The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume 3, Books 9-12 (Iliad, a Commentary)

This is the third volume in the major six-volume Commentary on Homer's Iliad prepared under the General Editorship of Professor G. S. Kirk. It opens with two introductory chapters: the first on Homeric diction (on which emphasis is maintained throughout the Commentary); the second on the contribution that comparative studies have made to seeing the Homeric epics in sharper perspective. Like its companion volumes, the Commentary deals with the cultural background of the poem and with linguistic and thematic points. Dr Hainsworth confronts in an intentionally even-handed manner the serious problems posed by the ninth, tenth, and twelfth books of the Iliad, seeking by means of a succinct discussion and a brief bibliography of recent contributions to furnish the user with a point of entry into the often voluminous scholarship devoted to these questions. The Greek text is not included. This Commentary is an essential reference work for all students of Greek literature, and archaeologists and historians will also find that it contains material of value to them.

The Iliad: a commentary Volume in: books 9-12

THE ILIAD: A COMMENTARY GENERAL EDITOR G. S. KIRK

Volume HI: books 9-12 BRYAN HAINSWORTH UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN CLASSICAL LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, AND FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © Cambridge University Press 1993 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 Reprinted 1996, 2000

A catalogue recordfor this book is availablefrom the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Kirk, G. S. (Geoffrey Stephen) The Iliad, a commentary. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Books 1-4 v. 3. Books 9-12 Bryan Hainsworth. 1. Homer. Iliad. 2. Achilles (Greek mythology) in literature. 3. Trojan War in literature. I. Homer. Iliad. II. Hainsworth, Bryan. III. Title. PA4037.K458 1985 883'.oi 84-11330 ISBN o 521 23711 4 hardback

ISBN o 521 28173 3 paperback

Transferred to digital printing 2005

AO

This volume is dedicated to the memory of Eric Yorke Friend and Tutor

CONTENTS

Preface Abbreviations

page xiii XV

INTRODUCTION i

Formulas (i) (")

(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

M

(xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii)

i

6

Hapax legomena

Localization Phrase patterns Sentence patterns Minimal statements Synonyms Substitution Formulas proper Types of formula Whole-line formulas, couplets, and runs Ornamental epithets Special and generic epithets Extension Economy Modification, etc. Clustering Conservatism and replacement

2 The Iliad as heroic poetry (i) The verse and the singer (ii) The tradition (iii) The hero (a) Exemplary character (b) Status (c) Force and will (d) Egotism and oceiKeoc epyoc (iv) The Greek tradition and the Iliad

7 9 10 12 l

5

16 18 19 21 22

23 24 26 27 28 32

34 38 44 45 45 47 49 50

Contents

COMMENTARY Book 9 Book 10 Book 11 Book 12

Index

55 151 211 313

367

FIGURES

page

i

The boar's tusk helmet

179

XI

PREFACE

Students of Altertumswissenschaft everywhere owe much to the continuing commitment of publishers, to the Fondazione Lorenzo Valla and the Clarendon Press for a commentary on the Odyssey and to the Cambridge University Press for undertaking at Geoffrey Kirk's instigation an even grander commentary on the Iliad. A commentary on either poem of Homer, unless it has a very narrow focus, must nowadays be the work of several hands; such is the pressure of other duties in English-speaking lands on those who would willingly devote all their time to the old poet. Though each of the General Editor's collaborators has had a free hand and with it an inescapable responsibility the commentary is in a sense a co-operative venture. In detail Richard Janko, Nicholas Richardson and Mark Edwards and of course the General Editor suggested many improvements and generously made their own work available to me, but in a deeper sense the concept of an Iliadic commentary that shaped vols. i and n (see the outline in vol. i xv-xxv) has shaped my own work. The same assumptions are made about unity of conception, though I follow Danek in relieving Homer of responsibility for book i o; about the broad integrity of the text, though the easy accessibility of the scholia in Erbse's edition is a constant reminder how much we take on trust; and about the profound influence of oral techniques of composition on the linguistic and narrative style of the epic. These are assumptions universally understood and therefore discountable if not in toto universally accepted. Nothing in format or conventions will surprise. One particular convention, however, is worth mention. Akhilleus and Hektor live in the mind of every reader for whom the Iliad is a poem as well as a text, and expressions of the kind 'Akhilleus says' or 'Hektor does' flow easily from the commentator's pen. Such expressions are shorthand for the cumbrous 'the poet represents his character Akhilleus saying, etc.', which it would be tedious to repeat more frequently than is necessary to remind the reader that when history becomes heroic poetry it becomes fiction. The Iliad relates events as they were conceived and structured in the poet's mind; how that was done it is the primary function of commentary to elucidate, while recognizing that the completeness of the picture and sequence of events is subject to fallibility, indifference, and the poet's own evaluation. The latter is the province of narratology, an art too novel for its application to Homer yet to have produced consensus; my debt on this front to de Jong will be xiii

Preface evident. Indebtedness to the thoughts and insights of others inevitably weighs heavily on this commentary. It is lightened only by the thought that bibliography is an inescapable problem for any late twentieth-century commentator on a major classical text. It would be easy to compile a list of two or three hundred items, in the manner of a doctoral thesis, or indeed twice that number, but such a list is of little real help to the majority of users. The bibliography that precedes the commentary is exactly what it is entitled, a list of works cited frequently enough to justify the abbreviation of their titles; it has no pretence to be exhaustive even as a list of indispensable Homerica. In the commentary itself no attempt is made to cumulate secondary literature, but the work of Burkert, Chantraine, M. W. Edwards, Fenik, Latacz, Meister, Redfield, Schein, and the contributors to Archaeologia Homerica, to name the most obvious, has left its mark on every page. References are made, not to cite a source, but to indicate where further information beyond what is appropriate to a commentary may be found or to provide a point of entry into always voluminous scholarship. Finally thanks are due, for their patience as well as their labours, to the officers of the Cambridge University Press and especially to their copyeditor, the ever-vigilant Susan Moore.

J. B. H. Bladon, Oxon., January 1991

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS

Books Adkins, Merit and Responsibility A. W. H. Adkins, Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values (Oxford i960) Ameis-Hentze K. F. Ameis and C. Hentze, Homers Ilias (Leipzig 18681932; repr. Amsterdam 1965) Amory Parry, Blameless Aegisthus A. Amory Parry, Blameless Aegisthus: a Study q/d|iU|icov and Other Homeric Epithets (Leiden 1973) Ap. Soph., Lex. Apollonii Sophistae Lexicon Homericum, ed. I. Bekker (Berlin Ap thorp, MS Evidence M. J. Apthorp, The Manuscript Evidencefor Interpolation in Homer (Heidelberg 1980) Arch. Horn. Archaeologia Homerica: Die Denkmdler und das fruhgriechische Epos, edd. F. Matz and H.-G. Buchholz (Gottingen 1967- ) Arend, Scenen W. Arend, Die typischen Scenen bei Homer (Berlin 1933) Austin, Archery N. Austin, Archery at the Dark of the Moon: Poetic Problems in Homer's Odyssey (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1975) Boedeker, Aphrodite D. D. Boedeker, Aphrodite's Entry into Greek Epic (Leiden) 1974 Boiling, External Evidence G. M. Boiling, The External Evidence for Interpolation in Homer (Oxford 1925, repr. 1968) Bowra, Tradition and Design C . M . Bowra, Tradition and Design in the Iliad (Oxford 1930, repr. Westport 1977) Bowra, HP C. M. Bowra, Heroic Poetry (Oxford 1952) Bremer, HBOP Homer: Beyond Oral Poetry, edd. J. M. Bremer, I. J. F. de Jong, a n d j . Kalff (Amsterdam 1987) Burkert, Religion W. Burkert, Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical (Oxford 1985); Engl. trans, by J. Raffan of Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche (Stuttgart 1977) Chantraine, Diet. P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque (Paris 1968-80) Chantraine, GH P. Ghantraine, Grammaire homerique 1-11 (Paris 195863) Commentary A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey, vol. 1, by A. Heubeck, S. West, and J. B. Hainsworth (Oxford 1988); vol. 11, by A. Heubeck and A. Hoekstra (Oxford 1989); vol. in by J. Russo, M. Fernandez-Galiano, and A. Heubeck (Oxford 1991)

Abbreviations Cook, Troad J. M. Cook, The Troad: an Archaeological and Typographical Study (Oxford 1973) Crespo, Prosodia E. Crespo, Elementos antiguos y modernos en la prosodia homerica (Salamanca 1977) Cuillandre, La Droite et la gauche J. Cuillandre, La Droite et la gauche dans les poemes homeriques (Paris 1944) Danek, Dolonie G. Danek, Studien zur Dolonie, Wiener Studien, Beiheft 12 (Vienna 1988) Davies M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Gottingen 1988) de Jong, Narrators I. J. F. de Jong, Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad (Amsterdam 1987) Delebecque, Cheval E. Delebecque, Le Cheval dans Vlliade (Paris 1951) Denniston, Particles J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles (2nd edn, Oxford 1951) Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1951) Edwards, HPI M. W. Edwards, Homer, Poet of the Iliad (Baltimore and London 1987) Erbse, H. Erbse, Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem, vols. i-v (+ index vols.) (Berlin 1969-87) Erbse, Funktion der Gotter H. Erbse, Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Goiter im homerischen Epos (Berlin 1986) Espermann, Antenor, Theano, Antenoriden I. Espermann, Antenor, Theano, Antenoriden: ihre Person und Bedeutung in der Ilias (Meisenheim am Glan 1980) Fagles Homer: the Iliad, trans. R. Fagles (New York 1990) Fenik, Iliad X and the Rhesos B. C. Fenik, Iliad X and the Rhesos: the Myth, Collection Latomus 73 (Brussels-Berchem 1964) Fenik, TBS B. C. Fenik, Typical Battle Scenes in the Iliad (Hermes Einzelschriften 21, Wiesbaden 1968) Fenik, Tradition B. C. Fenik, ed., Homer: Tradition and Invention (Leiden 1978) Fenik, Homer and the Nibelungenlied B. C. Fenik, Homer and the Nibelungenlied: Comparative Studies in Epic Style (Cambridge, Mass. 1986) Finley, World M. I. Finley, The World of Odysseus (2nd edn, Harmondsworth 1979) Foley, Traditional Oral Epic J. M. Foley, Traditional Oral Epic: the Odyssey, Beowulf, and the Serbo-Croatian Return Song (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1990) Foxhall and Davies, Trojan War L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, edd., The Trojan War: its Historicity and Context (Bristol 1984) Frankel, Gleichnisse H. Frankel, Die homerischen Gleichnisse (Gottingen i92i,repr. 1977) xvi

Abbreviations Friedrich, Verwundung W. H. Friedrich, Verwundung und Tod in der Mas (Gottingen 1956) Friis Johansen, Iliad in Early Greek Art K. Friis Johansen, The Iliad in Early Greek Art (Copenhagen 1967) Frisk, GEW H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Wb'rterbuch (Heidelberg I 954~72) Goodwin, Syntax W. W. Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb (2nd edn, London 1929) Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare P. A. L. Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare: Horsemen and Chariots in the Homeric and Archaic Ages (Cambridge 1973) Griffin, HLD J. Griffin, Homer on Life and Death (Oxford 1980) Hainsworth, Flexibility J. B. Hainsworth, The Flexibility of the Homeric Formula (Oxford 1968) Hainsworth, Od. A. Heubeck, S. R. West and J. B. Hainsworth, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey vol. 1 (Oxford 1988) Hatto, Traditions A. T. Hatto, ed., Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry (London 1980-9) Higbie, Measure and Music C. Higbie, Measure and Music: Enjambement and Sentence Structure in the Iliad (Oxford 1990) Hoekstra, Modifications A. Hoekstra, Modifications of Formulaic Prototypes (Amsterdam 1965) Hoekstra, SES A. Hoekstra, The Sub-Epic Stage of the Formulaic Tradition (Amsterdam 1969) Hoekstra, Epic Verse before Homer A. Hoekstra, Epic Verse before Homer (Amsterdam 1979) Hoekstra, Od. A. Heubeck and A. Hoekstra, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey vol. 11 (Oxford 1989) HSL Catalogue R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby, The Catalogue of Ships in Homer's Iliad (Oxford 1970) HyDem, HyAp, HyHerm, HyAphr, HyDion Homeric Hymns to Demeter, Apollo, Hermes, Aphrodite, Dionysus Janko, HHH R. Janko, Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns (Cambridge 1982) Kakridis, Researches J. T. Kakridis, Homeric Researches (Lund 1949) Kiparsky, Oral Poetry P. Kiparsky, Oral Poetry: Some Linguistic and Typological Considerations, in B. A. Stolz and R. S. Shannon, edd., Oral Literature and the Formula (Ann Arbor 1976) Kirk, Songs G. S. Kirk, The Songs of Homer (Cambridge 1962) Kirk, Myth G. S. Kirk, Myth: its Meaning and Functions (Cambridge, Berkeley, and Los Angeles 1970) Kirk, HOT G. S. Kirk, Homer and the Oral Tradition (Cambridge 1976) Krischer, Konventionen T. Krischer, Formate Konventionen der homerischen Epik (Munich 1971)

