymphatic, 68, 91, 92, 102 Lymphatic system, 92, 102 M Malignant, 17, 28, 34, 41, 42, 92, 94, 96, 100 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 17, 92 Malignant tumor, 92, 96 Mammogram, 83, 92, 93 Mandible, 22, 45, 58, 92, 100 Maxillary, 6, 8, 9, 44, 92, 93 Maxillary Sinus, 6, 8, 9, 44, 93 Meatus, 93, 101 Medial, 88, 93, 95, 101, 102 Mediastinum, 22, 93 Medicament, 81, 93 MEDLINE, 63, 93 Medullary, 19, 93 Melanin, 93

Melanosis, 10, 93 Membrane, 7, 85, 93, 94, 100 Memory, 82, 87, 93 Meninges, 84, 86, 93 Mental, iv, 4, 62, 64, 87, 93, 99 Metamorphosis, 19, 93, 95 Metastasis, 93 Metastatic, 69, 93 MI, 80, 93 Microcalcifications, 83, 93 Milliliter, 83, 93 Mineralization, 11, 22, 93, 96 Molecular, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 33, 63, 65, 82, 85, 93 Molecule, 85, 93, 99 Monocular, 8, 94 Monocytes, 91, 92, 94 Mucosa, 94 Muscular Dystrophies, 87, 94 Myocardium, 93, 94 Myopathy, 4, 94 Myositis, 68, 94 N Naevus, 17, 94 Nasal Cavity, 31, 93, 94, 101 Nasal Obstruction, 42, 94 Nasal Septum, 94 Nasopharynx, 31, 94 Necrosis, 91, 93, 94, 100 Neoplasia, 94 Neoplasm, 94, 100 Neoplastic, 57, 81, 84, 90, 94 Nerve, 32, 82, 94, 95, 96, 100 Nervous System, 84, 94, 97 Neuralgia, 45, 94 Neurotransmitter, 81, 94, 101 Nitrogen, 86, 89, 94, 103 Nuclei, 94, 95 Nymph, 93, 95 O Octreotide, 7, 32, 95 Ocular, 94, 95 Odontogenic Tumors, 57, 95 Ointments, 95, 96 Oncogene, 25, 95 Opacity, 87, 95 Ophthalmic, 10, 23, 32, 95 Ophthalmic Artery, 23, 95 Ophthalmology, 20, 29, 32, 40, 46, 47, 89, 95 Optic Chiasm, 91, 95 Optic Nerve, 18, 23, 95, 100

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Orbit, 10, 20, 29, 87, 95 Orbital, 13, 21, 30, 33, 37, 95 Orthostatic, 95 Ossification, 95, 96, 100 Osteoblasts, 95 Osteocalcin, 6, 95 Osteoclasts, 29, 83, 96 Osteogenesis, 35, 96 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 35, 96 Osteogenic sarcoma, 33, 37, 96 Osteomalacia, 5, 39, 50, 54, 96 Osteomyelitis, 34, 37, 40, 96 Osteonectin, 6, 96 Osteopetrosis, 69, 96 Osteosarcoma, 23, 28, 31, 34, 96 Osteotomy, 32, 41, 96 P Palate, 94, 96 Pamidronate, 11, 16, 27, 28, 35, 45, 50, 96 Pancreas, 81, 96, 101 Paraffin, 6, 96 Parathyroid, 35, 50, 96, 100 Parathyroid Glands, 96, 100 Parotid, 96, 100 Pathogenesis, 4, 5, 58, 97 Pathologic, 3, 35, 54, 82, 86, 97, 100 Patient Education, 68, 74, 76, 80, 97 Pelvis, 92, 97, 103 Peptide, 81, 83, 97, 98, 99 Peripheral Nervous System, 94, 97, 101 Petroleum, 96, 97 PH, 23, 83, 97 Phallic, 89, 97 Pharmacokinetic, 5, 97 Pharmacologic, 97, 103 Pharynx, 94, 97 Phosphorus, 5, 83, 96, 97 Physiologic, 82, 97, 99, 100 Pigmentation, 93, 94, 97 Plants, 83, 90, 97 Plasma, 5, 83, 97 Ploidy, 12, 97 Pneumonia, 86, 97 Polymerase, 6, 36, 43, 50, 97, 98 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 6, 43, 98 Polymorphism, 6, 98 Polypeptide, 81, 85, 98, 101 Posterior, 81, 96, 98, 100, 101 Practice Guidelines, 64, 98 Precancerous, 98 Premalignant, 53, 98 Prevalence, 19, 58, 98

