Cervical Spondylosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES...

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CERVICAL

SPONDYLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cervical Spondylosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00215-9 1. Cervical Spondylosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cervical spondylosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS .......................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cervical Spondylosis ..................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS ................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervical Spondylosis.................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 36 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS .......................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 44 General References ....................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS........................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapters on Cervical Spondylosis................................................................................................ 47 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 51 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 53 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 57 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 60 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 71 CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS DICTIONARY.............................................................................. 73 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cervical spondylosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cervical spondylosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cervical spondylosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cervical spondylosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cervical spondylosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cervical spondylosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cervical spondylosis.

Federally Funded Research on Cervical Spondylosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cervical spondylosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cervical spondylosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cervical spondylosis.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text 2

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Cervical Spondylosis

The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cervical spondylosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cervical spondylosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Numb, clumsy hands" and high cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Good DC, Couch JR, Wacaser L. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1984 September; 22(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6463840

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"Open door" operation to raise the vertebral arch in myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Zanasi R, Fioretta G, Rotolo F, Zanasi L. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1984 March; 10(1): 21-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6735722

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A new surgical technique: open-window corpectomy in the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and advanced cervical spondylosis: technical note. Author(s): Ozer AF, Oktenoglu BT, Sarioglu AC. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 December; 45(6): 1481-5; Discussion 1485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10598719

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A possible genetic factor in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Bull J, el Gammal T, Popham M. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1969 January; 42(493): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5782795

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Advanced cervical spondylosis with ossification into the posterior longitudinal ligament and resultant neurologic sequelae. Author(s): Epstein NE. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1996 December; 9(6): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976487

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: frequent complications by cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Yamada M, Furukawa Y, Hirohata M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(6): 878-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648282

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Analysis of cervical spine curvature in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Batzdorf U, Batzdorff A. Source: Neurosurgery. 1988 May; 22(5): 827-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3380271

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Anatomic considerations for uncovertebral involvement in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ebraheim NA, Lu J, Biyani A, Brown JA, Yeasting RA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1997 January; (334): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9005914

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Anatomical treatment of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Papadopoulos SM, Hoff JT. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1994; 41: 270-85. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7842609

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Anterior approaches to cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: review of operative technique and assessment of 65 multilevel circumferential procedures. Author(s): Epstein N. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 June; 55(6): 313-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483184

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Anterior cervical decompression and fusion for cervical spondylosis using vertebral grafts obtained from the fusion site. Technical advantages and follow-up results. Author(s): Takayasu M, Hara M, Suzuki Y, Yoshida J. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1998; 140(12): 1249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932125

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Anterior cervical decompression and fusion for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Fox JL. Source: Med Ann Dist Columbia. 1968 March; 37(3): 167-9 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5238779

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Anterior decompressive microsurgery and osteosynthesis for the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylosis. Pathophysiological considerations, surgical indication, results and complications: a survey. Author(s): Seifert V. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1995; 135(3-4): 105-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8748799

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Anterior extensive decompression for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Tu KY, Zhao DL. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1984 October; 97(10): 781-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6443267

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Anterior fusion for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Busch G. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1978 October 25; 219(2): 117-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=81289

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Anterior interbody fusion with the BAK-cage in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Matge G. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1998; 140(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522900

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Anterior locking screw plate fixation for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Lee KY, Siff TE, Heggeness MH, Esses SI. Source: Am J Orthop. 2002 January; 31(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827227

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Anterolateral surgery for cervical spondylosis in cases of myelopathy or nerve-root compression. Author(s): Verbiest H, Paz y Geuse HD. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1966 December; 25(6): 611-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5925723

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Athetoid movements in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Bickerstaff ER. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1970 March; 29(2): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5427424

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Bilateral brachial paresis following anterior decompression for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): West CG. Source: Spine. 1986 March; 11(2): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704807

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Brown-Sequard syndrome and cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Jabbari B, Pierce JF, Boston S, Echols DM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1977 October; 47(4): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=903808

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Cervical laminectomy and foraminotomy as surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: a follow-up study with analysis of failures. Author(s): Snow RB, Weiner H. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1993 June; 6(3): 245-50; Discussion 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8347976

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Cervical spinal cord injuries in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Regenbogen VS, Rogers LF, Atlas SW, Kim KS. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1986 February; 146(2): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3484576

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Cervical spondylosis and cysts of dorsal root ganglia. Author(s): Holt S, Yates PO. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1966 November; 59(11 Part 1): 1146-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5954260

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Cervical spondylosis and difficult intubation. Author(s): Lee HC, Andree RA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1979 September-October; 58(5): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=573571

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Cervical spondylosis and dyskinesias. Author(s): Levine RA, Rosenbaum AE, Waltz JM, Scheinberg LC. Source: Neurology. 1970 December; 20(12): 1194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5529908

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Cervical spondylosis and dysphagia. Author(s): Umerah BC, Mukherjee BK, Ibekwe O. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1981 November; 95(11): 1179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7299268

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Cervical spondylosis and headaches. Author(s): Iansek R, Heywood J, Karnaghan J, Balla JI. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1987; 23: 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665165

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Cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Author(s): Bohlman HH. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1995; 44: 81-97. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797895

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Cervical spondylosis and nerve root lesions. Incidence at routine necropsy. Author(s): Holt S, Yates PO. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1966 August; 48(3): 40723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5913133

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Cervical spondylosis and pseudomyotonia. Author(s): Chaco J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1974; 6(3): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4421040

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Cervical spondylosis and syringomyelia: suboptimal results, incomplete treatment, and the role of intraoperative ultrasound. Author(s): Dohrmann GJ, Rubin JM. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1988; 34: 378-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3288402

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Cervical spondylosis causing vertebrobasilar insufficiency: a surgical treatment. Author(s): Smith DR, Vanderark GD, Kempe LG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1971 August; 34(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5096552

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Cervical spondylosis found on pantomographs. Author(s): Ruprecht A, Al-Hadary A, Batarfi M. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1985 May; 51(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3893651

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Cervical spondylosis in paraplegic patients and analysis of the wheelchair driving action: a preliminary communication. Author(s): Kojima A, Nakajima A, Koyama K. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1997 November; 35(11): 768-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9392049

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Cervical spondylosis presenting as the facial pain of temporomandibular joint disorder. Author(s): Franks AS. Source: Ann Phys Med. 1968 February; 9(5): 193-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5658372

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Cervical spondylosis simulating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Keplinger JE. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1965 October; 58(10): 1133-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5828282

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Cervical spondylosis simulating cardiac pain. Author(s): Kapoor SC, Tiwary PK. Source: Minerva Med. 1966 February 21; 57(15): 25-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5930005

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Cervical spondylosis with accompanying myelopathy: its alleviation by removal of the bony spur. Author(s): Allen KL. Source: S Afr J Surg. 1968 January-March; 6(1): 5-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5655701

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Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy as a complication of cerebral palsy. Author(s): McCluer S. Source: Paraplegia. 1982 October; 20(5): 308-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7177698

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Cervical spondylosis with neurologic deficit. Author(s): Odeku EL, Schneider RC. Source: Mich Med. 1966 July; 65(7): 533-41 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5939488

