Politikjournalismus (Reihe: Kompaktwissen Journalismus)

Susanne Fengler · Bettina Vestring Politikjournalismus

Kompaktwissen Journalismus Herausgegeben von Susanne Fengler und Sonja Kretzschmar Eine neue Reihe – ein neues Konzept: Wissenschaftler und Praktiker schreiben gemeinsam Lehrbücher für die neue Journalistengeneration. Für jeden Band zeichnen mindestens zwei Autoren verantwortlich: Kommunikationswissenschaftler stellen praxisrelevante Forschungsergebnisse vor, erfahrene Journalisten geben Einblick in die Arbeitsweise ihrer Ressorts. Gemeinsam analysieren sie, welchen Herausforderungen sich Journalisten künftig stellen müssen. Kompakt, verständlich und aktuell führen die Lehrbücher in die verschiedenen Arbeitsbereiche des Journalismus ein. Zielgruppe sind Wissenschaft und Praxis: Studierende und ihre Dozenten an Universitäten, Fachhochschulen und Journalistenschulen, Einsteiger in den Beruf des Journalisten – aber auch gestandene Praktiker mit Lust am Nach- und Querdenken.

Die Herausgeberinnen: Prof. Dr. Susanne Fengler: Studium der Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft an der Freien Universität Berlin sowie an der Columbia University, New York. Freie Journalistin bei Zeitung und Radio. Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Journalisten-Kolleg der Freien Universität Berlin/Europäische Journalisten-Fellowships, 2001 Promotion über Medienjournalismus in den USA. Berufstätigkeit in der Politischen Kommunikation. Oberassistentin am Institut für Publizistikwissenschaft und Medienforschung (IPMZ) der Universität Zürich. Seit 2008 Professorin für Internationalen Journalismus am Institut für Journalistik der Technischen Universität Dortmund und Wissenschaftliche Leiterin des Erich-Brost-Instituts für Journalismus in Europa. Dr. Sonja Kretzschmar: Studium der Journalistik und Politikwissenschaft in Dortmund und Edinburgh, Volontariat bei der „Berliner Zeitung“, anschließend freie Journalistin bei Print-, Online- und elektronischen Medien. Promotion 2001 am Institut für Journalistik der Universität Dortmund, 2001-2004 Redakteurin bei den Tagesthemen. Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an den Universitäten Erfurt und Münster, Hochschuldozentur an der Universität Leipzig. Lehraufträge an den Universitäten München und Dortmund, Gast-Stipendium für die „Annenberg School of Journalism“ der University of Southern California (USC). Seit 2006 Arbeit an der Habilitation zum Thema „Journalismus und Mobilkommunikation“ am Institut für Kommunikationswissenschaft der Westfälischen Wihelms-Universität Münster.

Susanne Fengler Bettina Vestring

Politikjournalismus

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar.

1. Auflage 2009 Alle Rechte vorbehalten © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009 Lektorat: Barbara Emig-Roller VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften ist Teil der Fachverlagsgruppe Springer Science+Business Media. www.vs-verlag.de Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften. Umschlaggestaltung: KünkelLopka Medienentwicklung, Heidelberg Satz: Anke Vogel, Ober-Olm Druck und buchbinderische Verarbeitung: Krips b.v., Meppel Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier Printed in the Netherlands ISBN 978-3-531-15403-9

,QKDOW     Vorwort von Uwe Vorkötter ................................................................. 11 Vorwort von Susanne Fengler und Bettina Vestring ........................ 15 Kapitel 1: Politikjournalisten und Politiker Sichtweisen der Praxis ........................................................................ 17 Gespräch am Schiefen Turm: Abstand und Nähe im Politikjournalismus ............................................................................ 18 Tauschgeschäfte zwischen Journalisten und Politikern .................... 20 Kontakte machen – Kontakte pflegen ............................................... 22 „Gelbe Karte“ für Eingeweihte: Die Hintergrundkreise ...................... 24 Wie wird man Politikjournalist?.......................................................... 27 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 28 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................... 29 Information, Kritik, Kontrolle: Aufgaben des Politikjournalismus ....... 30 Werden die Medien immer einflussreicher? Die These von der „Mediatisierung“ der Politik................................................................ 32 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 37 Kapitel 2: Quellen des Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ........................................................................ 38 Pressesprecher: Vom Umgang mit den Vermarktungs-Profis........... 40 Kommunikationsagenturen: Von harmlos bis bedenklich.................. 44 Anonyme Quellen: Man achte auf das Motiv..................................... 47 Verbände: Keine objektiven Quellen – aber trotzdem nützlich.......... 49 Die Nachrichtenagenturen: Unverzichtbare Dienstleister.................. 51 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 53



