;XZQVOMZ4MPZJ]KP
:MQVPIZL5I\Q[[MS /IJZQMTM;\MQVMZ
,EBENSMITTELANALYTIK /Z]VLbÛOM5M\PWLMV)V_MVL]VOMV $R...
402 downloads
1241 Views
5MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
;XZQVOMZ4MPZJ]KP
:MQVPIZL5I\Q[[MS /IJZQMTM;\MQVMZ
,EBENSMITTELANALYTIK /Z]VLbÛOM5M\PWLMV)V_MVL]VOMV $RITTE VOLLSTËNDIGàBERARBEITETE!UmAGE -IT!BBILDUNGENUND4ABELLEN
0ROF$RRERNATHABIL$IPL )NG2EINHARD-ATISSEK IXT8ZWNM[[WZIU1V[\Q\]\NÛZ4MJMV[UQ\\MT\MKPVWTWOQM ]VL4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQMLMZ<MKPVQ[KPMV=VQ^MZ[Q\Ã\*MZTQV ,QZMS\WZLM[4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQ[KPMV1V[\Q\]\[4+1 LM[*]VLM[^MZJIVLM[LMZ,M]\[KPMV;Û¾_IZMVQVL][\ZQMM> )LIU[[\Zw 3ÕTV $RRERNAT'ABRIELE3TEINER +PMUQ[KPM[]VL>M\MZQVÃZ]V\MZ[]KP]VO[IU\;\]\\OIZ\ ;KPIãIVL[\Z .MTTJIKP
)3". È È È!UmAGEÈ 3PRINGER 6ERLAGÈ"ERLINÈ(EIDELBERGÈ.EWÈ9ORKÈ )3". È È È!UmAGEÈ 3PRINGER 6ERLAGÈ"ERLINÈ(EIDELBERGÈ.EWÈ9ORK )3".È È È!UmAGEÈ 3PRINGER 6ERLAGÈ"ERLINÈ(EIDELBERGÈ.EWÈ9ORK "IBLIOGRAlSCHEÈ)NFORMATIONÈ$ERÈ$EUTSCHENÈ"IBLIOTHEK $IEÈ $EUTSCHEÈ "IBLIOTHEKÈ VERZEICHNETÈ DIESEÈ 0UBLIKATIONÈ INÈ DERÈ $EUTSCHENÈ .ATIONALBIBLIOGRAlEÈ DETAILLIERTEÈ BIBLIOGRAlSCHEÈ$ATENÈSINDÈIMÈ)NTERNETÈàBERÈHTTPDNBDDBDEÈABRUFBAR $IESESÈ 7ERKÈ ISTÈ URHEBERRECHTLICHÈ GESCHàTZTÈ $IEÈ DADURCHÈ BEGRàNDETENÈ 2ECHTE È INSBESONDEREÈ DIEÈ DERÈ ¯BERSETZUNG ÈDESÈ.ACHDRUCKS ÈDESÈ6ORTRAGS ÈDERÈ%NTNAHMEÈVONÈ!BBILDUNGENÈUNDÈ4ABELLEN ÈDERÈ&UNKSENDUNG È DERÈ -IKROVERlLMUNGÈ ODERÈ DERÈ 6ERVIELFËLTIGUNGÈ AUFÈ ANDERENÈ 7EGENÈ UNDÈ DERÈ 3PEICHERUNGÈ INÈ $ATENVERAR È BEITUNGSANLAGEN È BLEIBEN È AUCHÈ BEIÈ NURÈ AUSZUGSWEISERÈ 6ERWERTUNG È VORBEHALTENÈ %INEÈ 6ERVIELFËLTIGUNGÈ DIESESÈ7ERKESÈ ODERÈ VONÈ4EILENÈ DIESESÈ7ERKESÈ ISTÈ AUCHÈ IMÈ %INZELFALLÈ NURÈ INÈ DENÈ 'RENZENÈ DERÈ GESETZLICHENÈ "ESTIMMUNGENÈ DESÈ 5RHEBERRECHTSGESETZESÈ DERÈ "UNDESREPUBLIKÈ $EUTSCHLANDÈ VOMÈ È 3EPTEMBERÈ È INÈ DERÈ JEWEILSÈ GELTENDENÈ &ASSUNGÈ ZULËSSIGÈ 3IEÈ ISTÈ GRUNDSËTZLICHÈ VERGàTUNGSPmICHTIGÈ :UWIDERHANDLUNGENÈ UNTERLIEGENÈDENÈ3TRAFBESTIMMUNGENÈDESÈ5RHEBERRECHTSGESETZES 3PRINGERÈISTÈEINÈ5NTERNEHMENÈVONÈ3PRINGERÈ3CIENCE"USINESSÈ-EDIAÈ SPRINGERCOMÈ ¹È3PRINGER 6ERLAGÈ"ERLINÈ(EIDELBERGÈÈ 0RINTEDÈINÈ'ERMANYÈ $IEÈ 7IEDERGABEÈ VONÈ 'EBRAUCHSNAMEN È (ANDELSNAMEN È 7ARENBEZEICHNUNGENÈ USWÈ INÈ DIESEMÈ "UCHÈ BERECHTIGTÈAUCHÈOHNEÈBESONDEREÈ+ENNZEICHNUNGÈNICHTÈZUÈDERÈ!NNAHME ÈDASSÈSOLCHEÈ.AMENÈIMÈ3INNEÈDERÈ 7ARENZEICHEN ÈUNDÈ-ARKENSCHUTZ 'ESETZGEBUNGÈALSÈFREIÈZUÈBETRACHTENÈWËRENÈUNDÈDAHERÈVONÈJEDERMANNÈ BENUTZTÈWERDENÈDàRFEN 5MSCHLAGGESTALTUNGÈDESIGNÈÈPRODUCTIONÈ'MB( È(EIDELBERGÈ (ERSTELLUNGÈ,% 4E8È'B2 È,EIPZIGÈ 3ATZÈ3ATZ $RUCK 3ERVICE È,EIMENÈ 'EDRUCKTÈAUFÈSËUREFREIEMÈ0APIERÈ È È ÈnÈÈÈÈÈÈ
6ORWORTZURDRITTEN!UmAGE
.ICHTSISTFàRDEN!NALYTIKERWICHTIGER ALSZUWISSEN WARUMMANWAS WANNUNDWIEUNTERSUCHT nUNDWASDAS%RGEBNISBEDEUTET
-QVM.ÛTTM^WV5M\PWLMV]VLVIKP^MZ[KPQMLMVMV)VITa[MVXZQVbQXQMVMV\_QKSMT \M1V[\Z]UMV\M[\MPMVPM]\MLMV)VITa\QSMZQVVMV]VL)VITa\QSMZVIT[?MZSbM]OM NÛZLQM/M_QVV]VOY]ITQ\I\Q^MZ]VLY]IV\Q\I\Q^MZ1VNWZUI\QWVMVÛJMZ[\WNãQKPM ;a[\MUM b]Z >MZNÛO]VO ,QM <MVLMVb Q[\ I]NOZ]VL ^WV \MKPVQ[KPMV .WZ\[KPZQ\ \MV 1VVW^I\QWVMV ]VL -V\LMKS]VOMV _MQ\MZ [\MQOMVL »JMZJTQKS ]VL )][_IPT LM[iZQKP\QOMVt>MZNIPZMV[_MZLMVLIL]ZKPIJMZVQKP\OMZILMMZTMQKP\MZ\QV[JM [WVLMZM VQKP\ NÛZ -QV[\MQOMZ -ZSTÃZ\M[ BQMT LQM[M[ *]KPM[ Q[\ M[ 5M\PWLQS ]VL ;\ZI\MOQM QU *MZMQKP LMZ 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS ^MZ[\ÃVLTQKP ]VL XZI`Q[VIP b] ^MZUQ\\MTV,I[LIb]MV\_QKSMT\M3WVbMX\_]ZLMI]KPQVLMZLZQ\\MV^WTT[\ÃVLQO ÛJMZIZJMQ\M\MV)]ãIOMI]NOZ]VLLMZÃ]¾MZ[\XW[Q\Q^MV:M[WVIVbI][LMV4M[MZ SZMQ[MVSWV[MY]MV\JMQJMPIT\MV"»JMZ[QKP\TQKPM/TQMLMZ]VOSTIZM]VL^MZ[\ÃVL TQKPM)V_MQ[]VOMVb]Z,]ZKPNÛPZ]VOLMZ)VITa[MV^WZ[KPZQN\MVUQ\XZIS\Q[KPMV MZJM[[MZ]VO[XZWbM[[M[OMZVMJMZÛKS[QKP\QO\PIJMV6IUMV\TQKPPMZ^WZOMPWJMV _MZLMV[WTTLQM[JMbÛOTQKP.ZI]4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQSMZQV3I\ZQV2IV¾MV^WU4M JMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQ[KPMV 1V[\Q\]\ 4+1 LM[ *]VLM[^MZJIVLM[ LMZ ,M]\[KPMV ;Û¾ _IZMVQVL][\ZQMQV3ÕTV4I[\J]\VW\TMI[\LIVSMV_QZLMU;XZQVOMZ>MZTIOQV 8MZ[WV^WV0MZZV8M\MZ-VLMZ[NÛZLQM[\M\[PMZ^WZZIOMVLM=V\MZ[\Û\b]VO]VL ZMQJ]VO[TW[MB][IUUMVIZJMQ\ 3ÕTV]VL;\]\\OIZ\,MbMUJMZ
:MQVPIZL5I\Q[[MS /IJZQMTM;\MQVMZ
6ORWORTZUR!UmAGE
,I[1V\MZM[[MIV4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSQ[\QVJZMQ\MV.IKPSZMQ[MVMZNZM]TQKPMZ_MQ[M VIKP_QM^WZZMKP\OZW¾,I[.MPTMVMQVM[UWLMZVMV4MPZJ]KP[QVLQM[MU.IKP OMJQM\b][IUUMVUQ\LMZITT[MQ\[ISbMX\QMZ\MV3WVbMX\QWV]VLO]\MV)][[\I\\]VO LM[ ?MZSM[ JMQ OTMQKPbMQ\QO OÛV[\QOMU 8ZMQ[ [QVL [QKPMZTQKP LQM /ZÛVLM NÛZ LQM ITTM-Z_IZ\]VOMVÛJMZ\ZMNNMVLM)VVIPUML]ZKPLQMb]UMQ[\[\]LMV\Q[KPM4M [MZ[KPIN\ ,QM V]V ^WZTQMOMVLM )]ãIOM JI[QMZ\ I]N LMZ [WZONÃT\QO L]ZKPOM[MPMVMV ]VL SWZZQOQMZ\MV )]ãIOM =V[MZ ,IVS OQT\ ITTMV 4M[MZQVVMV ]VL 4M[MZV LQM ]V[_MZ\^WTTM0QV_MQ[M]VL3WZZMS\]Z^WZ[KPTÃOMTQMNMZ\MV,MU;XZQVOMZ>MZTIO LIVSMV_QZNÛZLQM^WZJQTLTQKPMB][IUUMVIZJMQ\ 3ÕTVQU.ZÛPRIPZ!!