Abbreviations Kullmann, Quellen W. Kullmann, Die Quellen der Mas (Wiesbaden i960) Kurt, Fachausdriicke C. Kurt, Seemdnnische Fachausdriicke bei Homer (Gottingen 1979) Language and Background The Language and Background of Homer, ed. G. S. Kirk (Cambridge 1964) Latacz, Kampfdarstellung J . Latacz, Kampfpardnese, Kampfdarstellung und Kampfwirklichkeit in der Mas, bei Kallinos und Tyrtaios (Munich 1977) Lawrence, Fortification A. W. Lawrence, Greek Aims In Fortification (Oxford 1979) Leaf W. Leaf, The Mad 1-11 (2nd edn, London 1900-2) Leumann, HW M. Leumann, Homerische Wb'rter (Basel 1950) LfgrE Lexicon des fruhgriechischen Epos, edd. B. Snell and H. Erbse (Gottingen 1955- ) Lexicon Iconographicum Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, edd. H. C. Ackermann and J. R. Gisler (Zurich 1981- ) Lohmann, Reden D. Lohmann, Die Komposition der Reden in der Mas (Berlin 1970) Lorimer, HM H . L. Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments (London 1950) L-P E. Lobel and D. L. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (Oxford LSJ H. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. S.Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th edn, Oxford 1940) Meister, Kunstsprache K. Meister, Die homerische Kunstsprache (Leipzig 1921, repr. Stuttgart 1966) Monro, HG D. B. Monro, A Grammar of the Homeric Dialect (2nd edn. Oxford 1891) Moulton, Similes C. Moulton, Similes in the Homeric Poems, Hypomnemata 49 (Gottingen 1977) M-W R. Merkelbach and M. L. West, edd., Fragmenta Hesiodea (Oxford 1967) Mueller, Mad M. Mueller, The Mad (London 1984) Murray, Rise G. Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic (4th edn, Oxford 1934) Nagler, Spontaneity M . N. Nagler, Spontaneity and Tradition: a Study in the Oral Art of Homer (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1974) Nagy, Best of the Achaeans G. Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (Baltimore 1979) Nickau, £enodotos K. Nickau, Untersuchungen zur textkritischen Methode des Zenodotos von Ephesos (Berlin 1977) Nilsson, GgrR M . P. Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen Religion 1 (3rd edn, Munich 1967) Nilsson, HM M. P. Nilsson, Homer and Mycenae (London 1933)

Abbreviations OCT Oxford Classical Texts: Homeri Opera I-V: I - I I (Iliad) edd. D. B. Monro and T. W. Allen (3rd edn, Oxford 1920); m-iv (Odyssey) ed. T. W. Allen (2nd edn, Oxford 1917-19; v (Hymns, etc.) ed. T. W. Allen (Oxford 1912) Page, HHI D. L. Page, History and the Homeric Iliad (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1959) Page, Odyssey D. L. Page, The Homeric Odyssey (Oxford 1955) Page D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962) Parry, MHV A. Parry, ed. The Making of Homeric Verse. The Collected Papers of Milman Parry (Oxford 1971) Peristiany, Honour and Shame Honour and Shame: the Values of Mediterranean Society, ed. J. G. Peristiany (London 1955) RE Paulys Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschafty edd. G. Wissowa et al. (Stuttgart 1893- ) Redfield, Mature and Culture J. M. Redfield, Nature and Culture in the Iliad: the Tragedy of Hector (Chicago 1975) Reinhardt, IuD K. Reinhardt, Die Ilias und ihr Dichter, ed. U. Holscher (Gottingen 1961) Richter, Furniture G. Richter, The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans (London 1966) Risch, Wortbildung E. Risch, Wortbildung der homerischen Sprache (2nd edn, Berlin 1973) Ruijgh, U Element acheen C. J. Ruijgh, UElement acheen dans la langue epique (Assen 1957) Sacks, Traditional Phrase R. Sacks, The Traditional Phrase in Homer (Leiden 1987) Schadewaldt, Iliasstudien W. Schadewaldt, Iliasstudien (3rd edn, Darmstadt 1966) Schein, Mortal Hero S. L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: an Introduction to Homer's Iliad (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1984) SCHS Serbo-Croatian Heroic Songs, ed. and trans. A. B. Lord and others (Cambridge, Mass., 1954- ) Schulze, QE W. Schulze, Quaestiones Epicae (Giitersloh 1892) Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. E. Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik, 1—in (Munich 1939-53) Scott, Simile W. C. Scott, The Oral Nature of the Homeric Simile (Leiden 1974) Shewan, Lay of Dolon A. Shewan, The Lay of Dolon (London 1911) Shipp, Studies G. P. Shipp, Studies in the Language of Homer (2nd edn, Cambridge 1972) Strasburger, Kdmpfer G. Strasburger, Die kleinen Kdmpfer der Ilias (Frankfurt 1954) Studies Palmer Studies in Greek, Italic and Indo-European Linguistics offered to xix

Abbreviations Leonard R. Palmer•, edd. A Morpurgo Davies and W. Meid (Innsbruck 1976) Studies Webster Studies in Honour of T. B. L. Webster 1 edd. J. H. Betts, J. T. Hooker, and J. R. Green (Bristol 1986) Thalmann, Conventions W. G. Thalmann, Conventions of Form and Thought in Early Greek Epic Poetry (Baltimore and London 1984) Thompson, Motif Index S. Thompson, Motif Index of Folk Literature (Copenhagen 1955-8) Thornton, Supplication A. Thornton, Homer's Iliad: its Composition and the Motif of Supplication (Gottingen 1984) Triimpy, Fachausdrilcke H. Triimpy, Kriegerische Fachausdriicke im griechischen Epos (Basel 1950) van der Valk, Researches M. H. A. L. H. van der Valk, Researches on the Text and Scholia of the Iliad 1-11 (Leiden 1963-4) van Thiel, Ilias und Iliaden H. van Thiel, Ilias und Iliaden (Basel and Stuttgart 1982) Ventris and Chad wick, Documents M. Ventris and J. Chad wick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2nd edn, Cambridge 1973) Vermeule, Aspects of Death E. Vermeule, Aspects of Death in Early Greek Poetry and Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1979) von Kamptz, Personennamen H. von Kamptz, Homerische Personennamen (Gottingen 1982) Von der Miihll, Hypomnema P. Von der Miihll, Kritisches Hypomnema zur Ilias (Basel 1952) Wace and Stubbings, Companion A. J. B. Wace and F. H. Stubbings, A Companion to Homer (London 1962) Wackernagel, Untersuchungen J. Wackernagel, Sprachliche Untersuchungen zu Homer (Gottingen 1916, repr. 1970) Wathelet, Traits eoliens P. Wathelet, Les traits eoliens dans la langue de Vepopee grecque (Rome 1970) Wathelet, Dictionnaire P. Wathelet, Dictionnaire des Troyens de I3Made 1-11 (Liege 1988) Webster, Mycenae to Homer T. B. L. Webster, From Mycenae to Homer (2nd edn, London 1964) West, GM M. L. West, Greek Metre (Oxford 1982) West, Theogony M. L. West, Hesiod, Theogony (Oxford 1966) West, Works and Days M. L. West, Hesiod, Works and Days (Oxford 1978) West, Catalogue M. L. West, The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women (Oxford 1985) West, Od. A. Heubeck, S. R. West, and J. B. Hainsworth, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey 1 (Oxford 1988) xx

Abbreviations West, Ptolemaic Papyri S. R. West, The Ptolemaic Papyri of Homer (Cologne and Opladen 1967) Whallon, Formula, Character, and Context W. Whallon, Formula, Character, and Context: Studies in Homeric, Old English, and Old Testament Poetry (Washington, D.C., 1969) Whitman, HHT C. H. Whitman, Homer and the Heroic Tradition (Cambridge, Mass., 1958) Willcock M. M. Willcock, The Iliad of Homer 1-11 (London 1978-84) Willcock, Companion M. M. Willcock, A Companion to the Iliad (Chicago 1976) Wyatt, ML

W. Wyatt, Metrical Lengthening in Homer (Rome 1969)

Journals American Journal of Philology BSA Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens Class, et Med. Classica et Mediaevalia Classical Philology CPh Classical Quarterly Cd Machrichten von der Gesellschaft zu Gottingen (phil.-hist. Klasse) GGN IF Indogermanische Forschungen Journal of Hellenic Studies JHS LCM Liverpool Classical Monthly Mnemosyne Mnem. Museum Helveticum Mus. Helv. Revue des etudes grecques REG RhM Rheinisches Museum SMEA Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici TAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Wiener Studien WS Tale Classical Studies res

AJP

NOTE I indicates the beginning or end of verses; occasionally it marks the caesura. The abbreviation '(etc.)' when the frequency of a word or formula is cited means that other grammatical terminations are included in the total. For 'Arn/A', 'Did/A', etc., see vol. 1 41-3.

INTRODUCTION i. Formulas

The creation of the Iliad on the assumptions that underlie this commentary is not easily described, for our knowledge of doi8f| is limited and, it must be said, speculative. The Iliad, said Aristotle {Poetics ch. 23), was jiia upa^is TroAuuepfjs; it had a unity but a great many parts. Aristotle admired the unity, and he was quite right to do so. For an 6(961x0 aiei with hiatus, uepoixcov dcvOpcbmov > uepOTres avOpcoTroi; sentence patterns bring them into juxtaposition and leave hiatus or short syllables uncorrected (see MHV 191-221). These accidents are not frequent: the aristeia of Agamemnon (11.91-168) is metrically flawless if a hiatus in £coypei, 'Axpeos vie and an observed digamma before &va£ are excused. (ix) Types of formula Formulas are simply groups of two or more words that are associated with each other; they are usually juxtaposed and syntactically linked, but neither condition is necessary: Oodcov . . . vncov or vecov . . . Oodcov (5X) is clearly formular, so is Ouiaos evi orfiOecrcn (35x //., 13X Od. - one of the most frequent formulas in the epic) where the prepositional phrase construes with the verb of the sentence. Formulas may thus arise among all grammatical categories of word. Strings of particles, lightly adapted from the formulas of vernacular speech, were noted in §iv and adverbial phrases (doxpccAes aiei, etc.) in §iii; the minimal statements of §v would harden into verb + object formulas. Homeric formulas parallel the formulas of vernacular speech: 'never-the-less' (particle string), 'break x's heart' (substitution system), 'serried ranks' (special epithet), 'arrant knave'/'fool'/'nonsense' (generic epithet).19 In the epic there are more of them and they are, at least to begin with, related to metre. Formulas of the simple kind, such as TTTTTTE 6e Aaos, coTrAicjcraTO SETTTVOV, tuepos aipeT, lAe 5' avSpa, dvxios earr) (11.85-95), come into being directly from the subject matter of the narrative. The hexameter, however, is a long verse, and consequently the versifier finds a certain amplitude of style, towards which he is already drawn as narrator, useful. Formulas that embody a redundant element come into existence then as part of the epic style. Of these there are two important kinds: doublets, which have received little attention, and noun-epithet formulas, which have been intensively studied. Doublets: simple redundancy is common: fiyfjTopes f|8e ue8ovTes (9.17 etc.), UTreoxeTo Kai KaTeveuaev (9.19), dTTToAeiious T* . . . Kai avaAiS |i£V KpOKOTTETrAoS EKISVOCTO Trdaav ETT' a l a v (2X ), f)d>s \xkv KPOKOTTETTAOS dir' 'QKEOCVOTO f>odcov

I opvuO' (1 x ), a n d a notable maverick: f)|ios 8 s Ecoa9oposfiTai9600s ipEcov ETTI yaTav | 6v TE [xsict KPOKOTTETTAOS uirEip dAa Ki8vocrai fjcbs, 23.226-7. 19

Formulas For verses introducing speeches, see Parry, MHV 15-16, Edwards, HSCP 74 (1970) 1-36. Transitions: dAAo 8E TOI EpEco, au 8' evi 9peai (3dAA£oCTTJCTI(7X //., 7X Od.), dAA' ays uoi T68E EITTE Kal drrpeKecos KaTaAe^ov (4X //., 13X Od.).