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Cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy. Results of anterior diskectomy and interbody fusion. Author(s): Jacobs B, Krueger EG, Leivy DM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 March 30; 211(13): 2135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5467172

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Schmidek HH. Source: American Family Physician. 1986 May; 33(5): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706099

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Mozingo JR, Whang CJ, Cauthen JC, Wilson WD. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1976 November; 63(11): 876-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1003156

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Spillane JD. Source: Lancet. 1972 July 15; 2(7768): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4113919

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Gerling GM. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1971 October; 12(10): 529-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5095305

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Mehrotra TN, Gupta AK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1971 September; 57(5): 177-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5138026

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wilkinson M. Source: The Practitioner. 1970 April; 204(222): 537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5443538

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Barlow W. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 July 5; 3(661): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5787299

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Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Reid RD. Source: Proc Mine Med Off Assoc. 1967 September-December; 47(399): 69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5618326

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Cervical spondylosis. A clinical study with comparative radiology. Author(s): Brooker AE, Barter RW. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1965 December; 88(5): 925-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5864467

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Cervical spondylosis. An autobiographical case report. Author(s): Kellock AM. Source: The Practitioner. 1968 April; 200(198): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4873265

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Cervical spondylosis. An update. Author(s): McCormack BM, Weinstein PR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 July-August; 165(1-2): 43-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8855684

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Cervical spondylosis. Observations based on surgical treatment of 400 patients. Author(s): Mayfield FH. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1965 October; 38(4): 345-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5827651

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Cervical spondylosis. Prognostic value of preoperative signs and symptoms. Author(s): Brandt RA, Fager CA. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1976 March; 34(1): 32-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1259631

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Cervical spondylosis: a comparison of the anterior and posterior approaches. Author(s): Mayfield FH. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1965; 13: 181-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5870806

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Cervical spondylosis: a correlative clinico-radiological study. Author(s): Gupta BD, Natarajan M. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1973 May 16; 60(10): 364-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4756927

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Cervical spondylosis: a review of 230 cases. Author(s): Sinha S, Prakash B, Singh AK, Kumar S, Pal DN. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 July; 92(7): 223-4, 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963602

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Cervical spondylosis: a study of 100 cases. Author(s): Sahadevan MG. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1969 March; 17(3): 189-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5791206

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Cervical spondylosis: a therapeutic update. Author(s): Murray KJ, Dudley AH 3rd, Moses H. Source: Md Med J. 1990 October; 39(10): 947-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2233140

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Cervical spondylosis: contrast-enhanced magnetization transfer prepulsed 3D turbo field echo MR imaging. Author(s): Melhem ER, Bert RJ, Faddoul SG. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2000 March; 11(3): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10739561

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Cervical spondylosis: diagnosis, symptomatology, and treatment. Author(s): Neuwirth M, Marsicano J. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1996 January-February; 15(1): 31-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8700577

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Cervical spondylosis: most common cause of position and vibratory sense loss. Author(s): Valergakis FE. Source: Geriatrics. 1976 July; 31(7): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=939424

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Cervical spondylosis: natural history and rare indications for surgical decompression. Author(s): Hunt WE. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1980; 27: 466-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7273568

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Cervical spondylosis: the neurological mimic. Author(s): Langfitt TW. Source: W V Med J. 1969 April; 65(4): 97-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5254345

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Cervical spondylosis: the role of anterior instrumentation after decompression and fusion. Author(s): Zaveri GR, Ford M. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 February; 14(1): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11242269

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Cervical spondylosis: three-dimensional gradient-echo MR with magnetization transfer. Author(s): Melhem ER, Benson ML, Beauchamp NJ, Lee RR. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1996 April; 17(4): 705-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8730191

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Cervical spondylosis-routine oblique films are unnecessary. Author(s): Macpherson P, Macpherson EL. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1981 March; 39(2): 89-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7239912

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Cervical vertigo and cervical spondylosis--a need for adequate evaluation. Author(s): Nwaorgu OG, Onakaoya PA, Usman MA. Source: Niger J Med. 2003 July-September; 12(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14737984

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Changes in clinical signs after decompressive laminectomy in cervical spondylosis with myelopathy. Author(s): Laterre C, Stroobandt G. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 1976; 76(5-6): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1007893

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Chapter 23. The management of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Verbiest H. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1973; 20: 262-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4762815

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Cine radiography in cervical spondylosis as a means of determining the level for anterior fusion. Author(s): Brunton FJ, Wilkinson JA, Wise KS, Simonis RB. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1982; 64(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7096410

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Classification of cervical spondylosis or disc protrusion by preoperative evoked spinal electrogram. Follow-up study. Author(s): Matsukado Y, Yoshida M, Goya T, Shimoji K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1976 April; 44(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1255234

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Clinical analysis of angina pectoris and angina-like pain --With special reference to ECG during attack, "cervical spondylosis" and selective coronary arteriography. Author(s): Iwasa M. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1976 October; 40(10): 1191-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=994308

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Clinical and occupational aspects of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Mohindra Y, Agarwal RP, Kumar A, Kumar B. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1981 July 1; 77(1): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7328326

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Clinical and radiological correlates of severity and surgery-related outcome in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Singh A, Crockard HA, Platts A, Stevens J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 April; 94(2 Suppl): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302619

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Clinical evaluation of magnetic stimulation in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Jaskolski DJ, Jarratt JA, Jakubowski J. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1989; 3(5): 541-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2818847

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Clinical recording of pressure on the spinal cord and cauda equina. Part 3: pressure on the cervical spinal cord during endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Magnaes B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1982 July; 57(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7086501

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Clinical-radiographic correlations in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wilkinson HA, LeMay ML, Ferris EJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1969 March; 30(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5780892

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Comparison of gas and positive contrast in evaluation of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wilson G, Weidner W, Hanafee W. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1966 July; 97(3): 648-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5927606

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Comparison of myelography, CT myelography and magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spondylosis and disk herniation. Pre- and postoperative findings. Author(s): Larsson EM, Holtas S, Cronqvist S, Brandt L. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1989 May-June; 30(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2736175

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Complications of cervical arthritis. Author(s): Hardin JG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 March; 91(4): 309-15, 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546019

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Computed tomogram myelography in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Boot DA, Khan RH, Sellar RJ, Hughes SP, Kirkpatrick AE. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1987; 11(3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3623764

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Corpectomy for multi-level cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Author(s): Banerji D, Acharya R, Behari S, Chhabra DK, Jain VK. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1997; 20(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085284

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CT myelography with intramedullary enhancement in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Iwasaki Y, Abe H, Isu T, Miyasaka K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1985 September; 63(3): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4020462

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Decompression of vertebral artery in cases of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Pasztor E. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1978 June; 9(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=675497

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Decreased sympathetic outflow to muscles in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Shindo K, Tsunoda S, Shiozawa Z. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1997 October; 96(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9325476

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Delayed cervical somatosensory potentials in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): El Negamy E, Sedgwick EM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1979 March; 42(3): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=438832

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Delayed short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in premature diagnosis of medullar disturbances in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Rubio Esteban G, Remartinez Lagranja A, Cid Lopez MA, Marin Redondo M, Asiron Yribarren P. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1988 November-December; 28(7-8): 361-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2854785