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Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................... 54 Steuert die PR den Journalismus? Die Determinations-Hypothese .. 55 PR muss sich nach den Spielregeln der Medien richten ................... 56 PR und Journalismus im „Marktmodell“ ............................................ 56 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 59 Kapitel 3: Agenda und Akteure des Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ........................................................................ 60 Planung im Politikressort: Wie steuern Redaktionen die Berichterstattung? ............................................................................. 62 Berichterstattung aus der Hauptstadt: Gefragt sind Spezialisten ...... 64 Berichterstattung aus der Hauptstadt: Die Termine .......................... 66 Berichterstattung aus den Ländern und Kommunen: Mehr Bürgernähe auch für die Medien.............................................. 69 Berichterstattung aus Brüssel und dem Ausland: Erklären, erklären, erklären ............................................................... 71 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 75 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................... 76 Innenpolitik beherrscht die Schlagzeilen ........................................... 77 Im Mittelpunkt steht der Kanzler oder die Kanzlerin: Der Amtsbonus in der Politikberichterstattung .................................. 78 Nachrichtenwerte steuern die Berichterstattung: Selektionskriterien der Journalisten .................................................. 78 Sind die Politikjournalisten schuld an der Politikverdrossenheit?...... 80 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 83 Kapitel 4: Medien der Politikberichterstattung Sichtweisen der Praxis ........................................................................ 84 Leitmedien oder: Wer ist wichtig in der Medienwelt .......................... 85 Die Agenturen: Das Medium der Medien .......................................... 87 Zitiert werden: Ein neue Zielvorgabe für Journalisten ....................... 88 Spiegel Online: Neues Leitmedium? ................................................. 89 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................... 91

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Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................... 92 Medienangebot im Wandel: Harte Konkurrenz um die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums ........................................................ 93 Rechts, Links, Mitte: Leitmedien und ihre redaktionellen Linien........ 94 Yahoo! und T-Online: Neue Konkurrenz im digitalen Zeitalter? ........ 96 Mehr Partizipation in der „E-Democracy“? ........................................ 97 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 100 Kapitel 5: Darstellungsformen im Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ...................................................................... 101 Täglich Brot des Politikredakteurs: Die Nachricht ........................... 102 Meist noch kräftig nachbearbeitet: Das Interview............................ 105 Politik in der Nahaufnahme: Reportage und Porträt........................ 110 Mit oder ohne Blattlinie: Der Kommentar ........................................ 112 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 116 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................. 117 Politisches auf dem Rückzug? Politikjournalismus im Wandel........ 118 Wird der Politikjournalismus „bunter“ und oberflächlicher? ............. 120 Vom Beobachter zum Selbstdarsteller? .......................................... 122 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 123  Kapitel 6: Parteien und Parteilichkeit als Herausforderung für den Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ...................................................................... 124 Abstand halten: Kardinalstugend im Politikjournalismus ................. 125 Kein Rederecht für die NPD? Vom schwierigen Umgang mit extremistischen Parteien ................................................................. 127 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 128 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................. 129 Grün bevorzugt? Politische Sympathien der Journalisten in Deutschland .................................................................................... 130 Nach angelsächsischem Vorbild? Rollenverständnis deutscher Journalisten im Wandel ................................................................... 133



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Unparteilichkeit als Ideal: Ein Rückblick in die Journalismusgeschichte .................................................................. 135 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 137 Kapitel 7: Recherche im Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ...................................................................... 138 Von der Idee zum Beitrag: Strategien für die Recherche ................ 140 Hände weg von E-Mail-Interviews: Quellen und Recherche im Internet ....................................................................................... 143 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 145 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................. 146 Journalistenberuf im Wandel: Immer weniger Zeit für Recherche....................................................................................... 147 „Wetten, dass..?“ und „Lindenstraße“: Konkurrenz für den Politikjournalismus? ........................................................................ 151 Online-Journalismus: Keine Zeit für Recherchen? .......................... 152 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 154 Kapitel 8: Politikjournalisten und ihr Publikum Sichtweisen der Praxis ...................................................................... 155 Dem Publikum auf der Spur: Nutzerforschung im Politikjournalismus...................................................................... 156 Neue Möglichkeiten der Publikumsbindung: Politikjournalisten im Internet ....................................................................................... 158 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 159 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................. 160 Wie mächtig sind die Medien? Politikjournalisten und das (wählende) Publikum....................................................................... 161 „TV-Duelle“ als Beispiel für Medienwirkungsforschung ................... 163 Der Wähler im Visier des Politikjournalismus: Medien und Demoskopie .................................................................................... 167 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 169

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Kapitel 9: Verantwortung im Politikjournalismus Sichtweisen der Praxis ...................................................................... 170 Rechte und Pflichten von Journalisten ............................................ 171 Echte und falsche Kampagnen im Politikressort ............................. 172 Die Kanzlerin am Pool: Ethische Grenzen der Berichterstattung .... 173 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 176 Perspektiven der Forschung............................................................. 177 Verantwortung in der Politik – Verantwortung im Journalismus ...... 178 Gestufte Verantwortung für Missstände in den Medien .................. 180 „Auch Journalisten können gelegentlich irren“: Qualitätssicherung im Politikjournalismus ....................................... 182 Weiterführende Literatur.................................................................. 184 Nachwort ............................................................................................. 185 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................... 187 Links .................................................................................................... 194 Register ............................................................................................... 195



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