The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume 3, Books 9-12

This is the third volume in the major six-volume Commentary on Homer's Iliad prepared under the General Editorship of Professor G. S. Kirk. It opens with two introductory chapters: the first on Homeric diction (on which emphasis is maintained throughout the Commentary); the second on the contribution that comparative studies have made to seeing the Homeric epics in sharper perspective. Like its companion volumes, the Commentary deals with the cultural background of the poem and with linguistic and thematic points. Dr Hainsworth confronts in an intentionally even-handed manner the serious problems posed by the ninth, tenth, and twelfth books of the Iliad, seeking by means of a succinct discussion and a brief bibliography of recent contributions to furnish the user with a point of entry into the often voluminous scholarship devoted to these questions. The Greek text is not included. This Commentary is an essential reference work for all students of Greek literature, and archaeologists and historians will also find that it contains material of value to them.

The Iliad: a commentary Volume in: books 9-12

THE ILIAD: A COMMENTARY GENERAL EDITOR G. S. KIRK

Volume HI: books 9-12 BRYAN HAINSWORTH UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN CLASSICAL LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, AND FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © Cambridge University Press 1993 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 Reprinted 1996, 2000

A catalogue recordfor this book is availablefrom the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Kirk, G. S. (Geoffrey Stephen) The Iliad, a commentary. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Books 1-4 v. 3. Books 9-12 Bryan Hainsworth. 1. Homer. Iliad. 2. Achilles (Greek mythology) in literature. 3. Trojan War in literature. I. Homer. Iliad. II. Hainsworth, Bryan. III. Title. PA4037.K458 1985 883'.oi 84-11330 ISBN o 521 23711 4 hardback

ISBN o 521 28173 3 paperback

Transferred to digital printing 2005

AO

This volume is dedicated to the memory of Eric Yorke Friend and Tutor

CONTENTS

Preface Abbreviations

page xiii XV

INTRODUCTION i

Formulas (i) (")

(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

M

(xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii)

i

6

Hapax legomena

Localization Phrase patterns Sentence patterns Minimal statements Synonyms Substitution Formulas proper Types of formula Whole-line formulas, couplets, and runs Ornamental epithets Special and generic epithets Extension Economy Modification, etc. Clustering Conservatism and replacement

2 The Iliad as heroic poetry (i) The verse and the singer (ii) The tradition (iii) The hero (a) Exemplary character (b) Status (c) Force and will (d) Egotism and oceiKeoc epyoc (iv) The Greek tradition and the Iliad

7 9 10 12 l

5

16 18 19 21 22

23 24 26 27 28 32

34 38 44 45 45 47 49 50

Contents

COMMENTARY Book 9 Book 10 Book 11 Book 12

Index

55 151 211 313

367

FIGURES

page

i

The boar's tusk helmet

179

XI

PREFACE

Students of Altertumswissenschaft everywhere owe much to the continuing commitment of publishers, to the Fondazione Lorenzo Valla and the Clarendon Press for a commentary on the Odyssey and to the Cambridge University Press for undertaking at Geoffrey Kirk's instigation an even grander commentary on the Iliad. A commentary on either poem of Homer, unless it has a very narrow focus, must nowadays be the work of several hands; such is the pressure of other duties in English-speaking lands on those who would willingly devote all their time to the old poet. Though each of the General Editor's collaborators has had a free hand and with it an inescapable responsibility the commentary is in a sense a co-operative venture. In detail Richard Janko, Nicholas Richardson and Mark Edwards and of course the General Editor suggested many improvements and generously made their own work available to me, but in a deeper sense the concept of an Iliadic commentary that shaped vols. i and n (see the outline in vol. i xv-xxv) has shaped my own work. The same assumptions are made about unity of conception, though I follow Danek in relieving Homer of responsibility for book i o; about the broad integrity of the text, though the easy accessibility of the scholia in Erbse's edition is a constant reminder how much we take on trust; and about the profound influence of oral techniques of composition on the linguistic and narrative style of the epic. These are assumptions universally understood and therefore discountable if not in toto universally accepted. Nothing in format or conventions will surprise. One particular convention, however, is worth mention. Akhilleus and Hektor live in the mind of every reader for whom the Iliad is a poem as well as a text, and expressions of the kind 'Akhilleus says' or 'Hektor does' flow easily from the commentator's pen. Such expressions are shorthand for the cumbrous 'the poet represents his character Akhilleus saying, etc.', which it would be tedious to repeat more frequently than is necessary to remind the reader that when history becomes heroic poetry it becomes fiction. The Iliad relates events as they were conceived and structured in the poet's mind; how that was done it is the primary function of commentary to elucidate, while recognizing that the completeness of the picture and sequence of events is subject to fallibility, indifference, and the poet's own evaluation. The latter is the province of narratology, an art too novel for its application to Homer yet to have produced consensus; my debt on this front to de Jong will be xiii