Conclusions: a y 6* ETapcov EIS EOVOS Exd^ETO K^p' dAEEivcov (6x ), ladori^Ev 8* lAdav TCO 8* OUK dEKOVTE TTETEOOTIV (3X //., 3X Od. + 2X with hnrov/s for eAdav), KEITO [iEyas |J£yaAcocrri, AEAaaiJEVos iTnrocn/vdcov ( i x //., i x Od., butcf. 18.26-7 and n.). Such formulas almost certainly belong to the tradition generally, but a few seem to have arisen within the context of the Iliad: 9£uyco|JEV (etc.)/ oixcovToa ovv vnuai 6Ia 8e&, dAAd KOCI EUTTTIS > dAAJ 2H"TTT|SJ KETTO TavuaOeis > KEITO TaOeis, EATTETO Ouuos > Ouuos EEATTETO. Verb-

formulas add or drop prepositional prefixes. Noun-epithet formulas usually invert the order of words with or without further modification: f)epa TroAAf]v > TTOAAT)V f)£p' and fjepcc TTOUAUV, OCTUOC KsAaivov > KeAoavecpes alua.

Adjustment to length without movement: ETTIEIUEVOS dAi eijjievos AAKTJV, vr)uai 8of)ai > vf|£(jcri Oorjai; to initial sound: GOAECTE OUUOV > Ouuov OAECKTE. Lengthening is otherwise achieved by adding a redundant element, epithet or synonym: 5OAIX6CJKIOV eyx°S | (3pi0u iJieya aTi^apov KEKopuOusvov (16.801-2, an extreme case). Splitting the formular word-group illustrates the close connexion between cola and phrase pattern. If an epithet fills the final colon, the noun easily floats free of it: SETTCCS . . . aucpiKUTTeAAov, VEES . . . ducpieAiaaai, do-mSa . . . TT&VTOCJ' ETOT|V, usually to admit a verb; likewise if the epithet falls neatly between caesura and diaeresis: TrepiKaAAea . . . 8i9pov, u£yaAf|Topi... Ouucp, XpuadiiTTUKas . . • ITTTTOUS; or with the noun brought back into the first half: eyx°S •. • 8oAix6(JKiov, Acb(3r|v . . . OuuaAyea, 8copa . . . TrepiKAirrd. Other cases do violence to phrase patterns and their relation to the cola: vfjes Ooai 2.619 with word-break between the shorts of the second foot. (xvi) Clustering 2 6 In every book of the Iliad there are a number of repeated lines which occur nowhere else in the poem. I n book 11 we have ocuTdp 6 TGOV dAAcov eTTETrcoAelTO OTIXOCS dvSpcov I iyx^i T ' dopi TE lisydAoicri TE x 6 P ^ a 5 ^ o i a i v (264-5 = 540-1), ES 8i9pov 6' dvopoucTE, Kai TJVIOXCO ETTETEAAE | vr|uaiv ETTI yAacpuprjcJiv EAauvE^EV TIX^TO y a p K^p (273-4 = 399-400), ?), Kai TTEiaavSpov (GupippaTov) UEV 09* ITTTTCOV (has xot|id^E (143 = 320), ES 6 J dy£ Xeipos EACOV, KaTa 8' ISpidaaOai dvcoyE (646 = 778). These repetitions occur in unrelated passages and are not the result of messages being repeated or commands executed. T h e verses incorporate formulas and are normally 26

See Hainsworth, Studies Palmer 83-6, Janko, Mnem. 34 (1981) 251-64, F. X. Strasser, <M den Iterata der friihgriechischen Epik (Konigstein 1984) (cf. 17.395-70.), C. Prato, Miscellanea

Filologica (Genoa 1978) 77-89.

27

Formulas constructed; their context, battle, is the staple of the Iliad. The odd thing is that they recur after a short interval and do not recur again. Clustering of verses, formulas, single words - is one of the phenomena of Homeric diction that neither Parry's model of formular composition nor its offshoots explain. The obvious explanation is psychological; what the singer has sung remains for some time near the surface of his mind. (A curious echo over ninety lines occurs at 13.564 cos TE OKGOAOS . . . M yccfris and 13.654 cos TE cTKcbArj^ 67Ti yaiT).) This is easily understood at the thematic level and may be illustrated by the iterated woundings and assaults of books 11 and 12. The repeated verses and runs are not much different, and clustering is apparent also at the level of the phrase (where the first instance may be taken as the product of phrase pattern or substitution): VUKTCCS TCCVOV (9.325, 470 only), 6iv €vi 6i9pcp EOVTE (etc.) 11.103, 11.127; and 5.160, 5.609), TTTTTTE K&priva (11.158 and 11.500), OTTOC! 8E TE KOUTTOS 686VTCOV (11.417, 12.149), £l EUTJS (Gofjs) ooro X P°S CXKOVTI (11.675, 12.306). Most striking, however, is clustering in the use of the formular stock: UEyon 349> 355> 357; formulas for, 277-8 Aias s. of Telamon, 66, 92, n o , 129, 138, 281, 338, 359, 363, and passim-, and Akhilleus, 62, 102, 141, 142, 143-4, does not use chariot, 276; outstanding in defence, 274, 277, 356; defends wall, 357, 358; epithets of, 277, 356; feels betrayed,

91; genealogy of, 81; invulnerable, 48, 282; old character, 41, 44; portrayal of, 81, 108, 120, 141-2, 213, 283, 284; retreat of, 277, 282, 287; shield of, 276, 281; station of, 215; strength of, 335, 360; strong language of, 114, 130, 141, 142 Aias s. of Oileus, 37, 167, 176, 363; epithets of, 278; in front rank, 279 Aineias, 51, 65, 70, 162, 237, 258, 264, 314-15, 328, 334, 349, 360; uses dams, 276 Aisumnos, 259 Aitchison, J. M., 168 Aithiopis, 43, 52, 134, 145, 267, 269 Akamas, 225 Akhilleus, 44, 56, 72, 74, 83, 87, 95, 98, 104, 131, 140, 141, 143, and passim; and Agamemnon, 64, 99, 144, 290; and Aias, 143, and Achaeans, 103; amateur singer, 37, 88; avoids &TTI, 73, 128-9; as hero, 45; destiny of, 116; death of, 267; discourse of, 99-101, 102-19; disillusionment of, 102; education of, 48; egotism of, 45, 66, 67, 101, 104, 109, 119-20, 289; embodiment of j3ir|, 92; epithets of, 186; ferocity of, 50, 201, 228, 235, 244, 278; foreknowledge of, 49> 5!> 56* 102, 116, 141, hut of, 145, 294; indispensable, 211; invulnerable, 47; language of, 101-2, 112, 114; misses metier, 88, 144, 288; moral stance of, 55-7, 103, i n —12; and Patroklos, 307; performs menial services, 90; portrayal of, 49, 59, 62, 76, 81, 88, 102, 127, 129, 141; quick-tempered, 74, 81, 294, 295, 311; rejects advice, 57, 149, raids of, 43, 75, 108, 145, 146, 291, 292, 318; short life of, 116-17, l4°> u s e s crones, 276; uses similes, 104; slays men in chariot, 236; station of, 313; suspicious of Odysseus, 102; took prisoners, 192, 239; universal appeal, 38; watches battle, 287-8; weeps, 61; and Zeus, 53 Aktor, 289, 301, 304 Aktorione, see Molione Alexanderson, B., 185

367

Index 302, 306, 308, 327, 336, 337, 356, 357, 364; caution of, 91; changed mind, 345, 362; corrected vulgate, 115, 161, 193, 269, 33°J 3415 358; on date of Homer, 358; on gates, 109, 313; on Hesiodic borrowing, 319; on Homeric usage, 58, 82, 86, 140, 157, 207, 240, 258, 261, 318, 328, 342, 356, 362; interpretations of, 68, 78, 189, 190, 203, 236, 270, 277, 310, 321, 336, 347, 363; on Molione, 304; his monograph Ffepi TOO vauoraduou, 313, 337; moral attitude of, 123; on Nestor's cup, 293; orthography of, 299, 309; on similes, 59, 60, 203; overprecise, 157, 175, 178, 229, 313; readings of, 62, 69, 70, 89, 95? IO9> JI5> X26, 147, 161, 163, 170, 184, 185, 187, 194, 196, 198, 206, 222, 234, 273, 274, 279, 283, 284, 309, 331, 332,

Alexandrian scholars, see scholia Alkathoos, 239 Alkinoos, 78, 327 Alkmaionis, 124

Alkmaon, 359 Alkuone, see Kleopatre allegory, 57, 119, 127, 128, 129, 213, 229 Allen, T. W., 107 Althaie, 131, 132, 134, 137, 139 Amandry, P., 116 Ameis-Hentze, 95, 104, 107, 129, 169, 170, 334> 362 Amory Parry, A., 159, 242 amplitude, amplification, 13, 18, 21, 35, 60, 211, 216, 350 Amuntor, 121-3, 136 anachronism, 203, 301 ancestry: divine, 162, 320 Andersen, O., 266 Anderson, F. B., 320 Andrewes, A., 67

338, 348, 35°> 353> 355> 3655 removed

androktasia, 42, 46

Andromakhe, 174 anecdote, 124, 232, 233, 238, 293, 359 Antenor, 248; sons of, 225-6, 328 anticipatory doublet, 243, 245 Antilokhos, 70, 72, 96, 171, 172, 208, 284; in front rank, 279; and Menelaos, 262 Antimakhos, 238, 240, 248 Antiphates, 338 Antiphos, 233, 236, 237 aorist, mixed, 95, 139, 141, 205, 217 Aphareus, 70, 135 Apisaon, 286 Apollo, 99, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136, 176, 204, 205, 206, 246, 264, 316, 318; gifts of, 265, 266 Apollodorus, 131 Apollonius Rhodius, 33, 84, 136, 193, 201, 263, 307, 343, 362; readings of, 88, 225, 226,236 Apthorp, M. J., 60, 94, 123 Arcadian, Arcado-Cypriot dialect, 261-2 archaism, 29, 30, 35, 41, 122, 168, 172, 175, 199, 220, 244, 250, 275, 342, 363 archery: 179; heroic contempt for, 268-9; ineffectiveness of, 268; see also Paris, Teukros Arend, W., 59, 83, 84-5, 89, 91, 141, 156, 159, 188, 204, 209, 216 Ares, epithets of, 197, 357 Argo, Argonauts, Argonautica, 39, 52, 135 Aristarchus, 58, 183, 190, 219, 324; noted anachronism, 301; arguments of, 229; athetized, 60, 65, 118, 148, 160, 163, 165, 177, 193, 194, 202, 215, 229, 245, 280,

augments, 122, 126, 159, 207; on wounds, 241; see also scholia aristeia, 1, 18, 35, 42, 150, 151, 152, 202, 233, 243, 269, 271, 277, 315; of Agamemnon, 212, 213, 223, 227, 231-2, 234, 247-8, 253, 262, 267; of Akhilleus, 244; of Eurupulos, 286; of Hektor, 212, 257, of Idomeneus, 330 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 133, 332; athetized, 60, 149, 160, 163, 177, 193, 215, 229, 244, 280, 306, 336, 356, 364; omitted verses, 202; orthography of, 299, 309; readings of, 79, 185, 335 Aristotle, 1, 94, 113, 133, 152, 156, 177, 269, 285

arming scene, 91, 156, 178, 188, 206, 211, 216, 217, 225; not given to Trojans, 225 armour, 197, 215-22; distinctive, 280-1; special, 217, 219; symbolism of, 217 Armstrong, J. I., 216 arrival scene, 89 arrow-head, 280 Artemis, 130, 133 article, 104, 191 Asios, 314, 325, 328-36 passim, 339 Askalaphos, 70, 163 assembly, 59-60; omitted, 212 Asteropaios, 328 Atalante, 134, 136 Athenaeus, 89, 291, 292, 294 Athene, 62, 151, 160, 175, 176, 177, 182, 202, 204-5, 226, 272; goddess of success, 204, 210 athetesis, 63, 266; see also Aristarchus, Aristophanes Ate, onrr|, 73, 123, 128-9, 138; not applied to Akhilleus, 128

