The East Side of the Agora: The Remains beneath the Stoa of Attalos (Athenian Agora vol. 27)

THE

ATHENIAN AGORA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUMEXXVII

THE

EAST

SIDE

OF

THE

THE

REMAINS

BENEATH

THE

STOA

A'I"IALOS

OF

AGORA

BY

RHYS E TOWNSEND

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1995

Data Library of Congress Cataloguing-n-Publication Townsend, Rhys F. The east side of the Agora: the remainsbeneath the Stoa of Attalos / by Rhys F. Townsend cm. - (AthenianAgora; v. 27) p. Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0-87661-227-3 1. Stoa of Attalos (Athens,Greece). 2. (Athens,Greece)-Antiquities. 3. Athens (Greece)-Buildings, structures,etc. 4. Excavations(Archaeology)-Greece-Athens. I. Tide. II. Series DF287.A23A5 vol. 27 94-35506 [DF287.S74] CIP 938'5-dc20

? American School of ClassicalStudiesat Athens 1995 TYPOGRAPHY BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS OFFICE C/O INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PLATES BY THE STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONT PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE JOHN D. LUCAS PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

For J. BENJAMIN TOWNSEND my father and mentor and for HOMER A. THOMPSON and EUGENE VANDERPOOL excavatorsextraordinary

PREFACE REMAINS presented in this volume have been known for a long time now, without, THE however, a great deal being known about them. They have been described first in brief, preliminaryreports in Hesperia,later through summaryaccounts in AgoraXIV and the successive editions of the Agora Guide;on the basis of these records, the buildings have been mentioned in studies of Athenian architecture,topography,and history. But the archaeologicalevidence for the remains has never been presented fully,and hence conclusionsregardingthe form, function, and date of the buildingshave remainedtentative,therebyreducingthe potential significancethey may hold. This somewhat uncertainstatushas been exacerbatedby the fact that the materialhas been irrevocablyburied for some forty-oddyears now beneath the reconstructedStoa of Attalos. This volume thereforeattemptsto give these remainstheir due, without, however,seeking either simply to confirm what is alreadyknown or, conversely,to justify a lengthy and time-consumingstudy by overrulingcurrentlyheld views whereverpossible. I have triedto approachthe evidencewith a fresh eye and independentmind, startingmy study from scratchwith the excavationnotebooksand such physical evidence as is still available. I have neither held onto current views nor departed from them without reason. Whether that reason proves sufficientor not is of course the rub, and for the reader to decide. An independent approach is not necessarilyundertakenalone, and I have benefited from the help and encouragementof a great many individuals. My first debt is to my father, to whom this work is in part dedicated. It is he who taught me to value precise thinking and to take pride in the craft of writing. This book is also dedicated to Homer A. Thompson and Eugene Vanderpool, who together excavated the remains reported here. For another scholar to undertake the study and final publication of material no longer visible and, indeed, which first came to light before he was born, is a true test of archaeologicalmethodology,which seeks to record evidence so that it may be studied in the future. It is a tribute to the gifted skill of these two archaeologists,and to the record system of the Agora Excavations in general, that I have found this assignment to be no burden but rather a rare privilege. It should be noted that throughout the course of excavating the earlierstratain the area of the Stoa ofAttalos, Thompson and Vanderpoolchecked each other's work continuously. Whenever particularlytroublesomestratificationwas encountered in a given area, the material was excavated by both men, independent of each other and in separate years. If Thompson dug one half of an area, Vanderpool unearthed the other half in a later season; or Thompson removed baulksleft earlierby Vanderpool. Although questionsinevitablyremain, they are owing to the complexity of the very disturbedstratificationand never to any doubt about the care and expertiseexercisedon the material. My debt to Homer Thompson, Director Emeritusof the Agora Excavations,extends further,to the gratitude I owe him for entrustingto me the publication of the remains beneath the Stoa of Attalos. Throughout the whole long process, he tirelesslybrought his unfailing memory to bear on my questions while never insisting that I see things his way. I am grateful, too, to T. Teslie Shear,Jr., Field Director of the Agora Excavationsfrom 1970 to 1994, for his help and encouragement and for allowingme access to the facilitiesof the Agora Excavations. He also painstakingly

vi,,

PREFACE

read the manuscript,correctingerrors and making many useful suggestionsfor its improvement. Likewise,John McK. CampII, currentField Director of the Agora Excavations,has followed the projectfrom the beginning and has given much of his time and expertise. Numerous scholarshave contributedtheir knowledgeto make this a better book than it would have been otherwise. I would like to thank especially Susan I. Rotroff, who encouraged me to include full publication of the pottery from deposits relatingto the Square Peristyleand the Brick Buildingand who gave generouslyof her time in the study of this materialand later when she read the manuscript. I have benefited as well from many consultationswith Alan L. Boegehold and am gratefulto him for lettingme read the manuscriptof his forthcomingAgoravolume on the lawcourts of Athens. I also thankJohn Kroll for reviewingwith me the coins from the constructionfill of the SquarePeristyle. Similarly,the late Virginia Grace gave me the benefit of her most recent work on the stamped amphora handles from the constructionfill of this building. Mary B. Moore kindly reviewedthe red-figuredware for me. I am gratefulto CharlesK. Williams,II for his carefulreading of the manuscriptand for stimulatingdiscussionregardingarchitecturalquestions. Thanks are also dueJudith Binder,FrederickCooper, C. W.J. Eliot, Carol Lawton,John Oakley,ChristopherPfaff, ReinhardStupperich,Kathleen Slane, and the late Evelyn Smithsonfor helpfuladvice on scholarly problems. PetrosK alligasandAlexandrosMantisof the AkropolisEphoreiaarrangedthe transferral of blocksfrom the south slope of the Akropolisto the Agora. I am indebtedto the architectsand draughtspersonswho contributedto the illustrationsfoundin thisvolume. The plans and drawingsof the remainsinsituas well as the majorityof the architectural membra disiectaare the work of the architectsof the Agora, past and present:John Travlos, M. R. Jones, William B. Dinsmoor,Jr., and Richard C. Anderson. Douglas Lipscomb andJessica Wills, of Royal BarryWillsAssociates,Boston, Mass., drew the restoredcrosssection and restoredorderof the Square Peristyleas well as the perspectiveviews of the Square Peristyleand its predecessors. The interpretationof the remainshas been greatlyenhanced by the skilledeyes and hands of these several architects,who are in no way responsiblefor the handful of drawingsto be identified by the initialsof the author.With the exceptionof two by ClaireZimmerman,the profilesof potteryare by Helen Townsend. Special thanks are due the staff of the Agora Excavations,to Jan DiamantJordan, Secretary of the Agora, for overseeing the compilation of photographs;to Craig and Marie Mauzy, Agora Photographers,for takingmany new photographsand printing,with KyriakiMoustaki,many more; and to Alice Paterakis,Conservatorat the Agora, for carefulrestorationof pottery. Most of the researchwas conductedin Athens, and I am gratefulto Nancy Winter,Librarianof the Blegen Libraryof the AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudies,and to Robert Bridges,Secretaryof the American School, who alwaysfound room for me at the inn. The manuscriptwas submittedforpublicationin August 1989. Since that date, I have attempted to add only the most essentialbibliography. I wish to thank Marian McAllister, Editor of Publications, and Nancy Moore, Editor of Monographs,and the entire staffof the PublicationsCommitteeof the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies,for the care they have taken over the productionof this volume. I especiallythankMarian McAllisterfor her patient and expert editing of this work and for the many improvementsshe has workedupon it. Researchwas supportedin partby summerstipendsfromClarkUniversityin 1984 and 1989, by an AmericanPhilosophicalSociety ResearchGrantin 1984, by aJ. Paul Getty PostdoctoralFellowship in the History of Art and the Humanitiesin 1985/1986, and by an AndrewW. Mellon Faculty Fellowshipin the Humanitiesat HarvardUniversityin 1987/ 1988. I am gratefulto these institutions

PREFACE

ix

for their generosity;at HarvardI am particularlythankfulto Emily TownsendVermeuleand David Gordon Mitten for the collegialityofferedme duringmy year in the Department of Fine Arts. I reserve the last word of thanksto expressmy deep appreciationto my wife, Helen Hillhouse Townsend. Not only has she provided help through the many drawingsshe has executed for this volume and throughthe advice offeredby her sureeye and sharpmind but also she has sustainedme over the long, long haul. And for that no words, however many or whereverplaced, are adequate.

RHY F. TowNsEND CLARK UNIVERSrTY Worcester,Massachusetts August, 1994

TABLEOF CONT1ENTS PREFACE ...............................................................................

vii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................................

xiv xv

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................... INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF EXCAVATION ...........................................

1

SCOPEANDAIMSOF THE PRESENT STUDY .............................................

3

ARRANGEMENT OFTHETEXT ...........................................

4

TERMINOLOGY AND CONVENTIONS ...................................................

5

PART I. THEREMAINS

1. EARLY HISTORY TO THE END OF THE FwITHCENTuRY ....................................

9 9

THE BRONZE AGE ................................................................. PROTOGEOMETRICAND GEOMETRC PERIODS ...........................................

11

THE SIXcH CENT1 URY .............................................................. THE FwmTH CENuRY ..............................................................

12 14

A LTAR BASE ....................................................................

RUBBLESTRUCTURES ...............................

14

.................

2. THE PREDECESSORSTO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE: BUILDINGSA TO E ........................

18 24

CLEARING AND LEVELING OPERATIONS ...............................................

24

BUILDINGA ...................................................................... PLAN .............................................. REMAINSAD RECONSTRUCTED

25

DATE .......................................................................... BUILDINGB .......................................................................

25

28 29

REMAINS AND RECONSTRUCTED PLAN ..............................................

29

DATE ..........................................................................

29 30

BUILDINGC ...................................................................... PLAN .............................................. REMAINSAND RECONSTRUCTED

30

DATE .......................................................................... D ...................................................................... BUILDING A D ECONSTRUCTED PLAN .............................................. REMAINS DATE .......................................................................... E ....................................................................... BUILDING PLAN .............................................. REMAINS AND ECONSTRUCTED

34 34 34 36 36 36

D ATE .......................................................................... THE OPEN COURT BETWEEN THE PREDECESSORS .......................................

38 38

................................................................. MEMBRADISIECTA

40

A TO D .............................................. IDENTIFICATIONOF BUILDINGS

40

xni

TABLEOF CONTENTS

3. TimHE P RISTYL.............................................................. SQUARE PRF .wRVED REMAINS...............................................................

OUTERWALS .................................................................. COLONNADE .................................................................... FLOORAND DRAINS.............................................................

ENTRANCES .....

........................................

CIsMiwNSYSTEMQ9-10:1

.....................................

50 51

51 55 63

65 66

RECONSTRUCTION ................................................................. T EmBUILDINGAS DESIGNED...................................................... THE BUILDINGAS CONSTRUCTED.................................................. M ATEIuALSANDTECHNIQUE........................................................

68 68 76 80

M ATERIALS .....................................................................

80 82

.................................................................... TECHNIQUE STYLE AND D ESIGN ................................................................

BUILDINGTYPE ANDDESIGN ......................................................

84 84

DETAILS .......................................................................

87

PROPORTIONS................................................................... DATE AND IDENTIFICATION ......................................................... D ATE ..........................................................................

88 90 90

IDENTIFICATION ................................................................. LATERH ISTORY...................................................................

90 103

ANDWALL wrrHINTHEBUILDING IATERFLOORS ...................................

103

OFTHESQUARE DIs LEMNTr PERISTYLE ........................................ OTHER REMAINs ................................................................

103 104

4. THE BRICKBUILDING................................................................

107

THE PREDECESSOR ................................................................. THE BRICKBUILDING............................................................. R EMAINS .......................................................................

107 107 108

CONSTRUCTION ...................................................... TECHNIQUE

108

FLOORLEVELSAND STRATIGRAPHY ................................................ W ATERCHANNEL ...............................................................

110 110

D ATE..........................................................................

111

FUNCTION......................................................................

112

MEMBERS............................................. 5. CATALOGUE OFARCHiTECTURAL

113

THE PREDECESSORS ................................................................

113

THESQUARE PERusTYLE ............................................................

116

PARTII. CHRONOLOGY

6. CHRONOLOGY .......................................................................

EARLY STRUCTURES ................................................................

137

137

A LTARBASE ....................................................................

137

RUBBLESTRUCTURES .......................................

137

xm

TABLEOF CONTENTS

A TOE ................................................................. BUILDNGS LEVELING ANDBUILDNG A ........................................... OPmERATIONS B .................................................................... BUILDING

139 139 141

C .................................................................... BUILDING

142

THEGRAVEED AREAANDBUILDINGS D ANDE .............................. COURT AD THEm PERISTYL THE BICK BUILDING ..................................... SQUARE DEPosrrsO-R 7-10, P 10:3, QO9-10:1,AND Q 10:1 ............................... FuLS ................. DEPOSITS 10-11:1, Q8-9, Q9:4, Q-R Q 11:3,ANDRmELATED

142 143 143 153

7. CATALOGUEOFPor-L KY .............................................................

166

EARLYSTR CT RES................................................................ ALTARBASE(1-9) ...............................................................

167 167 168 171 171 176 177

RES(10-35) .................................................... RUBBLE STRUCT BUILDINGS A TOE ................................................................. A (36-76) ............................................................ BU LDING BUILDINGB (77-83) ............................................................. D ANDE (84-86) ..................................................... BUILDNGS THE SQUAREPmERSTYLE ANDTHEBRICKBUILDING ..................................... DEPosrrO-R 7-10. CONSTRUCTION FILLOFTHESQUARE PERISTYLE (87-136) ......... P 10:3. FILLIN A WELLIN THEFOUNDATION DEPOSrr TRENCHFORTHE SOUTH OUTER WALLOFTHESQUARE PERISTYLE (137-140) ....................... DEPosrrQ9-1 0:1. CIS1-cN SYSTEM THESOUTHEAST NEAR CORNER OF THESQUARE PERISTYLE (141-148) ........................................... DEPosrrQ 10:1. FILLIN THEFOUNDATION TRENCHFORTHESOUTHOUTERWALL OFTHESQUARE ........................................... PERISTYLE(149-158) FnLL nmEFLOOROFTHESQUARE OVER PERiSTYLE Deposit Q8-9. (159-239) ..........

178

178 185 186

187 189

DEPosrrQ,9:4. FILLINTHESOUTH STYLOBATE TRENCH OFTHESQUARE PERISTYLE 199 (240-257) ........................................... DEPosrr Q-R 10-11:1. FILLUtDER THEFLOOR OF THE BRICKBUILDING(258-278) .... 202 FILLIN FOUNDATION TRENCHESOFTHE SQUAREPERISTYLE

OTmER THAN DEPOSrrS Q 10:1 and Q 9:4 (279-283) ............................. DEPosrr Q 11:3. DUmPIN THECORRIDOR RRHTNDTHE BRICKBUILDING (284-293)

204 ..... 205

PARTIII. STRATIGRAPHIC ANDDEPOSrr SUMMARIES STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY ...............................................................209

DEPOSrrSUMMARY .....................................................................

226

CONCORDANCES

I. ARCH ECTURE ............................................................... ERYANDLAMPS II. POTTr .......................................................... INDEXES I. GENERALINDEX .............................................................. II. STRATIGRAPHIC UNITrrs ........................................................ FIGURES PLATES

235 236 241

247

LIST OF ITTUSTRATIONS TABLES I. DikasticParaphernalia................................................................................. II. Foot U nits ........................................................................................ III. Lamps of Deposit Q8-9 ...........................................................................

42 70-71 164

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Altar Base .......................................................................... Findspotsof Dikastic Paraphernalia..................................................................43 Square Peristyle:Step Block at the NortheastCorner of the Colonnade. Plan, Elevation,and Section ....... Krepidoma at the East End of South Stoa II with Reused Blocksfrom the Square Peristyle: PerspectiveView ............................................................................. .......... ...... ...... Square Peristyle:Profileof the Geison ................................... the Drains under North Colonnade. Plans and Sections ...................... Square Peristyle: Intakefor Cistern System Q9-10:1. Horizontal and VerticalSections .................................. Square Peristyle:Seating Plan ........................................................ BrickBuilding: Details ............................................. Predecessorsof the Square Peristyle:BlocksArchi to Arch4 ..................... Archl2: Reconstructionof Wal-plaster Fragments .......... ................................... Square Peristyle:Step BlocksArchl3 to Archl7.......... Square Peristyle:Column Drums Archl8 and Arch2....... Square Perstyle: Column CapitalArch22........................................................... Square Peristyle:Column CapitalArch23....... Square Peristyle:PilasterCapitalArch24 ..........120 Square Peristyle:EpistyleBlocksArch25 to Arch27.................................................. Square Peristyle:Frieze BlocksArch29 to Arch34................................................... Square Peristyle:Frieze BlocksArch36 and Arch37 .123 Square Peristyle:EpistyleBlocksArch39 to Arch41, Reused in the South Outer Wall of the Market of Caesar and Augustus............... ............................................... Geison Blocks and Arch43 Arch42 ..........126 Square Peristyle: Square Peristyle:Geison BlockArch46 .........127 Square Peristyle:Geison BlockArch47 ............................................................. Square Peristyle:Geison BlockArch48 .......129 Square Peristyle:Geison FragmentsArch49 and Arch50 ..........130 Square Peristyle:Geison Blockswith Masons' Marks:Arch48 and Arch51 to Arch54 .......131 Square Peristyle:Geison Hawksbeaksand Fragmentsof PaintedDecoration ..........132 TerracottaIntake Pipe Arch65 for Cistern Q9-10:1 ..........133 Potteryfrom the Altar Base .........167 Potteryfrom the Rubble Structures ........................ Potteryfrom BuildingA ........................................................................... Potteryfrom BuildingB ............................................. Potteryfrom BuildingsD and E .................................................................... Potteryfrom Deposit O-R 7-10: Kantharoiand Skyphoi ............................................. Potteryfrom Deposit O-R 7-10: One-handlersand Bowls .................................... Potteryfrom Deposit O-R 7-10: Plates .................................... Potteryfrom Deposit Q9-10:1 .........186

15 57 58 62 64 67 95 109 114 115 117 118 119 119 120 121

124

128

168 173 177 177 179 181 183

LIST OF I.LUSTRATIONS 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Potteryfrom Deposit Q 0: ....................................................................... Potteryfrom Deposit Q8-9: Bowls ......................................... .... .......... Potteryfrom Deposit Q8-9: Plate .................... Plates ........................................ Potteryfrom Deposit Q8-9: Potty from Deposit Q8-9: Canteen ................................ ....................... Potteryfom Deposit Q9:4 .................... Potteryfrom Deposit Q-R 10- 1:1: Bowls and Plates ................................................203 Potteiy from Other Folndation Trenches: Bowl ................................

XV

188 193 195 196 198 200 204

FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

The Athenian Agora at the End of the 5th CenturyB.C.Plan The Athenian Agora in the Mid-4th CenturyB.C. Plan The Athenian Agora ca. 300 B.C. Plan Remains below the Square Peristyle.Actual-statePlan EarlyRubble Structuresat the North End of the East Side. RestoredPlan The Predecessorsto the Square Peristyle,BnildingsA to E. Actual-statePlan The Predecessorsto the Square Peristyle,BuildingsA to E. PerspectiveView The Square Peristyle.Actual-statePlan The Square Peristyle,Column Layout. Plan The Square Peristyle,Restored Order. Elevationand Section The Square Peristyle.Restored Section The Square Peristyle.ExteriorPerspectiveView The Square Peristyle.InteriorPerspectiveView The BrickBuildingand Its Predecessors.Plans and Section

PLATES 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

9.

The Athenian Agora: ReconstructedStoa of Attalosand the ExcavatedArea of the East Side (1975) East Side of the Athenian Agora a. View from the northwestin 1952 b. View from the northwestin 1986 EarlyRemains below the Stoa of Attalos a. Poros Foundationsbeneath Foundationsfor the Square Peristyle b. Round PorosAltar Base and Walls 1 and 2 Rubble Structures a. Wall 5, Wall 6, and Room v with TerracottaWater Channels for the Tile-lined Pit and the Conglomerate FoundationBlock of Pier a within BuildingA b. Wall 6 and Room v. TerracottaWaterChannelsfor the Tile-lined Pit and the ConglomerateFoundationBlock of Pier a within BuildingA BuildingA a. FoundationBlocksat the SoutheastCorner and the ConglomerateColumn Supportfor Building E, from the North b. Trench for the East Wall, the "NarrowTrench",Layers105 and 107, and Wall 7, from the West a. FoundationTrench of BuildingB, from the North b. South Wall of BuildingC with Column Base Archl, from the South a. Southeast Corner of BuildingC, from the East b. Remains behind the Stoa of Attalos,from the North BuildingD a. North Wall and the ExcavatedArea to Its South, from the North b. Water Basin at the Foot of the North Wall, from the Northwest a. East Wall of BuildingE and the South Wall of BuildingC, from the North b. East Wall of BuildingE, from the Northwest

xvi 10.

11.

12.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Open Court between the Predecessors a. Area West of FoundationPiers 15 to 18 of the Stoa of Attalos b. Area West of FoundationPiers 16 to 18 of the Stoa of Attalos Square Peristyle a. North Wall, from the Northeast b. North Wall, from the North a. Area West of the Stoa of Attalos,from the Northwest

b. SteleCoveringWellP 10:3in the Foundation Trenchforthe SouthOuterWallof the SquarePeristyle,from 13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

the West Square Peristyle a. FoundationTrenchesfor the South Colonnade and South Wall, from the West b. Blocksreset in the Trench at the SoutheastComer of the Outer Wall, from the North Square Peristyle:Foundationsfor the North Colonnade a. View from the Northeast b. View from the North, Detail Square Peristyle a. SoutheastCorner of the Colonnade, from the South b. Foundationfor the East Colonnade and Layer35, from the South Square Peristyle a. Step Block at the NortheastCorner of the Colonnade, from the West b. East Drain under the North Colonnade, from the North Square Peristyle a. Krepidomaat the East End of South Stoa II with Reused Blocks b. Detail of a Reused StylobateBlock Inscribedwith "O" on the Face a. Square Peristyle:West Drain under the North Colonnade, from the West

b. Complexof Drainsbetweenthe Donor'sMonumentandtheBemaof the Stoaof Attalos,fromthe East a. Square Peristyle:Late Wallsin the Court, Abuttingthe Line of Its Colonnade, from the North b. BrickBuilding,Shops A and B, OriginalFloor Level Restored,from the Northwest 20-22. The Predecessorsof the Square Peristyle:ArchitecturalMembers 23. Square Peristyle:Step Blocks 24. Square Peristyle:Columns and Capitals 25. Square Peristyle:Epistyleand Frieze 26. Square Peristyle:Friezeand Geison 27. Square Peristyle:FriezeBlocksReused 28,29. Square Peristyle:Geison 30. Square Peristyle:Roof Tiles and WaterPipes 31. Potteryfrom the AltarBase and Rubble Structures 32-34. Potteryfrom the Rubble Structures 35-38. Potteryfrom BuildingA 39. Potteryfrom BuildingsB, D, and E 40, 41. Potteryfrom Deposit O-R 7-10 42. Potteryfrom Deposits O-R 7-10, P 10:3,and Q9-10:1 43. Potteryfrom Deposits Q 10:1 and Q8-9 44-51. Potteryfrom Deposit Q8-9 52. Potteryfrom Deposits Q8-9 and Q9:4 53. Potteryfrom Deposits Q9:4 and Q-R 10-11:1 54. Potteryfrom Deposit Q-R 10-11:1 55. Potteryfrom Deposits Q-R 10-11:1 and SquarePeristyleFoundationTrenches Other than Q 10:1 and Q9:4 56,57. Potteryfrom Deposit Q 1:3 58. The AthenianAgora and Environs.Actual-statePlan with Grid 59. SectionsA-A, D-D, and E-E 60. Sections B-B, C-C, F-F, and G-G 61. East Side of the AthenianAgora. Actual-statePlan 62. East Side of the AthenianAgora. SimplifiedActual-statePlan Showing Deposits and Section Lines 19.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS Abramson,H. 1978. "GreekHero Shrines"(diss.Universityof California,Berkeley 1978) Conducted Schoolof ClassicalStudiesat Athens,Princeton Agora= TheAthenian Agora,Resultsof Excavations bytheAmerican III = R. E. Wycherley,Literary andEpigraphical Princeton 1957 Testimonia, IV = R. H. Howland, Greek and Their Princeton 1958 Survils, Lamps V = H. S. Robinson, Pottery Princeton 1959 of theRomanPeriod:Chronology, VII =J. Perlzweig,Lampsof theRomanPeriod,FirsttoSeventh Century afterChrist,Princeton 1961 VIII = E. T. H. Brann, LateGeometric andProtoattic Mid Eighth toLateSeventh Century B.C., Princeton 1962 Pottery, X = M. Lang and M. Crosby, Weights, Measures andTokens, Princeton 1964 XII = B. A. Sparkesand L. Talcott, BlackandPlainPottery B.C., Princeton 1970 of the6th,5thand4thCenturies XIII = S. A. Immerwahr,TheNeolithicandBronzeAges,Princeton 1971 XIV = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley,TheAgoraofAthens,Princeton 1972 XIX = G. V Lalonde,M. K. Langdon,and M. B. Walbank,Inscriptions: andLeasesofPublicLands, Horoi,PoletaiRecords, Princeton 1991 XXI = M. Lang, Graffiti andDipint, Princeton 1976 XXII = S. I. Rotroff,Hellenistic Atheni andImported Moldmade Bowls,Princeton 1982 Pottery: XXIII = M. B. Moore and M. Z. P. Philippides,AtticBlack-figured Pottery,Princeton 1986 XXIV = A. Frantz,LateAntiquit:A.D. 267-700, Princeton 1988 XXV = M. L. Lang, Ostraka, Princeton 1990 XXVI =J. S. Kroll, TheGreekCoins,Princeton 1993 XXVIII = A. L. Boegehold,J. McK. Camp, M. Crosby,M. Lang, D. R. Jordan, and R. F. Townsend, Lawcourts atAthens:Sites,Buildings, andTestimonia, Procedure, forthcoming Equipment, AgoraGuide4=J. McK. Camp II, TheAthenian Agora.Guide,4th ed., Athens 1990 Agora(Excavationsof the Athenian Agora Picture Book 14), AgoraPictureBook 14 = M. Lang, Graffitiin theAthenian Princeton 1988 Allen, G., and L. D. Caskey. 1911. "The East Stoa in the Asclepieiumat Athens,"AJA 15, pp. 32-43 Andronikos,M., N. Moutsopoulos,and G. Bakalakes.1961. To Av&xxopoxtlr Bepylvaoq,Athens ARV2=J. D. Beazley,AtticRed-igureVase-painters, 2nd ed., Oxford 1963 Politeia,65.2: The 'OfficialToken',"Hespenria Boegehold, A. L. 1960. "Aristotle'sAthenaion 29, pp. 393-401 Homer to Aristotle Bonner,R.J., and G. Smith. 1930. TheAdministration I, Chicago ofJusticefrom Boulter,C. 1953. "Potteryof the Mid-fifthCenturyfrom a Well in the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia22, pp. 59-115 Brann, E. 1961. "LateGeometricWell Groupsfrom the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia30, pp. 93-146 Braun, K. 1970. "Der Dipylon-BrunnenBl, Die Funde,"AM 85, pp. 129-269 BroneerType. See0. Broneer, Terracotta IV, ii), Cambridge,Mass. 1930 Lamps(Corinth Calhoun, G. M. 1919. "Oral and WrittenPleadingin Athenian Courts,"TAPA50, pp. 177-193 in theHeartof Classical Agora:Excavation Athens,London Camp,J. M. 1986. TheAthenian Corinth VII, iii = G. R. Edwards,Corinth: ResultsofExcavations Conducted Athens, bytheAmerican VU, SchoolofClassicalStudiesat Hellenistic iii, Corinthian Pottery,Princeton Corbett, P. E. 1949. "AtticPotteryof the LaterFifth Centuryfrom the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia18, pp. 298-351 Coulton,J.J. 1966. "The Treatmentof Re-entrantAngles,"BSA61, pp. 132-146 . 1968. "The Stoa at the Amphiaraion,Oropos,"BSA63, pp. 147-183 . 1976. TheArchitectural Stoa,Oxford of theGreek Development ? 1977. AncientGreek at Work.Problems Architects of Structure andDesign,Ithaca Etudesurlesmonuments consacris a l'education en Grace, Paris Delorme, J. 1960. Gymnasion.

xviii

BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

Dinsmoor,W. B. 1910. "The Choragic Monument of Nikias,"AJA 14, pp. 443-484 London . 1950. TheArchitecture ofAncientGreece, 43, pp. 412-427 Dinsmoor,W B., Jr. 1974. "The Roman Monopterosin the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia . 1982. "AnchoringTwo FloatingTemples,"Hesperia 51, pp. 410-452 dansles societisantiques, * 1984. "PreliminaryPlanning of the Propylaiaby Mnesicles," in Le dessind'architecture deStrasburg ActesdeColloque 1984, pp. 135-147 desDionysos-Theaters in Athenundanderer Theater:Beitrage zur Geschichte D6rpfeld, W, and E. Reisch. 1896. Das griechische Athens Theater, griechischer Edwards,G. R. 1963. "Koroni:The HellenisticPottery,"Hesperia32, pp. 109-111 Athens,London Ferguson,W. S. 1911. Hellenistic 5: Das Dionysos-Theaterin Aten, I, DieRuine,Stuttgart Theaterbauten, Fiechter,E. R. 1935. Antikegriechische inAten, III, EineUzeiten 7: DasDionysos-Theater . 1936. Antikegriechische Theaterbauten, undBaugeschichte, Stuttgart Finley,M. I. 1975. TheUseandAbuseof Histoty,London Berlin 1923-1930; Leiden 1940-1958 FGrHist= F.Jacoby,Die Fragmente Historiker, dergriechischen Garlan, Y. 1979. "Koukos: DonnEes nouvelles pour une nouvelle interpretationdes timbres amphoriquesthasiens," in Thasiaca(BCH Supplement5), pp. 213-268 Glass, S. L. 1967. "Palaistraand Gymnasiumin GreekArchitecture"(diss.Universityof Pennsylvania1967) Grace, V. R. 1974. "Revisionsin EarlyHellenistic Chronology,"AM 89, pp. 193-200 . 1985. "The Middle Stoa Dated by Amphora Stamps,"Hesperia 54, pp. 1-53 Athensim3.Jahrhundert v. Chr.(Vestigia Geschichte Habicht, C. 1979. Untersuchungen 30), Munich zurpolitischen B.C., Odense Hansen, M. H. 1974. TheSovereignty of thePeople'sCourtin theFourthCentury . 1981-1982. "The Athenian Heliaiafrom Solon to Aristotle,"CIMed33, pp. 9-47 Harrison,A. R. W. 1955. "Law-makingat Athens at the End of the 5th CenturyB.C.,"JHS 75, pp. 26-35 Oxford . 1971. TheLawofAthens,II, Procedure, of Greek Hodge, A. T. 1960. The Woodwork Roofs,Cambridge undseineNachfolgerbauten, Berlin X, Das Pompeion Ergebnisse derAusgrabungen, Hoepfner,W. 1976. Ierameikos: Howland Type. SeeAgoraIV. Humphreys, S. 1985. "Lycurgusof Butadae: An Athenian Aristocrat,"in The Craftof theAncientHistorian:Essaysin Honorof Chester G. Starr,J. W. Eadie and J. Ober, eds., Lanham, Maryland,pp. 199-252 Graecae IG = Inscriptiones Jones, J. E., A.J. Graham, and L. H. Sackett. 1973. "AnAttic CountryHouse below the Cave of Pan at Vari,"BSA68, pp. 355-452 vonAthen,2nd ed., Munich Judeich, W. 1931. Topographie P. 1900. To Kabbadias, Iep6v :ou AaxX7)nlou,Athens F. "The EarliestAthenianNew Style Coinage: Some Evidencefrom the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia Kleiner, S. 1975. 44, pp. 302-330 . 1976. "The Agora Excavationsand Athenian Bronze Coinage, 200-86 B.C.," Hesperia45, pp. 1-40 sur ks amphores (BCH SuppleKoehler, C. G. 1986. "Handling of Greek TransportAmphoras,"in Recherches grecques ment 13), Paris,pp. 49-67 Kourouniotes,K., and H. A. Thompson. 1932. "The Pnyx in Athens,"Hesperia1, pp. 90-217 Kraynak,L. H. 1984. "Hostelriesof Ancient Greece" (diss.Universityof California,Berkeley 1984) BronzeAllotment Plates,Cambridge,Mass. Kroll, J. H. 1972. Athenian . 1974. "Revisionsin EarlyHellenistic Chronology: NumismaticAppendix,"AM 89, pp. 201-203 . 1979. "AChronology of EarlyAthenian Bronze Coinage ca. 350-250," Greek Numismatics Essays andArchaeology: in HonorofMargaret 0. M0rkholmand N. M. Waggoner,eds., Wettern,Belgium, pp. 139-157 Thompson, . 1982. "NailingDown the ArchaeologicalChronologyof EarlyHellenisticAthens"(lecture,Philadelphia1982), abstractin AJA87, 1983, pp. 241-242 . SeealsoAgoraXXVI. Lalonde, G. V. 1968. "AFifth Century Hieron Southwestof the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia37, pp. 123-133 Marmorstudien Lepsius, R. 1891. Griechische (Abhandlungender K6niglichen Akademie der Wissenschaftenzu Berlin, 1890), Berlin Ithaca MacDowell, D. M. 1978. TheLawin ClassicalAthens, undseineBauten,Munich Mallwitz,A. 1972. Olympia

BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

xix

surl'agora Paris Martin, R. 1951. Recherches grecque, . 1965. Manueld'architecture Paris I, Matiaux et techniques, grecque, Meritt, B. D. 1952. "GreekInscriptions,"Hspeia 21, pp. 340-380 . 1963. "GreekInscriptions,"Hesperia32, pp. 1-56 Metzger,I. R. 1973. "Piraeus-Zisterne,"AcX, 26, A' 1971 [1973], pp. 41-94 Miles, M. 1989. "AReconstructionof the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous,"Hesperia 58, pp. 133-249 Milet= Milekt: undUntersuchuwgen seitdeanmahre 1899, T. Wiegand, ed. ErgebnisederAusgrabungen I, ii = G. Kawerau and A. Rehm, DasDehdionin Miet, Berlin 1914 I, vi = A. v. Gerkan,DerordmarktundderHqfenan derL/oenbucht,Berlin/Leipzig 1922 undPalaestren, I, ix = A. v. Gerkanand F. Krischen, Thermen Berlin 1928 Miller,Stella G. 1974. "Menon'sCistern,"Hesperia43, pp. 194-245 in Memoryof LouiseTft Semple(2nd series, 1966-1970, Mitchel, F. 1973. "LykourganAthens: 339-322," in Lectures of 165-214 University Cincinnati),pp. Princeton Mylonas, G. E. 1961. FlaesisandtheFJaesinian Mysteries, Die baugeschichtlich des Noack, F 1927. F,leusis. Entcklung Heilgtumes, Berlin/Leipzig Oakley, J. H. 1988. '"AtticRed-figuredSkyphoiof CorinthianShape," Hesperia 57, pp. 165-191 1989. and Mass Elite in Democratic Princeton Ober, J. Athens, dervondemdeutschen ReichveranstaltetenAusgrabungen, II = E. Curtiusand F Adler, Olympia, Olympia Ergebnisse 1890-1897, 11, Die Baudenkmdler, Berlin 1892 Athens Orlandos,A. K. 1958. Ta utxi 8olg xrcOv apXacov EXXwvcav, M. 1986. From the to Ostwald, PopularSovereignty Sovereignty oftheLaw:Law,Societ,andPoliticsin Fi-t Ath ens,Berkeley P. Oy. = Oxyrrhynchus Papyri,B. P. Grenfelland A. S. Hunt, eds., London 1898Paton 1927 = L. D. Caskey,H. N. Fowler,J.H. Paton, and G. P. Stevens, TheErechteum, J. H. Paton, ed., Cambridge, Mass. Pease, M. Z. 1937. 'A Well of the Late Fifth Centuryat Corinth,"Hesperia 6, pp. 257-316 IIXX)a= II,XXa, HIIpox)eouoaTxovApxalov Mcaxe8ov6vI, Thessaloniki 1987 Pounder,R. L. 1983. "AHellenisticArsenalin Athens,"Hesperia 52, pp. 233-256 RE = PaulysRealencyclopaedie derclassischen .NewBearbeitug,rev. G. Wissowa, Stuttgart1894-1972 Altertmswissenschaft, ontheAristotelian Athenaion Rhodes, P.J. 1981. A Commentary Politea,Oxford S. R. 1986. "The Stoa Gutter Well: A Late Archaic Deposit in the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia Roberts, 55, pp. 1-74 Rotroff,S. I. 1979. "EarlyHellenisticCeramicChronology:Evidencefrom the AthenianAgora"(lecture,Boston 1979), abstractin AJA84, 1980, pp. 228-229 . 1983. "Three Cistern Systemson the Kolonos Agoraios,"Hesperia 52, pp. 258-297 .1984. "Spool Saltcellarsin the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia 53, pp. 343-354 .1987a. Prefaceto "Two Centuriesof HellenisticPottery,"in Thompson, Thompson, and Rotroff 1987, pp. 1-8 1987b. Preface to "Three Centuriesof HellenisticTerracottas,"in Thompson, Thompson, and Rotroff 1987, pp. 183-194 . 1988. "The Long-petalBowl from the Pithos SettlingBasin,"Hesperia 57, pp. 87-93 .1991. "AtticWest Slope Vase Painting,"Hesperia 59-102 60, pp. .SeealsoAgoraXXII. de l'Argolide auxIV' etIII sieclesavantJ.-C.,Paris Roux, G. 1961. L'architecture Schede, M. 1964. Die Ruinen Pnrie, 2nd ed., Berlin ortheRuleof Law?UniversityPark/London Sealey,R. 1987. TheAthenian Republic: Democracy Shear,T. L. 1937. "Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: The Campaign of 1936," Hesperia 6, pp. 338-381 . 1938. "Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: The Campaignof 1937," Hesperia 7, pp. 311-362 .1939. "Excavationsin the AthenianAgora: The Campaign of 1938," Hesperia 8, pp. 201-246 T. Shear, L.,Jr. 1969. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1968," Hesperia 38, pp. 382-417 .1970. "The Monument of the EponymousHeroes in the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia 39, pp. 145-222 .1971. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1970," Hesperia 40, pp. 241-279 .1973a. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1971," Hesperia 42, pp. 121-179 .1973b. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1972," Hesperia 42, pp. 359-407 .1975. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1973-1974," Hesperia 44, pp. 331-374 andtheRevoltofAthensin 286B.C. (Hesperia .1978. Kaliasof Sphettos Supplement 17), Princeton

xx

BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

. 1984. "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1980-1982," Hesperia53, pp. 1-57 Shoe, L. T. 1936. Profilesof Greek Mouldings, Cambridge,Mass. Thompson, D. B. 1952. "Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas I, A: The Coroplast's Dump," Hesperia21, pp. 116-164* 1954. "Three Centuries of Hellenistic TerracottasI, B and C: The Hedgehog Well and Demeter Cistern," Hesperia23, pp. 72-107* . 1962. "Three Centuriesof HellenisticTerracottasII, C: The Satyr Cistern,"Hesperia31, pp. 244-262* Thompson, H. A. 1934. "Two Centuriesof HellenisticPottery,"Hesperia3, pp. 311-380* * 1936. "Pnyxand Thesmophorion,"Hesperia 5, pp. 151-200 . 1937. "Buildingson the West Side of the Agora,"Hesperia 6, pp. 1-226 Supplement4), Princeton ? 1940. TheTholosofAthensandItsPredecessors (Hesperia . 1949. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1948," Hesperia18, pp. 211-229 . 1950. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1949," Hesperia19, pp. 313-337 .1951. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1950," Hesperia 20, pp. 45-60 . 1952. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1951," Hesperia 21, pp. 83-113 .1953. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1952," Hesperia22, pp. 25-56 . 1954. "Excavationsin the Athenian Agora: 1953," Hesperia 23, pp. 31-67 . 1955. "Activitiesin the Athenian Agora: 1954," Hesperia 24, pp. 50-71 . 1956. "Activitiesin the Athenian Agora: 1955,"Hesperia 25, pp. 46-68 . 1957. "Activitiesin the Athenian Agora: 1956," Hesperia 26, pp. 99-107 . 1960. "Activitiesin the Athenian Agora: 1959," Hesperia29, pp. 327-368 . 1978. "Some Hero Shrinesin EarlyAthens,"in AthensComesofAge:FromSolontoSalamis,Princeton,pp. 96-108 . 1982. "The Pnyx in Models," in Studiesin AtticEpigraphy, Presented to EugeneVanderpool Historyand Topography 133-147 (Hesperia Supplement 19), Princeton,pp. . SeealsoAgoraXIV. Thompson, H. A., and R. L. Scranton. 1943. "Stoasand City Walls on the Pnyx,"Hesperia12, pp. 269-283 andTerracottas, Princeton Thompson, H. A., D. B. Thompson, and S. I. Rotroff. 1987. Hellenistic Pottery in R. of Athenian Architectural the Half Fourth Century" (diss. .E Second of the 1982. Townsend, "Aspects Activity Carolina of North 1982) University . 1986. "The Fourth-centurySkene of the Theater of Dionysos at Athens,"Hesperia55, pp. 421-438 Beitrdge ? 1987. "The Roman Rebuilding of Philon's Porch and the Telesterionat Eleusis,"Boreas:Minstersche 10, pp. 96-106 zurArchiologie Dictionary Athens,New York Travlos,J. 1971. Pictorial ofAncient Vanderpool, E.,J. R. McCredie, and A. Steinberg. 1962. "Koroni: A Ptolemaic Camp on the East Coast of Attica," Hesperia31, pp. 26-61 Walker,S. 1979. "ASanctuaryof Isis on the South Slope of the Acropolis,"BSA 74, pp. 243-257 Webster,T. B. L. 1960. "GreekDramaticMonumentsfrom the AthenianAgora and the Pnyx,"Hesperia 29, pp. 254-284 and H. Schrader. Priene: und 1904. in den Munich T., 1895-1989, Ergebnisse Wiegand, derAusgrabungenUntersuchungen jahren derStadtvon338-222 v. Chr.(Miinchener zur Geschichte zur Will, W. 1983. AthenundAlexander, Untersuchungen Beitrage PapyrusundantikenRechtsgeschichte 77), Munich forschung Wurster,W 1979. "Die neuen Untersuchungenam Dionysostheaterin Athen,"Architectura 9, pp. 58-76 R. 195 la. Intra S. 67-134 Urbem," 20, Young, "Sepulturae Hesperia pp. . 195lb. "AnIndustrialDistrict of Ancient Athens,"Hesperia20, pp. 135-288

* Now reprintedin Thompson, Thompson, and Rotroff 1987.

AND ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS AA = Archdologisce Anziger A=A American JournalofArciaeology AM = Mitteimgendesdautschen Athenische Abteiung Instituts, archdologischen = ApXE(p ApxamoXoytxfEqpTieplEq BCH = Bulletindecorrspondanca hUnique BSA= Annualof theBritishSchoolatAthens ClMed= C&assia etMedialia. Reue danoisedephilologie etd'histoire Classical Qyarterly CQ=

Aekxtov AckX= ApXatoXoytx6v

GaR= Greece andRom GRBS= Gr RomanandByzantine Studies IstMitt= Mitteilmgndesdeutschen Insuts, AbtilungIstanbul archdologischen JdI = Jahrbuch desdeutschen Instituts archologischen JHS = JournalofHllenic Studies REG = Ravuedes tudes grecques TAPA= Transactions Association of theAmerican Philological

xxi

THE EAST SIDE OF THE AGORA THE REMAINSBENEATHTHE STOA OF AlIALOS

INTI1RODUCTION N MODERN TIMES the Stoa of Attalos has always commanded the attention of the visitorto the region of the Athenian Agora. In the last century it constitutedthe one building of which a substantialportion remained visible. Even today, after more than a half century of excavation (PI. 58), one's attention still naturallygravitatesto the east side of the ancient city center and the Stoa whose reconstructedcolonnadesvisuallydominatethe site and providewelcome respitefrom a hot sun or cold rain (Pls. 1, 2:b). Virtuallynothing exists to suggest that this area to the east of the PanathenaicWay enjoyeda rich and complexhistorypriorto the constructionofAttalos' munificent gift. Only very graduallyhas excavationand studyrevealedthe extent of this previousactivity. HISTORY OF EXCAVATION Early archaeologicalinvestigationson the east side of the Agora concentratedon the identification and study of the Stoa of Attalos. In two campaigns,the firstin the years 1859 to 1862, the second between 1898 and 1902, the Greek ArchaeologicalSociety cleared the entire Stoa.1 In general, these excavationsdid not dig deep within the fill of the building, although a number of individual soundings into lower levels were made (PI.61): within some of the shops of the Stoa; behind the buildingat the foot of its back wall; at the northernend of the Stoa terrace;and within the tower of the Late Roman FortificationWall in the area of Stoa pier 11. Some of the trenches extended to bedrock;in others work was stopped at higher levels. The deeper probes exposed the firstglimpses of the earlierbuildings that occupied the site. It was at this time, for example, that the east drain which ran under the northern colonnade of the Square Peristylewas uncovered deep beneath the floor of Stoa shop XIX. Believed to have belonged to a fountain house, it is referredto as such in some early discussionsof the Stoa of Attalos.2 Workin the area of the Stoa was renewedin 1933, this time as part of the systematicexploration of the Agora under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. During the subsequent seasons prior to the outbreakof World War II in 1939, excavation in the region was largely dedicated to demolition of houses in front of the Stoa and to clearance of the upper stratigraphiclevels of occupation, from later Roman to modern times. Only isolated test trenches were dug to Classicaland Hellenisticlevels. Most noteworthyofthese was the preliminaryexcavation of the Brick Building in the area of Stoa piers 8 and 9. A few segments of the foundationsof the SquarePeristylewere revealed,too, enough to establishits basic plan and to dismissany association with a fountainhouse. One or two of the rubblewalls dating to the third quarterof the 5th century were uncovered as well.3 1 On the early excavationsof the Stoa of Attalos,togetherwith bibliographyof the Greekexcavations,see AgoraXIV,

p. 220 withnote 2. 2

F. Adler, Die Stoa des KSDnigs Attaloszu Athen,Berlin Winckelsmannprogramm,1874, pp. 11-13, pl. VII; idem, Archdologische Zeitung32, 1875, pp. 121-125, pl. 10;Judeich 1931, pp. 201, 354-355; cf. H. A. Thompson 1950, p. 322,

note9;Agora XIV,p. 220, note5. 3 Pre-warinvestigations arecitedin the annualexcavationreportsfortheyears1936-1938:see Shear1937,p. 354; 1938,pp. 322-324; 1939,pp. 212-213.

INTRODUCTION

2

Concentrated excavation of lower levels beneath, behind, and in front of the Stoa of Attalos did not begin until 1949.4 Over the course of the next six years much of this area was explored to bedrockunder the direction of Homer A. Thompson and Eugene Vanderpool. A few additional trenches were dug in 1955, 1956, and again in 1958, both beneath the floors of Stoa shops I-VII at the southernend of the buildingand in the area to the west of the Bema, located midway along the Stoa at the foot of its terrace wall. These explorationsof the post-WorldWar II period revealed importantremains. Many Mycenaean graveswere found, more than doubling the number of such burials discovered in the region of the Agora. The area also included twenty-fourwells of the Geometric through Classicalperiods, a roundbase for an altaror offeringtable from the firsthalf of the 5th century, a tangle of rubble walls from its second half, a series of public structuresdating from the late 5th century to the third quarterof the 4th, the Square Peristyle,and the remainder of the small BrickBuilding,the last structureerected in the area prior to the Stoa of Attalos.5 In 1948 the decision was made to reconstructthe Stoa of Attalos to serve as a museum and to house the excavationstoreroomsand researchfacilities,and in 1953, while excavationof the area still continued, the actual rebuildingbegan.6 This project necessarilycomplicated the process of stratigraphicexploration: engineersdig more quicklythan archaeologists.The situationwas made more difficultby the number of Mycenaeanburialsfound, the great concentrationof which had not been suspected. A large assemblageof dikasticequipment, discoveredin November 1953 beneath the northernend of the Stoa terrace,suggestedthe possiblelocation of lawcourtsnearbyand further urgedfull investigationof areasthat originallyhad been intendedto remainunexcavated.7Although excavation had to advance expeditiously,every effortwas made to examine scientificallyas many of the areas as possiblethat were slated to be covered by the reconstruction.In only a few instances did the constructionworker'sshovel precede the archaeologist'sspade, and the archaeologistwas consultedwhenever significantmaterialwas uncovered. Reconstructionof the Stoa ofAttalos naturallynecessitatedthe fillingin of nearlyall the remains in situin the excavated area underneaththe building. Nevertheless,it was possible to leave open to view in the basement of the Stoa two segmentsof the Classicalstructures,under the two extensions of the Stoa terraceand beneath Stoa shop XIX. Thus, the round altarbase and a few small sections of rubble wall are preserved, together with the so-called ballot box in which the concentrationof dikasticequipment was found. In addition, a total length of some nine meters of the foundations for the north stylobate of the Square Peristyleas well as both drains which passed under its north colonnade may still be studied. 4

Two sectionsof the excavationsare concerned. The first,Section Sigma, comprisesa triangulararea to the west of the Stoa of Attalos, bordered by the Stoa on the east, the retaining wall of the modern Athens-Piraeus railway on the north, and the line of the PanathenaicWay on the west, extendingfrom its intersectionwith the railroadto the point where this thoroughfarepasses the southwestcorner of the Stoa. The second area is Section Sigma Alpha, includingthe area of the Stoa itself and that directly behind it, to the limit of the excavated property. The field accounts of the excavationscan be found in the notebooksfor these two areas, storedin the Records Room of the Stoa of Attalos. The accounts of the very earliestexcavationsin 1933, before Sections Sigma and Sigma Alpha were opened, are included in the accounts of Section Iota, direcdyto the south of the Stoa of Attalos. 5 Excavation reports by Thompson appear in H. A. Thompson 1950, pp. 319-325; 1951, pp. 49-53; 1952, pp. 99-104; 1953, pp. 47-48; 1954, pp. 57-61. 6 Forreportson the projectof reconstruction,see H. A. Thompson 1949, pp. 226-229; 1950, pp. 316-320, 325-326; 1951, pp. 49-50; 1952, pp. 85-86; 1954, pp. 55-57; 1955, pp. 59-61; 1956, pp. 66-68; 1957, pp. 103-107; AgoraXIV, p. 232. 7 For example, the area comprising the extension of the Stoa in front of the three northernmostshops originally had not been slated for excavation;see H. A. Thompson 1950, pp. 319-320; 1954, pp. 58-61.