Preface evident. Indebtedness to the thoughts and insights of others inevitably weighs heavily on this commentary. It is lightened only by the thought that bibliography is an inescapable problem for any late twentieth-century commentator on a major classical text. It would be easy to compile a list of two or three hundred items, in the manner of a doctoral thesis, or indeed twice that number, but such a list is of little real help to the majority of users. The bibliography that precedes the commentary is exactly what it is entitled, a list of works cited frequently enough to justify the abbreviation of their titles; it has no pretence to be exhaustive even as a list of indispensable Homerica. In the commentary itself no attempt is made to cumulate secondary literature, but the work of Burkert, Chantraine, M. W. Edwards, Fenik, Latacz, Meister, Redfield, Schein, and the contributors to Archaeologia Homerica, to name the most obvious, has left its mark on every page. References are made, not to cite a source, but to indicate where further information beyond what is appropriate to a commentary may be found or to provide a point of entry into always voluminous scholarship. Finally thanks are due, for their patience as well as their labours, to the officers of the Cambridge University Press and especially to their copyeditor, the ever-vigilant Susan Moore.

J. B. H. Bladon, Oxon., January 1991

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS

Books Adkins, Merit and Responsibility A. W. H. Adkins, Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values (Oxford i960) Ameis-Hentze K. F. Ameis and C. Hentze, Homers Ilias (Leipzig 18681932; repr. Amsterdam 1965) Amory Parry, Blameless Aegisthus A. Amory Parry, Blameless Aegisthus: a Study q/d|iU|icov and Other Homeric Epithets (Leiden 1973) Ap. Soph., Lex. Apollonii Sophistae Lexicon Homericum, ed. I. Bekker (Berlin Ap thorp, MS Evidence M. J. Apthorp, The Manuscript Evidencefor Interpolation in Homer (Heidelberg 1980) Arch. Horn. Archaeologia Homerica: Die Denkmdler und das fruhgriechische Epos, edd. F. Matz and H.-G. Buchholz (Gottingen 1967- ) Arend, Scenen W. Arend, Die typischen Scenen bei Homer (Berlin 1933) Austin, Archery N. Austin, Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer's Odyssey (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1975) Boedeker, Aphrodite D. D. Boedeker, Aphrodite's Entry into Greek Epic (Leiden) 1974 Boiling, External Evidence G. M. Boiling, The External Evidence for Interpolation in Homer (Oxford 1925, repr. 1968) Bowra, Tradition and Design C . M . Bowra, Tradition and Design in the Iliad (Oxford 1930, repr. Westport 1977) Bowra, HP C. M. Bowra, Heroic Poetry (Oxford 1952) Bremer, HBOP Homer: Beyond Oral Poetry, edd. J. M. Bremer, I. J. F. de Jong, a n d j . Kalff (Amsterdam 1987) Burkert, Religion W. Burkert, Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical (Oxford 1985); Engl. trans, by J. Raffan of Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977) Chantraine, Diet. P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque (Paris 1968-80) Chantraine, GH P. Ghantraine, Grammaire homerique 1-11 (Paris 195863) Commentary A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey, vol. 1, by A. Heubeck, S. West, and J. B. Hainsworth (Oxford 1988); vol. 11, by A. Heubeck and A. Hoekstra (Oxford 1989); vol. in by J. Russo, M. Fernandez-Galiano, and A. Heubeck (Oxford 1991)