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Dynamic changes of the spinal canal in patients with cervical spondylosis at flexion and extension using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Muhle C, Weinert D, Falliner A, Wiskirchen J, Metzner J, Baumer M, Brinkmann G, Heller M. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1998 August; 33(8): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704283

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Dysphagia due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Crowther JA, Ardran GM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1985 November; 99(11): 1167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056603

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Dysphagia induced by a cervical osteophyte: a case report of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Uzunca K, Birtane M, Tezel A. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2004 March; 117(3): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043799

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Editorial: Cervical spondylosis as an ecological problem. Author(s): Bagchi AK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1973 May 16; 60(10): 382-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4756934

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EEG investigation of vertebro-basilar circulatory insufficiency due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Popoviciu L, Asgian B, Szabo L, Rado M. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1970 June; 28(6): 649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4192869

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Effects of cervical traction and exercise therapy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Shakoor MA, Ahmed MS, Kibria G, Khan AA, Mian MA, Hasan SA, Nahar S, Hossain MA. Source: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2002 August; 28(2): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825763

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Effects of mechanical stresses on the spinal cord in cervical spondylosis. A study on fresh cadaver material. Author(s): Breig A, Turnbull I, Hassler O. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1966 July; 25(1): 45-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5947047

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Electrical stimulation of the motor tracts in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Abbruzzese G, Dall'Agata D, Morena M, Simonetti S, Spadavecchia L, Severi P, Andrioli GC, Favale E. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 June; 51(6): 796-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2841428

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Electrophysiological studies in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Khan MR, McInnes A, Hughes SP. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1989 September; 2(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2562447

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Evaluation of cervical spondylosis by gas myelography. Author(s): Kim YW, Handel SF, Unger JD, Larson SJ. Source: Wis Med J. 1975 May; 74(5): S64-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1146354

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Exacerbated spinal neurologic deficit during sedation of a patient with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Miller RA, Crosby G, Sundaram P. Source: Anesthesiology. 1987 November; 67(5): 844-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3674497

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Extensive anterior decompression for mixed cervical spondylosis. Resection of uncovertebral joints, neural and transverse foraminotomy, subtotal corpectomy, and fusion with strut graft. Author(s): Ou Y, Lu J, Mi J, Cheng-li, Zhang J, Li Y, Sheng N. Source: Spine. 1994 December 1; 19(23): 2651-6; Discussion 2656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7899959

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Familial cervical spondylosis. Case report. Author(s): Yoo K, Origitano TC. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 July; 89(1): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9647185

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Fixed skull traction in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Schorstein J, Scott R. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1968 April; 55(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5656841

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Four cases of dysphagia caused by anterior cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Herman O, Findler G, Tadmor R. Source: Orthop Rev. 1986 May; 15(5): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3453941

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F-response frequency in motor neuron disease and cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Peioglou-Harmoussi S, Fawcett PR, Howel D, Barwick DD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 May; 50(5): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585384

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Fusion rates in multilevel cervical spondylosis comparing allograft fibula with autograft fibula in 126 patients. Author(s): Fernyhough JC, White JI, LaRocca H. Source: Spine. 1991 October; 16(10 Suppl): S561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1801273

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Gentle cervical hyperextension causing quadriplegia in an older man with symptomatic cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Greene KA, Gorman WF, Sonntag VK. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1998 February; 46(2): 208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475451

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Headache, cervical spondylosis, and anterior cervical fusion. Author(s): Pawl RP. Source: Surg Annu. 1977; 9: 391-408. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=882900

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Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis: an unusual complication of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Buszek MC, Szymke TE, Honet JC, Raikes JA, Gass HH, Leuchter W, Bendix SA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1983 December; 64(12): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6661023

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Hemiparesis in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wallack EM, Ng KW, Lockhart WS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 November 29; 236(22): 2524-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1036518

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Identifiable causes for poor outcome in surgery for cervical spondylosis. Postoperative computed myelography and MR imaging. Author(s): Clifton AG, Stevens JM, Whitear P, Kendall BE. Source: Neuroradiology. 1990; 32(6): 450-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2287369

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Intersomatic fusion with calf bone "Kiel bone splint" in the anterior surgical approaach for the treatment of myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Cantore G, Fortuna A. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1969 April 28; 20(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4889588

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Is cervical spondylosis an occupational hazard for urologists? Author(s): Whitaker RH, Green NA, Notley RG. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1983 December; 55(6): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6652421

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Letter: Myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Quadery LA. Source: Lancet. 1974 December 14; 2(7894): 1453. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4140368

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Letter: Pathogenesis of myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Hawkins JC, 3rd. Source: Lancet. 1975 May 24; 1(7917): 1194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=48816

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Letter: Pathogenesis of myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ashby JG, Ayre WB. Source: Lancet. 1975 April 26; 1(7913): 980-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=48156

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Location of the "zero zone" and its role in the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Jirout J. Source: Neuroradiology. 1976; 10(4): Unknown. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1256645

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Long-term results of surgical treatment of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Guidetti B, Fortuna A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1969 June; 30(6): 714-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5787848

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Lower cervical spondylosis and myelopathy in adults with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Olive PM, Whitecloud TS 3rd, Bennett JT. Source: Spine. 1988 July; 13(7): 781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2973661

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Lumbar and cervical spondylosis and spondylotic myelopathy. Author(s): Long DM. Source: Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg. 1993 August; 6(4): 576-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8400472

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Magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Maertens de Noordhout A, Remacle JM, Pepin JL, Born JD, Delwaide PJ. Source: Neurology. 1991 January; 41(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1985298

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Management of multilevel cervical spondylosis with myelopathy. Author(s): Sypert GW, Cole HO. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1999 January; 51(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9952115

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Motor recovery following spinal cord injury associated with cervical spondylosis: a collaborative study. Author(s): Waters RL, Adkins RH, Sie IH, Yakura JS. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1996 December; 34(12): 711-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961427

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MRI of the cervical spine: rheumatoid arthritis compared with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Glew D, Watt I, Dieppe PA, Goddard PR. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1991 August; 44(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1884588

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Multilevel cervical spondylosis. Laminoplasty versus anterior decompression. Author(s): Hirabayashi K, Bohlman HH. Source: Spine. 1995 August 1; 20(15): 1732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482026

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Multisegmental cervical spondylosis: treatment by spondylectomy, microsurgical decompression, and osteosynthesis. Author(s): Seifert V, Stolke D. Source: Neurosurgery. 1991 October; 29(4): 498-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1944828

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Myelopathy and radiculopathy due to cervical spondylosis: myelographic-CT correlations. Author(s): Scotti G, Scialfa G, Pieralli S, Boccardi E, Valsecchi F, Tonon C. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1983 May-June; 4(3): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6410808

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Myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis: a frequently unrecognized disease. Author(s): Peterson DI, Dayes LA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1977 February; 4(2): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=839167

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Myelopathy hand characterized by muscle wasting. A different type of myelopathy hand in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ebara S, Yonenobu K, Fujiwara K, Yamashita K, Ono K. Source: Spine. 1988 July; 13(7): 785-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3194787

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Myelopathy in cervical spondylosis with vertebral subluxation and hyperlordosis. Author(s): Epstein JA, Carras R, Epstein BS, Levine LS. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1970 April; 32(4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5417937

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Myelopathy in cervical spondylosis: surgical treatment using a posterolateral approach. Author(s): Jefferson A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1970 October; 33(5): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5478962