:MQVPIZL5I\Q[[MS .ZIVS5;KPVMXMT /IJZQMTM;\MQVMZ
6ORWORTZURERSTEN!UmAGE ,QM 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS JQTLM\ IT[ IVOM_IVL\M ?Q[[MV[KPIN\ LQM *I[Q[ b]Z *M ]Z\MQT]VO LMZ 9]ITQ\Ã\ ]VL ;QKPMZPMQ\ ]V[MZMZ 4MJMV[UQ\\MT ,]ZKP QVVW^I\Q^M .WZ\[KPZQ\\M ]VL [\ÃVLQO ^MZNMQVMZ\M )VITa[MV\MKPVQSMV UQ\ b]U <MQT M`\ZMU VQMLZQOMV-ZNI[[]VO[OZMVbMVSWUU\b][IUUMVUQ\MQVMUOM[KPÃZN\MV=U_MT\ JM_][[\[MQV TMJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\Q[KPMV .ZIOM[\MTT]VOMV LMZbMQ\ ]VL _WPT I]KP b]SÛVN\QO[\ÃVLQO[\MQOMVLM*MLM]\]VOb] ,I[^WZTQMOMVLM*]KP[WTTIT[4MQ\NILMV[W_WPTNÛZSTI[[Q[KPSWV^MV\QWVMTTMIT[ I]KPUWLMZVMQV[\Z]UMV\MTTM5M\PWLMVLQMVMVLQMb]ZOZ]VLTMOMVLMV=V\MZ[] KP]VOLMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTb][IUUMV[M\b]VOLI[PMQ¾\b]Z-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZ0I]X\ QVPIT\[[\WNNM]VL_QKP\QOMZ5QVWZJM[\IVL\MQTM[W_QM^MZ[KPQMLMVMZI][OM_ÃPT\MZ B][I\b[\WNNMIVOM_IVL\_MZLMV-ZOÃVbMVL_MZLMVQVMQVMUS]ZbMV3IXQ\MTMQVQ OM*MQ[XQMTMI][LMZ)VITa\QS^WV:ÛKS[\ÃVLMV]VL3WV\IUQVIV\MVOM[\ZMQN\ ,QM[M[ 3WVbMX\ OM[\I\\M\ M[ ]V[MZM[ -ZIKP\MV[ LQM _M[MV\TQKPMV /Z]VLbÛOM LMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSLMU^WZTQMOMVLMV:IPUMVMV\[XZMKPMVLQVXZÃOVIV\MZ .WZULIZb][\MTTMVWPVMLMUB_IVOb]Z>WTT[\ÃVLQOSMQ\b]]V\MZTQMOMV ,QM3IXQ\MT[QVLMQVPMQ\TQKPI]NOMJI]\";QMJMOQVVMVUQ\0QV_MQ[MVb]U)6 ?-6,=6/;*-:-1+0LMZRM_MQTQOMV5M\PWLMMV\PIT\MV]V\MZLMZ»JMZ[KPZQN\
6)))
>WZ_WZ\b]Z)]NTIOM
/:=6,4)/-6\PMWZM\Q[KPM[0QV\MZOZ]VL_Q[[MVÛJMZLI[;]J[\ZI\]VLLMVLQM )VITa\MV[W_QMIV[KPTQM¾MVL)VOIJMVb]U8:16B18,-:5-MZNIPZMV ,ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM /I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM 0WKPTMQ[\]VO[.TÛ[[QOKPZWUI\WOZIXPQM 7X\Q[KPM;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMV =T\ZI^QWTM\\>Q[]MTT;XMS\ZW[SWXQMw8PW\WUM\ZQM 1VNZIZW\;XMS\ZW[SWXQM )\WUIJ[WZX\QWV[[XMS\ZWUM\ZQM .TIUUMVXPW\WUM\ZQM 8WTIZQUM\ZQM :MNZIS\WUM\ZQM 8WTIZWOZIXPQM -VbaUI\Q[KPM)VITa[M
! ! !
!
8)))
8)6
1VPIT\
È È
!NHANGÈ !BKàRZUNGEN È!KRONYME È3YMBOLE
! !
)JSÛZb]VOMV)SZWVaUM]VL;aUJWTM 3WV[\IV\MV)][_IPT
È È
!NHANGÈ +URZZEICHENÈFàRÈ3TANDARDLITERATUR
3ACHVERZEICHNIS !