Abbreviations Cook, Troad J. M. Cook, The Troad: an Archaeological and Typographical Study (Oxford 1973) Crespo, Prosodia E. Crespo, Elementos antiguos y modernos en la prosodia homerica (Salamanca 1977) Cuillandre, La Droite et la gauche J. Cuillandre, La Droite et la gauche dans les poemes homeriques (Paris 1944) Danek, Dolonie G. Danek, Studien zur Dolonie, Wiener Studien, Beiheft 12 (Vienna 1988) Davies M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Gottingen 1988) de Jong, Narrators I. J. F. de Jong, Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad (Amsterdam 1987) Delebecque, Cheval E. Delebecque, Le Cheval dans Vlliade (Paris 1951) Denniston, Particles J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles (2nd edn, Oxford 1951) Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1951) Edwards, HPI M. W. Edwards, Homer, Poet of the Iliad (Baltimore and London 1987) Erbse, H. Erbse, Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem, vols. i-v (+ index vols.) (Berlin 1969-87) Erbse, Funktion der Gotter H. Erbse, Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Goiter im homerischen Epos (Berlin 1986) Espermann, Antenor, Theano, Antenoriden I. Espermann, Antenor, Theano, Antenoriden: ihre Person und Bedeutung in der Ilias (Meisenheim am Glan 1980) Fagles Homer: the Iliad, trans. R. Fagles (New York 1990) Fenik, Iliad X and the Rhesos B. C. Fenik, Iliad X and the Rhesos: the Myth, Collection Latomus 73 (Brussels-Berchem 1964) Fenik, TBS B. C. Fenik, Typical Battle Scenes in the Iliad (Hermes Einzelschriften 21, Wiesbaden 1968) Fenik, Tradition B. C. Fenik, ed., Homer: Tradition and Invention (Leiden 1978) Fenik, Homer and the Nibelungenlied B. C. Fenik, Homer and the Nibelungenlied: Comparative Studies in Epic Style (Cambridge, Mass. 1986) Finley, World M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (2nd edn, Harmondsworth 1979) Foley, Traditional Oral Epic J. M. Foley, Traditional Oral Epic: the Odyssey, Beowulf, and the Serbo-Croatian Return Song (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1990) Foxhall and Davies, Trojan War L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, edd., The Trojan War: its Historicity and Context (Bristol 1984) Frankel, Gleichnisse H. Frankel, Die homerischen Gleichnisse (Gottingen i92i,repr. 1977) xvi

Abbreviations Friedrich, Verwundung W. H. Friedrich, Verwundung und Tod in der Mas (Gottingen 1956) Friis Johansen, Iliad in Early Greek Art K. Friis Johansen, The Iliad in Early Greek Art (Copenhagen 1967) Frisk, GEW H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Wb'rterbuch (Heidelberg I 954~72) Goodwin, Syntax W. W. Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb (2nd edn, London 1929) Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare P. A. L. Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare: Horsemen and Chariots in the Homeric and Archaic Ages (Cambridge 1973) Griffin, HLD J. Griffin, Homer on Life and Death (Oxford 1980) Hainsworth, Flexibility J. B. Hainsworth, The Flexibility of the Homeric Formula (Oxford 1968) Hainsworth, Od. A. Heubeck, S. R. West and J. B. Hainsworth, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey vol. 1 (Oxford 1988) Hatto, Traditions A. T. Hatto, ed., Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry (London 1980-9) Higbie, Measure and Music C. Higbie, Measure and Music: Enjambement and Sentence Structure in the Iliad (Oxford 1990) Hoekstra, Modifications A. Hoekstra, Modifications of Formulaic Prototypes (Amsterdam 1965) Hoekstra, SES A. Hoekstra, The Sub-Epic Stage of the Formulaic Tradition (Amsterdam 1969) Hoekstra, Epic Verse before Homer A. Hoekstra, Epic Verse before Homer (Amsterdam 1979) Hoekstra, Od. A. Heubeck and A. Hoekstra, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey vol. 11 (Oxford 1989) HSL Catalogue R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby, The Catalogue of Ships in Homer's Iliad (Oxford 1970) HyDem, HyAp, HyHerm, HyAphr, HyDion Homeric Hymns to Demeter, Apollo, Hermes, Aphrodite, Dionysus Janko, HHH R. Janko, Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns (Cambridge 1982) Kakridis, Researches J. T. Kakridis, Homeric Researches (Lund 1949) Kiparsky, Oral Poetry P. Kiparsky, Oral Poetry: Some Linguistic and Typological Considerations, in B. A. Stolz and R. S. Shannon, edd., Oral Literature and the Formula (Ann Arbor 1976) Kirk, Songs G. S. Kirk, The Songs of Homer (Cambridge 1962) Kirk, Myth G. S. Kirk, Myth: its Meaning and Functions (Cambridge, Berkeley, and Los Angeles 1970) Kirk, HOT G. S. Kirk, Homer and the Oral Tradition (Cambridge 1976) Krischer, Konventionen T. Krischer, Formate Konventionen der homerischen Epik (Munich 1971)