368

Index atrocity, 50, 73, 139, 197-8, 241, 273 Attic forms, Atticism, 184, 191, 207, 209, 261, 275 audience: of doiSf), 37-8, 289; of heroic poetry, 50, 197, 248; of Iliad, 60, 62, 76, 86, 92, 108, 120, 138, 140, 150, 219, 227, 245, 269, 270, 275, 282, 287, 290 Augeias, 301 augment, 126, 159 Aulis, 62, 66, 77 aural echo, 105, 177, 188, 195 Austin, N., 162, 295 Automedon, 88, 90, 91, 291 Bacchylides, 109, 130, 131, 132, 133 Bakker, E.J., 72 baldric, 219, 220, 221-2, 281; saves warrior, 359 Bannert, H., 132 barbarity: see atrocity Bassett, S. E., 10, 233, 327 bastards: Achaean, 237, 357; of Priam, 237, 277, 280 bathing scene, 209 bathtub, 74, 209 battle: hand to hand, 228, 362; mode of narrating, 227-8, 257, ideology of, 227-8, 336; rally, 227, 231, 247, 257, 260, 276; retreat, 260, 271, 275, 277, 282, 284, 362; rout, 230; tactics of, 247, 260, 263, 266, 287; typology of, 235, 257, see also aristeia Bechtel, F., 179, 215 Beck, W., 25 BeekesJ. R. S., 8 Bekker, I., 97 Bentley, R., 69, 95, 98, 104 Beowulf\ see Old English heroic poetry Bergren, A., 326 berserker, 48, 96, 99, 365 Bethe, E., 75 Beye, C. R., 232 Bienor, 233, 234 blazon, 221, 281 boar, 201, 258, 262, 271, see also simile; Calydonian, 131, 133, 137, 159, 334 boast, victor's, 268, 269, 273, 358 Boedeker, D., 25 Boiling, G. M., 74, 113, 123, 206, 245, 281, 308, 322, 348 book division, 56-7, 312 Bolte, F., 296, 298 Bomer, F., 130 book 9, function of, 56-7 book 10: differs from Iliad, 156, 169, 170, 186, 191; differs from Odyssey, 157, 168, 186; links with books 8 and 9, 152, 163,

177; general character of, 153; linguistic character of, 154, 161; 'Odyssean' elements/language, 154, 160, 165, 166, 169, 170, 173-4, 178, 185, 192, 200, 205, 207; philhellenism of, 153, 158; plan of, 155; pretentious thought or language, 157, 159, 160, 166, 169, 171, 172, 178, 185, 201; problem of, 151—5, style of, 155; van Thiel's theory, 153 book 12: construction of, 313; links with book 13, 271, 366 booty/loot/plunder, 75, 105-6, 108, 145, i55> 189, i97> 292 Borchhardt, J., 178, 179, 222; H., 220 bowdlerization, 122 Bowra, C. M., 21, 32-3, 38, 44-5, 48, 98, 100, 321, 366 Brandenburg, H., 250, 285 Braun, M., 33 Bremmer, J. N., 126-7 Brenk, F. E., 120 brideprice, 77, 251 Briseis, 73, 75, 76, 86, 106-7, I Q 8, n o , i n , 112, 134, 143, 144, 145, 146 brothers fight as pairs, 231, 236-7, 247 Brugmann, K., 117, 240 Bruns, G., 292 Burkert, W., 87, 113, 122, 132, 273, 308 Burr, V., 77 Butterworth, J., 319 Calhoun, G. M., 213 Callistratus, 320 camp, Achaean, 39, 42, 189, 313-14, 363; see also gates

catalogue, list, 78, 118, 134, 159, 174, 196, 212, 225, 257, 259, 271, 277, 313, 319, 326-7, 338 Catalogue of Ships, 70, 77, 78, 108, 118, 122, 196, 214, 243, 289, 298, 302, 321, 327; Trojan, 196, 225, 262-3, 327, 328, 338 Catalogue of Women, 130

Catling, H. W., 217, 218, 219 Carpenter, R., 124 Carruba, O., 177 cattle raid, 136, 296 Chadwick, H. M., 41; and N. K., 32-3; J., 77, 161, 162, 223, 246, 252, 259, 292, 293 chant, 35-6 Chantraine, P., 104, 123, 134, 142, 147, 206, 224, 266, 319, 322, 335, and passim characterization, 61, 63, 73, 76, 94, 102, 141, 164, 167, 176, 187, 189, 213, 284, 303,304.342, 35i chariot, 41, 120, 180, 187, 189, 202, 204, 207, 224, 234, 239, 246, 279, 323, 325,

369

Index chariot (cont.) 329, 363; as ambulance, 256, 257, decorated, 197; fighting from, 232-3, 236, 258, 315; four-horsed, 301; not valued, 197, 227; chariot-driving, 203, 208; tactics, 224, 242, 258, 262, 263, 362 Cicero, 16, 67 Clarke, M. W., 307 Claus, D. B., 102 Clay,J. S., 118, 205 cliche, 6, 350 close combat, verbs of, 235, 295 club, 48 clustering, 5, 26-8, 98, 109, 234, 252, 256, 258,270, 283 Coldstream, J. N., 181 colometry, colon, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, n , 17, 22, 26, 27, 105 comedy, comic motif, 125, 143, 170, 176, 294 comparison, short, 259, 350, 365 concubine, 74, 106, 107, 121, 122, 145 conjecture, see emendation Considine, P., 118 conventions of war, 192, 197, 228 Cook, J. M., 243, 245 corpse: despoiling of, 189, 251, 252; recovery of, 275; treatment of, 201 273 corslet, cuirass, 165, 184, 197, 218-19, 272 Cosset, E., 25 council scene, 42, 57, 61, 70, 315; omitted, 212

couplets, 19-21, 120, 256, 265; see also runs Crates, 294 Crespo, E., 88 Cretan dialect, 310 Cuillandre, J., 215, 278, 330 cuirass, see corslet cup, 74, 293; of Nestor, 292-3 cycle, 39-40, 41, 43-4, 130, 134; Trojan, 40, 43, 44, 52, 176, 284; see also Troy, tale of Cypria, 44, 52, 75, 77, 82, 97, 108, 136, 145, 151-2, 217, 238, 239, 295, 317, 327 Cypriot dialect, 137, 259 Cyprus, 218 Danek, G., xiii, 17, 153, 155, 156, 168, 169, 176, 183, 194 Davison, O. M., 155 dawn, 213; formulas for, 213 dejong, 159, 160, 248, 259 de Riquer, M., 44 de Vries, J., 32 deadlock, images for, 263, 361 death, glorious, 51, 275, 354

death-demon, 353-4 Debrunner, A., 85, 319 decapitation, 198, 241 dedications, 209 Deikoon, 234 Deiphobos, 256, 264, 327 Deipuros, 70 Delebecque, E., 120, 203, 323 Delphi, 101, 116 Demodokos, 34, 38, 43-4, 91 [Demosthenes], 40 Denniston, J. D., 166, 167, 176, 194, 251 destiny, 116, 164 dialect, see Aeolic, Cretan, Cypriot, Doric, Ionic, Lesbian, Mycenaean, Thessalian; dialect mixture, 35 diction, 1-16 passim, 116, 154, 165; ancient elements of, 168; of book 10, 154; conservatism of, 351; constrains thought, 102, 112, 202, 324, 347; drawn from poet's world, 59; in flux, 25, 30-1; economy of, 24, 363; for embassy, 89; formular, 30, 147, 274, 180; for greeting, 89; innovations, 159, 303, 363; looser in first hemistich, 361; manipulation of, 170; none for boar's tusk helmet, 180, or field-works, 345, or horse-riding, 203, or humble dwelling, 90, 351; Odyssean, 154, see also book 10, Odyssey; pathos enshrined in, 264, 339; unhomeric, 119, 132; versatility of, 60, 161, 277 Dictys, 152 Didymus, 79, 91, 145, 163, 186, 190 diet, of heroes, 292 digamma, 118, 162, 165, 267, 357; loss of, 30, 69, 99, 335; neglected, 30, 62, 70, 95, 202, 208, 239, 298, 300, 353; observed, 18,246 diminutives, 254 Diogenes, 170 Diomedes, 114, 119, 135, 141, 149, 152, 164, 170, 179, 181, 202, 208, and passim; acts with Odysseus, 151, 153, 155, 173, 176, 191, 197, 199, 204, 205, 233, 260, (in Trojan Cycle), 176; age of, 66-7; and Agamemnon, 45, 63, 71; and Akhilleus, 147, 267; beats Hektor, 265-6; credentials of, 63-4; disapproves embassy, 87, 149; exemplary character, 45; kills Dolon, 198, 201; married aunt, 249; portrayal of, 64-5, 66, 149, 174, 175, 213, 258, 264; prays, 182; slays men in chariot, 236; volunteers, 174, 264; wounded, 251, 252, 267 Diomede, 145 disgrace, 53, 261

370

Index 109, 120, 195, 234, 271, 276, 299, 304, 310, 332, 353; misunderstood/ reinterpreted, 65, 75, 137, 184, 276; special, 9, 18, 22-3, 125, 245; transferred, 160, igi; see also runover word Espermann, I., 226, 248, 249 Erbse, H., 194, 273, 308, 349 Erinus, Erinues, 122, 129, 137, 138 Eris, 213, 214, 229 Eudoros, 163 euphemism, 76, 137, 250 Eurubates, 83 Eurumakhos, 343 Eurumedon, 291 Eurupulos (Achaean hero), 264, 279, 286, 291, 310; wounded, 251, 252, 277, 285; (Trojan ally), 151,279, 285

ditch, Achaean, 166, 172, 188, 317, 324, 326, 330, 339, 344; purpose of, 325; separated from wall, 68-9, 318, 326, 345; see also wall

divine intervention, 182; see also Zeus Dodds, E. R., 139, 270 Dolon, 151-2, 155, 173, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 191, 192; death of, 197-8; portrayal of, 158, 174, 177, 186, 187, 196 Doloneia, see book 10

Dolopes, 82, 125 Dolops, 259 Doric dialects, 256 Dorpfeld, W., 195 doublet, 14, 18, 76, 103 dowry, 77 dream, 202 Drerup, H., 323, 345 dress, women's, 138 dressing scene, 156, 159-60 dual, 82, 83, 85-6, 87, 89, 119, 174, 191, 197. 237, 332 Dunbabin, T. J., 201 Durante, M., 117 Eckstein, F., 219 Edwards, A. T., 117 Edwards, M. W., 8, 11, 20, 24, 31, 61, 71, 87, 89, 102, 206, 219, 230, 245, 284, 322, 330.352 Eide, T., 244 Eileithuia, 256 Electra, 77 Elis, 124, 130, 134, 298, 299, 305 embassy, 81, 83, 85-7, 239; to Akhilleus, 112, 127, 138, 149, 152, 153, (ignored), 289-90 emendation, 104, 115, 117, 122, 161, 242, 257, 269, 272, 275, 320, 330, 341, 356 enjambment, 3, 10, 11, 26, 34, 65, 103, 105, i n , 121, 142, 149, 189, 359, 361, 365 Ennomos, 271 E6S/6S: 'general' use of, 240

Epeioi, 296-9, 300, 302, 304 epic moment, 211, 364 epicism, 159, 163, 192, 206 Epikles, 358 Epipolesis, 155 episodes: repeated patterns of, 206, 211, 212, 237, 238, 241, 248, 260, 264, 265, 275, 276, 282, 284, 314, 335, 339; van Thiel's theory of, 213 epithet: apposite use of, 72, 95; decorative/ ornamental, 2, 5, 21-2, 364; generic, 4, 5, 9, 16, 18, 22-3, 64, 72, 78, 80, 92, 95,

fame, glory, x^°S> 55> IJ7> J2O, 174, 352; and honour, 103-4; a s motive, 49, 50, 56, 100, 101, 102, 353; see also honour fatalism, 270, 342, 351, 353, 354; see also Moira feast, 94, 174 Fenik, B. C , 33, 151, 155, 186, 189, 214, 226, 234, 248, 250, 257, 264-70, 278, 284, 296>3!5> 33°>338, 352 Finkelberg, M., 37, 117, 170, 192, 247 Finley, M. I., 181, 343 Finnegan, R., 32, 35, 37 Fittschen, K., 221, 304 flesh, colour of, 285 Foley, J. M., 16, 32, 33 Foltiny, S., 219 folktale, 33-4, 39, 44, 52, 130, 132, 136, 298 foreshadowing, adumbration, 144, 150, 189, 212, 232,288, 291,316, 330 formula (s), 1—31, 35, 36, 70; by analogy, 2-3, 15; complex, 10, 19, 26, 245; conjugation of, 26, 306; conservatism of, 28-30, 209, 364; declension of, 26, 107, 156, 184; economy, 2, 5, 28, (breach of) 4, 25, 80, 109, 110, 162, 324; expanded, 4, 26, 29, 63, 115, 120, 250, 268, 289, 305; flexible, 169, 171, 310; in other epics, 32; inappropriate use, 22, 135, 162, 166, 171, 187, 206, 238-9, 242, 335; modernized, 192; modified, 25, 107, 121, 163, 173, 205, 303; movable, 4, 27, 29, 337; name/noun-epithet, 6, 9, 10, n , 14, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27; obsolete, 5; reinterpreted, 5, 276, see also epithet; replacement of, 28; resumptive, 57; shortened, 208; split, 4, 27, 29, 94; stock of, 1, 28; types of, 18-19; under-represented, 17, 103, 122, 167, 321, 333; variants of, 171, 226-7, 257, 259, 263, 301, 353;