SCOPEAND AIMSOF THE PRESENTSTUDY

3

The campaignsof the 1950'srecoveredthe plans of the earlierstructuresin the area of the Stoa of Attalos as fully as the remains permitted (Pls. 2:a, 61). Only one part of the Square Peristyle was not excavated: the sectionsof its outerwall immediatelynorth and east of its southwestcorner.8 It has not seemedjustifiableto open this area for furtherexplorationsince the design and historyof the building can be sufficientlyreconstructedon the basis of the excavated remains. Moreover, the unexcavatedarea lies beneath one of the most denselyplanted parts of the archaeologicalpark (Pls. 1, 2:b). The currentground level here lies very close above the level of the ancient foundation trench, and the root systemsof the trees and bushes thereforemay well have disturbedit. SCOPE AND AIMS OF THE PRESENT STUDY This volume presentsthe resultsof the investigationson the east side of the Agora as they concern the remains dating prior to the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos (P1.61). The area involved is bordered on the north by the major road which traversedthe Agora on this side, on the west by the PanathenaicWay, on the south by the small road that leads east towards the later Market of Caesar and Augustus, and on the east by the limit of the excavated zone. Essentially,the region encompasses that which lies directly beneath, in front of, and behind the great Hellenistic stoa. Although it came to serve an integralrole in the developmentof the ancient city center,this portion of the Agora also forms a discrete unit within the greater complex, not only topographicallybut architecturallyas well. Its historythus servesas companion and point of comparisonfor the other majorareasof the Classicaland HellenisticAgora: the west side at the foot of Kolonos Agoraios,the southernportionwhere the slopesofthe Areopagosgive way to more level ground, and the northern edge of the square,the limits of which are emergingin the campaignof excavationsbegun in 1970. The present work begins with a summaryof the earliesthistory of the east side of the Agora, as known chiefly from the evidence of graves and wells. It then examines the structuralremains dating from the 5th throughmid-2nd centuries,ending with the clearingof the area in preparation for the erection of the Stoa of Attalos. The first substantialstructureis a round altar base of the Early Classicalperiod. This was put out of use late in the third quarterof the 5th century by the constructionof makeshiftrubbledwellingsand workshops.Around400 B.C.,thesewere destroyedin order to make way for the first of a series of four enclosureserected on the site; the last was built some seventy-fiveyears later, around 325. Not long after, at the very end of the 4th century, a largeperistylebuildingreplacedthem. It stood, only partiallycompleted,until shortlyafter200 B.C., when it was carefullydismantledand its blocksmoved for use elsewherein the Agora.9 For a short time, a small building of mud brick occupied a portion of the area, at the southeast corner of the peristyle. Finally,this was torn down and the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos begun. For each of these structures, the remains in situ, the membradiiecta, and the stratigraphy are described and an attempt at reconstructionis made. This evidence forms a basis for their identificationand use since none are named in the variouswritten sources that refer to the Agora. Of particularconcern is the series of four enclosuresthat occupied the site from around 400 B.C. to the end of the 4th centuryand the peristylebuildingwhich replacedthem. It is believedthat these served as lawcourts. The archaeologicaltestimonyfor this associationis presented,and referenceis 8 The very corner itselfhad been pinpointedby one of the test trenchesdug in the 1930's. 9 Forthe location of structurestoo late or distantto be identifiedon the plans providedin this volume, such as South Stoa II, the City Eleusinion, and the Market of Caesar and Augustus, the reader is referredto AgoraXIV, especially plates 1, 7, and 8.

4

INTRODUCTION

made to relatedmaterial,primarilyfindsof dikasticequipmentand writtendocuments,that support this identification. These have been collected and discussedby Alan L. Boegehold and others in AgoraXXVIII; the readeris referredto that workfor theirfullpresentation.Finally,the architectural form and function of the buildings are discussedin relation to others in the Agora and elsewhere in Athens. In conjunctionwith the physicalremains,the chronologicalevidencefor the datingofthe various structureson the east side of the Agora is presented. In particular,attentionis focusedon threemajor deposits: one of moderate size dating to the end of the 5th century,connected with the construction of the firstof the four related enclosures,and two large artificialfills, both associatedwith the great peristyle building. The first marks its constructionaround 300 B.C., the second its demise in the firstquarterofthe 2nd century.Foreach deposit,the ceramicevidence is examined and any relevant supportingmaterialdiscussed. The most significantdiagnosticpieces are presentedin a catalogue. The material in this volume includes some of the most ruinous buildings uncovered in the course of the excavationsof the Agora. Moreover,the fact that they are no longer open to view has rendered them even more remote. In dealing with these all too ephemeral remains, an attempt has been made to provide as complete a renderingas possible of the archaeologicalevidence that has been recorded in the excavation accounts.l? At the same time, it is hoped that a reasonable reconstructionis presented of the form and history of the east side of the Agora square. In this endeavor,a balance has been sought between the presentationof raw, undigestedexcavation notes and bald, unsubstantiatedrestoration. ARRANGEMENT OF THE TEXT The text is dividedinto three parts. The firstconcentrateson the physicalremains,their reconstruction, and historicalconsiderationswhich bear upon them. At the end of Part I is a catalogue of architecturalmembers associatedwith the variousstructures.In this section, the evidence of pottery and other objects, which forms the primary means of dating the buildings, is summarized. This material is presented in more detail in Parts II and III. In Part II the major deposits are brought together and examninedas they relate to the structuralremains;the sequence of presentationfollows that of Part I. The catalogue of pottery is found at the end of Part II. In Part III, summariesof the many individualstratigraphicunits are given for the entire region of the East Side: for example, separate layers of fill; fill in wells, cisterns, and pits; accumulationof floor levels. In this part an attempthas been made to present a summaryof the stratigraphicunits shown in the cross-sectional drawings and which relate to features that appear on the actual-stateplan for which substantial chronologicalevidence exists. The material of this volume has been arrangedin this way for two reasons. First, the ceramic evidence for the dating of an individualbuilding is often complex and, rather than interruptthe account of that structurewith a long excursus, has been relegated to a separateplace in the text. Second, the pottery,especiallythat of the late 4th to early 3rd centuryand that of the early 2nd century,is a concern in its own right that has bearing on the study of ceramnic 10 The remains generally have been described in the past rather than in the present tense, except in such cases where they are currentlyopen to view and thus have been examined by the author. Use of the past tense has seemed appropriatein all other instances (by far the majority)because the remains were largely eradicated in the course of reconstructingthe Stoa of Attalos or else have been irretrievablycovered by this building.

TERMINOLOGY ANDCONVENTIONS

5

chronology in these two periods. Finally,the stratigraphicand deposit summariesare presented so that the basis for conclusionsreached may be examined independently. TERMINOLOGY AND CONVENTIONS Numbersin bold-facetype referto entriesin the catalogueof pottery;thosewith the prefixArch refer to the catalogue of architecturalfragments. Objects which have been inventoriedbut not entered in the catalogue are identifiedby their Agora inventorynumbers. Objects neither cataloguednor inventoried are identified by the stratigraphiccontext in which they were found. Stratigraphic contextsare cited in the text eitherby a depositnumberor by the numberassignedto a stratigraphic unit. The former are identifiedby letter and number, referringto the location of the deposit on the coordinatesof the Agora grid system (e.g., O-R 7-10, Q 11:3; P1.62). The stratigraphic-unit numbersare preceded by the type of unit involved and are italicized(e.g., Layer10, Pit 126). These numbersare indicated on the cross-sectionaldrawings(Pls.59, 60). In the text, only the number of the stratigraphicunit is given, not the crosssection(s)in which it may be found. To locate the drawing showing the unit, referto the StratigraphicSummary.Forfurtherexplanationof stratigraphicunits and numbered deposits, see pages 209-210 and 226, note 1 below. All dates are B.C.unless indicatedotherwise.

PARTI THE REMAINS

1 EARLYHISTORYTO THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY HE EAST SIDE of the Agora remained outside the public area of the ancient city center longer than any other section. In the late 5th century when municipal buildingsstood at the northwestcorner and at intervalsalong the west and southernborders,the space to the east of the PanathenaicWay,which cut diagonallyacrossthe squarefrom northwestto southeast,was occupied by a patchworkof private shops and houses. It was not until the very end of the 5th century that public structurescame to be erected on the site. Though by no means uninhabitable,this area did not offer some of the natural advantagesfound to the west and south. It was a little farther away from both the Akropolisand the Kerameikos,and it was more exposed, without the protection fromwind and rain found at the foot of Kolonos Agoraiosand the Areopagos. There is evidence too that well water may not have been so reliableas elsewhere. Further,the soft, marly bedrockin this region, comprisingessentiallythe south bank of the EridanosRiver, inclined downwardfrom south to north and east to west so that constructionof any sizablebuildingwould firstrequireconsiderable artificialterracing. Although this last problem existed on the west side of the Agora as well,1 it seems to have added to the other drawbacksof the eastern region, with the result that the land was not appropriatedfor civic use until well on in the Classicalperiod.

T

THE BRONZE AGE If not the most advantageoussite for building, the eastern portion of the square did attract the early, Mycenaean inhabitantsof Athens as a place of burial, and it is at this time that a view of the area firstcomes into focus. Here lay the greatestconcentrationof gravesanywherein the region of the Agora; 24 of 46 burials, fully fifty-twopercent, are to be found below and directlyeast and west of the northern half of the Stoa of Attalos.2 The group includes both the earliest and two of the latest Mycenaean burialsin the Agora, attestingthe long use of the area, from approximately the middle of the 15th to at least the middle of the 13th century.3 Most graves, however, belong in Mycenaean IIIA:1-2 and in this concentrationparallel the general increase in the number of tombs and cemeteriesthroughoutGreece beginningin the second half of the 15th century,perhaps 1 For the naturalfeaturesof the West Side, see H. A. Thompson 1937, p. 8. 2 The Mycenaean remainsin the Agora are fullypublishedin AgoraXIII; for the burialsin the northeastcorner and beneath the Stoa of Attalos, see pp. 199-237, Tombs XIII-XXXVI. More summary accounts of this period are to be found in AgoraXIV, pp. 2-9; Camp 1986, pp. 25-27; AgoraGuide4,p. 19. It is likely that even more graves and tombswere located below the Stoa of Attalosbut were destroyedin the buildingactivitiesof the Classicaland Hellenistic periods, as is evidenced by the amount of fragmentaryMycenaean pottery found in the constructionfillingof the Stoa XIII, pp. 237-239). (Agora 3 The earliestburial reportedin AgoraXIII is Grave XVI (DepositN 7:2), "no later than the mid-fifteenthcentury" (AgoraXIII, p. 205), and among the latest are Tomb XX (Deposit P 8:8), Mycenaean IIIB, advanced (ibid.,p. 212), and Tomb XXV (Deposit R 7:1), also falling into the 13th century,though not so far (ibid.,p. 226). More recently, Jeremy Rutter ("Evidencefor a Mycenaean Tomb of the Late Helladic IIA Period in the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 44, 1975, pp. 375-378) has offered evidence for a slightlyearlier burial of LH IIA times (ca. 1500-1450 B.C.) in the central area of the Agora. The material is not securely tied to a specific grave, however, and may have come from anywherein the region. Grave XVI thus remainsthe earliestclosed funerarydeposit.

10

1. EARLYHISTORYTO THE END OF THE FIFI'f CENTURY

reflectingan overall growth in population at this time.4 On the East Side, small chamber tombs predominate, the majoritywith multiple interments(as many as 12 in one grave5),but humbler cist and pit burialsalso occur.6The dromoiof the chambertombs, duginto the slope of the bedrock, pointed northwardin order to take advantageof the slope downward of the natural terrain, thus facilitatingconstructionof these tombsin the generallyflat area of the Agora.7 Those responsiblefor the graves may also have preferredthem to face the road which passedjust to the north,8 while keeping them well dear of the low-lyingland at the bank of the EridanosRiver fartheroff. The arrangementof the burialsin the area beneath the Stoa of Attalos follows that found at numerous Mycenaean sites where graves were grouped together,perhaps according to clans or a number of extended families.9 Not only do the graves form a definite concentrationwithin the region of the Agora as a whole, they also tend to separatefurtherinto recognible clusters. Thus, seven burialslie dose together to the west of the northernend of the Stoa of Attalos.10 Another fourbunch aroundStoa pier 12;a fifthburialherewas destroyedby the diggingfor the foundationof the southeastcorner of the stylobateof the Square Peristyle.1' Nine more graves gather beneath and directlybehind the northern end of the Stoa of Attalos, from pier 19 north.12 Finally,a pair of chamber tombs lie close to each other midway between the first and second groups.13 The occupants of the graves representa range of age, wealth, and occupation. Among the youngest is an infantgirl, obviouslybeloved if the amount of giftsofferedat her death is any indication.14The oldest, to judge from the skeletalremains, was a man of not more than fifty-five.15 The graves did not include the wealthiestfound in the Agora, but a few could be consideredwell off; others, 4

Suggested as a plausible explanationby, for example, C. B. Mee and W. G. Cavanagh, "MycenaeanTombs as

EvidenceforSocialandPoliticalOrgani7ation," Oxford 3, no. 3, 1984[pp.45-64], pp. 56-57, 62. JounalofArchaeoogy 5 XXIV XI: Tomb Agora (DepositQ8:4). 6 Of the 24 recognizedburialsin the area, 15 are definiteor likelychambertombs;see AgoraXI, pp. 98 and 103-104fordiscussionof thevarioustypesof burialin theAgoraregionas a whole. 7 See XIII, Agora pl. 91. Thereis no evidenceforthe southernorientationof thedromoiindicatedforTombsXXV andXXVI on thisplan(ibid.,p. 227,note2). OnlyTombXXII(DepositQ7:2)presentsanyevidenceforanorientation otherthanto the north;in thiscase,thedromosapparently slopeddownwardfromwestto east(ibid.,p. 218). 8 Forthe see XIV,p. 3. A secondearlyroadran diagonallyin a northwestroad, Agora XII, pp. 52, 113;Agora As the Panathenaic toward the southeastdirection Way,it eventuallypassedbetweenthe westend of the Akropolis. in Mycenaeantimesmusthavebeenconsiderably its the Stoa of but course MiddleStoaandthe southend of Attalos, fartherwest Agora XIII,pp.52, 113andAgora XIV,p. 17);on thepositionofthe Panathenaic Wayin the6thcentury,see Shear1973a,pp. 122-125. 9 The ideaof the familycharacterof Mycenaeanburialpracticewasproposedearlyby Tsountas(C. Tsountasand J. IrvingManatt,TheMycnaean Age,London1897,pp. 33, 132, 336-337)andhas continuedto receivesupportsince: 82, 1932,p. 121;C. W. Blegen, oyma, theHladic e.g., A.J. B. Wace,"ChamberTombsat Mycenae,"Archawkgia atDera nearMidea,Lund SetlmentPrcdingtheArgiw Herawn,Cambridge1937,pp. 230-231;A. W.Persson,NewTombs 1964 and i theBon Agora 1972, 297-299; XIV,pp. 3-4. 1942,p. 152;E. Vermeule,Greece pp. O Age,Chicago/London O O 10 O XIII(pl.91):TombsXIH(Deposit 7:7),XIV (Deposit 7:5),XV (Deposit 7:2),XVIH(Deposit 8:4); Agora O GravesXVI (DepositN 7:2),XVH(Deposit 7:3),XIX (Deposit O 8:3). 1 XI (pl.91):TombsXXXI (DepositQ 10:3),XXXI (DepositQ 10:2),XXXIII(DepositQ 10:5),XXXIV Agora Q (Deposit 10:6),XXXV (DepositQ9: 1). 12 XIII (pl. 91): TombsXXH (DepositQ 7:2),XXIII(DepositQ8:8), XXIV (DepositQ8:4), XXV (Deposit Agora R 7:1), XXVI (Deposit R 7:2);GravesXXVII (Deposit Q 7:5), XXVIII (Deposit Q 7:4), XXJX (Deposit P-Q 7-8: 1), XXX (Deposit Q,8:13). 13 XII Agora (pl. 91): Tombs XX (Deposit P 8:8) and XXI (DepositP 9:4). 14 XII: Grave XVI (Deposit N 7:2). In addition to numerouspots, the Agora offleuigs included a necklace, ivory comb and pin, and seashells. 15 AgoraXII: Grave XXV (Deposit R 7:1).

AND GEOMETRICPERIODS PROTOGEOMETRIC

11

bestowed with only one or two pots, would seem poor by any standard. It is not often that grave goods reveal personal details of the life of those buried, but the ritual nature of the offeringsin one burial may point to someone of religious status,16and the stone and bone tools in another may have belonged to an artisan.17 In addition to the graves, excavation uncovered three Mycenaean 1IC rubbishdeposits. The many fragmentaryhousehold items, which included cooking ware, animal bones, and discarded roof tiles, establishthe depositsas domestic refuseand seeminglypoint to habitationnearby. Their presence in the vicinity of the cemetery is thus hard to explain, since for Mycenaeans the common practicewas to bury their dead away from the area in which they lived. It has been noted, however, that the depositsdate slightlylater than all but the latest and most impoverishedgravesin the Agora and that they apparentlyalso include materialfrom destroyedtombs. It may be, then, that they represent an early indication of the move away from an exclusively funerary use of the area.18 Certainly the evidence from the following Submycenaean period, though meager, supports the notion that the eastern region, like the Agora in general, graduallybegan to serve both the living and the dead.19 Fromthis periodwere found two burialsand a well, the latterto be associatedwith a household, although no remains of the dwelling survive.20 The graves, both devoid of offerings, point to the poverty of the time. PROTOGEOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC PERIODS Over the course of the next several centuries, from the Protogeometricthrough Late Geometric periods, the Agora came to be used more and more for habitation. Again, no actual structures remain in the section to the east of the PanathenaicWay, but the deposits present a fairly clear picture of its development. Six graves, but no wells, were found belonging to the Protogeometric period,21but by Late Geometric times, the situation had reversed itself; no graves of this period have been discovered, while five wells give clear evidence of habitation,22showing that the area had essentiallyabandoned its earlier funeraryassociations. The East Side thus follows the trend of the Agora as a whole,23 except for the fact that its increase in habitation appears not to have been a steady growth but rather to have occurred over a short span of time, confined largely to the late third and final quartersof the 8th century. Over the whole excavated zone of the Agora, eighteen wells have been found dating to the Protogeometricand Early and Middle Geometric 16

AgoraXI: Tomb XXVI (Deposit R 7:2). 17 AgoraXII: Grave XXIX (Deposit P-Q 7-8:1). It may be worth noting that this grave distinguishesitself from the usual cist grave found in the Agora in being partiallylined with fieldstone. Although one can only speculate, the reason may lie in the sperializedhandicraftof the artisanand the attempt by him or his family to provide a personally craftedtomb. 18 Deposits 0 7:14, P 8:9, and 0 7:4. See AgoraXI, pp. I11 and 248-253 for a full descriptionof the nature of the depositsand their contents;see also AgoraXIV, p. 3. 19 On the Submycenaean period in general, see AgoraXIV, pp. 9-10. The full publication of the material in the Agora of the Submycenaean through Middle Geometric periods will be presented by tEvelyn L. Smithson and John K. Papadopoulos. 20 The two burials:Deposits O 7:1 and O 7:16; the well: Deposit O 8:5. 21 Deposits O 7:6, O 7:11, Q8:5, Q8:6, Q8:7, Q8:12. 22 Deposits P 7:3, Q8:9, R 9:2, R 10:5,R 12:2,datingchieflyto the last quarterof the 8th centuryB.c. See AgoraVIII, esp. pp. 107-108, for a general discussionof the Agora wells of this period;see also Brann 1961. 23 See AgoraVIII, pp. 111-113; AgoraXIV, pp. 19-20 for the entire region.

12

1. EARLY HISTORY TO THE END OF THE FlFI'H CENTURY

periods; of these, only one, of Early Geometric times,24is located to the east of the Panathenaic Way. It is true that in generalthere are comparativelyfewerwells duringthe two and a half centuries from ca. 1000 to 760 B.C. than from the last half of the 8th centuryalone, when the Agora witnesseda spate of habitation. By itself, however, this late spurt does not seem sufficientto account for the almost total absence of wells from one very sizable area over the longer period. The dearth is exceptional and may signal that the land was consideredto be not particularlydesirablereal estate. Difficultyin obtainingwater could explain why. It has been suggestedthat the heavy concentration of wells, and therefore dwellings, directlywest of the PanathenaicWay, under and just east of the later Odeion of Agrippa, may be due to a higherwater table in this lower-lyingarea.25By contrast, the evidence of the wells in the neighborhood of the Stoa of Attalos implies that there water was not so easily found. The average depth of the wells dating to the second half of the 8th century is 8.7 m., as opposed to 6.1 m. west of the PanathenaicWay, a difference of more than two and a half meters. And at least one of these wells seems to have been abandoned at the time of its constructionowing to a lack of an adequate water supply.26 As we shall see, the evidence from the 6th centuryindicatesthat this problemwas not simplytemporary.Nevertheless,for a time in the second half of the 8th century,when the land fartherwest grew increasinglycrowded with houses, habitation necessarilyspread eastward. The area did not long remain settled, however; around 700 B.C., a droughtclosed the wells and forcedabandonmentof the structuresthey served,both here and throughoutthe region of the Agora.27 THE SIXTH CENTURY Earlyin the Archaicperiod the central,western, and southernsectionsof the Agora were cleared of privatedwellingsin orderto serveas Athens' officialcivic center.28The land east of the Panathenaic Way remainedoutsidethis district,as is evidencedby newly dug wellsbelongingto privatestructures. There are only three wells in the area from the entire 7th century;29two belong to its last quarter, while eleven date to the following one hundredyears, a significantincrease. Six of these belong to the firsthalfofthe 6th century,four to the second;one which was left unexcavatedcould not be dated closely.30It would seem that this neighborhood,because it now adjoinedthe newly formed square, had again become desirable,despite the fact that the availabilityof water remained problematic.31 Of the eight wells excavated to bottom, the average depth was 9.9 m., even greater than that of the earlier period and nearly a meter deeper than the average depth for 6th-centurywells in the 24

Deposit P 8:3. 25 Brann 1961, 94. p. 26 Deposit R 12:2. 27 McK. 48, 1979, pp. 397-411. J. Camp II, "ADrought in the Late Eighth CenturyB.C.," Hesperia 28 19-20. AgoraVIII, p. 108; AgoraXIV, pp. 29 Deposits P 7:2, R 8:2, R 9:2. 30 First half of 6th century: Deposits O 7:9, P 7:5, P 8:5, Q 12:2, Q 13:5, R 11:2; second half: Deposits Q 12:3, R 12:1, R 12:3, R 12:4;Deposit Q 11:1 remainsunexcavated. 31 For commentary on the effort to increase the water supply for the Athenian public in the 6th century, during the reign of the Peisistratidai,see T. L. Shear,Jr., "Tyrantsand Buildingsin ArchaicAthens,"in AthenComesofAge:From Solonto Salamis,Princeton 1978 [pp. 1-19], pp. 10-11; H. A. Shapiro, Artand Cultunderthe Tyrantsof Athens,Mainz am Rhein 1989, pp. 5-6.

THE SIXTHCENTURY

13

Agora as a whole.32 Only one of the wells had been heavily used,33while six others showed signs that they had proven to be unsatisfactorysources of water. Four contained very little use fill and so were probablyin operationfor only a brieftime;34for three of these, the excavatorsalso recorded little or no inflow of water.35 A fifth contained no use fill at all, and again no water was noted during its excavation, almost certain signs that it had been an immediate failure.36 A sixth was abandoned at the time of its construction:after cutting bedrockto a depth of 5.30 m. without any indicationof water,the well diggersabandonedtheir taskwhen they came upon an especiallyhard section of rock.37 Indeed, the nature of the bedrockmay have added to the difficultieswith water supply in the region. If the earth proved too hard in one spot, in another it was apparentlytoo soft. A well of the firsthalf of the 5th centurywas so marredby cave-insand collapsesof its wallsthat it may have been used only for rubbish.38 Of the structuresthat these wells were intended to serve, no architecturalremainssurvive;later constructionin the area obliterated all traces.39 Nevertheless, the refuse dumped into the wells at the time they went out of use has revealed information about the function of these phantom establishments.Particularlyinstructivewere the contents of a number of wells dating to the second half of the 6th century,located at the southernend of the later Stoa ofAttalos, at the northeastcorner of the intersectionformed by thejunction of the PanathenaicWay and the narrowerroad which led east towards the area eventually occupied by the Market of Caesar and Augustus. Pottery from the wells indicatesthat one was abandonedshortlybeforethe Persiansackof 479 B.C.,40 three others immediatelyfollowing.41In the dumpedfill of the earlierwell, the excavatorsrecordeda substantial amount of variouslycolored clays, suggestingwaste from a potter'sworkshop. Presence of pottery shops in the area was confirmed by the materialrecoveredfrom one of the wells abandoned after the Persian sack. Found below the gutter which ran at the foot of the Stoa krepidoma, and so dubbed the Stoa GutterWell,42this depositcontaineda vast amount ofpottery that mended up into whole or nearlywhole vessels,includinga great numberof examplesof the same shape, particularly lekythoi(ofwhich therewere some 250), and severalgroupsof paintedpotteryby the same or related hands. There can be little doubt that this is ware from a nearby ceramic atelier. Dumped material, 32 The

averagedepth for the entireregion is 9.0 m.; seeJ. McK. Camp II, "The WaterSupplyof AncientAthens from 3000 to 86 B.C." (diss. PrincetonUniversity 1977),p. 103. In calculatingthe figureof 9.9 m. in the area to the east of the PanathenaicWay, the depth of Q 13:5 was not included, since this well was abandoned at the time of construction, prior to its completion. 33 Deposit R 12:4. 34 Deposits Q12:2, Q 12:3, R 12:1, R 12:3. 35 Deposits Q12:2, Q12:3, R 12:1. 36 Deposit R 11:2. 37 Deposit Q13:5.

38 Deposit N 7:3; see Boulter 1953, p. 61. 39 If, indeed, any remains survived even into the Classical period, since according to Thucydides (1.90.3), the Athenians robbed materialfrom their own buildingsfollowingthe Persiansack of 479 B.C.in order to rebuild the city walls. As Homer Thompson (1955, p. 62) has observed,this activityis undoubtedlyresponsiblefor the disappearanceof at least some of the pre-Persianstructuralremains in the Agora. The one possible exception in the area to the east of the PanathenaicWay is a scrap of wall behind the Stoa of Attalos;see StratigraphicSummaryunder 83 (PI.60). 40 Deposit R 12:3. 41 Deposits Q 12:3, R 12:1, and R 12:4. 42 Deposit Q 12:3.

14

1. EARLYHISTORY TO THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY

similarin natureeven if not so extensive,also filled a second well in the same area duringthe years immediatelyfollowingthe Persianinvasion.43 THE FlfH

CENTURY

There is littleindicationthat such commercialactivitywas renewedto any great extent in the second quarterof the 5th century. Only one well dates from this period, and its contents of tablewareand household equipment are perhapsmore appropriatein a domestic context, if indeed the well ever actuallysaw service.44Moreover,the deliberateabandonmentof the Archaicwells suggeststhatlocal proprietorsmay not have felt encouragedto reopen theirbusinessesin the area when they returned home afterthe war. It is likelythat they found betteraccommodationselsewhere,with greaterwater supplyperhapsor more advantageouslypositioned. Some of them may have establishedthemselves in the group of shopswhich lay a littleway to the north, at the busy intersectionwhere a north-south roadjoined the major thoroughfarethat crossed the northernedge of the Agora. Establishments had serviced commercial and industrialactivity here prior to the Persian destruction, and soon afterwardsa new building,a row of five or more shops,was erected, evidence of expandedactivity.45 ALTARBASE

Acrossthe road to the south, in the area below the northernextensionof the Stoa ofAttalos and its terrace (P1.62: Q 7), among the earliestpreservedstratifiedlayers was the slightlyundulating surfaceof an outdoor area, with a gentle slope downwardboth from south to north and from east to west (Layers4-6). In various places small pits had been sunk into this ground level, most quite shallow (not more than 0.05 m. deep), althoughone at least was somewhat deeper (ca.0.25 m.). In shape, the pits were both round (ca.0.25-0.30 m. in diameter)and rectangular.The whole area was coveredwith a film of ash as if fireshad been kindledrepeatedly;ash and charcoalwere particularly concentratedin the pits themselves. At the western preservedlimit of this surface and associated with it is a round stone base (Fig.4, P1.3:b).46Almostcertainlythe supportfor a smallopen-airaltar, the base consists of miscellaneousreused and recut blocks of soft, yellow poros (Ill. 1). Although it was greatlydisturbedby two walls, as well as by a makeshiftpier of conglomerate,built over it later in the 5th century,the essential details of the base are preserved.47 Four blocks were set around a fifthto form a rough circle approximately1.43 m. in diameter.The height of the base variesfrom 0. 19 m. to 0.25 m. Around its peripheryis a series of leaded sockets;only six are now preserved, although originallythere were probably ten. Lead remains in four of the sockets, each of which measures0.083 x 0.06 x 0.02 m. inside the lead; the outer side of the socketis curvedto match the circle. The surfaceof the base within the socketsis marredby the naturaldiscolorationof the stone 43

Deposit R 12:1. In addition to the wells, there is some evidence, from strata beneath shops VI and VII of the Stoa of Attalos, for the abandonmentof structuresafter479; see pp. 21-22, 139 below. 44 Deposit N 7:3. The quantity of materialwas seemingly too great to have come from one household, and there is evidence that the well may never have produced water and had served only as a rubbish dump; see p. 13 above, with note 38. 45 For the excavationof these shops, see Shear 1971, pp. 265-266; 1973a, pp. 138-144. 46 The base remainsvisible in the basementof the reconstructedStoa of Attalos,where it is located below the second extension of the Stoa terrace, in the corner formed by the stylobate of the Square Peristyleon the south, its drain on the west, and the Stoa stylobatefoundationson the east (Fig.4). 47 The conglomeratepier and one wall were removed at the time of excavation. The position of the wall, marked3, on appears the plan, Figure 5. For the placement of the pier on top of the altarbase, see Plate 60, Section B-B.

THE FIFI'H CENTURY

15

U)

E

(10

u

0

U) 0 :3

E

c

i-

U)

0

1
. pa[naxvrtcaver

When a number of people stood all around him, he indicated the circularwooden enclosure of

"This was once in the middle,but becauseit was an the altarin the stoa on the edge, and said, obstructionit wasput in a placeof its own out of the way. If you too will get out of the wayyou

will cause us less annoyance."54

Perhapsto be associatedwith the altar base is a very ruinous set of foundationslocated to the northeast of Stoa pier 22 (Pls. 3:a, 61). Set down into bedrock, the foundations appear to have been for a wall and relatedcolumns or piers. The blocksbelonging to the wall were almost entirely obscured,firstby the north wall of the Square Peristyle,which followed the same line as the earlier structureand was built directlyover it, and later by the end wall of the Stoa of Attalos. Only three blocks of soft, gray poros from the lowest course remained visible, enough, however, to establish the easternend of the wall and its returnsouth. In line with the returnand to the southwas a square base of the same soft, gray poros, the first of three set in a row parallel to the wall, at a distance of ca.2.00 m. from its face and spacedca.2.95 m. on centers. Only two bases remainedat the time of excavation,but the positionfor the thirdwas providedby a shallowcuttingin bedrock(Fig.4). The singlepreservedblock of the easternbase measured0.68 x 0.68 x 0.40 m.; the second consistedof two blocks, one above the other, each measuringca. 0.80 x 0.80 x 0.45 m. The arrangementof these remains suggests a colonnade but one too shallow to have served much practical purpose. It may be that it was a protective shed used to shelter votive offeringsand sacrificesmade at the 51 Pausanias 6.24.3; cf. Abramson 1978, p. 104. 52 Shear 1970; compare also the Altar of the Twelve Gods in the Agora, although in that case, stone slabs were erected between the uprights(H. A. Thompson, "The Altar of Pity in the AthenianAgora," Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 4782; M. Crosby,"The Altarof the Twelve Gods in Athens,"in Commemorata SadiesinHonorof TAheireLes&e w (Hesperia Supplement8), Princeton 1949, pp. 82-103; AgoraXIV, pp. 129-136; L. Gadbery,'The Sanctuaryof the Twelve Gods in the AthenianAgora: A Revised View,"Hesperia 61, 1992, pp. 447-489. 53 dated ca. 460-450 B.C.It is illustratedin A. Greifenhagen,Antikc:Kmslwee,2nd Staatliche Museen 1962.33; Berlin, 22, 54, 55; cf. ARV21660; Shear 1970, p. 159, note 23. ed., Berlin 1966, p. pls. 54 Diogenes Laertius7.1.14. For text and translation,see AgoraIII, p. 36, no. 64.

THE FFl'H CENTURY

17

shrine.55 A small "stoidion"of this sort would also help protect the area from trafficon the road just to the north;it may have been added as the shrinegrew in popularity.Althoughthe stratigraphy relatingto this structurewas badly disturbedby the buildersof the SquarePeristyle,it would seem to permit its associationwith the round base.56 It is not known to whom the shrinewas dedicated.57An altarof this sort could be set up for any number of reasons: to commemorate the burial place of a hero; to mark a site sacred to a local god; to establishthe departurepoint for journeys, processions,or campaigns;to give thanks at a place where a deity had given aid.58 Roadways, particularlycrossroads,were thought to hold a special magic, and it is noteworthythat this shrinewas set up at the edge of a major thoroughfare, not far from the intersectionwith another road leading north. Hekate is the goddess of paths, and the burnt sacrificespracticedat the shrinewould also be appropriateto her as a chthonic deity. Yet fire is such an integralpart of Greekreligionin generalthat one should not insiston this connection. An altar was often set up to placate the dead at a site where earlier graves had been discovered. There are no less than four gravesin the immediatevicinityof the poros base, and it may be that one or more had been accidentlyexposed.59Other examplesin the Agora exist attestingthispractice. In some cases, a single offeringsufficed;in others, a shrinewas constructedand a cult established.60 The life span of such a shrinevaried considerably.Many, even among the myriad minor local cults, could endure for much of antiquity;others were abandoned after a time.61 The one beneath the Stoa, whatevermay have been its precisepurpose, seemsto have been intenselyused but only for a relativelyshortperiod. Potteryfromthe fillimmediatelybelow the groundlevel associatedwith the altarbase dates as late as ca.480-475 B.C.and indicatesthat the altarwas erectedvery soon afterthe Persiandestruction(Layers 1-6; see p. 137 below for analysisof this material).The shrinewas put out of use at the end of the third quarterof the 5th century,at which time a rubble wall was erected that cut through the western side of the circularbase and a house floor was laid over its surface 55 Almost no votive materialwas discoveredin the vicinityof the shrine,but this is not surprisinggiven the extensive

later building activity in the area. The one exception is a terracottaarula (A 2478) found in the constructionfill of the Square Peristylenear the altarbase. 6 Previously,these remains were attributedto Building C; see AgoraXIV, pp. 57-59. The structurethey served, however,was put out of use by the constructionof BuildingA at the end of the 5th century,if not earlier.BuildingC was not built until the third quarterof the 4th century. 57 There is no substantialevidence to support the suggestion, once tentativelyput forth, that the altar marked the site of the Leokorion;see AgoraXIV, p. 123, note 35. 58 REI, 1894, cols. 1653-1654, s.v.Altar (E. Reisch). 59 Deposits Q 7:2, Q 7:4, Q 7:5, and a fourth gravejust east of the base, in which no sherdswere found to indicate its date; it has not been assigned a deposit number. There was no definite sign that any of these graves had been disturbedin antiquity,but they were so poorly preservedwhen found that such evidence may well have been lost. 60 Single, one-time offe ings: a Mycenaean chamber tomb discoveredon two separateoccasions in the 5th century Tomb see also 106 below for the XIII, VII, (Agora p. 184; AgoraXIV, p. 120); p. placement of a monument base that was shifted when workmen digging for its foundations accidentallyrevealed a Mycenaean chamber tomb (Deposit 0 7:2). Establishmentof a cult at the site of graves: beneath the terrace of the Middle Stoa, a rectangularenclosure was placed over the area ofMycenaean graves(Agora XIV, p. 120;H. A. Thompson 1978, pp. 97-98; AgoraXIII, Graves Tomb M 91: N XXXVII-XXXIX, XL, pl. 12:1, 12:1, N 12:4); a triangularshrine was set up near the southwest corner of the Agora in the area of Geometricburials(Lalonde 1968;AgoraXIV, pp. 120-121). 61 The triangularshrine near the southwestcorner of the Agora (see Lalonde 1968) may have been held sacred as as the 7th century;it surviveduntil the Roman period. A second shrine,near the northeastcorner of the Temple of early was also founded perhapsas early as the 7th century,but it seems to have been maintainedonly until some time in Ares, the 5th century,when it was piouslyclosed (seeAgoraXIV, pp. 119-120). Another,at the northwestcorner of the Agora, appears to have lasted little more than a hundredyears, from ca. 430 to the end of the 4th century (see Shear 1973b, pp. 360-369). In general, see Abramson 1978, pp. 61-66.

18

1. EARLYHISTORYTO THE END OF THE FIF'H CENTURY

(Layers7, 8); later,though stillbefore the end of the 5th century,an additionalwall and floor further obscuredthe remains. The entire span duringwhich the altarexistedthus was not more than about fiftyyears. RUBBLESTRUCTURES

The walls and floors built over the altar base belonged to one of a number of structuresthat clusteredat the north end of the East Side duringthe final three decades of the 5th century.Traces of similar structureslay farthersouth, in the area of piers 6 and 7 and shops VI and VII of the Stoa of Attalos. These remains were very exiguous when excavated (Fig. 4), and almost without exception it has not been possible to recover the originalplans. It is clear, however, that even as originallyconstructedthey formed a haphazardjumble of makeshiftbuildings,which underwent almostconstantmodification:new wallsadded, old doorwaysblocked,floorsrelaid. To facilitatethe descriptionof the remainsat the north, the wallsin this area have been numbered 1 through22, and the few identifiablerooms i throughvi (Fig.5). In the area beneath the extension of the Stoa of Attalos and its terrace (P1.62: P-Q 7), where the stratificationwas best preserved, walls 1-8 perhaps belonged to various phases of a single structure,whose historyillustratesmost clearlythe hodgepodgeof buildingcharacteristicof the area in general.62Wall 1, runningin a north-south line, can be tracedfor a length of nearly ten meters, althoughits course is interruptedby the foundationsof the north colonnade of the SquarePeristyle (Pls. 3:b, 61). At the southern end of the wall is a break 0.92 m. wide for a doorway, before a returnwest, wall 4. Wall 5 probablybelongsto the group as well, since it continuesthe line of wall 1 and returnson a line parallelto wall 4. Wall 1 consistsof a stone socle set on bedrock,with mud brick above. The socle, ca. 0.45 m. wide and 0.55 m. high, is of "ladderwork"construction:a series of roughlytrapezoidalstones set upright,the intersticesfilledwith smallerflat stones laid horizontally. As a typicalconstructiontechniqueused in Athens for such small walls, a number of contemporary examples can be cited both in the Agora and elsewhere.63 The bricks of the superstructureare individually0.45 m. square and 0.10 m. high. No trace of plaster was preserved. The original floor laid down in conjunctionwith this wall (see Layers7, 8) was set against both its east and west faces. Only a few square centimetersremained on the west side of the wall, enough, however, to suggestthe existenceof a room, iii, boundedon the northand southby walls8 and 4, respectively.At the east, the floor continueduntilcut by the trenchfor the east wall of BuildingA. A smooth and level habitationsurface,it covered the top of the altarbase and so clearlysupersededthat construction. Wall 1 and its attendantfloor were modified twice. At some time when the originalfloor was in still use, crosswall2 was constructed;most of its preservedlength lies on the east side of wall I, althougha trace of it extends over the line of that wall, showingthat it continuedto the west as well. Concurrently,just to the south of the line of the new wall, an existing doorway throughwall 1 was blockedup, filled with rubbleconstructionthat is easily distinguishedfrom the originalladderwork 62 Portions StoaofAttalos. ofthereconstructed inthebasement ofthesewallsremainpreserved 63 There are

good parallelsin the last quarterof the 5th century,contemporarywith wall 1, although such ladder work is also found both earlier and later. From the second half of the 5th century: enclosure wall of the triangular shrine at the southwest corner of the Agora (Lalonde 1968, fig. I on p. 124, 35:b, c); House K southwest of the pl. in 17 . on 75:c, d); Tritopatreion the Kerameikos(W.Wrede, Attsche pl p. 241, Agora (Young 1951b, pp. 238-246, fig. D. "Kerameikos no. Athens Tttigkeitsbericht1956-1961," AA [Jd 80] 112, pp. 58-59; Grabung. 1933, Mauem, Ohly, l kion and Menon of the second quarter of of House Earlier: Abb. cols. 1965 [cols. 277-376], 29, 30). 327-328, the 5th century(Shear 1969, pp. 383-394, fig. 2 on p. 385, p. 101:b). Later: southface of the retainingwall belongingto the porch of the New Bouleuterionin the Agora, early 3rd century (H. A. Thompson 1937, pp. 163-164, fig. 97 on p. 164).

THE FII'kH CENTURY

19

(shownin the crosssection B-B, P1.60). Later,a new clay floorwas laid about 0.20 m. above the first (see Layers9, 10), and a new crosswall,3, was constructed,roughly built of small stones. One end of this wall was preservedwhere itjoined wall 1 at a pointjust north of the altarbase (Fig.4, P1.61); although interruptedby the foundationsfor the stylobateof the Stoa of Attalos, it continued in the excavatedarea immediatelyto the east, again until cut by the trench for the east wall of BuildingA. When excavated, very little of wall 3 remained where it joined wall 1; preserved for a length of only 0.40 m., its south face had been shavedaway by the later constructionof the conglomeratepier belonging to Building A, but at the east it was preservedto its ful width of 0.40 m. At its west end, it restedon top of the new floor;at the east, it was sunka littleinto the depth of this floorbut was still above the original floor level below. The north face of the wall bore traces of clay plastering down to but not below the surface of the new floor. Presumably,this side marked the interior of the room (i),which may have servedas a kitchen,tojudge from the eschara17 and tracesof burning found on its floor. Contemporarywith this remodeling ws a drain laid ca. 0.85 m. to the south of wall 3 and parallel to it. The sides of the drain, constructedof miscellaneous stoneworkand broken tile bedded in clay, lay flush with the new floor level. The channel for the drain, filled with silt and missing any sort of cover when found, measured ca. 0.45 m. wide inside and ca. 0.85 m. deep. Originally,it probablydischargedinto the north-south arm of the "NarrowTrench" (p. 21 below). It is possiblethat this area (ii)belonged to an open courtborderedon the northby room i, on the west by rooms iii and iv, and on the south by room v, all of which will have opened onto it. (Only the doorwayfor room i was not found.) The easternside of the court is to be recognizedin the small remnant of wall 7, which will have closed off rooms i and v as well (P1.5:b). Although this group of walls may possibly form such a unit, not all elements of it were necessarilybuilt at the same time. The fact that some of the wallsdo not align or meet at rightangleswould suggestthat this may be the case. Wall 6 establishesthe north and west sides of room v; the extent of the room on the south is not known (P1.4).64 Traces of the thresholdfor the door at the north remain at the point where the wall ends en. on tis side. The wall was built of mud brick above a stone socle, ca. 0.40 m. wide and 0.45 m. high. The outer face of the socle consistedof largeblocksroughlyfinishedon their outer surface,the intersticesin places filledwith stackedwork of smallerpieces similarto the construction of wall 1. The inside face of the wall was made up of small fist-sized stones covered with mud plaster. The foundationsof the wall were sunk ca. 0.20 m. into bedrock. They were composed of stones as large as ca. 0.40 m. in their greatest dimension, whose size provided the added support requiredwhen the buildersencounteredthe soft fillingof a Mycenaean grave (Grave99), one corner of which lay dangerouslyclose to their wall and so threatened to undermine it. The floor inside room v consisted of ca. 0. 10 m. of brown clay (Level57) resting on fill over the irregularsurface of bedrock. This same flooringcontinuedto the west of the room (Level102),as far as the foundation trench for the Stoa terrace wall, beyond which any furthertrace was lost. Sunk into the surface of the floor within the room were two sections of terracotta channel; they are discussed below (pp. 27-28) in connection with BuildingA, which they served. At some point afterthe constructionof wall 6, a shortcrosswallwas built between it and wall 5, closing the small corridor between the two. Only faint traces of the crosswallwere preservedat the time of excavation: a bit of bedding and a mass of fallen stones. South of this crosswall,at a 64 Wall9, which might seem to belong, cannot, since the floorof room v extendedover the few stonesof it that remain. The purpose of this wall is unclear; it is certainlyearlier than any of the other walls discussedhere (see Stratigraphic Summaryunder 49).

20

1. EARLY HISTORYTOTHEENDOFTHEFF 'HCENTURY

distance of ca. 0.60 m., was a low barrierof mud brick, 0.05 m. high and 0.20 m. wide.65 In the little rough "bin"or cul-de-sacformed at the conjunctionof these walls, the clay flooringhad been blackened to a depth of several centimetersby repeated fires. This may have constituteda sort of "trashbin"; out of the way and protected from the wind, it would have served as a convenient spot for burning rubbish. Eventually,the small crosswallcollapsed in a heap between the walls it hadjoined (Lyer 103). It was in this ratheruntidystatethat the rubblestructureswere abandoned. More rubblewallswere discoveredfartherwest, in the area extendingin frontof the Stoa terrace as far as the edge of the PanathenaicWay. Becauseof levelingoperationsthat took place here in the Roman period, much of the earlierstratificationwas destroyed,the Roman levels for the most part directly overlying the preserved tops of the walls and the lowest layers of Classical fill, which in places lay only centimetersabove bedrock(see Layers96-98). It was thereforenot alwayspossible to recover either the level of the floors which belonged with the walls or the layers which marked their destruction. Nevertheless, enough evidence remains to connect them with the walls under the Stoa and to recognize in them a continuationof the same nest of small structures. Walls 10 and 11 represent the two ends of a single wall running north-south under a late monument base, whose constructionall but obliteratedthe earlier remains below it. The wall was built of rough stones, both large and small; the west face, all that was sufficientlyexposed during excavation, was roughly dressed. Two spur walls projected at right angles from this face at the extreme north end of the wall, the northernspur poorly preserved,perhaps replaced by the southernof the two, which ended in a roughlysquared,uprightblockas if for a doorjamb. Tracesof two additionalwalls extendingwest from the north-southwall were found underthe late monument base, one midway along wall 10/11, the second approximatelyone meter from its southern end. In the area beneath the west colonnade of the Square Peristyle,the Roman leveling operations spared the floor and portions of three walls of a room or courtyard(vi). The east and south sides of the room are marked by wall 12, the west side by wall 13. At the northern preservedlimit of 12, excavationuncoveredtracesof a crosswall,althoughnot enough remainedto establishsecurely its relationshipto the room. Close to the east face of wall 13 was a small,roundstone base, 0.30 m. in diameter and projecting0.05-0.08 m. above the floor; it may have supporteda wooden column, part of a small colonnade or simple overhang. If so, the space was probably an open court rather than a roofed room. The overhangmay once have been deeper, since wall 13 rested on top of the floor and thus was likely to be a later partition. Both here and in the area to the south, apparently divided into two rooms by wall 14, the floor was covered with a mixture of bronze dust and ash; in some places it was only a thin coating, elsewhere heaped in a rough pile as much as 0.10 m. deep, evidence that suggeststhat a bronzeworkingestablishmentmay have operatedhere.66 Immediatelynorth of walls 12 and 13, three sections (and a fragment of a fourth)of a poros water channel came to light. The individualblocks,varyingin length from 1.15 m. to 1.50 m., were uniformly0.55 m. wide. The channelitself,roughlycut in the center of the blocks,originallycarried the water from south to north. This installationmay have functionedin conjunctionwith room vi, but nothing certain regardingits date can be establishedsince no associatedstratificationsurvived. Of walls 15-22 to the west of room vi, virtuallynothing remained at the time of excavation. Most were preserved to a height of only a few centimeters,and many were badly cut up by late 65

The fallen stones of the crosswallare visiblein the upperright-handcorner of Plate 4:b. They have been removed

barrieris exposed. in Plate4:a,andthemud-brick 66 anduseof a roomin thesecondperiodof HouseD to thesouthwestof theAgora a similar arrangement Compare 1951b, p. 222). (Young

THE FiWIH CENTURY

21

pits. A few traces of trenches in this area may once have served other rubble walls; no floor levels were preservedin connection with them. Related to the rubblewalls underand to the west of the north end of the Stoa ofAttalos were the remainsof a few drainsand water channels(Fig.5). Those near wall 3 and between walls 12 and 13 have already been described. By far the most conspicuouschannel is that dubbed the "Narrow Trench", which ran through the entire area. Traces of it appeared to the north and west of the Roman Monopteros (P1.61),67but the line of the channel appeared more distinctlyas it followed its course of flow eastward beneath the north end of the Stoa of Attalos; in this segment it was 0.50 m. wide and dug into bedrockto a depth of 0.60-0.80 m. Under the foundationsof the Stoa stylobate,it turned at right angles, to carrywater in a northerlydirectionbefore disappearingunder the northwall of the Stoa;in thispart, its coursewas followedby the line of the east wall of BuildingA (P1.5:b). Adjustmentsin the line of the channel could be discerned at two points. At the north end of the Stoa terrace, less than a meter south of the actual line of the trench, workmen laying the channel seem to have made a false start (Layer51; PI. 5:a); they abandoned their work after digging for less than a meter and adjustedthe position of their trench slightly northward. Even so, it appearsthat the two ends of the trench,presumablydug from oppositedirections,did not meet precisely. At a point just north of the Monopteros (Fig. 4), the channel made a jog or dogleg to correct the lack of alignment. When excavated, the trench was empty; no sections of terracotta waterpipe or channelsremained. They may have been removedat the time BuildingA was erected; a few fragments of terracottachannels were found in fill associatedwith the constructionof that building (see Layer106). There is little evidence for the date the "NarrowTrench" was first dug, although it is perhaps best viewed as contemporarywith the rubble walls. Its northern leg seems to have servedthe warren of rubblestructuresin the area below the extension of the Stoa of Attalos (p. 19 above), while the eastern end of its east-west leg appears to have cut through walls 15 and 16.68 It could then date late in the history of these structures,after some had ceased to be used but prior to their final destruction. That it did not have a long life is suggested by the fact that the pottery found in the false trench (Layer51) appears contemporarywith that which was found in the back fill thrown into the main line (Layer50). A second trench, similar to the "NarrowTrench", ran in a southeast-northwestdirection in the area between piers 19 and 20 of the interiorcolonnade of the Stoa of Attalos (Fig.5, P1.61). Set into bedrock,it measured0.40 m. wide and 0.30 m. deep. Slopingdownwardtowardthe northwest, it may originallyhave joined the north-south line of the "NarrowTrench"; like that channel, it had also been robbed of all terracottachannelsor pipes. Farthersouth where the rise in bedrock largely precluded the preservationof early remains, traces of 5th-centurystructurescame to light only around piers 6 and 7 of the Stoa of Attalos and immediatelyto the east, beneath Stoa shops VI and VII (P1.61). Next to pier 6, a small rectangular structurepreserved its full plan. A rough rectangle 2.75 m. wide by 5.40 m. long, it was divided into a large room at the south and a narrowercompartmentor porch at the north. Only a few stones of the walls remained in situbut enough to recognize the same sort of constructionfound in the structuresfarther north: socles of rubble masonry with mud brick above. The exterior walls on the north, west, and south were 0.45 m. thick,that on the east and the interiorcrosswallonly about 67 Forthe

of thismonument,see Dinsmoor1974. publication

68 Such, at any rate, is the relationshipsuggested the actual-state by plan of the area, Plate 61. Walls 15 and 16,

however,are not describedin the excavationaccount of the area, which was dug in 1938.