Abbreviations Kullmann, Quellen W. Kullmann, Die Quellen der Mas (Wiesbaden i960) Kurt, Fachausdriicke C. Kurt, Seemdnnische Fachausdriicke bei Homer (Gottingen 1979) Language and Background The Language and Background of Homer, ed. G. S. Kirk (Cambridge 1964) Latacz, Kampfdarstellung J . Latacz, Kampfpardnese, Kampfdarstellung und Kampfwirklichkeit in der Mas, bei Kallinos und Tyrtaios (Munich 1977) Lawrence, Fortification A. W. Lawrence, Greek Aims In Fortification (Oxford 1979) Leaf W. Leaf, The Mad 1-11 (2nd edn, London 1900-2) Leumann, HW M. Leumann, Homerische Wb'rter (Basel 1950) LfgrE Lexicon des fruhgriechischen Epos, edd. B. Snell and H. Erbse (Gottingen 1955- ) Lexicon Iconographicum Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, edd. H. C. Ackermann and J. R. Gisler (Zurich 1981- ) Lohmann, Reden D. Lohmann, Die Komposition der Reden in der Mas (Berlin 1970) Lorimer, HM H . L. Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments (London 1950) L-P E. Lobel and D. L. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (Oxford LSJ H. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S.Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th edn, Oxford 1940) Meister, Kunstsprache K. Meister, Die homerische Kunstsprache (Leipzig 1921, repr. Stuttgart 1966) Monro, HG D. B. Monro, A Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (2nd edn. Oxford 1891) Moulton, Similes C. Moulton, Similes in the Homeric Poems, Hypomnemata 49 (Gottingen 1977) M-W R. Merkelbach and M. L. West, edd., Fragmenta Hesiodea (Oxford 1967) Mueller, Mad M. Mueller, The Mad (London 1984) Murray, Rise G. Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic (4th edn, Oxford 1934) Nagler, Spontaneity M . N. Nagler, Spontaneity and Tradition: a Study in the Oral Art of Homer (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1974) Nagy, Best of the Achaeans G. Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (Baltimore 1979) Nickau, £enodotos K. Nickau, Untersuchungen zur textkritischen Methode des Zenodotos von Ephesos (Berlin 1977) Nilsson, GgrR M . P. Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen Religion 1 (3rd edn, Munich 1967) Nilsson, HM M. P. Nilsson, Homer and Mycenae (London 1933)

Abbreviations OCT Oxford Classical Texts: Homeri Opera I-V: I - I I (Iliad) edd. D. B. Monro and T. W. Allen (3rd edn, Oxford 1920); m-iv (Odyssey) ed. T. W. Allen (2nd edn, Oxford 1917-19; v (Hymns, etc.) ed. T. W. Allen (Oxford 1912) Page, HHI D. L. Page, History and the Homeric Iliad (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1959) Page, Odyssey D. L. Page, The Homeric Odyssey (Oxford 1955) Page D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962) Parry, MHV A. Parry, ed. The Making of Homeric Verse. The Collected Papers of Milman Parry (Oxford 1971) Peristiany, Honour and Shame Honour and Shame: the Values of Mediterranean Society, ed. J. G. Peristiany (London 1955) RE Paulys Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschafty edd. G. Wissowa et al. (Stuttgart 1893- ) Redfield, Mature and Culture J. M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in the Iliad: the Tragedy of Hector (Chicago 1975) Reinhardt, IuD K. Reinhardt, Die Ilias und ihr Dichter, ed. U. Holscher (Gottingen 1961) Richter, Furniture G. Richter, The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans (London 1966) Risch, Wortbildung E. Risch, Wortbildung der homerischen Sprache (2nd edn, Berlin 1973) Ruijgh, U Element acheen C. J. Ruijgh, UElement acheen dans la langue epique (Assen 1957) Sacks, Traditional Phrase R. Sacks, The Traditional Phrase in Homer (Leiden 1987) Schadewaldt, Iliasstudien W. Schadewaldt, Iliasstudien (3rd edn, Darmstadt 1966) Schein, Mortal Hero S. L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: an Introduction to Homer's Iliad (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1984) SCHS Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs, ed. and trans. A. B. Lord and others (Cambridge, Mass., 1954- ) Schulze, QE W. Schulze, Quaestiones Epicae (Giitersloh 1892) Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. E. Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik, 1—in (Munich 1939-53) Scott, Simile W. C. Scott, The Oral Nature of the Homeric Simile (Leiden 1974) Shewan, Lay of Dolon A. Shewan, The Lay of Dolon (London 1911) Shipp, Studies G. P. Shipp, Studies in the Language of Homer (2nd edn, Cambridge 1972) Strasburger, Kdmpfer G. Strasburger, Die kleinen Kdmpfer der Ilias (Frankfurt 1954) Studies Palmer Studies in Greek, Italic and Indo-European Linguistics offered to xix