371

Index formula (s) (cont.) vary in sense, 26, 239, 246; whole-verse, 15, 19-21, 23, 29, 59, 60, 63, 71, 91, 102, 164, 170, 183, 225, 250, 258, 259, 309 formular set/type, 300, 301, 310, 320, 324; extension of, 6, 23-4; economy of, 6, 24-6 Fraenkel, E., 217 Frankel, H., 7, 8, 61, 129, 157, 228, 321 Friedrich, P., 100, 102, 235, 236, 241, 256 Frisk, Hj., 118, 133, 170, 184, 259 Frolich, H., 253 funeral games, 75, 88 funerals, 134, see also burial furniture, 89, 92, 291, 292, 294 Gaskin, R., 349 gates: of the Achaean camp, 224, 290-1, 313, 314, 337, 355, 365; of cities, 331, 364; of Troy, 109 gender, masculine forms for feminine, 160 Germain, G., 201 Germanic epic, 275 gifts, 181; lists of, 74 Gilgamesh, 45, 353 Giseke, B., 361 Glaukos, 36, 99, 258, 267, 314-15, 328, 348, 359> 360 glory, see, fame glosses, 4, 6, 14, 29, 61, 80, 138, 177, 219, 222, 244 TAcoaCToypdcpoi, 163 god(s), 47, 130, 133, 137, 139, 143, 204, 278; absent from battlefield, 214, 229, 252, 273, 316; as external agents, 205, 247, 349; blamed by men, 266, 342; control events, 230; disguised, 246; not personifications, 318; send omens, 182; speech of, 205 gold, symbolism of, 133, 293 Goodwin, W. W., 188, 322, 360, 365 Gordesiani, A., 86 Gorgon, Gorgoneion, 197, 220, 221 Gould, J. P., 198 Gow, A. S. F., 124 grammar, Homeric, 85, 142 Gray, D. H. F., 96, 148, 161, 180, 184, 219, 220, 222, 236, 281 greaves, 217-18 Greenhalgh, P. A. L., 125, 203, 258 Griffin, J., 52, 64, 100, 102, 230, 236, 249, 282, 320 Gross, A. B., 118 guest-gift, 181, 218 Hades, 79, 103, 116, 122, 136, 137, 197, 273 Hainsworth, J. B., 8, 26, 27, 28, 92, 96, 116,

145, 167, 190, 201, 205, 217, 223, 352, 357, 360 Halleux, R., 219 Halperin, D. M., 307 Hampe, R., 221 hapax legomenon, 3, 4, 6-7, 84, 91, 112, 165, 179, 191, 199, 201, 242, 284, 293, 300, 3O5> 343. 347 Hardy, T., 293 Hatto, A. T., 32, 41, 44, 46, 47, 323 Havelock, E. A., 112, 203 Hekamede, 291-2, 294 Hektor, 47, 51, 56, 63, 82, 99, 100, 109, 116, 163, 172, 185, 206, 246, 326, 357, and passim; absent, 237-8; uses dtcnris, 276; avoids Aias, 278, 282; attacks wall, 314, 339, 363-5; a s berserker, 48, 96, 365; defender of Troy, 115; and Diomedes, 265; epithets of, 109, 172, 261, 340, 356, 365; escapes of, 266; fatalism of, 353; portrayal of, 158, 188, 247, 322; prowess of, 264; recklessness of, 325; rejects advice/omen, 49, 341, 342, 343; represents Trojan army, 259, similes of, 259, 334; tactics of, 226; and Zeus, 231, 243; threats of, 96 Helen, 113, 160 Helenos, 70, 327 Hellas, 115, 121 helmet, 161, 178, 265, 308, 338; boar's tusk h., 178-9; formula system of, 180; terms for, 222, 236 Helwig, B., 159 Henry V, 158

Hephaistos, 72, 124, 183 Heraclitus, 49 heralds, 59, 81, 82-3, 84, 86, 87, 89 Herakles, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52, 66, 134, 135, 300, 305; shield of, 220 Here, 62, 109, 137, 151, 156, 160, 205, 246, 256,285, 300 Hermann, G., 224 hero: compared to noble animals, 284; and death, 51, 56, 115-16; bones of, 364; duty of > 5 1 , 55, 270, 354; egotism of, 49-50, 108; exemplary character of, 45; half-divine, 320; status, 45-7; strength of, 162, 364; strong will of, 47-9 Herodian, 184 Heroic Age, 34, 40-1, 79; Germanic, 352; Greek, 40, 79, 90, 205, 209, 237 heroic poetry, 6, 16, 29, 32-53, 55, 64, 88, 154, 211, 234; art of, 213; deformation of, 42; Greek (doi8f)), 15, 44, 291, 297, 298, 329; performance of, 88; typology of, 42; see also singer

372

Index Herodotus, 124 heroine, 48-9, 113 heroism: concept of, 34, 44-50, 51, 115, 142, 175, 269, 272, 341, 351; social foundation of, 49. 99, 343, 352 Hesiod, 30, 40, 51, 96, 107, 121, 137, 226, 292, 298, 319, 320 Heubeck, A., 145, 166, 293, 319 hiatus, 199 Higbie, C , 9, 142 Hippasos, 271, 286 Hippokoon,205,206 Hippolokhos, 235, 241, 272 Hippomakhos, 238 Hipponax, 340 historicity, 36, 39, 40-1 Hoekstra, A., 28, 40, 61, 62, 69, 87, 96, 99, 103, 123, 124, 128, 161, 170, 215, 225, 275,286,287 Hogan, J. C , 213 Holscher, U., 147 Homer, see poet, Iliad Homeridai, 36 homicide, murder, 124, 142 homosexuality, 307 honour, 55, 57, 77, 103, 107, n o , 115, 143, 144, 176, 352; and fame, 103-4; a s motive, 49, 50-1; new, 53; and shame, 56, 343; see also fame, disgrace Hooker, J. T., 181, 183, 242 Hope Simpson, R. and Lazenby, J. F., 77, 115, 138, 298, 305 Horace, 341 horses, 199, 201, 202, 206-7, 242, 250, 257, 302; as booty, 197; gender of, 287; harnessing, 204, 206; of Akhilleus, 185, 194, 323; in Asian epic, 323; of Rhesos, 195, 196, 208 hospitality scene, 84-5, 87, 89, 146, 294 hound, 191, see also simile Householder, F., 59 Howald, E., 130, 136 hut (KXicriri) of Akhilleus, 89, 90 hymns, 71; Homeric Hymns, 30, 37, 96, 116, 218 hyperbaton, 250 hyperbole, 66, 93, 101, 102, n o , 112, 126, 140, 144, 147, 260, 304 hypercorrection, 353 Iakovides, Sp., 331 Ialmenos, 163 Iamenos, 333 Idas, 135 Idomeneus, 174, 226, 263, 264, 278, 279, 314, 328, 329, 330, 343, 352, 357

Iliad, Homer, xiii, 1, 151-2, 364, and passim; and Aithiopis, 267, 269; neglects Antenorids, 226; austerity of, 282; avoids short speeches, 288; concept of heroism in, 51, 166, 275; does not define political status, 65; differs from Odyssey, see Odyssey, dual in, 87, 191; fatalism of, 270; formular character of, 31; geographical standpoint of, 59; as heroic poetry, 32-8, 50-3; ignores kinship of Akhilleus with Aias, 81, and with Patroklos, 289; historicity of, 36; ideas in, 55-7, 117; language of, 7°. 7 1 . 73. 95. 9 8 . I07> J I 3 . 121, 147, 177, 186, 201, 238, 242, 245-6, 239, 265, 272, 273, 274, 310, 311, 313, 323, 348, 363, see also book 10; and Meleagris, 132; narrow focus, 50; no magic in, 47, 52; onomastics of, 333; personnel of, 225; philhellenism in, 38, 261, 264; Reinhardt's theory, 57; silent about previous events, 62, 289-90; social standpoint, 260, plot/ structure of, 52, 87, 112, 119, 152, 291; summer season of, 243; themes of, 102, 104, 117; treatment of Akhilleus, 49, 52-3; wounding not typical in, 255 Iliupersis, 42, 279

Ilos, 243, 268 Indian epic, 37, 45, 50 indirect construction, 97, 148, 194 inorganic verses, 65, 156, 280 interpolation, 109, 169, 209, 215, 241, 257, 278, 295, 311; concordance, 207, 276, 308, 341, 360; see also plus-verse Ionic dialect/form, 29, 30, 59, 80, 121, 165, 166, 181, 214, 244, 261-2, 301, 303, 342, 345. 347. 353. 3 6l » 3 6 2, 364J metrics, 66, 275 Iphianassa, 77 Iphidamas, 247, 249, 338 Iphigeneia, 77 Iphis, 145 Iris, 133, 245, 246, 247, 258 iron, 192 irony, 61, 62, 65, 97, 109, 135, 148, 187, 202, 256, 277, 296, 308 Isos, 236, 237 Itumoneus, 299 Jachmann, G., 77, 337 Janko, R., 30, 123, 166, 177, 220, 295, 296, 353 Jeffery, L. H., 293 Jens, W., 155 jingle, 186, 210, 271, 319, 324, 338 Johansen, F., 87, 94, 186, 198, 222, 265

373

Index Kakridis, J. Th., 98, 130, 131, 138

lectio difficilior, 70, 142

Kalevala, 47

Lee, D.J. N., 287 Leinieks, V., 60 Lejeune, M., 220 Lenz, A., 248 Leonidas of Tarentum, 235 Leonteus, 109, 332, 333, 334, 359; see also Lapithai Lesbian dialect, 222; see also Aeolic dialect Lesky, A., 205, 349 Leumann, M., 58, 68, 96, 165, 189, 190, 222, 240, 273, 282, 335 libation, 83, 149, 210 lightning, 157, 226, 347 Linear B, 30, 79, 177, 210, 218-19, 223, 292, 293, 297, 361; see also Mycenaean dialect linear narrative, 146, 151, 280, 291, 339 lion, 184-5, 200-1, 237-8, 244, 271, 275, 35i list, see catalogue Anal, 127-8, 129 litotes, 282 Little Iliad, 70, 145, 151, 173, 226, 279, 286, 327,357 Lloyd, A. L., 113, 345 Lloyd-Jones, H., 100 localization, 4, 5, 7-9, 10, 11, 19, 26, 31 Lohmann, D., 57, 60, 86, 99, 120, 125, 137-8, 144, 154, 325,343 [Longinus], 294 loot: see booty Lord, A. B., 16, 33, 43, 88, 98, 118 Lorimer, H. L., 113, 179, 218, 219, 221, 222, 236, 241, 242, 245, 266, 268, 276, 254, 287, 292, 333, 338,346 Lucretius, 230 Lukaon, 237 Lukomedes, 70, 357 Lycia, Lycians, 258, 328, 349, 350, 352, 357, 360; see also Sarpedon, Glaukos lyre, 87-8 lyric poetry, 33-4

Kaludon, 130-1, 132, 134, 135, 139, 344; epithets of, 138 Karageorghis, V., 218 Kebriones, 278, 280-1, 285, 359 Kerkhoff, A. H. M., 312 Kharops, 271-2 Kheiron, 121, 310 Kiechle, F., 78 Kinglake, A. W., 80 kings: in heroic poetry, 46—7; obligations of, 99; privileges of, 78, 138, 352; temper of, 64, 341 Kinures, 218 Kiparsky, P., 18 Kirk, G. S., 31, 51, 75, 103, 104, 137, 197, 240, 289, 297, 300, 322; and J. E. Raven, M. Schofield, 162 Kleopatre, 131, 132, 136, 138, 139, 140 Klingner, F., 155 Knox, B. M. W., 50 Knox, M. O., 76 Kohnken, A., 86 Koine forms, 184 Koljevic, S., 33 Koon, 55, 247, 251, Korfmann, M., 195 Koupf]T£s, Kouretes, 132, 134 Kraus, W., 130, 132 Kreophuleioi, 36 Krischer, T., 212, 223, 238, 257 KUKEICOV, 292, 293-4

Kullmann, W., 44, 52, 121, 125, 145, 239, 267, 268, 293 Kumpf, M. M., 7 Kunstsprache, 7, 13, 24, 30, 68, 85, 99, 154, 161, 181, 195, 209, 226, 240, 244, 246, 265, 318, 362 Kupselos, Chest of, 136, 222, 249 Kurt, C , 147 Kuthera, 181 Labarbe,J., 127 language: special, 1, 16, 34-5, see also Kunstsprache; of Akhilleus, 100, subjective, 298 Lapithai, 314-15, 330-3 passim, 338 Laser, S., 89, 92, 155, 166, 209, 312 Latacz, J., 227-8, 257, 346 Lawrence, A. W., 69, 318, 325, 331, 333, 346 Leaf, W., 57, 81, 87, 89, 102, 104, 105, 113, 174, 190, 191, 203, 226, 242, 250, 269, 283, 293, 295, 358, 349, 351, 355, 357, 360, 362, and passim