22

1. EARLYHISTORYTO THE END OF THE FIUI'HCENTURY

half as wide. A large squaredblockservedas a "cornerstone"at the southwestcornerof the building. The floor within consistedof brown clay laid directlyover dressedbedrock. North of this small buildingthere remainedtwo short stretchesof wall, formingpart of the west and south sidesof a similarrubble-walledstructure.Again, the floorwas of clay laid on bedrock. Between the two buildingsran a drainmade of reusedporos material,includingfragmentsof a cornice blockand a column shaft. The drainwould seem to be earlierthan the southernof the two buildings: the northwall appearsto have been adjustedso as not to interfeie with te courseof the drain. About 0. 18 m. wide on averageand preservedto a depth of 0.33 m., it sloped downwardfrom west to east; a continuationof it was found under Stoa shop VI (P1.60, Section F-F), where it may have emptied into well R 11:3 (P1.62). Considerablewater wear showed that the drain had seen much use. In shop VI, set against the continuation of the drain, was a firm, smooth clay floor (see Layer137), clearly that of an indoor surface that had been renewed more than once. The same floor continued to the north where it was preservedbelow shop VI. In its surface,in the southeast corner of the excavated portion of shop VII, were two small postholes, 0.20 m. in diameter and 0.30-0.40 m. deep. Beneath this floor and apparentlyfrom an earlier period of habitationwere two additionalpostholes (see Layer137) and, in the area of shop VI, a pit (see Layer136); the latter was ca. 1.25 m. in diameterand dug ca.0.60 m. into bedrockwith a roundedbottom as if to receive a largepithos. In the gravellylayer of fill thrownover the floor afterthe abandonmentof the structure (Layer138) were a number of shallow pits. The largest (Pyre139), again in the area of shop VI, was round in shape, ca. 0.90 m. in diameterand ca. 0.15 m. deep. Three others (two rectangular, one circular)were smaller in size; the only one that was fully preservedmeasured ca. 0.55 m. by 0.40 m. and ca.0.10 m. deep. All the pits showed evidence of ash and burning;in the bottom of the largestwas a loose packingoffieldstone. Shallowpits of this naturehave been found throughoutthe Agora, both in residentialquartersand in industrialshops. Originallythoughtto be infantburials,in which the body was cremated,they are more likelyto have been sacrificialpyresconnectedwith rites of purificationwhen a dwellingeither changed ownershipor was abandoned.69 The ceramic evidence for the chronologyof these variousrubble structuresborderingthe east side of the Agora is presentedin detail below (pp. 137-139). Though not abundant, it is consistent in showing that their constructiontook place in a sudden burst of activitybeginning around 430425 B.C.and lastingnot more than thirtyyears. As the makeshiftnatureof theirarchitecturesuggests, the buildingswere quicklythrownup andjust as quicklytorn down. Althoughthe mutilationof their remainsdoes not permit a reconstructionof theiroriginallayout,we can recognizeindividualrooms and perhapsone or two courtyards,elementstypicalof Athenianhouse constructionof the Classical period. The signs of cooking in room i and of metalworkingin room vi add further detail to a picture of the activities served by the structures. In general, they are reminiscent of the houses and workshopsthat occupied the west slope of the Areopagos, to the southwest of the Agora.70 They are distinguishedfrom the dwellings of that district, however, by the ephemeral quality of their existence. They lack the long history of occupation of those structuresas well as their more substantialconstruction.Only walls 1 and 6 are relativelysturdy,and nowheredo there occur larger 69 Shear 1984, p. 45 with note 90; 1973a, p. 151, note 68; AgoraXIV, p. 16; AgoraXII, pp. 45, 198-199; Young 1951la. Shear (1984) states that pyres have been found only in private dwellings and shops, but it should be noted for the recordthat at least one such pyre has come to light in the buildingidentifiedas the stateprison(Pyreno. 1, Young 1951a, pp. 114-115; M. Crosby in Young 1951b, p. 181); for the identificationof the building, see E. Vanderpool, ThePapersof a Memorial Rodney&S. "The State Prisonof Athens,"in FromAthensto Gordion: roung(University Symposiwnfor Museum PapersI), Philadelphia1980, pp. 17-31. 70 Young 195lb.

THE FW1I'HCENTURY

23

walls of polygonal masonry or ashlar blocks such as are found in the exterior walls of the typical Athenian house. The abruptand hurriednatureofthe buildingis emphasizedmost by the destructionof the small altar at the northern end of the area. Such thoughtlessdisregardof a sacred temenos could only have been occasioned by extreme circumstances.In fact, at just the tme that the rubble structures were thrown up, Athens was in the midst of a crisis caused by the outbreakof the Peloponnesian War. As Thucydides reports,Athenianswere forced into the city soon after the war began: xal tep&&&&navr6b iv caroit ti xatlxasXeackEepbovotxiac re xacraXenlovnre fpapo6vovro

&Xo fj &x rT) xar& sr6 apxaoiv toXLreCtaC ct&trpLa,SlaLr&vre i 0XXovrer e 3TapAXeLvxal o8v 7t6XLvr^v a6roU &7ioXCebitv Exacrroq. (p0iXV TLdV& 'Er=EC8b &plxovTo &Csb &OTU,6XtyoL iv TLLIV n7p5Xov otXaeiC xal Ocap&

f otlxoav xa acpuy, oti

i oXXo =lT&-reipjia T

TiT6Xcec 4)TxOaav xai T Pr&ep&xcalT&hpfPca

e TL&XXoPepaCoSxXnar6v lv xa) el ictv-ca7iXhvriq &xpo7c6Xe(al xaCTroO'EXeuOavlou They were dejectedand aggrievedat having to leave their homes and the templeswhich had always

been theirs,-relics,inheritedfromtheirfathers,of theiroriginalformof government-andat the prospect of changing their mode of life, and facing what was nothing less for each of them than forsakinghis own town.

Andwhentheycameto thecapital,onlya fewof themwereprovidedwithdwellingsorplacesof refugewithfriendsor relatives,and mostof themtookup theirabodein the vacantplacesof the andthe shrinesof heroes,all exceptthe Acropolisandthe Eleusiniumand cityand the sanctuaries anyotherprecinctthatcouldbe securelyclosed.71

This situationis closelyparalleledby the evidencerevealedthroughthe excavationof the rubble structuresto the east of the PanathenaicWay in the region of the Agora. Left largely unoccupied followingthe PersianWar,the area must have been one of the few remainingopen districtsnear the ancient city center and thus would have been quickly filled as refugees from the outlying demes sought safety within the walls of Athens. During the course of the conflict, the warren of houses and workshopswas hastily built, the occupants forced to live and work in a makeshiftmanner in tight, cramped conditions. The critical need for space even took precedence over the Athenians' sense of religious propriety. Nor was the East Side alone in this regard. Close to the southwest corner of the square,another small shrinewas similarlywrecked.72As the war concluded, however, the structureswould have been quicklyabandoned as familiesreturned to their proper homes. At this time, the unsightlyramshacklebuildingswould only have been an eyesore and a reminder of unpleasanttimes. It is not surprising,then, that they were quicklytorn down and covered over. 71

Loebed. Thucydides2.16.2-17.1;textandtranslation,

72 Lalonde 1968.

2 THE PREDECESSORS TO THE SQUARE PERISTYLE BUILDINGSA TO E THE ABANDONMENT and demolitionof the privatehouses and workshopson the east side of

the Agora at the end of the 5th centurymade way for the erectionof the firstof fourlarge,loosely grouped enclosures. The remainsof these buildingsare only slightlymore substantialthan those of the structuresthey replaced. In previouspublications,they have been referredto as BuildingsA-D; that nomenclattureis adoptedhere, with the additionof a fifth,temporarystructure,E, not previously described. Despite their ruinous state, they are neverthelessrecognizableas public buildingsand as such mark an importantshiftin the use of the area. Forthe firsttime, the northeasternquadrant of the Agora became absorbedinto the fabricof the public square. CLEARING AND LEVELINGOPERATIONS

With the decision to build new structuresin the space east of the Panathenaic Way, the rubble and mud-brickbuildingswere first torn down, their walls reduced to the level of their socles. A layer of fill was then spread over the entire area (Layers11, 30/31, 106, 114, 115, 116; Deposits O 7:13, O 8:1, P 7:2, Q 8:11).1 To the west of the Stoa of Attalos, only isolated patches of this materialsurvivedthe grading operationsof the EarlyRoman period, but more extensive stretches remained beneath and behind the Stoa. The layer sloped down gradually from south to north and from east to west, followingthe naturalcontour of bedrock,while providinga relativelymore uniform outdoor surface. It covered the remnantsof the rubble walls and removed irregularities in the existing ground level, such as pits and old wells whose dumped fill had settled. At the east and south, where it was renewed in the latter part of the 4th century, the surface eventually lay as high as ca. +58.00 m.;2 it was a meter or more lower at the north as well as at the west (at the probable entrance to BuildingA; it was not preservedbeyond this point). The fill varied both in 30/31), and to consistencyand depth from area to area. At the east, behind the Stoa ofAttalos (Layer the south, in the area that was to become the open court serving BuildingsA-D (Layer116), very little was required, since bedrock lay at a relativelyhigh level. At the north and west, however, the slope of the ground and the dense groupingof walls necessitatedmore fill. Immediatelyeast of Building A, it lay as deep as ca. 0.35-0.60 m.; here much of the earth consisted of dug bedrock taken from the trench excavatedfor the east wall of the building(Layers11, 106). InsideBuildingA, the constructionof whichwas contemporarywith the initiationof the clearing operations, even more earth was required to raise the ground to the desired floor level. This fill was later disturbedby the builders of the Square Peristylesearching for blocks to reuse in their foundations,but portionswere preservedin isolatedareasbeneath the terraceof the Stoa of Attalos and to the west beneath the colonnade of the SquarePeristyle(Layers 16, 52, 148). Also from within the area of BuildingA came the fill used to pack the "NarrowTrench",which had servedthe rubble 1

Compare the remodeling at the same time of the shops on the far side of the road that borders the north end ofthe Agora. There, too, the renovationwas markedby a considerablefilling;Shear 1973a, pp. 140-141. 2 All such measurementsreferto elevation above sea level.

BUILDINGA

25

structuresand which was dismantledand put out of use at the same time as they (Deposits P 8:2 and Q8:1 [= Layer50]). BUILDING A Building A, the first of the new structures,was also the largest. A simple rectangle in form, its internal dimensions, ca. 41 x 22 m., enclosed an area of approximately900 sq. m. (Fig. 6). The buildingwas set close to the northernlimit of the East Side, in the wedge-shapedarea formed by the junction of the main thoroughfarethat traversedthe squareat the north and the PanathenaicWay, which branched off from it on a southeasterlycourse to the Akropolis(Fig. 1). The north wall of Building A bordered the main east-west avenue, while its west wall aligned with a smaller road that led into the Agora from the north. In this position,the enclosurewas well situated;conveniently accessiblefrom all directions,it also left free a large open space in front of it to the south. Of the structure itself little remained in situ at the time of excavation, and nothing can be attributedconfidentlyto its superstructure.Its form is determinedalmostsolely by the nearlyempty trenches dug for its foundations;for the most part, the blocks themselveshad been removed at the time of the constructionof the Square Peristyle(Fig.4, P1.61). REMAINS AND RECONSTRUCTED PLAN

Walls The line of the west wall of BuildingA came to lightjustsouthof the retainingwall of the AthensPiraeusRailway and the stylobatefoundationsof the Roman Basilica, at a point 10 meters east of the southwestcorner of that building.3 Here seven poros blocks, measuringon average ca. 1.30 x 0.60 m.,4 were preservedfrom the lowest course of foundations. To the south, a shallow trench marked the continuation of the wall until interruptedby the cutting for a later monument base (p. 106 below). Traces of the foundationsfor the south wall of BuildingA were preservedonly in the area later occupied by the court of the Square Peristyle;fartherwest, the process of leveling the area in the Roman period had once again extended to Classical levels and erased any sign of Building A. The foundation trench was set just a few centimeters into bedrock; fragmentsof poros lay in the robbed-out bedding, and one or two blocks could be recognized in situbeneath the foundations of a late base set against the Stoa terrace wall. At the southeast corner, beneath the Stoa terraceitself,seven more blocksfrom the lowest course of foundationswere spared(P1.5:a). Consistingof reusedblocksof soft, white poros, they were laid as headers,each measuringca. 1.30 x 0.60 x 0.50 m. Approximatelyone-half of the length of the foundationtrench for the east wall of the building emerged below the deep fillingwithin the Stoa colonnade to the west of piers 21 and 22. Here the bedding exactly followed the north-south course of the "NarrowTrench", apparentlydeliberately (PI. 5:b). It would seem that upon the demolition of the rubble structures,a broad trench was dug and the actual channels of the "NarrowTrench"removed, since none were found in its entire length. The robbing trench varied in width, narrowertowardsthe southern end of the preserved portion, immediately north of the original end of the Stoa of Attalos, and wider at its northern limit where it extended eastwardto include the westernmostof the small, early pier foundations 3 For the Basilica,see Shear 1971, pp. 261-265; 1973a, pp. 134-138. 4 The height of the blocksis not recordedin the excavationaccounts.

26

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

(pp. 16-17 above), the blocksfor which seem to have been removed at the same time. The builders of Building A subsequentlytook advantage of this trench, allowing it to define the rough line of the east wall of the structure. The surfaceof bedrockat the bottom of the "NarrowTrench" itself was uneven, however. As a result, a layer of packed earth was spread within the trench in order to create a smooth and level bedding on which the actual blocks of the wall were laid (LayerIla, Fill 105). At the time of the eventualdemolitionof BuildingA, the buildersof the SquarePeristylein their turn removed the blocks of this east wall, leaving the impressionof their work in a second robbingtrench (Layer13). No possible trace of the north wall of Building A remains, having been destroyed by the constructionof the Athens-PiraeusRailway. Fortunately,its approximateposition is known from the line of the road it bordered on this side, and it can be more closely calculated on the basis of the column supportsfound within the building. The only indicationof an entranceto the structurewas found along the southwall approximately ten and a half meters east of its southwest corner. Here two bases may have served as supports for a small porch. That at the east consisted of two rectangularblocks, one of poros, the other of conglomerate;that at the west was simplya round base ca.0.60 m. in diameter.Their association with BuildingA is based on their alignmentwith its south wall and their approximatestratigraphic level, which would be appropriate.If part of BuildingA, they representa modest means of access, not out of characterwith the appearanceof the buildingas a whole. It should be noted that there may have been other entrancesas well, the evidence for which has not survived. Interior With one exception, later disturbanceswithinBuildingA consistentlywent below the level of its floor. The interiorarrangementof the structurewas thereforeeven less well preservedthan its outer walls. Nevertheless,an idea of its form can be pieced together. The level of the floorwithinBuildingA was foundonly in the southeastcorner,where its relation to the poros blocksof the outer wall could be observed(Pls.5:a, 60, Section B-B). It lay at a level of ca. +57.40 m. and ran up against the front edge of the inner face of the single remaining course of blocks. Below, packed fill (Layer52) extended to a depth of ca. 0.50 m. above the level of the house floor of room v, ca. +56.90 m. (cf. Fig. 5). With the establishmentof this floor within the building,the socles of all the rubblewalls were covered in the area inside the building. A series of foundationpiers was sunk into the fill below the floor of the building. Excavation revealedonly their scrappyremains,since they had been largelydismantledfor reuse by the builders of the Square Peristyle. Enough were preserved,however, to show that they supportedtwo rows of evenly spaced columns. Of rather irregularconstruction, the piers were made of poros or conglomerate and were sunk to differentdepths below floor level. One of the piers ("b",P1.60, Section B-B), of which three superimposedconglomerateblocks were found, was placed directly on top of the round poros altar base of the early 5th century. The support directly north of it, however,was sunkto a depth of only one block below the final finishedfloor ("c",P1.60). Remains of two more supportscame to light in the areabeneath the firstextensionof the terraceof the Stoa of Attalos. A conglomerateblock from one rested on fill just above the floor of room v (P1.4; "a", P1.60). The second, of soft, white poros, was set into bedrock in the area of the doorway of this room (visible at center left, P1. 4:a). Three courses remained, each consisting of pairs of blocks, laid alternatelyat right angles to the blocks below. Portionsof three more foundation piers were discoveredunder the Stoa of Attalos. One consistedof a pair of poros blocks,located immediately west of the west drain of the Square Peristyle, set into the floor of the earlier house (room iii,

BUILDING A

27

cf. Fig. 5). Of each of the other two supports,only single conglomerateblocks remained: one was found sunk into bedrock below the northwestcorner of the foundationsfor the Stoa of Attalos, in the inner angle where the colonnade meets the north wall of the Stoa. A second extensionts e eensontheof below the southwest of corner the first extension of the Stoa Near terrace. the center of the lay southern half of BuildingA, blocks belonging to an additionalsupportappeared (P1.61; cf. Fig. 6). The materialwas similarto the soft, white poros used for the outer walls and for one of the other piers describedabove. Two of the blocks were set together as headers;another three were placed lengthwisein a rough line, and a fourth, along with fragmentsof still more, was found a few meters fartherwest. The easternmostpair of blockswas positionedat a point where a column would belong in the outer colonnade of the peristyle. The function of the blocksnext to them is not wholly clear. They were foundbrokenand not insitu,and it may be thatthe pier had been dismantledand itsblocks arrangedto serve some temporaryfunction at the time of the constructionof the Square Peristyle. The axial spacingsin each of the two rows of columnswere ca.2.90-3.00 m.; this same distance was used as the interaxial between the inner and outer row on the long sides and between the inner row and the center of the walls. At the ends of the building these measurementsare greater, ca. 3.60-3.70 m. The three conglomerateblocks for the foundationsof the outer row of columns at the east end of the building were preservedto their original height, as evidenced by the signs of moderate foot trafficon their top surfaces. This exposed face was set at the same level in each instance, ca. +57.50 m., just 0.10 m. above the clay floor of the interior of Building A, further confirmation of the association of the foundationswith this structuredespite the differentdepth below the floor reached by each ("a","b",and "c",PI. 60, Section B-B). The haphazardconstructionof the foundationpiers and particularlythe use of conglomeratein them5 suggeststhat they may not have been part of the originalconstructionof BuildingA, although precisely when in the course of its history they were added cannot be determined. In only one instance, that of the pier overlying the early round altar base, was a foundation trench preserved (Fill 15). The sherds within it do not date any later than the constructionfill within the building itself,but so few were found that their evidenceis not very reliable. It may be that the colonnadewas added in the third quarter of the 4th century,when Building C was constructednext to the east wall of BuildingA. It was at this time that a remodelingtook place in a structureat the southwest corner of the Agora that, like Building A, may have served as a lawcourt.6 There, some sort of a colonnade and series of rooms may have been added onto one side of what had been an open-air enclosure, referredto as the RectangularPeribolosin the plans, Figures 1 and 2.7 A similar but more extensive alterationcan be envisioned for Building A. Originally an unroofed, open space, defined only by its exteriorwalls, the buildingwas transformedinto a peristylarcourt through the addition of double colonnades. A connection between the two building activitiesat the southwest and northeast corners of the Agora is strengthenedby the fact that blocks dismantled from the RectangularPeriboloswere incorporatedin the constructionof BuildingC (p. 30 below). The only other feature to be associatedwith the interior of Building A is the curious device sometimescalled the BallotBox in previousdiscussionsof the structuresbeneath the SquarePeristyle 5

Conglomeratewas not used extensivelyin Athenianconstructionuntil the latterpart of the 4th century.Although certainisolatedinstancesof it do occur at the end of the 5th century,the stone is employedonly tentativelyin these early applicationsand never as underpinningfor load-bearingsupports. See Townsend 1982, pp. 124-128 and 291-294. 6 This building sometimeshas been identifiedas the Heliaia;cf. AgoraXIV, pp. 63-65; AgoraXXVIII. 7 The exact form now proposed for the remodeling is still tentative; for this reason the structureis shown in its originalstate in the plans of the Agora of the mid- and late 4th century,Figures2 and 3.

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

28

(P1.4).8 It consists of two sections of terracottawater channel, set on end at a distance of a few centimetersfrom each other, their hollow sides facing. They were found in the interiorof room v, parallelto the west wall of the room, the lower ends of the two channelssunk a few centimetersinto the floor (ata level ofca. +56.90 m.). Withinthe two channels,and undoubtedlyto be associatedwith them, were a number of items used in dikasticproceedings,primarilybronze ballots (p. 40 below). These date as late as the end of the 4th centuryB.C., when BuildingAwent out of use,9and so indicate that the terracottachannelsalso must have been in use at that time. A clue as to how they may have functioned is provided by their relationshipto the foundationpiers of the colonnade. The tops of the water channels are set at precisely the same level as the tops of the bases for the colonnades (ca. +57.50 m.) and therefore would have remained exposed above the floor for approximately 0.10 m. This arrangementis not likelyto have been coincidental. It suggeststhat the two channels formed a lined pit, sunk into the floor of the building near one of the columns. A similar lined pit was found in connection with BuildingC (p. 33 below). If, as is likely,the complex of structures BuildingsA-D was used for the courts, these lined pits could have formed suitablereceptaclesfor wooden containersholding the various items of dikasticequipment used in conjunction with the judicial process. The pits themselveswould not serve as the containers, for it would be far too difficultto retrieve the ballots from them, but they would receive separate boxes which actually held the ballots. For instance, a containerwith the internal dimensionsof the tiled pit (ca.0.60 x 0.22 m. and 0.55 m. deep) would hold approximatelya thousandbronze ballots, enough for a jury of 500.10 The relationshipof the channels to room v is more difficultto explain. Their position (Fig. 4) certainlysuggeststhat they were somehow connected with the room, at least at one time, and the hypothesishas been put forth that they acted as supportsfor a tabletopwithin the room.11 Unlike the channels, however,the room itselfcould not have functionedthroughoutthe life of BuildingA. The constructionof the colonnade would have necessitatedthe removal of the walls of the room, if indeed they were still standing at the time the columns were erected, since their socles had been covered over from the time the floor within the building was laid. It may be that a provisional arrangementwas constructedearly in the life of BuildingA wherebyroom v continued to function, providinga roofed area within the enclosureuntilthe constructionof the colonnade. Unfortunately, the stratification,which might have helped to clarify these various phases, was destroyed by the buildersof the Square Peristylein their searchfor blocks(Layers63, 65/66). DATE

Ostrakafound in fillsassociatedwith the constructionof BuildingA providea terminuspost qumof the that contexts related ca.415 B.C.for the startof the building. Potteryfrom the same and suggests actualdate may be slightlylater,ca.400. This coincideswith the date indicatedfor the destructionof the rubble-wallstructuresand with the clearing and leveling operations over the general area to the east of the PanathenaicWay, indicatingthat all three activitieswere contemporaryand parts of one project. The ceramic evidence is presentedin detail below (pp. 139-141). 8

E.g., AgoraXIV, pl. 40:c; Camp 1986, p. 109, fig. 81. The remains are preserved in the modern basement of

Stoaof Attalos. thereconstructed 9 context,letterforms,and They belongto a typeof ballotdatedto the 4th centuryon the basisof archaeological andp. 99 below. See M. Athenian tribes. with ballots XXVII; in Agora Lang by ownership argumentsassociating 0 A calculationmade HomerThompson. by AgoraXIV,p. 57.

BUILDING B

29

BUILDING B REMAINS AND RECONSTRUCTED

PLAN

More than any other Classical remains in the area to the west of the Stoa of Attalos, those of Building B suffered from the grading operations of the Early Roman period. Indeed, when excavated, all that remained of the structurewas a single robbed-out foundation trench for one wall (Figs.4, 6, Pls. 6:a, 61). The trench ran in a northwest-southeastdirectionfor approximately ten meters, between the south face of the modern Athens-Piraeus Railway wall at the north and the cutting in bedrock for the monument base that destroyedthe southwestcorner of BuildingA. The trench was set into bedrock, a step lower at the north than at the south where the bedding was only a few centimetersdeep. Near its northernpreservedlimit, the trenchwas intersectedby an east-west cuttingin bedrock. At the east, this cuttingdid not appearvery clearly,althougha roughly cut block of Akropolislimestonerestingon a looselylaid bedding of fieldstonemay have belonged to it. To the west, it disappearedunderthe foundationsfor a laterporos monumentbase (p. 106 below; P1. 61). All further traces were obliteratedby the Railway wall. The cutting appears to be later than the trench for Building B, but so little remains that its purpose cannot be determined. At the south, the wall trenchfor BuildingB consistedonly of a shallowcuttng in which lay a few stones; it trailedoff where it met the northwestcornerof the beddingfor the monumentbase at this end. To the east, the level of bedrockrose with no sign ofa returnof the wall. The excavatorfelt that there may have been a return to the west, however, where bedrock lay at a lower level; unfortunately, this entire area was badly cut into by a seriesof later pits. In the past,12BuildingB has been restoredas a triangularenclosure,bounded on the west by the wall whose foundationtrenchhasjust been described,on the east by the west wall of BuildingA, and on the north by the continuationof the north wall of BuildingA (cf. Fig. 6). This reconstruction suggesteditselfbecause the wall trenchfor BuildingB, if extendedsouth,would meet the west wall of BuildingA at its southwestcorner,indicatingthat BuildingB may have been purposelybuilt to share a common wall with its neighbor. The continuationof the wall could not be confirmed, however, and the excavator'saccount in fact suggeststhat it probablyreturned to the west. Moreover, the wall trench for BuildingB lay approximatelyparallelto the line of the PanathenaicWay,suggesting rather that it may have been a rectangularstructurewhose west wall bordered that thoroughfare, its east wall (whose trench survives)snugged close to BuildingA in order to make the most of the availablespace. Such a structure,reconstructedin Figures1 and 6 with exteriordimensionsca. 17 x 12.5 m. in size, would result in an enclosurewhose broad side, like that of BuildingA, would have faced southeast, angled in the direction of the open area to the south. Presumably,Building B was entered from this direction. There is no evidence to indicate whether or not it was roofed. In Figure7, it is tentativelyrestoredas an unroofedenclosure,similarto the originalconfigurationof the RectangularPeribolosat the southwestcorner of the Agora.13 DATE

The date of the constructionof Building B is indicated by pottery found in the earth packing used to level the bottom of its one remainingwall trench and from holes filled as part of the leveling operation in this area following the demolition of the earlier houses. The material is slight but suggestsa date of constructioncontemporarywith that of BuildingA. The position of Building B 12 AgoraXIV, p. 57. 13 See p. 27 above.

30

2. THE PREDECESSORS TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE

appears to take that of its neighbor into account, and it would seem, therefore, that B was built second, althoughthe two structuresare likelyto have been part of a single project. For the ceramic evidence, see below (pp. 141-142). BUILDING C The third of the group of four predecessorsto the Square Peristyleis Building C, located to the east of Building A and abutting the southern part of the east wall of that building (Figs. 2, 6). A stoalikestructuremeasuringca. 28.40 x 7.80 m. internally,its long axis followed nearly the same orientationas BuildingA, althoughit was turnedslightlymore west of south than its neighbor. The building was originallyentered at its northeastand southeast corners (Fig. 6). Much of its south wall was recovered,both below the northernend of the colonnadeof the Stoa ofAttalos and directly behind the back wall of the Stoa (P1.61). In this area, the east end wall and a portion of the north wall also came to light.14 Throughout, these remains give the impressionof a structurethat was functionalbut hardlyformal in appearance(Fig.7). REMAINS AND RECONSTRUCTED PLAN

at South WallandEntrance The south wall of Building C consisted of a closed colonnade built on a socle of coarse stone masonry (P1.6:b). Set down slightlyinto bedrock, the socle, 0.50 m. thick, was made of various reused materials: rough limestone blocks, pieces of poros and conglomerate, and small pieces of fieldstone. Much of it had been destroyedor removed for reuse in Building E, and in only two or three places was it found preservedabove the level of the floor within the building. At intervals in the base of the wall were poros wall-crownblocksthat had been trimmedand turnedupsidedown to serve as bases for columns. Fourwere found, two in the stretchof wall below the colonnade of the Stoa of Attalos,two more behind the back wall of the Stoa. Dating from the early 5th century,these blocksoriginallycrowned the west wall of the RectangularPeribolosat the southwestcorner of ofeth Agora square. They were removed from that position in the third quarterof the 4th centurywhen that structureunderwentremodeling (on the date, see p. 34 below). Arch8 provides an example of the series. On top of the westernmostpreservedwall-crownblock(P1.6:b),locatedjust east of Stoa pier 18, rested a reused marble Ionic column base of Archaic date (Archl). A second wall-crown block lay in the foundationtrench for the frontwall of the Stoa shops;althoughbrokenby the Stoa builders,one large fragmentremainedin its originalposition. 5 The third was found in the line of the wall immediatelybehind Stoa shop XVI, and the fourthwas the next to the lastblock at the east end of this wall.16 On its upper surface, as built in the wall, an inscribed circle with a diameter of 0.49 m. marked the placement of a column; immediatelyoutside the circle to the west was a pry hole for shovingthe drumhome. The west face of the conglomerateblock at the actualcornerof the wall was hollowedto receivethe shaftsnugly.On the basisof the distancesbetween the surviving wall-crownblocks,a fairlyregularaxial spacingof ca.2.70-2.80 m. can be establishedfor the row of columns. The space between columns was filled by a screen wall of mud brick. Most of it was 14 No traceof the northwall of BuildingC was found under the Stoa ofAttalos. Most of it will have been destroyedby the constructionof the original north wall of the later building. A small stretch may have been preserved beneath Stoa shop XVIII, but this area was not excavatedbelow the level of the constructionfill for the Stoa of Attalos. 15 This block was not inventoried. 16 This block was not inventoried.

BUILDING C

31

knockedinwardwhen the buildingwas demolishedand lay as much as 0.75 m. thick over the floor (e.g., Layer32/33). Some of the brickswere saved for reuse in Building E, to judge from a neat stack found piled on the latest floor within the southeastcorner of Building C. There is no way to determine the exact height of the wall, although presumablyit did not extend to the level of the entablature,since this in effect would preclude the need for columns.17 The screen would have restrictedaccess into the structureat the same time that it affordedwelcome light and ventilation in its interior. A column from the south wall perhaps is to be recognized in two poros drums (Arch5) found togetherto the southeastof BuildingC in frontof the Stoa of Attalos,oppositepier 16 of the interior colonnade of the Stoa (P1.62). They lay side by side on the floor of the open court area to the south of Building A and were covered by the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle. Together, they form a full column shaft,4.48 m. in height, with a lower column diameterof ca.0.49 m. and an upper diameter of 0.375 m. Although the associationof this column with Building C cannot be confirmed,the lower diameterdoes match the indicationsalong the southwall: the tracesleft on the first column support at the east end and the diameter of the resting surface of the Archaic Ionic column base (Archl) reused in the position of the seventh column from the east (see above). Such combination of poros and marble, with extensive use of secondhand material, underscoresthe ad hoc nature of the building as a whole. The entablature of the colonnade was most likely of wood; no stone members have come to light, and the use of wood is entirely in keeping with the somewhat varying lengths of the intercolumniationsand the overall lack of monumentalityin the structure. The roof was covered with Laconiantiles, numerousfragmentsof which were found in the debriscoveringthe floor of the building; two that may have come from the building contained traces of painted letters (Arch9, ArchlO; see p. 47 below). Entry into the building from the south was originallyby means of a doorway in the second intercolumniationfrom the east. Here where the ground outside the buildinglay at a higher level, bedrockwas cut back, and low flightsof stepswere built into two sides of the newly formed scarp, at both the south and the east (P1I.7).18 The stairs at the east, constructedof conglomerate blocks, extended the full width of the open space, ca. 3.00 m. Originally composed of three steps, with treads and risersof 0.30 m. each, the uppermostwas removed when the buildingwas demolished. The stairsat the south were narrower,barelyover a meterwide, placed nearlyoppositethe doorway. They were made of reused poros blocks, including another poros wall-crownblock incorporated as the bottom step. A light fence continued westwardthe line formed by the stairsand the scarp, running probably the length of the building. The four extant rectangularpostholes which attest its existence were spaced between 2.50 m. and 3.40 m. apart, sunk as much as ca. 0.50 m. into the ground (Level119). They were small, ca. 0.20-0.30 x 0.10 m., obviouslyintended for wooden uprights;the easternmostone had to be replacedat some point, tojudge from the two closelyspaced holes for it. The entranceat the southeastcornerwas not maintainedthroughoutthe entirelife of BuildingC and eventuallywas abandoned. No proper retainingwall was ever built here, with the result that earth easily accumulated in the area at the foot of the scarp, a process readily observed in the 17

Agora X, p. 57. 18 The bottoms of severalrectangularcuttingswere revealedby the scarpingoperations. Arrangedin no discernible order,the cuttingsmeasuredvariouslyfrom ca. 0.30 m. to 0.80 m. in width, with preserveddepths rangingfrom 0.30 m. to 0.50 m. They are probably to be connected with similar cuttings in bedrock in the area of the graveled court to the west; see p. 39 below.

32

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

stratification(Layers73-78). The lowest layers above the bedrock floor sloped from the foot of the stairsat the east gently downwardtoward the west and representthe period during which the entrancewas used. Above, the upper layersof gravel and sand formed over the scarp at the south, sloping against the wall of the building and covering both sets of stairs. When this occurred, the entrance itself was blocked, as is shown by the rough masonry constructedover the doorsill. In its place, a new entrancewas made in the eighth intercolumniationfrom the east. A poros threshold blockwas found here, worn and with a cuttingfor a doorpostnear its southeastcorner. The level of the thresholdcorrespondswith the surfaceof the latestfloorwithinthe building(Level118), indicating that it had been set in relation to this floor and so had not been part of the original construction (pp. 33-34 below). Corner Northeast The east wall of BuildingC was preservedonly as a shallow cutting in bedrockin which were scattereda few stones of its rubblesocle. It layjust inside the east outer wall of the Square Peristyle and obviouslyhad been strippedin the process of the constructionof that building. The remains at the northeastcorner were slightlymore extensive, with traces of another entrance, an adjacent narrowroom, and the startof the north wall (Fig.6, P1.7:b). The entrance,with an opening about two meters wide, consisted of a makeshiftcolumned porch set before two antas. The base for the eastern anta, another poros wall-crownblock (Arch8), was found in its bedrock cutting, turned upside down like those in the south wall.19 Opposite it was a cutting of comparablesize. No stone remained in place, but a marble block from a string course (Arch2) may belong; it is the right size and was found close by in the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle. The stump of the east column of the porch remainedinsitu,set slightlyoff centeron its roundbase, which had been sunkto its full height in bedrock. The drum was of sofot,gray poros, 0.44 m. in diameter,preservedto a height of 0.36 m. In the iddle of its top surfacewas a rectangularsinking 0.05 m. square and 0.02 m. deep. The base was made of similarporos and measured 0.83 m. in diameter, 0.29 m. in height.20 Of the other column, only the base survived;a reused block of poros, square with a rectangularcutting in its top surface, it also was sunk to its full height in bedrock. It measured 0.76 m. on a side, 0.29 m. in height. Several markings,presumablyfrom its first use, were noted on its top surfaceat the time of its excavation: daubs of red, perhaps miltos, at the southeastand southwest corners; a narrow ridge left along the south edge after the final dressingof the block; and the rough cutting,ca.0.13 x 0.15 m. and 0.15 m. deep.21Additionalfragmentsof columnsfrom the porch are possibly to be recognizedin Arch6 and Arch7. They are appropriatein scale and are carved from poros similarto that of the drum found in situ. Though unfluted, the surface is picked as if in preparationto receive stucco. The original clay floor both outside and inside the building ran over the bases of both the antas and the columns, indicating that the entrance and porch were part of the original constructionof the building. Moreover, the incorporationof the wall-crownblock from the same series as those used in the south wall and stairsindicates that the constructionwas all of one phase. 19 At the time of

excavation, it was suggestedthat a block of Akropolislimestone found nearby in the construction fill of the SquarePeristylemay have restedon the wall-crownblock. Accordingto the excavator'snotebook,it measured 0.60 x 0.68 x 0.38 m.; its top was treated like a euthynteriablock on two sides and worn near those edges. The block was not inventoried. 20 The drum and base were not inventoried. 21 The block was not inventoried.

BUILDING C

33

The north wall of Building C was constructedin the same rubble technique as its south wall. It extended from the west anta a distanceof 4.50 m., where it made a shortjog of ca. 1.80 m. to the north before turningat a right angle as if to continuewestwardagain. At this point,just shortof the edge of the foundationtrench for the back wall of the Stoa ofAttalos, the wall broke off. The rubble constructionended here with an almostsquareporos block (0.55 x 0.60 m.), oppositethe positionof the fourth column from the east in the south wall of the building. According to the excavator,the wall did not appear to continue immediatelywest of the block, and it is possible thereforethat this may have been a base set to one side of an entrance here, similar to that through the screened colonnade of the southwall. But the remainswere so badly disturbedby the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos that this reconstructionis not certain. At some point in the historyof the building, a wall was built between the jog in the north wall and the entrance porch, forming a small room, ca. 1.40 x 4.40 m. internally. The only evidence for a door leading into the room was discoveredin its south wall, where there appeareda bedding for a squared block, perhaps a threshold. All but the barest traces of the cutting were destroyed by a Roman concrete wall that ran over it in a north-south direction (for the Roman wall, see p. 106 below). There is no direct evidence to determinewhetherthis room was part of the original constructionof BuildingC or a lateraddition. The narrowgap between the column and anta base at the east end of the room forms a ratherclumsy arrangement,suggestiveof an ad hoc remodeling. On the other hand, the jog in the north wall is most naturallyunderstoodas accommodationfor a small room of this sort and so implies that it was included in the layout of the building from the beginning. Given the lack of pretensionon the part of the building as a whole, it is probablybest to view it as such, despite its awkwardness. Directly north of this little room, partly hidden beneath the east face of the Roman concrete wall, there came to light a smallpit (P1.7:b). Linedwith Corinthianpan tiles set on edge, it formed a hollow rectangularcontainer,ca.0.69 x 0.47 m. and 0.57 m. deep internally.It was placed ca.0.35 m. from the north wall of Building C, its long side set perpendicularto the wall. The tops of the roof tiles protrudedjust above the clay floor of BuildingC, which extended continuouslyboth inside and outside the structure. There can be little doubt that the pit is contemporarywith the buildingand was used in conjunctionwith it. One is immediatelyremindedof the similarset of tiles sunkinto the floor of BuildingA (p. 28 above);as in that case, thispit also couldhave held a storagecontainer.The pit went out of use when BuildingC was dismantled;it was found full of building debris, including broken Laconian roof tiles identical with those found on the clay floor inside the building. The pottery from the pit is contemporarywith the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle.22 Floor The ground on which Building C was constructedreceived a thin layer of artificialfill as part of the leveling operations at the end of the 5th century (Layer30/31). Since bedrock was higher here than fartherwest, as little as ca. 0.20 m. of earth had been laid down over the existing surface. The walls of the building were set down through this fill, except at the southeast corner where it had been necessaryto cut down bedrockto provide a level area outside the building to the south. The original floor of hard-packedclay within the buildingwas formed on top of the late 5thcenturylayer. Set at a level of approximately+57.17 m. at the southeastcornerwithin the building, it slopedvery gentlyfrom south to north. It eventuallyrose as much as 0.30 m. againstthe southwall of Building C, to a level of ca. +57.47 m. (Levels81, 82, 118). The later floor correspondswith the 22 In

addition, the debrisincluded two or three goat horns.

34

2. THE PREDECESSORS TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE

level of the thresholdblock in the eighth intercolumniationfrom the east, the top surfaceof which lies one step higher at ca. +57.71 m. At the northeastentrance,almost no accumulationof flooring occurred;only a thin layer of silt, no more than 0. 10 m., gathered over the hard-troddensurface of the entryway. Indeed, traffic had so worn the floor that it created a slight depression dearly distinguishablein the intervalbetween the columns of the entrance, despite the severe disturbance caused here by a well of Turkishdate. The prepared clay surface within the building continued uninterruptedin the area outside the structureto the north. There is no evidence that this area was covered, however,and thus it may have servedas a kind of forecourton this side. DATE

There is no firm stratigraphicevidence for the date of constructionof BuildingC. The building was built on the late 5th-centuryfill that had been dumped and spreadover the area (p. 33 above), and there had been no accumulationof material over this layer between the time of the deposit of the fill and the constructionof BuildingC. The shallowfoundationtrenchesof the wallscontained no datablematerial. Some evidenceis providedby the littlepotteryassociatedwith the accumulated floor levels (Levels81, 82, 118). This material belongs to the third quarter of the 4th century, a date which coincideswith that indicatedby the six poros wall-crownblocksthat appearthroughout the constructionof the building. These had served as the crowning course of the west wall of the RectangularPeribolosat the southwestcorner of the Agora. They were dismantledin the course of remodelingthat structurein the third quarterof the 4th century23and presumablymade their way into BuildingC at that time. It is likelythat this buildingactivitytook place earlierratherthan later in the third quarter,since the accumulationof floors and amount of wear at the various entrances to Building C indicate that the building had been used for a substantialperiod of time before it was demolishedaround 300. We may thereforeestimatea date of constructionof ca. 340 B.C. BUILDING D To the south of BuildingsA and C, separatedfrom them by an open graveledsurface,is BuildingD, the last of the four majorpredecessorsto the SquarePeristyle.Of this structureonly the foundation trench and a few blocks of its northern wall were preserved in situ, along with slight indications of its west side and southwestcorner (Figs.4, 6, P1.61). PLAN ANDRECONSTRUCTED REMAINS

The foundation trench for the north wall of Building D as found extended on an east-west line from a point directlyin frontof shop XIV of the Stoa ofAttalos, passingthroughthe positionfor pier 15 of the Stoa and its foundation trench and continuing under the foundationsfor the Stoa stylobateand terracewall to a point approximatelytwenty-onemeterswest of the Stoa,just beyond the southwest corner of the stylobate foundations of the Square Peristyle. The trench was dug into bedrock, which rose sharply south of the wall. The few blocks uncovered still in si, in the ed of poros a section of wall directlywest of Stoa shop V, consisted nglomerate ashlar blocks of various sizes, laid as stretchersalong the inner (southern)half of the foundation trench (P1.8:a, foreground).The outer half of the trench containedremnantsof a stone water channel. One catch 23

AgoraXIV, p. 64. John Camp, who is preparingthe final publicationof this building, informed me that this date remainsunchanged (personalcommunication,summer 1987). See note 7 above, p. 27.

BUILDING D

35

basin remained in place, immediatelywest of Stoa pier 15 (P1.8:b). Set into bedrock against the north face of the wall, it measured 1.29 x 0.96 m. and 0.52 m. high and had a semicircularcuttingin the top edge at either end. Cuttings in bedrock for three more basins came to light fartherwest (P1.61): one between the Stoa stylobateand terracefoundations;a second barely discernibleunder a late monument base set against the Stoa terrace wall; and a third in the preserved section of wall directly north of the stylobate foundationsfor the Square Peristyle. Between the basins ran a narrowercuttingfor the stone channelitself. The whole installationwas lined with stucco, tracesof which were preservedboth in the catch basin and between the wall and the cuttingfor the channel. Evidence for the limits of BuildingD at the west and south was slightbut essentiallyconsistent. Immediately south of the southwest corner of the stylobate foundationsfor the Square Peristyle, excavation revealed the cutting in bedrock for the northwestcorner of Building D (P1.61). The whole area was much disturbedby later activityafter the structurewent out of use, and the actual corner was destroyedby a rectangularpit; nevertheless,the line of the walls came out clearly for a short distance on either side of the corner. The continuation of the west wall southwardwas discovered in a small test trench excavated some five meters south of the line of the south outer wall of the Square Peristyle. Finally,the scant remainsof the southwestcorner of BuildingD were located in anothertest trench six meterswest of the Bema. Here a pit (Deposit0-P 10:1, P1.62) was dug throughthe outer edge of the corner. North of this point, the line of wall could be discernedin the packing:rough, irregularchunksof bedrockwith gray clay between them, which had been set in preparationfor the laying of the wall. The westernedge of this packingwas not easy to fix because it was later overlaid by a hard, gravelly road surface, but the eastern edge could be defined quite distinctlyand the overallwidth estimatedat about one meter. At the corner itself, a squaredporos block seems to have been set into a slightly deeper cutting in bedrock; several fragmentsof the block were found lying in the bedding prepared for it. The precise position of the return of the wall to the east was more difficultto determine; rising bedrock to the south definitelyprecluded the continuationof the wall in this direction,and a slight cut in bedrock appearedto delineate the southern extent of the foundationbedding, althoughit was too shallow to be defined with absolute certainty. In the absence of any additionalsign of the south wall farthereast, its line thus remains approximate. No trace of the east wall of Building D was preserved,but its position can be estimated and thus the essentialoutline of the structurerestored. The northeastcorner of the building must have been under the area of Stoa shop XIV, since no trace of Building D was found behind the Stoa. The corner can be located more closely from the position of the catch basins in the north wall. The distance between basins varied between 7.70 m. and 8.20 m., a roughly consistentinterval.24 If one more basin is restored at the west end of the north wall after an interval of 7.70-8.20 m., it would be placed 2.0-2.5 m. from the corner. The same relative position may be assumed for the easternmostbasin, which will have been the one beyond that stillin situ. On this assumption,the east wall will have lain under the wide foundationsof the front wall of the Stoa shops, where its remains would have been obliterated in the constructionof the Stoa, if not before. Building D thus formed a rectangle, ca. 16.70 m. wide and 42 m. long, enclosing an area of approximately 700 sq. m., not much smallerthan the 900 sq. m. of BuildingA. The water channel that ran the length of the north side of BuildingD providesthe only evidence for a more detailedunderstandingof the originalform of the structure(Figs.2, 7). This installationis best understood as a gutter,placed at ground level on the side where the building was entered in 24

The three intervals that can be measured are ca. 8.20 m., 7.90 m., and 7.70 m., east to west.

36

2. THE PREDECESSORS TO THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

orderto protect this heavilytraffickedareaby carryingoff rainwatershed from the roof. This type of drainis found frequentlyin the designof stoas,and indeed an approximatelycontemporaryexample in Athens may be cited in the unfinishedwest stoa on the Pnyx; there the drain also included catch basins set at intervals in the length of the gutter.25 It is doubtful whether a full colonnade may be reconstructedon top of the foundationsset behind the gutter, since the depth of the blocks is not more than ca.0.60 m. More likely,this side of the buildingwill have consistedof a wall piercedby a numberof openings, that is, a hall enteredfrom the long side, of the sort that appearsrepeatedlyin agorasand sanctuaries.26The internalspan of some seventeenmeterswould have requiredsupport in the form of a colonnade set midway between the front and back walls; unfortunately,nothing of it survived,having been obliteratedby the SquarePeristyleand later construction. DATE

The dating of BuildingD is made difficultowing to the lack of any preservedconstructionfill or flooring inside the structure. The only clue to its date comes from the ground level established in front of the building in conjunction with the water channel at the foot of its north wall (Level 119). Consisting of a hard, gravelly layer with well-worn stones in its surface, it representsthe latest floor of the open court area when the Predecessorswere in use. It extended as far north as BuildingC, where it was the highestlevel associatedwith the thresholdblock of the later doorway in the south wall of that building(p. 32 above),and as far west as the northwestcorner of BuildingD (Level141); beyond this point it trailed off (see p. 38 below). The water channel and stone settling basin in front of Building D were set flush with the surface of this layer and clearly functioned in conjunction with it (P1.8). The latest pottery beneath this ground level dates as late as ca. 325. The constructionof Building D will thus belong to approximatelythe same time. For the dating of the pottery,see below (p. 142). BUILDING E Building E, a makeshiftstructureof temporarynature, was built when BuildingsA-D were being torn down; it was intended to serve as an interim replacement for them during the construction of the Square Peristyle(Figs.4, 6, P1.61). REMAINS AND RECONSTRUCTED PLAN

Remains of the building came to light in two areas. Immediatelysouth of Building C, the east wall of Building E ran just west of and not quite parallel to piers 17 and 18 of the Stoa of Attalos 25

Thompson and Scranton 1943, pp. 273-276, fig. 7 on p. 278, pl. XV. The recentattemptto reconstructthe remains as bleachersis unconvincing;see D. Romano, "The PanathenaicStadiumand Theater of Lykourgos:A Re-examination of the Facilitieson the Pnyx Hill,"AJA89, 1985, pp. 441-454. 26 A very similar building, also probably of 4th-century date, is found in the sanctuary of Pythian Apollo on the Aspisat Argos. Set into the terracedhillside,it is rectangular,23 x 10.75 m., and has on its frontlong side eitherthree or five columns centered between closed walls. In the interior,three columns provided support for the roof. A water channel (with catch basins placed at the two ends of the channel on the short west wall) surroundsthe building. The walls were made of mud brickon orthostatesca.0.45 m. thick. See W. Vollgraffin collaborationwith W. van der Pluym and A. Roes, ttudespeloponnisiennes, I, Lesanctuaire PythlenaArgos,Paris 1956, pp. 35-42; G. Roux, "Lesanctuaire d'Apollon 1957 70, argien d'Apollon Pyth6en,"REG [pp. 474-487], pp. 478-479; Roux 1961, pp. 72-74. Also comparable in is the in Hall the at at Olyntkus, XII, Domesticand Public Assembly plan agora Olynthos; see D. Robinson, Excavations Baltimore 1946, pp. 82-94. The buildingmeasuresca. 19 x 9.5 m. and has seven internalsupportsalong the Architecture, longitudinalaxis.