Abbreviations Leonard R. Palmer•, edd. A Morpurgo Davies and W. Meid (Innsbruck 1976) Studies Webster Studies in Honour of T. B. L. Webster 1 edd. J. H. Betts, J. T. Hooker, and J. R. Green (Bristol 1986) Thalmann, Conventions W. G. Thalmann, Conventions of Form and Thought in Early Greek Epic Poetry (Baltimore and London 1984) Thompson, Motif Index S. Thompson, Motif Index of Folk Literature (Copenhagen 1955-8) Thornton, Supplication A. Thornton, Homer's Iliad: its Composition and the Motif of Supplication (Gottingen 1984) Triimpy, Fachausdrilcke H. Triimpy, Kriegerische Fachausdriicke im griechischen Epos (Basel 1950) van der Valk, Researches M. H. A. L. H. van der Valk, Researches on the Text and Scholia of the Iliad 1-11 (Leiden 1963-4) van Thiel, Ilias und Iliaden H. van Thiel, Ilias und Iliaden (Basel and Stuttgart 1982) Ventris and Chad wick, Documents M. Ventris and J. Chad wick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2nd edn, Cambridge 1973) Vermeule, Aspects of Death E. Vermeule, Aspects of Death in Early Greek Poetry and Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1979) von Kamptz, Personennamen H. von Kamptz, Homerische Personennamen (Gottingen 1982) Von der Miihll, Hypomnema P. Von der Miihll, Kritisches Hypomnema zur Ilias (Basel 1952) Wace and Stubbings, Companion A. J. B. Wace and F. H. Stubbings, A Companion to Homer (London 1962) Wackernagel, Untersuchungen J. Wackernagel, Sprachliche Untersuchungen zu Homer (Gottingen 1916, repr. 1970) Wathelet, Traits eoliens P. Wathelet, Les traits eoliens dans la langue de Vepopee grecque (Rome 1970) Wathelet, Dictionnaire P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de I3Made 1-11 (Liege 1988) Webster, Mycenae to Homer T. B. L. Webster, From Mycenae to Homer (2nd edn, London 1964) West, GM M. L. West, Greek Metre (Oxford 1982) West, Theogony M. L. West, Hesiod, Theogony (Oxford 1966) West, Works and Days M. L. West, Hesiod, Works and Days (Oxford 1978) West, Catalogue M. L. West, The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (Oxford 1985) West, Od. A. Heubeck, S. R. West, and J. B. Hainsworth, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey 1 (Oxford 1988) xx

Abbreviations West, Ptolemaic Papyri S. R. West, The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer (Cologne and Opladen 1967) Whallon, Formula, Character, and Context W. Whallon, Formula, Character, and Context: Studies in Homeric, Old English, and Old Testament Poetry (Washington, D.C., 1969) Whitman, HHT C. H. Whitman, Homer and the Heroic Tradition (Cambridge, Mass., 1958) Willcock M. M. Willcock, The Iliad of Homer 1-11 (London 1978-84) Willcock, Companion M. M. Willcock, A Companion to the Iliad (Chicago 1976) Wyatt, ML

W. Wyatt, Metrical Lengthening in Homer (Rome 1969)

Journals American Journal of Philology BSA Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens Class, et Med. Classica et Mediaevalia Classical Philology CPh Classical Quarterly Cd Machrichten von der Gesellschaft zu Gottingen (phil.-hist. Klasse) GGN IF Indogermanische Forschungen Journal of Hellenic Studies JHS LCM Liverpool Classical Monthly Mnemosyne Mnem. Museum Helveticum Mus. Helv. Revue des etudes grecques REG RhM Rheinisches Museum SMEA Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici TAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Wiener Studien WS Tale Classical Studies res

AJP

NOTE I indicates the beginning or end of verses; occasionally it marks the caesura. The abbreviation '(etc.)' when the frequency of a word or formula is cited means that other grammatical terminations are included in the total. For 'Arn/A', 'Did/A', etc., see vol. 1 41-3.