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Necropsy observations on the spinal cord in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Hughes JT, Brownell B. Source: Riv Patol Nerv Ment. 1965 April; 86(2): 196-204. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5883595

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Nerve conduction studies in upper limbs of patients with cervical spondylosis and motor neurone disease. Author(s): Thacker AK, Misra S, Katiyar BC. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1988 July; 78(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176881

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Neurophysiological investigation of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Tsiptsios I, Fotiou F, Sitzoglou K, Fountoulakis KN. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 July-August; 41(5): 305-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572192

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Neurosurgery for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Uttley D, Monro P. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1989 July; 42(1): 62-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2673471

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Non-surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Pumpruegsa R, Jitpraphai C, Bunyaratavej S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1976 February; 59(2): 58-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1255031

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Oil myelography in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Laasonen EM, Servo A, Schugk P. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1978 February; 10(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=677804

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Operative treatment of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Fouyas IP, Statham PF. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 December; 12(6): 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10070477

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Osteoarthritis X: Cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ziminski CM. Source: Md Med J. 1985 July; 34(7): 683-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3849655

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Partial corpectomy for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Groff MW, Sriharan S, Lee SM, Maiman DJ. Source: Spine. 2003 January 1; 28(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544948

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Pathogenesis of myelopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Gooding MR. Source: Lancet. 1974 November 16; 2(7890): 1180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4139596

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Patient care study cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Braddell-Smith S. Source: Queens Nurs J. 1976 January; 18(10): 279, 281. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1044128

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Physical factors in the production of the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Waltz TA. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1967 June; 90(2): 395-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6028254

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Planimetric measurements of intervertebral foramina in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Kinalski R, Kostro B. Source: Pol Med J. 1971; 10(3): 737-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5124144

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Posterior approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Author(s): Epstein N. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 September-October; 58(3-4): 194-207; Discussion 207-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480213

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Posterior decompression for myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis: laminectomy alone versus laminectomy with dentate ligament section. Author(s): Piepgras DG. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1977; 24: 508-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=583695

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Potential misinterpretation of cervical spondylosis with cord compression caused by metallic artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. Author(s): Levitt M, Benjamin V, Kricheff II. Source: Neurosurgery. 1990 July; 27(1): 126-9; Discussion 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2377269

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Pre- and postoperative motor conduction times, measured using magnetic stimulation, in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Jaskolski DJ, Laing RJ, Jarratt JA, Jukubowski J. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990; 4(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397044

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Preliminary experience with the DOC dynamic cervical implant for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Steinmetz MP, Warbel A, Whitfield M, Bingaman W. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 97(3 Suppl): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12408387

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Prolapse of a cervical disc in elderly patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Young S, Tamas L, O'Laoire SA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 September 20; 293(6549): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094638

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Quadriplegia in a patient with cervical spondylosis after thoracolumbar surgery in the prone position. Author(s): Deem S, Shapiro HM, Marshall LF. Source: Anesthesiology. 1991 September; 75(3): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1888059

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Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow in patients with cervical spondylosis using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Watabe N, Tominaga T, Shimizu H, Koshu K, Yoshimoto T. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 April; 44(4): 779-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201303

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Radiological and morphological study of the influence of cervical spondylosis on the vertebral arteries and spinal ganglia. Author(s): Kozlowski P, Ymecki J, Trzebicki J, Ostrowska D. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1969 October; 42(502): 793. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5345357

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Relationship between load carrying on the head and cervical spondylosis in Ghanaians. Author(s): Jumah KB, Nyame PK. Source: West Afr J Med. 1994 July-September; 13(3): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7841112

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Repetitive trauma in the genesis of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Rellan DR, Bhatacharya A, Mehrotra AN, Gupta NC, Dhanda PC. Source: Am J Phys Med. 1969 October; 48(5): 259-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5822318

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Retrospective study of cervical spondylosis treated by anterior interbody fusion (in 505 patients performed by the Cloward technique). Author(s): Chirls M. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1978 April; 39(1): 74-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=687852

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Roentgenographic correlations in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wilkinson HA, LeMay ML, Ferris EJ. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969 February; 105(2): 370-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5764660

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Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty. Author(s): Iseda T, Goya T, Nakano S, Kodama T, Moriyama T, Wakisaka S. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001; 143(7): 707-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11534692

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Short-latency somatosensory-evoked potentials from radial, median, ulnar, and peroneal nerve stimulation in the assessment of cervical spondylosis. Comparison with conventional electromyography. Author(s): Yiannikas C, Shahani BT, Young RR. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1986 December; 43(12): 1264-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3778262

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Somatosensory conduction times and peripheral, cervical and cortical evoked potentials in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ganes T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1980 August; 43(8): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7431029

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Somatosensory evoked potentials in cervical spondylosis. Correlation of median, ulnar and posterior tibial nerve responses with clinical and radiological findings. Author(s): Yu YL, Jones SJ. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1985 June; 108 ( Pt 2): 273-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4005525

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Somatosensory evoked potentials in diagnostics of cervical spondylosis and herniated disc. Author(s): Siivola J, Sulg I, Heiskari M. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1981 October; 52(4): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6169504

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Somatosensory evoked potentials in evaluation of decompressive surgery of cervical spondylosis and herniated disc. Author(s): Heiskari M, Siivola J, Heikkinen ER. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1986; 18 Suppl 47: 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3813464

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Spinal cord edema: unusual magnetic resonance imaging findings in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Lee J, Koyanagi I, Hida K, Seki T, Iwasaki Y, Mitsumori K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1 Suppl): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859052

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Spinal cord injury in 44 patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Silver JR. Source: Paraplegia. 1987 October; 25(5): 431-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3684326

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Spinal cord injury in forty-four patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Foo D. Source: Paraplegia. 1986 October; 24(5): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3774366

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Spinal cord MRI hyperintensities in cervical spondylosis: an ischemic pathogenesis? Author(s): Mifsud V, Pullicino P. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2000 April; 10(2): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800263

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Studies in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. II. The movement and contour of the spine in relation to the neural complications of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Adams CB, Logue V. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1971; 94(3): 568-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5111718

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Studies on pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Higashi H, Yabuki S, Hayabara T, Ikeda H. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1974 January; 28(1): 35-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4134818

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Surgery for myelopathy in cervical spondylosis: safety measures and preoperative factors related to outcome. Author(s): Magnaes B, Hauge T. Source: Spine. 1980 May-June; 5(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7394659

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Surgical management of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Nelson MA. Source: Physiotherapy. 1979 April; 65(4): 106-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=472037

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Surgical treatment guided by spinal cord evoked potentials for tetraparesis due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Tani T, Ushida T, Yamamoto H. Source: Paraplegia. 1995 June; 33(6): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7644264

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Surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Strachan WE. Source: Bristol Med Chir J. 1972 October; 87(324): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4668426

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Surgical treatment of myelopathy with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Phillips DG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1973 October; 36(5): 87984. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4753885

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Surgical treatment of myeloradiculopathy in cervical spondylosis. A report on 438 operations. Author(s): Samii M, Volkening D, Sepehrnia A, Penkert G, Baumann H. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1989; 12(4): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2594204