BUILDINGE

37

(PI1. 9); and in the southeastcorner of BuildingA traces of the north and west walls appearedboth east and west of the Stoa terracewall (Fig.6, P1.61). Although extremelyfragmentaryand remote from each other, these remains can be associatedon the basis of their constructiontechnique, the indicationsof columns placed at regularintervals,and relatedfloor levels. The longest stretch of wall preserved, that lying west of piers 17 and 18, extended from the threshold block in the south wall of Building C for a length of some nine meters. Of rubble construction,ca.0.55 m. thickand preservedto a height of about halfa meter,it containedboth large and small pieces of stone anchored in a clay mortarand included reused fragmentsof architectural members(e.g.,Arch4). At regularintervalsof ca.2.85 m. on centerwere squaredblocks,also reused, presumablyto receive columns. That at the south was marble (Arch3), the next two farthernorth, poros;the top of the second from the south was trimmedto a roughlyround form. In the southeast corner of Building A was a very short piece of wall, running approximately east-west (PI. 5:a). Although only ca. 1.70 m. long, enough remained to show that this section of wall was of the same type of constructionas the north-south stretchwest of Stoa piers 17 and 18. At its east end, the east-west wall consisted of rubble 0.55 m. wide; at its western extremitywas a squared poros block, which like those in the better-preservedeast wall most likely served as a column base. Probably to be associatedwith this wall is a conglomerate block set askew on top of the remaining course of blocks belonging to the south wall of Building A (P1.5:a). Measuring ca. 1.35 x 0.60 m., it was preservedto its originalheight of 0.53 m. only at the very east end; the rest of the top surfacewas trimmeddown some ten centimeters.The block definitelydoes not belong to the wall of BuildingA. Not only was it not alignedwith that wall but a thin layer of earth intervened between them; it was, however,set parallelto the line of the north wall of BuildingE. Additional fragmentsof wall belonging to BuildingE were preservedfartherwestjust beyond the foundationsof a late monumentbase set againstthe Stoa terracewall. The northernmostblock, of poros, aligned with the stretch inside the terrace wall and evidently formed the northwestern corner of the structure;the remainingfragmentsestablishthe return southward. These remains, though slight, are sufficientto suggestthe plan of BuildingE. The bases found in three places in the east wall, once in the north wall, and again at the northwest corner of the building will have supportedcolumns spaced ca. 2.80-2.90 m. on centers. Those in the east wall were consecutiveand establishthe interval;the remainingtwo were widely separated,but they occur at precisely the points where a column would be expected. No continuation of the east wall was found beyond the southernmostcolumn base, nor did any trace of a fourthwall come to light. It is likelythereforethat the buildingextendedno fartherand remainedopen on the south side. Between the columns on the east, north, and west rose a wall composed of mud brick on a rubble socle. Althoughno brickwas found in situ,a considerablequantitylay over the floor of the buildingboth at the south end of the east wall and aroundthe smallpreservedsection of the north wall (Layer62). Evidencefor the interiorarrangementof the structurerestsprimarilyon the single conglomerate block setjust south of the north wall and over the remainingblocksof BuildingA. There is much to argue in favor of the associationof this block with Building E. Not only was it positioned parallel to the line of the north wall but it also agreed in level with the floor associatedwith that wall (see Levels53/54, 120). In addition, the cut-down portion of the block lay opposite the position for a column in the exterior wall and at the same level as the preservedbase of the next column to the west (+57.67 m.). Finally,it was set at a distance of 2.85 m. from the center line of the columns in the north wall, the same interval as the axial spacing within the wall itself. It may very well have servedas a supportfor an interiorcolonnadeor row of piers. Indeed, some arrangementof this sort is requiredbecause the columns of the outer wall imply a roofed structure,which would need

38

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

some sort of interior support. With the fourth side left open, the plan becomes essentiallythat of a n-shaped stoa formed by a closed colonnade on the exteriorand a row of supportsinside (Fig.6). Such a descriptionperhaps lends more monumentalityto Building E than it deserves. The structurewas clearlyjerry-builtand meant to serve only very temporarily.The materials,construction technique, and such dimensions as can be gleaned from its remains indicate that Building E was patched together from remnants discardedfrom Building C; with its mud-brickwall and its columns, it essentiallyreerectedthe south wall of BuildingC, duplicatingnot only the construction but the columnarintervalas well. Moreover,the physicalrelationshipof the two buildings,with the walls of Building E overlappingthe south wall of Bllilding C, clearly demonstratesthat the latter was no longer standingwhen BuildingE was built. The provisionalnature of BuildingE is further underscoredby the evidence for its date. DATE

BuildingE was builton top of the hard,outdoorfloorthatformedin the areabetweenBuildingsC and D around 325 B.C.,that level which is associatedwith the latest period when the Predecessors were in use (Level119). BuildingE dearly did not servetogetherwith those structures,however,since its walls not only overlappedthe southwall of BuildingC but also the southeastcornerof BuildingA. Associatedwith BuildingE is a thin layerwith many stonesin its surface(Levis53/54, 120, 142), not unlike that of the latest floor of the Predecessors. Extending over much of what was to become the interior of the Square Peristyle,including the dismantledsouth wall of Building A, it formed the lowest working floor markingthe start of constructionof the Square Peristyle,and the many sherdsfound within it are indistinguishablefrom those in the buildingfill. The evidence, therefore, seems to show clearlythat BuildingE was constructedwhen the Predecessorswere being dismantled and the projectfor the SquarePeristylewas gettingunderway. It was built more or less in the center of the court of the Square Peristyle,almost certainlydeliberately,in order to continue the functions of the Predecessorsduringthe earlystagesof construction.The potteryfound in the workingfloor is analyzedbelow (p. 142). THE OPEN COURT BETWEEN THE PREDECESORS The space between BuildingsA and C on the north and D on the south formed a wedge-shaped courtyard, designed to serve the buildingswhich bordered upon it (Figs. 2, 6, 7). Closed off on two sides only, at the east the court extended into the narrow gap between the northeast corner of Building D and the south wall of Building C; at the west, it opened up in the direction of the PanathenaicWay. Very little of the surfacewas preservedin this area, but one patch remained at the northwestcorner of Building D, and another was found close by the entrance to BuildingA. It was best preservedunder the terrace of the Stoa of Attalos and between its stylobate and the frontwall of the shops, from pier 15 at the south to pier 18 at the north (Fig.4, P1.61). Over all this area the ground was prepared as an outdoor floor in conjunction with general grading operationsat the end of the 5th century (p. 24 above). The gravelly surface, renewed at various intervalsduring the life of the Predecessors(Levels117, 119), kept the same slope it had from the beginning, inclining graduallydownwardfrom east to west and south to north. It was well maintained,and in only four instanceswere holes sunk into its surface. At a point west of the northwestcorner of Stoa pier 17, two large, irregularpits were dug into the latest surface of the court (Pls. 9:b, 61). The western pit measured ca. 0.53 x 0.70 m. and 0.25 m. deep, the eastern

THE OPENCOURTBETWEENTHE PREDECESSORS

39

0.63 x 0.95 m. and 0.27 m. deep. Their sideswere vertical,theirbottoms relativelyflat. All surfaces were scarredfrom burning, and tracesof charredstickswere stillpreservedin the layer of ash within each pit. What their purpose was is impossibleto say, perhaps for broiling meat or some related use. Between and just south of the pits was a thin poros drum, 0.40 m. in diameter and 0.07 m. thick, embedded in the surfaceof the latest court floor. In the center of the block a hole had been drilled, 0. 10 m. in diameter; it was well worn. Just to the south of this block a heavy iron stake was set uprightin the earth. Anotherporos block, between Stoa piers 16 and 17, also lay embedded within the thicknessof the latest floor. Ca. 0.25 x 0.30 m. and 0.30 m. deep, it too had a round hole in its middle, ca. 0.11 m. in diameter and 0.20 m. deep in the center, again well worn. Both blockswould seem to have served as supportsfor wooden posts set repeatedlyin these sockets. Below the accumulationof flooringwhich servedthe court duringits life, the surfaceof bedrock was severelyscarredwith numerousholes and pits, some largerand rectangular,others smallerand round (Layer116, Deposit Q8: 11). Most of these were concentratedin the area under the colonnade of the Stoa ofAttalos (P1.10);somewhatfewer occurredfartherwest under the Stoa terrace.27The very lowest layers of accumulatedflooring for the court surface (Level117) broke softly over these holes, suggestingthat they continued to be used in the early years of the Predecessors,that is, in the period immediatelyfollowingthe constructionof BuildingsA and B. Potteryfound in and over the holes supportsthis conclusion;dating into the second quarterof the 4th century,it is later than that associatedwith eitherthe levelingoperationsor the constructionof BuildingA (see p. 142 below for the ceramic evidence). Graduallythe holes went out of use, and the latest floor level of the court area formed firmly over them (Level119). Only densely packed groups of pits fartherwest, to the south of the entrance to Building A and at the northwestcorner of BuildingD (Fig.4, P1.61; cf. Fig. 6), were filled at a later date. These contained pottery as late as the end of the 4th century,contemporarywith that of the construction fill of the Square Peristyle(see Fill 143). Moreover, the first layer to form over the pits near the entrance to Building A was the continuation of the floor level associatedwith Building E during the early stages of constructionof the Square Peristyle(Levels53/54, 120, 142). A similar layer (144) formed over the pits at the northwestcorner of BuildingD.28 The lack of any distinctpattern, the fact that many overlap,and their differentsizes and shapes suggestthat the holes and pits in the area of the court were renewed periodicallyto serve a variety of temporarypurposes.29An open space of this sort,borderingthe Agora and the PanathenaicWay, would have been a popular spot for the erection of temporarymarketstalls,booths, and tents such as are mentioned frequentlyin written testimonia.30This area would also have been ideal for the erection of stands,or ikria,in order to view the Panathenaicprocessionas it passed by on its way to the Akropolis. Similaruses have been proposedfor the pits and holes found in the mid-5th-century levels of the PanathenaicWay and in levels of the late third and fourth quartersof the 5th century beneath the Pompeion in the Kerameikos.31 27

These holes were not drawn for the actual-stateplan of the area. The excavatorsnoted, however,that they were randomlyplaced, forming no distinctpattern. 28 Additional pits to the west of the survivingfoundationtrench for Building B would also seem to be related. No was recorded from them, however. pottery 29 There is no strong support for the suggestion, once tentativelymade, that some of the pits may have been for tree planting;cf. H. A. Thompson 1953, p. 47. 30 See AgoraIII, nos. 623-631, 675n, pp. 190-193. 31 Shear 1975, pp. 362-363; Hoepfner 1976, pp. 16-20.

40

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

Such use of the area of the court floor appears consistent with the history of the structures built north and south of it. At the time of the constructionof BuildingsA and B, the area to the south remained open and continued to serve for a time, as it may have long done, as an open-air marketand informalseating area for processions. It is noteworthy,however,that more permanent market structureswere not constructedhere, even though they are to be found both north and south of this area.32 Their absence would seem to indicate that the open area was allowed to be used for temporarypurposes but that it was otherwisesupposed to remain essentiallyfree and unencumbered. Over the courseoftime, use of the area seemsto have become even more restricted, so that when BuildingsC and D were built, and ultimatelythe latest floor of the court laid down, the informal use of the area was almost entirely eliminated. Only fartherwest beyond the limit of the court, at the edge of the PanathenaicWay,were holes and pits still dug, particularly,it would seem from the date of the pottery found in them, in the period when BuildingsA-D were being torn down and the Square Peristyleerected.

MEMBRA DISIECTA In addition to the architecturalfragmentsincorporatedinto BuildingsC and E and the few that may possibly be attributedto Building C or to its neighbors, mention may be made of Archil, a fragment of pebble floor mosaic, and Archl2, fragmentsof stucco wall decoration. Both the mosaic and the stucco were representedby severalfragmentsfound in the contexts associatedwith the destructionof BuildingsA-D and constructionof the Square Peristyle.Neither can be securely assigned to any of the Predecessors,although their findspotswould allow for this possibility. For the catalogue of these variousarchitecturalelements,see Archl-Archl2 below (pp. 113-116). IDENlTIFICATIONOF BUILDINGS A TO D No writtensourcesspecificallyidentifythe complex of BuildingsA-D, but considerablearchaeological and historicalevidence may be broughtto bear to help in determiningtheir function. It was first suggestedin 1953 that these structuresmay have been associatedwith the lawcourts,on the basisof dikasticequipmentfound within the uprightterracottawater channelsin BuildingA.33Five bronze dikasticballots,of the sortdescribedby Aristotle,34plus one dikastictokenand a bronzeballprobably belonging to a kleroterionwere all grouped together in this context; a sixth ballot and a terracotta tokenwere foundnearby.While the precisemannerin which the channelsfunctionedwas not readily explained,it was at least clear that such a concentrationof findswas unique and urged a connection with the courts,some of which are knownto have met in and aroundthe Agora.35With the channels now thoughtto have been used for the storageof materials(pp. 27-28 above),this argumentremains compellingand is furthersupportedby the findingof otherparaphernaliaused in dikasticproceedings in the area of the BuildingsA-D and the SquarePeristyle,which succeededthem. To the six bronze ballotsmay be added three more: an additionalone from within BuildingA, in fill to be associated 32

Shear 1971, pp. 265-266; 1973a,pp. 138-144 (shopsat north);1975, pp. 346-361 (shopsat south, beneath the stoa

of theLibraryof Pantainos).

33 H. A. Thompson 1954, pp. 58-61; AgoraXIV, p. 57.

34 Aristotle,Ath.Pol. 68.2-4. 35 Forthe testimonia,see AgoraIII, pp. 144-149; AgoraXIV, p. 52; AgoraXXVIII.

IDENTIFICATION OF BUILDINGSA TO D

41

with the constructionof the SquarePeristyle;a second in the layerof collapsedmud-brickwall inside the southeastcorner of BuildingC; and a thirdwithin the west end of BuildingC. These nine ballots representover sixteen percent of all those found in the Agora. Moreover,to the single token found within the terracottachannels may be added fifteen more that have turned up in various contexts in the area of the SquarePeristyleand the Predecessors,amountingto fullytwenty-fivepercentof all the bronze tokens from the Agora. Finally,a bronze pinakion (B 1003) was found farther south, below shop IX of the Stoa of Attalos.36 Only one other area of the Agora, around the Tholos on the West Side, has produced equivalentconcentrationsof dikasticequipment.37The locations and stratigraphiccontexts of the artifactson the East Side are given below (TableI and ll. 2, pp. 42-43). In terms of physical requirements,the Athenian court demanded little in the late 5th and first half of the 4th century;essentiallyall thatwas needed was a large enough space affordinga modicum of privacy. A panel of 500 dikastsseems to have sufficedfor most proceedings that we know of; smallerpanels of 400 and 200 are attestedfor ca. 330 B.C., althoughthey may have been introduced earlier.Juries for cases heard by the Heliaia were larger,requiringtwo or three dikasticpanels, that is, 1,000 or 1,500.38 Occasionally,we hear of even largerjuries, 2,000, 2,500, and once 6,000; these are probablyunusualinstances,however.39Access to a court was restrictedso that onlookerscould not interferewith the proceedings,althoughno extensivebarriersseem to have been necessary,for we hear of bystanderswho could sometimeshear and see without enteringthe court.40With so few restrictions,it is not surprisingthat venues as variousas are the Stoa Poikileand Odeion of Perikles are known to have held trials.41 The design of BuildingsA-D, however, seems particularlywell suitedfor use by the courts. BuildingA, in both its originaland remodeledforms, enclosed an area of ca. 900 sq. m., enough for ajury of approximately2,000;42thus, only those trialsrequiringthe very largestjuries would have been excluded from meeting here. The plan of BuildingB is known only approximately,but it is likely that it too consistedof a simple enclosure. Smaller than BuildingA, its estimated internal size of ca. 184 sq. m. would have been cramped for a jury numbering 500 dikasts,since it would leave little or no room for the various facilities needed at a trial. It could have held dikasticpanels of 400 or 200, however. Later, Buildings C and D provided additional space for court proceedings,sufficientforjuries of 400 and 1,500 respectively.43 36 Kroll 1972,no. 169. 37 Mention of severalstylithathavebeenfoundin mayalsobe made,in connectionwiththe dikasticparaphernalia, the generalareaof the SquarePeristyleand the Predecessors: one (BI736)fromthe constructionfill of the Square Peristyle,in the areaof Stoapier 22, directlyeastof the eastwallof BuildingA (Level 17); another(BI 725)fromthe floorintowhichthe tilesof the tile-linedpit weresunk(Level 57); fiveothersin variouslatercontexts(BI646, BI 658, BI 711, BI 746, B 558). Althoughby no meansan exclusiveinstrumentof the courts,a styluswouldhavefounda numberof usesat a trial. Fora time,a dikastapparentlycouldhaveuseda stylusto scratchhis vote in a wax tablet when decidingwhatpunishmentto impose(seeAgora XXVIII).Secondly,Demosthenes(46.11)indicatesthatunder certaincircumstances testimonywas preparedin courton a wax tablet,for whicha styluswouldbe requred(ibid.). in orderto preparehimself Finally,thepresidingmagistrate mayhavewishedto keepnotationsof thecourtproceedings forthejudicialreview(euthyna) thathe hadto undergoat the endof hisyearin office(ibid.).

38 Aristotle,Ath.Pol. 68.1; cf. Rhodes 1981, pp. 728-729; Hansen 1981-1982, p. 21. 39 2,000: Lysias 13.35; 2,500: Deinarchos 1.52; 6,000: Andokides 1.17. 40 Antiphon 6.14, 24; Isaios 5.20; Demosthenes 18.196, 30.32; Aischines 2.5, 3.56, 207; Deinarchos 1.66, 2.19; Hypereides5.22; Plutarch,Demetr.5.2; see AgoraXTV,p. 59, note 170. 41 Stoa Poikile: for testimonia, see AgoraIII, nos. 97 and 98, p. 45; AgoraXXVIII. Odeion: Aristophanes, Wasps 1109;AgoraXXVIII. 42 This estimateis based on an allowanceof 0.40 sq. m. per person. Forthe figure,see Hansen 1981-1982, p. 22, with note 55. See also p. 94 below with note 127, in relationto the seating capacityof the Square Peristyle. 43 BuildingC: ca. 210 sq. m.; BuildingD: ca. 693 sq. m.

TO THE SQUAREPERISTYLE 2. THE PREDECESSORS

42

TABLE I: DIKASTIC PARAPHERNALIAa Inv. No.

AgoraXXVIII Location

Context

DIKASTIC BRONZE TKENS(SYMBOLA) B 1173 T29 Immediatelyeast of east wall of BuildingA T17 B 1174 Immediatelyeast of east wall of BuildingA B 1171 T26 Immediatelyeast of east wall of BuildingA T3 B 1172 Immediatelyeast of east wall of BuildingA T19 East Wall of BuildingA B 1175

B 1164 B 1176 B 1262 B 1165 B 1166 B 1168 B 1169 B 1170

T20 T T4 T9 T28 T35 Til T12

B 1263

T8

B 1179

T7

B 1167

T27

Layer17 Layer17 Layer24 Layer24 Layer11a, but probably intrudedfrom Layer13 directlyabove Uncertain At north end of west drain of Square Peristyle t 104 Within tile-linedpit, BuildingA Uncertain South-centralarea of BuildingA Late Roman South-centralarea of BuildingA to entrance of west west Square Peristyle Late Roman Directly Late Roman wall of west west BuildingA Directly C of south Layer121 Building Directly towards wall of In front of north BuildingD, Layer121 east end Southeastcorner of colonnade of SquarePeristyle On bedrockfloor of colonnade below Layer122 PanathenaicWay,ca. 20 m. southwestof Mixed, to 1stcenturyafter Christ SquarePeristyle Turkishto Modern PanathenaicWay,ca. 20-25 m. south of Square Peristyle

DIASTICBALLOTS BRONZE B6 B 947 B 1000 B11 B 1055-B 1059 B 12-B 16 B 17 B 1061 B 10 B 992

South-centralarea within BuildingA Southeastcorner of BuildingC Within tile-linedpit, BuildingA Southeastcorner of BuildingA Within west end of BuildingC

Layer96 Layer32/33 Pit 104 Layer63 Uncertain context: Stoa of AttalosConstructionFll (Deposit P-R 6-12) or earlier

BB 8

Within tile-linedpit, BuildingA

Pit 104

TOKEN TERRACOTTA C 18 MC 966

Southeastcorner of BuildingA

Layer63

DIKASICPINAKION BRONZE P 15 B 1003

Stoa of Attalos,shop IX

Stoa of Attalos ConstructionFrll (Deposit P-R 6-12)

BRONZEBALL

B 1060

a

Forthe identificationand date of a given layer,see PartII, Stratigraphicand Deposit Summaies where the table lists only a date rather than a numbered layer, the specific stratumdoes not appear in the Summaries. The entries in Table I are listed roughlyaccordingto findspot,proceedingfrom north to south. b See AgoraX, C 18(not in AgoraXXV).

IDENTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS A TO D ,

AB

I

F

I CID

h, +400

G

H

I

I

_

I

K

J

43

.

L

P

MINO

I

Q

I

R

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1

.

B375... 2

5

o

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.

5 ..... = ..

/

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..

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r`-... '~~----"g-j

6

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7 8700

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./

B1179

@B255

'

11

8

*B1169

.,81057 0

B1000

9

/

@?B105 811 . 81059 /

/ /

8. .'' .. ,B1003 . B1167:.

10

B1263/

11

-

B1160

12

7

@8992

B B1055 B "B1056

,

-B355

.... B1173 /"117??- "e**B1173 t _ 17B1 5 ... B1 811710

B1060 iB1176

B1163 +200

5

I

MC966 ./ '/

'@-.8

0IL1266

10

0

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A

AGOR

KLEROTERON)

6 /

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^379

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(PINAKION)

...-... .

2

3 0 0 B.C.

ca.

4

I--

ACOPA

ATHENIAN

3

V

r

_ _

2

I

U

ST

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12 s,'7 ' "". .....B13

.. ..

.........

7

13

13 14

"'

* T

.,,f

15 16

,L971@X?9

*2.. B1161

17

856

B ii

3/*/n~B871'"'

*

"

'

14

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.,

15 16

0 B144-6'r

"

17

-Y6 4i

............... ;

18

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... B847-s

X

y+'T+b.t+rt*. +A+-+'Ai"'+H+ ! + + 0 X Y

95

++ A B

A

Z

H

A AST-

e

K 0+ :=4

-ot-+

0

-3 >. +

-1+

R.FT -

0~10

RF.- H HR.F.T.-1989

199

20~~

+

ILL.8. SquarePeristyle:seatingplan

M.

30~

I M.

I

96

3. THE SQUAREPERISTYLE

his building. He used the same modularunit for his colonnadesas that employed in the Stoa Poikile (p. 86 above),which, interestingly,is known to have accommodatedtrialswith 500 dikasts.130 The Square Peristylewould have provided sufficientspace even for those cases heard by the Heliaia that required three dikasticpanels, each of 500.13 In such instances, the court or both the court and colonnades could be put to use. The interior dimensions of the court measure If the whole buildingwere 1,560.25 sq. m., enough to fit as many as six panels, or 3,000 diikasts.132 m. area of was a internal to a total over turned available,enough for 12 panels, or 3,136 sq. trial, 6,000 dikasts.A jury of 6,000 is in fact the largestsize quoted in literatureand is often considereda rhetoricalexaggeration,133yet it is interestingthat the SquarePeristyleneverthelesshad the capacity to accommodate such a size. Obviously,in these cases no other trial could be held in the building, but it is usuallyassumedthat on such days only the one case would be heard, if for no other reason than the fact that presumablyit would exhaust the supplyof availabledikasts.134 When the SquarePeristylewas datedlate in the thirdquarterof the 4th century,it was associated with the democraticreformsof Lykourgosand the revitalization of buildingwithin the city, which he oversaw during the twelve-yearperiod of his administration(338-326 B.C.).135 Now that a date around 300 B.C.is established,another historicalcontext must be sought. By that time, the opportunitiesfor building a lawcourtwere far more limited.136 In 307, after ten years of rule by the tyrantDemetrios of Phaleron,Demetrios Poliorketesrestoreda democraticgovernment in the city, at least superficially. But the same year also marked the beginning of the Four Years'War againstthe forces of Kassandrosand with it a rushof preparation,includingthe strengtheningofthe city walls, extensive rearmament,and the buildingup of the fleet.137Despite these efforts,Athens did not fare well in the conflict, and by 304 the fall of the city seemed imminent. For a second time Demetrios Poliorketesliberated the Athenians. After his defeat of Kassandros, he took up residencein Athens duringthe winterof 304/3; though officiallywelcomed, he soon became widely unpopularthrough his personalexcesses, not the least of which involved setting up house, together with his hetairai, in the Parthenon.138The anti-Macedonianfaction in Athens grew increasingly suspiciousthat Demetrios would meddle in the internal affairsof the polis, and their fears were confirmedwhen he reverseda fine of 50 talentsimposedby the lawcourtson Kleomedon, one of his supporters.There followeda democraticuprising,which resultedin a decree forbiddingany citizen to request the interventionof Demetrios himself in the domestic businessof the polis. Demetrios 130 Forreferencesto the StoaPoikileholdingtrialswith500 dikasts,see IGII2 1641,lines25-33 (= Agora Im,no. 97,

1m,no. 98). which,however,citesonlylines25-30, omittingthe number)andIGI2 1670,lines34-35 (= Agora 131 Aristode,Ati. PoL68.1;seepp. 48-49 above. 132 Allowing0.40sq.m.perdikast(seenote 127above,p. 94). Therewouldbe 120sq.m. leftoverforthevariousother facilitiesneeded.In a trialof thissort,onlookerscouldbe relegatedto thecolonnades. 133Andokides1.17;cf. Hansen1981-1982, 20. p. 134Hansen(1981-1982,p. 20, note 49) estimatesthat therewereprobablybetweentwo and threethousandmen volunteeringforjury dutyon any givenday. The totalnumberregisteredon the annuallist of potentialdikastshas beenestimatedas ca.six thousand;see p. 44 abovewithnote44. 135 H. A. Thompson1952, p. 99; 1960, p. 360; idnem, in "GreekTownsand Cities: A "AthensFacesAdversity," Mitchel followed He is 1973,p. 204, Will 1983,p. 83, by 50, 1981 [pp. 343-355], p. 350. Hesperia Symposium," andHumphreys1985,p. 206. 136The fullestaccountof Athensin thisperiodat the turnof the 4th to 3rd centuryis Plutarch's/ie ofDemetrios, ofAthenianhistoryat thistime,seeespeciallyFerguson1911;Shear1978;Habicht1979. forthemoderninterpretation 137 The ancienttestimoniafor the preparations areextensive;see IGII2463 [+ Hesperia 9, 1940,pp. 66-72, no. 9]; IG II2468, 505, 554, 1492;Plutarch,Demetr. 10.1, 17.1;DiodorusSiculus20.46.4;see Ferguson1911,pp. 112-118 andShear1978,p. 47, note 127fortheseandadditionalreferences. 138 Plutarch, Demetr. 23, 24, 26;Ferguson1911,pp. 117-119.

DATE AND IDENTIFICATION

97

quashed the revolt by reestablishingthe power of his sycophant Stratokles,who soon afterwards manipulatedthe Assemblyinto voting Demetriosas the ultimateauthorityat Athens, in mattersboth secularand religious. These events apparentlytook place when Demetrios was away on campaign in the Peloponnese.139At the conclusion of his expedition, he gained additional confirmationof his power when he reestablishedthe panhellenic congress at the Isthmos that had been founded by PhilipII in 338 and had himselfelected sovereignof Greece. Not long afterwards,in the springof 302, Demetriosexercisedhis now total controlby forcinghis initiationinto the EleusinianMysteries, at an incorrectseason of year and without properpreparation. It is little wonder, then, that the city began to turn against the Macedonian after he left for Thessaly following his sacrilege at Eleusis. Upon Demetrios' subsequent defeat at Ipsos in 301, his supportersat Athens lost all control of the administration,and a moderate government was established. In contrast to the activities of Demetrios, we know very little about Athens in the years immediately following his departure. The new government resulted in changes in financial administration,but there was probablyno radical alterationin the essentialmechanisms of democracy.140 One of the most significantpolitical figures of the period was Lachares, who first gained prominence at this time.141 Although he later maintained power first by repressing a stasis among the generals, probably in 298/7,142 and subsequentlythrough a coup d'etat in 295, Lacharesseems first to have gained eminence in the years immediatelyfollowing Demetrios' departurethroughless violent means, by controlof the Assemblyas a demagogue;Pausanias,in fact, specificallycontrastshis earlierpopularitywith the demos with the later cruelty of his tyranny.143 During Lachares'ascendancy,Athens enjoyed a much needed respite from foreign incursions. In the years between 302 and Demetrios'finalreturnin 295/4, the city was neitherunder siege on land nor under blockade by sea. There was no need, therefore,to expend time and effort on defensive measures;indeed, it behooved thethe Athenians, in order to project a neutral stance, not to build up their militarystrength.144 There is little of substance by which we may determine precisely when in this tumultuous period Athenianswould have been encouragedto rebuildtheir lawcourts. Plutarchstatesthat when Demetrios restoredthe democracyin 307/6, he returnedto the Athenianstheirpatriospoliteia^,45 by which Boegehold understandsrestorationof Assembly,Boule, and courts.146The Square Peristyle therefore would house the courts. This is an attractivesuggestion, although it is uncertain how specific a meaning one may attach to the phrase patriospoliteia. Usually, it is interpreted as a propaganda slogan meant to define a particularbrand of "democracy",generally with reference to the rightsof citizenship. Thus, in the late 5th centuryit had been a rallyingcry of the oligarchic faction in Athens, as well as of the democraticopposition;the former used it to refer to citizenship 139 Plutarch,Demetr.24-26

actually places the revolt prior to Demetrios' departurefor the Peloponnese, but this is recognized as exercising literary license at the expense of chronological accuracy; see W. S. Ferguson, "Demetrius Poliorcetesand the Hellenic League," Hesperia17, 1948 [pp. 112-136], p. 124; Ferguson 1911, pp. 119-122; Shear 1978, p.48. 140 Shear 1978, pp. 52-53. 141 Ancient written evidence for the events of this time is very poor; the chief source is the fragmentarychronicle P Oxy.XVII 2082 = FGrHist,F257a. The work by Shear (1978) and Habicht (1979) has helped to reveal more clearly the complexitiesof the situationin Athens in the earlyyears of the 3rd century. 142 Habicht 1979, pp. 16-21; see also Shear 1978, pp. 52-53, note 144. 143 Pausanias 1.25.7. 144

145 146

Ferguson 1911, p. 127.

Plutarch,Demetr.10.1.

AgoraXXVI.

98

3. THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

based on propertyqualification,the latter to mean full franchise.147Plutarchhimself uses it in the that the conditionsunder which the Macedonians oligarchicsense when he says in his LifeofPhocion establishedthe oligarchy of 322 included the restorationin Athens of the patiospota, and there is no ambiguityabout what is meant by "ancestralconstitution"in this context, for Plutarchqualifies the phrase by adding "basedon a propertyqualification".148In 307/6 it may simply refer,in the opposite, more "democratic"interpretation,to a return to the existing laws of citizenshipprior to the rule of Demetriosof Phaleronand thus a restorationof fullfranchise.There is no directevidence that Plutarchintended the phrase to have any more preciseapplicationthan this. Regardlessof any possible motive, however,there was little opportunityto begin such a largescalebuildingprojectin the periodfollowingthe restorationof democracy.Athenianswere consumed first by preparationsfor the Four Years'War and then by their desperate defense of the city. As the forcesof Kassandrosclosed in, it would have been extremelydifficult,if not virtuallyimpossible, to transportstone into the city fromthe quarry.In the aftermathof the struggle,Demetriosreturned triumphant,but sentiment quickly turned against him. In the context of his rule by royal fiat at this time, a lawcourtappearsout of place. Logistically,the period immediatelyfollowingDemetrios'departurein 302 seems to have been more hospitable for initiatingbuilding, since Athens was not under enemy fire. Politically,there was reason, too. Sentiment against Demetrios and his supportersmounted as soon as he left the city. Criticismreached a feverpitch in 301 when Philippidesopenly attackedDemetrios'henchman Stratoklesin a play in which he declared that Stratokles'acts had destroyed the demos (tauixa xaCraxtceLtijov).149 The phrase is a catchword that was frequently used to reflect sentiments against

tyranny;it appears not long before this time, for instance in the antityrannydecree of 336 B.C.,150 and is later used to referto the regime of Stratoklesitselfin decreeshonoringhis opponents.151One can well imagine a demagogue like Lachareswinning easy approvalfor the constructionof a big lawcourtin such an atmosphere. It would be seen as a restorationof democraticideals, for in many ways the dikaqticpanel was equated with the Demos,152and the court building thereforebecame its symbol. Although the domestic situationin Athens later deteriorated,five years still remained 147

iniAan PartyPoliticsat Constition:FourStudies On the variousways this phrasewas used, see A. Fuks,TheAncestral theEndof theFlh CentuyB.C., London 1953; Fmley 1975, pp. 34-40; Rhodes 1981, pp. 376-377. Fuks contends that patios poteia was primarilya rallyingcry of the moderates, but neither Finley nor Rhodes view it so narrowly, and, indeed, Fuks himself cites examples where it was used by the democratsto mean democracy with full franchise (ibid.,p. 48). 148 T/v &db Plutarch,Phoc.27.3; Finley 1975, p. 40. aTco; toXlce?tav: It)l 6t&xptov 149 = I-E fr. Demetr. 12.4 , Leiden 1957-1961, ofAtticComy Plutarch, Philippides, 25;J. M. Edmonds, TheFragments III A, p. 178; Shear 1978, p. 50 with note 135. 150 Agora inv. no. I 6524, lines 7-17; Meritt 1952, no. 5, pp. 355-359. 151 Decree of Kallias, Agora inv. no. I 7295, lines 79-80; Decree of Demochares, [Plutarch],Mor.851f; Shear 1978, pp. 47-5 1.

152 The

equation of the dikasteriawith the Demos raises questionsregardingthe relativebalance between legal and popularsovereigntyin Athens, a topic that has been widely arguedin recentyears: e.g., Hansen 1974; idem,TheAthenian Eccesia:A Collection of Articles,1976-1983, Copenhagen 1983 (esp. "Demos,Eccesiaand Dicasteonin ClassicalAthens"); Oxford 1987; idem,"Demos, Ekklesia,and Dikasterion. A Reply idem,TheAthenian Assmblyin theAgeof Demosthenes, to Martin Ostwald andJosiah Ober," CLMed 40, 1989, pp. 101-106; Ostwald 1986, esp. pp. 34-35; Ober 1989, esp. 299-304, for a review of the various arguments. The modem debate centers around theoreticalconcepts, which, as Ober rightlyobserves,were not real issuesto the Athenianpeople. Moreover,as has been observed(MacDowe 1978, p. 40; AgoraXXVIII), both the large size of Athenianjuries and the fact that theirjudgment was final, there being no higher authorityto which one could appeal, supportthe notion that the dickas panels in some sense could be regarded as symbolicof the Demos, the Athenianpeople as a whole. In light of this approachtojustice, I thinkfew would dispute the symbolic potential behind the building of a court, especially in the wake of Demetrios' cavalier dismissalof the laws when he reversedthe jury's decision regardingKleomedon.

DATEAND IDENTIFICATION

99

before anotherradicalshiftin power occurred. If it was begun shortlyafterDemetriosleft, therewas sufficienttime for the Square Peristyleto be well underway when he returnedfor his third and final conquest of the city in 295/4. At this point, the projectwould have slowed and eventuallyfaltered. This chronology seems also to agree better with the archaeologicalevidence for the date of the building. Although it would be wrong to try to pinpointtoo closely the beginning of the project,the latestfindsin the constructionfill fit better into the yearsrightafter300 than in the decade 310-300. Also significantin this regard is one of the ballots found in the destructiondebris of Building A (B 1059; p. 28 above). It is marked in a manner which Mabel Lang has interpretedto indicate that it may belong to the period after 307/6 when the number of tribes was increased to twelve in honor of Demetrios and his fatherAntigonos Monophthalmos.153The ballot was among those found in the tile-linedpit that has been interpretedas a storageplace for dikasficequipmentand that functionedin conjunctionwith BuildingA. The pit was destroyedat the same time as BuildingA; the ballot presumablywas lost at this time as well, certainlyno later, since it was buried beneath the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle. If Lang is correct in dating the ballot to the period after 307, then Building A itself will have been in use at this time. The decision to replace it and its neighboringstructuresthereforewill have been made some time later. This chronologywould seem to reduce the possibilityof Demetrios commissioninga lawcourt, at least in conjunctionwith his initial restoration of a patriospolteiain 307 B.C.154 Whether we attributethe impulse to build the Square Peristyleto the rule of Demetrios or to the moderate democracy of 301, the actual intent behind its constructionwould appear to be the same, to provide an emblem for one of the most cherished elements of Athenian civic character, its judicial system. That its constructionanswered a need more symbolic than practical is borne out both by the history of the building and by the subsequentfate of the Athenian court system. Put simply,neither seems to have been used very much. The Square Peristylewas never finished, and a glance at the evidence concerning courts shows that there was little pressing need to do so. In contrastto the wealth oftestimonia of the 4th century,we have relativelyfew documentsfrom the 3rd century. We hear of no memorable trials, no renowned orators.155It may seem remarkable in these circumstancesthat a monumentalstructureshouldbe erectedto serve the courts. Designed not simply to function but to impress,both by its size and by its visual form, it contrastsmarkedly with the predecessorsBuildingsA-D, none of which ever aspiredto architecturaldistinction.As has been noted, that complexwas begun in the atmosphereof practicaldemocraticreformof the late 5th century;the severalpublic structureswhich were built at that time and which servedthe democratic ideals of the polis were themselves "democratic"in the functional modesty of their appearance. 153 undgriechische Lang,in AgoraXXVIII. On the creationof the new tribes,see C. Habicht,Gottmenschenum Stadte, 2nded., Munich1970,pp. 44.-48,withreferenceto sourcesandfurtherbibliography. 154

Lang's interpretationof the ballots found in the destructiondebris of Building A implies that the court system had adjustedquicklyto accommodatethe new number of tribescreated in 307/6. On the other hand, the propylonfor the Square Peristyle has been reconstructedas having been planned for ten entrances, one for each of the original Kleisthenic tribes, even though the structurewas never actually built (pp. 65, 72 above). These two interpretations can only be reconciledif it is assumedthat, upon the decisionto erect a new court building,an effortwas made either to abolish the two new tribescompletelyor at least to discontinuetheir use in the courts. The debate that naturallywould have surroundedsuch a proposal could well have delayed the constructionof the propylon, the design of which was directly linked to the number of tribes. Although it is possible only to speculate, such a delay could account for the total absence of any construction,even of foundationtrenches,in the area intended for the propylon. The tribeshonoringDemetrios and his fatherwere finallyabolishedin 200 B.C. and all the honors createdfor them abrogated. In the Agora this meant the removal of the statues of the two Macedonians that had been placed atop the Monument of the Eponymous Heroes; see Shear 1970, pp. 199-200. See also C. Habicht, Studienzur Geschichte Athensin helnistischerZeit,Gottingen 1982, pp. 142-150, for the circumstancessurroundingthe annulment. 155 AgoraXXVII.

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A new attemptat revitali7zation occurredin Athens beginningin the thirdquarterof the 4th century. It took place in a differentenvironment,however,againstthe twin backdropof the rise of Macedon and the final eclipse of Athenian power and independence.156 Athenians now sought to build grand structures,lasting symbolsof their culturalidentity,as if such acts of architecturalveneration would help to preservetraditionswhich were increasinglyviewed as belonging to the past. Yet such permanent, immutable monuments unwittinglydid more to reflect an increasinglyinflexible and institutionalizedstate than to revitalizethe polis in its period of decline. The SquarePeristyleis one example;the Theater of Dionysos on the south slope of the Akropolis is another. Throughout the 5th century, during the golden age of Athenian drama, both the auditoriumand scene buildingwere essentiallyutilitarianstructuresmade of wood; the stage setting could have been changed to meet the various demands of differentproductions. It was not until the Lykourganperiod that the auditoriumwas provided with a formal stone seating arrangement and the skene given a fixed marblefacade.157Significantly,this creation of a monumental complex took place at a time when 5th-centurytragedyitselfwas canonized. Not only was one of the plays of the three great tragedians,Aischylos,Sophokles,or Euripides,performedat the beginning of every dramaticfestival,but Lykourgosorderedthat officialscriptsbe preparedand registeredin the state archivesand that henceforthonly these versionsbe produced;he also commissionedbronze statues of the three playwrightsto be set up in the theater.158Lykourgos'constructionof a permanent stone theateris to be viewed in this atmosphereof enshrinement.He may have sought to renew Athenian drama,but his actions produced somethingcloser to a memorial than a true renascence.159 Another remodeling project of the third quarter of the 4th century is that of the Pnyx, the traditionalmeeting place of the AthenianAssemblyand, as much if not more than the lawcourts,a symbolof the sovereigntyof the Athenianpeople.160At this time, the size of the Assemblyplace was more than doubled, the earthembankmentbuiltup to form an auditoriumthat could accommodate ca. 13,000 people. This vast slope was supportedat its base by a mammoth retaining wall, made up of colossal blocks of ashlar masonry. Behind and embracing the auditorium were two long stoas, one ca. 66 meters in length, the other ca. 150 meters. Probably undertakenas part of the Lykourganprogramof reform,the remodelingeffortwould have been intended to rekindlenational self-esteem and to promote interest among the citizenry to participateactively in the democratic processfollowingthe city'shumiliatingdefeatby Philipat Chaironeia,when the continued existence of Athenian independence was threatened.161 That some sort of encouragement was needed is indicated by the fact that by about 325 B.C. payment for attending the Assembly had increased to one and a half drachmasfor principalassemblies,an amount six times the originalpayment that had been institutedat the end of the 5th century.162 The reason for the introductionof payment, as 156

On the history of the period, see G. L. Cawkwell, "Euboulos,"JHS 83, 1963, pp. 47-67; Mitchel 1973; Will

1983;Humphreys1985.Forthe extentof architectural activityof theperiod,see Townsend1982,esp.pp. 281-290. 157 The basicstudyof the theaterremainsthat of DOrpfeld and Reisch(1896). See more recentlyTravlos1971, Townsend 1986. pp. 537-552; 158 [Plutarch], Mor.841f;cf. Pausanias1.21.1-2. 159 Townsend1986,p. 434. 160 Forpublicationof the see Kourouniotesand Thompson1932;H. A. Thompson1936; originalinvestigations, and Scranton 1943. See more H. Thompson recently A. Thompson1982.In thepast,thedateofthe thirdperiodof the Pnyx has swung widely, assigned at various times to the 2nd century after Christ, the 2nd century B.C., and the 3rd quarterof the 4th century B.C., a problem not lost on the excavators,who cautioned, "Afinal decision [in respect to the date] should be deferreduntil stratificationbehind the great retainingwall can be re-examined"'(Thompson and Scranton 1943, p. 299). This has now been accomplishedby S. I. Rotroff ("The Third Period of the Pnyx Pecture, Washington, D.C. 1993], abstract in AJA 98, 1994, pp. 321-322), who concludes that the third quarter of the 4th centuryB.C. is the correct date for the constructionof Pnyx III. 161 See Mitchel 1973, pp. 202-204; Will 1983, pp. 81-82. 162 Aristotle,Ath.Pol.62.2. The pay for ordinaryassemblieswas one drachma.

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Aristotlespecificallytells us, was to prevent attendancefrom falling,163and there is little reason to doubtthat laterincreasesover the courseof the 4th centurywere made for the same purpose.164The architecturalexpansion and embellishmentof the Pnyx complex appealed more to the Athenian's sense of pride than to his purse,but its purposewas equallystraightforward:like the Theater and the Square Peristyle,it was intended to strengthena fundamentallyAthenian institutionby making it monumental,concrete, and tangible. The same desirefor preservationthroughbuildingseems to lie at the heart of the changingideas about the design of agoras that were manifestedin the later 4th century. The move was clearly toward a regular,uniform plan that utilized the colonnade to define and separate the agora from the rest of the city and furtherto break up its constituentparts into discrete and separate zones. The impulse behind such developments lies in theories of urban design that saw town planning as a means of organi7ing society. An early, perhaps the first, practitionerof such ideas seems to have been Hippodamos of Miletos, who used the grid plan as a means to divide the land of the polis into separate areas according to function: sacred, public, and private. Likewise,he divided the populationinto three classes:artisans,farmers,and soldiers.165 Far too little is known about Hippodamos'scheme;that which has come down to us most likely representsonly a simplificationof somethingmuch more complex. Nevertheless,the essence of his design appears to be that of a theoretical system by which the city was divided in a geometrical plan that reflected both the various functions and the differentsocial classes of the populace.166 Significantly,these ideas do not seem to have been adopted in 5th-century Athens. Although Hippodamos is creditedwith the grid plan of Piraeuswhen it was rebuiltafterthe PersianWars,167 the Agora at Athens shows no tendency towardsgreaterregularityat this time, despite the fact that it, too, had been seriouslydamaged. Indeed, dismissalof Hippodamianconcepts may be suggested in Aristophanes'caricaturein the Birdsof the geometricianMeton, who describes the laying out of a fantasticand totally nonsensicalcity in the air.168 Over the course of the 4th century,however,ideas about the separationof functionstook firmer root.169Xenophon, Plato, and Aristotleall recommend that commerce and politics be kept apart. Typically, Plato's ideas remained abstract,170but both Xenophon171and Aristode172make the specific recommendationthat there be two separateagoras, one for commerce and trade, one for politics. They fearedthat the essentialignoblenessoftrade would adverselyaffectthe moralrectitude needed for maintainingand preservingthe constitutionand laws of the state. It is a theme which also appearsfrequentlyamong 4th-centuryoratorswho similarlycriticize the baseness (baunasia) of 163

164

Aristotle,Ath.PoL41.3. GRBS17, 1976 [pp. 115-134], pp. 132CompareM. H. Hansen, "How Many AtheniansAttendedthe ElJklesia?"

133. Ober (1989,p. 143)questionsthat the increasein pay was madeto maintainor increaseattendance,but his

suggestion that it may have been used primarilyas a mechanism for disbursingincreased state funds has no strong evidence to support it, especially in light of Aristotle'svery specific statement regardingthe purpose of the payment and the fact that jury pay was not increasedsimilarly(it remained at three obols, the same as it had been in the late

5th century).On pay for the Assemblyin general,see M. M. Markle,'JtuyPay and AssemblyPay at Athens,"in Presented toG.E.M. deSte.Croix onHis75thBirthday, Crux,Essaysin Greek London1985,pp. 265-297. History 165

Aristotle,Pol. 1267b23-38. Presented toGeorge SeeJ. R. McCredie, "Hippodamosof Miletos,"in Studes M.A.Hanfiann,Cambridge, Mass.1971, pp. 95-100. 167 Aristotle,Pol. 1267b24. 168 Aristophanes,Av.995-1009. 169 Martin 1951, pp. 279-308 and Coulton 1976, pp. 174-177. 166

170

171

172

Plato, Lg. 919d.

Xenophon, Cyr.1.2.3. Aristotle,Pol. 1331a3 l1-b3.

3. THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

102

commerce.173Such intereststhus lay with the preservationof the polis. But the Classicalcity-state did not rely on this sort of sharp division, depending instead on an equilibriumbrought about through avenues of contact among the variouslevels of society,each of which played a role in the maintenanceof the state.174 The Classicalagorareflectedthisbalanceand communication. Itsloose assemblageof buildingscreated an open architecturalform in which space acted to connect and unifyelements. The independent,freestandingstoa, the basic buildingblock of the agora, is itselfan open form, with no clear distinctionbetween exteriorand interior. There resulted an integration of partsthroughthe easy flow from one area to another,from one functionto another. This sense of the Classicalagorais vividlycapturedin the oft-quotedlines of the comic poet Euboulos(fl. mid-4th centuryB.C.);his commentsundoubtedlywere meant derisivelybut are nonethelessaccuratein their portrayalof the mix of Athenian life: &vT') Y&PatOr4 t&v0O' 6A0ou (toXoCtaL &vTai< 'AOjvatL,oaxa, xX)TT7}pc;,f36tpu;, yoyyuXt , &stLto,IfXa, &pApxrup, 068a, X6PLa,aXoa6ve;, ^pi:3LvOo,txoat, tfa:ct

nu6?,nupt&-T7, A6pra,xXrpoTWpiLa, 64xvOo;, &pveC, xXe? 8pait, v6t1oL,ypaoPat.