INTRODUCTION i. Formulas

The creation of the Iliad on the assumptions that underlie this commentary is not easily described, for our knowledge of doi8f| is limited and, it must be said, speculative. The Iliad, said Aristotle {Poetics ch. 23), was jiia upa^is TroAuuepfjs; it had a unity but a great many parts. Aristotle admired the unity, and he was quite right to do so. For an 6(961x0 aiei with hiatus, uepoixcov dcvOpcbmov > uepOTres avOpcoTroi; sentence patterns bring them into juxtaposition and leave hiatus or short syllables uncorrected (see MHV 191-221). These accidents are not frequent: the aristeia of Agamemnon (11.91-168) is metrically flawless if a hiatus in £coypei, 'Axpeos vie and an observed digamma before &va£ are excused. (ix) Types of formula Formulas are simply groups of two or more words that are associated with each other; they are usually juxtaposed and syntactically linked, but neither condition is necessary: Oodcov . . . vncov or vecov . . . Oodcov (5X) is clearly formular, so is Ouiaos evi orfiOecrcn (35x //., 13X Od. - one of the most frequent formulas in the epic) where the prepositional phrase construes with the verb of the sentence. Formulas may thus arise among all grammatical categories of word. Strings of particles, lightly adapted from the formulas of vernacular speech, were noted in §iv and adverbial phrases (doxpccAes aiei, etc.) in §iii; the minimal statements of §v would harden into verb + object formulas. Homeric formulas parallel the formulas of vernacular speech: 'never-the-less' (particle string), 'break x's heart' (substitution system), 'serried ranks' (special epithet), 'arrant knave'/'fool'/'nonsense' (generic epithet).19 In the epic there are more of them and they are, at least to begin with, related to metre. Formulas of the simple kind, such as TTTTTTE 6e Aaos, coTrAicjcraTO SETTTVOV, tuepos aipeT, lAe 5' avSpa, dvxios earr) (11.85-95), come into being directly from the subject matter of the narrative. The hexameter, however, is a long verse, and consequently the versifier finds a certain amplitude of style, towards which he is already drawn as narrator, useful. Formulas that embody a redundant element come into existence then as part of the epic style. Of these there are two important kinds: doublets, which have received little attention, and noun-epithet formulas, which have been intensively studied. Doublets: simple redundancy is common: fiyfjTopes f|8e ue8ovTes (9.17 etc.), UTreoxeTo Kai KaTeveuaev (9.19), dTTToAeiious T* . . . Kai avaAiS |i£V KpOKOTTETrAoS EKISVOCTO Trdaav ETT' a l a v (2X ), f)d>s \xkv KPOKOTTETTAOS dir' 'QKEOCVOTO f>odcov

I opvuO' (1 x ), a n d a notable maverick: f)|ios 8 s Ecoa9oposfiTai9600s ipEcov ETTI yaTav | 6v TE [xsict KPOKOTTETTAOS uirEip dAa Ki8vocrai fjcbs, 23.226-7. 19

Formulas For verses introducing speeches, see Parry, MHV 15-16, Edwards, HSCP 74 (1970) 1-36. Transitions: dAAo 8E TOI EpEco, au 8' evi 9peai (3dAA£oCTTJCTI(7X //., 7X Od.), dAA' ays uoi T68E EITTE Kal drrpeKecos KaTaAe^ov (4X //., 13X Od.).

Conclusions: a y 6* ETapcov EIS EOVOS Exd^ETO K^p' dAEEivcov (6x ), ladori^Ev 8* lAdav TCO 8* OUK dEKOVTE TTETEOOTIV (3X //., 3X Od. + 2X with hnrov/s for eAdav), KEITO [iEyas |J£yaAcocrri, AEAaaiJEVos iTnrocn/vdcov ( i x //., i x Od., butcf. 18.26-7 and n.). Such formulas almost certainly belong to the tradition generally, but a few seem to have arisen within the context of the Iliad: 9£uyco|JEV (etc.)/ oixcovToa ovv vnuai 6Ia 8e&, dAAd KOCI EUTTTIS > dAAJ 2H"TTT|SJ KETTO TavuaOeis > KEITO TaOeis, EATTETO Ouuos > Ouuos EEATTETO. Verb-

formulas add or drop prepositional prefixes. Noun-epithet formulas usually invert the order of words with or without further modification: f)epa TroAAf]v > TTOAAT)V f)£p' and fjepcc TTOUAUV, OCTUOC KsAaivov > KeAoavecpes alua.

Adjustment to length without movement: ETTIEIUEVOS dAi eijjievos AAKTJV, vr)uai 8of)ai > vf|£(jcri Oorjai; to initial sound: GOAECTE OUUOV > Ouuov OAECKTE. Lengthening is otherwise achieved by adding a redundant element, epithet or synonym: 5OAIX6CJKIOV eyx°S | (3pi0u iJieya aTi^apov KEKopuOusvov (16.801-2, an extreme case). Splitting the formular word-group illustrates the close connexion between cola and phrase pattern. If an epithet fills the final colon, the noun easily floats free of it: SETTCCS . . . aucpiKUTTeAAov, VEES . . . ducpieAiaaai, do-mSa . . . TT&VTOCJ' ETOT|V, usually to admit a verb; likewise if the epithet falls neatly between caesura and diaeresis: TrepiKaAAea . . . 8i9pov, u£yaAf|Topi... Ouucp, XpuadiiTTUKas . . • ITTTTOUS; or with the noun brought back into the first half: eyx°S •. • 8oAix6(JKiov, Acb(3r|v . . . OuuaAyea, 8copa . . . TrepiKAirrd. Other cases do violence to phrase patterns and their relation to the cola: vfjes Ooai 2.619 with word-break between the shorts of the second foot. (xvi) Clustering 2 6 In every book of the Iliad there are a number of repeated lines which occur nowhere else in the poem. I n book 11 we have ocuTdp 6 TGOV dAAcov eTTETrcoAelTO OTIXOCS dvSpcov I iyx^i T ' dopi TE lisydAoicri TE x 6 P ^ a 5 ^ o i a i v (264-5 = 540-1), ES 8i9pov 6' dvopoucTE, Kai TJVIOXCO ETTETEAAE | vr|uaiv ETTI yAacpuprjcJiv EAauvE^EV TIX^TO y a p K^p (273-4 = 399-400), ?), Kai TTEiaavSpov (GupippaTov) UEV 09* ITTTTCOV (has xot|id^E (143 = 320), ES 6 J dy£ Xeipos EACOV, KaTa 8' ISpidaaOai dvcoyE (646 = 778). These repetitions occur in unrelated passages and are not the result of messages being repeated or commands executed. T h e verses incorporate formulas and are normally 26