Maas, P., 115 Macleod, C. W., 100, 132 magic, 45, 47-8,303 u&Xaipa, 312 Makhaon: 278, 279, 290, 294; wounded, 277 March, J. R., 130, 132 Marinatos, S., 269, 292 Marpessa, 135, 136 Martin, R. P., 99 maverick expression, 28; maverick version,

374

Index Mazon, P., 107, 126 meal, 71, 91, 209; marks time of day, 230; omitted, 212, 217 measures of distance/area, 190, 191, 266 medicine, 312 Medon, 237 Meges, 167, 279, 301 Meister, K., 165, 209, 265, 287, 325 Meleagros, 36, 134-6, 144, 352; tale of (Meleagris), 119-20, 127, 130-2 Memnon, 52, 151 Menelaos, 37, 52, 61, 66, 72, 77, 100, 198, 2 79> 338> 359» 357, and passim; and Antilokhos, 72, 262; portrayal of, 160, 167,176 Menestheus, 338, 354-5, 356> 363> 3^6 Menoitios, 288-9, 3°^ Meriones, 172, 174, 178, 179, 262, 264, 268, 279> 343, 357 liEpiiTjpi^eiv-scene, 156, 161, 204 Merops: sons of, 262-3 messenger scene, 84-5, 87 metaphor, 58, 63, 76, 84, 92, 95, 105, 118, 127, 137, 157, 159, 160, 171, 173, 228, 250, 252, 263, 264, 270, 279, 288, 308, 321,326,333, 337, 353>362 metathesis, quantitative, 355 metrics, 59, 63, 72, 76, 80, 87, 97, 105, 111, 121, 214, 268, 302, 319, 320, 340; 'Hermann's Bridge', 114-15, 187, 208, 300; metrical faults, 29; metrical lengthening, 62, 161, 258, 224, 303; metrical shortening, 168 middle voice, metrically motivated, 165 Miller, D. G., 10 Miller, S. G., 307 Milton, 33 minimal statements, 5, 11, 18, 19 Minton, W. W., 248 Minyas, 132 missile-throwing, verbs of, 235, 295 liiTp-n, 286 mode of address, formular, 4, 20, 71, 165, 169, 261, 272, 356 Moira, 51, 129, 272, 353, 354; epithets of, 117; and Kf|p, 117; see also fatalism Molion, 262 Molione (Aktorione), 297, 302, 304, 305 Molos, 181, 262 monologue, 270 Monro, D. B., 143, 162, 167, 191, 240, 282, 3i9 5 323,347 5 353 monstrum rhapsodicum, 169, 190, 195 Morton, A. Q., 7, 154 motivation, externalized, 205, 247, 349 Moulios, 302, 303

Moulton, C , 104, 250, 258, 275, 282, 322, 347, 350 Mueller, M., 158, 234, 235 Miihlestein, H., 186 Murray, G., 236, 272, 318, 332; P., 248 Muse, 36, 247, 248 Mycenae, wealth of, 223 Mycenaean (LH) culture/world, 30, 40, 179, 181, 237, 257, 345; forms/dialect, 161, 168, 220, 226, 252, 256, 262, 265, 287; see also Linear B myth, 39 Nagler, M. N., 3, 63, 153 Nagy, G., 59, 86, 132 names: Anatolian, 214; Asiatic, 259; Greek names of Trojans, 206, 225, 233, 249, 333; Lycian, 181, 328, 350; significant, 83, 277, 303, 356 narrative goal, 64, 95, 119, 151, 212, 230, 241, 245, 248, 261, 288, 290 navigational data, 110 Neoptolemos, 37, 82, 145, 226 Nestor, 72, 79, 80, 81, 89, 99, 100, 127, 159, 164, 165, 167, 176, 208, 308, and passim; age of, 67; on battlefield, 278-9; cup of, 292-3; diplomacy of, 63, 66-7, 68, 69, 72, 173, 289; epithets of, 80, 147, garrulity of, 295; and Patroklos, 291; portrayal of, 71, 84, 308; prominence in Iliad, 298; proposals of, 173, 308, 316; quarters of, 164, 210; reminiscences of, 296, 297; stamina of, 293; tactics of, 224, 305; tales of, 36, 38, 39, 296-8 Nibelungenlied, Nibelungs, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 Nicanor, 167, 236, 323

Nicholls,J.V.,345 Nickau, K., 193, 308 niello, 219 Nilsson, M. P., 43, 117, 123, 273, 349 non-combatants, 90 Nostoi, 44 Notos, 259 number twelve, 201 oath, 75, 122, 187, 188 object identified by its history, 180, 218 obsolescence, 18; see also glosses Odios, 83 Odysseus, 44, 62, 63, 64, 66, 127, 138, 159, 174, 181-2, 202-3, 270, and passim; acts with Diomedes, 151, 153, 155, 173, 191, 197, 199, 204, 205, 233, 260, (in Trojan Cycle) 176; and Akhilleus, 48, 64, 81, 147; boast of, 273; defends Diomedes, 269; discourse of, 92-4, 95-9; calls for aid,

375

Index Odysseus (cont.) 261, 274; embodiment of |if}Tis, 92; epithets of, 102, 147, 159, 175, 189; guile/diplomacy of, 79, 93-4, 147, 168-9, 192; without horses, 208, 276; isolated, 270, 274; likened to deer, 275; portrayal of, 46, 81, 102, 147, 176, 177, 194, 213, 247, 264, 272; prays, 182; principal emissary, 84; rank of, 79; retreats, 275; tales of, 305; tricks Dolon, 192; wept, 61; wounded, 274, 276 Odyssey, 37, 39, 47, 52, 116, 205, and passim; on &oi5f), 35, 38; differs from Iliad, 29, 65, 68, 76, 83, 90, 91, 105, 107, 110, i n , 121, 168, 213, 216, 218, 268-9, 271, 276, 299, 300, 309, 321, 323, 328, 343, 353, 360, see also book 1 o; knowledge of Iliad, 83; interests of, 176, 268; knows Kuxeicov, 293 Oikhalia, 66, 346 Oileus, 233, 234 Oinas, F. J., 32 Oineus, 130, 133, 134, 138 Oinomaos, 333 Old English heroic poetry, 33, 35, 39, 42-3, 353; epithets in, 46, 352 Old French heroic poetry, 33, 35, 39-40, 42-3, 44, 46, 269, 275; cited, 216 Old Testament cited, 75, 122, 124 omens, 62, 182, 219, 223, 340-3

O'Neill, E.G., Jr, 8 O'Nolan, K., 21 onomatopoeia, 305 Opheltios, 259 oracle, 66, 151 oral composition/poetry/style, 2, 6, 15, 21, 33> 73> 86, 213, 223, 290, 363 orator, oratory, rhetoric, 61, 92-4, 100, 101, 105, 108, i n ,

112, 113, 114, 130,

140,

195 order of battle: Achaean, 167, 215, 309, 314; Trojan, 195, 313, 326-7 Orestes, 41, 76 Orkhomenos, 112 Ormenos, 122 orthography, 299-300, 309, 348; archaic, 237; Attic, 242 override: formular 18, 207, 305; thematic, 86, 90, 209, 281, 290 oxymoron, 166, 236 Packard, D. W., 305 Page, D. L., 1, 23, 77, 87, 90, 109, 111, 112, 119, 124, 132, 215, 261, 276, 290, 354 Palmer, L. R., 299 Pandaros, 268

papyri: Pap. viii, 300, 301; Pap. 9, 360; Pap. 5> 37> 3°9> 3I0> 3IJ> 3J75 P a P - 8, 279, 281; Pap. 25, 282; Pap. 60, 261, 282; Pap. 69, 326; Pap. 98. 178; Pap. 121, 332, 337, 338, 342, 343; Pap. 211, 178; Pap. 342, 332, 360; Pap. 432, 254-5, 257> 258, 299, 300, 332, 338; P. Oxy. 3827, 263; and book division, 312 Paraskeuaides, H. A., 14, 23 parataxis, 69 Paris, 161, 238, 239, 267-9, 277, 285, 3H-I5 Parry, A., 101-2 Parry, M., 1, 10, 11, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29 particles, strings of, 8, 12, 18, 189 pathos, 56, 97, 104, 106, 109, 125, 129, 135, 186, 192, 233, 236, 238, 242, 243, 249, 250-1, 253, 262, 264, 270, 285, 288, 306, 328; motifs, 251, 339 Patroklos, 72, 87, 89, 92, 124, 141, 144, 286, 291; death of, 97, 128, 131, 264, and passim',fledto Phthie, 124, 306; influence with Akhilleus, 72, 82, 84, 99, 119; kindly nature, 51, 311; = Kleopatre, 136; and Nestor, 294; pities Achaeans, 61, 309; portrayal of, 288, 322; prowess of, 90, 288; squire to Akhilleus, 90, 262, 290, 304; weeps, 61 patron, 37-8, 88 patronymic, 142, 164, 258, 277, 288 pattern, see episodes, phrase-pattern, sentence-pattern, typical motif/scene Peisandros, 238 Peleus, 97, 100, 125, 306 Pelopidae, 217 Peneleos, 279 Penelope, 102, 107 Penthesileia, 52, 145, 151 Periphetes, 282 Peristiany, J. G., 114, 143 personification, 214, 229, 285, 303, 318 persuasive definition, 102, 107 Pfeiffer, R., 58, 122, 124 phalanx, 230 Phausios, 286 Phoinix, 3, 55, 66, 72, 81-2, 85-6, 92, 94, 100, 101, 118, 120-40 passim, 143, discourse of, 119-20; educator of Akhilleus, 121, 125, 310 phrase pattern, 3, 9-10, 22, 27, 28, 69, 242, 301; see also doublets, sentence pattern phratry, 67 Phthie, 115, 121-2, 140, 147 Pindar, 151 Pinsent,J., 95, 159, 263

376

Index Pylian epic/heroic poetry, 39, 296-8, 298, 302

pity, 81, ioo, 119, 127, 261, 295 Plato, 103, 117, 120, 127, 144, 145, 280, 293. 3°7; [Plato], 153 Pleisthenes, 217 pleonasm, see doublet Pleuron, 132, 134, 135 plunder, see booty plus-verse, 73, 76, 79, 170, 255, 261, 263, 3°7>3I7>332 Plutarch, 92, 105, 123, 282; [Plutarch], 93 Podaleirios, 279 poet (ofAspis), 221-2 poet (of Iliad), Homer, passim; artistry of, 91, 139, 288, 311; notesftpx1*)of events, 288; assumes familiarity, 224, 288; attitudes of, 121, 136, 145, 198; comments on narrative, 104, 141, 251, 337; geographical standpoint of, 59, 77; inventiveness of, 123, 131, 239, 325, 326; keeps Akhilleus in mind, 287; keeps distance, 132; 'knowledge' of, 130, 136, 248, 286, 310; looks forward, 153, 211, 288, see also narrative goal; methods of, 151, 211, 212, 232, 233; as narrator, 125, 245, 278, 298, 304, 330, see also de Jong; as observer, 92, 318, 320; philhellenism, 211, 261, 264; slips by, 138, 144, 264, 305; reveals intentions by stages, 144; at work,

Quintilian, 93

87, 245; see also Iliad

poet (of Doloneia), 151, 155, 158, 165, 168, 172, 175, 178, 179, 180-1, 183, 184, 191, 196, 206; obscure thought of, 202, 203; see also book 1 o poet (of Odyssey), 206 poetical grammar, 3, 6, 14, 16, 23, 34 Polubos, 225 Polupoites, 109, 332, 333, 334; see also Lapithai

Polygnotus, 146 polyptoton, 230 polysyndeton, 185, 243 Pope, M. W. M., 7, 182 Porphyry, 178, 293 Poseidon, 87, 109, i n , 144, 177, 229, 318; with trident, 320 Pouludamas, 224, 225, 247, 264, 325-6; as warrior, 314, 325 praise-poetry, 38 Prato, C , 27 prayer, 83, 87, 89, 133, 182, 184, 188; omitted, 212, 217, 252; see also Anrai Priam, 74, 88, 115, 139, 141 prophecy, 62 prosopopoeia, 97 Puhvel,J., 162 Pulos, Pylians, 77-8, 130; location of, 297