Youwillfind everythingsold togetherin the sameplaceat Athens-figs, summoners,bunchesof grapes,turnips,pears,apples,witnesses,roses,medlars,haggis,honeycombs,chickpeas,lawsuits, myrtle,allotmentmachines,hyakinthos,lambs,waterclocks,laws, beestings,beestings-pudding, indictments.175

In a structurelike the SquarePeristyle,the Classicalconfigurationis turnedinside out. Space is used to separate, and the colonnade, turned inward, leaves its blank back wall to face outward. The effect is one of segregationand isolation. Compare the arrangementof BuildingsA-D with the Square Peristylein Figures 7 and 12. The earlierconfiguration,with its triangularcourt area between the structuresat the north and at the south, acts as a funnel, pulling one into the complex at the same time as the space fans outward, opening onto the rest of the Agora. By contrast, its equivalentin the Square Peristyle,the central court, is wholly divorcedfrom the rest of the Agora square, divided from it by a severe and solid wall. The judicial systempracticedwithin, no longer visible, is no longer an integral element of the city and its citizens. In effect, it removes itself and the area it occupies from the rest of the city square. It is only with the constructionof the SquarePeristylethat the segregationof this corner of the Agora occurred. Even when it held private houses and shops, and so technicallybelonged outside the strictconfinesof the city centeras definedby its boundarystones,the areawas easilyaccessibleto the Agora and reflected the essentialfluidity between the private and public sectors of the polis. Afterit was drawninto the Agora properin the late 5th century,and continuingthroughoutmost of the 4th, it again remained open, both to the center of the square in front of it and to the shops across the street to the north. In both phases, there occurred the integrationand mix of activity oftheAtheianMc(Cambridge Philological E.g.,Aischines1.40;Demosthenes36.44. SeeD. Whitehead,TheIdeology the 116-121 Volume concept of bminasiand its relationshipto 1977, (on pp. 4), Cambridge Society, Supplementary trade and other occupations). 174 On the various political and rhetoricalmechanismsfor maintainingthis balance between the "masses"and the "elite"in Athens of the 5th and 4th century,see Ober 1989. 175Euboulos,fr. 74, Olbia,quoted by Athenaeus(14.640b-c); text and translationin AgoraHII,no. 610, p. 185. 173

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to which Euboulos refers. In severing such links, the Square Peristyleultimately only served to hasten the decline of the very traditionsit sought to monumentalizeand so preserve. LATER HISTORY LATERFLOORS ANDWALLSWIN

THEBUILDING

The Square Peristyleremainedin use forjust a centurybefore its dismantlement.During most of this period it seems to have been only moderatelywell maintained. Over time, the floor levels at the north, in both the colonnade and court, were allowed to rise so that by the late 3rd or early 2nd centuryB.C., when the buildingwent out of use, both floors were ca. 0.15-0.20 m. higher than when they were first laid (colonnade: Level21/22; court: Levels37, 701, 109). As a result, the drainmouths under the north colonnadewould have been likelyto clog unlessconstantlykept open. The lack of wear found on the preservedsurfacesof the extant intake slot of the east drain and on the channeled floors of both drainssuggeststhat such blockage actuallydid occur. A few traces of crude walls were found on top of the floors of both court and colonnade. In the north colonnade, oppositee seventh column from the northwestcorner, a bit of rough brick the wall was placed parallel to the stylobate of the Square Peristyle. Measuring ca. 0.60 m. wide, it was preservedfor a length of ca. 2.10 m. and to a height of 0.20 m. Incorporatedwithin it was a reusedmarbleblock, and from a darkdepositto the north of the wall, apparentlyfrom the period of its use, came a fragmentof a moldmadebowl. Nearbywere two thin walls of rubblewhich extended into the court from south fromthe stance theof southface of the of ca. 1.95 m. before ending abruptly (PI. 19:a). Set ca. 0.95 m. apart, each wall was ca. 0.40 m. thick and was preserved to a height of ca. 0.20 m.; traces of crude brick were found on top of the stone socle. The walls in both the court and the colonnade rested on the latest floor but below the layer of mud brick left from the collapse of the north wall of the Square Peristyle(Layer23). At the opposite side of the building,a roughwall trenchwas found dug into the bedrocksurface of the south colonnade (P1.61). Runningeast-west from a pointjust southwestof Stoa pier 12, it was ca. 1.00 m. wide and 0.50 m. deep. The bottom and sideswere very irregular,and it was filledfull of firmly packed, gravelly earth from which the excavatorsextracted a few sherds dating as late as the 3rd century but not necessarilyany later. Nothing certain can be said of the plan or purpose of this wall or of those at the north;it is likelythat they representmakeshiftstructureserectedwithin the shell of the building. Their presencesuggeststhat the SquarePeristyleprobablyhad ceased to be kept up by the time they were constructed. Two other structuresoverlap the southeast corner of the Square Peristyle. One, the Brick Building,dating soon after the dismantlementof the Square Peristyle,is discussedbelow (pp. 107112);its predecessor,dating prior to the dismantlement,is describedin conjunctionwith it. OFTHESQUARE PERISTYLE DISMANTLEMENT

Earlyin the 2nd centurythe decisionwas made to dismantlethe SquarePeristyle.Its blockswere removedfrom the site, eventuallyto be used aroundthe middle of the centuryfor the constructionof South Stoa II, the final building to be erected in the complex that formed the South Square of the Agora.176 The date at which the blocks were removed from the Square Peristyleis provided 176

For the South Square complex, see AgoraXWV,pp. 65-71, plan on pl. 7; for the date of South Stoa II, see ibid., pp. 65-66 and AgoraXXII, p. 104 (DepositM-N 15:1).

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3. THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

process had by the large mass of fill spread over the area of the building once the dismandtling been completed. This materialwas used to help fill the robbed-outfoundation trenchesand more generallyto restorean orderlyappearanceto the area of the gutted structure.As part of this effort, the foundationsof the SquarePeristyleat the northwere left intact,where they continuedto serveas a retainingwall for both the originalconstructionfill of the Square Peristyleand the new material laid down over its floor. Considerableamountsof pottery and stampedamphora handles from this later fill indicate that it was spread over the site within the first quarterof the 2nd century. It is very similarto the fillingfound in a numberof cisternsand wells on the north slope of the Areopagos and to the buildingfill of the Middle Stoa. The significantoverlapin both the datesand the characteristicsof these depositshelps to confirm the view of a large reconstructionand remodelingeffortinvolvingthe eastern and southern sides of the Agora,beginningin the early2nd century(seepp. 153-165 belowfor discussionof the chronology of the fill over the floor of the SquarePeristyleand its relationshipto the otherfills). The fillingof the cisternsand wells indicatesthe destructionof what must have been severalshops and dwellingson the lower slopes of the Areopagosin the area immediatelysouth of the Agora. At approximatelythe same time, the Square Peristylewas taken apart, and not long afterwardsconstructionwas begun on the Middle Stoa, the first component of the South Square complex, which came to include the Middle Stoa, the East Building, South Stoa II, and the remodeled RectangularPeribolos. It seems likely, therefore, that the initiation of the South Square, the dismantlementof the Square Peristyle,and the leveling operationson the lower slopes of the Areopagos representessentiallya continuous planned activity,spread out over several years but part and parcel of a unified effort. It is significantin this regard that the Square Peristylewas dismantled early in this process, but its blocks were not actually used for another thirtyyears or so. Despite the long interval, the first action clearly anticipates the second and helps to confirm the continuity of planning over more than a generation. The early dismantlementof the Square Peristylealso suggeststhat these plans includednot only the materialof the SquarePeristylebut the land it occupied as well. It may well be, therefore, that the Stoa of Attalos, which was eventuallybuilt on this site, was envisioned before Attalos became king. Attalos, in fact, was in Athens, together with his elder brother Eumenes, in 178/7, when they won victories in the chariot races at the Panathenaia,177and it was probably on this occasion that equestrianstatues were set up in their honor just outside the Propylaia.178 It is possible that the project for the stoa that was later to bear Attalos'name was conceived at this time. The reason that it was not built sooner may have been that it was necessaryfirstto complete the stoa which Eumenes had dedicated on the south slope of the Akropolis.179Furtheranalysis of the fillsfrom the Areopagosand the Middle Stoa BuildingFill will help to confirm or modify this picture of the development of the area, and it is to be hoped that this will refine our knowledge about what was certainlythe largestprojectof urbanrenewalin Athens during the Hellenisticera. OTHERREMAINS

A numberof laterwallsof uncertaindateimpingeon the northeastcornerof the SquarePeristyle, in the area behind the Stoa of Attalos. Withinthe colonnadeare remainsof a buildingthat made use of at least part of the northerncolonnade of the Square Peristyle(Pls. 7:b, 61). The east wall of this structurefollowsthe line of the east outerwall;it is preservedin the section where that wall emerges 177 IG H2 2314, col. H, lines 83-90.

178W. B. Dinsmoor,"The MonumentofAgrippa at Athens"(lecture,Pittsburgh1919),abstractinAJA 24, 1920, p. 83. 179Travlos 1971, pp. 523-526.

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from the south face of the Late Roman FortificationWall. The southwall of the buildingextendsthe line of the north stylobateof the SquarePeristyleeastward.Its northwall presumablycoincidedwith the northwall of the SquarePeristyle;no trace of a west wall is preserved.A spurwall projectsnorth from the southwall into the area ofthe colonnadeof the SquarePeristyle;two poros blocksthat lie to the north of the spur also may belong but probablydid not have any structuralfunction, since they are not positioned in line with the spur wall. Only one course of the superstructureof the east wall of this building survives. It consists of reused blocks of hard, gray poros laid as stretchers,each block measuring ca. 1.30-1.33 x 0.650.67 x 0.45-0.46 m. The south wall was erected on a rubble foundation topped by conglomerate blocks;of the superstructurethere remain two courses of stretchersmade of blocks from the same seriesas those of the east wall. Directlyeast of the east wall, ca.2.00 m. north of the southeastcorner, are an additionalconglomerateblock and some brokenstone that may belong to an extensionof the building in this direction. The remains are greatly disturbedhere by a later north-south concrete wall (see below), so that nothing definitecan be said about the possiblecontinuationof the building to the east. The only evidence for the date of the structurecomes from a small test trench excavatedinside the south The consistedprimarilyof the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle,except for ofill wall. one fragmentof a long-petaledmoldmadebowl that may provide a clue to the date of construction. Since no developed long-petal-bowlfragmentswere found in the constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos (Deposit P-R 6-12), this building of reused blocks could conceivably date after the Stoa of Attaloshad been completed, and thereforeit may have abuttedagainstthe back wall of the Stoa. Remains of a second structureimpinge on the line of the east outer wall of the Square Peristyle at the southeastcornerof the buildingjustdescribed(Pls.7:b, 61). Preservedfor the entirelength are the foundations for its west wall, together with a trace of their return eastward at the north and south sides of the building. Midway along the line of this wall, at a level one course higher than the preservedfoundation, are two additionalblockswhich extend inton interior the of the building. These foundations do not quite align with those of the east outer wall of the Square Peristyle;at the north, they abut the survivingconglomerateblocks, butthe at onat south theythe line trespass of its robbed-outfoundationtrench. The foundationsof this buildingas they can be observedin their exposed portion consistmostly of largeblocksof softporos ande conglomerate. of A maximumoffive coursesis preserved,ca. 1.20 m. wide. The coursesare basicallylaid as headersand stretchers,althoughoften a packingof soft stones and broken blocks substitutesfor the ashlarconstruction. Both poros and conglomerateblocks are reused, those of conglomerate probably taken from the Square Peristyle;the poros, although of fine quality,is not similar to material found in the earlier building. It is most likely the west end of this buildingthat is preserved;originally,it would have extendedbeneath the unexcavatedarea to the east. It may have faced to the south, onto the road that passed by and that had led up to the Square Peristylein the middle of its east side. Of the interior arrangementof the later building little can be said. The foundationat the middle of the west wall may have servedfor either a pilaster terminatingan interiorcolonnadeor the startof an interiorwall. It would also suggestthat therewas no entrance on the west side. There is no satisfactoryevidence for the date either of constructionor of abandonment. The building obviously postdates the dismantlementof the Square Peristyle, although by how much is not certain. It would seem that it is also later than the structure overlying the northeast corner of the Square Peristyle. That building made conscious use of the remains of the Square Peristyle,more of which would appear still to have been in place than when the second building

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3. THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

was constructed.There is no bonding or overlappingof the two structuresthat would help to clarify their relationship. The third building within the northern half of the east colonnade of the Square Peristyle completelydestroyedthe two earlierstructures(Pls.7,61).180 That part which lies within the areaof the Square Peristyleconsistsof a length of concrete foundationsrunning north-south (with a small piece of a crosswallat the north in the area of the north colonnade). These foundations belong to a large Roman structureof the 2nd century after Christ, which occupies much of the area to the east of the Stoa of Attalos. Traces of its mosaic floor and three bases belonging to a colonnade are preserved farther east and south, at a much higher level. Its foundations in the area of the northeastcorner of the Square Peristylepresumablyare well below its floor level. That portion of the Square Peristylelying to the west of the Stoa was even more extensively disturbed in later times. The major structuresbuilt here include the Hadrianic Basilica and on , as well as the grading operations of the Early Roman period, Monopteros. Their c destroyed much of the stratigraphyrelating not only to the Square Peristyle but also to the Predecessors. Other remains from the period of the Stoa of Attalos and later include the Donor's Monument of the Stoa and the Bema, both erectedin frontof the middle of the Stoa, at the foot of its terrace wall (PI. 61). This area served as a convenient setting for various other monument bases as well, both large and small, erected over the course of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. To be includedin the EarlyRoman activityin the area is the constructionof a small steppedbase set up about twenty-sixmeterswest of the SquarePeristyle,oppositethe northernhalf of its west outerwall. The styleof its masonryindicatesthat it was originallyClassicalin date, but it was set at the level of the EarlyRoman floor of the Agora, and the Roman settinglettersinscribedon its blocks demonstrate that it is to be included among the many monumentsmoved into the Agora at this time.181 Finally,mention may be made of a cutting for a monument base located directlywest of the break in the west outer wall of the Square Peristyleand slightlyoff its axis (P1.61). Unlike all the other bases in front of the Stoa, it was oriented along the same lines as the Square Peristyleand would seem therefore to have been erected at some time during the life of the building.'82 The buildershad originallydug the foundationsfor it a littlecloserto the entranceto the SquarePeristyle, but they encountered a Mycenaean grave (Deposit 0 7:2), destroyingthe skull of the skeleton in the process. Apparently out of reverence for (or fear of?) the dead, they abandoned the original foundation trench at this point and dug instead a few meters to the west. Only two conglomerate blocks of the foundationsremained in the trench. The rest were removed in either Late Hellenistic or Early Roman times. 180 H. A.

Thompson 1950, p. 326; AgoraXXV, p. 66, pis. 6, 48:a. 181 H. A. Thompson 1952, p. 102. 182 The

only pottery found to help date its constructionis fill thrown back into the aborted foundation trench. The pottery is a mix of constructionfill of BuildingA and of the Square Peristyle.

4 THE BRICK BUILDING HE LATEST STRUCTURE to occupy the easternarea of the Agora prior to the construction of the Stoa of Attaloswas a small buildingthat partiallyoverlappedthe southeastcorner of the Square Peristyle.l Built of modest materials,mud brickon a socle of rubble, the structureconsisted of a simplerow of five shops dividedinto largerfrontand smallerback rooms. It enjoyedonly a short life; built after the Square Peristylewas dismantled,it was torn down for the constructionof the Stoa. It will have functioned,then, for less than a quarterof a century.

T

THE PREDECESSOR Beneath the floor of the BrickBuildingwere bare tracesof an earlierstructure.Its relationshipto the Square Peristylehas already been discussed(p. 54 above); it remains to describe the evidence for its plan. The most tangible remnant of the building was a length of Akropolis-limestonerubble wall runningeast-west below the north-southwall that dividedthe second and thirdshops (fromthe west) in the Brick Building (shops B and C, Fig. 14, P1. 61). At a distance of ca. 3.25 m. north of this wall, below the northwestcorner of the northern room belonging to shop C, was another very short stretch of wall. It was parallelto the first and made of the same limestone rubble;both wallswere 0.60 m. wide. To the north again, withinthe southcolonnade of the SquarePeristyle,was a shallow trench, also 0.60 m. wide, dug into bedrock (see Layer132). This, too, was parallel to the walls within rooms B and C. A second shallow trench, of equal width and at nearly a right angle to the first and to the walls, came to light below the floor of shop B of the Brick Building. Like the trench in the colonnade of the Square Peristyle,it was cut into the soft bedrock of the area. North of this trench and in line with it was a small bit of stone packinglaid on the firm filling within the trench for the south outer wall of the Square Peristyle. Although slight, these remains suggest a plan similar to that of the Brick Building, probably a row of rooms divided into larger front and smaller back compartments. Because of the rise in bedrock to the south, the building probablyfaced north, like the BrickBuildingwhich followedit.

THE BRICK BUILDING The BrickBuilding compriseda rectangularstructureca. 28.40 m. long and 9.48 m. wide, divided internallyinto five pairsof rooms (shopsA-E) placed in a row runningeast-west (Fig. 14, PI.61). The buildingfaced north. Behind, a retainingwall, set at a distanceof ca. 1.30 m., separatedthe structure from the rising ground to the south. Of each pair of rooms, the front one was square, measuring approximately5.00 m. on a side internally;the smaller,back room, while the same width as that at the front,wasjust 2.90 m. deep. The frontrooms were enteredthrougha doorway,1.95 m. wide, centeredin the northwall;a second, narroweropening at the west end ofthe dividingwall connected 1 For earlieraccounts of the excavationof this building,see H. A. Thompson 1950, p. 320; 1952, p. 101.

108

4. THE BRICKBUILDING

with the back rooms. In the southeastcorner of the westernmostback room (shopA), a small door led out into the narrow alley or corridorbetween the building and the retainingwall behind. REMAINS

The best preservedof the shops was B, lying beneath the center of the colonnade of the Stoa of Attalos, in the area of piers 8, 9, and 10 (P1. 19:b). Here the foundations and socle for all four main walls of the shop, as well as the dividingwall between its front and back rooms, were found almost completely intact. The portions of shops A and C immediately adjacent to B were also preserved;the western portion of shop A was destroyed by a false cut for the foundation trench of the Stoa stylobate,and the easternhalf of shop C was similarlydemolishedby the foundationsfor the shops of the Stoa of Attalos. Excavationbelow the floor of Stoa shop IX, however,did reveal the eastern wall of shop C. Behind the Stoa of Attalos, the remainsof the buildingwere largelyrobbed out. Only a few blocks and cuttings for the walls of shop E were preserved, enough to recover its plan and to confirm that the building did not continue farthereast. At the west, beneath the Stoa terrace, the line of the front wall of the Brick Building continued as a rough bedding, but the building itself cannot have extended this far because bedrock immediatelybehind the bedding lay ca. 0.30 m. higher than the floor level within the building; nor was there any indication of a dividing wall, back wall, or retaining wall in the area below the Stoa terrace. The cutting most likely representsa retaining wall like that to the south of the building. If shop A is reconstructed the same size as the other rooms, its west wall will lie under the foundations for the stylobate of the Stoa of Attalos, which will have obliteratedall tracesof it. Of the retainingwall behind the building, cuttingsand a few blocks remained back of shops A and B. Cuttingsand scatteredstones for the packingof the wall were also found behind shop E. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

Only the front wall of the Brick Buildingwas founded on blocks of cut stone. For this wall, a foundation trench ca. 0.25 m. deep was dug, and into it were set conglomerate blocks measuring ca. 1.30-1.40 x 0.70 x 0.35 m. Above, the superstructureof the wall began with a row of low orthostates,also of conglomerate, ca. 1.35 m. long, 0.45 m. thick, and 0.70 m. high. A rebate was carved on the top surface of the orthostates,along both front and back edges (Ill. 9). Measuring 0.05 m. high and 0.11 m. deep, this cutting served to hold a timber that acted as a sleeper at the junction of the orthostatesand mud-bricksuperstructure.2 The remainingwalls of the buildingconsistedof mud brickabove rubble-masonrysocles, which were either placed directlyon the floor of the buildingor else set into very shallowbeddings. Made up of rough masses of Akropolislimestone, with large stones below and smaller ones above, the socles of the partition walls measured 0.45 m. wide and 0.70 m. high; that of the back wall was higher, ca. 1.00 m., in order to accommodate the higher ground level of the corridorbehind the building. Brickswere preservedas high as three courses in places; measuringca. 0.07 m. in height and 0.45 m. in width, individualbrickswere bonded togetherwith a mortarof mud. At thejunction of socle and brick, a hollow was formed on both faces of the wall, creating a rebate similarto that in the top surfacesof the conglomerateorthostatesand likewiseundoubtedlymarkingthe position of a timber sleeper (Ill. 9). The main doorways centered in the northern wall of each room were accommodated with separate threshold blocks. Although none was found in situ, a block discovered nearby can be 2 CharlesK. Williams,II informsme of a similar arrangementin the xenon at Nemea; see Kraynak 1984, p. 124 for

brief mention of this featurein the xenon.

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attributedon the basisof its measurements(Ill.9). At 1.95 m. long, 0.70 m. wide, and 0.405 m. high, it fits precisely the gap for the one preserveddoorway,in the front wall of shop B.3 Its top surface is stepped, the narrower,inner portion of the threshold 0.045 m. lower than the outer. Close to each end of this lower part are rectangularcuttings to hold sockets for the door hinges; between these, set slightlyoff center,is a smallerrectangularcutting, a bolt hole. The outer,raised section of the thresholdis providedwith two cuttings,socketsfor the wooden doorjambs. The inner doorways 3 This block was not inventoried.

110

4. THE BRICKBUILDING

of the shops, connecting their front and back rooms, were narrower,ca. 0.95 m. wide. That in shop B was marked by a simple break at the west end of the dividing wall. In the same relative positionin shop C, the foundationsof the dividingwall carriedthroughbelow floor level but showed no trace of continuing higher. The doorway through the back wall of shop A had a slightlyraised, rubble threshold, again in order to accommodate the higher ground level in the corridorbehind the building. FLOORLEVELS ANDSTRATIGRAPHY

The line of the frontwall of the BrickBuildingcrossedover the outer edge of the southeastcorner of the SquarePeristyle,at a level ca. 1.30 m. higher than the bottom of its wall trench (P1.13:b).The foundationsof the front wall of the BrickBuildingwere set down through the layer of fill deposited over the floor of the Square Peristylewhen it went out of use (Layer122). Within the BrickBuilding, the floor was laid at a level 0.20-0.30 m. higher,necessitatingin places additionalpacking and fill (Layer134). This generally separated into two layers, distinguishedby a slightly defined working floor,and consistedvariouslyof clay,fieldstone,and fragmentsof poros architecturalblockstogether with a fair quantity of pottery. The flooringproper was best preservedin the northwestcorner of shop A and in the northernroom of shop B, where the excavatorfound it to be in perfectcondition, without any breakin its surfaceexcept where pier 9 of the Stoa ofAttalos had been sunk. It consisted of dug bedrock and crumbledbricks,which presumablyderived from the debrisof the predecessor to the BrickBuilding. The floor continued at the same level in all rooms; in none of the rooms did the excavatorsobserve any accumulationof floors. This is not surprising,consideringthe relatively short life of the structure. Behind the back wall of the building, in the narrow space between it and the retainingwall, the floor level lay some 0.40 m. higher. Directly overlying the floor of the corridorimmediately behind shop B was found a rubbish deposit characterizedby ash and carbon and many fragmentsof tablewareand associatedmaterial, includingterracottabraziers,which apparentlywere the sourceof the ash (Layer135). A fragmentof one of the pots was found within shop B where additionaltraces of ash lay on the floor, indicating that the dump derivedfrom the BrickBuildingitself. This materialappearsto have been discarded not long before the buildingwas demolished. A few broken Laconian roof tiles were found on top of the other material, and directly covering the deposit was the fallen brick from the walls of the building. In the northeastcorner of the frontroom for shop A lay anotherdepositon top of the floor, consistingof masses of iron slag. The destructionlayer,made up of decomposedmud brick,brokenroof tiles, and a few fragments of red and white stucco, extended over all the remains of the Brick Building in the area beneath the Stoa of Attalos, reaching in places a meter or more in depth. Immediately over it, without any interveninglayer,lay the constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos. Thus, the BrickBuildingwould seem to have stood until work started on the Stoa, and indeed this occasion must have been the immediate cause of its abandonment. WATER CHANNEL

Beneath the floor of the Brick Building ran a water channel with a direction of flow from southwest to northeast. Sections of it were uncovered in two areas within the building: below the floor of the southern room of shop B and in the middle of the northern room of shop C, at a point where the foundationtrenchof the Stoa ofAttalos intersectedthat room. The water channel continued back of the Stoa of Attalos where it emerged behind Stoa shop XI, turning in a more

THE BRICK BUILDING

11

northerlydirection,to extend approximately19.5 metersto a point behind Stoa shop XIV, where all furthertrace of it disappeared(P1.61). The channel clearlyantedatesthe BrickBuilding,althoughby how long is unclear. The builders of the BrickBuildingapparentlyhad found it in use and went to considerableeffortto accommodate it. The channel normallyconsistedof a tunnel in bedrockmeasuring1.16 m. high and 0.88 m. wide. Tnside,the tunnel was lined with heavy terracottatiles set on edge to form a rough arch (Il. 9). The space outside the tiles was packedwith stones. No water pipe was found in the channel formed by the tiles, either within the buiildingor in the area behind the Stoa. Where the channel passed under the dividingwall between shops A and B, the buildersof the BrickBuildingrebuiltit in stone using miscellaneousblocks of Akropolislimestone, poros, and conglomerate, the resultingpassage measuring 0.53 wide and 0.80 m. high (Ill. 9). In addition, the builders painstakinglyrepaired severalof the terracottatiles which had been broken. Near the southwest corner of the southern room of shop B, the channel passed over the side of an earlierwell of the late 5th centuryB.C. This well had apparentlylong been out of use, however, having been filled in before the middle of the 4th century(Deposit Q,10:4). DATE

The relationshipof the Brick Building to the south outer wall of the Square Peristyleis not significantfor its date, since that wall was never constructedand its foundation trench was filled not long afterthe SquarePeristylewas started. The date of the BrickBuildingis determinedinstead on the basisof the depositsfound in associationwith it. The fill over the floor of the SquarePeristyle, through which the foundationsfor the Brick Buildingwere cut (Layer122: Deposit Q 8-9), dates to the early2nd century,providingan approximateterminuspost quem.A closerdate is given by the fill under the floor of the Brick Building,which dates probably ca. 175-165 (Layer134: Deposit Q-R 10-11:1). The Stoa of Attaloswas built immediatelyfollowingthe demolitionof the BrickBuilding. Its constructionfill (Layer128: Deposit P-R 6-12) belongs early in Attalos' reign (159-138 B.C.), probably ca. 157. The Brick Building, therefore, will have enjoyed only a very short life. The chronology of the depositsrelatingto its date is discussedbelow (pp. 153-165). There is no specificevidence for the date of the predecessorof the BrickBuilding.As has already been pointed out (p. 54) in connectionwith the south outer wall of the SquarePeristyle,the building over the floor of the Square Peristyle,since this covered both the trench for must predate the fillthe the northernwall of the building and the stone packingfor its eastern wall. The building thus will have been built at a time when the three colonnades of the Square Peristylewere still standing, and this relationshipexplains its position along the southern edge of that structure,occupying the remaining level area before the rise in ground farthersouth. The Brick Building appears simply to have followedsuit and occupied the same space. This relationshipalso will explainthe apparently awkwardlocation of the BrickBuilding,pushed againstthe slope behind it when it would seem more logical for it to face the PanathenaicWay in the ample open space to the norththat had been opened up as a resultof the dismantlementof the SquarePeristyle. FUNCTION

Both the plan of the Brick Building and the nature of the finds found in conjunction with it indicate that the structureserved a commercialpurpose. The row of five identical units all open uniformlyonto the open area in front of the building. Of each pair of rooms, the larger one at the frontwould serve as the public area of the shop, connectingwith that at the rear,which would have afforded space for storage. Similar arrangementsare found in buildings elsewhere in the Agora.

112

4. THE BRICKBUILDING

Facing south onto the main east-west road that crossed near the northern edge of the Agora were two commercial establishments,each consisting of a double row of small rooms.4 In the area to the south of the Brick Building, there came to light a second series of Classical shops beneath the Roman Stoa that flankedthe road leading eastwardtowardsthe Marketof Caesar and Augustus.5 There again, the essentialplan consistedof a row of paired rooms, with connecting doorwaysin the dividing wall between. Yet another row of shops, accessible from the street that ran in front, is to be found in the northwest corner of the Agora, directly behind the Stoa Poikile.6 In all these instances,as in the BrickBuilding,the plans are well suited for small retail outlets. The natureof the findsdiscoveredin associationwith the BrickBuildingsupportsthis conclusion and suggestsa specificpurpose for at least some of the shops. The iron slag found in the front room of shop A may suggesta metalworkingenterprise.More tellingis the type of potteryfrom the debris throwninto the corridorfrom shop B, which suggeststhat food and wine may have been sold in this establishment.The fine ware included an oinochoe (284), a table amphora (285), a lagynos (286), a bowl (287), and a plate (288). In additionto these cataloguedpieces were more black-glazedbowls and fragmentsof moldmade bowls. The plain ware comprised at least three braziers (e.g., 292), a lekane (289), a mortar(290), a funnel (291), and a storageamphora (293). All these wares clearly bespeak an eating-and-drinkingestablishment. Moreover, the pottery found in the fill below the floor of the Brick Building (Deposit Q-R 10-11:1) was of similartype. Presumablycoming from its predecessor,this materialsuggeststhat the earlierstructuremay have served similarfare.7 4 Shear 1971, pp. 265-266; 1973a, pp. 138-144. The buildingswent througha number of phases, beginning about 480 and ending with the Sullan destructionin 86. 5 Shear 1975, pp. 346-361. 6 Shear 1984, pp. 43-50. 7 Grace (1985, p. 39) has suggested that the Brick Building may have acted as a storage shed when the Square Peristylewas being dismantled. According to her interpretation,it could have housed tools or building material on its way to be reused in the constructionof South Stoa II. Although Grace offers an interestingmodern parallel, the evidence of antiquity would seem to argue against such a function. The plan of the Brick Building is not conducive to storage,particularlyin the case of buildingblocks,which could never be hoistedthroughthe narrowdoorsin the front of the building. Moreover, the chronology of the Brick Building suggests that it was constructedafter the process of dismantlingthe Square Peristylehad been completed.

5 CATALOGUEOF ARCHITECTURALMEMBERS The followingabbreviationsare used: Diam.: diameter H.: height L.: length Th.: thickness.Distance from front to back may be expressedby Th. or W. W.: width p.: preserved max. p. dim.: maximum preserveddimension All measurementsare in metersunlessotherwisespecified. The range of a dimensionis indicatedby the minimum and maximum, separatedby a solidus,e.g., 0.030/0.035.

THE PREDECESSORS Archi (A 1974) Ionic column base Ill. 10, Pls. 6:b, 20 H. 0.300; max. Diam. 0.569; Diam. (restingsurface) 0.485. Complete. Built into southern wall of Building C, east of Stoa pier 18. Bibliography:L. S. Meritt, "Some Ionic Architectural Fragmentsfrom the AthenianAgora,"in StudiesinAthetoHomer Presented andTopography nianArchitecture, Sculpture A. Thompson (HesperiaSupplement 20), 1982 [pp. 8292], p. 88, pl. 13:e; eadem,"The Geographical Distribution of Greek and Roman Ionic Bases," Hesperia 38, 1969 [pp. 186-204], p. 188, pl. 49:c; B. WesenBonnerahrbiicher undBasen(Beihefteder berg, Kapitelle 32), Dtisseldorf1971, no. 17, p. 119, fig. 252. Lower spira and upper torus carved together from the same block. Torus faceted horizontally,with a simple concave moldingat top edge. Spirafinishedcarefullywith a toothed chisel; torus finely smoothed. Top and bottom surfaceshave neat anathyrosis.At the time of excavation, traces of red paint were visible on the horizontal facets, green paint on the concave molding; both colors have now disappeared.Pentelic marble. Compare, from the Agora, A 384 (Shoe 1936, p. 146, pl. LXIV:9). Compare also the column base from the porch of the Oikos of the Naxians, Delos (P.Courbin,ExdeDdlos,XXXIII, L'OikosdesNaxiens, plorationarchlologique Paris 1980, pls. 23, 70-72); the column base from Sangri

(Marmaria),Naxos (BCH 79, 1955, p. 291, fig. 16; Wesenberg, op.cit.,no. 16, p. 119, fig. 251; Courbin, op.cit., pl. 73:1-3). Arch2 (A 2013) Wall block L. 1.45;W. 0.745; H. 0.225. Complete. Layer38.

IIl. 10, PI. 20

Resting surface dressed smooth. Front and back faces have stippledpanelssurroundedby smoothedbands;front face also has projecting boss at left end. Top surface rough picked, perhaps to carry brick. Bluish white marble. Probablyused originallyin stringcourseabove orthostates;may have been reused in entrance to BuildingC. Ill. 10, P1.20 Arch3 (A 2406) Wall block L. 0.48; W. 0.48; H. 0.232. Complete. Built into east wall of BuildingE at its southernend. Front and left faces dressedwith fine stipplingexcept for smoothed band, 0.030/0.035 m. wide, along top and adjacentverticaledges. Right and backfacesfinishedwith toothed chisel, top surface with combination of toothed chisel and point. Pentelicmarble. Arch4 (A 2405) Ionic column drum Ill. 10, PI. 21 P.H. 0.425; Diam. (lower)0.405; Diam. (upper)0.386; W. of flutes 0.076/0.079; W. of fillets0.011/0.014.

114

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

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ILL.10. Archl (A 1974),Arch2 (A 2013), Arch3 (A 2406), and Arch4 (A 2405) Brokenabove, below, and on one side. Built into east wall of BuildingE. Drum of sixteen flutes; careful bedding for repair of one fillet. Smoothly dressed; workmanship of fine quality. Pentelic marble. Arch5 (A 2725) Column Pls. 21, 62 section: Diam. Lower H. 1.645; (a) (lower)0.48/0.50; Diam. (upper)0.46.

(b)Upper section: H. 2.833; Diam. (lower)0.46; Diam. (upper)0.375. Two complete, contiguouscolumn drums. Foundlying togetheron floor of graveledcourt in front of (north of) Building D, beneath constructionfill of Square Peristyle(Layer121). Both drums unfluted. (a) Lower 0.20 m. of drum unfinished; shallow cutting in center of bottom surface, filled with lead for use with compass; (b) shallow cutting,

THE PREDECESSORS

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0.08 x 0.08 x 0.011 m., in lower resting surface. Soft, brown poros. Arch6 (A 1633) Column drum P1.21 P.H. 0.768; Diam. (lower)0.309; Diam. (upper)0.304. Part of shaft with lower restingsurfacepreserved. Layer80. Unfluted; stippled surface, prepared to receive stucco. Hard, gray poros. Arch7 (A 1634) Column drum P1.21 P.H. 0.36; est. Diam. (lower)0.36; est. Diam. (upper) 0.35. Part of shaftwith lower restingsurfacepreserved. Layer121. Unfluted; stippled surface, prepared to receive stucco. Lower resting surface finished with toothed chisel; part of a dowel cutting preservedin center (ca.0.06 x 0.06 x 0.043 m.). Hard, light-buffporos. Arch8 (A 1645) Wall crown P.L.0.87; W. 0.77; H. 0.223.

W.B.D.,JR. 1968

PI. 20

Broken at one end; top and bottom surfacesrecut. Reused as antabase in northeastentranceof BuildingC. Other blocks from the same series also incorporatedinto BuildingC: A 1975, A 2014, A 2729, A 2730. Cf. AgoraXIV, pp. 62, 64, fig. 20 on p. 63, pl. 42:a. Arch9 (A 1668) Laconianroof tile PI. 22 Max. p. dim. 0.15. Inscribedfragmentof a pan tile, broken all around. Layer85. Pale yellowish buff fabric with no visible inclusions. Glazed brown on uppersurface. Inscribedin creampaint over the brown glaze: PA. ArchlO (A 2011) Laconian roof tile PI. 22 Max. p. dim. 0.254. Fragmentof cover tile, preservingone edge. From tile-linedpit in floor of Building C. Pinkish buff clay with reddish brown and a few white inclusions. Pinkishbrown glaze wash on upper surface. Paintedin pale buff clay on upper surface:TO In.

116

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

Archl

P1.22 (A 1887) Mosaic-pavement fragment Max. p. dim. 0.50; Th. 0.14. Brokenall around but full thicknesspreserved. Found in fill overlyingfoundation blocks in trench for west outer wall of Square Peristyle,at southern point of break in line of trench (no layer number;lot E 722). Other fragmentsof the same mosaic found in Layers96, 144, Deposits P 10:3, Q9-10:1. A bedding of rough, fist-sizedstones over which a layer of cement has been poured; flat, water-smoothedstones set on edge in the cement, the surface ground down smooth and flat. The stones, rangingin color from white to darkgray,form no pattern.

Il. 11, Pl. 22 Archl2 (A 2452) Wall plaster H. (stringcourse)0.174. Fragmentsfound throughoutDeposit O-R 7-10 (ConstructionFill, Square Peristyle). Fragmentsof colored wall plaster mending up to form three or perhaps four courses of imitation wall masonry: orthostate course, string course, wall proper, possible single fragmentof toichobate. Orthostatecourse: blackwith draftedmargin0.035 m. wide around edges. String course: white with raisedcentral panel decorated by stippling. Wall surface proper: red. Toichobate(?):black,like orthostatecourse, but with deeper draftedmargin. All joints indicatedby incision. Cf. V. J. Bruno, "Antecedentsof the Pompeion First Style,"AJA73, 1969 [pp. 305-317], p. 316.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE The materialin each case is the travertinelikelimestone used throughoutthe Square Peristyle,unless noted otherwise. STEPBLOCKS (Arch13-Archl7) Archl3 (A 4768) Ill. 12, P1.23:a, b P.L. 1.248; W. 0.589; H. 0.357. Right end preserved;broken at left. Reused in forecourtof Stoa Basileios. Front face: left rough except along edge at right and bottom. Top worn smooth. Resting surface: finished at right, left rough at left except for smoothed strip along front edge. Back face: not visible. Archl4 (A 4769) Ill. 12, P1.23:a, b P.L. 1.255; W. 0.575; H. 0.362. Left end preserved;broken at right. Reused in forecourtof Stoa Basileios. Top worn smooth. Back face worn smooth. Resting surface: finished at left end, left rough at right except for smoothed strip along front edge. Front face: left rough except along edge at bottom (end at left not visible; entirefrontface cannot be measuredwith blockin current position). Archl5 (A 4770) Ill. 12, P1.23:a, b EL. 1.432; W. 0.536; H. 0.290. Fragmentfrom middleportion of block;brokenleft and right. Reused in forecourtof Stoa Basileios.

Front face: finished with fine-toothed chisel except for narrowunfinishedstrip, ca. 0.04/0.06 m. high, along top edge. Top worn smooth. Back face: finished. Resting surface: left rough except at right (finishedbefore break) and along front edge for a width of ca. 0.19 m. Archl6 (A 4771) Ill. 12, PI. 23 P.L. 2.710; W. 0.582; H. 0.358. Brokenleft and right, except for front corner. Reused in forecourtof Stoa Basileios. Top: worn and weathered from reuse. Back face worn smooth. Resting surface: finished at right end for a distance of 0.795 m. and at left before break; middle portion left rough except for finished strip along front edge. Frontface: not visible. Archl7 (A 4772) Ill. 12, Pl. 23 P.L. 1.270; W. 0.570; H. 0.360. Left end preserved;broken at right. Reused in forecourtof Stoa Basileios. Front face: left unfinished except for edges at left and bottom; now much worn. Top: finished with toothed chisel at left, raised protective surfaceworked with point at right. Resting surface: raised and rough, except at left end (finishedfor ca. 0.76 m.) and along stripat front edge. Back face: not visible.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

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ILL.12. Step blocksArchl3 (A 4768), Archi4 (A 4769), Archl5 (A 4770), Archl6 (A 4771), and Archl7 (A 4772)

COLmNS ANDCAPITALS(Archl8-Arch24)

I1. 13, PI. 24 Archl8 (A 3289) Column drum ?0.910. P. H. 0.296; est. Diam. Smallpart of restingsurfaceand two flutesfrombottom drum. Disturbed context, South Stoa II. Resting surface has delicate relieving surface. Flutes finished neatly with drove chisel to a height of 0.075 m., more carelesslyabove. P1.24 Archl9 (A 2096) Column drum P.H. 0.44; W. of flute 0.12. Partsof two flutes preserved;trace of third. Context of 3rd century after Christ, area of South Stoa II. Finishedwith toothed chisel. Coarse-grainedshellylimestone. Replacement drum in South Stoa II.

P1.24 Arch20 (A 2927) Column drum Max. p. dim. 0.12. Partsof two flutespreserved. Context of mid-3rdcenturyafterChrist, South Stoa II. Carelessworkmanship. Coarse-grainedshelly limestone. Replacementdrum in South Stoa II. Arch21 (not inventoried) Column Ills. 4, 13, P1. 17:a drum P.H. 0.304/0.312; p.W. 0.431/0.523. Center part of drum only; recut as squaredblock. In situon stylobateat east end of South Stoa II. From original use: empolion cutting and incised line indicating diameter on top surface (the latter no longer visible but recorded at time of finding). From reuse: clamp cuttingson top surface;clamp cutting and channel on restingsurface.

118

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

A 3269 o

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InL. 13. Column drumsArchl8 (A 3289) and Arch21 (withuninventoriedblock at left)

119

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

Exact provenance unknown (from marble pile near middle of east side of Odeion of Agrippa [N 10-11]). Relieving surfaceon underside. Four annulets. Exposed surfaces polished smooth; resting surface finished with drove chisel. Fine workmanship. A smallsliverfrom the same seriesof capitalswas found in a context of the mid-3rdcenturyafterChristin the area of South Stoa II (A 2926). Ill. 15, P1.24 Arch23 (A 4093) Capital H. 0.325; est. Diam. ?0.720. Fragmentpreservescomplete height, includingpartsof two flutes,annulets,startof echinus. Modern context. Relieving surface on underside. Four annulets. Bottom finished with combination of toothed and drove chisel. Face finished smooth; top surface finished with toothed chisel. Fine workmanship.

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ILL. 14. Column capitalArch 22

Ill. 16, PI. 24 Arch24 (A 1664) Pilastercapital H. 0.239; max. p.L. 0.255; max. p.W. 0.140. Front right-hand corner, preserving complete hawksbeak profile. Exact provenance unknown (from marble pile near south end of Stoa of Attalos).

Ill. 14, P. 24 Arch22 (A 2006) Capital P.H. 0.20; est. Diam. 0.767. Fragment preserving parts of resting surface, three flutes, and annulets.

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W.B.D.,JR.- 1988

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

120

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A 2922 ILL.17. EpistyleblocksArch25 (A 2925), Arch26 (A 1824), and Arch27 (A 2922). Scale of profile 1:2

121

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

III.17 Arch27 (A 2922) Epistyle(?):hawksbeak molding P.L.0.12; H. (of hawksbeak)0.0415. Fragmentof hawksbeakmolding, possiblyfrom crowning molding of back face of epistyle. Area of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rdcenturyafter Christ. Darkenedby fire.

EPISTYLE (Arch25-Arch28) 111.17, P1.25 Arch25 (A 2925) P.H. 0.13. Smallfragmentfromupperleft cornerpreservinggutta, part of regula, and tainia. In frontof east half of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. Face finishedcarefullywith drove chisel, top surfacewith toothed chisel;smooth anathyrosisband.

Arch28 (A 3500) Epistyle(?):hawksbeakmolding P.L.0.141; H. (of hawksbeak)0.04. Fragmentof hawksbeakmolding, possiblyfrom crowning molding of back face of epistyle. Area of South Stoa II, constructionfill of Stoa.

Ill. 17, P1.25 Arch26 (A 1824) P.L.0.17. Small fragment, broken all around, preserving two guttae, regula, and lower edge of tainia. Disturbedfill, area of Square Peristyle. Finishedcarefullywith drove chisel.

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ILL.18. Frieze blocks Arch29 (A 1973), Arch30 (A 2924), Arch31 (A 2346), Arch32 (A 2923), Arch33 (A 2185), and Arch34 (A 2239)

122

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

FRIEZF(Arch29-Arch41)

I1L.18, Pl. 25 Arch29 (A 1973) PL. 0.376; p.H. 0.196. Fragment with upper part of triglyph and adjacent metope. Exact provenance unknown: from marble dump. Exposed surfacesfinished with drove chisel, top surface with toothed chisel. Arch30 (A 2924) Ill. 18 P.L.0.15. Fragmentof face of metope and tainia above. In front of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. On top, relieving surface. Face of tainia finished with toothed chisel, that of metope with drove chisel. Arch31 (A 2346) Ill. 18 P.H. 0.30; p.L. 0.315; p.W. 0.265. Fragmentpreservingpart of left half of triglyphand top surfaceof block. Area of South Stoa II; exact context uncertain. On top, dowel hole and dowel with cement encasement. Exposed surfacesfinishedwith drove chisel. Arch32 (A 2923) Il. 18, P1.25 P.H. 0.233. Fragmentfrom the lower left corner of triglyph. Area of South Stoa H, context of mid-3rdcenturyafter Christ. Fascia finished with toothed chisel, channels with drove chisel;restingsurfacefinishedwith toothed chisel. Arch33 (A 2185) 11.18 P.H. 0.17. Fragmentof outer glyph, broken all around. Exact provenance unknown; probably from Late Roman FortificationWall. Traces of blue paint; faces finishedwith drove chisel. Arch34 (A 2239) Ill. 18, PI. 25 P.H. 0.12. Fragmentpreservingsmall part of resting surfaceand face of triglyph. Fromdestructiondebrisoverlyingfloorof South Stoa II. Relieving surface on underside. Fascia finished with toothed chisel, adjacentchannelswith drove chisel. Arch35 (A 2931) Max. p. dim. 0.15. Fragmentof tainia and glyph.

P1.25

In front of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. Toothed-chiseledsurfaces. Arch36 (A 2420) Ill. 19, P. 26 P.L.0.643; H. 0.660. Fragment of triglyph block from a reentrant angle. Badly broken and weathered. Immediately northwest of the Rectangular Peribolos; exact context uncertain,probablyHellenisticfill. Bibliography: H. A. Thompson 1955, p. 53: incorrectly attributedto the SouthwestFountainHouse. Arch37 (A 3387) Ill. 19, Pl. 26 L. 1.671/1.676; W. 0.457; H. 0.660. Complete. Moved from position in Hadrianic water basin (cf. Arch38); currently set up against back wall at east end of South Stoa II. First block next to reentrant-angletriglyph block. Triglyph flanked by metope on either side. Ends of block finished carefully with point; upper half projects with chamfered front edge, lower half cut square. Left end of block: shift cutting near top edge and at bottom; right end: shiftmarknear top edge only. Top surface:relieving margin along front edge; dowel cutting, with pry hole positionedat right end; swallowtail-clampcutting at back edge toward right end. Front face finished with drove chisel, underside with toothed chisel. Back face worn before latest reuse. Arch38 (A 3386) P1.26 L. 1.66;W. 0.46; H. 0.660. Triglyphwidth 0.400; metope width 0.595. Apparently complete but not fully visible in present position. In situas incorporatedin distributingbasin of Hadrianic watersystem,at west edge of PanathenaicWay opposite southwestcorner of Eleusinion. First block next to reentrant-angletriglyph block. Like Arch37 except for swallowtail-clampcutting positioned on top surfacetowardsleft end ratherthan right;pry hole supplementedby two secondary cuttings. Ear of glyph preserved. Lewis hole reused as dowel cutting, with lead encasementwithinhole. Backface not visible(coatedwith cement). Arch39 (A 3569) Ill. 20, PI. 27:a, b P.L.2.295; p.W. 0.404; p.H. 0.498. Broken or recut at left, right, top, and back; top and much of front and back face not visible with block in currentposition.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

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5. CATALOGUEOF ARCHITECTURAL MEMEBERS

124

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ILL. 20.

Epistyleblocksreusedin the south outerwall of th-eMarketof Caesarand Augustus:Arch39 (A 3569), Arch4O (A 3570), and Arch4l (A 3571)

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE Reused in south outer wall of Market of Caesar and Augustus. Block of three triglyphsand two metopes. Relieving surface 1.208 m. in length along centralportionof underside. Cutting for shift bar at middle of undersideat back edge. From an intermediateperiod of use: four dowel holes on bottom surface. Front face of block finishedwith toothed chisel except for channels of triglyphs,finished carefully with point. 11. 20, P1.27:a, b Arch4O (A 3570) P.L 1.625; p.W. 0.400; p.H. 0.493. Broken or recut at left, right, top, and back; top and much of front and back face not visible with block in currentposition. Reused in south outer wall of Market of Caesar and Augustus. Block of three triglyphs and two metopes. Relieving surface along central portion of underside. Cutting for shift bar at middle of underside at back edge. From an intermediate period of use: two small dowel holes on bottom surface and two L-shaped cuttings in back face, presumablyfor bars. Faces of metopes finishedwith toothed chisel, those of triglyphswith drove chisel. Arch4l (A 3571) Ill. 20, P1.27:a, c P.L 1.98; p.W. 0.408; p.H. 0.515/0.520. Broken or recut at left, right, top, and back; top, back, and left end not visible with block in currentposition. Reused in south outer wall of Market of Caesar and Augustus. Block of three triglyphsand two metopes. Relieving surface 1.215 m. in length along centralportionof underside. Cutting for shiftbar at middle of undersideat back edge. From an intermediate period of use: two small dowel holes on bottom surface. Face of metope finished with toothed chisel, those of triglyphswith drove chisel. GEISON1 (Arch42-Arch61) Arch42 (A 1608) Ill. 21, Pl. 28 P.L.0.410; p.W. 0.603; p.H. 0.289/0.293.

125

Fragmentofmutule and via with bed moldingand drip; smallpart of restingsurface. Reused in Byzantinehouse wall. Surfacesare worn, but compassmarksand tracesof drove chisel are visible on two guttae. Arch43 (A 2330) l. 21,Pl. 28 P.L.0.49. Fragmentof overhang with most of one mutule, part of bed molding and drip. Originalprovenanceunknown;from marblepile. Hard limestone. Probablya replacementpiece in South Stoa II. Arch44 (A 2918) P. 28 Max. p. dim. 0.127. Fragmentof mutule with two guttae. In front of South Stoa H, context of mid-3rd century afterChrist. Inferiorworkmanship.Soft shellylimestone. Presumably a replacementin South Stoa II. Arch45 (A 2210) PI. 28 P.L.0.115; p.W. 0.125; p.H. 0.094. Fragment of mutule preserving two guttae, parts of third. Above floorof South Stoa II, context of late 3rdcentury after Christ. Trace of blue paint on underside of mutule, of red on fasciaabove. Surfacesfinishedwith drove chisel. Arch46 (A 3400) Ill. 22, P1.28 P.L.0.998; p.W. 0.535; p.H. 0.29. Fragmentof back part of blockpreservingbed molding and trace of two viae; recut as water channel. Originalprovenanceunknown;from marblepile. nl-clampcuttings(downturnedends only) on top surface. Channel cut in originalunderside. Cf. Arch47 for similarchannel.

1 A total of thirty-fiveblocks or fragmentsof blocks from the geison course of the Square Peristylewas recovered within the limits of the Agora excavation and entered in its inventory of finds; in addition, two pieces have been discoveredscatteredalong the south slope of the Akropolis. Most were extremelyfragmentary,very small in size, and recognizable largely by their material and perhaps one or two salient dimensions. They have not been included in the following catalogue; only those which preserve distinctivefeatures significantfor the reconstructionand history of the buildingare listed. The inventoriedfragmentsnot includedare A 1372, A 1926, A 2028, A 2235, A 2400, A 2895, A 2915, A 2916, A 2917, A 2920, A 2929, A 2930, A 3509, A 3578, A 4196, A 4854, A 4855.