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Surgical treatment of sympathetic cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Zhang ZH, Yang KQ, Yin HF, Dong FC, Dang GT, Lou SQ, Cai QL. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1981 March; 94(3): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6785028

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Surgical treatment of vertebral artery insufficiency caused by cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Nagashima C. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1970 May; 32(5): 512-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5438093

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Surgical treatment of vertebral artery insufficiency caused by cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Bakay L, Leslie EV. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1965 December; 23(6): 596-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5861143

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Syndrome of anterior spinal artery from cervical spondylosis relieved by surgery. A case report. Author(s): La Torre E, Fortuna A. Source: Minerva Neurochir. 1971; 15(1): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5571992

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Syndrome of cervical spondylosis in Blantyre, Malawi. Author(s): Adeloye A. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 October; 76(10): 575-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734509

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Syringomyelia after decompressive laminectomy for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Middleton TH, Al-Mefty O, Harkey LH, Parent AD, Fox JL. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1987 December; 28(6): 458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3686327

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Syringomyelia and cervical spondylosis: a clinicoradiological investigation. Author(s): Yu YL, Moseley IF. Source: Neuroradiology. 1987; 29(2): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3587588

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Syringomyelia and syringomielic syndrome by cervical spondylosis. Report on three cases presenting with neurogenic osteoarthropathies. Author(s): Lucci B, Reverberi S, Greco G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1981 July-December; 25(3-4): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7346607

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The anatomical basis of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Sahadevan MG, Monsurate EJ. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 June 1; 46(11): 594-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5941117

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The association of cervical spondylosis and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Burgerman R, Rigamonti D, Randle JM, Fishman P, Panitch HS, Johnson KP. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1992 October; 38(4): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440213

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The biological factors in the etiopathogenesis and management of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Khare GN. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1994 January; 48(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8045623

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The cause of dissociated motor loss in the upper extremity with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Keegan JJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1965 November; 23(5): 528-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5858444

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The clinical aspects of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Wilkinson M. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 1976; 76(5-6): 276-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1007890

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The developmental segmental sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal in patients with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Edwards WC, LaRocca H. Source: Spine. 1983 January-February; 8(1): 20-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6867853

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The efficacy and safety of eperisone in patients with cervical spondylosis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Bose K. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999 April; 21(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389124

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The genetic factor in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Palmer PE, Stadalnick R, Arnon S. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1984; 11(3): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538995

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The importance of removing osteophytes as part of the surgical treatment of myeloradiculopathy in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Epstein JA, Carras R, Lavine LS, Epstein BS. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1969 March; 30(3): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5780893

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The management of vertebral artery insufficiency in cervical spondylosis: a modified technique. Author(s): Dan NG. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1976 May; 46(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1067075

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The natural history and the results of surgical treatment of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Nurick S. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1972; 95(1): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5023079

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The pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Lestini WF, Wiesel SW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 February; (239): 69-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2536306

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The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Nurick S. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1972; 95(1): 87-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5023093

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The pathophysiology of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Author(s): Bohlman HH, Emery SE. Source: Spine. 1988 July; 13(7): 843-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057649

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The posterior operation in treatment of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy: a longterm follow-up study. Author(s): Bishara SN. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1971 August; 34(4): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5096553

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The results of anterior cervical fusion in cervical spondylosis. Review of 125 cases. Author(s): Moussa AH, Nitta M, Symon L. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1983; 68(3-4): 277-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6880881

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The role of cervical spondylosis in the aetiology of cerebral embolism. Author(s): McEwan AJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1967 September 9; 21(9): 465-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6074705

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The role of decompression for acute incomplete cervical spinal cord injury in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Chen TY, Dickman CA, Eleraky M, Sonntag VK. Source: Spine. 1998 November 15; 23(22): 2398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9836353

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The role of distraction in improving the space available for the cord in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Bayley JC, Yoo JU, Kruger DM, Schlegel J. Source: Spine. 1995 April 1; 20(7): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7701388

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The role of traction in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Varma SK, Gulatia R, Mukherjee A, Mohini I. Source: Physiotherapy. 1973 August; 59(8): 248-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4793652

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The treatment of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Storey GO. Source: The Practitioner. 1972 January; 208(243): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5015134

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The value of the lateral cervical myelogram in the evaluation of cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Soo YS, Ang AH. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1973 December; 17(4): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4786188

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in cervical spondylosis and spinal canal stenosis. Author(s): Kameyama O, Shibano K, Kawakita H, Ogawa R. Source: Spine. 1995 May 1; 20(9): 1004-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7631229

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Treatment of cervical spondylosis by anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Author(s): Rosomoff HL, Rossmann F. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1966 April; 14(4): 392-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5906464

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Trials and tribulations in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Fairbank J. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 10; 352(9135): 1165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777830

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Unilateral drop finger due to cervical spondylosis at the C6/7 intervertebral level. Author(s): Kaneko K, Taguchi T, Toyoda K, Kato Y, Matsunaga T, Li Z, Kawai S. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(4): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898322

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Upper limb involvement in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Phillips DG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1975 April; 38(4): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1141925

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Vertebral artery compression in cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Balla JI, Langford KH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 February 11; 1(6): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6018151

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Vertebrobasilar insufficiency related to cervical spondylosis. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Yang YJ, Chien YY, Cheng WC. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1992 June; 15(2): 100-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515970

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Vertebrobasilar insufficiency secondary to cervical spondylosis--an overdiagnosed disease. Author(s): Tandon PM. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1980 February 16; 74(4): 77-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7400596

Studies

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Vertebrobasilar territory ischemia due to cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Burneo JG, Mitsias PD. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 13(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11810018

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Vertigo and nystagmus in cervical spondylosis and the role of 'anterior cervical decompression'. Author(s): Mangat KS, McDowall GD. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1973 June; 87(6): 555-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4718443

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Vulnerability of vertebral artery in anterolateral decompression for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Ebraheim NA, Lu J, Brown JA, Biyani A, Yeasting RA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1996 January; (322): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8542690

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cervical spondylosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervical Spondylosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cervical spondylosis” (or a synonym): •

Observation of 30 cases of cervical spondylosis treated by electro-acupuncture. Source: Zhang, W M Wang, X Y Miao, M L He, Y H Xu, Z H J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1987 March; 7(1): 18-20 0254-6272

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Personal experience in the treatment of cervical spondylosis by massage therapy. Author(s): Institute of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Jin, Y Chen, W J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1995 June; 15(2): 141-4 0254-6272

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Progress in the treatment of nerve-root-type cervical spondylosis with Chinese herbal drugs. Author(s): Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. Source: Zhang, J Yi, J Sun, S J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1999 September; 19(3): 227-33 0254-6272

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Treatment of spinal-cord-type cervical spondylosis by Chinese massotherapy. Author(s): Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing. Source: Jin, J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1999 March; 19(1): 52-3 0254-6272

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Twenty one cases of vertebral-artery-type cervical spondylosis treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Author(s): First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of TCM and Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510405. Source: Zhuang, L J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 280-1 0254-6272

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

•

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cervical spondylosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cervical spondylosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cervical spondylosis: •

A study of the effect of manipulative treatment on 158 cases of cervical syndrome. Author(s): Luo ZD. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 205-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3444353

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A variant maneuver of acupuncture in treating cervical spondylopathy. Author(s): Du Y, Li D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125481

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Acupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Freedman J.