+!0)4%,
,QKP\M
!LLGEMEINE"ESTIMMUNGENIN,EBENSMITTELN
,QM*I[Q[]V\MZ[]KP]VO^WV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV]VLQPZMV:WP[\WNNMV]UNI[[\VMJMV LMV MQOMV\TQKPMV _MZ\JM[\QUUMVLMV 0I]X\JM[\IVL\MQTMV _QM .M\\ -Q_MQ¾ ]VL 3WPTMVPaLZI\MV[W_QM[XMbQMTTMV1VPIT\[[\WNNMVI]KPLQM*M[\QUU]VOITTOMUMQ VMZ3MVVOZÕ¾MV*MQLMVITTOMUMQVMV3MVVOZÕ¾MVPIVLMT\M[[QKP^WZVMPUTQKP ]U;]UUMVXIZIUM\MZ^WV5IRWZJb_5QVWZSWUXWVMV\MVLQM[QKPL]ZKPKPM UQ[KPXPa[QSITQ[KPM5M[[UM\PWLMVUMQ[\I]NMQVNIKPM)Z\]VL?MQ[MMZUQ\\MTV TI[[MV ]VL b]Z *M]Z\MQT]VO [W_QM +PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO LMZ -ZbM]OVQ[[M PMZIVOM bWOMV_MZLMVB]LQM[MVITTOMUMQVMV*M[\QUU]VOMVQV4MJMV[UQ\\MTVOMPÕZMV ]V\MZIVLMZMU[WOZ]VL[Ã\bTQKPM5M\PWLMV_QMLQMb]Z-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZ,QKP\M LM[?I[[MZJb_WT]UMVMQVPMQ\COUTE]VL_QZLL]ZKP?ÃO]VOMZUQ\\MT\,QM,QKP\MQ[\\MUXM ZI\]Z]VLLZ]KSIJPÃVOQO?ÃPZMVLLQM5M[[\MUXMZI\]ZJMQRMLMZ,QKP\MIVOIJM UQ\IVOMOMJMV_MZLMVU][[Q[\MQVM,Z]KSIVOIJMJMQ.TÛ[[QOSMQ\MV]VL.M[\ SÕZXMZVVQKP\MZNWZLMZTQKPLILQM[MXZIS\Q[KPVQKP\SWUXZM[[QJMT[QVL.ÛZM` IS\M,QKP\MJM[\QUU]VOMVQ[\LMZL]ZKPLMV4]N\I]N\ZQMJ^MZ]Z[IKP\M5M[[NMPTMZ MV\[XZMKPMVLb]SWZZQOQMZMVWLMZQU>IS]]Ub]_ÃOMV
0YKNOMETRISCHE"ESTIMMUNGDERRELATIVEN$ICHTE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w /M\ZÃVSM w .Z]KP\[ÃN\M w ?MQV*QMZITSWPWTQ[KPM/M\ZÃVSM 'RUNDLAGEN 1VLMZ8ZI`Q[_QZLb]UMQ[\IV[\MTTMLMZ,QKP\MLI[TMQKP\UM[[JIZM[WOMZPÃT\VQ[JQTL]VO LMZ ?ÃO]VO OTMQKPMZ>WT]UQVILM[b]]V\MZ[]KPMVLMV;\WNN[]VLLM[>MZOTMQKP[[\WNN[UMQ[\ ?I[[MZQV4]N\MZOQJ\,QM[M>MZPÃT\VQ[bIPT_QZLIT[BIPTMV_MZ\WPVM-QVPMQ\MV
3)81 WT]UMV[ ZMQVMV ?I[[MZ[JMQ+^MZ[\IVLMV_MZLMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QMZMTI\Q^M,QKP\ML_QZLXaSVWUM\ZQ[KPMZUQ\\MT\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w ?I[[MZJILUQ\MZJQVLMVUQ\LMU,M[\QTTI\QWV[I]N[I\b b]U;QMLMVOMJZIKP\[)JJ-[_QZL[WTIVOMMZPQ\b\JQ[[QKPQU5M[[ZWPZ SMQVM?I[[MZ\ZÕXNKPMVUMPZIJ[KPMQLMVJb_JQ[[QKPLMZ;\IVLLM[5MVQ[S][QU 5M[[ZWPZVQKP\UMPZÃVLMZ\KIwP ,I[>WT]UMVLM[I]NOMNIVOMVMV?I[[MZ[_QZLQU5M[[ZWPZI]NUTOMVI] IJOMTM[MV (INWEIS -[Q[\_QKP\QOLQM/TI[OMZÃ\M[WZONÃT\QOb]ZMQVQOMV]VL^WZITTMU.M\\[X]ZMVb]MV\NMZVMV LI[WV[\LQM?I[[MZ\ZÕXNKPMVIVLMZ/TI[_IVLVQKP\ZQKP\QOIJNTQM¾MVSÕVVMV
!USWERTUNG ,MZXZWbMV\]ITM?I[[MZOMPIT\?MZZMKPVM\[QKPVIKPLMZIVOMOMJMVMV/TMQKP]VO ,ILQM5M\PWLM[MTJ[\MQVM;\ZM]]VO^WVw I]N_MQ[\CESIVVLI[M`IS\MZ IT[ >WT]UMV ?I[[MZ QV UT O 8ZWJM IVb]OMJMVLM -ZOMJVQ[ QU :IPUMV LMZ 5M[[OMVI]QOSMQ\ VÃPMZ]VO[_MQ[M I]KP IT[ 5I[[M ?I[[MZ QV O O ԑ JM bMQKPVM\_MZLMV
> IJOMTM[MVM[>WT]UMV?I[[MZQVUT 3WZZMS\]ZNÛZIVLMZ)XXIZI\]ZIVPIN\MVLM[?I[[MZ - 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
!BB ,M[\QTTI\QWV[IXXIZI\]Zb]Z?I[[MZ JM[\QUU]VO
3)81 MZJZMVV]VO >MZI[KP]VO LMZ WZOIVQ[KPMV *M[\IVL\MQTM MQVM[ 4MJMV[UQ\\MT[ ]V\MZ NM[\OMTMO\MV *MLQVO]VOMV MV\[\MP\ 6IKP )Jb]O M\_IQOMZ >MZ]VZMQVQO]VOMV]VL3WPTMXIZ\QSMTI][]V^WTT[\ÃVLQOMZ>MZJZMVV]VOSWZZM TQMZ\ LQM[MZ :ÛKS[\IVL UQ\ LMU 5QVMZIT[\WNNOMPIT\ LM[ 4MJMV[UQ\\MT[ [ ,MZ[Ã]ZM]VTÕ[TQKPM/TÛPZÛKS[\IVLMV\[XZQKP\VÃPMZ]VO[_MQ[MLMU;IVLOMPIT\ [ ,QM*M[\QUU]VOLMZ)[KPMMZOQJ\MQVM3MVVbIPTLQMVMJMVIVLMZMV;\WNN[]U UMV b]Z +PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO Jb_ 9]ITQ\Ã\[JM_MZ\]VO LM[ JM\ZMNNMVLMV 4MJMV[ UQ\\MT[PMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMVSIVV;WMZNWTO\]ILQM-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZMZI[KP]VO>MZJZMVV]VO^WVLMZVI[[MV >MZI[KP]VO 5QVMZITQ[I\QWV B]Z -ZNI[[]VO ãÛKP\QOMZ 5M\ITTM b* 9]MKS[QT JMZ WLMZ JM[\QUU\MZ 6QKP\UM\ITTM Q[\ LQM \ZWKSMVM >MZI[KP]VO VQKP\ OMMQOVM\ 1VLMZIZ\QOMV.ÃTTMV_QZLLQMVI[[M>MZI[KP]VOUQ\;Ã]ZMOMUQ[KPWLMZMQVM5Q VMZITQ[I\QWVL]ZKP;KPUMTbMVUQ\)TSITQ^WZOMVWUUMV*MQLMZ\ZWKSMVMV>MZ I[KP]VO [WTT LQM <MUXMZI\]Z M\_I + JM\ZIOMV LI JMQ »JMZ[KPZMQ\]VO ^WV + >MZT][\M IV )TSITQKPTWZQLMV b* 3WKP[ITb I]N\ZM\MV )][VIPUM" 5MPTI[KPMV _MZLMV JMQ PÕPMZMV <MUXMZI\]ZMV VÃUTQKP JMQ ! + MZUQ\\MT\ [
3)81 MZ[KP_M T]VO[XZWL]S\MUMPZMV\_MQKPMV]VLLIVVLMZ1VPIT\[KP_IKPL]ZKPOMOTÛP\^OT
*M[\QUU]VO]VL=V\MZ[]KP]VOLM[/TÛPZÛKS[\IVLM[
PQMZb])VUMZS]VO)V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLQM;KPITMQVLMV5]NNMTWNMVOM[\MTT\]VL JMQ+M\_IwPJQ[b]Z5I[[MVSWV[\IVbOMOTÛP\LPJQ[LQM)[KPM _MQ¾I][[QMP\ ;WTT\MLQM)[KPMVQKP\_MQ¾_MZLMV_QZLLQM;KPITMIJOMSÛPT\]VLUQ\MQVQ OMVWZ\ZWKSV]VO]VL>MZI[KP]VO _QMLMZPWT\ )V[KPTQM¾MVL _QZL LQM ;KPITM L]ZKP )J[\MTTMV I]N MQVM NM]MZNM[\M =V\MZTIOM ^WZIJOMSÛPT\]VLVIKPLMUMVLOÛT\QOMV)JSÛPTMVQU-`[QSSI\WZOM_WOMV
!USWERTUNG ,MZXZWbMV\]ITM/TÛPZÛKS[\IVL)[KPMOMPIT\/_QZL_QMNWTO\JMZMKPVM\"