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

126

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Arch47 (A 1609) Ill. 23, PI. 28 EL. 0.55; p.W. 0.845; H. 0.333. Fragment from left side of block, preserving much of back part and a little of overhang including bed molding. From Byzantinehouse wall. Trace of fl-clamp(downturnedend only) on top surface; in left end, dowel hole and vertical channel with cement encasement. From period of reuse: channel and settling basin cut into top of block. Cf. Arch46 for similarchannel. Arch48 (A 3399) Ills. 24, 26, Pls. 26, 29 L. 1.004; W. 1.201; H. 0.289/0.328. Complete except for tip of crowningmolding, back left and right corners. First reused as furniture support in East Building of South Square complex; later incorporated in monument base of 1stcenturyB.C.or 1stcenturyafterChrist, at east end of terraceof Middle Stoa. Two mutulesand two viae, beginningwith halfmutulesat each end. Cyma-reversabed molding, Doric hawksbeak

crown. Top surface: flat, stepped down at front; four nI-clamp cuttings,two in lower forwardportion, two near back corners;two mason'smarks,FX and vr, at frontleft and right corners respectively; shallow depression near middle of top, close to front edge; from first period of reuse, four square cuttings at corners, the two at the rear largely obscuringthe fl-clamp cuttings there. Right end: dowel hole; cuttingsfor shift bars at top and bottom edges. Left end: dowel hole with vertical pour channel preservingcement encasement;cutting for shift bar near top edge. Fine workmanship: visible parts and resting surfacefinished with drove chisel; top of block smoothly finishedon lower frontportion,less smooth on raisedback part;fine anathyrosison right end, not so well carvedbut adequate at left. Cf. AgoraXIV, pl. 40:a. Arch49 (A 2896) Max. p. dim. 0.146. Fragmentof crowningmolding. From Late Roman FortificationWall. Cutting for patch at right and at bottom.

Ills. 25, 27

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

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127

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ILL.22. Geison block Arch46

Il. 25 Arch5O (A 1946) Max. p. dim. 0.186. Fragmentof drip and mutule preservingone gutta and trace of second. Modern context. Surfaces finished with drove chisel. Compass mark on gutta.

Ill. 26 Arch51 (A 172) PW. 0.31. Fragmentof overhang from left side of block with part of half-mutule. Modern context. On top, nearleft corner,mason'smark:E. Compassmarks on threeguttae. Exposed surfacesfinishedwith drove and toothed chisel.

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

128

I

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II I

I II

II II LI

0

I

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1,00 METER

W.B.D.,JR.-1966 ILL.23. Geison block Arch47

111.26 Arch52 (A 2735) P.L. 0.335; p. W. 0.36. Fragmentof overhangfrom left side of blockwith most of half mutule and via. Modern context. On top, near left corner, mason's mark: I. Exposed surfacesfinishedwith toothed chisel.

Arch53 (A 1936) Ill. 26 P.L. 0.38; p.W. 0.395. Fragmentof overhang from left end of block with part of half mutule and via. Originalprovenance unknown;from marble dump.

Top surface: near front left corner, mason's mark: K; near breakat rear, nl-clampcuttingand cuttingfor patch. Tracesof red paint on via and fasciaabove it;white primer on mutule and on undersideof drip;trace of blue on side of mutule (recordedat time of finding;no longer visible). Arch54 (A 4185) P.L.0.315; p.H. 0.207. Fragmentof overhang at right end of block. Modern context.

Ml.26

Tracesof red paint (recordedat time of finding;no longer visible). On top, mason's mark:A. Exposed surfacesfinished with drove chisel, top surface with toothed chisel; anathyrosis band made partly with drove, partly with toothed chisel.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

129

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ILL.24. Geison block Arch48

1,50 METERS METERS

130

5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

pi Ft-

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ILL. 25.

,20 1 M

Geison fragmentsArch49 (A 2896) and Arch50 (A 1946)

Arch55 (A 2921) 11.27 P.L.0.20; H. (ofhawksbeak)0.029. Fragment of hawksbeak crowning molding together with small part of top surfaceof block. In frontof east half of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. Arch56 (A 1476) Ill. 27 P.L.0.095; H. (of hawksbeak)0.029. Fragmentof hawksbeakcrowningmolding. Deposit Q 8-9. Fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle. Hawksbeakwith tracesof blue and red Doric-leafpattern painted directlyon stone without undercoat. Arch57 (A 2414) 11.27 P.L.0.125; H. (of hawksbeak)0.030. Fragmentof hawksbeakcrowningmolding. Deposit P-R 6-12. Constructionfill of Stoa of Attalos. Hawksbeakwith tracesof blue and red Doric-leafpattern painted over white undercoat.

Arch58 (A 1963) P.H. 0.22. Small fragmentof mutule and via. From a post-antique house wall in area of South Stoa II. Traces of red paint on via, blue on mutule. Arch59 (A 2320) P.L.0.28; p.H. 0.19. Fragmentof mutule and via. Uncertain provenance. Tracesof red paint on via, blue on mutule (latterrecorded at time of finding;no longer visible). Arch60 (A 2422) Max. p. dim. 0.12. Small fragmentof mutule. Deposit P-R 6-12. Constructionfill of Stoa of Attalos. Trace of blue paint on soffitof mutule.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

131

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5. CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS

132

A 2414

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ILL.27. Geison hawksbeaksand fragmentsof painted decoration

Arch61 (A 3313) P.H. 0.22. Fragmentof mutule. Foundationsfor western side of colonnade of Rectangular Peribolos,context of the 2nd centuryB.C. ROOFTI.Fs (Arch62, Arch63) P1.30 Arch62 (A 2928) Corinthianpan tile Max. p. dim. 0.18. Fragmentfrom lower right corner of tile. In frontof east half of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. Buff clay with brown and white inclusions;no surfacing. Arch63 (A 2929) Corinthiancover tile P1.30 P.L.0.255; W. 0.176; H. 0.087. Fragmentfrom lower end. In frontof east half of South Stoa II, context of mid-3rd century after Christ. Buff clay with brown and white inclusions;fired orange. Potter'smark on upper surface.

CISTERN SYSTEM (Arch64-Arch67) Arch64 (A 2413) Terracottawater pipe P1.30 (a)EL. 0.64; inner Diam. 0.12; outer Diam. 0.192. (b)P.L.0.37; outer Diam. 0.20. Fragmentsof two lengths of pipe: (a) complete except for end with inset flange, cemented within fragmentb; (b) about one-half remains, with inset flange of fragment a inside. Found in situin channel between Donor's Monument and Bema. Endsflaringwith collarsoffsetinside at one end, outsideat oppositeend. Gritty,red fabricwith darkbrownand white inclusions, yellowish buff surfacing. Fragmentsa and b originallyjoined togetherwith white plastercement. Same seriesas Arch65, Arch66. Another length from same area: A 2411. Arch65 (A 2424) Terracotta III.28, P1.30 water pipe L. 0.71. Complete length of pipe with fragment of next length cemented to it at one end.

133

THE SQUARE PERISTYLE

I

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R.F.T. - 1989

IL. 28. Terracottaintakepipe Arch65 for Cistern Q 9-10.:1 Foundinsitu;intakepipe leadinginto southernpassageway of Cistern Q 9-10:1 under foundationsfor terrace of Stoa of Attalos. Endsflaringwith collarsoffsetinsideat one end, outsideat opposite end. Lengthsof pipe fastenedwith white plaster. Gritty,red fabricwith darkbrown and white inclusions. Same series as Arch64, Arch66. Arch66 (A 1686 a-c) Terracottawater pipe PI. 30 P.L.(a) 0.62; inner Diam. 0.11; outer Diam. 0.205. Three fragmentsfrom two lengths of pipe. Found immediately south of foundation trench for south outer wall of Square Peristyle,just inside (east of) foundations for the terrace of the Stoa of Attalos. Set in line running east-west; pipes disturbed.

Ends flaringwith collars offset inside at one end, outside at opposite end. Gritty, red fabric with dark brown inclusions,yellowishbuff surfacing.No water deposit. Same seriesas Arch64, Arch65. Arch67 (A 2431) Terracottawater pipe PI. 30 P.L.0.45; inner Diam. ca. 0.26. Fragmentsof two pipesjoined end to end. Foundinsitu;originalintakepipe leading into southern passagewayof CisternQ 9-10:1 under foundationsfor terraceof Stoa of Attalos. Wide flangewith collarat one end; flangeonly at opposite end. Thin brownglaze on collarand in band aroundpipe. Lengthsfastenedtogetherwith lead. Heavywaterdeposit, as much as 0.01 m.

PARTII CHRONOLOGY

6 CHRONOLOGY THIS

SECTION ON CHRONOLOGYpertainsto the potteryand other objectsfound in

the stratifiedcontexts that relate to the history of the various structurespresented in Part I. Cataloguedobjects(identifiedby bold numbers)are described,with referencesto comparanda,in the Catalogueof Pottery(pp. 166-206). Materialnot includedin the catalogueis identifiedby the number of the depositor stratigraphicunit (layer,level, etc.) in which it was found. Additionaldescription of this materialis provided in the Stratigraphicand Deposit Summaries(pp. 209-232 below). EARLY STRUCTURES ALTARBASE

The absolute dates of the structuresbuilt in the northeastsector of the Agora after the Persian sack of 479 are dependent on the potteryfound in variousstrataassociatedwith their construction. Layers1-6, relating to the earliest feature, the round altar base, produced considerable ceramic evidence, of which 1-9 provide a selection. Altogether,this material,which includes both figured and black-glazedwares, consistentlydates from the late 6th century to ca. 480, with one or two pieces perhapsslightlylater. Althoughfarless abundantand more fragmentary,it is similarto that in the dumped fillingsof the wells at the southern end of the Stoa of Attalos that were abandoned as a result of the Persian destructionand correspondsto those deposits both in the types of pottery representedand the chronologyindicatedby the individualshapes.1 Only 9 possiblymay represent an intrusion. Although the delicate qualityof this pyxis accordswith a date in the early 5th century, it has been remarkedthat its shape seems unusualfor that time,2 and it may be noted that Layer2, from which it came, was dug into during the 4th century by the builders of the Square Peristyle in search of blocks to reuse in their foundations. One other stratumof value for the date of the altaris Deposit Q 7:1, a small pit located about two meters away, directlynorth of the stylobateof the Square Peristyle,beneath the corner where these foundationsintersectthose of the Stoa of Attalos(P1.62). Dug into bedrockimmediatelybelow Layer6, that into which the altarwas set, the pit containedblack-figuredfragmentsas late as ca.500.3 As the pottery from Layer6 confirms, it was not long after this date that the pit was covered and the altar constructed.4 RUBBLESTRUCTURES

Overall, very little ceramic materialwas recovered to help in dating the various rubble walls whose constructionresulted in the demolition of the round altar. Those for which the evidence is most securelay under the northernend of the terraceof the Stoa ofAttalos where the stratification 1 Cf. pp. 13-14 above, with referenceto Deposits Q 12:3, R 12:1, and R 12:4. AgoraXII, pp. 178 and 328 (underno. 1309). 3 Cf. AgoraXXIII, nos. 57 (pl. 7), 83 (pl. 10),447, 768 (pl. 72), 833, 1785 (pl. 114), 1826 (pl. 117), and p. 335. 4 Two other pits in the area date to the same general period: Deposit P 7:6 below the west drain of the Square Peristyleand Pit 155 in the northeastcorner of the firstextension of the Stoa terrace. 2

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was found relativelyintact. Their constructionappears to span the period ca. 430-400. Pottery from beneath the lowest floor levels associatedwith these walls is of the late third to early fourth quarter of the 5th century. Thus Layers7 and 8, beneath the earliestfloor belonging with wall 1 erected over the ruins of the altar,can be dated to this time. So, too, can the few sherds from the 56, 100, 101) below Levels57 and 102, the floor associatedwith wall 6. Two of packingand fill (Layers the twenty-oddfragmentssignificantfor the dating of this group of walls could go into the fourth quarterbut do not need to descend that far. One, an uninventoriedsmall bowl of later-and-light type from Layer7, dates ca. 430-400; the second, echinus-wallsaltcellar10 from Layer56, appears to date ca. 430-420. The rest of the sherds are comfortablewithin the third quarter of the 5th century. It will not be far off, then, if the constructionof walls 1 and 6 is placed at ca. 430-425. Nearby, wall 8 can only be dated generallyto the last quarterof the 5th century,on the basis of the single recordedobject found beneath its floor,pyxis lid 12. A small amount of ceramic evidence suggeststhat some walls may not have been erected until last the years of the century.Forinstance,frombeneaththe floorlevel associatedwith wall 3 (Layer9) came one-handler 13, dated ca. 400. It has already been shown that wall 3 is clearly later than wall 1, against which it abutted (pp. 18-19 above). The ceramic evidence for the date of each wall thereforewould appear to support that indicated by their physical relationship,but a word of caution needs to be added, since there may have been some mixing between Layer9 and the stratumimmediately above (Layer13),5 which yielded sherds as late as the second half of the 4th century. It is possible that 13 originallycame from this upper layer and not from that in which it was found. A similar situationprevails in regard to the pottery found associatedwith the two spur walls 10 in the area to the west of the Stoa of Attalos. Deposit P 7:8 representsthe fill found between the two closely placed walls; the pottery,which includes 14-16, dates to the very end of the 5th century.The excavatorfelt that P 7:8 may have dated the constructionof the laterof the two spurwalls. If so, such buildingis likelyto have been part of a late remodelingeffort,one undertaken only shortly before final dismantlingprior to the constructionof Building A, which was erected directly over these walls. Once again, however, the stratigraphywas not entirely clear; no house floor was preservedabove the fill, and there was later contaminationin it.6 This materialshould perhapsbe associatedinsteadwith the constructionof BuildingA. There is no doubt, however, about the context of two pieces associatedwith the last days of the rubble structures.Eschara17 was found restingon top of the latestfloor associatedwith wall 1; it is unfortunatethat it cannot be closely dated. Lamp 18, on the other hand, discoveredamong the destructiondebrisbetweenwalls 5 and 6 (Layer103), clearlybelongs at the end of the 5th century or a few yearslater;anotherexample of the same type of lamp, 76, was found in the constructionfill of BuildingA. Despite the various difficultiesin dating the individualwalls in the area at the northern end of the Stoa ofAttalos, the essentialchronologyappearsconsistent. Spanningthe last threedecadesof the 5th century,the potteryis nowhere earlierthan ca.430-425 and does not extend much, if at all, beyond the end of the century.The rubblestructuresfarthersouth underthe colonnadeand shopsof the Stoa of Attalos appear to have shared a similarhistory. A combination of evidence indicates that the two buildingsto the east of piers 6 and 7 of the Stoa of Attaloshad an effectivelife of about a generation,duringthe finalquarterof the 5th century.First,potteryin a pit (DepositQ 11:2),found below the drain that probably antedatesthe southern structure,dates to the third quarter of the 5 Seecomments of contamination. fortheindications under9 intheStratigraphic Summary 6 Forthecontamination, forP 7:8. seetheDepositSummary

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5th century.7 The date of the drain and hence the house thereforewill be later. Second, the latest fragment found below the floors of the two buildings themselves (Layer146) comes from a small one-handler,a type reservedalmost exclusivelyto the last three decades of the 5th century.8Third, well Q 10:4 (19-21), located close to the northernbuildingand perhapsto be associatedwith it, was used from ca.425-400. Fourth,the latestpotteryin the hard layer that formed over the floorsof the two buildings (Layer147) dates to around 400 or somewhat later. Finally,mention may be made of oinochoe 22. It was found by itself, standing upright in a mass of earth, at a depth of about 0.50 m. below the floor of the northern building, where it would seem to have been intentionally buried;it is a fine and unusualpiece, one which its owner may have wished to recover. It could have been buried either during the period in which the house was occupied or else when it went out of use. Its date, tentativelyset at ca.425-400, would allow for either possibility.9 Most of the scant pottery in the lowest layer beneath Stoa shops and V VI (Layer136) dated from the late 6 to the the 5th early 5th century,includingthat found in the pithos beneath the northwest corner of shop VI. Pottery from Layer137, directly below the floor that was laid down over the pithos, was also predominantlyLate Archaic;a few sherds, unfortunatelynot closely datable, may belong later in the 5th century. It is possible, then, that the pithos belonged to an establishment that was destroyed during the Persianinvasion. At some later point in the 5th century,the house was occupied again and a new floor laid. The well in shop VI, Deposit R 11:3 (23-31), which probablywas associatedwith this later occupation,went out of use in the fourth quarterof the 5th century10and signaled the close of the establishment,although some intermittentoccupation of the area may have stretchedinto the 4th century. Sunk into the gravelly layer that formed over the floor (Layer138) was a sacrificialpyre of 4th-centurydate (Pyre139, 33-35; cf. also 32). Layer138 itselfcontainedpottery as late as the thirdquarterof the 4th century. Finally,well Q 10:4just to the north continued to be used sporadicallyas a dump until the middle of the 4th century, to judge from the few sherdsof this period found near the top of the fill.

BUILDINGS A TO E LEVELING OPERATIONS AND BUILDING A

The action of clearing and leveling the area to the east of the PanathenaicWay following the destructionof the rubblestructureswas simultaneouswith the constructionof BuildingA, a fact that is confirmedby the contemporarydates of the fillboth within the buildingand outsideit. In the area to the east of BuildingA (Layers11, 30/31, 106, 114, 115), the fill contained only small, fragmentary sherds,but these are entirelyconsistentwith the more abundantand better-preservedmaterialinside the building. Only Layer116 and Deposit Q8:1 1, from the fill to the south of BuildingA, contained potterythat was significantlylater,of the firstand second quarterof the 4th century.This materialis 7

This deposit was previouslydated to ca. 475-460 (cf. AgoraXII, p. 397). While the inventoriedpottery falls in this generalperiod, fragmentsfrom the context potteryindicatethat the depositbelongsin the second half of the 5th century, as in fact the originalexcavator,Eugene Vanderpool,had suggested. Fora listingof the relevantpieces, see the summary for Deposit Q 11:2. 8 Cf. AgoraXII, p. 127 and nos. 771-775 (pl. 31). The single early example of this type, no. 771, is not similar to that found in Layer146. 9 On the date of this pot, see AgoraXII, p. 66. 10 Deposit R 11:3previouslywas dated to the thirdquarterof the 5th century;cf. AgoraXII, p. 398. The black-glazed materialfrom this deposit, however,continueswell into the last quarterof the century.

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not derived from the initialleveling operations,however,but is associatedwith the early use of the graveledcourt in this area (p. 142 below). Materialassociatedwith the constructionof BuildingA comes from three sourcesof fill within the building: (1) that in the "NarrowTrench", put out of use at the time BuildingA was erected (DepositsP 8:2 and Q.8: 1);11(2) fill laid down over bedrockin order to raisethe ground level to the desired height of the floor (Layers16, 52, 148); and (3) fill used as packing in the east wall trench (LayerlHa). A significantfind from Layer148 is an ostrakonof Kleophon Kleippidou (36). It has been assigned to the last ostracismever conducted, dated between 417 and 415 B.C.,12and thus providesa terminuspost quemfor the constructionof BuildingA and, by extension,for the clearingand took place in the generalarea at the same time.13 that leveling operations The figuredand black-glazedpotteryfrom the constructionfill of BuildingA was concentrated in the fillwithinthe "NarrowTrench". Withfew exceptions,the figuredware fromthisfillbelongsto the late 5th-centurystyle of vase painting (40, 43, 45-47); among the latest fragmentsare those from a bell-krater,40, of around 410 B.C.by the Academy Painterand 47, an askosdating perhaps as late as ca. 400. Figuredpottery from the other sections of fill, for example 41, from Layer148, and 38, 42, and 44, found in the packing of the foundation trench for the east wall (Layerlla), also belong to the late 5th-centurystyle of painting. Only two red-figuredpieces appear to be as early as the decade 440-430: 37 and 39, from the "NarrowTrench"and Layer148 respectively. The black-glazedpottery from P 8:2 and Q 8:1 indudes a variety of shapes common to the second half of the 5th century. Much of this material fits into the third quarter of the century, concentratingnear its end.14 In particular,several types of drinkingvessels fall into this period: mugs (49-51), skyphoi (e.g. 52), stemless cups (53-56), and cup-skyphoi(57, 58). A few vases, however, appear to be somewhat later, for example, oinochoe 48 and bowl with outturned rim 61, both dated around400. Three shapeswhich are common in the depositoccur only rarelyin the Agora before the fourthquarterof the 5th century.These are the later-and-lightform of smallbowl (62, 65), the saltcellarwith concave wall and recessedunderside(67), and the squat lekythoswith ribbeddecoration(68). Althoughthese typeswere introducedtowardthe end of the thirdquarterof the century,the frequencywith which they are found in the "NarrowTrench" and elsewhere in the fills associatedwith the constructionof BuildingA indicate that they were not new productsat the time that they were discarded.Moreover,at least one of the small bowls of later-and-lightform, 65, less sturdyand with thin wallsand rim, is a late exampleof the type.15There are no pieces which definitelybelong in the 4th century. Two small fragmentswith roulettingfrom the uninventoried contextpotteryof Q8:1 are likelyto representcontaminationfrom constructionactivitiesconnected 1 Although werepartofa singlefilling. thesetwodeposits excavated separately, 12 See tobibliography. references and the date of XXV,p. 64 fordiscussion Agora

13 From a disturbedarea in Layer114, associatedwith the clearingoperationsimmediatelysoutheastof BuildingA,

comes an ostrakon of Philinos Kleippidou (P 23548; AgoraXXV, no. 659, pl. 3). It has been assigned to the same ostracismas 36. Another ostrakon,a second inscribedwith the name of Kleophon Kleippidou (P 22322; AgoraXXV, no. 605, fig. 19), was discovered in the fill over the foundation for the west stylobate of the Square Peristylejust to the east of the area where 36 was found (Layer151). It is likely that both ostrakaoriginallyderived from the same 5th-centuryfill as 36. 14 Attic pottery of the second half of the 5th century has been well discussed. For the various shapes and their development, see under the appropriateheadings in AgoraXII. For individualdeposits, see L. Talcott, 'Attic Black-

4, 1935, pp. 476-523; Pease 1937; Well,"Hesperia glazedStampedWareand OtherPotteryfroma Fifth-century (Hesperia Corbett 1949; S. I. Rotroffand J. H. Oakley,Debrisroma PublicDin Placein heAthenianAgora Supplement25), Princeton 1992. 15 See AgoraXII, p. 134 for the developmentof the shape.

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with the SquarePeristyle;togetherwith these two pieces were found five sherdsbelonging to at least two kantharoi,the lower portion of an Attic-typeskyphos,and a fragmentof a one-handler,all of the third quarterof the 4th century. The black-glazedpottery from the separateareas of fill elsewherewithin BuildingA is contemporarywith that in the "NarrowTrench". The cataloguedmaterialincludesthe two later-and-light smallbowls 63 and 64 fromjust below the floor of the buildingin its southeastcorner (Layer52) and lekanis handle 69 from fill farthernorth (Layer16). The uninventoriedcontext pottery from these two strata,as well as from the fill which producedthe ostrakonof Kleophon (36; Layer148) and the packingfor the east wall (Layer1la), are also consistentwith a date around400. Fromthe very end of the century,for instance,is a sliverfrom a banded echinus-wallsaltcellar,found in Layer16. LayerI a containeda smallpiece of a fish-plate.The only exampleof this shapefrom any of the fillsconnected with the constructionof BuildingA, this fragmentmay representan intrusion,or it could be an early example of the type that was introducedpossiblyaround400.16 Too little of it is preservedto permit close dating. The lamps found in connection with the constructionfills of BuildingA supportthe evidence of the figuredand black-glazedwares. The earliest,from the "NarrowTrench",belong to Howland Types 19 Variant and 21 C, survivorsfrom the Late Archaic period.17 73 from Layer148 is representativeof Type 21 B, a long-lived variety that endured for much of the 5th century,from ca. 480 to 415;18 another two uncataloguedexamples of this class, less well preserved,were found in the "NarrowTrench". The remaininglampsfrom this depositall congregatein the late thirdand fourth quartersof the 5th century and include Types 23 A (74), 24 A (75), and 24 A' (no examples catalogued; see under 75). The latest type representedis 23 C. This class of lamps, apparently not found in contexts in the Agora until after the disturbancesin the city of 404/3, developed out of Type 23 A.1976, an earlyexample of Type 23 C, shouldbelong to the very end of the 5th century or firstyears of the 4th. Anotherexample, 18, was found in the destructiondebrisof the rubblewalls which were torn down to make way for the constructionof BuildingA. The ceramic evidence thus is uniformly consistent throughout the various areas of fill. The figuredpottery,black-glazedwares,and lamps all include examplesthat date to the late 5th century, in some cases as late as ca. 400. There are no hallmarksof early 4th-century material, such as rouletting, bowls with broad bases, or kantharoi. We may be fairly confident, then, in assigning the constructionof BuildingA to the last years of the 5th centuryor the firstfew of that following. B BUILDNG In contrastto BuildingA, very little materialwas recoveredto help date BuildingB. The single line of foundation trench, the sole evidence for the structure,cut into a well that went out of use around the middle of the 5th century (Deposit N 7:3). The constructionof Building B was not the cause of the abandonment,however,since sherdsfrom the earthpacking(Layer149) used to level the bottom of the trench prior to laying blocks were later in date. Most of the fifty-oddfragments of figured and black-glazedware belong to the third quarterof the 5th century (77, 78, 81), but a few bits of context pottery,a one-handler,and a later-and-lightsmallbowl, may go into the fourth quarter. From a rectangularpit in bedrockjust to the east of this trench (Deposit 0 7:13) came 82 and 83, of which one-handler 83 dates to the end of the 5th century. Although not within 16 Agora XII, p. 147. 17 L 4825 and L 4828, not catalogued. 18 46. AgoraIV, p. 19 Agora IV, pp. 59-60.

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the building itself, this pit was very likely filled as part of the leveling operations that took place in conjunctionwith the constructionof BuildingB and its neighbor,BuildingA. C BUILDING The only ceramicevidencefor datingBuildingC derivedfrom the accumulationof floorsduring the period of use (Leels81, 82, 118). These containedpotteryof the thirdquarterof the 4th century. In general, this dating coincideswith that suggestedfor the constructionof the buildingon the basis of architecturalmaterialincorporatedin it (p. 34 above). THE GRAELED COURTAREA ANDBULDINGsD ANDE

The fill in the area of the graveledcourt that formed between BuildingsA and C on the north and Building D on the south contained pottery that for the most part belongs to the end of the 5th century,contemporarywith BuildingA and the generallevelingoperationsthat accompaniedits construction.Thus Deposit 0 8:1 (fillingaroundrubblewall 22 just to the south of the entranceto BuildingA) contains a fair amount of material,all of which is restrictedto the last quarterof the 5th century.Most of the potteryin Layer116 and Deposit Q8: 11, representingfillin holes and pits in the area of the graveled court, also dates to this same time. But a small quantity,perhaps 3 percent, that is later suggests some disturbanceas late as the second quarter of the 4th century.20 These included a fragmentwith roulettingand a cup-kantharos;neither this type of decoration nor this shape was found in the constructionfill of BuildingA. Level117, the accumulationof early floors in the area of the court, also contained a few fragmentsof early 4th-centurypottery;a smallbowl with broadbase may be mentionedin particular,since this shape, too, was wholly absentfrom materialin the constructionfill of BuildingA. The two latest floor levels that formed in the area of the court date to the third and fourth quartersof the 4th century respectively. The lower (Levels119, 141) is that which coincides with BuildingD and providesthe only clue to the date of that structure.Of the approximatelyfiftysherds found in this context, the most diagnosticwere fragmentsof three kantharoiand four rolled-rim plates. Only the feet and stems of the kantharoiremain, but they are clearly a stage earlier than the latest found in the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle. So too are the rolled-rimplates. Although no complete profilesare preserved,they still have walls of continuous curvatureand so probablydo not date later than ca. 325. The upper floor level (Levels53/54, 120, 142) is that which belongs with Building E. It contained a considerablequantityof pottery,including 84-86. 86, a plate with flat rim, seems closest in shape to the last stage of development of the rilled-rimplate but appearslaterthan any examplesincludedin AgoraXII, the latestof which is dated ca.325. Other diagnostictypes include skyphoi,kantharoi,and rolled-rimplates, the latest of which are similarto those from the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle. The skyphoi (e.g., 84) belong to the last stage in the development of the shape and could date from ca. 325 on. The high, thin stems of four fragmentarykantharoi(not inventoried)also belong in the last quarterof the 4th century.And rolled-rimplate 85, althoughnot so late as the latestfrom O-R 7-10, neverthelessappearsto date to the fourth quarter of the 4th century. In general, there is nothing in the pottery from this floor level to distinguishit from the mass of materialfound in the constructionfill of the SquarePeristyle. 20 Mention

below the southern end of may also be made of the Late Geometric well, Deposit Q 8:9, located just the east wall of Building E and possibly disturbedby its construction. It contained in its mouth sherds of the late 5th to mid-4th century,although none were so late as the pottery found in the ground levels directlyassociatedwith BuildingsD and E.

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THE SQUARE PERISTYLEAND THE BRICK BUILDING DEPosrrsO-R 7-10, P 10:3, Q9-10:l, ANDQ10:1 Chronology The depositsO-R 7-10, P 10:3, Q9-10: 1, and Q 10:1all relateto the period of constructionof the SquarePeristyleand thus are closelyassociatedchronologically.The largestand most significant for establishingthe date that work began on the building is O-R 7-10 (the constructionfill). The ceramic and numismaticmaterial of this deposit comes from the great quantity of earth that was thrownin duringthe earlystagesof constructionin orderto raisethe slopingground of the site to the desiredfloor level within the structure.Fill was needed over much of the area but particularlyat the north and west, where it originallyreachedas much as two metersin depth.21Not all the fill has been used in the followinganalysis,however,since some areassufferedfrom considerablebuildingactivity in later times, resultingin disturbanceof the original deposit. For this reason, the fill in the east colonnade of the building, behind shops XV-XVIH of the Stoa of Attalos, has not been included; the stratificationwas greatlydisturbed,with contaminatingmaterialrangingin date from Hellenistic to Late Roman (e.g., Layers38, 80). Also excluded is the area in front of the Stoa of Attalos,where later operationsgreatlyloweredthe groundlevel that had been artificiallyraisedboth inside and to a certain extent outside the building. This later activityremoved nearlythe entire fill from this half of the SquarePeristyle,with the resultthat Roman levels often directlyoverlaybedrockor else covered only bare centimetersof the 4th-centurylayer,with frequentmixing of the strata(e.g., cf. Layers96, 97). Significantportions of largely undisturbedfill still remain, however. The most extensive is that within the court of the building,in the area both east and west of foundationpiers 13-19 of the interior colonnade of the Stoa of Attalos (Layer121) as well as beneath the correspondingsection of the Stoa terrace. Farthernorth, on either side of the north stylobate of the Square Peristyle, the fill lay deep beneath the two extensions of the Stoa terrace and the single enlargementof the Stoa colonnade, where piers 21 and 22 were added (Layer17). Directly behind shops XIX and XX of the Stoa, excavation revealed successivelayers of fill in the north colonnade of the Square Peristyle(Layers84-88). Even in these areas some intrusionoccurred. In the area of the court, for instance,the clay floor of the SquarePeristylewas not well preservedeverywhere,so that sometimes the excavatorsfound it difficultto distinguishbetween the constructionfill (Layer121) and the fill over the floor (Layer122: Q 8-9), deposited when the Square Peristylewent out of use early in the 2nd century. The material drawn for analysiscomes from those levels of the fill which lie well below the floor in this area, either from the fill proper, that is, loose earth dumped at the initial stages of the building operation, or from the lower levels of the workingfloors, that is, the surfaces in made the process of construction.Slightcontaminationalso occurredin the area of Stoa piers 21 and 22 (Layer17)22 The constructionof the Late Roman FortificationWall may be responsible for the little contaminationfound in two layers of fill in the north colonnade (Layers84, 87). On the whole, however, impuritieswere very restricted,and a fully representativesample of the finds can be assured,owing to the large volume of materialfound in the areas included for analysis. 21

For more detailed discussionof the stratificationrelatingto the constructionfill and the sequence of construction, see pp. 79-80 above. 22 For the specific contamination, see under 17 in the Stradtigraphic Summary. It may be emphasized, however, that the intrusion of later material in this area was minor, especiallyconsideringthe total amount of earth excavated (conservativelyestimated at about 75 cu. m.). Unfortunately,this was not differentiatedaccording to level or area, so that it is impossibleto determinepreciselywhere the intrusionsmay have occurred.

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Deposits P 10:3 and Q. 9-10:1 are contemporarywith O-R 7-10. P 10:3 representsthe dumped filling of the well that lay in the line of the foundation for the south outer wall of the building. Discoveredby the buildersof the SquarePeristylewhen they dug their trench,the well was filledin and covered over at that time (pp. 54-55 above). The small quantityof potteryfrom the fill compares closely with that from O-R 7-10. Cistern Q. 9-10:1 shared a similar fate. Located in the easternhalf of the south colonnade of the SquarePeristyle,it, too, was put out of use at the time of the constructionof the Square Peristyle(pp. 66-68 above). The pottery from the dumped filling in the southerndraw shaftdates to both 4th and 2nd centuries. The 4th-centurymaterial,although scanty,is contemporarywith the constructionfillwithinthe buildingand undoubtedlywas thrownin cisternin orderto providea sound footing by the buildersof the SquarePeristylewhen they filledththe cisternwas for their foundations. The lack of 3rd-centurymaterialwould seem to indicathe t The later will found its in the thePeristyle.of of Square not use duringe life have Square Peristyle. way in at pottery the time of the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos when parts of the system were filled a second time.23 Potteryfrom fill below the plasteredfloor of the northerndrawshaft,belongingthereforeto the time of the cistern, dates to the third quarterof the 4th century,perhaps theof constructionme twenty-fiveyears earlierthan the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle(0-R 7-1 0). Deposit Q 10:1 representsthe fill in the foundationtrench for the south outer wall in the area colonnade of th underneath Stoa Attalos, between the foundationsof the front wall of the the of and those of stylobate the Stoa. Various featuresrelating to the trench suggest that shops foundationswere neverlaid and that the trenchwas filledsoon afterit had been dug, when the whole building project went awry (pp. 53-55 above). The ceramic evidence, which suggestsa date for the fillingof the trench slightlylater than O-R 7-10, supportsthis view. Of particularimportancefor the datesof these depositsare the stampedamphorahandlesfound in O-R 7-10 and Q 10:1. Eleven were found in O-R 7-10, of which the most closely datable are the six Thasian. Of these, the four latest have single-nameeponym stamps, a class which does not begin before ca.340; the latestof the groupfrom 0-R 7-10 may date as late as ca.310.24 Of the twenty-sevenstamped amphora handles found in Q 10:1, eighteen are Thasian, again the most closely datable. Significantly,they are a stage later than the Thasian stamps from O-R 7-10, in regard to the stamp (with no overlappingof the names of eponyms),the shape of handle, and the shape of the rim. The Thasian stampsfrom Q 10:1 may be as late as ca. 285.25 thefound in constructionfill of the Square Peristyle, twenty-two are Ofthe sixty-odd coins been restudied have and byJohn Kroll.26 He found the latest of these to be SA-377, a legible 23

The 2nd-centurypotterywas discarded;note of it, however,was made by the excavator.It seems to have included materialfrom the thirdquarterof the 3rd centuryinto the 2nd century,but no materialof the firsthalf of the 3rd century is mentioned, fiurtherindicationthat the cisternwas not open duringthe period when the Square Peristylewas in use. 24 For this class of stamps, see Garlan 1979. The names appearingon the stamps in O-R 7-10 (Aristophon1st, Heraklitos,Poulus, Timarchidas)were previouslythought to range in time from ca. 340 to 325 B.C. Virginia Grace informed me (personal communication,July 1988) that Garlan is now prepared to lower this date somewhat. I am gratefulto Miss Grace for the informationincludedin this summaryof the stampedamphorahandles from O-R 7-10

andQ 10:1. The fifth Thasian stamp (SS 10941) belongs to the earlier two-name variety. The sixth (SS 11524) dates late in the 3rd century and representsan intrusionfrom Deposit Q 8-9. Another 3rd-centuryintrusion is probably to be recognizedin SS 11496, a stampedhandle from a Chianjar. 25 For reference to the Thasian stamps from Q 10:1, see Garlan 1979, p. 249; Y. Garlan and 0. Masson, "Les acclamationsp6d6rastiquesde Kalami (Thasos),"BCH 106, 1982 [pp. 3-21], p. 21. 26 For full publication, see AgoraXXVI (deposit summary,p. 315). I am grateful to ProfessorKroll for discussing with me the resultsof his work.

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coin of Demetrios Poliorketesstruckca. 300-295 B.c.27It came from the area of the constructionfill beneath Stoa piers 21 and 22 (Layer17). In the same area were found three coins with a head of Athena in Corinthianhelmet on the obverseand an owl facingleft with the retrogradelegend He/A on the reverse (EA-367, EA-375, EA-384). In a preliminarypaper on the early bronze coinage of Athens, Kroll linked the issue of this coin with a period of pro-Macedonian sentiment, either the oligarchyof 322-307 B.C. or the democracyof 307-300.28 Partlyon the basis of iconographic considerations,partly because the Square Peristylewas thought on other grounds to have been initiatedby Lykourgosaround325, Krollchose the earlierdate. He expressedreservations,however, because it compressedthe three preceding issues29into less than a decade, while the owl-leftissue and its succeeding type30were protractedover some thirty-sixyears.31 Subsequentdiscoveriesin the Kerameikos and additional study of the chronology have now persuaded Kroll that, in fact, the coin could not have been issuedas earlyas 322 but ratherwas struckbetween 307 and 300.32 In addition to the three examples of owl-leftcoins and the coin of Demetrios Poliorketes,Layer17 also contained a coin, EA-373, belonging to a typejust prior to the owl-left issue and now to be dated ca. 322/317-307 B.C.,33a coin of Eleusis,EA-383,34 of the same date, and two coins of the earliest bronze issue, EA-374 and EA-388, of the third quarter of the 4th century.35 Finally,from this same area comes EA-385, a coin of Philip V (220-179 B.C.).36This last must be intrusive,since the other eight coins, the largest concentrationanywhere in the fill, are remarkablyconsistentin date and there are no interveningcoins of the 3rd century. A fourth owl-left coin (EA- 190)was found under the floor of the north colonnade, in the area directly behind the Stoa of Attalos (Layer87). Two examples of the coin type datingjust prior to the owl-left issue came from an area of the fill beneath the two extensions to the terrace of the Stoa of Attalos. The first (EA-183) was discoveredin Layer18, just north of the stylobate of the SquarePeristyle,to the east of its west drain. The second (EA-215) was found south of the stylobate, well below the floor of the court in the area of the firstextension of the Stoa terrace(Layer63).37 Altogether, four coins from O-R 7-10 (those of the owl-left issue) date to the last decade of the 4th century,and one (that of Demetrios Poliorketes)dates to the firstyears of the third, nearly one-quarterof the legible coins from the fill. In addition,four coins date well within the final quarter of the 4th century. This evidence agrees with that of the stamped amphora handles. Although the latest of the handles do not descend quite so far as the coins do, the amphoras to which they belong probablyremained in circulationlonger and thereforewould not have been new when they were discarded. On the other hand, most of the latestcoins seemed relativelyfresh;only one owl-left coin (EA-190) showed any detectablesign of wear.38 27 EA-377 = Agora XXVI, coin 504h, p. 188. Forpreliminarynotice of this coin, see Kroll 1982. 28 Kroll 1979, pp. 145-147, where the type is provisionallylabeled "VarietyE" (= AgoraXXVI, Variety 50, pp. 33, 44). 29 AgoraXXVI, Varieties44-46, pp. 42-43. 30 AgoraXXVI, Variety52, pp. 44-45. 31 Kroll 1979, p. 149. 32 AgoraXXVI, p. 33; preliminarydiscussionin Kroll 1982; Rotroff 1984, pp. 344-345. 33 Agora XXVI, coin 45c, p. 42, pl. 4. 34 AgoraXXVI, Varieties48 and 49, pp. 43-44. 35 AgoraXXVI, Varieties41-43, pp. 41-42. 36 AgoraXXVI, coin 513, p. 190. 37 Cf. Kroll 1979, p. 146, note 17. 38 Unfortunately,there is no numismaticevidence for the date of Q 10:1,the fill for the south outer wall.

4th

146

6. CHRONOLOGY

To the evidence of the coins and stamhalfofped amphorahandles may be added that of the pottery. This materialfalls in the crucial period of Early HellenisticAthenian ceramics, the chronology of which Susan Rotroff has reviewed and largely reworkedin preparationfor her forthcomingbook Among on Hellenistic pottery from the made necesarthe These hadperiod. revisions arfinds Agoramic from Koroni, the Ptolemaic camp on the east coast of Attica that was briefly occupied during the ChremonideanWar in the 260's.40 Rotroffhas shown that certain changes in the traditional chronologyof the second halfof the 4th centuryare in order,owingin partto the sloweddevelopment of shapesin the waniowg years of the Classicalperiod.41In additionto Koroni, there are now several ofshed importantpublip deposits of the later 4th century and first quarterof the 3rd that expand the evidence for the ceramic chronology of this period. Among these are the Vari House, a rural farm site in Attica occupied essentiathelly during the half century from 325 to 275,42 and Menon's 3rd early Cistern in the late and of Miller centublishingthe materialfrom Menon's Cistern, Systella showed that the pottery shared many of the characteristicsof that from Koroni and believed that ived publicnd the sae time. Rotroff has now further refined the dating of this the cistern was close prelimiary material. She originally connected the closing of Menon's Cqisternand the attendant destruction of the house it served with the uprising that took place in Athens duriofng either 287 or 286.already Menon's establishment lay very near to where fighting is known to have taken place and may have suffered as a result. Rotroff now believes, however, that the pottery of Menon's Cistern may extend about

a decade later,to ca. 275.45 iexc Another earl1:2, portant group of deposits comprises the wells and cisternssaround the Tholos (F V F 12:3, G 11:4). The debris in these groups indicates damage to that venerabl structure at a

somewhat earlier date, ca. 295, perhaps as a result of the coup d'etat by Lachares in that year, according to Rotroff.46 Other deposits in the Agora also contain finds belonging to the general period of the late 4th and early 3rd centuries. Much of the fill from the Cave Cistern System, connectedwith the historyof the buildingto the north of the Hephaisteion,has materialthat ranges 39 Some of her findingshave received preliminarypublication.As a glance at the footnoteswill demonstrate,neither

the present account of the chronology of deposits connected with the constructionof the Square Peristylenor that of the pottery itself which follows could have been accomplishedwithout benefit of ProfessorRotroffs already written work. Even more valuable, however,has been the time and effortshe has spent reviewingwith me the uninventoried contextpotteryfrom these deposits. I am gratefulfor her generosity,firstin offeringme this materialto publishand even more for sharingher knowledgeof Athenian Hellenisticceramics. 4 These excavations,once the subjectof debate, have now been accepted by most scholarsas a fixed point in early Hellenisticchronology.Their full effect, however,is stillbeing sortedout. For the originalpublication,see Vanderpool, McCredie, and Steinberg 1962. Revisions in the chronology of stamped amphora handles, which helped to confirm the resultsindicatedby the coins found at Koroni, are reportedin Grace 1974; Grace 1985, pp. 36-37. The numismatic materialis reviewed byJohn Kroll in "Revisionsin Early Hellenistic Chronology: NumismaticAppendix," in Grace 1974. For the repercussionsinvolving ceramic chronology,as wel as full bibliography,see AgoraXXII, pp. 107-110; Rotroff 1983, pp. 261-263; Rotroff 1987a, pp. 1-8. 41 The situation is further complicated by recent studies that recognize a continued population of Olynthos after its destructionby Philip in 348, heretofore considered a fixed point in 4th-century chronology. See M. Rose, "A Reconsiderationof the Coins Found at Olynthos" (lecture, Cincinnati 1983), abstractin AJA 88, 1984, p. 258 and the commentsby Rotroff(1987b, p. 184);see also Rotroff 1979. 42 Jones, Graham,and Sackett 1973. 43 Miller 1974. 44

On the redating,see Rotroff 1979; Rotroff 1983, p. 262; Rotroff 1984, pp. 346-347. Rotroff 1991, p. 67, note 23. 46 Rotroff 1979; Rotroff 1984, pp. 345-346. 41

THE SQUARE PERISTYLEAND THE BRICK BUILDING

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in date from the second half of the 4th century to the 260's.47 Comparable pottery is found in GroupA (lowerfill),the earliestof the Hellenisticpotterygroupspublishedby Thompson in 1934.48 Originallydated ca.340-310, GroupA is now placed ca.260.49 The Coroplast'sDump, the Demeter Cistern, and the Hedgehog Well in the Agora are depositsknown primarilyfrom their terracottas, publishedby Dorothy B. Thompson,50but they also containpotteryof the thirdand final quartersof the 4th century.51 Also to the end of the 4th century belong a number of sacrificialpyres in the residentialand industrialdistrictto the southwestof the Agora;these were publishedby Rodney S. Young.52 Unpublished deposits of this period in the Agora include Cistern E 3:1, with material extending from the end of the 4th centuryinto the second quarterof the 3rd,53and the Crossroads Well (J 5:1) at the northwestcorner of the Agora; pottery from the middle and upper levels of the Classicalfillingof this well dates to the fourth quarterof the 4th century.54In the Kerameikos,the destructionof BuildingZ3 can be placed in the final decade of the 4th century,55and the lowermost levels in Dipylon Well BI contain a little pottery dating from the end of the 4th to the beginning of the 3rd century.56 It has been noted that pottery in deposits of the later 4th century and first half of the 3rd often ranges widely in style and date, even in the case of destructiondebris, which presumably representsa specificmoment in time when disasteror demolitionoccurred.57O-R 7-10 sharesthis characteristic,perhaps to an even greater extent because of its nature as constructionfill; drawn from a variety of sources,a good deal of this materialwill have been lying around for some time.58 A portion, however, will representrecent debris; indeed, the site itself was large enough to have servedas a convenientdumpingground, at least duringthe initialstagesof building. Thus, while the pottery from O-R 7-10 in general overlapswith a number of depositsof the late 4th and early 3rd centuries,the latest materialin it is more isolated. It is by no means so late as Koroni or Group A. The latest pieces resemble more closely examples found in Menon's Cistern but fall short of the latest shapes from that deposit. They find their best parallels among those deposits which have been placed at the turn of the 4th to 3rd century and in this correspondencematch the evidence of the coins and stampedamphora handles. Potteryfrom the two small ancillarydepositsin the area of the south outer wall of the Square Peristyle,the dumpedfillsofWell P 10:3and of the CisternSystemQ9- 0:1, cannotbe distinguished 47

For the pottery from this cisternsystem,see Rotroff 1983. Forthe architectureof the relatedbuilding,see Pounder 1983. 48 H. A. Thompson 1934, pp. 313-330; this articlehas been reprintedin Thompson, Thompson, and Rotroff 1987, pp. 9-180. 49 On the redating,see AgoraXXII, pp. 107-108; Rotroff 1983, pp. 261-262; Rotroff 1987a. 50 D. B. Thompson 1952 (the Coroplast'sDump); D. B. Thompson 1954, (the Hedgehog Well and the Demeter Cistern). These articlesare collected in Thompson, Thompson, and Rotroff 1987, pp. 198-283. 51 For valuable comments on the pottery and chronologyof these deposits, see Rotroff 1983, p. 263; Rotroff 1987b, pp. 184-185. 52 Young 1951a, pp. 110-130. 53 Originallydated ca.280 at the latest(Agora XII, p. 388), the amphorasfromthis depositare now thoughtto extend a bit later;see Rotroff 1983, p. 262, with note 18. 54 For preliminarynotice of this deposit, see Shear 1973a, pp. 130-134. 55 U. Knigge, "Kerameikos:Tatigkeitbericht,1978,"AA [JdI 95] 1980 [pp. 256-265], p. 265; cf. Kroll 1982. 56 Braun 1970; Grace 1974;AgoraXXII, pp. 110-111; see further,p. 155 below. 57 Edwards 1963; E. Vanderpool,J. R. McCredie, and A. Steinberg, "Koroni: The Date of the Camp and the 33, 1964, pp. 69-72; Miller 1974, pp. 198-199, 210; Rotroff 1983, p. 263. Pottery,"Hesperia 58 On the general distinctionbetween destructiondebrisand constructionfill, see Rotroff 1983, p. 275, note 67 and 156-157 below. pp.

148

6. CHRONOLOGY

chronologicallyfrom the constructionfill (O-R 7-10). The potteryfrom Q 10:1,the fill in the south outer wall trench, in generalappearscontemporaryas well. Yet two fragmentaryvessels,kantharos 149 and cup-kantharos150, may date as late as ca. 275. This evidence, by itself perhaps not sufficientto date Q 10:1laterthan O-R 7-10, supportsthe more abundantevidence of the stamped amphorahandles. Moreover,the size of the depositmustbe takeninto account, The total amountof potteryfrom Q. 10:1was relativelysmallwhen comparedto the massesfound in the constructionfill. These two pots therefore representa greater percentage of the whole; the fact that they appear to be later thus carriesmore force than it might in a largerdeposit. Pottery DrinkingVessels(Ills. 34, 37, 38, Pls. 40, 42, 43) Kantharoiand skyphoi,both Attic and Corinthian,were among the most common shapesin the constructionfill (0-R 7-10), representingsome 20 percentofthe differenttypesof black-glazedware found. Kantharoiwere the most numerous,outnumberingAttic skyphoiby a ratioof approximately 3:2 and the Corinthianvarietyby 3:1. Regrettably,the kantharoiwere extremelyfragmentary,often preservinglittle more than the base and a portion of the lower wall of the cup. No complete vessel survives;oddly enough, the best-preservedexample,89, is not Attic at all but probablya Corinthian imitation of Attic.59 Despite their poor condition, it is possible to recognize in the kantharoia wide range of date. 88 dates to ca. 350, and a few examples from the context pottery belong to the first half of the 4th century. 87, more than one hundred years old at the time the fill was laid down, is a good example of the admixtureof even earliermaterial. About 70 percent of the kantharoi,however,date to the thirdquarterof the 4th century,many as late as 325. An additional 25 percent displaythe tallerand slimmerproportionsthat appearin the foot and stem of this shape in the final quarter of the century (e.g., 90-93).60 Some of these later fragmentshave parallels with better-preservedkantharoifromMenon's Cistern,althoughnone from O-R 7-10 are so late as are the most developed cups from that deposit. The lower wall of 92 displaysan unusual motif, verticalgouges perhaps imitatingribbing,that is closely paralleledby 139 from Well P 10:3 in the southouterwall of the SquarePeristyle.They are very much like a kantharosfrom F 12:3,one of the Tholos group of deposits;all three in fact may be from the same workshop. Another example with similar decoration was found in the late 4th-centurylevel of the CrossroadsWell. Fragmentsof handles from O-R 7-10 are also best paralleledon more complete vessels dating to the late 4th century. Knotted handle 96 exemplifiesa type that apparentlyis not found before ca. 325,61while spur handle 97 displaysa slight flare that occurs on examples found on complete cups dating to the last quarterof the 4th century. The small scrap of a calyx-cup from O-R 7-10, 98, may also belong to this time. It shows a boss in the form of a comic slave mask and has been compared to a cup dated ca. 350-325.62 The shape lasts into the 3rd century,63however, and 98, which finds close parallelswith two well-preservedcalyx-cupsfrom Menons Cistern, probably is to be dated ca. 325-300. 59

On Corinthianimitationsof Attic kantharoi,see CointhVII, iii, p. 72. 60 On the developmentof slimmerproportionsin kantharoiof the second half of the 4th century,see Rotroff 1984, pp. 348-349. Becausethe kantharoifromthe SquarePeristyleare so fragmentary,no preciseproportionalanalysis,such as Rotroffconductsfor better-preservedmaterial,is possible,but general characteristicsand tendenciesare noticeable. 61 Rotroff1984, 349 (thekantharoswith knottedhandlescited thereshouldbe no. 7 [P 19349], not no. 8 [P 19350]); p.

cf. ibid.,p. 352.