See Hainsworth, Studies Palmer 83-6, Janko, Mnem. 34 (1981) 251-64, F. X. Strasser, <M den Iterata der friihgriechischen Epik (Konigstein 1984) (cf. 17.395-70.), C. Prato, Miscellanea

Filologica (Genoa 1978) 77-89.

27

Formulas constructed; their context, battle, is the staple of the Iliad. The odd thing is that they recur after a short interval and do not recur again. Clustering of verses, formulas, single words - is one of the phenomena of Homeric diction that neither Parry's model of formular composition nor its offshoots explain. The obvious explanation is psychological; what the singer has sung remains for some time near the surface of his mind. (A curious echo over ninety lines occurs at 13.564 cos TE OKGOAOS . . . M yccfris and 13.654 cos TE cTKcbArj^ 67Ti yaiT).) This is easily understood at the thematic level and may be illustrated by the iterated woundings and assaults of books 11 and 12. The repeated verses and runs are not much different, and clustering is apparent also at the level of the phrase (where the first instance may be taken as the product of phrase pattern or substitution): VUKTCCS TCCVOV (9.325, 470 only), 6iv €vi 6i9pcp EOVTE (etc.) 11.103, 11.127; and 5.160, 5.609), TTTTTTE K&priva (11.158 and 11.500), OTTOC! 8E TE KOUTTOS 686VTCOV (11.417, 12.149), £l EUTJS (Gofjs) ooro X P°S CXKOVTI (11.675, 12.306). Most striking, however, is clustering in the use of the formular stock: UEyon6pTaTos (of Agamemnon) is contrasted with KocpTEpos (of Akhilleus). — irep intensifies the preceding adjective, so 'the very gods' (Leaf), cf. TaA&9povd Trep TTOAEliiCTTTjv (13.300), 'the staunchest warrior'. (For uses of the particle TTEp in the epic see E. J. Bakker, Linguistics and Formulas in Homer (Amsterdam 1988) 67-106.) i n On the metrics of this verse see 1.356^ The poet, doubtless unconsciously, gives to Nestor the same language as was used by Akhilleus in his complaint to Thetis (1.356). — f|T{ur|(7as acquires extra force from the immediately preceding dOdvorroi TTEp ETICTOCV. 112 The 1st plural TTETTIOCOUEV is natural enough for the subtle Nestor to use when he really means 'you, Agamemnon'; but it is also natural in the sense that all the Achaeans need Akhilleus and should make a collective approach to him. Such an approach would, like the approach made by Patroklos in book 16, be one that Akhilleus could not reasonably disdain. The poet is therefore careful to preclude it by the reaction assigned to Agamemnon. 113 'A soft answer turneth away wrath.' Nestor recommends an approach that Homeric society recognized as effective, cf. 23.586ft0., Antilokhos' apology to Menelaos, which Menelaos, 23.6o2ff., immediately accepts, and among the anthropomorphic Olympians 1.582-3, where Hephaistos affirms that ETTEOC uaAocKd will render Zeus lAaos forthwith; cf. also the argument of Phoinix at 496ff: EUXGOAOCI dyavcci will move even the gods. It is no wonder that the Achaeans find Akhilleus' attitude incomprehensible, and that the poet himself has some trouble in expressing it. 72