U 5I[[MLMZTMMZMV;KPITMQVO U 5I[[M^WV;KPITM]VL8ZWJMVIKPLMZ>MZI[KP]VOQVO - 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO !NMERKUNG *MQMQ_MQ¾ZMQKPMV8ZWJMVLQM[QKPWN\[KP_MZ^MZI[KPMVTI[[MVQ[\MQV,]ZKPNM]KP\MVLMZ )[KPMUMQ[\]VMZTÃ[[TQKP 4MQKP\^MZJZMVVJIZMNM\\ZMQKPM8ZWJMVMZPQ\b\UIVJQ[b]Z-V\bÛVL]VOLMZMV\_MQKPMVLMV ,ÃUXNM]VLTÃ[[\LIVVVIKP-V\NMZV]VOLMZ0MQbNTIUUM_MQ\MZIJJZMVVMV-Z[\VIKPLMU >MZTÕ[KPMVLMZJZMVVMVLMV8ZWJM[]J[\IVb_QZLLQM;KPITMQVLMV5]NNMTWNMVOMJZIKP\
,ITERATUR
);="*L4;MX\MUJMZ! NÛZ.TMQ[KP]VL.TMQ[KPMZbM]OVQ[[M );="*L45IQ! NÛZ*ZW\]VL3TMQVOMJÃKS );="*L42IV]IZ!!NÛZ.Z]KP\[ÃN\M 045+"*L11!; :-.";
"ESTIMMUNGDESSËUREUNLÚSLICHEN'LàHRàCKSTANDES3ANDGEHALT !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MT^WZVMPUTQKPXãIVbTQKPM 'RUNDLAGEN -QVQOM 4MJMV[UQ\\MT SÕVVMV IT[ IVPIN\MVLM >MZ]VZMQVQO]VOMV ;IVL-ZLM MV\ PIT\MV 5Q\ LMZIZ\QOMV >MZ]VZMQVQO]VOMV Q[\ ^WZVMPUTQKP JMQ -ZbM]OVQ[[MV I][JWLMVVIP_IKP[MVLMV/MUÛ[MIZ\MVb*;XQVI\8QTbMV]LOTIJMZI]KP b*JMQ<WUI\MVSWV[MZ^MVb]ZMKPVMV,ILMZ;IVLOMPIT\QU)TTOMUMQVMVVQKP\ PWUWOMV^MZ\MQT\Q[\SÕVVMVOZÕ¾MZM)J_MQKP]VOMVJMQ8IZITTMTJM[\QUU]VOMV I]N\ZM\MV
3)81 MZX]NN]VOMV]VLLIUQ\^MZJ]VLMVM;]J[\IVb^MZT][\M^MZUMQLMV]VLb] VÃKP[\IVLQM-QVOIVO[ÕNNV]VOLM[I]N!+OMPMQb\MV5]NNMTWNMV[OM[\MTT\ 6IKPLMU LI[ 5MPT ]V\MZ PMTT I]ãM]KP\MVLMZ .TIUUM ^MZJZIVV\ Jb_ ^MZSWPT\ Q[\_QZLLQM;KPITMQVLMV5]NNMTWNMVOM[KPWJMV]VLNÛZw!UQVOMOTÛP\,QM >MZI[KP]VOQ[\JMMVLM\_MVVLMZ/TÛPZÛKS[\IVLZMQV_MQ¾MZ[KPMQV\;QVLVWKP [KP_IZbM 8IZ\QSMT ^WV ]V^MZJZIVV\MZ ;]J[\IVb _IPZVMPUJIZ L]ZKPNM]KP\M\ UIVLMV/TÛPZÛKS[\IVL]VL^MZNÃPZ\LIb]_QM]V\MZJM[KPZQMJMV;\I\\LM[
3)81 MZTIO5WZQ\b;KPÃNMZ,M\UWTL
"ESTIMMUNGDER!SCHENALKALITAT !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .Z]KP\[ÃN\M.Z]KP\[IN\OM\ZÃVSM w ?MQV 'RUNDLAGEN ,QM)[KPMVITSITQ\Ã\JMbMQKPVM\LMV/M[IU\OMPIT\IVITSITQ[KPZMIOQMZMVLMV;\WN NMV+IZJWVI\M7`QLMOONI]KP8PW[XPI\MQVLMUL]ZKP>MZI[KP]VOMZPIT\M VMV:ÛKS[\IVL/TÛPZÛKS[\IVL)[KPM)][LQM[MU?MZ\SÕVVMVWZQMV\QMZMVLM 0QV_MQ[MIJOMTMQ\M\_MZLMVJMQ[XQMT[_MQ[MI]NLMV.Z]KP\IV\MQTMQVMZ8ZWJM ,QM)[KPMVITSITQ\Ã\_QZLIVOMOMJMVIT[LQM5MVOM6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QLQVUUWT LQMLMZ5MVOMITSITQ[KPZMIOQMZMVLMZ*M[\IVL\MQTMLMZ)[KPMI][4Q\MZ8ZWJM ãÛ[[QOSMQ\ÃY]Q^ITMV\Q[\ 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM8ZWJM_QZLb]VÃKP[\b]ZMZNIPZMVVIKP;KPIZZMZ]VL3ÛZ[KPVMZ_QZL4QOVQVW`QLQMZ\Jb_ VQ\ZQMZ\ ]VL LIL]ZKP QV 4Õ[]VO OMJZIKP\ [W LI[[ QU )TTOMUMQVMV MQVM TQOVQV NZMQMXMV\W[IVPIT\QOM:WPNI[MZZM[]T\QMZ\*MQLMZ)V_MVL]VOIJ_MQKPMVLMZ)]N [KPT][[^MZNIPZMVQ[\LMZ:ÛKS[\IVLIVLMZ[b][IUUMVOM[M\b\^OTPQMZb] )TTOMUMQV [\MTT\ LMZ :WPNI[MZOMPIT\ SMQVM IJ[WT]\M 3MVVbIPT LIZ# MZ LQMV\ ^QMT UMPZ IT[ 0QV_MQ[ I]N LQM 5MVOM LMZ QU 7ZOIVQ[U][ VQKP\ ^MZ_MZ\JIZMV ;\WNNM MQVM[6IPZ]VO[UQ\\MT[b*b]U6IKP_MQ[^WV;KPITMVIV\MQTMVJMQ/M\ZMQLMMZ
:WPNI[MZ*ITTI[\[\WNNOMPIT\
bM]OVQ[[MV]VL3ISIW1VLMZ8ZI`Q[_QZLLMZ:WPNI[MZOMPIT\LIPMZPI]X\[ÃKP TQKPb]Z9]ITQ\Ã\[JM]Z\MQT]VO^MZ_MVLM\ :QKP\_MZ\M NÛZ LMV :WPNI[MZOMPIT\ ^MZ[KPQMLMVMZ XãIVbTQKPMZ 8ZWL]S\M _MZ LMVJMQ0MQUIVVCE]VL*MTQ\b/ZW[KPCEIVOMOMJMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,I[bMZSTMQVMZ\M=V\MZ[]KP]VO[UI\MZQIT_QZLOONMV\NM\\M\LIVVUQ\MQVMU;Ã] ZMOMUQ[KPI]NOM[KPTW[[MVIV[KPTQM¾MVLâT\ZQMZ\LMZ:ÛKS[\IVLUQ\-\PIVWT]VL -\PMZOM_I[KPMVOM\ZWKSVM\]VLOM_WOMV6IKPLMZ>MZI[KP]VO_QZLLMZ)[KPM OMPIT\LM[:ÛKS[\IVL[^WVLMZ)][_IIOMIJOMbWOMV $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [#I]¾MZLMU" w :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZUQ\;KPTQNN6;! w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w ;\MPSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;!"UT w /TI[\ZQKP\MZ]VLI[KPMNZMQM[.QT\MZXIXQMZWLMZ .QT\MZ\QMOMT/TI[WLMZ9]IZbO]\NZQ\\M/UT;I]OãI[KPM]VL?I[[MZ [\ZIPTX]UXM w ?ÃOMOTÃ[KPMV w X08IXQMZ #HEMIKALIENPA w ;Ã]ZMUQ[KP]VO" O WZJMPIVLT]VO .M\\ZMQKPM[)VITa[MVUI\MZQIT_QZLVIKPLMZ-QV_IIOMb]VÃKP[\MV\NM\\M\QVLMU M[b_MQJQ[LZMQUITUQ\8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVÛJMZOW[[MV]VLLQM[M[LIVVIJLMSIV \QMZ\_QZL#:M[\MLM[4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[TÃ[[\UIV^MZL]V[\MV J)]N[KPT][[ -QV_IIOM"RMVIKP:WPNI[MZOMPIT\wO ,QM8ZWJM_QZLOMVI]OM_WOMVQVLMV;\MPSWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLUQ\ UT;Ã] ZMUQ[KP]VO^MZ[M\b\b]VÃKP[\_MZLMVV]ZKIUTb]OMOMJMVLIVV_QZLLMZ 3WTJMVQVPIT\SZÃN\QOOM[KPÛ\\MT\]VLLQMQVVMZM/MNþ_IVLUQ\LMVZM[\TQKPMVKI UTIJOM[XÛT\-[_QZLUQVTIVO]V\MZ:ÛKSã][[MZPQ\b\LIVVb]MZ[\IVLMZ 4]N\]VL[XÃ\MZ]V\MZãQM¾MVLMU?I[[MZIJOMSÛPT\ )[KPMNZMQM[.QT\MZXIXQMZ_QZLPTIVOJMQ+OM\ZWKSVM\QU-`[QSSI\WZ IJOMSÛPT\]VLOMVI]OM_WOMV[)VUMZS]VO2MVIKP8ZWJMVUI\MZQIT_QZLLMZ