62 Cf. AgoraXH, p. 285, under no. 693. 63 AgoraXII, p. 122.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLEAND THE BRICK BUILDING

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Kantharos 149 and cup-kantharos150, both from Q 10:1, appear slightly later than any fragmentfound in O-R 7-10. Their thin stems and high upperwalls are comparableto some of the later pieces from Menon's Cistern and may date as late as ca. 275. Similar,too, is the early West Slope decorationin added clay and white paint on the upperwall;that on 149 is too fragmentaryto determine the pattern, but the design on 150 shows white dolphins over a wave pattern. Only a few scattered sherds with early West Slope decoration were found in O-R 7-10, for example 121, from a large open vessel decoratedwith a vine-leaf pattern. There are no examples of fully developed West Slope ware anywhere in the undisturbedareas of any of the fills associatedwith the constructionof the SquarePeristyle. Like the kantharoi,the skyphoifrom the constructionfill were fragmentary,with only the lower portionof the vessel intact. Many of the Attic type, around40 percent,neverthelesspreserveenough to demonstratethe very narrow foot and accentuatedoutwardturn in the lower body that marks the final stagein the developmentof the Attic type.64 141 from CisternQ9-10:1 is the one example that preservesits full profileand thus is able to show the swellingbaroquecurveattainedin the upper wall and rim of these vessels. of the examples catalogued from 0-R 7-10 (100 and 101) have glazed undersidescursorilydecoratedwith scrapedcircles, apparentlya haphazardshort-cut designed to achieve the same effect as the reservedundersideswith glazed circlesfound on skyphoi producedwhen more care was taken in the execution of the cup.66 One example, 102, is glazed all over. The relatively high percentage of such late skyphoi in the constructionfill shows that this last stage, which may have extendedfrom ca. 325 to 275, was well establishedby the time the fill was laid down. The preponderanceof kantharoiover skyphoimay also suggest that the latter shape was graduallygoing out of production. Bowls and Saltcellars(Ills.35, 37, 38, 45, Pls. 40-43) Bowls, bothose withe incurvedand those with outturnedrims,togetherwith the closelyrelated one-handler,were the most common shapes found in the constructionfill of the Square Peristyle (O-R 7-10), amounting to approximatelyone-third of all classesrepresentedin the deposit. The bowl with incurvedrim was by far the most popular;there were twice asasmany such bowls as there were one-handlersand nearly ten times the number of bowls with outturnedrims. One-handlers, which do not seem to have lasted far into the Hellenisticperiod,67apparentlywere no longer very popular; an equal number from the fill belong in the first half of the 4th century and in its third quarter,but 104, perhapsas late as 325, is one of the very few examplesthat appearclose to the final stage in the development of the shape. It has parallelsfrom the Vari House and, in the Agora, from the early fill in the Cave Cistern System and Deposit E 3:1. The bowl with outturned rim on the other hand, so ubiquitousin the 3rd century,does not seem the taken a firm hold of the market yet. The latest example from the constructionfill, 106, dates around 325; 143, from below the floor of Cistern Q 9-10:1, would seem to be slightlyearlier. In neither case is the foot 64 On this

development,see Rotroff 1984, p. 347. In additionto the pieces cataloguedhere, a complete examplewas found in a context probablyconnected with the constructionof the Square Peristyle. P 21364 (= AgoraXII, no. 354, pl. 17) was found in 4th-centuryfill (lot E 711) directly overlying wall 19 (Fig. 5), fill that almost certainlybelongs to the preparationof the ground in front of the new building, where it was necessary to create an artificialslope up from the roadway at the north to the intended entrance in the middle of the west side of the building. Dated ca. 320-310 in AgoraXII, P 21364 probably should belong closer to the end of the 4th centuryor even the beginning of the 3rd. 66 For the usual practice of reservedundersidesdecoratedwith circles,see AgoraXII, p. 84. 65

67

AgoraXII, p. 124.

6. CHRONOLOGY

150

so high or the wall so inclined outward as they are on bowls in Menon's Cistern or on some of the later bowls from Group A. Althoughthe most plentifultype of pottery,the bowls with incurvedrims from O-R 7-10 were also the most fragmentary.The majorityappear to date to the third quarterof the 4th century,to judge from the bits of rims and bases preservedin the context potteryof the fill. The most complete example, 107, representsthe less common, deeper variety of the shape; a larger but otherwise similar one (151) comes from Q 10:1. Both find parallelsin bowls from the Vari House as well as from Menon's Cistern and Group A, although the substantialthickness of the fabric and the shape ofthe foot of 107 and 151 point to a date not laterthan ca.300. The latestbowl with incurved rim, 108, is of the shallow type. It is very much like an example from the Vari House and two somewhatlargerones from Menon's Cistern;other comparablebowls are found in Group A. The slack profile and all-over glazing suggest that this bowl dates to the early 3rd century. Like other types of pottery from the fill, occasional examples of early bowls were found. 105, with shallow wall and convex-concaveprofile,is over one hundredyears earlierthan 108. 109 and 110 are typical of the small bowls with incurved rims and broad bases from the constructionfill. Of the two, 109 appears the earlier. The wall is thick, the rim curled tightly inward; the glaze is carefullyapplied, the resting surface and junction of foot and wall reserved. 110 by contrast shows a slackerprofile and is glazed by dipping; it seems that the potter made a half-heartedattempt to maintain the traditionof reservingthe resting surface by dipping the pot only as far as the base of the foot, althoughthis proceduremeant that the undersidealso remained unglazed while the reservedjunction of foot and wall was abandoned. Similaris 152 from Q 10:1. None of the examplesfrom the constructionfill itselfdemonstratethe total glazingwhich represents the last stage in the development of the bowl and which apparentlybegins shortly before 300.68 279, however, from fill thrown into the northernsection of the west outer-walltrench, shows this technique, as does a second uninventoriedexample in fill from the southern area of the same wall trench,69as well as a third from fill thrown into the east outer-walltrench behind Stoa shop XIII. In all three cases, the materialin the trenchesprobablycame originallyfrom the constructionfill proper (pp. 76-77 above). Footedsaltcellar144 from below the floorof CisternQ9-10:1 retainsrelativelyheavy wallsand foot and thus ought to belong still within the third quarterof the 4th century. The spool saltcellar with added clay decoration from Q 10:1 (153) is a fine example of an unusual type: larger than the canonical saltcellar,the spool saltcellarhas concave sides and a wide, projectingfoot and rim. Rotroff70has shown that spool saltcellarsfrom the Agora cluster in deposits which have material predominantlyof the fourth quarterof the 4th century but with a few pieces as late as the early 3rd century,for example, Well F 11:2, one of the group of depositsnear the Tholos.71 Plates(Ills.36, 38, Pls. 41-43) The rolled-rimplate was well representedin the fills relatingto the constructionof the Square Peristyle,and thanksto its sturdydesign,a numberwithfullor nearlycompleteprofilesarepreserved. 154 from Q 10:1 is one of the few early examplesof the type, transitionalfrom the plate with rilled rim. Badly scratchedand worn, it clearlyhad been around for some time. Most rolled-rimplates 68

AgoraXII, p. 135;Rotroff 1983, p. 265.

69 Lot E 722, withmaterialof the late 4th to early3rd century;the areain questionis the stretchof walldirectly southof thebreakforthe mainentranceon thisside. 70 Rotroff 1984. 71 Anotherspoolsaltcellar contextpotteryof O-R is to be foundamongthe uninventoried

7-10.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLEAND THE BRICK BUILDING

151

are later; those from O-R 7-10, amounting to somewhat over 6 percent of the various ceramic types in the deposit, trace the evolutionof the shape from the later third quarterof the 4th century through to the very end of the century. The earlierplates still have walls of continuous curvature, and a distinct concave molding below the rim is normally marked on its outer edge by a ridge. The majorityof plates from O-R 7-10 displaythese characteristics,perhaps65 percent (e.g., 112), although a quarter of these appear to be later in this stage rather than earlier (e.g., 113). One example (145) was also found in Cistern Q 9-10:1. The next phase is also common among the plates of O-R 7-10. The wall loses its continuous curve and is formed instead by the junction of two slight but separate curves, the lower convex and the upper concave, and the ridge setting off the rim is replaced by a simple groove. The development is not necessarilystraightforward, but the changes are demonstrableand appear,both separatelyand together,in at least 27 percent of the plates from the constructionfill (e.g., 114-116). The same sort of plate (155) is found in Q 10:1. A very few examplesfrom O-R 7-10 (117, 118) have a more nearly horizontalwall, with a noticeably angular profile, the lower curve now concave like the upper; they tend to be larger than their predecessors. These have been compared to a similarexample from F 11:272and date probablyto the firstfew years of the 3rd century. Only a few fragmentsof black-glazedrilled-rimplates were found in the constructionfill, and these, like 111, tend to be late, representativeof the final stage of the shape before it was wholly replaced by the plate with rolled rim. For the most part, the fish-platesfrom O-R 7-10 were too badly preservedto be diagnostic. Two examples, however,preservetheir full profile: The various featuresof 1 19 appearto be slightlylaterthan a platefromthe Coroplast'sDump, dated ca.350-325; later, too, than another from the lower fill of the Cave Cistern System. 119 should belong in the fourth quarter of the 4th century. 120 also dates around the same time; with a higher and more constrictedfoot than normal, however,it is more difficultto place and shows the idiosyncrasiesthat are possiblein this shape. A number of rilled-rimpyre plates are to be found in the context pottery from the constructionfill. They all are extremelyfragmentary,owing no doubt to the fact that they were poorly made fromvery thin fabric. A more substantialproduct(156) comes from the fill in the southouter-walltrench(Q 10:1);it findsnumerousparallelsfrom the turn of the 4th to 3rd century.73 Closed and MiscellaneousShapes (Pls.41-43) Variousclosed shapeswere representedin O-R 7-10, includingoinochoai, olpai, and lekythoi. Without exception, however, they were all quite fragmentary.None were even so well preserved as is the badly broken pelike 137 from P 10:3, barely enough of which remains to recognize its resemblanceto anotherbetter-preservedexample from F 11:2. Among the less frequentlyoccurring typesin the constructionfillwas Type D pyxis 122; althoughlesstall, it is otherwisesimilarto one from E 3:1. 122 lacks its lid, but 124 representsthe type which served this class of pyxis and is of similar date. On the other hand, the lid 123 comes from the opposite end of the chronologicalspectrum; datingto ca.500-480, it may have been churnedup from lower strataduringthe constructionof the SquarePeristyle.Among the more unusualshapesis askos125; it has been comparedto an example from Olynthos. 126 is a small fragment of a patternedvase; no complete vessel of just this type is known from the Agora, although a comparableand better-preservedexample was found in the Cave CisternSystem. Other than pyreplates,littleobviouslyvotive materialwas found in any of the deposits. An exception is miniaturecup 140 from Well P 10:3; it has parallelsfrom a number of depositsof the late 4th and early 3rd centuries. 72

Rotroff 1984, p. 348. 73 For additionaldiscussionof this

type of plate and examplesfrom Q8-9, see p. 161 below.

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As much as 24 percent of the various classes of pottery found in the context pottery of the constructionfill dates to the second quarterof the 4th century or earlier. In addition to examples from the shapes already discussed, this material included bits and pieces of Archaic74and even earliermaterial.75Archaicpottery,includingboth figured76and coarse ware (157), was also found in the fill in the south outer-walltrench (Q 10:1). Much of the earliermaterial in O-R 7-10 was concentratedamong types common to the second half of the 5th century,such as mugs, stemless cups,77bolsals, cup-skyphoi,and later-and-lightsmall bowls. There was little red-figuredware; nearly all of it was in the form of small sherds, amounting to less than 3 percent of all the glazed sherdsin the deposit.78 Lamps(Pls.42, 43) The earliest lamps in the fills relating to the constructionof the Square Peristylebelong to Howland Type 24A,79 of the late 5th century;examplesof somewhatlater Types 23 C80and 24 C' (131 from O-R 7-10), dating as late as the second quarterof the 4th century,are also found. Other lamp types which extend from about the middle of the 4th centuryinto the early 3rd include 23 D, 26 A, and 25 B (e.g., 133, 132, and 134 respectively,all from O-R 7-10). The latestlampsbelong to types that range from the second half of the 4th century into the 3rd; among them are examples of Howland Types 25 B' (e.g., 135 from O-R 7-10 and 158 from Q 10:1) and 27 A (e.g., 136 from O-R 7-10), both classes which begin in the third quarter of the 4th century and continue into the second quarterof the 3rd. Domestic Ware (Pls.41, 42) A varietyof domestic-warevesselswas foundin the constructionfill, most quitefragmentarybut, owing no doubt to the size of the deposit, induding some less commonly found types of household pottery. Among these is the blister-warejug 127; an import from Corinth,81its incised ivy-leaf pattern is similarto a fragmentfrom there that is dated to the last quarterof the 4th century. Ring stand 128 is one of a few ringsof similardesignfrom the Agora that may have been used to support smallround-bottomedpots.82Lid 129, with its flat diskand high, flat-toppedknob, is so smallthat it would seem appropriateonly for a miniaturedish or possiblyas a cover for the fill hole of a lamp. A fragmentarylouterion, 130, another import from Corinth, is one of a limited number of this class of householdware fromthe Agorawith extensivestampeddecorationon both rim and floor.83From CisternQ 9-10:1 came Rhodian amphora 146, one ofjust two examplesfrom the Agora of sizable 4

XXII , nos.548(pl. 52),584, 1888 seeAgora (pl. 120),and pottery;forinventoried E.g.,black-figured fragments, 334. p. 75 E.g.,Mycenaean XIII,nos.417, 419, 421 (all pieces,seeAgora pl. 57). pottery;forinventoried 76 Agora XXIII, nos. 73 (pI. 9), 543, 1749(pl. 112),andp. 335. 77 Foran example,see XII, no. 492 (pl. 51),datedca.430. Agora 78 This includesboth sherds(consisting mostlyof bodysherds,smallfragments diagnosticpiecesand undiagnostic materialhavebeen includedin the Agorainventoryas of rims,etc.). The better-preserved examplesof red-figured P 20291, P 20995, P 23536, P 24133, P 24052, P 24262, P 24263, P 24264, P 26244. These will be presentedin warefromtheAgora. volumeon Atticred-figured MaryMoore'sforthcoming 79 No inventoried in context two the found potteryof O-R 7-10. examples; 80 No inventoried foundin the contextpotteryof O-R 7-10. examples;fragments 81 On blisterwarefromCorinth,see CorthVII, iii,pp. 144-150. 82 Agra XII, 1 p. 80 , pl.43. 83 On the possiblepurposeof the stampedpatternson the floorof louteriaand mortars,see Agora XII, pp. 220, i, 110. Cotint note 5; VII, p. 222,

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Rhodian containersantedatingthe importationof commercialwine amphoras.84A possibleparallel has been recognized in a fragmentarybase from the Vari House. On the other hand, ovoid jug 147, also from Q9-10: 1, is quite common and findsparallelsfrom a numberof contextsthat cluster Van House, Menon's Cistern,GroupsA the firsthalf of the 3rd: aroundthe late 4th centuryandthe and B, the lower use filling of Dipylon Well B1, as well as some of the pyres to the southwestof the Agora where the shape occursin roughlyhalf size. The example from CisternQ9-1 0:1 differsfrom these other examples only in having a ring foot rather than a flat base. Also relativelycommon is the lid of a lopas, 148, from Q 9-10:1; with wheel-run spiraled grooves on its upper surface, it is similarto a lid from Deposit E 3:1. P 21, 22) Varia(Ill. 11, Pls. A numberof architecturalfragmentsfoundin the constructionfillof the SquarePeristyle(Arch5, Arch7, Arch9, Archl2) are possibly to be associatedwith its predecessorsand are discussedin connection with the variousmembra disiecta from those structures. known of the best the various findsfrom the constructionfill is the antityrannydecree Certainly 6524).85When discoveredin the area of the Stoa terrace,opposite Stoa pier 16, it lay well buried in the construction fill of the Square Peristyle,0.60 m. below the court floor, a few centimeters above the latest graveled surfaceof the open area between BuildingsA and D. In the past, the date of this decree, 337/6, has been given considerableweight in assigningthe Square Peristyleto the administrationof Lykourgos(338-325 B.C.).86 The freshcondition of the stele suggestedthat it had not been exposed for a long period of time but had found its way into the fill of the new buildingnot too many years afterthe stone had been inscribed.The combinedevidence of the stampedamphora handles, coins, and pottery now suggestsa startingdate for the Square Peristylearound the turn of the 4th to 3rd century.The decree,while by no means old at the time that it was thrownfacedown in the fill of the SquarePeristyle,neverthelesswill not have been so newly discardedas once thought. DEosrrs Q8-9, Q9, 9:4, Q-R 10-11:1, Q 1:3,AND RELATED F.is Chronology The fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Deposit Q 8-9), the fill within the foundation trenchfor its south stylobate(DepositQ9:4), and the fillunderthe floorofthe BrickBuilding(Deposit The fill over the floor representsmaterial Q-R 10-11:1) are all closelyconnectedstratigraphically.87 laid down over the area of the SquarePeristylebefore the end of the firstquarterof the 2nd century, presumablyin order to level the site once the building had been dismantled. The filling for the south stylobate trench took place as part of the same process; once all the desirable blocks had been removed along this side of the building,the trenchwould have been backfilledwith essentially the same material as that which covered the whole area of the building. The deposit, however, also contains some later material, contemporarywith that found in the construction fill of the Stoa of Attalos (Deposit P-R 6-12); it derives from the activitiesof those builderswho scavenged leftoverfoundationmaterialwhich had not been removedearlier.Related to the fillwithin the south stylobatetrench is that derivingfrom the line of foundationsfor the east and west walls of the Square Peristyle,which were likewisecovered at the time of the dismantlementof the building. The pottery from these foundationtrenchesis predominantlycontemporarywith the constructionof the Square 84

AgoraXII,p. 192. For the epigraphicaltext and commentary,see Meritt 1952, no. 5, pp. 355-359. 86 Cf. goraXIV,p. 61, note 173. 87 For more complete analysisof the relativestratigraphysummarizedhere, see pp. 103-104, 111 above. 85

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Peristyle,since the trenches were largelybackfilledwith materialthat had originallybeen used to level the floor within the biuilding.Yet a few fragmentsdate to the same time as the fill over the floor and help to establishthat the foundationswere stxippedat the time of dismantlementin the early 2nd century and not simply left unfinished, as apparentlywas the case for the south outer wall (pp. 76-78 above). 279-283 provide examples of this later material, including fragmentsof moldmade bowls (281, 282) and 3rd-centuryrolled-rimplates (283). The uninventoriedcontext pottery,describedin the StratigraphicSummaryunder 44, 110, and 151-153, contains additional late material. Some time afterthe SquarePeristylehad been dismantledand the levelingofthe areacompleted, constructionof the BrickBuildingbegan. The front (north)foundationof this structurecut through Deposit Q 8-9. Within the building, the laying of the floor at a higher level required additional fill. It is this fill underthe floorof the BrickBuildingwhich constitutesQ-R 10-11:1 and which most closelydates the construction.88Refinementsmade by VirginiaGrace in the chronologyofKnidian and Rhodian eponyms indicate that the latest stamped amphora handles from the deposit date to the turn of the firstto second quarterof the 2nd century.The latestRhodian (SS 11621),bearingthe name Kallikrates,can be associatedwith Kallikrates2nd, now dated to 193.89 The latest Knidian (SS 11076), with the eponym Polychares,90probablyshould be attributedto Grace's Period IV A (188-167 B.C.),ratherthan IV B (167-146 B.c.) as it had been previously.These finds led Grace to suggest that the building "may,then, date possiblybefore the end of the first quarter of the 2nd centuryB.C."91This date is consistentwith the one coin found associatedwith the constructionfill. It belongs to a type now dated to the period ca. 190-183 B.C.92The pottery suggestsperhaps a slightlylater date, early in the second quarterof the 2nd century. Q-R 10-1 1:1 contains both a higher percentage of the latest shapes found in Q 8-9 and one definitelylater type that does not occur in the other deposit. Nevertheless,the constructionof the BrickBuildingcannot be very much laterthan the fillover the floor (Q8-9). First,thereseemsto have been no greatintervalbetween the destructionof the predecessorto the BrickBuildingat the time the fill over the floor was laid down and the constructionof the Brick Building itself. The latter building not only occupied the same site, there is a good chance that it had a similarplan and function (pp. 107-112 above). Second, some interval should be allowed before the Brick Buildingwas destroyedin its turn to make way for the Stoa of Attalos,which was begun around 157.93 88 In some past referencesto the fill involvedwith the constructionof the BrickBuilding,two separatethough related deposits are reported (AgoraXXII, p. 106; Grace 1985, Appendix 2, p. 39); one is called the "fil under the floor", the other "constructionfill". The distinctionis not necessary;the two fillsare one and the same. 89 Grace (per t.),July 28, 1988. 90 Note the following correctionunder the deposit summaryfor Q-R 10-11:1 in AgoraXXII, p. 106: the eponym should read Polychares, not Polycharos;the number of the stamped amphora handle bearing this name should be SS 11076, not SS 11050. 91 Grace 1985, Appendix 2, p. 39. Note that SS 11083, included by Grace in Q-R 10-11:1, does not belong; this handle was found on the floor, not under. Its reassignment,however, does not change any of Grace's conclusions regardingthe date of the deposit. 92 AgoraXXVI, Varieties 82-84, pp. 64-65. The coin is EIA-16(= Kleiner 1975, no. 242, p. 316). It falls into Kleiner'sType 2, for which see Kleiner 1976, pp. 3-4, 31-32, and p. 38 (table IV). It should be noted that only this one coin may possibly be associatedwith the constructionfill of the Brick Bilding. Found in early investigationsof the building in 1936, it was not included in the contents of the deposit, the bulk of which was excavated in 1950 and 1952. The excavator did note, however, that the fill from which it came seemed definitely to have been cut by the line of the wall of the Brick Building. The other coins reported by Kleiner as belonging to Q-R 10-11:1 (Kleiner 1975, p. 314, note 21) in fact were found in contexts associatedwith the destructionof the BrickBuilding. 93 Grace 1985, pp. 14-15; cf. AgoraXXII, p. 106 under P-R 6-12.

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From a rubbish heap behind the Brick Building (Layer135: Deposit Q 11:3) came 284-293. This material, of interest in determiningthe function of the building, was thrown out at the time of its abandonment, or only slightlybefore. It will thereforebe approximatelycontemporarywith the constructionof the Stoa of Attalos. Of the deposits, the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9) is by far the largest and providesthe most extensivebasis for chronologicalanalysis. The most secure evidence for the date of the fill are the 122 stampedamphorahandlesfound within it. Most of these belong within the 3rd century, but a few date probably after 200. The latest Rhodian (SS 10831) has the eponym of Hieron I, of ca. 198; two others (SS 10834, SS 10846), both with the eponym Xenophanes, are nearly as late. The Knidian extend slightly later; SS 10799 with the eponym Philophron dates shortlyafter 188.94 The numismaticmaterialis only slightlyearlier. Of the ten legible coins from the deposit, the latest is EA-87, belonging to a type dated ca. 196-190.95 The ceramic evidence does not permit such precision of dating, but significantly,the pottery from the fill over the floor finds parallels in two published deposits from Athens with material belonging to the early 2nd century.The firstis a well located in the southeastcorner of the Dipylon Gate in the Kerameikos.96Designated Dipylon Well B1, it contained pottery ranging in date from the first half of the 3rd century into the second quarter of the 2nd century. The contents of the well divided into three distinct fills, the first two representingperiods of use, the third a dumped filling contemporary,it would seem, with the latest materialfrom the second period of use. Karin Braun, who published the contents of the well in 1970, suggested that the pottery from the first period of use dated between ca.300 and 260. Revisedchronologyfor the stampedamphorahandles from the well, however, has lowered this dating: the first period of use now seems to end ca. 225 or shortlythereafter.97 Thereen occurreda gap of some years before the well was used again and then There oreafterccur.97 fillbegan to accumulateonce more. Analysisof the stampedamphorahandlesand moldmadebowls from this upper use fill suggests that it gathered from ca. 200 to ca. 175, according to the revised found in this fill. that chronology. Potteryfrom Q8-9 is most like that The second deposit is a cisterndiscoveredbeneath the modern streetsof Piraeus. Excavatedin 1965, its contents were published in 1971 by Ingrid Metzger.98 Although there is some question regardingthe nature of the fill, whether stratifiedor not,99 there seems to be agreement that the earliestmaterialdates from the late 3rd to early2nd century;again, it findscertainparallelsin the fill over the floor. There are no Agora depositsof which the potteryhas been fullypublishedthat are contemporary with Q 8-9.100 The five groups of Hellenisticpottery publishedby Homer Thompson in 1934101 skip the chronologicalperiod that it represents.Although Thompson originallydated his Group C 94

23, note 60. AgoraXXII, p. 106; Grace 1985, p.23, AgoraXXVI, Varieties 78-81, pp. 63-64. A total of 18 coins were recovered from Q 8-9, of which 14 survived cleaning: EA-79-81, 83-90, 195-197; of these, 4 are illegible. 96 G. Gruben, "Der Dipylon-BrunnenB1: Lage und Befund. Datierung des Dipylon," AM 85, 1970, pp. 114-128; Braun 1970. 97 Grace 1974; AgoraXXII, pp. 110-111. 98 Metzger 1971; cf. AgoraXXII, pp. 111-112 for a summaryof the contents of the cistern and its date. 99AgoraXXII, p. 112. 100Numerouspublishedparallelsexist for the moldmadebowls of Q8-9 thanksto the publicationby Susan Rotroffof this class of materialfrom the Agora. Her volume, AgoraXXII, has been indispensable. A second volume devoted to the remainingHellenisticwaresfrom the Agora is now in preparation.In the absence of thiswork, ProfessorRotroffhas providedme with considerableguidancein sortingthroughthe other classesof potteryfrom Q8-9 and relateddeposits. 101 H. A. Thompson 1934. 95

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to the early 2nd century,revisionsin the chronologyresultingfrom the discoveriesat Koroni have now lowered the date of this deposit to ca. 175-165.1?2 Group B, on the other hand, originally dated to around 320-275 B.C.,is now believed to have been laid down ca. 240,103separatedby some sixty-fiveyears from Group C. It is at the midpoint of this intervalthat the latest pottery of Q 8-9 seems to fall, with only limitedparallelsamong the later shapes of Group B and the earliest of Group C (a fact which in itself helps to confirm the position of Q 8-9 between them). It does share close similarities,however,with several depositsfrom the north slope of the Areopagos. As many as nine cisterns and wells from this region contain datable material of the first quarter of first of three structureswhich theStoa, dle the 2nd century. So, too, does bilding fill of the Middle 04 The stamped amphora handles from Q 8-9, form the South Square of the HellenisticAgora. to take the most readilydatablematerial,are closelyparalleledby those found in one of the cisterns, Deposit M 21:1, with fill of the second half of the 3rd centuryto firstquarterof the 2nd. They also overlap with those from the Middle Stoa BuildingFill,105except that the eponyms recognized as later than the majorityin that deposit (as late as ca. 183) are not found in the fill over the floor of the SquarePeristyle.There are 1,498 stampedamphorahandlesin the Middle Stoa BuildingFill, however,more than twelvetimes the numberfound in Q8-9, so that the absence of an individualis perhapsless tellingthan it might be in the case of the largergroup. 0 The actualseparationin years between the two buildingactivitiesthereforecould be somewhatless than that indicatedby the latest stampsin each deposit. The moldmade bowls from Q 8-9 also consistentlyfind their closestparallelswith the material from the wells and cisterns on the north slope of the Areopagos, as well as that from the Middle Stoa Building Fill. Productsof the Workshopof Bion, which was probablythe largestproducerof moldmade bowls in the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries,107are found in significantconcentrations in all these deposits. Examples of exceptional types also find parallels, as do various classes of wheelmadepottery,such as plates, kantharoiwith West Slope decoration,and unguentaria. Potentiallysignificantas well is the nature of the fill itself in each of the deposits. Essentially buildingfill, Q8-9 was broughtin to level the pockmarkedconstructionsite afterthe dismantlement of the Square Peristyle. A vast amount of materialwas required,perhaps as much as 1,000 cubic meters if the entire site was covered;108such significantquantitiesmust have derivedfrom a variety of sources. The pottery from the fill thus tends to be fragmentaryand to contain much older material. It has been suggestedthat the filling of the cisterns and wells on the north slope of the Areopagos derivesfrom a large destructionor intentionalreplanningof the area.109The material 102 See note 44, p. 146 above for the revisionsresultingfrom the discoveriesat Koroni. For Group C in particular, see AgoraXXII, p. 109; Rotroff 1983, pp. 276-278; Rotroff 1987b, p. 186. 103 AgoraXXI, p. 108. 104 The deposit numbersof the cisternsand wells: L 19:2, M 18:10,M 21:1, N 18:3,N 20:6, N 20:7, N 21:4, O016:3,

O 20:2, P 21:4; Middle Stoa Building Fill: H-K 12-14. For summariesof these deposits and their locations, see AgoraXXII, pp. 102-106; plan, pl. 99. For the buildingsand historyof the South Square,see AgoraXIV, pp. 65-71. 105 See Grace 1985 for complete analysisof the stampedamphorahandlesfrom this fill. 106The same may be said of the numismaticevidence. The latest coins from the Middle Stoa Building Fill date to ca. 183, slightlylater than the latestfrom the fill over the floor of the SquarePeristyle,of ca. 196-190 B.C.Again, the size of the deposit should be taken into account; the 189 legible coins of the Middle Stoa Building Fill outnumber those of QO8-9by a factor of nearly 19 to 1. For the coins from the Middle Stoa, see AgoraXXVI, pp. 49-50, 309-310. 107AgoraXXII, p. 26. 108An estimate based on the area of the Square Peristyle,ca. 58.5 m. on a side, and an average depth for the fill of ca. 0.30 m. (58.5 x 58.5 x 0.30 = 1,026.675 cu. m.). 109Rotroff 1987b, p. 186.

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thus is more localized in terms of place and time, coming from the immediatevicinity and marking the moment of destruction. Despite such differencesof kind between building fill and destruction debris,110there are noteworthy similaritiesbetween Q 8-9 and the fills of the cisterns and wells. Although it contained earlier material, Q 8-9 did not gather over an extended period; it was a loose, homogeneous fill, thrown in at one time and unmarkedby an accumulationof strata. This observationis supportedby the fact that in severalinstancesfragmentsof the same pot were found in separate areas of the deposit (e.g., 165, 178, 234). Throughout, the excavatorsnoticed significant amountsof pottery and repeatedsigns of burning. Includedin the ceramicmaterialwere a number of wasters such as would be found in the dump of a pottery workshop. These characteristics also mark the fill from the north slope of the Areopagos. The material in many of the cisterns and wells showed virtuallyno evidence of accumulation,and some of the deposits revealed traces of burning."' Moreover, two apparentlyrepresent the dump from a pottery workshop, almost certainlythat which produced the moldmade bowls associatedwith the Workshopof Bion.112The Middle Stoa BuildingFill also containeddump from a potteryworkshop,to judge from the number of wastersfound in it. It seems quitepossible,therefore,that at least some of the materialspreadover the site of the Square Peristylemay have derived from this region immediately to the south at a time when that area itselfwas undergoingdemolitionand remodeling. Pottery Moldmade Bowls (Pls.43-47, 52, 53, 55) Fragmentsof 63 moldmade bowls from the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9) have been recorded in the Agora inventory. In addition, fragmentsof at least 130 more are to be found in the context pottery from this fill. Although most were made in fresh molds, a few bowls (163, 171, 172, 175) may have been produced in slightlyworn ones.113 The production of moldmadebowls, thoughtto have begun around225 B.c.,114was well establishedthereforeby the time Q8-9 was deposited. Pinecone, imbricate,floral,and figuredbowls are well representedin the deposit,115of which the majoritybelong to the imbricate,floral, and figured classes. One bowl, 186, decorated with globular drips, does not fall into any of the major groups. It is not unique, however,for the same type is also found in the Middle Stoa BuildingFill (H-K 12-14).116 Foursmall sherdsfrom Q8-9, belongingto two separatebowls, have the distinctivedecoration of long petals. Significantconcentrationsof long-petalbowls are not found in depositsin the Agora until after the middle of the 2nd century,but a few fragmentshave turned up in earlier contexts, including Q 8-9. Both the form and precise provenance of these examples have been the cause of some debate, since their appearance may well have a bearing on the date at which this type of bowl firstcame into use.117Two of the fragmentsfrom Q8-9 (188), belongingto one bowl, have alreadybeen publishedin AgoraXXII. A third fragment(187), probablyfrom the same bowl, was recovered from the context pottery in 1985. All three sherds come from the same lot of context 110 For comments on the differentmaterialsfound in destruction debrisvs.constructionfill, cf. Rotroff 1983, pp. 274note 67. 275, 111 E.g., Deposit P 21:4; see Shear 1973a, pp. 154-156. 112 M 21:1 and N 21:4; see AgoraXXII, p. 27. 113 On the determinationand assessmentof wear on moldmadebowls, see AgoraXXII, pp. 32-33, 44-45. 114

On the date, see AgoraXXII, pp. 9-13.

115 For the classificationof types, see AgoraXXII, pp. 15-25. 116 Inventoriedexamples: P 31707, P 31723. See AgoraXXII,p. 102 for the deposit summaryof H-K 12-14. 117 AgoraXXII, pp. 34-36. For more recent discussion,see Rotroff 1983, p. 274; Grace 1985, pp. 21-24; Rotroff 1987b, p. 186 with note 29 and p. 188 with note 40; Rotroff 1988.

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pottery (lot EA 63), from the excavation of the fill over the floor of the Square Peristylein the area to the west of Stoa piers 15 and 16, between the footing trench for the Stoa piers and the foundation trench for the Stoa stylobate. The context pottery shows no sign of contamination, although the situation is complicated by the fact that approximatelytwo-thirdsof the very large quantityof ceramic materialfrom this area of the fill was discardedat the time of excavation. The excavatorindicated, moreover,that the fill over the floor was not well preservedeverywherehere and that the stratumwas pockmarkedwith rough holes or pits. It is conceivable, therefore,that the three fragmentscould be intrusions,but it should be noted that another fragment,very likely from the same bowl and certainlyfrom the same mold, was found in P 21:4, one of the deposits on the north slope of the Akropoliscontemporarywith Q8-9.118 Althoughthis piece also has been thoughtto representcontamination,it seems questionablethat such similarbowls should show up as intrusionin two fills of the same date, especiallysince the design (of the rim) is rare and since the ceramicmaterialfrom both P 21:4 and Q8-9 may derive, at least in part, from a single source. The fourth fragment (189), clearly from a differentmold, was found in the fill to the east of Stoa piers 17-19. Here were clearer signs of later activity in the area that might have caused a disturbance. To the east of Stoa pier 18, the Stoa builders apparentlyhad dug a shallow pit (Pit126) down into the fill over the floor (Layer125), using it to manufacturemud bricks,perhapsto be employed in building a temporaryconstructionshack right on the site (P1.59, Section E-E). Mud brick had dissolved at the bottom of the pit, and actual bricks were found both north and south of it. Those to the north, found togetherwith roof tiles, lay directlyon top of the fill over the floor; those to the south rested on a heap of earth (Layer127), perhaps that removed in digging the shallowpit in which the brickswere formed. Farthernorthpossibletracesof the shackitselfwere discovered.Two amphoranecks,set in a line a few metersapart,were sunkinto the fill over the floor (Layer123/124), whilejust to the south and parallelto them a trace of a wall trenchwas discovered, also dug into the same fill. These featuresmay have belonged to the front supportsand rear wall of the shack. Whatever the ultimate purpose of this activity, it is possible that any disturbance of the stratificationin the immediate vicinity may not have been fully detected, even though excavation proceeded carefullyhere. No actualjoins between sherdsof Deposit Q 8-9 and those of the Stoa constructionfill (P-R 6-12) in this area have been found, although two fragments(177 a+b), one from Q8-9 and one from P-R 6-12, almost certainlybelong to the same moldmade bowl. 177 b comes from lot EA 71, one of the lots of Q8-9 in the area of Stoa piers 17-18 East; 177 a comes fromlot EA 36, representingStoa constructionfill in this area. Lot EA 71 specificallyconcernsfillof Q8-9 from aroundthe edges of the excavationtrench,however,and is thusmore likelyto have been disturbedwhere it came near the footing trenchesfor the Stoa; indeed, such a cautionarylabel was attachedto the lot at the time of excavation. This is not the case for the lot in which the long-petal bowl 189 was found (lot EA 76 = Layer125). There were no late pieces in lot EA 76, and while some fragmentsmatch sherdsin the contaminatedlot EA 71,119such a connectiondoes not imply that lot EA 76 was itself necessarilycontaminated. As has already been noted, the fill over the floor was homogeneous,laid down at one time without distinctstratawithin it; there are numerousexamples of sherdsmatching or joining others from differentlots, representingwidely separatedareas of the Cf. AgoraXXII, p. 106 under deposit summaryof P 21:4; see also Rotroff 1987b, p. 188, note 40. 119In lot EA 71 were found two fragmentsof an importedmoldmadebowl (190 a and b [= AgoraXXII, no. 376]). A thirdfragmentof this bowl (190 c) was found in lot EA 76. 118

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fill. Thus, while contaminationremains possible in the area of Q 8-9 where the long-petal-bowl fragmentswere found, the balance of evidencewould seem to favortheir associationwith the deposit and to view them, as has been proposed, as early experimentalversionsof the long-petaltype. Most of the bowls from the fill are quite fragmentary;only one (171) is preservedin close to its full profile. The condition of the bowls thus makesattributionto the variousworkshopsidentifiedby Rotroffin AgoraXXII difficult,since each piece oftenpreservesonly isolatedmotifs.12'Nevertheless, it is clear that a great many of the bowls from the fill over the floor of the Square Peristylebelong to the Workshopof Bion, probably the largest producer of bowls in the later 3rd and early 2nd centuries.122Eighteen bowls among those inventoriedfrom Q8-9 (161, 167, 168[?], 172, 175[?], 179, 180[?], 181,182[?], 183,184, 185[?])123can plausiblybe attributedto thisworkshop;among them is one of two extant signed fragmentswhich give the workshop its name (167). Fragments of perhapsas many as fortymore bowls can be identifiedin the context potteryfrom this deposit. In addition, six inventoriedbowls are possiblyto be assignedto WorkshopA (164[?], 165[?], 169[?], 170 [?], 174[?], 176[?]), a ceramicproducerpreciselycontemporarywith the Workshopof Bion.124 These and other bowls from Q 8-9 consistentlyfind their closest parallelsamong deposits of the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries,in particularthose on the north slope of the Areopagos with fills similar to that of Q 8-9 (note, e.g., 161, 164, 172, 179, 182, 188). Only two bowls, 171 and 173, may conceivablybe linkedwith the productsof later workshops. 173 may belong to Rotroff's M Monogram Class, but the attributionis not certain. The flying Nikai on 171 are similar to those seen on a bowl assignedto Class 1, althoughother motifson 171 do not match those common to Class 1 bowls.125Both typesdo not seem to have been manufacturedmuch if at all before 175 B.C. The fillunderthe floor of the BrickBuilding(Q-R 10-11:1) includedfragmentsof approximately twenty-sixmoldmade bowls. In most respects,these are similarto those in Q8-9. Three fragments, however,belong to Rotroff's M Monogram Class (259,260, and one uninventoriedfragmentfrom the context pottery). In proportionaltermsthis figurecontrastsnotablywith the bowls of the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle. That deposit, in which there were more than seven times the number of bowls, contained no securelyidentifiablefragmentof this group. Rotroffhas suggested that M Monogram Class bowls may have been inferiorproductsof WorkshopA and considersthat their manufacturedid not begin until the second quarterof the 2nd century.126Q-R 10-11:1 thus would not date before ca. 175. The moldmade bowls found in the fill of the south stylobate trench of the Square Peristyle (Q 9:4) attest to the disturbancecaused by the builders of the Stoa of Attalos when they robbed the trenchof its survivingblocks. One fragmentof an importedbowl from the constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos belongs to the same bowl as two fragmentsfrom Q 9:4 (244). The deposit also contained a Class 1 type of bowl (240), dating probablyto the second quarterof the 2nd century, and a fragment from the rim of a long-petal bowl (243). It is not an early example of the type and probablydoes not date before the middle of the century. 120

See Grace 1985, p. 23, for the suggestionof early experimentationin the productionof long-petalbowls. 121 For the workshopsproducingmoldmadebowls, see AgoraXXII, pp. 2&-31. 122 4goraXXII, p. 26.

123Not catalogued: P 20927, P 20940, P 20948, P 20950, P 20968, P 20974. AgoraXXII, pp. 28-29. 125 See AgoraXXII, p. 30 for analysisof this class. 126 4goraXXII, p. 29. 124

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6. CHRONOLOGY

Bowls (Ills. 39, 43, 44, Pls. 47, 48,52, 54, 56) Severalvarietiesof wheelmade bowls, totalingover 300 in number,were found in the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9). By far the most popular was the bowl with outturned rim. Among the examples of this type, a number tend to be deeper in relation to their diameter and to have wallsthat flareoutwardfrom an increasinglyconstrictedfoot (192,19.127 The closest parallels among the bowls of Thompson's Groups A-D come from Group C,12 although their proportionsindicate that they are likely to be somewhat later than those in Q 8-9. In a very few instances,which are probablyamong the latestbowlsin the fill, the wall also begins to displaya more angularprofile,formed by a sharperjunctionof lower and upperbody (eg., 194). Similarbowls are found in the upper use fill of Dipylon Well B1 and in the PiraeusCistern.129 Bowlswith outturnedrimsfromboth the fillunderthe floor of the BrickBuilding(Q-R 10-11:1) and from the fill in the south stylobatefoundationtrench (Q 9:4) for the most part are similarto those from Q 8-9. A few of the twenty-sevenbowls recovered from below the floor of the Brick Building,however,are distinguishablefrom those of Q 8-9, for exaple, 2 and 265. The very small diameter of the foot of 265 in particularis noteworthyand appears later than anything in the other deposit. 245 from Q9:4 is also very developed, although it probablybelongs still within the firstquarterof the 2nd century. Only a few well-preservedexamplesof other typesof bowlswere recoveredfrom any of the three fills, such as 246 from Q9:4, which displaysthe one complete profile of a black-glazedbowl with downturnedrim. Small fragmentsof hemisphericalbowls were found in all three dePosits,but only two could be restored,one from Q9:4 (247), another from Q-R 10-11:1 (266).136 From Q8-9 comes one of two well-preservedbowls with incurvedrim (195); its shape is characteli'ed by a thin, relativelystraight-risingwall and sharplyinturned rim. A similarbowl, 267 from Q-R 10-11:1, has a more flaringwall. Other typesof bowls includethe bowl with incisedpentagons 197, the large bowl with lug handles 198, and the two-handledbowl 196. These shapes, all from Q 8-9, are in more fragmentarycondition;only 196 can be illustratedin full profile. A type with a long history, it is far more common later, but a few are found in contexts as early as the first half of the 2nd century.131None of these three classesof bowls was found in the other two smallerfills. Plates(Ills.40, 41, 43, 44, Pls. 48, 49, 52, 55, 56) Plates were one of the most common shapes in the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle (Q8-9). Fragmentsof more than one hundredare to be found in the context potteryof the deposit, ranging in date from the 4th to the early 2nd century. Most are rolled-rimplates; a continuation of the rolled-rimplatesof the late Classicalperiod, they have ring feet andstraightor nearlystraight walls,usuallydecoratedunder the glaze with one or two groovesplaced about midway to two-thirds up the wall on the outside. The rims are thickened, oftenmincurvingslightly. The shape shows a gradual shift towards a generally thinner fabric with a higher, more constrictedfoot, a deeper wall sometimes tending towardsa slightlyconcave profile, and a rim that is increasinglyundercut 127Cf. H. A. Thompson 1934, p. 435. I am gratefulto ProfessorRotrofffor advice on the developmentof the shape. 128E.g., H. A. Thompson 1934, C 3. 129Braun 1970; Metzgei 1971. 130Forhemisphericalbowlswith West Slope decorationand bowlswith reliefemblemata,see below underWest Slope Ware (pp. 161-162). 131 See Rotroff 1987a, p. 4; cf. H. A. Thompson 1934, D 17 and comments,p. 434.

AND THE BRICKBUILDING THE SQUAREPERISTYLE

161

on the inside.132 A few examples (e.g., 202, 203), in which these developments are particularly noticeable,shouldbe among the latestin the fill;they have parallelsamong platesin other depositsof the late 3rd to early 2nd century. 204 seems to representa variation of the usual shape, with no grooves in the wall and a more highly articulatedrim that slopes markedlyoutward. Even more unusualis plate 248 from Q9:4, with an upturnedratherthan rolled rim. The rolled-rimplates from the fill under the floor of the Brick Building (Q-R 10-11:1) were preservedin extremelyfragmentarycondition;usuallyonly a smallpart of the rim and wall remain. Nevertheless,of the fragments,representingtwenty-sixplates, six appear similarto the latest plate from the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle;268 providesan example. While not necessarily any later in date, they representa greaterproportionof the total than do the few found in the other deposit. Althoughless common than the plate with rolledrim, the plate with downturnedrim is found in all three deposits. Both 205 from Q8-9 and 249 from Q9:4 find parallelsin contextsof the second half of the 3rd and the early 2nd century. Similar examples occur, for instance, in Thompson's Group B and the upper use fill of Dipylon Well B1 in the Kerameikos. 269 from the fill under the floor of the BrickBuilding,with a concave rim that risesto a ridge at itsjunction with the floor of the plate, finds a parallel in one of the deposits on the north slope of the Areopagos. A similar plate found in the Piraeus Cistern also dates to the first half of the 2nd century. Fish-plates206 and 207 are typicalof the examplesthat occur in Q8-9; 207, the laterofthe two, again has parallels from the Areopagos deposits. Pyre Plates (Ills.41, 43, Pls. 49, 53, 54) Pyre plates with rilled rims are found in all three deposits. They vary in shape from relatively shallow-walledplates with nearlyhorizontalrims (e.g., 208, Q8-9) to ones with a deeper wall and projecting rim that slopes downward (210, Q 8-9, and 250, Q 9:4). The former are most like examples from Thompson's Group A; the latter have parallelsin his later groups as well as in the upper use fill of Dipylon Well B1 in the Kerameikos. This vessel, then, like the rolled-rimplate and some other shapesin the fills,would seem to range in date over a considerableperiod of time.133 West Slope Ware134(Pls.49-51, 56) Numerous fragmentsof vessels decoratedwith mature HellenisticWest Slope decorationwere found in the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9); additional fragmentsoccurred in the other two deposits under discussion. There was no appreciabledifferenceamong the deposits in the motifsencountered,with the majorityof common HellenisticWest Slope designsrepresented: for example, garlands(215), wave pattern (211), star (220), rosette (219), band of dots (217), frieze of diminishingrectanglesand checkerboard(212), and crosshatching(214).135The entwined-vine motif of 213 is less common. An occasionalexample of early West Slope decoration is also found: 223, a plate perhapsto be dated stillwithin the 4th century,illustratesagain the wide chronological range in the pottery of the fill. The ripe West Slope designs are applied in thin clay and white 132 H. A. Thompson 1934, p. 434; Rotroff 1987a, p. 4. Much of this outline of the development of the shape I owe

to ProfessorRotroff. 133 For the developmentof the shape over time, see H. A. Thompson 1934, p. 435. 134 For an analysisof West Slope vase painting and an attempt to identifyrelated groups of decorative schemes, see Rotroff 1991. 135 Homer Thompson (1934, p. 441) consideredthis last motif, that is, crosshatching,to have been one of the latest to enter the West Slope repertoire,but its appearancein Q8-9 should indicate its use at a considerablyearlierdate.