% (vocalic r), 220 rainbow, 219 rally, see battle rank, designations of, 106 Rank, L. Ph., 74-5 Rapp, G., and Gifford, J. A. (edd.), 195 realism, 139, 168, 200, 201, 315, 364 recall of previous passage, 20, 60, 61-2, 64, 152; absence of, 72, 153, 159, 261, 268 reception scene, see hospitality scene Redfield, J. M., 100, 102, 129, 191 Reeve, M. D., 101 Reichel, W., 179-80 Reinhardt, K., 57, 94, 146, 148, 215, 229, 237, 256, 270 religion, popular, 133 repetition of speeches/commands, 92, 94, 98, 193, 194,247,311 responsibility, 55, 56 retardation, 71, 288 retiring scene, 144, 209 rhapsode, 36 Rhesos, 153, 162; death of, 201, 206; story of, 151, 152, i55> J 77 Rhesus (tragedy), 189, 203 rhetoric, see orator Rhianus, 143 Richardson, N. J., 7, 17, 52, 68, 207, 293 Richter, G., 89, 291, 294 Richter, W., 228, 292, 294 Ridgeway, W., 74 ring-composition, 99, 101, 121, 135, 154, 232, 256, 298, 303 Risch, E., 136, 162, 206, 283, 346, 347 Robinson, D., 77, 135 Roland, Chanson de, see Old French heroic

poetry romance, 34, 44, 146 Rosner,J. A., 119 Ross, D.J. A., 35 Ruijgh, C. J., 224, 261-2, 304 runover word, 4, 141, 239, 251, 324, 330, 337 runs of verses, 5, 19-21, 35, 71, 145, 149, 193, 215, 230, 247, 272, 281; see also couplets Russo, J. A., 10, 121, 285 Sacks, R., 109, 268 sacrifice, omitted, 217 saga, 33, 55

377

Index Sarpedon, 78, 99, 102, 104, 115, 162, 258, 264, 314-15, 328, 346, 348-50, 352, 354, 359-60, 361; epithet of, 360; heroism of, 253 scale, indicating significance, 119, 291, 295 sceptre, 59, 61, 73, 78, 79, 187 Schadewaldt, W., 130, 136, 236, 268, 280, 281, 290, 308 schema etymologicum, 7 4 - 5 , 175

Schmiel, R., 25 Schnapp-Gourbeillon, A., 201 Schoek, G., 125 Schofield, M., 325 scholia, scholiast, 29, 58, 78, 92, 93, 116, 139, 146, 148, 151, 153, 170, 179, 193, 203, 209, 232, 303, 364, 337, 350, and passim; bias in, 157, 342; idea of epic in, 126; see also Aristarchus, Aristophanes, Zenodotus Schrader, H., 93 Schulze, W., 66, 179, 204, 258, 340 Schwartz, J., 132 Schwyzer, E., 126, 222, 366 Scodel, R., 120, 148, 317 Scott, W. C , 190 Scully, S., 270 Segal, C , 86, 198, 241, 273 sentence pattern, 2, 4, 8, 10-12, 14, 18, 19, 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 36, 65, 136, 294; see also phrase pattern sentimentality, 342 Sergent, B., 307 Severyns, A., 241 shaman, shamanism, 36, 45 shame, 56, 64; shame culture, 114 Shewan, A., 151, 154, 198, 203 shield, 161, 169, 178, 181, 218, 220-1, 309, 350; body-shield, 267; epithets for, 226, 281; leather, 285, 329; terms for, 220, 276; tower-shield, 276, 281, 282-3 shield-strap, see baldric ship, formulas for, 185-6, 206 Shipp, G. P., 102, 132, 220, 244, 257, 265, 272, 334, 336, 34°> 342 siege methods, 315, 329, 331, 333, 343-5, 358 siege-poetry, 285-6, 329, 343-5, 348 simile, 58, 59, 60, 70, 171, 172, 180, 182, 226, 228, 239, 256, 263, 270, 315, 317, 333; anachronism in, 203; in battle narrative, 284; clusters of, 238, 257, 258, elaboration of, 321, 347; indicates emotion, 322, 351; functions of, 60, 158, 2 75) 277; peasants etc. in, 200-1; and poet's world, 251, 284; realism in, 189; repeated, 61, 283; in speeches, 104, 336;

subjects of: ass, 283, 284, bird and chicks 104, boar, 258, 262, 271, 321, 334, clouds, 259, deer, 275, fire, 242, 353, fishing, 59, flood, 277, hounds, 191, 258, 262, insects, 335-6, line, 362, lion, 200-1, 237-8, 244, 283, 321, 350, 351, parent and young, 104, 336, quarrelsome farmers, 361, reaping, 228, scales, 362, snow, 335, 339, spinning woman, 362, star, 226, storm, 58, waves, 259, woman in labour, 256 simultaneous events, narrated as sequential, 280, 291,313,314,330 singer, doi86s, 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34-8, 88, 130, 186, 211, 248; amateur, 37, 88; language of, 69; pause of, 366; professional, 37; subject matter of, 39 Sirius, 226, 244 Skamandros: course of, 278; ford of, 243, 278

skewed sentence, 142 Smith, J. D., 37, 50 snakes, 219, 221, 222 Snell, B., 349 Snodgrass, A. M., 77, 233 Sokos, 271, 272, 273 Sophocles, 138 Sosiphanes, 122 South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian) heroic poetry, 32, 34-5, 36, 40, 41, 42-3, 49; cited, 216 speaker's grammar, 190, 197, 208, 238, 310; style, 339 spear, 228, 235; principal weapon, 254, 285; thrusting, 223, 235, 273, 254, 285, 338; throwing, 223, 351; terms for, 252 spoils, see booty Stanford, W. B., 285 Stesichorus, 135 stichic verse, 33-4, 35 stone throwing, 254 Strabo, 115, 298, 317 Strasburger, G., 249, 262 Strasser, F. X., 27 style, 141; abbreviated, 137, 247; additive, 250; antiphonic, 35; appositional, 35; epic, 13, 14, 18, 60, 167; formular, 31, 83, 126, 187; objective, 233; oral, 15, 73, 157, 171, 190, 363; realistic, 134, succinct, 131, 135, 338; traditional, 3; tired, 338 stylometry, 154 substitution, 15-16, 18, 25, 28, 174, 360; of one formula for another, 65, 342, 363 Suger, Abbot, 316 Sundvall, J., 350

378

Index suppliant, supplication, 127, 128, 138, 143, 198, 239; supplication scene, 84 Swain, S. C. R., 130 sword, 219-20, 254, 338 synizesis, 133, 189, 257; and correption, 289 synonymy, synonyms, 4, 5, 13-15, 19, 22, 161, 177, 236, 276 Szemerenyi, O., 148, 319

Trojans; arrogance of, 158-9, 187, 188, 263; epithets for, 95 Troy, tale of, 30, 38, 43, 76, 151, 265, 332,

34° Triimpy, H., 281 Trypanis, C , 237 Tudeus, 50, 183 Turkic (Kirghiz) heroic poetry, 35, 36, 43, 323, 366 typical motif/scene, type-scene, 21, 24, 59, 83, 98, 156, 269, 270, 305, 306, 315; see also arming, assembly, council, dressing, hospitality, meal, nepurjpi^eiv, messenger, prayer, retiring, supplication, theme, visit

Tagliaferro, E., 309 talent, 74 Talthubios, 83 Tasso, 33 tears, 60-1,120 Teffeteller, A., 71 Telegony, 44, 52

Telemakhos, 41, 89, 108, 140, 160, 170, 175 Telephos, 144 temenos, 138, 352, 361 testudo, 329, 333

Teukros, 218, 237, 267, 268, 315, 355, 357, 363 Thalmann, W. G., 101 Theano, 249 Theban cycle, Thebais, 71, 262, 327 Thebes, 112-13 themes, 1, 22, 29, 31, 71, 102, 153, 154, 264; of battle, 347-8; confused, 86; omitted, 212; rebuke, 278; repeated, 233, 243; sequences of, 224, 227, 232, 260, 285, (broken off), 315; see also episodes, typical motif/scene Thersites, 105, 135, 145, 186, 362 Thessalian dialect, 140 Thestor, 234, 239 Thetis, 72, 94, 121, 125, 145, 157, 246, 259 tholos tombs, 223 Thoon, 271 Thornton, A., 127, 128-9, 2 35 Thrasumedes, 163, 166, 171, 178, 279 threefolder verse, 110, 249, 365 Thucydides, 228, 317 thunder, 219, 223, 347 thunderbolt, 62, 245, 321 time, measurement of, 177, 230, tin, 219 Titanomachia, 37

Tithonos, 214 Tlepolemos, 99, 124, 264, 328, 349 torture, 198 trench: see ditch Troad, 39; ancient geography of, 195; landmarks in, 58, 194, 195, 225, 243; monuments in, 243, 316-17; rivers of, 3J9 Troilos, 44

vases, vase-painters, 87, 88, 89, 180, 198, 199, 265, 267, 272, 306, 333 van der Valk, 123, 184, 273, 281, 283, 332, 353> 355. 358, 361 van Leeuwen, J., 99, 151 van Thiel, H., 153, 213, 242, 266, 315 van Wees, H., 227, 251 vengeance, 55-6, 99, 128; duty of, 251 Ventris, M., 77, 161, 162, 223, 246, 252, 259, 292, 293 Verdenius, W. J., 104 Vermeule, E., 219, 292 Virgil, 33, 151, 178, 199, 251, 256, 289, 362 visit scene, 84, 88, 306 Visser, E., 17 Vivante, P. 21 vocative for nominative, 24, 80 Von der Muhll, P., 102, 109, 151, 176, 215, 266, 296, 330 von Kamptz, H., 82, 181, 251, 333 von Scheliha, R., 121 von Schiering, W., 191 Wackernagel, J., 74, 209, 346 wall, Achaean, 68-9, 108-9, I J 8 , 166, 188, 285, 314, 316, 317, 318, 327, 365; assault on, 344-7, 358-9, 363-4; construction of, 323-4, 345, 359; ignored, 260; see also ditch war, epithets of, 286 Wathelet, P., 163, 186, 198, 286 Watkins, C , 118 weapons named, 48, 285 Webster, T. B. L., 293, 329 weeping, 60-1, 120 Wegner, M., 87 West, M. L., 87, 90, 115, 123, 128, 129, 130, 134-5, l84> l87> l9°> 24J> 3°4> 3X9 West, S. R., 76, 78, 80, 99, 113, 139, 148, 162, 181, 201, 217, 255, 257, 276, 279, 291, 298, 311, 312, 327, 332

379

Index Whallon, W., 276 Whitman, C. H., 140 wickedness punished, 122, 128 Wiesner, J., 199 Wilamowitz, U. V., 38, 73 Willcock, M. M., 60, 98, 116, 130, 131, 187, 190, 213, 218, 249, 265, 297, 306, 326, 350 wine, 69, 90, 94, 294; formulas for, 208 Wolf, A., 117, 123 Worthen, T., 221 women: attitudes towards, 105, 108, n o , 146; epithets for, n o , 136 wounds, woundings, 254, 256, 260, 286; of Agamemnon, 247; to arm, 235, 254; of Diomedes, 251, 252, 267; of Odysseus, 274, 276; to head, 235, 359; not felt, 254, 275; to foot, 267; statistics, 253; treatment of, 310, 311 Wulfing von Martitz, P., 163, 230 Wyatt, W. F.,Jr, 62, 117-18, 121, 164, 168, 183, 255, 258, 259, 272, 284, 310, 319 Xanthos (river), 352 Xanthus (lyric poet), 77 Zenodotus, 65, 70, 75, 85, 185, 201, 206,

207, 318, 332, 356, 362; athetized, 354; emended, 356; omitted verses, 60, 149, 175, 177, 202, 205, 215, 229, 244, 264, 280, 302, 308, 336, 364; readings of, 79, 116, 146, 157, 184, 187, 230, 237, 238, 240, 249, 263, 271, 273, 275, 310, 334, 342, 355>357, 36i,3 6 3 Zephuros, 59, 259 Zeus, 52, 53, i n , 120, 127, 144, 150, 187, 192, and passim; ambiguous designs of, 214, 246, 296, 317; blamed by men, 73, 96, i n , 165, 188, 335; and crrn, 128-9; deceived Agamemnon, 62; favours Trojans, 223, 362; formulas for, 342; frightens Aias, 282; hand of, 118; hard master, 164; influence of, 62, 321; looks away, 365; preserves Hektor, 231, 243; scales of, 362; sends omen, 340; stirs up war, 214; and suppliants, 198; 'under the earth', 123; watches the battle, 229-30, 245, 263 Zhirmunsky, V. M., 32 Zielinski's Law, see simultaneous events Zopyrus, 182 £cos TE + infinitive: only here and at Od. 17.21 in the epic. 44 Like 416, q.v., this is an instance of the sort of verse that stands in light enjambment with its predecessor, supplies a verb, and is completed in the cumulative manner with unimportant but harmless detail. It is a common epic sentence pattern. If a verb can be readily understood, such a verse is in effect inorganic, and would be carefully scrutinized by the Alexandrian critics. Aristarchus athetized 44 (and 416) as being superfluous and weakening by verbosity the forthright effect of Diomedes' speech (Arn/A). 45 Optimism characterizes Diomedes, cf. his riposte to the failure of the embassy 697-709 and his retort at 14.110-32 to yet more of Agamemnon's despondency. He was also first to reject Trojan peace feelers at 7.400-2. He had of course led the battle in books 5 and 6, and Hektor 65