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Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2002 March; 20(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926605 •

Cervical spondylopathy involving the vertebral arteries treated by body-acupuncture combined with scalp-acupuncture in 72 cases. Author(s): Li B, Chai F, Gao H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 September; 22(3): 197-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400427

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Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Author(s): Cates JR, Soriano MM. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 September; 18(7): 471-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8568430

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Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a case report. Author(s): Toto BJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1986 March; 9(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3701226

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Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy precipitated by decompression sickness. Author(s): Yu YL, Chang CM, Lam TH, Ho KM, Mok KY. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1990 November; 47(11): 785-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245190

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Clinical application of moxibustion over point dazhui. Author(s): Liu A. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 December; 19(4): 283-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921133

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Clinical observations on 278 cases of cervical spondylopathy treated with electroacupuncture and massotherapy. Author(s): Luo Z, Luo J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 June; 17(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437179

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Clinical study on manipulative treatment of derangement of the atlantoaxial joint. Author(s): Zhou W, Jiang W, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu Z. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 December; 19(4): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921131

Alternative Medicine 41

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Comparison between the analgesic and therapeutic effects of a musically modulated electromagnetic field (TAMMEF) and those of a 100 Hz electromagnetic field: blind experiment on patients suffering from cervical spondylosis or shoulder periarthritis. Author(s): Rigato M, Battisti E, Fortunato M, Giordano N. Source: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490031

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Diagnostic value of cervical somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from the intervertebral discs after median and ulnar nerve stimulation in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Author(s): Ueta E, Tani T, Taniguchi S, Ishida K, Ushida T, Yamamoto H. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998 December; 11(6): 514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9884297

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Diagnostic yield and development of a neurocardiovascular investigation unit for older adults in a district hospital. Author(s): Allcock LM, O'Shea D. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 August; 55(8): M458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952369

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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a case of dysphagia. Author(s): Foshang TH, Mestan MA, Riggs LJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 January; 25(1): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898021

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Dr. Zhang's experience in massotherapy for treatment of vertebral-artery-type cervical spondylopathy. Author(s): Xie L, Zhang T. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 March; 22(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11977519

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Effect of massotherapy on the in vivo free radical metabolism in patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc and cervical spondylopathy. Author(s): Li Z, Liu J, Wu Y, Wang M, Fang M, Wang Y, Zhou W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 March; 15(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783464

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Effects of acupuncture at fengchi point (GB 20) on cerebral blood flow. Author(s): Yuan X, Hao X, Lai Z, Zhao H, Liu W.

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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 June; 18(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437225 •

Evaluation of axial and flexural stresses in the vertebral body cortex and trabecular bone in lordosis and two sagittal cervical translation configurations with an elliptical shell model. Author(s): Dulhunty J. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 NovemberDecember; 26(9): 608; Author Reply 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673410

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Evaluation of axial and flexural stresses in the vertebral body cortex and trabecular bone in lordosis and two sagittal cervical translation configurations with an elliptical shell model. Author(s): Harrison DE, Jones EW, Janik TJ, Harrison DD. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 July-August; 25(6): 391-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183697

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Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. Author(s): Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM, Lewis SJ, Sellar RJ, Wilson JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 September 28; 313(7060): 788-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842072

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Evaluation of neck pain, radiculopathy, and myelopathy: imaging, conservative treatment, and surgical indications. Author(s): Boyce RH, Wang JC. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 489-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690875

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Evaluation of therapeutic effect of maneuver-dominated method in 30 cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Author(s): Liu X, Liu S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11263284

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From the Electrodiagnostics Lab. Author(s): Leppanen RE. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 March-April; 3(2): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14589235


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How to treat cervical spondylopathy with acupuncture? Author(s): Hu J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 152-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125495

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Intersegmental sagittal motion in the lower cervical spine and discogenic spondylosis: a preliminary study. Author(s): Charlton K. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 June; 16(5): 353-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8345320

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Managing pain from cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Sari-Kouzel H, Cooper R. Source: The Practitioner. 1999 April; 243(1597): 334-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492978

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Manipulative treatment of 12 cases of cervical spondylosis with trigeminal neuralgia. Author(s): Liu SJ, Shen ZX, Cao GL. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1982 June; 2(2): 115-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765698

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Observation of 30 cases of cervical spondylosis treated by electro-acupuncture. Author(s): Zhang WM, Wang XY, Miao ML, He YH, Xu ZH. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 March; 7(1): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3497311

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Personal experience in the treatment of cervical spondylosis by massage therapy. Author(s): Jin Y, Chen W. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 June; 15(2): 141-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7650965

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Progress in the treatment of nerve-root-type cervical spondylosis with Chinese herbal drugs. Author(s): Zhang J, Yi J, Sun S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 September; 19(3): 227-33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921157

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The therapeutic effects of triple puncture and routine body needling for cervical spondylosis. Author(s): Yu S.

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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 December; 23(4): 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719300 •

Treatment of cervical spondylosis. Electroacupuncture versus physiotherapy. Author(s): Loy TT. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 July 9; 2(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6346029

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Treatment of spinal-cord-type cervical spondylosis by Chinese massotherapy. Author(s): Jin J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1999 March; 19(1): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453585

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Twenty one cases of vertebral-artery-type cervical spondylosis treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Author(s): Zhuang L. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 December; 20(4): 280-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11263283

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cervical spondylosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cervical spondylosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Cervical Spondylosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cervical spondylosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cervical spondylosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cervical spondylosis: •

Cervical Pain Syndromes Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 1060-1070. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of mechanical and degenerative pain syndromes that affect the cervical spine. The functional anatomy of the cervical spine is described. The pathology, symptoms, signs, radiological assessment, and complications of cervical spondylosis are discussed. The characteristics of other mechanical pain syndromes are highlighted, including those of cervical disc prolapse, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Soft tissue syndromes considered to be mechanical are described, including spasm, postural, and tension-related neck pain; fibrositis; and whiplash syndrome. Options for treating mechanism cervical disease are presented, including bed

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rest, physiotherapy, soft collars, drugs, surgery, and pain clinic participation. In addition, brachial plexus lesions are discussed. 52 references, 3 figures, and 7 tables. •

Chapter 8-C: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Disorders of the Low Back and Neck Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 165-173. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on disorders of the low back and neck. Axial skeletal pain is associated with various mechanical and medical disorders. Mechanical disorders are caused by overuse, trauma, or physical deformity of an anatomic structure. Medical disorders responsible for spinal pain are associated with constitutional symptoms, disease in other organ systems, and inflammatory or infiltrative disease of the axial skeleton. Most people who have low back or neck pain have a mechanical reason for their pain. The initial evaluation of patients with spinal pain focuses on separating people with mechanical disorders from those with systemic illnesses. The initial diagnostic evaluation includes taking a medical history and performing physical and neurologic examinations. Plain radiographs and laboratory tests are usually not needed for most patients. Symptoms that help identify systemic illnesses in people who have spinal pain include fever or weight loss, pain with recumbency, morning stiffness, localized bone pain, or visceral pain. Mechanical disorders of the lumbosacral spine are the most common causes of low back pain. These disorders include muscle strain, herniated nucleus pulposus, osteoarthritis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and adult scoliosis. Mechanical disorders of the cervical spine are less common than lumbar spine disorders and tend to be less debilitating. Causes of cervical spine pain include neck strain, cervical disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, myelopathy, and whiplash. The chapter describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these mechanical causes of back and neck pain. 3 figures, 5 tables, and 27 references.