Book Nine 114-61 Agamemnon's response. The speech makes four points. First (115-18), Agamemnon admits that he had been overcome by onrri; second (119-40), he names &7Tepsiaia diTOiva, recompense for the seizure of Briseis; third (141-57), he specifies how he will in future honour Akhilleus; and fourth (158-61), he demands that Akhilleus for his part recognize Agamemnon's superiority in rank. The gifts immediately on offer are handed over and the oath taken at ig.243ff. m spite of Akhilleus' indifference to material honours after the death of Patroklos. 116 daad|ir|v: for recent bibliography on the concept of OCTT| see W. F. Wyatt, AJP 103 (1982) 247-76 and 19.85-138^ Wyatt's association of this verb with dco ( T ° v 5e u. x> T(£ Hg u- X-) w * t n modifications to accommodate pronouns (ou8£ TI UIV x-, TITTTE 8e as X«)- — 'share' > 'fate' > 'death' > 'Death' (personified fate). See also I2.326n., Nilsson, GgrR 1 222-5. 413 KAEOS &90ITOV iorcci has frequently been compared with the semantically similar and etymologically identical expression in the Vedic hymns §rdvah . . . dksitam 1.9.7, c^- dksiti kdvah 1.40.4 etc., with the implication that the phrase is a fragment of an Indo-European heroic poetry: see M. Durante's list in R. Schmitt, Indogermanische Dichtersprache (Darmstadt 1968) 297-309. The words stand here as subject and predicate, but that may be a grammatical modification of a formula in which the epithet, though not decorative, is attributive, cf. the Delphic inscription GDI 1537, Ibycus fr. 1.47 Page, and Sappho fr. 44.4 L-P. The complete phrase, KAIOS OKpOiTov ICTTCCI, is an equivalent of the formular KASOS OUTTOT' oAeiTai (2X //., 1 x Od., HyAp 156, [Hesiod] fr. 70.7 M-W), and can readily be seen as an ad hoc creation from elements readily available to the poet, see M. Finkelberg, CQ 36 (1986) 1-5, with A. T. Edwards' correction, CQ, 38 (1988) 25. 414 IKCOUI was established in the printed texts by Wolf and has very little MS support; the paradosis, with remarkable unanimity, is the unmetrical iKcouca. IKCOUI, however, exchanges one anomaly for another - the 1 of the active form IKCO is long. O!KCC8' + parts of iK&rOcci is formular (3X elsewhere in //., 5X Od.) and, again as OIKCCS' IKCOUOU, occurs at 393. IKCOUOCI, however, cannot stand here unless the following 9iAr|v is emended to bf\v ( = 6uf|v, see 1 i.i42n.) after Brugmann. The sense required of the verb is 'go', 'return', hence Nauck's Tcoui, accepted by Leaf; but if this is a case of 'concordance corruption' the whole phrase O!KCC8' IKCOUCCI may be intrusive. Wyatt, ML 117

Book Nine 33, moots the possibility here and at 5.256 (ea as u u ) of a singer's slip, for which cf. A. B. Lord, Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Mass., i960) 38, 44. 416 Athetized by Aristarchus (Am/A) as being pleonastic and not read by Zenodotus (Did/AT). The verse gives a clearer construction to ITTI Srjpdv 8s uoi aicov in 415, as Aristarchus noted, and that would be a motive for its insertion, but see 44n. 420 Xe^Pa ^ 1 v : f° r t n e hiatus before efjv cf. Zeus 6E eov (1.533), 6s xe hf\s (Od. 8.524). There is no initial digamma (£6s < sewos), but the usage may well be affected by (p)6s (< reduced-grade swos). The protective hand of Zeus is an easy metaphor, cf. 4.249, 5.433, 24.374, ^ - 14.184, though more typical of Near Eastern thought than Greek. The formula is (ai KS) uirepaxTi X^Tpa Kpovicov (2X ), but the conjugation of Cnrrspex^iv results in a rather protean expression. The metaphorical uses of yeip are examined by A. B. Gross, Gymnasium 77 (1970) 365-75. 422 The second hemistich of the verse = 4.323. There, however, yepovTCOV meant 'the old', here it implies 'counsellors'. The privilege is that of speaking freely (corocpavai), cf. 33. 424 aaco < cjaor), subjunctive of aaoco, see LSJ s.v. V£iov 16T|KE) , proposes to understand TOCTOUTOV = dcpvEiov and TTOAUV Aaov EXOVTO, and to omit 484 to make the parallelism clearer. Phoinix would then be making a good point - 'As Peleus was to me, so am I to you.' 486 EK OupioO quAecov: Phoinix echoes Akhilleus' language at 343 (his love for Briseis), but the text lacks any overt indication that the echo is deliberate or what the point would be if it were, EK OUIJIOO qnAEEiv does not recur. 488-9 See Od. 16.443-4 f° r a similar description of an infant set on the 125

Book Nine knee to be fed. Phoinix' role is that of a proud friend of the family, not that of a menial. In the Odyssean passage it is Odysseus himself who is represented as offering meat and wine to the infant Eurumakhos. — KCcOicraas: the present is Ka0-s£ouai/i£co (< *sed-, *si-sd-) and the aor. indie. sfoa, SO that the orthography of the aor. participle should be KCXO-ECJ (