Book Nine expected him to be his main opponent when the fight was renewed (8.530— 38). But Diomedes is alone in regarding the situation as a merely temporary setback; Nestor, Odysseus, Phoinix, Aias (by implication), and Menelaos (in book 10), all concur with Agamemnon's appreciation. His moral collapse, therefore, should not be scored too heavily against him. 46-7 el (TrocpocKeAeuoTiKov) intensifies the imperative cpsuyovTcov, cf. 262, and the common idiom si 8' dye. 48-9 The language recalls that of 7.30-1 (Apollo to Athene) UOCXTJO-OVT' EIS 6 KE TEKucop I MAiou EUpcocnv, and the sentiment that of Akhilleus at 16.97—100. We are free to subsume the Argive Aaos under Sthenelos and Diomedes. But the Aaos is of so little consequence in the heroic tradition that it regularly slips out of view, cf. Herakles' taking of Oikhalia and (with Telamon) Troy, and Akhilleus' own proposal to take Troy with Patroklos (16.97-100) - his prayer on that occasion that all the rest on both sides perish is pure hyperbole, ovv ydp deep: the Achaeans believed that they had right on their side because of the crime of Paris, see Agamemnon's violent outburst at 6.55-60. Oracles at Aulis (2.308-19) and Delos had forecast their ultimate success. — EiArjAouOuEv: the first person now includes all present. For the form cf. Od. 3.81 and Chantraine, GH 1 425. Although dAfjAuOuEV would have long 0 by position in Ionic metrics, the zero grade has been almost eliminated from the perfect conjugation in the epic (but &7T£Af)Au8a 24.766 and 2X Od.). The initial long vowel si- is the product of the normal treatment of antispastic (u u) words, and is regular at the verse-end (5.204 etc.). 50 = 7.403. For the form EirTaxov see Chantraine, GH1 140, 393. The forms transmitted with long! (i8x //., 2X Od.) are all 3rd person indicative and ignore the p attested in the participle (with T) and the compound auiaxos (13.41). An aorist is often required and always possible. Schulze, approved by Chantraine, GH 1 139-40, suggested that a root aorist pdxov ( < erf-) lay behind these forms, how far behind it is impossible to say. They are practically confined to formular phrases. 52-78 For Nestor's tactical discourses see nn. to 2.360-8. Diomedes had begun impetuously and ended with hyperbole (cf. his reaction at 697-709 to the embassy's failure), but then these were vices of youth and Diomedes was the youngest of the Achaean leaders (14.112) and younger than any of Nestor's sons (57-8), cf. Akhilleus' hyperbole at 1.90 and his impetuosity at 19.199-214. The older and wiser man (Nestor here, Odysseus at 19.2 i6ff.), brings him back to earth and the immediate requirements of the situation. Nestor's speech, like his contribution at 1.254—84, is a masterpiece in the tactful management of impetuous firebrands. Everything that Diomedes had said was quite beside the point (dTdp ou TEAOS IKEO UUOGOV 56), but Nestor showers the speech with praise, excuses it, and then 66

Book Nine

ignores it; what is needful is to secure the camp for the night (66-8) and some hard thinking about the situation (68-78). 52 On the form i-rrTTOTa see i62n. 54 U6T& + accusative in the sense 'among' (which must be the sense here) usually occurs with a collective noun or follows a verb of motion. 57-8 f) U6V KOCI veos eacri: it is difficult to translate these words without making Nestor seem patronizing ('How young you are ...', Fagles). fj UEV emphasizes the following assertion, 'You are a young man - there's no denying it - but you talk sense.' — Nestor is about seventy years of age, cf. 1.250-2 and n. — 6TTA6TO(TOS is an epic word = VECOTOTOS: a connexion with 'bearing arms' (otrXa) is generally accepted, though the use of the word in the feminine (2 x //., 4X Od.) suggests that the connexion was no longer felt. The superlative formation is also probably secondary, see 14.267-7on. OTTAOC = 'arms' is a rare word in the epic (4X //., not in Od.), which uses ivTea or T€ux«x- — TT6TTVU|i6va |3a£eis, also at Od. 4.206, is probably formular. As an epithet TreTrvuuevos is applied to subordinate or youthful characters who know their place. Nestor's point is that Diomedes has spoken to the Lord of Men frankly but as a young man should, not in the insolent and provocative manner favoured by Akhilleus in book 1. Nestor himself adopts the same diplomatic tone at 69 and o,6ff. Agamemnon, in a neat touch of characterization, is mollified into generosity by this respect for protocol. 59 For the sense of (3aaiAeus see 1146n. 63-4 'Banished from tribe and home without the law ...' The proverbial ring of the verses is unmistakable, hence TTOA^UOV in 64 where Ipi6os would be more appropriate in this context. Phratries, hearth and GiuidTes are the hallmarks of a community to which the spirit of the contentious man is alien. Nestor's strong language recalls the curse of the Furies TTCOS . . . iv "Apysi T BCOUCCT' O!KI*|(7€I irocTpos; I TToioicri pcouois xP^uevos °iS 8rmiois; | iroia 8e X^pviy 9porr£pcov TrpoaSe^STOu; Aesch. Eum. 655-6, and the sentence passed by Draco on the criminal outcast (cf. Dem. 20.158). The verses are cited at Ar. Pax 1097, and elaborated with Ciceronian copia at Phil. 13.1. The key word in 64 is imSrmiov; Nestor is cunningly forestalling (as Akhilleus did not in book 1) a violent reaction to his reasonable proposals, cf. his opening remarks below 96-103, and Diomedes' more perfunctory exordium 32-3. The gnome suits Nestor's age (cf. Arist. Rhet. 1395a for the appropriateness of proverbs to the elderly) and is a characteristic part of his rhetorical armament; he is, so to speak, the keeper of the Achaeans' conscience. 63 &9pf|TCop: a deprivation that comes from a world in which free men normally belonged to a phratry: 'an intrusion from [the poet's] own time', as A. Andrewes points out, Hermes 89 (1961) 132. See also 2.362-3^ The cumulation of negative words 6pTaTos (of Agamemnon) is contrasted with KocpTEpos (of Akhilleus). — irep intensifies the preceding adjective, so 'the very gods' (Leaf), cf. TaA&9povd Trep TTOAEliiCTTTjv (13.300), 'the staunchest warrior'. (For uses of the particle TTEp in the epic see E. J. Bakker, Linguistics and Formulas in Homer (Amsterdam 1988) 67-106.) i n On the metrics of this verse see 1.356^ The poet, doubtless unconsciously, gives to Nestor the same language as was used by Akhilleus in his complaint to Thetis (1.356). — f|T{ur|(7as acquires extra force from the immediately preceding dOdvorroi TTEp ETICTOCV. 112 The 1st plural TTETTIOCOUEV is natural enough for the subtle Nestor to use when he really means 'you, Agamemnon'; but it is also natural in the sense that all the Achaeans need Akhilleus and should make a collective approach to him. Such an approach would, like the approach made by Patroklos in book 16, be one that Akhilleus could not reasonably disdain. The poet is therefore careful to preclude it by the reaction assigned to Agamemnon. 113 'A soft answer turneth away wrath.' Nestor recommends an approach that Homeric society recognized as effective, cf. 23.586ft0., Antilokhos' apology to Menelaos, which Menelaos, 23.6o2ff., immediately accepts, and among the anthropomorphic Olympians 1.582-3, where Hephaistos affirms that ETTEOC uaAocKd will render Zeus lAaos forthwith; cf. also the argument of Phoinix at 496ff: EUXGOAOCI dyavcci will move even the gods. It is no wonder that the Achaeans find Akhilleus' attitude incomprehensible, and that the poet himself has some trouble in expressing it. 72

Book Nine 114-61 Agamemnon's response. The speech makes four points. First (115-18), Agamemnon admits that he had been overcome by onrri; second (119-40), he names &7Tepsiaia diTOiva, recompense for the seizure of Briseis; third (141-57), he specifies how he will in future honour Akhilleus; and fourth (158-61), he demands that Akhilleus for his part recognize Agamemnon's superiority in rank. The gifts immediately on offer are handed over and the oath taken at ig.243ff. m spite of Akhilleus' indifference to material honours after the death of Patroklos. 116 daad|ir|v: for recent bibliography on the concept of OCTT| see W. F. Wyatt, AJP 103 (1982) 247-76 and 19.85-138^ Wyatt's association of this verb with dco ( T ° v 5e u. x> T(£ Hg u- X-) w * t n modifications to accommodate pronouns (ou8£ TI UIV x-, TITTTE 8e as X«)- — 'share' > 'fate' > 'death' > 'Death' (personified fate). See also I2.326n., Nilsson, GgrR 1 222-5. 413 KAEOS &90ITOV iorcci has frequently been compared with the semantically similar and etymologically identical expression in the Vedic hymns §rdvah . . . dksitam 1.9.7, c^- dksiti kdvah 1.40.4 etc., with the implication that the phrase is a fragment of an Indo-European heroic poetry: see M. Durante's list in R. Schmitt, Indogermanische Dichtersprache (Darmstadt 1968) 297-309. The words stand here as subject and predicate, but that may be a grammatical modification of a formula in which the epithet, though not decorative, is attributive, cf. the Delphic inscription GDI 1537, Ibycus fr. 1.47 Page, and Sappho fr. 44.4 L-P. The complete phrase, KAIOS OKpOiTov ICTTCCI, is an equivalent of the formular KASOS OUTTOT' oAeiTai (2X //., 1 x Od., HyAp 156, [Hesiod] fr. 70.7 M-W), and can readily be seen as an ad hoc creation from elements readily available to the poet, see M. Finkelberg, CQ 36 (1986) 1-5, with A. T. Edwards' correction, CQ, 38 (1988) 25. 414 IKCOUI was established in the printed texts by Wolf and has very little MS support; the paradosis, with remarkable unanimity, is the unmetrical iKcouca. IKCOUI, however, exchanges one anomaly for another - the 1 of the active form IKCO is long. O!KCC8' + parts of iK&rOcci is formular (3X elsewhere in //., 5X Od.) and, again as OIKCCS' IKCOUOU, occurs at 393. IKCOUOCI, however, cannot stand here unless the following 9iAr|v is emended to bf\v ( = 6uf|v, see 1 i.i42n.) after Brugmann. The sense required of the verb is 'go', 'return', hence Nauck's Tcoui, accepted by Leaf; but if this is a case of 'concordance corruption' the whole phrase O!KCC8' IKCOUCCI may be intrusive. Wyatt, ML 117

Book Nine 33, moots the possibility here and at 5.256 (ea as u u ) of a singer's slip, for which cf. A. B. Lord, Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Mass., i960) 38, 44. 416 Athetized by Aristarchus (Am/A) as being pleonastic and not read by Zenodotus (Did/AT). The verse gives a clearer construction to ITTI Srjpdv 8s uoi aicov in 415, as Aristarchus noted, and that would be a motive for its insertion, but see 44n. 420 Xe^Pa ^ 1 v : f° r t n e hiatus before efjv cf. Zeus 6E eov (1.533), 6s xe hf\s (Od. 8.524). There is no initial digamma (£6s < sewos), but the usage may well be affected by (p)6s (< reduced-grade swos). The protective hand of Zeus is an easy metaphor, cf. 4.249, 5.433, 24.374, ^ - 14.184, though more typical of Near Eastern thought than Greek. The formula is (ai KS) uirepaxTi X^Tpa Kpovicov (2X ), but the conjugation of Cnrrspex^iv results in a rather protean expression. The metaphorical uses of yeip are examined by A. B. Gross, Gymnasium 77 (1970) 365-75. 422 The second hemistich of the verse = 4.323. There, however, yepovTCOV meant 'the old', here it implies 'counsellors'. The privilege is that of speaking freely (corocpavai), cf. 33. 424 aaco < cjaor), subjunctive of aaoco, see LSJ s.v. V£iov 16T|KE) , proposes to understand TOCTOUTOV = dcpvEiov and TTOAUV Aaov EXOVTO, and to omit 484 to make the parallelism clearer. Phoinix would then be making a good point - 'As Peleus was to me, so am I to you.' 486 EK OupioO quAecov: Phoinix echoes Akhilleus' language at 343 (his love for Briseis), but the text lacks any overt indication that the echo is deliberate or what the point would be if it were, EK OUIJIOO qnAEEiv does not recur. 488-9 See Od. 16.443-4 f° r a similar description of an infant set on the 125

Book Nine knee to be fed. Phoinix' role is that of a proud friend of the family, not that of a menial. In the Odyssean passage it is Odysseus himself who is represented as offering meat and wine to the infant Eurumakhos. — KCcOicraas: the present is Ka0-s£ouai/i£co (< *sed-, *si-sd-) and the aor. indie. sfoa, SO that the orthography of the aor. participle should be KCXO-ECJ (