3)81 IS]]U ^MZZQVOMZ\ ]VL LI[ )][_I[KPMV ^MZbÕOMZV SIVV )V[KPTQM¾MVL _QZL LMZ :ÛKS [\IVL LZMQUIT UQ\ RM UT -\PIVWT ]VL b_MQUIT UQ\ RM UT ,QM\PaTM\PMZ OM _I[KPMV.QT\MZXIXQMZ]VL:ÛKS[\IVL_MZLMVLIVVQVMQVMOM_WOMVM/TÛP[KPITM OMOMJMVMQVM;\]VLMTIVOJMQ+OM\ZWKSVM\QU-`[QSSI\WZIJOMSÛPT\]VL OMVI]OM_WOMV K >MZI[KP]VO .QT\MZXIXQMZ ]VL :ÛKS[\IVL _MZLMV VIKP MQVMZ >WZ^MZI[KP]VO KI P TIVO JMQ +^MZI[KP\#IV[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLQM)[KPMI][OM_WOMV^OTPQMZb] !NMERKUNG ,I[.QT\MZXIXQMZ_QZLQU)TTOMUMQVMVL]ZKPLQM)]N[KPT][[UQ\\MTIVOMOZQNNMV[WLI[[MQVM OMVI]M *M[\QUU]VO LM[ )]N[KPT][[ZÛKS[\IVLM[ L]ZKP ,QNNMZMVb_ÃO]VO .QT\MZXIXQMZ WPVMUQ\ :ÛKS[\IVL VQKP\ OM_ÃPZTMQ[\M\ Q[\ =U LQM[MV .MPTMZ b] ^MZZQVOMZV _QZL LQM ,]ZKPNÛPZ]VOMQVM[*TQVL^MZ[]KP[MUXNWPTMVLPUIVNQT\ZQMZ\WLMZ[I]O\)]N[KPT][[UQ\ \MTL]ZKPMQV^WZPMZOM_WOMVM[.QT\MZXIXQMZ\ZWKSVM\]VL_ÃO\b]ZÛKS
!USWERTUNG ,MZXZWbMV\]ITM:WPNI[MZOMPIT\:MZZMKPVM\[QKP_QMNWTO\"
U U N U -
)][_IIOMVIKP)]N[KPT][[LP5I[[M^WV:ÛKS[\IVL.QT\MZXIXQMZQVO 5I[[MLM[OM\ZWKSVM\MV.QT\MZXIXQMZ[QVOJMQ,]ZKPNÛPZ]VOLM[QVLMZ )VUMZS]VOJM[KPZQMJMVMV*TQVL^MZ[]KP[_QZLNÛZUNLQM)][_IIOMLM[ UQ\)]N[KPT][[UQ\\MTJMPIVLMT\MV.QT\MZXIXQMZ[MQVOM[M\b\ )][_IIOMVIKP>MZI[KP]VOLP5I[[MLM[/TÛPZÛKS[\IVLM[QVO 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
,QM)][_IIOMIV:WPNI[MZUwUN[WTT\MwUOJM\ZIOMV#IVLMZVNITT[Q[\LQM *M[\QUU]VOUQ\MQVMZMV\[XZMKPMVLOMÃVLMZ\MV8ZWJMVUMVOMb]_QMLMZPWTMV
,ITERATUR
045+"*L=!; */";! *,"; :-.";! 0MQUIVV"; ;KPWZUÛTTMZ"; ;KPIZZMZ33ÛZ[KPVMZ3!"-QVVM]M[ZI[KPL]ZKPNÛPZJIZM[>MZNIPZMVb]Z*M[\QUU]VO LMZ:WPNI[MZQV.]\\MZUQ\\MTV+MV\ZITJT)OZQS]T\]ZKPMUQM"
:WPNI[MZ*ITTI[\[\WNNOMPIT\
"ESTIMMUNGDERUNLÚSLICHENORGANISCHEN"ALLASTSTOFFENACHVAN3OEST !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTI]N/M\ZMQLMJI[Q[ 'RUNDLAGEN ,MZ/MPIT\IV]VTÕ[TQKPMVWZOIVQ[KPMV*ITTI[\[\WNNMVMV\[XZQKP\LMUI[KPMNZMQMV :ÛKS[\IVLLMZVIKP)V_MVL]VOMQVM[)]N[KPT][[^MZNIPZMV[UQ\6M]\ZIT,M\MZ OMV\QMVTÕ[]VO]VLA)UaTI[M^MZJTMQJ\1VLMZ,]ZKPNÛPZ]VOPIVLMT\M[[QKPQU 8ZQVbQX]UMQVMVÃPVTQKPMV>MZ[]KP_QMLQMQVJM[KPZQMJMVM*M[\QUU]VO LMZ:WPNI[MZ,IRMLWKPIVLMZM)]N[KPT][[JMLQVO]VOMV^WZTQMOMVPI\LMZ:ÛKS [\IVL VQKP\ LQM OTMQKPM B][IUUMV[M\b]VO" *MQU PQMZ JM[KPZQMJMVMV >MZNIPZMV _MZLMVSMQVMTÕ[TQKPMVWZOIVQ[KPMV*ITTI[\[\WNNM_QM8MS\QVM][_[WVLMZV^WZ _QMOMVL+MTT]TW[M]VTÕ[TQKPM0MUQKMTT]TW[MV]VL4QOVQVMZNI[[\ 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,I[ =V\MZ[]KP]VO[UI\MZQIT _QZL bMZSTMQVMZ\ OON MV\NM\\M\ UQ\ 6M]\ZIT,M\MZ OMV\QMVTÕ[]VO]VLA)UaTI[MI]NOM[KPTW[[MV]VLâT\ZQMZ\,MZ:ÛKS[\IVL_QZL OM\ZWKSVM\]VLJMQJQ[+^MZI[KP\,MZ/MPIT\IV]VTÕ[TQKPMV*ITTI[\[\WN NMVMZOQJ\[QKPL]ZKP,QNNMZMVb_ÃO]VO^WZ]VLVIKPLMZ>MZI[KP]VO $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [#I]¾MZLMU" w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w 5M[[XQXM\\M"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w 6M]\ZIT,M\MZOMV[TÕ[]VO" w <MQTTÕ[]VO)" OLQ6I\ZQ]U\M\ZIJWZI\PaLZI\]VLOLQ6I\ZQ]UPa LZWOMVXPW[XPI\SZQ[\ITT_I[[MZNZMQ_MZLMVQVUTPMQ¾MULM[\?I[[MZ OMTÕ[\ ]VL UQ\ ! O -\PaTMVLQIUQV\M\ZIM[[QO[Ã]ZM -,MZPIT\MV_QZLQVLMZ)VITa\QSI][OMV]\b\_WJMQL]ZKPLQM-`\ZIS\QWV UQ\TQXWXPQTMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTVMQVM*M[\QUU]VOLM[/M[IU\NM\\OMPIT\M[MZNWTO\ ,QM[MZ5M[[_MZ\Q[\^WZITTMUNÛZLQM6ÃPZ_MZ\JMZMKPV]VO[W_QMLQM9]ITQ\Ã\[ SWV\ZWTTMJb_b]Z-ZSMVV]VO^WV>MZNÃT[KP]VOMV^WV*MLM]\]VO,]ZKP3WU JQVI\QWV UQ\ IVLMZMV MUXNQVLTQKPMV IVITa\Q[KPMV +PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO[UÕOTQKP SMQ\MVSÕVVMV_MQ\MZOMPMVLM)][[IOMVOMUIKP\_MZLMV
V
!BB -QV\MQT]VOLMZ4QXQLM
3)81 WZ[KPZQN\MV b]Z Y]IV\Q\I\Q^MV *M[\QU U]VOLM[.M\\OMPIT\M[LIJMQLMZIZ\QOMV-ZbM]OVQ[[MVLI[.M\\OZ]VL[Ã\bTQKP^WV MQVMZ8ZW\MQVPÛTTMMQVOM[KPTW[[MV^WZTQMO\[
$IREKTE%XTRAKTIONn-ETHODENACH3OXHLET !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTITTOMUMQV"RMLWKPUQ\)][VIPUM[WTKPMZJMQLMVMV4QXQLMMQV OM[KPTW[[MV^WZTQMOMVb*5QTKPXZWL]S\M^OT w /M_QVV]VO LM[ NZMQMV .M\\IV\MQT[ LMZ 8ZWJM b]Z VIKPNWTOMVLMV +PIZIS\MZQ [QMZ]VO 'RUNDLAGEN ,]ZKPLQZMS\M-`\ZIS\QWV^WV4MJMV[UQ\\MTXZWJMVUQ\TQXWXPQTMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTV _QM,QM\PaTM\PMZWLMZ8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVSIVVLMZ[WONZMQM.M\\OMPIT\JM[\QUU\ _MZLMV 4QXQLM [QVL PÃ]âO ^WV 3WPTMVPaLZI\MV Jb_ 8ZW\MQVMV MQVOM[KPTW[[MV b*JMQ5QTKPXZWL]S\MV]VL_MZLMVLM[PITJJMQLMZ-`\ZIS\QWVWPVM^WZPMZQ OMV)]N[KPT][[V]Zb]U<MQTMZNI[[\,QMLQZMS\M-`\ZIS\QWVQ[\VQKP\NÛZITTM4M JMV[UQ\\MTOZ]XXMVOTMQKPMZUI¾MVOMMQOVM\»JMZLQM*M[\QUU]VOLM[/M[IU\ NM\\OMPIT\M[[ >WVOZ]VL[Ã\bTQKPMZ*MLM]\]VOQ[\LI[[LI[8ZWJMVUI\MZQIT_I[[MZNZMQLP OM\ZWKSVM\^WZTQMO\LI,QM\PaTM\PMZOMZQVOM)V\MQTMIV?I[[MZTÕ[MVSIVVLQM LIVVJMQLMZMQOMV\TQKPMV.M\\M`\ZIS\QWVQPZMZ[MQ\[]IB]KSMZUQ\M`\ZIPQMZMV 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM _I[[MZNZMQM 8ZWJM _QZL UQ\ ,QM\PaTM\PMZ WLMZ 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV M`\ZIPQMZ\ ]VL IV[KPTQM¾MVL LMZ TÕ[]VO[UQ\\MTNZMQM \ZWKSMVM -`\ZIS\QWV[ZÛKS[\IVL OZI^Q UM\ZQ[KPJM[\QUU\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w ?I[[MZJIL[QMLMVL w -`\ZIS\QWV[IXXIZI\]ZVIKP;W`PTM\,16[)JJUQ\UT;\MP :]VLSWTJMV;KPTQNN6;!]VL:ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ
)TTOMUMQVM5M\PWLMVb]Z*M[\QUU]VOLM[.M\\OMPIT\M[ ,QKP\M !BB -`\ZIS\QWV[IXXIZI\]ZVIKP;W`PTM\
w -`\ZIS\QWV[PÛT[MVb*.I;KPTMQKPMZ;KPÛTT6Z w ?I\\M"NM\\NZMQ w ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV #HEMIKALIENPA w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ";QMLMJMZMQKPw+XMZW`QLNZMQ w 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPw+ w 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\"\ZWKSMV "ESTIMMUNG -\_I w O LMZ PWUWOMVQ[QMZ\MV OON ^WZOM\ZWKSVM\MV 8ZWJM [ )VUMZS]VO _MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QVMQVMNM\\NZMQM-`\ZIS\QWV[PÛT[MMQVOM_WOMV]VLLQM[M VIKP>MZ[KPTQM¾MVUQ\?I\\MQVLI[5Q\\MT[\ÛKSLMZ-`\ZIS\QWV[IXXIZI\]ZVIKP ;W`PTM\)JJOMJZIKP\,MZUQ\;QMLM[\MQVKPMV^MZ[MPMVMJMQ+OM \ZWKSVM\M]VLOMVI]OM_WOMVM;\MP:]VLSWTJMV_QZLUQ\MQVMZI][ZMQKPMVLMV 5MVOM4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTJMNÛTT\]VLIVLQM)XXIZI\]ZIVOM[KPTW[[MV?ÃPZMVLLMZ -`\ZIS\QWVLQMI]NLMU[QMLMVLMV?I[[MZJILMZNWTO\]VLwPLI]MZ\[WTT\M[QKP LMZ-`\ZIS\QWV[ZI]UIT[WLI[5Q\\MT[\ÛKSLMZ)XXIZI\]ZZMOMTUþQOL]ZKPLI[ 0MJMZZWPZMV\TMMZMVKIw-V\TMMZ]VOMV 6IKP *MMVLQO]VO LMZ -`\ZIS\QWV _QZL LI[ 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT _MQ\OMPMVL IJLM[ \QTTQMZ\ 0QMZb] SIVV LQM ;W`PTM\)XXIZI\]Z LQZMS\ ^MZ_MVLM\ _MZLMV" ,I[ SWV
3)81 MZPQVLMZ]VOLMZ3T]U XMVJQTL]VO]UOMZÛPZ\]VLUQ\MQVMU=PZOTI[JMLMKS\,QM)]N[KPT][[ãÛ[[QOSMQ\ _QZL]V\MZOMTMOMV\TQKPMU=UZÛPZMV/TI[[\IJb]U;QMLMVMZPQ\b\]VLRMVIKP 8ZWL]S\wUQVTIVOIU[KP_IKPMV;QMLMVOMPIT\MV,IJMQQ[\QV[JM[WVLMZM LIZI]Nb]IKP\MVLI[[[QKPSMQVM8ZWJM\MQTKPMVIVLMZ/TI[_IVL]VONM[\[M\bMV ]VLLI[>WT]UMVLMZ.TÛ[[QOSMQ\QVM\_ISWV[\IV\JTMQJ\.ITT[MZNWZLMZTQKP_QZL UQ\PMQ¾MULM[\?I[[MZMZOÃVb\,IVIKP_MZLMVKIUTPMQ¾M[LM[\?I[[MZ b]OMNÛO\]VLLQM)]N[KPT][[ãÛ[[QOSMQ\L]ZKPMQV^WZPMZIVOMNM]KP\M\M[.IT\MVâT \MZâT\ZQMZ\,I[.QT\MZ]VLLMZ:ÛKS[\IVL_MZLMV[WZONÃT\QO]V\MZOTMQKPbMQ\QOMU 6IKP[XÛTMV^WV=PZ]VL*MKPMZOTI[[WTIVOMOM_I[KPMVJQ[LI[?I[KP_I[[MZ VM]\ZITZMIOQMZ\Jb_SMQVM+PTWZQLQWVMVUMPZVIKP_MQ[JIZ[QVLXZÛNMVUQ\;QT JMZVQ\ZI\4Õ[]VO ,MZNM]KP\M.QT\MZUQ\1VPIT\_QZLI]NMQV=PZOTI[WLMZMQVM/TI[[KPITMOMTMO\ ]VLQUWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUT w +MTT]TW[MNWTQM BMTTOTI[ ]VTIKSQMZ\" ,QKSM w UU /ZÕ¾M ¶ UU WLMZ8MZOIUMV\XIXQMZ[KPQNNKPMV w /MZÃ\b]UBMZSTMQVMZV^WV3Ã[Mb*.TMQ[KP_WTN:MQJM #HEMIKALIENPA w ;ITb[Ã]ZM"KI QOL+%OUT w -\PIVWT"!w!>WT QO w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ";QMLMJMZMQKPw+XMZW`QLNZMQ w 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPw+ 0ROBENVORBEREITUNG >WZ LMZ =V\MZ[]KP]VO _QZL LQM :QVLM ;KPUQMZM WLMZ [KPQUUMTQOM 7JMZãÃKPM LM[3Ã[M[MV\NMZV\,QM8ZWJM_QZLLIVVUQ\0QTNMMQVM[OMMQOVM\MV/MZÃ\M[b* .TMQ[KP_WTN :MQJM ] LOT bMZSTMQVMZ\ [KPVMTT ^MZUQ[KP\ ]VL JQ[ b]Z =V\MZ[] KP]VO _I[[MZLIUXNLQKP\ ^MZ[KPTW[[MV ]VL I]NJM_IPZ\ ,QM 3WVLMV[I\QWV ^WV .M]KP\QOSMQ\IVLMZQVVMZMV7JMZãÃKPMLM[8ZWJMVOMNþM[U][[^MZPQVLMZ\_MZ LMV "ESTIMMUNG I*TQVL^MZ[]KP /TMQKPbMQ\QOUQ\LMU0I]X\^MZ[]KP_QZLMQV*TQVL^MZ[]KPUQ\UTLM[\?I[ [MZL]ZKPOMNÛPZ\_WJMQLQMOTMQKPMV-`\ZIS\QWV[OMNþMLQM[MTJMV+PMUQSITQMV LQM[MTJMV5MVOMV]VLLQM[MTJMVVIKP[\MPMVLJM[KPZQMJMVMV>MZNIPZMV[[KPZQ\\M IVOM_MVLM\_MZLMV.ITT[LQM)][_IIOMJMQU*TQVL^MZ[]KPPÕPMZQ[\IT[UO UÛ[[MVLQM+PMUQSITQMVOMXZÛN\]VLM^\TOMZMQVQO\WLMZ[]J[\Q\]QMZ\_MZLMV J0I]X\^MZ[]KP -\_IJQ[OLMZ^WZJMZMQ\M\MV8ZWJM_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]I]N+MTT]TW[M NWTQMWLMZMQVMU8MZOIUMV\XIXQMZ[KPQNNKPMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLQVMQV-`\ZIS\QWV[ ZÕPZKPMV^OTPQMZb])JJOMJZIKP\6IKPB]OIJM^WVUT;ITb[Ã]ZM _QZLLI[/MNþ^WZ[QKP\QOQU[QMLMVLMV?I[[MZJILWLMZÛJMZSTMQVMZ.TIUUMMZ PQ\b\JQ[LMZ3Ã[M^WTT[\ÃVLQOOMTÕ[\Q[\,IVIKP_QZLLI[-`\ZIS\QWV[ZÕPZKPMV UQVTIVOQU[QMLMVLMV?I[[MZJIL[\MPMVOMTI[[MV]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLIJOMSÛPT\ b*ãQM¾MVLM[?I[[MZ 6IKPLMU)JSÛPTMV]VLLMZB]OIJM^WVUT-\PIVWT_QZLLQM.ÛTT]VO^WZ [QKP\QOIJMZOZÛVLTQKPQUVQKP\^MZ[KPTW[[MVMV:ÕPZKPMVL]ZKPOMUQ[KP\,IVV _MZLMVUT,QM\PaTM\PMZb]OMOMJMV#LI[-`\ZIS\QWV[ZÕPZKPMV_QZLUQ\MQVMU ;\WXNMV^MZ[KPTW[[MV]VL]V\MZOMTMOMV\TQKPMU=U[\ÛZbMVUQVTIVOSZÃN\QOOM [KPÛ\\MT\6IKPM^\TMZNWZLMZTQKPMU)JSÛPTMVãQM¾MVLM[?I[[MZ_QZLLMZ;\WX