6. CHRONOLOGY

162

paint. Sometimes this decorationmay be combined with molidmnade reliefdesigns, as on the krater 211; this particularvessel must have been a fairlyrare specialtyarticle, since so few are known.136 Incisionis found occasionallyon West Slope vesselsfrom Q8-9, such as 218, a kantharosbelonging to Rotroff's IncisedWave Group,whose hallmark,a distinctivedecorativescheme of incisedwaves, was popular on a number of kantharoiat the end of the 3rd century.137No complete examples of this shape are found in the fill over the floor; indeed, 216, of which only the foot and lower wall remain, is one of the best preservedfrom the fill. Whole, this drinkingvessel would exhibit vertical a molded ring foot supportinga high, slightlyswellingbody, verical neck, and plain runim; strap handles, attachedjust below the rim and on the slopingshoulder,may be ornamentedwith mask thumb rests. Decoration appears on the neck, as on the fragment 218. As many as fifty such kantharoi,to estimate from the number of bases among the context pottery,occur in the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle. Closely similar,more complete examples are known from depositsof the late 3rd to early 2nd centuryin the Agora. Hemisphericalbowls with West Slope decoration (219, 220) were also found in the fill over the floor, although again only in fragmentaryform. As Rotroffhas noted,l38 the type, which was most popular in the period 240-200 B.C., is absent from Thompson's Group B, deposited around 240, and from Group C of around 175. The presence of the bowl in Q 8-9, therefore, further helps to establishthe chronologicalpositionof the depositbetween these two groups. Related to the bowl with West Slope decoration is the bowl with relief emblem in the center of the floor; these are often highlightedwith West Slope designs(e.g., 221, 222). The fragmentaryamphoras213-215 must serve as representativesof this class of vessel from Q 8-9, although one detail may be added to the information given by the catalogued pieces themselves. These examples preserveno trace of their handles, but fragmentsamong the lots of context pottery, as well as one catalogued example from Q 9:4 (251), include rope handles with added clay masks at their bases, a motif that apparentlyhad been introduced earlier around the middle of the century.139285, from the dump in the corridorbehind the BrickBuilding(Q 11:3), has rope handles but without added clay masks. Another type of handle, a strap with added rolls of clay attachedto its upper section, also occurs in the context pottery of Q8-9. A nearlycomplete amphorawith the same added detailon each of its handlescomes from Deposit P 21:4 of the late 3rd to early 2nd century;the decorationon its lower neck may also be comparedto that of 214.140 FusiformUnguentaria141(PI.51) Hellenistic fusiformunguentariawere found in all three deposits. 224 and 225, from the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9), are generallyrepresentativeof the shape as it was found in that deposit and in Q-R 10- 1:1. They have well-roundedbulbous bodies with neatly formedand articulatedfeet and necksand are decoratedwith thin white lines aroundneck, shoulder, and body. The two cataloguedexamples are made of clay, dark reddishbrown to red at the core, that has firedbrown at the surface;most examples,however,are gray to nearlyblackat the surface. One detail of the shape may be noted in particular.Rotroffhas observedthat fusiformunguentaria 136AgoraXXII, p. 39. 137 Rotroff 1991, pp. 85-88. 138 Rotroff 1987a, 2-3 and note 7.

pp.

139 Accordingto Rotroff(per it., April 10, 1989).

140 P 29344: Shear 1973a, p. 155, pl. 33:e; Rotroff 1991, p. 78, no. 49 on p. 80, pl. 27. 141 On the see H. A. Thompson 1934, pp. 472-474 and S. I. Rotroff, "The Origins and development, its and shape of Hellenistic Gray Unguentaria"(ecture, Toronto 1983),abstractin AJA88, 1984, p. 258. Chronology

THE SQUAREPERISTYLE AND THE BRICKBUILDING

163

from 3rd-centurydepositsin the Agora have stems that are hollow. The period of ca. 200-175 B.C., however,marksa transitionto solidstems;from ca. 175 on, solid stemspredominate. Of eighty-three stems in the fill over the floor,only seven are solid,just 7 percent of the total.142In the fill under the floor of the BrickBuilding(Q-R 10-11:1), two of seven stems are solid, comprising28.5 percent of the total. While comparisonof such a small samplewith a relativelylarge one is perhapsstatistically questionable,it is probablyvalid at least to recognizea certainincreasein the generalrepresentation of solid versus hollow stems. In Deposit Q 9:4, the fill in the south stylobatetrench of the Square Peristyle(Q 9:4), six of thirteen stems are solid, nearly half. This percentage must be the result of the disturbancecaused by the Stoa builders. MiscellaneousFine Ware (11.42, Pls. 51, 53, 54) Among the earliermaterialin the depositswere a few fragmentsof Attic red-figuredware, such as 226 from the fill over the floor of the SquarePeristyle(Q8-9).143 From Q9:4 came one fragment from a fine black-figuredDroop cup, most of which was found in the upper layer of the fill in the foundation trench for the south outer wall of the Square Peristyle(Q 10:1).144Also to be included among the little early materialfrom Q 9:4 is a fragment,perhaps from a jug, carefullycovered in white slip (252). Even earlier,Mycenaean ware found in the stylobatetrench apparentlyderived from a grave destroyedwhen the buildersof the SquarePeristyledug here for their foundations.145 Less common Hellenistic black-glazedshapes include a one-handled cup (271) from the fill under the floor of the Brick Building (Q-R 10-11: 1);it lacks its high-swungvertical strap handle. Severalsimilarcups were found in the depositsof the late 3rd to early2nd centuryon the north slope of the Areopagos;another comes from the buildingfill of the Middle Stoa. Fragmentsof such cups also occur in the context pottery of the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q 8-9). The canteen neck 227 from the fill over the floor,with its high, narrowneck and flaringrim, has parallels from contexts of the first and second quarterof the 2nd century. Q 8-9 also contained small pyxis 228 and saltcellar229; the latter may be related to the spool saltcellarsof Early Hellenistic date from the Agora.146 A few examples of differentceramicfabrics,distinctfrom the usual light reddishbrown to pink clay of Attic pottery, are to be noted among the fine ware from the fill over the floor. Among them is a fragment of red ware (230) with glaze similar to that of Eastern Sigillata A ware, but the fabric is deeper in color than normally seen in that pottery, and the technique is different.147 231 preservesthe rim, neck, and shoulder of an uncertain shape made from a hard fabric, dark gray in color148and fired a buff pink on the surface. A second example turned up in the fill in the south stylobate trench (Q 9:4). From the latter context also came fragmentsof the rim of a 142 Included in this tally are only those

unguentariamade from the most commonly found fabric at Athens;it is deep red at the core and gray to nearly black at the surface. Examples in other fabrics, of which a few are to be found in the context pottery,have not been included. 143 Other inventoriedred-figuredware from Q8-9 include P 20199, P 20203, and P 20278. There are no inventoried examples of red-figuredpottery from either Q-R 10-11:1 or Q9:4, although a few fragmentsare to be found in the context pottery of these two fills. 144 P 20691 (=AgoraXXIII, no. 1749,pl. 112). 145 See AgoraXIII, p. 235, "Tomb (?) XXXV", for discussionof the evidence and a list of the pottery. 146 153 is a fine example of this type from the fill of the south outer-walltrench (Q 10:1). 147 Kathleen Slane, who kindly looked at the fragment for me in July 1986, doubted its association with Eastern SigillataA ware, noting in particularthat the rough wheel markson the undersideof the vessel were quite unlike the smooth surfacesfound in that ware. 148 MunsellSoilChart,Baltimore 1973, 7.5 YR N4/ (fabric)and 5 YR 7/6 (surface).

164

6. CHRONOLOGY

vessel made from gray-warefabric and decorated with rouletting (253).149 The fabric is similar to that of an imported moldmade bowl from the constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos, although its rouletteddecorationmay be comparedto an Attic piece from a context of ca. 225-175 B.C. Lamps (Pls.52, 53, 55) The inventoriedlampsfrom Q8-9 show the rangeand distributionof typesfound in the deposit. The earliestis a single example of Howland Type 23 C, from the firstto second quarterof the 4th century. The majoritybelongs to various classeswhich essentiallyspan the 3rd century;four date from the late 4th to first half of the 3rd, while eleven lamps are associatedwith types produced in the second half of the 3rd and early years of the 2nd century. The two latest lamps (238, 239) belong to Types 33 A and 34 A, classes which were produced as late as the third quarter of the 2nd century but which had their origins in the fourth quarter of the 3rd. Thus the lamps, like other classes of ceramic material from the fill, range widely in date but neverthelessconcentrate in the later part of the 3rd century,with the latest examples dating to the end of the century or slightlylater,in the early years of the 2nd (TableIII). TABLE III: LAMPS OF DEPOSIT Q.8-9 Under each chronologicalheading, the lamp type, as arrangedin AgoraIV, is given first,with the catalogueor inventory number in parentheses. 4th century

23 C (L 4618)

Second half 4thfirsthalf 3rd century 25 B' (L 4747) 27 A (L 4748) 28 B (L 4743) 42 B (L 4616)

Second half 3rdearly 2nd century 32 (L 4745) 43 A (L 4921) 43 B (237) (L 4620) (L 4747) 45 C (L 4749) 46 A (L 4621) (L 4647) 46 C (L 4744) 46 D (L 4633) [=AgoraIV, no. 607] (L 4644)

Fourthquarter3rdthirdquarter2nd century 33 A (238) 34 A (239)

The lamps of Q-R 10-11:1 and Q9:4 are essentiallycontemporarywith the latest in Q8-9. 278, from beneath the floor of the BrickBuilding(Q-R 10-11:1), belongs to Type 48 A; 256 and 257, from the south stylobatetrench (Q9:4), belong to Types 27 D and 34 A respectively.All three classes of lamps span the years from the fourth quarter of the 3rd century to the second half of the 2nd century. Plain Ware (Pls.52-55) Most of the unglazed domestic and coarse ware was highly fragmentary and not readily datable. The catalogue includes only the better-preserveddiagnostic pieces from the three fills under discussion. Two differenttypes of lids for amphoras were found in the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(Q8-9) and the fill under the floor of the Brick Building (Q-R 10-11:1). 149

Cf. H. A. Thompson 1934, p. 471 on gray ware in Hellenisticcontexts.

THESQUARE PERISTYLE ANDTHEBRICKBUILDINGS

165

From Q 8-9 comes 233, a simple disk, conical in profile, that rises in the center to a crude knob. More interestingare the lids 232 from Q 8-9 and 272 from Q-R 10-1 1:1. These are diskseach with a hollow "axle" through its center, a device perhaps intended to allow for aeration of the contentsor for the release of gases.150234, two fragmentsfrom the rim and handle of an amphora, may have served as an official measure; dated to the 4th century,it representsone of the earlier "survivals"found in the fill over the floor. So, too, is 235, a neck fragment from a Cypriote or imitation Cypriote amphora, one of many that appear suddenlyin mainland Greece in the second half of the 4th century.151The small pyre saucer 273 from Q-R 10-11 1 is a shape known from many examples found in sacrificialpyres.152The small handlelesscup 254 from Q 9:4 is perhaps also votive in nature. 236, a rim fragmentfrom a lekane, is interestingprimarilyfrom a technical standpoint;one of a number of wastersfrom the fill over the floor of the Square Peristyle(cf., e.g., 166), it suggeststhat some of the potteryfrom the fill may have come from a pottery dump. Lopas 255 from Q9:4 has close parallelsfrom the upper use fill from Dipylon Well B1; its high rim was flanged on the inside to receive a lid like 274, found in the fill under the floor of the BrickBuilding. The fragmentsof braziersfrom the same fill include the two finely modeled lug handles, 275 and 276, of differentdesignsbut both signedwith the same name, probablythat of their maker.153277 from the same context is of a simplertype, with plain lugs. 150

See Koehler 1986, p. 54, figs. 3, 4. 151AgoraXII, p. 191. 152 Cf. AgoraXII, pp. 198-199; Young 1951a, pp. 110-130. 153 When this type firstappearedin Athens has yet to be determinedprecisely.H. A. Thompson (1934, pp. 467-468) thought that the type may have come into use around 200; if so, the examplesfrom Q-R 10-11:1 will have been among the earliest.

7

CATALOGUEOF PO'' ERY The entries in this catalogue are arrangedfirst according to provenance, then according to type and shape. Figured pottery precedes black glazed. Presentationof the moldmade bowls follows the arrangement,terminology,and conventionsof AgoraXXH. The clay is Attic, unless otherwise specified. Referencesto previouspublicationof an object are given at the beginning of an entry,after the listingof dimensions;referencesto comparandaare at the end of an entry,before the date assigned to it. Some pots are includedin the cataloguewithoutany date becausethey cannot now be dated as closely as the deposits from which they came. Nevertheless,they are significantfor the light they shed on the nature of the deposits and their relation to others; moreover, they may prove more closely datable when further ceramic studies are made. If the piece has already been published in full, the descriptionof it here may be abbreviatedand illustrationomitted. Summariesof deposits cited in the comparandawhich are not among those in the Deposit Summaryof this volume may be found in eitherAgoraXII, pp. 383-399, or AgoraXXII, pp. 95-106. Where fragmentsof the same pot were found in two differentdeposits,the provenanceof each fragment is given. In the case of pieces belonging to Q 8-9, where in some instances fragments of the same vessel could be traced to differentareas of the deposit, the lot numbers to which the fragmentswere assigned and the location of the lots in the fill are listed. If the piece is a single fragment, or if there is no indication that joining fragmentscame from differentlots, no specific provenancewithin the fill is reported. The followingabbreviationshave been used: H.: height (to rim unlessotherwisespecified) Diam.: diameter(takenat the greatestpoint unlessindicatedotherwise) p.: preserved est.: estimated max. p. dim.: maximumpreserveddimension ext.: exterior int.: interior U: upper L: lower POU: period of use

All measurementsare in meters. The nomenclatureused to define variants of shapes (e.g., "TypeC", "Shape 3") is adopted fromAgoraXII. For Howland lamp types, see AgoraIV. I am gratefulto Mary B. Moore for the dates assignedto the red-figuredpottery;this material will be fully presentedin her forthcomingvolume on red-figuredware from the AthenianAgora.

167

EARLYSTRUCTURES (1-35)

EARLY STRUCTURES (1-35) Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 411, 412. Ca.480

ALTAR BASE(1-9)

1 (P 24278) Black-figuredlekythos Layer3. Max. p. dim. 0.048. WaUfragment. Bibliography:AgoraXXHI, no. 1230. Maenad riding mule. 490-470 2 (P 24268) Red-figuredcolumn-krater P1.31 Layer4. Max. p. dim. 0.073. Wall fragment. Torso of a nude male figure leaning forward to right. Good black glaze on exterior;interior,matte glaze. 500-480 3 (P 24280) Red-figuredcalyx-krater PI. 31 Layer1. Max. p. dim. 0.059. Small fragmentof rim to startof wall. Heavy rolled rim. Horizontal palmettes, framed and linked,with pairs of drops between. Shiny blackglaze. Early5th century 4 (P 24269) Cup: Type C P1.31 Layer4. P.H. 0.036; Diam. (foot)0.065. Foot, stem, and center of floor. Foot risingon underside,slightlysloped on exterior. Stem risesinto wall withoutbreak. Two scrapedgroovesat base of stem. Reserved: outer face of foot and restingsurface. Shinyblackglaze; stackingcirclein centerof floor. Incised ligatureon undersideof foot: 'L

5 (P 31788) Cup: Type C PI. 31 4. Layer P.H. 0.033; Diam. (foot)0.07. Foot and stem to beginning of floor. Top of foot slopes;on outer face, broad groove with traces of red (miltos?).Two scraped grooves at junction of foot and stem. Reserved: outer face of foot and center of stem inside. Glaze red to gray,peeled in parts. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 412, 413. Ca.480 or slightlylater 6 (P 31789) One-handler: banded IIl. 29, PI. 31 Layer6. H. 0.041; est. Diam. 0.115. About one-quarter,preservingnearlycomplete profile. Ring foot. Slightlyangledwall. Plainrim, roundedon top and reserved. Int.: reservedcentral disk with two gla7ed circlesand dot. Ext.: reservedexcept for glazed band on lower wall, outer and inner faces of foot, two circles on underside. Shiny black glaze. Cf. Roberts 1986, nos. 345, 346 (Q 12:3). Ca.500 7 (P 31786) Small bowl: steep wall Ill. 29, PI. 31 Layer4. H. 0.039; est. Diam. 0.07. About one-quarterof foot, wall, and rim; nearly complete profile. Ring foot with flat restingsurface. Thickened rim, flat on top, slopinginwards. Reserved: outer face of foot, resting black glaze. surface,and underside. Finme Cf. AgoraXII, no. 844. Ca.480-470

X-2)6 ILL. 29.

Altar base: one-handler6 and small bowl 7. Scale 1:2

7

168

7. CATALOGUE OF PO'llEKY

_=J)

\

10

11

26

ILL.30. Rubble structures:saltcellar10, small bowl 11, and one-handlers26 and 33. Scale 1:2 PI. 31 8 (P 31787) Saltcellar:echinus wall Layer4. H. 0.0315; est. Diam. 0.056; Diam. (foot)0.038. About one-half,preservingfull profile. Flat underside. Wall drawn in slightlytowardsthe Reserved: underside and lower part of wall. Dull glaze; fabricmisfiredgray in places. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 909. Ca.500-480 9 (P 24279) Pyxis: Type D Layer2. H. 0.037; est. Diam. (foot)0.07. About one-sixth. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 1309. Ring foot with flat restingsurface,profiledon oute Straight wall. Offset flange for lid. Reserved: i surface,underside, and floor. Shiny black glaze w places. Early5th century(?) RUBBLESTRUCTURES (10-35)

The order of the catalogued material relating rubble structuresgenerally follows the discussion structures(pp. 18-22 above),beginningwith those the northern end and to the west of the Stoa of A then turningto the remainsbeneath its southernh; Ill. 30, P1.31 10 (P 31812) Saltcellar:echinuswall Layer56. H. 0.024; est. Diam. 0.06. About one-sixth, missingcenter of floor.

Flat underside. Shiny black glaze over all. Cf. AgoraXH, no. 913; 66 (P 8:2). 430-420 11 (P 31811) Small bowl: early and heavy Layer100. H. 0.029; est. Diam. 0.08. About one-fifth,missingcenter of floor.

Ill. 30

Thick ring foot. Plain rim, rounded on top, inturned. High qualityglaze, brown to black on exterior,black on interior. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 861, 862. 450-425 PI. 31 12 (P 23549) Pyxislid: Type D Pit below wall 8. H. 0.01; Diam. 0.07. Complete. Downturned flange. On top: red-figure star pattern, groove under glaze at edge. Reserved: raised ridge bordering red-figurepattern;restingsurface. Dark brown to blackglaze. Incisedunderglaze at center of underside:F. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1313; New York,M.M.A. 09.221.40 (ARV21328, no. 99). Ca.425-400 P1.32 13 (P 24277) One-handler Layer9. H. 0.049; est. Diam. 0.11. Foot and about one-half of wall and rim, points of attachmentfor handle. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 755.

EARLYSTRUCTURES(1-35) Ring foot with flat resting surface. Slightly thickened, plain rim, slopingin. Reserved: restingsurface,underside with glazed circle, band, circle, and central dot. Shiny blackglaze. Ca.400 14 (P 21358) Red-figuredkrater PI. 32 P 7:8. Max. p. dim. (largestfragment)0.128. Five nonjoiningfragmentsbelonging to rim and body. Mantled youths; wreath and maeander patterns. Light reddishto darkbrown glaze. Academy Painter.ARV21125, no. 11.

Cf. 40 (P8:2).

169

Deep bowl with concave outer profile. Broad rim sloping slightly inward with high spit rests. Reddish orange cooking-warefabric,blackenedin places from fire. Late 5th century 18 (L 5115) Lamp: Howland Type 23 C P1.32 Layer103. H. 0.033; Diam. 0.072. Missing tip of nozzle, small part of rim, handle except for points of attachment. Low raisedbase, concave beneath. Heavy bottom. Band handle. Pitted black glaze. Incised on rim: A (4. Cf. 76 (P 8:2). Ca.400

Ca.410 15 (P 21359) Bolsal PI. 32 P 7:8. H. 0.071; Diam. 0.141. Foot, floor, and about one-half of wall and rim, part of both handles. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 549. Flaring ring foot. Concave lower wall; scraped groove at junction with upper part. Two fine grooves under glaze just below rim on outside. Underside decorated with reserved band and scraped circles. Int.: on floor, six linked palmettes around a circle. Black glaze outside, streakedgreenish red inside. Ca.420-400 16 (P 21360) Small bowl: later and light P1.32 P 7:8. H. 0.025; Diam. 0.088; Diam. (foot)0.066. Nearly complete. Ring foot with beveled restingsurfaceand concave molding beneath. Thick wall, rounded incurving rim. Reserved:junction of foot and wall, resting surface,underside with concentric circle and large central dot. Brown glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 870; 62 (P 8:2); 63 (Layer52); 64

52);65 (P8:2). (Layer Ca.425

17 (P 20990) Eschara PI. 32 On floor above Layer10. P.H. (to top of spit rests set on rim) 0.138; Diam. (rim)0.405. Upper part only, lacking about one-half of rim and handles except for points of attachmentfor one. Bibliography: AgoraXII, no. 2032 (incorrectly attributed to a context of the third quarter of the 4th century). Cf. AgoraXII, p. 234, note 19.

19 (P 21227) Red-figuredoinochoe: Shape 3, small Q 10:4, POU. P.H. 0.063; Diam. 0.055; Diam. (foot)0.04. Missingmouth and handle.

P1.32

Figuredpanel with smallboy crawlingright, reachingout towardsjug, grape clusterabove, uncertainobject at left. Disk foot, slightly concave beneath; underside reserved. Good black glaze. Ca.420 20 (P 21220) Stemlesscup Q 10:4, POU. P.H. 0.02; Diam. (foot)0.041. Foot and small part of wall.

PI. 33

Ring foot. Reserved: junction of foot and wall, resting surface (worn), underside with three glazed circles and centraldot. Dull red to gray glaze. Graffitoon underside: KOA. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 461. Ca.420 21 (P 21225) Squat lekythos:patterned P1.33 Q 10:4, POU. P.H. 0.062; Diam. 0.049. Neck and handle missing. Ring foot, concave molding underneath. Tall body. Reserved:lower part of foot, underside,band on wall below shoulderwith two glazed lines. Gray to blackglaze, pitted and worn. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1128. 425-400 22 (P 24051) Oinochoe Pocketof earth in Layer146. H. (to rim) 0.169; Diam. 0.138.

P1.33

170

7. CATALOGUE OF PO'iIKY

Complete except for handle. Ribliography:AgoraXII, no. 158. Flaring ring foot. Rolundedrim, projecting. Reserved underside. Shiny black glaze. Ca.425-400 23 (P 23684) Olpe PI. 33 R 11:3. H. 0.132; Diam. 0.072; Diam. (foot)0.042. Missinghandle and about one-half of rim. Bottom slightlyconcave beneath. Glaze brown to black,

dippedandbadlyworn. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 273. Another,similarexample from R 11:3, not quite full profilebut with handle preserved. Ca 400 24 (P 25419) Corinthianskyphos PI. 33 R 11:3. H. 0.08; est. Diam. 0.094; Diam. (rim)0.088; Diam.

(foot)0.046. Missingmuch of wall, rim, and one bandle (restored). Flaringring foot. Thin walls. Hoisesho handles,slightly pinched. Shiny black glaze all over except for a reserved line atjinction of foot and underside. Cf. Corbett 1949, no. 27; AgoraXHII,nos. 321, 322; Oakley 1988, nos. 51, 71. Two other similar examples from R 11:3, one perhapsa bit later. 425-400 25 (P 25422) Bolsal PI. 33 R 11:3. Max. p. dim. 0.065. Fragmentof foot and floor. Flaring ring foot, worn resting surface. Concave lower part of wall. Reserved: undersidewith glazed band, two circles. Floor: incised circle on which rest palmettes.

Blackglaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 541 (shapeof foot);H. A. Thompson 1937, p. 155, fig. 90:f(P 8091, stamp). Ca.420 26 (P 25421) One-handler Ill. 30, P1.33 R 11:3. H. 0.045; Diam. 0.119. Missing fragmentsfrom foot, floor, wall, all of handle except for points of attachment. Ring foot. Rim flat on top, sloping inwards. Reserved: resting surface and underside with glazed circle. Dull

blackglaze.

Cf. Agra XII, no. 754; 13 (Layer9); 59 (P 8:2); 83

(0 7:13). 420-400 27 (P 23685) One-handler:small P1.33 R 11:3. H. 0.027; Diam. 0.074; Diam. (foot)0.046. About one-half, includinghandle. Ring foot. Plain rim. Horseshoe handle. Black glaze. Graffitoon underside:E. Cf. AgoraX, nos. 772, 774. 425-400 28 (P 25420) Lykiniclekanis PI. 33 R 11:3. H. 0.054; est. Diam. 0.105; Diam. (foot)0.06. Missing about one-half of wall and rim; no trace of handles. Spreadingringfoot with concave outerface. Slightlyoffset band at top of wall. Inset rim inclinesinwards. Reserved: restingsurface. Red to black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1244, 1245, and p. 169, note 24. 420-400 29 (P 23683) Amphora PI. 34 R 11:3. H. 0.63; Diam. 0.377. Fragmentsmissingfrom rim and shoulder. Neat, flaringbutton toe. Rim with angularprofile. Gritty brown clay. Band of reddish glaze around lower wall, anotherat edge of foot. Interiorthicklycoated with pitch. On shouldera single letter,E, painted in red. Similarfrom the same deposit: P 23686. 30 (P 25424) Amphora P1.34 R 11:3. P.H. 0.535 (illustratedportion only); Diam. 0.41; est. Diam. (rim)0.18. Most of body and shoulder, with lower part of one handle;nonjoiningfragmentpreservespart of rim (not illustrated). Button toe. Deep, roiundedbody. Angular,flaring rim. Pinkishfabric,light brown at surface. Similarfrom the same deposit: P 25425. 31 (P 25426) Amphora R 11:3.

PI. 34

(a)P.H.0.17. (b)P.H.0.070. (a) Neck, rim, one handle, and upper part of second. (b)Toe, probablyfromsamejar,with smallpartoflower body.

BUILDINGS A TO E (36-86) Bibliography:.V R. Grace, "SamianAmphoras,"Hesperia40, 1971 [pp. 52-95], pp. 75 with note 61, 77. Cuffed toe, slightly flared, shallow depression underneath; interior of body reaching to about top of cuff. Deep rim, offset and flaring. Broad handles. Micaceous pink to gray-buffclay; yellow buff at surface. Pl. 34 32 (P 24862) Pyre plate Layer138 (originallyfrom Pyre139 [Deposit R 11:5]?). H. 0.019/0.026; Diam. 0.136. Missingpart of wall and rim. Ring foot with flat resting surface, nipple underneath. Rim sloping inwardwith single rill at junction of rim and floor. Reserved: rim. Thin glaze wash, red to black over all except rim. Cf. Young 195la, pyre 5, no. 5; pyre 14, no. 3. 33 (P 24863) One-handler Ill. 30, P1.34 R 139 Pyre (Deposit 11:5). H. 0.044; Diam. 0.113. Missingmost of handle and chips from rim. Ring foot with flat resting surface. Slightly flaring rim sloping inward. Reserved: restingsurfaceand underside. Brown glaze, dipped.

171

Cf. AgoraXII, no. 758; 83 (O 7:13); 103 (0-R 7-10). 400-375 34 (P 24865) Pyre saucer PI. 34 Pyre139 (Deposit R 11:5). H. 0.016; Diam. 0.072. Intact except for chips. Flat bottom. Shallow bowl. Thin, metallic brown glaze, mostly chipped. Cf. Rotroff 1983, no. 13 (Cave Cistern System);Young 195la, pyre 1, nos. 9-14; pyre 8, nos. 13-16; 273 (Q-R 10-11:1). 35 (P 24864) Small chytra PI. 34 Pyre139 (Deposit R 11:5). H. (to rim) 0.055/0.059; Diam. 0.087. Intact. Bibliography: B. A. Sparkes, "The Greek Kitchen," JHS 82, 1962 [pp. 121-137], p. 130, pl. VI; noted also in AgoraXII, p. 225, note 9. Rounded bottom. Flaring rim. Strap handle. Unglazed. Light brown to gray micaceous clay. Cf. Young 1951a, pyre 1, no. 7; pyre 8, nos. 9, 10; pyre 13, nos. 12, 13.

BUILDINGS A TO E (36-86) BUILDINGA (36-76)

36 (P 21581) Ostrakon P1.35 148. Layer Max. p. dim. 0.085. 21, Bibliography:E. Vanderpool,"Kleophon,"Hesperia 1952, pp. 114-115; AgoraXXV, no. 604. Wall fragment from a large unglazed amphora. Incised on the outside: KXcoq&pv KXceut?8o. 417-415 37 (P 21534) Red-figuredpelike PI. 35 P 8:2. Max. p. dim. 0.096. Fragmentfrom shoulder. Head and lower right arm of a wreathed youth facing right holding spears. Thin black glaze. Dinos Painter. ARV2 1155, no. 43; H. A. Thompson 1952, pl. 31:b. 440-430 38 (P 24267) Red-figuredstamnos(?) Layer11a. Max. p. dim. 0.083.

PI. 35

Fragmentfrom shoulder. Female facing left holding a large phiale(?). Glaze inside streakyto shoulder,outsidemottled brown and scratched. 430-420 39 (P 21526) Red-figuredbell-krater P1.35 148. Layer Max. p. dim. 0.073. Wall fragment. Maenad facing right holding a kantharos. Shiny black glaze inside and out. Dinos Painter.H. A. Thompson 1952, pl. 31:d. Ca.430 40 (P 21535) Red-figuredbell-krater PI. 35 P 8:2. Max. p. dim. (largestfragment)0.137. Flve nonjoiningwall fragments. Partsof drapedyouths;maeanderborderpatterns. Glaze streakedred. Academy Painter.ARV21124, no. 10. Cf. 14 (P 7:8). Ca.410

172

7. CATALOGUE OF POT I'EKY

41 (P 21582) Red-figuredbell-krater PI. 36 Layer148. Max. p. dim. 0.063. Fragmentfrom upper wall. Ext.: satyr looking up and to left. Int.: reserved band. Black glaze on interior, dull mottled brown to black on exterior. Probablylate 5th century PI. 36 42 (P 24266) Red-figuredoinochoe: chous (Shape 3) Layer la. Max. p. dim. 0.056. Fragmentfrom upper wall. Head of a youth (satyr?)facing right. Shiny black glaze outside, streakyblack glaze inside. Late 5th century 43 (P 21525) Red-figuredoinochoe: PI. 36 chous (Shape 3) P 8:2. Max. p. dim. 0.051. Wall fragment. Child profferinggrapes on a tray. Black glaze outside, thin brown wash inside. Late 5th century 44 (P 24271) Red-figuredskyphos Layer11a. P.H. 0.038; est. Diam. (rim)0.155. Fragmentof rim.

PI. 36

Youth looking left, holding lyre. Blackglaze. Late 5th century 45 (P 21524) Red-figuredsquat lekythos P1.36 P 8:2. P.H. 0.076; est. Diam. (foot)0.06. About one-third of wall from foot to shoulder. Draped femalerunningright. Blackglaze peeled in places. Late 5th century 46 (P 21536) Red-figuredsquat lekythos PI. 36 P 8:2. P.H. 0.076. Severalsherdsmake up two nonjoiningfragments,preserving less than one-third of body and shoulder with lower handle attachment. On one fragment (illustrated),the back part of a Nike flyingright. Dull black glaze, peeling. Near the Well Painter.ARV21221, no. 2. Late 5th century

47 (P 22327) Red-figuredaskos PI. 36 Q8:1. H. 0.036; Diam. 0.096; est. Diam. (foot)0.086. About two-thirdsof foot and body; handle and spout missing. Two fawns running right. Disk foot, underside slightly concave. Reserved: underside, with traces of red wash, and band at shoulder.Blackglaze unevenly applied. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 1176 (shape); P 21537, a similar red-figuredaskosfrom P 8:2. Ca.400 48 (P 21553) Oinochoe: chous (Shape 3) P1.37 P 8:2. H. 0.23; est. Diam. 0.18; Diam. (foot)0.124. Fragmentsof foot, wall, and rim missing. Bibliography:AgoraXXI, Ha 2; AgoraPictureBook14, fig. 38. Ring foot with broad, flat resting surface. Rather tall, straightbody. Rim flat on top. Low strap handle with centralrib. Dip glazed all over except lowest part of wall, foot, and underside. Graffitoon one side of neck: xmxv~ X(o6q). Cf. AgoraXII, no. 120. Ca.400 49 (P 21545) Mug, Pheidias Ill. 31, P1.37 P 8:2. P.H. 0.123; Diam. 0.28. Missing parts of foot and wall, all of rim; nonjoining fragmentof handle. Low ring foot. Broad ribbing on body connected by arcs at top. Notched ridge at junction of shoulder and neck. Double handle. Good black glaze all over. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 204; Pease 1937, no. 58; Corbett 1949, no. 78. Ca.425 50 (P 21544) Mug, Pheidias P1.37 P 8:2. H. 0.066; est. Diam. 0.075; Diam. (foot)0.054. Missingmuch of wall and rim. Low ring foot with rounded resting surface. Ridge at junction of shoulderand neck. Double handle with shouldering. Broad petal ribbing,upper petals lightly grooved within; stamped concentric circles under handle; light groove under glaze on lower part of wall; two concentric circlesunder glaze on underside. Black glaze over all. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 215, 216. Ca.420

173

BUILDINGSA TO E (36-86)

49

59

p - ' - , 65

i467

skyphos52, one-handler59, smallbowl65, andsaltcellar67. ISL.31. BuildingA: Pheidiasmug49, Corinthian-type Scale 1:2

174

7. CATALOGUE OF POTTERY

51 (P 21541) Mug: two-handled P 8:2. H. 0.049; est. Diam. 0.10. Lacking two-thirdsof wall and rim, all of one handle, most of second. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 226. Cf. P 21543, from the same deposit,the second of the pair. 450-425 52 (P 21548) Skyphos: Corinthiantype Ill. 31, PL.37 P 8:2. H. 0.106; est. Diam. 0.12. Less than one-half. Flaring ring foot. Rim slightly drawn in. Reserved: underside with four concentric circles and central dot; zone above foot decorated with rays; inner edge of rim; handle panels. Good black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 316, 318; Oakley 1988, nos. 41, 51. Also from P 8:2 is P 21547, later and more fragmentary. Ca.450-425 53 (P 21538) Stemlesscup: delicate class P 8:2. H. 0.047; est. Diam. 0.165; Diam. (foot)0.082. Center of floor and most of wall and rim missing. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 505. Molded ring foot. Rim offset inside. Reserved: resting surfaceand junction of foot and underside. Two scraped lines and two grooves under glaze on wall. Int.: incised olive wreath. Black glaze. Fordecoration,cf. P 10914 and P 23832 (fromDeposits B 13:5 and Q 15:2 respectively,both deposits of the last quarterof the 5th century). Ca.430-420

Four fragmentspreserve parts of wall and rim, both handles. Rim offset inside. Squared, angular handles. Reserved: line at base of wall. Int.: zone of incised tongues. Black glaze shadingto red in places. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 494 (handles),500 (decoration). Ca.420 56 (P 21559) Stemlesscup: delicate class P1.37 P 8:2. Max. p. dim. 0.04; est. Diam. (foot)0.07. Fragmentpreservessmall part of foot and floor. Molded ring foot; raised ring on underside. Reserved: junction of foot and underside;underside,with concentric circles. Floor: ovuleswithinlinkedpalmettes. Good black glaze. Inscribedon underside:]aocoe[t[i. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 487. Ca.430 57 (P 8052) Cup-skyphos:light wall P 8:2. H. 0.068; Diam. 0.149; Diam. (foot)0.077. Missingparts of wall, rim, both handles. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 582. Ca.430 58 (P 21546) Cup-skyphos:heavy wall P 8:2. P.H. 0.077; est. Diam. 0.175. One handle togetherwith part of wall and rim. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 613. Ca.420

54 (P 21539) Stemless cup: delicate class PI. 37 P 8:2. P.H. 0.04; est. Diam. 0.147. Two nonjoining fragmentspreservepart of floor,wall, and rim, fragments of one handle and root of the second. Rim offset inside. Reserved: line above junction of foot and wall; line with added miltos at junction of foot and underside. Int.: zone of tongues. Good black glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 496. Ca.420

59 (P 21550) One-handler I11.31, P1.38 P 8:2. H. 0.042; est. Diam. 0.12; Diam. (foot)0.065. Missingcenter of floor and much of rim. Low ring foot with flat resting surface. Fairly straight, risingwall. Horizontal loop handle. Thickened rim, flat on top, slopingslightlyinwards. Reserved: restingsurface and undersidewith two circlesat center. Dull blackglaze, ratheruneven. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 749, 752 (handle);26 (R 11:3);83 (O 7:13). Also from P 8:2 and perhaps slightly earlier, P 22328. Ca.425

55 (P 21540) Stemless cup: delicate class P1.37 P 8:2. P.H. 0.03; est. Diam. 0.14; max. p. dim. Oargestfragment) 0.11.

60 (P 22475) Bowl with outturnedrim P1.38 Q8:1. H. 0.05; est. Diam. 0.178; est. Diam. (foot)0.105. About one-fifth,with full profile.

BUILDINGS A TO E (36-86) Ring foot with flat restingsurface. Thickenedrim, slightly rounded on top and projectingoutwards. Reserved: resting surfaceand undersidewithin a raisedring, decorated with two circles and central dot. Int.: three concentric circlesof enclosed ovules. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 778. GCa. 430 61 (P 21542) Bowl with outturnedrim P 8:2. P.H. 0.027; est. Diam. (foot)0.10. Part of foot and floor. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 798.

PI. 38

Int.: four stampedpalmettesat center of floor,two circles, a circle of palmettes, the pattern repeated. Ca.400 62 (P 21552) Small bowl: later and light P 8:2. H. 0.028; Diam. 0.086; Diam. (foot)0.055. Nearly complete. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 872. Ca.425-400 63 (P 31784) Small bowl: later and light P1.38 Layer52. H. 0.022; Diam. 0.081; Diam. (foot)0.059. About one-half of wall and rim missing. Ring foot with concave molding on inner face. Incurving rim. Reserved: resting surfaceand underside,with circle and central dot. Blackglaze, fired gray in patches. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 869, 871. Ca.425-400 64 (P 31785) Small bowl: later and light P1.38 52. Layer H. 0.026; Diam. 0.081; Diam. (foot)0.058. About one-half of foot, wall, and rim; lacking center of floor. Ring foot with concave molding on inner face. Plain roundedrim. Reserved: inner face of foot and underside. Glazed circle around inner edge of concave molding. Scraped groove at junction of foot and wall. Gray to black glaze with streaksof red, peeled in places. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 871, 876. Ca.400 65 (P 31781) Small bowl: later and light Ill. 31, PI. 38 P 8:2. H. 0.023; est. Diam. 0.074; Diam. (foot)0.046. About one-half of wall and rim missing.

175

Ring foot with flat restingsurface. Thin walls. Plain rim. Glaze fired orange to orange brown. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 873. Ca.400-390 66 (P 21551) Saltcellar:echinus wall PI. 38 P 8:2. H. 0.026; Diam. 0.058; Diam. (foot)0.032. Complete except for chips. Flat bottom. Thin walls. Thick black glaze all over. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 914, 915; Corbett 1949, no. 69; 10 (Layer56). Ca.420-400 67 (P 31783) Saltcellar:concave wall Ill. 31, P1.38 P 8:2. H. 0.022; est. Diam. 0.055. About one-fifth of foot, wall, and rim; lacking center of floor. Recessedunderside. Nearlyverticalwall. Rim flat on top. Good blackglaze all over. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 934, 935. Ca.425-400 68 (P 31782) Squat lekythos:with verticalribs PI. 38 P 8:2. P.H. 0.044; Diam. (foot)0.042. Foot and about one-half of wall. Ring foot. Deep, widely spaced verticalgrooves on wall, made before glazing. Reserved: outer edge of foot and underside. Dip glazed, black. Cf.AgoraXII, nos. 1129-1131. Ca.420-400 69 (P 31790) Lekanishandle Layer16. Max. p. dim. 0.05. Handle and a smallpart of rim.

P1.38

Slightly horseshoe-shapedwishbone handle. Rim with flange for lid. Blackglaze. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1244 (for the wishbone type) and no. 346 (forthe horseshoeshape). Last quarter5th century 70 (P 21549) Miniatureskyphos P 8:2. H. 0.035; Diam. 0.050. Missingmuch of one side togetherwith handle. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 1426. Ca.425

176

7. CATALOGUE OF POTTERY

71 (P 21554) Sway-backduck askos PI. 38 P 8:2. RH. 0.105; max. p. dim. 0.145. Preservestail, handle, and one-halfof neck and mouth; most of wall and all of foot missing. Bell-shaped mouth, rim flat on top. Basket handle. Unglazed. Pinkishbuff clay, smooth surfacing. Cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1733, 1734. Last quarter5th century 72 (P 21555) Oinochoe: mushroomjug P1.38 P 8:2. P.H. 0.112; Diam. 0.181; Diam. (foot)0.09. Missing most of neck, part of upper wall, and both handles except for points of attachment. Ring foot with flat resting surface. Angularbody. Wideset handles. Unglazed; orangishpink-buffclay. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 171, earlierand with a more rounded body. Third quarter5th century 73 (L 4824) Lamp: Howland Type 21 B P1.38 Layer148. H. 0.025; Diam. 0.079. Missing chip from rim and all of handle, except for points of attachment. Low raised base, slightly concave beneath. Narrow, rounded rim sloping sharply inward. Nozzle rises noticeably.Handle rounded in section with points of attachment fairly close together. Black glaze all over including base, much chipped. Cf. AgoraIV, no. 167. Two other lamps of the same type: L 5170 (Q8:1) and L 4828 (P 8:2). 74 (L 4827) Lamp: Howland Type 23 A P1.38 P 8:2. P.H. 0.024; Diam. 0.068. Missingbottom, handleexcept forpointsof attachment, and chip from rim. Narrow rim sloping inward. Small wick hole. Band handle. Blackglaze. Also from P 8:2, another more fragmentaryexample of this type, L 4829. 75 (L 4832) Lamp: Howland Type 24 A P 8:2. H. 0.029; est. Diam. 0.07. About one-third,with handle roots.

P1.38

Ring foot, with molding underneath. Molded rim, sloping inward. Handle, round in section with points of

attachmentplaced close together. Reserved: inner portion of rim, restingsurface,undersidewith circle and dot. Blackglaze. Also from P 8:2 are L 4830 and L 4831, both examples of the closely relatedType 24 A'. 76 (L 4826) Lamp: Howland Type 23 C PI. 38 P 8:2. H. 0.028; Diam. 0.066. Missingsmallpart of wall and rim, all of handle except points of attachment. Heavy bottom, low raised base, concave beneath. Band handle. Good black glaze all over except for base. Cf. 18 (Layer103). 400-390 B (77-83) BUILDING 77 (P 21286) Red-figuredbell-krater PI. 39 Layer149. P.H. 0.165. Wall fragment. Three standing figures: draped female at left faces two cloaked males at center and right. Mottled gray to black glaze outside;thin red to gray streakyglaze inside. Danae Painter.ARV21075, no. 9. Ca.440 78 (P 21295) Red-figuredoinochoe(?) P1.39 Layer149. P.H. 0.029. Wall fragment. Standing draped figure. Shiny black glaze on exterior only. Third quarter5th century? 79 (P 21293) Red-figuredlekythos Layer149. Max. p. dim. 0.054. Wall fragment. Left hand holding torch. Dull gray glaze. Second half 5th century

P1.39

80 (P 21296) Uncertain shape P1.39 Layer149. P.H. 0.040. Wall fragment. Thin-walled vessel. Ground line supporting stemmed plant and part of a figure(?)to left. All in added clay with red wash.

177

BUILDINGS A TO E (36-86) 81 (P 21294) Bowl: shallowwall and convex-concaveprofile 149. Layer H. 0.031; est. Diam. (rim)0.104; Diam. (foot)0.076. About one-half. Bibliography:AgoraXII, no. 817. Ca.450-430 82 (P 21299) Bolsal O 7:13. Max. p. dim. 0.047; est. Diam. (foot)0.07. Fragmentof foot and floor.

Ring foot with flat resting surface. Solid stem. Wall with pronounced outward curve. Reserved: resting surface. Scrapedline at junction of foot and wall. Blackglaze. Cf. 99 (0-R 7-10), 141 (Q9-10:1). Last quarter4th century

//

PI. 39

Low ring foot, convex on inner side, concave on outside. Raised ring on underside, reserved within, with glazed circles and dot. Floor: circle of enclosed ovules, linked palmettes;patternrepeated;outer ring of enclosedovules. Excellentblack glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 535. Ca.430 83 (P 21298) One-handler: black Ill. 32, P1.39 07:13. H. 0.047; Diam. 0.111; Diam. (foot)0.066. Missing fragmentsof rim and wall. Ring foot with flat resting surface. Slightly flaring rim. Glazed all over, mottled brownish red to black outside, black inside, partiallypeeled. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 755; 26 (R 11:3), 33 (R 11:5), 59 (P8:2). Ca.400

ILL.32. One-handler 83. Scale 1:2 BuIDINGSD ANDE (84-86) 84 (P 31793) Skyphos:Attic type Level120. P.H. 0.06. Foot and lower wall.

Ill. 33, P1.39

84

-

ILL.

agua

33. Buildings D and E: Attic-type skyphos 84 and plate 86. Scale 1:2

85 (P 31792) Plate with rolled rim P. 39 Levl 120. H. 0.034; est. Diam. 0.24. About one-sixthof foot, floor, and rim. Ring foot with flat resting surface. Slightly angled wall. Thickened rim with groove at junction of wall and rim. Slightlymetallicgray glaze. Cf. 114 (0-R 7-10). Last quarter4th century 86 (P 31791) Plate with flat rim Ill. 33, Pl. 39 Level53/54. H. 0.022; est. Diam. 0.155. Slightlyless than half. Ring foot. Straightwall. Rim flat on top. Two grooves under glaze on floor. Reserved: rim. Dull black glaze, much peeled. Small iron concretion adheringto floor. Last quarter4th century

7. CATALOGUE OF P0'1-1TRY

178

THE SQUAREPERISTYLEAND THE BRICKBUIIDING (87-293) OFTHESQuAREPERTYLE(87-136) FILL DEPosrrO-R 7-10. CONSTRucTION 91 (P 31095) P.H. 0.034; Diam. (foot)0.052. Foot and trace of lower wall.

FINE WARE (87-126) KANTHAROI

Dl.34, P. 40

87 (P 26148) Sessile kantharos P.H. 0.037. Wall fragment. Bibliography:AgoraXI, no. 635. Ca.450-425

Molded foot, concave beneath; beveled resting surface, worn. Shiny red glaze. Cf90. 325-300

ml.34, PI. 40 88 (P 20988) P.H. 0.045; Diam. 0.076; Diam. (foot)0.048. Foot and about one-half of lower wall.

Molded foot, concave beneath, grooved resting surface. Two scrapedgrooves on body with vertical gouged decorationunderglaze above. Straphandles. Shiny,mottled brown to orange glaze, orange inside. Cf. 4gaXII, no. 714 (= Rotroff1984, no. 12 [F 11:2]); P 29181 (CrossroadsWell);P 4400 (F 12:3);139 (P 10:3). Ca.310-300

92 (P 31100) RH. 0.071; Diam. (foot)0.047. Foot and one-quarterof lower body.

Molded foot, concave beneath with central nipple, grooved resting surface. Scraped line between moldings of foot and at junction of foot and wall. Ribbed lower wall. Four palmettes within rouletting on floor. Shiny blackglaze, chipped. Graffitoon underside:A. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 674 (C 12:2). Also from O-R 7-10 is P 23646, perhapsslightlylater. Ca.350 PI. 40 89 (P 24143) H. 0.117; Diam. 0.102; est. Diam. (rim)0.095. One handleandpartofwall missing;footbadlychipped. Bibliography:AgoraXII, p. 122, note 61. Molded foot, concave beneath with central nipple, flat restingsurface. Added miltos between moldings of foot, at junction of foot and wall, and in groove around lower wall. Black glaze, almost totally peeled. Pale greenish buff clay; non-Attic,probablyCorinthian. Ca.325

90 (P20334)

Ill. 34, P1.40

P.H. 0.044; Diam. (foot)0.052. Foot and portion of lower wall. Molded foot, concave beneath, beveled resting surface. Reserved: line, with added miltos, between moldings of foot;restingsurface. Roulettingon floor. Blackglaze. On undersideof foot: ligatureAA. Poor workmanship. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 713 (= H. A. Thompson 1934, A 28 [Group A]); AgoraXII, no. 662; D. B. Thompson 1954, p. 88, note 6 (4), pl. 20:d (DemeterCistern);91. 325-300

93 (P 31099)

Ill. 34, Pl. 40

Dl.34, PL.40

RH. 0.025; est. Diam. (foot)0.045. About one-halfof foot and stem to beginning of wall. Moldedfoot, concavebeneath;scrapedgroovewithmiltos in restingsurface. Scrapedline between moldingsof foot. Fairlyhigh, thin stem. Shiny brown glaze. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 690 (B 17:5, sacrificialpyre);Rotroff 1984, no. 16 (F 11:2);Rotroff 1983, no. 17 (Cave Cistern System);Miller 1974, no. 4 (Menon'sCistern). Ca.300-early 3rd century 94 (P 31107) RH. 0.043; Diam. (foot)0.040. Foot and part of lower wall.

Ill. 34, PI. 40

Turnedfoot, concave beneath;scrapedgroovewith miltos in restingsurfaceand between moldingsof foot. Scraped groove with miltos on lower wall. Shiny black glaze. Carelesslymade. Cf. AgoraXII, no. 721 (R 17:6); Miller 1974, no. 15 (Menon'sCistern);95. Ca.325-early 3rd century 95 (P 31110) P.H. 0.022; Diam. (foot)0.048. Stem and about one-half of foot.

Ill. 34, P1.40

Turned foot, concave beneath; scrapedgroove in resting surfaceand between moldingsof foot. Shiny blackglaze.

THE SQUARE PERISTYLEAND THE BRICK BUILDING (87-293)

(

I

^

88

(

90

^

t

179

91

93

94

fi


~~

..;~.. ~C.~..

;~*fel~"..

~

......

...

.19E

a. East wall of Building E and the south wall of BuildingC, from the north. Area south of BuildingC in general clearedto to the the level level of of Lqyer Foundationpier 18 of of the the Stoa Stoa of of Attalos Attalos(foreground) 120. Foundation Layer120. pier 18 (foreground) cleared

b. East

wall

of Building

E, from

the

northwest

Open Court between the Predecessors

a. Areawest of foundationpiers 15-18 of the Stoa ofAttalos, with pits and holes cut in bedrock. From the north

b. Area east offoundation piers cut in bedrock. From the nor

PLATE 11

U F

' I*?:

C

1.

Square Peristyle

;i

,

rCI? a. North wall, from the northeast. Back wall of the Stoa of Attalos (top right)

.

?'- ~.. I ! . .

*f.

u?

C

*4J

*e

k" e

?

I?!

-_8

,,:r-Si: ?

r?

ir^A

?LI ?

-:

???. . I

t.

.. r .

,... -2'5

- ?,

-' .e'''

PLATE 12

a. Area west of the Stoa of Attalos, from the northwest. Foundationblocks of the west outer wall of the Square Peristyle(foreground) , :.S,.fci,.,'.. S .*'?*-.'-:.,.

'.

'' -

'V1. ii;. - , '