Probe, 7, 98 Progression, 3, 82, 98 Progressive, 4, 47, 54, 87, 92, 94, 98 Projection, 95, 98 Proline, 85, 91, 98 Proptosis, 10, 46, 98 Protein C, 84, 95, 98 Protein S, 82, 95, 98 Proteins, 6, 81, 85, 93, 94, 97, 99 Protocol, 14, 99 Psychiatry, 89, 99 Puberty, 17, 99 Public Policy, 63, 99 Publishing, 5, 57, 99 Pupa, 93, 99 Pyogenic, 96, 99 R Radioactive, 91, 99 Radiology, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 54, 99 Randomized, 87, 99 Receptor, 43, 48, 99 Recombination, 89, 99 Recurrence, 58, 99 Refer, 1, 85, 89, 92, 99 Refraction, 99, 101 Regimen, 87, 99 Relapse, 20, 99 Remission, 99 Renal Artery, 39, 99 Renal tubular, 39, 50, 99 Resected, 58, 99 Resection, 12, 99 Resorption, 96, 100 Retina, 95, 100 Retinal, 94, 95, 100 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 95, 100 Retrograde, 92, 100 Rickets, 5, 53, 54, 100 S Sarcoidosis, 37, 100 Sarcoma, 92, 100 Sclera, 100 Sclerae, 96, 100 Sclerosis, 4, 45, 100 Sclerotic, 25, 100 Scoliosis, 19, 25, 100 Screening, 84, 100 Secretion, 87, 95, 100 Secretory, 7, 100 Segmental, 44, 100 Segmentation, 101

109

Sequencing, 98, 101 Sex Characteristics, 99, 101 Signs and Symptoms, 99, 101 Skeletal, 8, 12, 13, 14, 19, 21, 28, 34, 36, 40, 50, 58, 87, 94, 101 Skeleton, 57, 69, 88, 101, 102 Skull, 8, 10, 12, 13, 21, 24, 27, 31, 42, 45, 47, 48, 84, 86, 95, 101, 102 Skull Base, 12, 13, 21, 45, 47, 101 Small intestine, 87, 90, 101 Soft tissue, 83, 92, 101 Soma, 101 Somatic, 33, 97, 101 Somatic mutations, 33, 101 Somatostatin, 7, 48, 95, 101 Specialist, 70, 101 Spectrum, 54, 101 Sperm, 84, 101 Sphenoid, 21, 27, 38, 101, 102 Sphenoid Sinus, 21, 27, 38, 101 Sphenoidal, 21, 102 Spleen, 68, 92, 100, 102 Splenomegaly, 96, 102 Squamous, 84, 102 Squamous Epithelium, 84, 102 Stomach, 81, 88, 89, 90, 97, 101, 102 Strand, 97, 102 Subarachnoid, 90, 102 Subtrochanteric, 38, 102 Systemic, 43, 82, 91, 100, 102 T Talus, 102 Temporal, 6, 18, 21, 29, 35, 38, 43, 90, 93, 102 Thermal, 98, 102 Thigh, 88, 102

Thoracic, 10, 22, 30, 36, 43, 44, 102, 103 Thoracotomy, 42, 102 Thorax, 42, 92, 102 Threshold, 88, 91, 102 Thrombus, 86, 91, 102 Thyroid, 19, 37, 83, 90, 96, 102 Thyroid Gland, 90, 96, 102 Thyroiditis, 37, 102 Tibia, 8, 28, 39, 88, 102 Tissue, 11, 41, 54, 57, 69, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102 Tomography, 14, 19, 30, 102 Topical, 96, 103 Torsion, 91, 103 Toxic, iv, 88, 103 Toxicology, 64, 103 Trachea, 83, 93, 97, 102, 103 Transfection, 82, 103 Tryptophan, 85, 103 U Ureters, 99, 103 Uterus, 84, 103 V Vascular, 24, 48, 90, 91, 102, 103 Vein, 82, 91, 97, 103 Vertebrae, 19, 103 Vestibule, 94, 103 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 103 Viscera, 101, 103 Vitro, 103 W Windpipe, 97, 102, 103 X Xenograft, 82, 103 X-ray, 83, 85, 86, 92, 99, 103

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112

Fibrous Dysplasia