*M[\QUU]VOLM[.M\\OMPIT\M[^WV5QTKP]VL5QTKPXZWL]S\MV
NMV^WZ[QKP\QOMV\NMZV\]VLM[_MZLMVUT8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVb]OMOMJMV_WJMQ LQMMZ[\MVUTLIb]^MZ_MVLM\_MZLMVLQMIU;\WXNMV]VLIVLMZ1VVMV[MQ\MLM[ /MNþPIT[M[PIN\MVLMV:ÛKS[\ÃVLMQVLI[/MNþb][XÛTMV,I[:ÕPZKPMV_QZL LIVV^MZ[KPTW[[MV[TIVOL]ZKP[\ÃVLQOM[0QV]VL0MZSQXXMVO]\OMUQ[KP\ ]VL[WTIVOM[\MPMVOMTI[[MVJQ[LQM,QM\PaTM\PMZ8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV[KPQKP\STIZ OM_WZLMV Q[\ ]VL [QKP ^WTT[\ÃVLQO ^WV LMZ _Ã[[ZQOMV 8PI[M OM\ZMVV\ PI\ -QVM JM[KPTM]VQO\MWT]UMV\MQTMV,QM\PaTM\PMZ]VL8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVQVLI[ -`\ZIS\QWV[OMNþOM[XÛT\]VL^WVLMZWJMZMV8PI[M[W^QMT_QMUÕOTQKPL]ZKP,M SIV\QMZMVQVMQVMVb]^WZOM\ZWKSVM\MVM^\TUQ\;QMLMXMZTMV^MZ[M\b\MV]VLI]N UOOM_WOMVMV;\MPSWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\,QM-`\ZIS\QWV_QZLI]NIVITWOM?MQ[M MQV b_MQ\M[ ]VL LZQ\\M[ 5IT RMLWKP UQ\ RM UT ,QM\PaTM\PMZ ]VL UT 8M\ZW TM]UJMVbQV_QMLMZPWT\_WJMQLQMWZOIVQ[KPM8PI[MRMLM[5ITQVLMV;\MPSWTJMV OMOMJMV_QZL ,QM 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT _MZLMV IV[KPTQM¾MVL IJLM[\QTTQMZ\ _QZL MQV :]VLSWTJMV IV[\MTTMMQVM[;\MPSWTJMV[^MZ_MVLM\SIVVIU:W\I\QWV[^MZLIUXNMZIJOMbWOMV _MZLMV*MQ;\MPSWTJMV>WZ[QKP\ 1UXTW[QWV[OMNIPZ WLMZ^MZLIUXN\I]KPLI[ -\PIVWT]VLLMZ3WTJMV_QZLTQMOMVLPTIVOQUMZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV; :-.";
3)81 MZ[MQN]VO[bIPT>BQ[\MQV5I¾NÛZLQMQV.M\\MV^WZSWUUMVLMVOMJ]VLM VMV]VLNZMQMV;Ã]ZMV]VL[\MP\QVLQZMS\MUB][IUUMVPIVOUQ\LMZMVUQ\\TMZMZ UWTIZMV5I[[M"2MSTMQVMZLQMUQ\\TMZMUWTIZM5I[[MLMZMV\PIT\MVMV.M\\[Ã]ZMV LPRMPÕPMZLMZ)V\MQTIVS]ZbSM\\QOMV.M\\[Ã]ZMVLM[\WOZÕ¾MZQ[\LQM>B,QM >BSIVVb]Z:MQVPMQ\[XZÛN]VO^WV.M\\MVPMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMV ,MâVQ\QWV" ,QM >B JMbMQKPVM\ LQM 5MVOM IV 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL QV UO LQM b]Z >MZ[MQN]VO^WVO.M\\MZNWZLMZTQKPQ[\ 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM.M\\XZWJM_QZLUQ\MQVMU»JMZ[KP][[IVM\PIVWTQ[KPMZ3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ []VO^MZ[MQN\,QMVQKP\^MZJZI]KP\M3705MVOM_QZLL]ZKPMZJQVL]VOMV;QMQ[\]U[WOZÕ¾MZRMPÕPMZLQM)VbIPTLMZ,WX XMTJQVL]VOMVXZW-QVPMQ\.M\\Q[\]VLSIVVLIPMZb]Z:MQVPMQ\[]VL1LMV\Q\Ã\[ XZÛN]VO^WV.M\\MVLQMVMVb*1BNÛZµT[Ã]ZM"!#4QVWT[Ã]ZM" #4QVWTMV[Ã]ZM" 6MJMV,WXXMTJQVL]VOMVLMZ]VOM[Ã\\QO\MV.M\\[Ã]ZMV_MZLMVI]KPLQM]V OM[Ã\\QO\MV.M\\JMOTMQ\[\WNNM_QMb*;\MZQVMUQ\MZNI[[\ 1WL[MTJ[\ZMIOQMZ\VQKP\UQ\,WXXMTJQVL]VOMV#IV[MQVMZ;\MTTM_MZLMVLI[IL LQ\QWV[NZM]LQOM*ZWUWLMZ5Q[KPPITWOMVM_QM1+TWLMZ1*Z^MZ_MVLM\,MZ6IUM Q[\PQ[\WZQ[KPJMLQVO\,QM0ITWOMVILLQ\QWVIVLQM,WXXMTJQVL]VOMV_QZLL]ZKP LQM3WV[\Q\]\QWV]VL3WVâO]ZI\QWVLMZ]VOM[Ã\\QO\MV>MZJQVL]VOMVLQM)Z\LM[ 0ITWOMV[]VLLM[4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[[W_QMLQMÃ]¾MZMV*MLQVO]VOMVJMMQVã][[\#[QM ^MZTÃ]N\[MT\MVY]IV\Q\I\Q^B]Z:MXZWL]bQMZJIZSMQ\^WV-ZOMJVQ[[MV[QVLLM[PITJ LQM[\IVLIZLQ[QMZ\MV)ZJMQ\[XIZIUM\MZM`IS\MQVb]PIT\MV-[Q[\b]JMIKP\MVLI[[ LQMb]Z*M[\QUU]VOLMZ1BJMSIVV\OM_WZLMVMV^MZ[KPQMLMVMV5M\PWLMVVQKP\ ^ÕTTQOÛJMZMQV[\QUUMVLM:M[]T\I\MTQMNMZV,IPMZQ[\[\M\[LQM5M\PWLQSIVb]OM JMV,QM5M\PWLMVIKP3I]NUIVVPI\LMV>WZ\MQTLI[[LI[:MIOMVb[MPZMQVNIKP PMZb][\MTTMVQ[\ ,MâVQ\QWV",QM1BJMbMQKPVM\LQM5MVOMIV0ITWOMVQVOJMbWOMVI]NLI[-TM UMV\1WLLQM^WVO.M\\WLMZ.M\\[Ã]ZMVOMJ]VLMV_QZL 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,I[OMTÕ[\M.M\\_QZLUQ\MQVMU»JMZ[KP][[IV*ZWU^MZ[M\b\,QMVQKP\b]Z)VTI OMZ]VOIVLQM,WXXMTJQVL]VOMV/T^MZJZI]KP\M*ZWUUMVOMW`QLQMZ\MQVM 1WLQL4Õ[]VOb]1WL/TLI[QU)V[KPT][[L]ZKPMZ[MQN]VO[ bIPT[_MZLMVRMLWKPVQKP\LQMb*IT[/TaKMZQLMOMJ]VLMVMV;Ã]ZMV MZNI[[\,QM3MVV\VQ[LM[/MPIT\[IVNZMQMV.M\\[Ã]ZMVLQMV\b]Z:MQVPMQ\[XZÛN]VO ]VLTÃ[[\QVJM[\QUU\MV.ÃTTMV:ÛKS[KPTÛ[[MI]NLQM>WZJMPIVLT]VOWLMZ[\I\\ âVLMVLMBMZ[M\b]VO[ZMIS\QWVMVb]:WPMVQKP\ZINâVQMZ\M.M\\M_MQ[MVQU)TTOM UMQVMVMQVM;BJQ[I]N_ÃPZMVL[QMJMQZINâVQMZ\MVµTMVQVLMZ:MOMT$Q[\ ,MâVQ\QWV" ,QM ;B JMbMQKPVM\ LQM 5MVOM IV 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL QV UO LQM b]Z 6M]\ZITQ[I\QWVLMZQVO.M\\WLMZ.M\\[Ã]ZMVMV\PIT\MVMVNZMQMV;Ã]ZMVMZNWZ LMZTQKPQ[\