49

APPENDICES

51

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

52


•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 6

54


•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway8

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2133 22 81 0 2 2238

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 12 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 8 9

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 13

14

57

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cervical spondylosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cervical spondylosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cervical spondylosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cervical spondylosis”:

58


Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Hand Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/handinjuriesanddisorders.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Neck Disorders and Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckdisordersandinjuries.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Slipped Disk http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/slippeddisk.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Spinal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinaldiseases.html Spinal Stenosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalstenosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cervical spondylosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search

Patient Resources

59

options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Cervical Spondylosis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Website: www.aaos.org. Summary: This fact sheet for patients discusses cervical spondylosis (CS) (arthritis of the neck), a condition often associated with aging and caused by bony spurs and problems with ligaments and disks. Symptoms of CS may be mild or severe and include neck pain and stiffness; numbness and weakness in the arms, hands, and fingers; leg weakness; grinding or popping in the neck; and muscle spasms or headaches originating in the neck. Diagnosis of this condition is usually based on medical history, physical exam, and imaging tests such as MRIs and/or x-rays. Treatment for CS includes rest, medication, physical therapy, and surgery if pain does not improve with other treatment methods. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cervical spondylosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

60


Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cervical spondylosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cervical spondylosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cervical spondylosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cervical spondylosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cervical spondylosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cervical spondylosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cervical spondylosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

63

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

64


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cervical spondylosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Cervical Spondylosis Cervical spondylosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000436.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Cervical Spondylosis Abnormal sensations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Bowel incontinence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003135.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Fecal incontinence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003135.htm

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Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Incontinence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003142.htm Loss of balance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Loss of movement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Loss of sensation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm Neck stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Tinnitus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003043.htm Vertigo Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cervical Spondylosis Cervical spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003805.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm EMG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Myelogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003807.htm Neck X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003805.htm

Online Glossaries 71

Spine MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003792.htm Spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Cervical Spondylosis Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Neck injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000029.htm Traction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002336.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located

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in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Brain Stem Infarctions: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury. [NIH] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH]

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Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case

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reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diskectomy: Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU]

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Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endotracheal intubation: Insertion of an airtube into the windpipe. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are

Dictionary 79

referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibrositis: Aching, soreness or stiffness of muscles; often caused by inexpedient work postures. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general,

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special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction

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of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of

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the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelogram: An x-ray of the spinal cord after an injection of dye into the space between the lining of the spinal cord and brain. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.

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Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH]

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Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prone Position: The posture of an individual lying face down. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from brain diseases; spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or rarely muscular diseases. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness

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is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper brain stem which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH]

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Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are

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ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]

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Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency: Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the brain stem; cerebellum; occipital lobe; medial temporal lobe; and thalamus. Characteristic clinical features include syncope; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and vertigo. brain stem infarctions or other brain infarction may be associated. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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91

INDEX A Aetiology, 31, 73 Allograft, 18, 73 Alternative medicine, 73 Amino Acids, 73, 85, 88 Anal, 73, 79 Analgesic, 41, 73 Anatomical, 5, 29, 73, 85 Anesthesia, 7, 73, 78 Angina, 14, 73 Angina Pectoris, 14, 73 Arterial, 73, 74, 84, 88 Arteries, 24, 40, 73, 74, 77, 82 Arteriography, 14, 73 Artery, 28, 32, 36, 41, 44, 73, 87 Articular, 73, 83 Artifacts, 23, 73 Autoimmune disease, 73, 82 Axilla, 73, 74 B Basal Ganglia, 73, 74 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 74 Base, 74, 81, 87 Bed Rest, 48, 74 Biochemical, 74, 83 Biological Factors, 29, 74 Biotechnology, 3, 53, 74 Bladder, 74, 79, 80, 82, 88 Blood vessel, 74, 75, 78, 81, 86 Brachial, 6, 48, 74, 81, 88 Brachial Plexus, 48, 74, 81, 88 Brain Diseases, 74, 84 Brain Infarction, 74, 88 Brain Stem, 74, 75, 85, 88 Brain Stem Infarctions, 74, 88 Bulbar, 74, 85 C Cadaver, 17, 74 Carbon Dioxide, 74, 79 Cardiac, 9, 75, 82 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 39, 75 Case report, 11, 16, 17, 28, 32, 40, 75, 76 Case series, 75, 76 Catheter, 75, 80 Catheterization, 75, 80 Cauda Equina, 14, 75 Caudal, 75, 84 Cell, 74, 75, 76

Central Nervous System, 74, 75, 79, 82 Cerebellum, 74, 75, 88 Cerebral, 9, 31, 41, 74, 75, 79, 83, 87 Cerebral Palsy, 9, 75 Cerebrospinal, 24, 27, 75 Cerebrospinal fluid, 24, 27, 75 Cerebrum, 75, 88 Cervix, 75, 79 Character, 73, 75, 77 Chronic, 71, 75, 80, 81 Clinical study, 11, 40, 75 Clinical trial, 3, 53, 76, 77, 78, 85 Cloning, 74, 76 Complement, 76 Complementary and alternative medicine, 39, 45, 76 Complementary medicine, 39, 76 Computational Biology, 53, 76 Conduction, 22, 24, 25, 76 Conjunctiva, 76, 88 Connective Tissue, 76, 77, 79, 81 Consciousness, 73, 77, 84, 87 Constitutional, 48, 77 Constriction, 77, 80 Contraindications, ii, 77 Contrast medium, 77, 82 Controlled study, 42, 77 Coordination, 75, 77, 82 Coronary, 14, 73, 77, 82 Coronary Circulation, 73, 77 Cortex, 42, 74, 77 Cortical, 25, 77 Cranial, 75, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88 D Decompression, 5, 6, 12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 31, 33, 40, 77 Decompression Sickness, 40, 77 Degenerative, 47, 77, 79, 82, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 77 Direct, iii, 77, 85, 87 Diskectomy, 9, 32, 77 Disorientation, 77 Dizziness, 42, 69, 78, 88 Dorsal, 7, 78, 84, 86 Dorsum, 78 Double-blind, 29, 78 Duct, 75, 78, 87 Dyskinesia, 78

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Dysphagia, 7, 16, 18, 41, 78 E Edema, 26, 78 Efficacy, 29, 78 Electroacupuncture, 40, 44, 78 Electromyography, 25, 78 Embolism, 31, 78 Emulsion, 78, 79 Endotracheal intubation, 14, 78 Environmental Health, 52, 54, 78 Exercise Therapy, 16, 78 Extremity, 29, 74, 78, 81, 83, 85, 88 Eye Movements, 78, 85 F Facial, 9, 78 Facial Pain, 9, 78 Family Planning, 53, 79 Fat, 79, 81, 82, 86 Fibrosis, 79, 85 Fibrositis, 47, 79 Fibula, 18, 79, 87 Fixation, 6, 79 Flatus, 79 Flexion, 16, 79 Foramen, 79, 80 Forearm, 79, 81, 88 Fovea, 79 Frontal Lobe, 79, 81 Fundus, 79 G Ganglia, 7, 24, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86 Gas, 14, 17, 74, 77, 79, 83 Gene, 74, 79 Gliosis, 79, 87 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 78, 79 Governing Board, 80, 84 Graft, 17, 80 H Herniated, 26, 48, 80 Hormone, 80, 85 Hyperostosis, 41, 47, 80 Hypersensitivity, 80, 85 I Idiopathic, 41, 47, 80 Illusion, 80, 88 In vitro, 80 In vivo, 41, 80 Incontinence, 69, 70, 80 Infection, 80, 81, 85 Innervation, 74, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88 Insulator, 80, 82 Intervertebral, 23, 32, 41, 77, 80, 81, 85

Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 80, 81, 85 Intubation, 7, 75, 80 Invasive, 80, 81 Involuntary, 74, 80, 82, 83, 86 Ischemia, 33, 80 K Kb, 52, 81 L Latency, 16, 25, 81 Lesion, 79, 81, 85 Ligament, 4, 5, 15, 23, 47, 81, 86 Light microscope, 81 Lipid, 81, 82 Localized, 48, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88 Low Back Pain, 48, 81 Lumbar, 20, 41, 48, 75, 80, 81, 85, 87 Lymph, 75, 81 Lymph node, 75, 81 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 81 Mastication, 81, 88 Medial, 81, 85, 87, 88 Median Nerve, 75, 81 MEDLINE, 53, 81 Membranes, 81, 88 Microsurgery, 6, 81 Molecular, 53, 55, 74, 76, 81 Morphological, 24, 81 Motor Activity, 81, 85 Motor Cortex, 20, 31, 81 Movement Disorders, 81 Multiple sclerosis, 29, 82 Muscular Diseases, 82, 83, 84 Myelin, 82, 86 Myelogram, 31, 70, 82 Myelography, 15, 17, 19, 22, 82 Myocardial Ischemia, 73, 82 Myocardium, 73, 82 N Neck Pain, 42, 47, 48, 59, 82 Nerve Fibers, 74, 82, 86, 87 Nervous System, 75, 82, 83 Neural, 17, 26, 82 Neuralgia, 43, 82 Neurogenic, 28, 82 Neurologic, 4, 9, 17, 48, 82 Neuromuscular, 82, 84 Neuromuscular Diseases, 82, 84 Neurons, 79, 82, 86 Neurosyphilis, 82, 83

93

Nitrogen, 77, 79, 82 Nuclei, 81, 83 Nucleus, 48, 74, 80, 83, 84 Nystagmus, 33, 83 O Occipital Lobe, 83, 88 Ophthalmology, 79, 83 Orofacial, 78, 83 Ossification, 4, 5, 15, 23, 47, 83 Osteoarthritis, 22, 48, 58, 83 Oxygenation, 77, 83 P Paralysis, 18, 74, 83, 84 Paraparesis, 83 Paresis, 6, 83 Paroxysmal, 73, 83 Pathologic, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86 Pathophysiology, 30, 83 Patient Education, 58, 64, 66, 71, 83 Pelvis, 81, 83, 88 Percutaneous, 77, 83 Periarthritis, 41, 83 Peripheral Nervous System, 82, 83, 84 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 82, 83, 84 Peroneal Nerve, 25, 84, 85 Phallic, 79, 84 Pharmacologic, 73, 84, 87 Physical Fitness, 78, 84 Physical Therapy, 59, 84 Plexus, 74, 84, 85 Pneumonia, 77, 84 Posterior, 4, 5, 11, 15, 23, 25, 30, 47, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84 Postoperative, 15, 23, 24, 84 Postural, 47, 84 Practice Guidelines, 54, 84 Preoperative, 11, 13, 27, 84 Progressive, 83, 84 Prolapse, 24, 41, 47, 84 Prone, 24, 84 Prone Position, 24, 84 Protein S, 74, 84, 85 Psychiatry, 8, 15, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27, 30, 32, 79, 84 Public Policy, 53, 84 Pulposus, 48, 80, 84 Q Quadriplegia, 18, 24, 84 R Radiation, 73, 85, 88 Radiculopathy, 9, 21, 40, 42, 85

Radiography, 13, 85 Radiological, 11, 14, 24, 25, 47, 83, 85 Radiology, 4, 11, 16, 20, 24, 29, 31, 85 Randomized, 29, 78, 85 Rectum, 79, 80, 85 Refer, 1, 76, 78, 79, 85 Regimen, 78, 85 Rheumatoid, 20, 58, 85 Rheumatoid arthritis, 20, 85 Ribosome, 85, 88 S Sagittal, 25, 27, 29, 42, 43, 85 Sciatic Nerve, 84, 85, 87 Sclerosis, 5, 9, 82, 85 Scoliosis, 48, 85 Screening, 76, 85 Segmental, 6, 29, 85, 86 Segmentation, 85 Sensory loss, 85, 86 Shock, 86, 88 Signs and Symptoms, 11, 48, 86 Skeletal, 29, 41, 47, 48, 82, 86 Skeleton, 48, 86, 87 Skull, 18, 86, 87 Smooth muscle, 82, 86 Soft tissue, 47, 86 Sound wave, 76, 86 Spasm, 47, 82, 86 Spatial disorientation, 78, 86 Specialist, 60, 86 Spinal cord, 7, 14, 17, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30, 31, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Spinal Cord Diseases, 83, 84, 86 Spinal Cord Injuries, 7, 58, 85, 86 Spinal Nerve Roots, 85, 86 Spinal Stenosis, 48, 58, 86 Splint, 19, 86 Spondylolisthesis, 48 Sprains and Strains, 81, 86 Stenosis, 31, 87 Stimulus, 80, 81, 87 Stool, 80, 87 Stress, 85, 87 Stricture, 87 Subclavian, 87, 88 Subclavian Artery, 87, 88 Subcutaneous, 78, 87 Symptomatic, 18, 87 Symptomatology, 12, 87 Syncope, 87, 88 Syringomyelia, 8, 28, 87 Systemic, 48, 80, 87

94


T Temporal, 87, 88 Temporal Lobe, 87, 88 Thalamus, 74, 87, 88 Thoracic, 74, 81, 87, 88 Tibia, 79, 87 Tibial Nerve, 25, 85, 87 Tissue, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87 Toxic, iv, 87 Toxicology, 54, 87 Traction, 16, 18, 31, 71, 88 Transfection, 74, 88 Translation, 42, 88 Trauma, 25, 48, 74, 88 Trigeminal, 43, 78, 88 U Ulnar Nerve, 41, 88 Urinary, 80, 88

Urine, 74, 80, 88 Uterus, 75, 79, 88 V Ventricles, 75, 88 Vertebrae, 80, 86, 88 Vertebral, 4, 5, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41, 42, 44, 88 Vertebral Artery, 15, 28, 30, 33, 88 Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency, 8, 88 Vertigo, 13, 33, 70, 88 Veterinary Medicine, 53, 88 Visceral, 48, 80, 88 Vivo, 88 W Windpipe, 78, 88 Wounds, Gunshot, 86, 88 X X-ray, 59, 70, 71, 73, 77, 82, 85, 88

95

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