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM8ZWJM_QZLQVMQVMUWZOIVQ[KPMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTOMTÕ[\]VLLQMIV_M[MVLMV ;Ã]ZMV_MZLMVUQ\3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOOMOMV8PMVWTXP\PITMQV\Q\ZQMZ\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND#HEMIKALIEN w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT_MQ\PIT[QO w *ÛZM\\M"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w -\PIVWT"!>WT QO w <WT]WTWLMZ,QM\PaTM\PMZ w 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTOMUQ[KP )" -\PIVWT ]VL <WT]WT _MZLMV QU >MZPÃT\VQ[ >WT]UMV\MQTMOMUQ[KP\]VLUQ\3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VOOMOMV8PMVWTXP \PITMQVVM]\ZITQ[QMZ\wWLMZ w 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTOMUQ[KP*"-\PIVWT]VL,QM\PaTM\PMZ_MZLMVIVITWOb]4Õ[]VO[ UQ\\MTOMUQ[KP)b]JMZMQ\M\ w 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VO"Jb_UWTT w 8PMVWTXP\PITMQV4Õ[]VO" QOQV-\PIVWT "ESTIMMUNG -QV_IIOM]VL3WVbMV\ZI\QWVLMZ!!; 8IZL]V0!")VITa[MLMZ6IPZ]VO[NM\\M>MZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV; :-."; ,16-61;7 ;45*"*L1!!3IX
"ESTIMMUNGDER0EROXIDZAHLn-ETHODENACH7HEELER !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w XãIVbTQKPM]VL\QMZQ[KPM.M\\M w .M\\[Ã]ZMV w NM\\PIT\QOM4MJMV[UQ\\MTVIKP1[WTQMZ]VOLM[.M\\IV\MQT[
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV
'RUNDLAGEN ,QM 8MZW`QLbIPT 87B Q[\ MQV 5I¾ NÛZ XMZW`QLQ[KP OMJ]VLMVMV ;I]MZ[\WNN QV .M\\MV )T[ XZQUÃZM 7`QLI\QWV[XZWL]S\M MV\[\MPMV QV[JM[WVLMZM 0aLZWXMZ W`QLMVMJMVOMZQVOMV5MVOMVIVLMZMZ8MZW`QLMQVNWTOM^WV7`QLI\QWV[^WZOÃVOMV )]\W`QLI\QWV,QM87BOQJ\LIPMZ0QV_MQ[MI]NLMV7`QLI\QWV[OZILLMZ8ZWJM ]VLMZUÕOTQKP\UQ\OM_Q[[MV-QV[KPZÃVS]VOMVMQVM-QV[KPÃ\b]VOQV_QM_MQ\LI[ ^WZTQMOMVLM.M\\^MZLWZJMVQ[\1VLQM[MUB][IUUMVPIVOQ[\b]JMIKP\MVLI[[ JMQNWZ\[KPZMQ\MVLMZ7`QLI\QWVMQVb]VMPUMVLMZBMZNITTLMZ8MZW`QLMI]N\ZQ\\[W LI[[LM[PITJI]KPLQM87BIJVQUU\ ,MâVQ\QWV",QM87BJMbMQKPVM\LQMMZNI[[JIZM5MVOMIVIS\Q^MU;I]MZ[\WNNLQM QVSO8ZWJMMV\PIT\MVQ[\]VL_QZLQV UUWTSOIVOMOMJMV,]ZKP5]T\QXTQ SI\QWVLMZ87BUQ\LMZ£Y]Q^ITMV\UI[[MLM[;I]MZ[\WNN[% MZPÃT\UIVLQMUO IS\Q^MV;I]MZ[\WNNRMSO8ZWJM 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM8ZWJM_QZLQVMQVMU/MUQ[KPI][+PTWZWNWZU]VL-Q[M[[QOOMTÕ[\]VLUQ\ MQVMZ3ITQ]UQWLQL4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\,QML]ZKP:MIS\QWVUQ\LMV8MZW`QLOZ]XXMV NZMQOM[M\b\M 1WLUMVOM /T _QZL IV[KPTQM¾MVL L]ZKP MZ[KP_QVLMVLMZ*TI]NÃZJ]VO?MZLMVJMQLMZ1I! 045+"*L1>!!;! 8IZL]V0!")VITa[MLMZ6IPZ]VO[NM\\M>MZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV; 0ILWZV 0 2]VOS]Vb : !" *MQ\ZIO b]Z *M[\QUU]VO LMZ 8MZW`QLbIPT 5Q\\ /MJQM\M 4MJMV[U0aO"! ;45*"*L1!!3IX
"ESTIMMUNGDER/XIDATIONSBEREITSCHAFT !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM"IT[.WTOM^MZ[]KPb] 'RUNDLAGEN )][[IOMV ÛJMZ LQM 0IT\JIZSMQ\ Jb_ 4IOMZNÃPQOSMQ\ MQVM[ µTM[ WLMZ .M\\M[ SÕV VMVÛJMZMQVMJM[KPTM]VQO\MSÛV[\TQKPM)T\MZ]VO]V\MZLMâVQMZ\MV*MLQVO]VOMV BMQ\<MUXMZI\]Z][_OM_WVVMV_MZLMV-[[QVL^MZ[KPQMLMVM5M\PWLMVJM [KPZQMJMV_WZLMV1VLQM[MU>MZ[]KPMZNWTO\LQMIVITa\Q[KPM3WV\ZWTTML]ZKPZM OMTUþQOM8ZWJMVIPUMV]VL-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZ8MZW`QLbIPT87B 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE )T[ 5I¾ NÛZ LQM 7`QLI\QWV[JMZMQ\[KPIN\ MQVM[ .M\\M[µTM[ _QZL LQM 8MZW`QLbIPT VIKP [\ÛVLQOMZ<MUXMZQMZ]VOI]N+[W_QMLQM,I]MZLMZ1VL]S\QWV[XMZQWLM PMZIVOMbWOMV=V\MZLMZ1VL]S\QWV[XMZQWLM^MZ[\MP\UIVLIJMQLQMBMQ\QVLMZ LQMZMTI\Q^MB]VIPUMLMZ87BOMZQVOJTMQJ\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [I]¾MZLMU" w *MKPMZOTÃ[MZ"UT #HEMIKALIEN w [ "ESTIMMUNG -[_QZLMQVM5M[[ZMQPMUQ\QV[OM[IU\87B<M[\[L]ZKPOMNÛPZ\,QM)][NÛP Z]VOLMZ87B*M[\QUU]VOQ[\]V\MZI][NÛPZTQKPIVOMOMJMV <M[\"B]VÃKP[\_QZLLQM87BLM[^WZTQMOMVLMVVQKP\MZPQ\b\MV.M\\M[Jb_µTM[ MZUQ\\MT\BMQ\X]VS\"\% <M[\w")V[KPTQM¾MVL_MZLMVT*MKPMZOTÃ[MZLQMUQ\RMOLM[b]]V\MZ []KPMVLMV .M\\M[µTM[ OMNÛTT\ [QVL QV MQVMV I]N + OMPMQb\MV WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUT w ;\MPSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;!WLMZ"UT w :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZUQ\;KPTQNN6;!WLMZ w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w *MKPMZOTI["UT w ,M[\QTTI\QWV[IXXIZI\]ZUQ\;KPTQNNIV[I\b6;!WLMZ[)JJ w :ÕPZKPMVVIKP*MKSMT"UT]VLUT[)JJ
3)81 WT QO w -\PIVWTQ[KPM 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO" UT LMZ 3ITQTI]OM ! QO _MZLMV UQ\UTLM[\?I[[MZ^MZUQ[KP\]VLUQ\-\PIVWT!>WT QOb]UT I]NOMNÛTT\,MZ-\PIVWTOMPIT\LQM[MZ4Õ[]VO[WTTVQKP\ÛJMZ!>WT TQMOMV UT LMZ 4Õ[]VO [WTTMV JMQ LMZ MZ[MQN]VOLM[3WSW[NM\\M[6IKPLMU)JLIUXNMV LM[-\PIVWT[_QZLLQM;MQNMJMQ+QUMZ[KP_QV LMVLM[-\PIVWTOMZ]KP[OM\ZWKSVM\IV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\QV MQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]N OMNÛTT\ w *QU[[\MQVOZQM¾ w ?I[[MZ"NZQ[KPLM[\QTTQMZ\+7NZMQ 0ROBENVORBEREITUNG I.M\\PIT\QOM4MJMV[UQ\\MT )][LMV^WZOM\ZWKSVM\MVbMZSTMQVMZ\MV8ZWJMV_QZLLMZ.M\\IV\MQTVIKP;Ã]ZMI]N [KPT][[5M\PWLMVIKP?MQJ]TTw;\WTL\^OTOM_WVVMV]VLLI[M`\ZIPQMZ\M .M\\PTIVOJMQ+OM\ZWKSVM\3WTJMV[KPZÃOTMOMV,QM8ZWJMVMQV_IIOM ZQKP\M\ [QKP VIKP LMU .M\\OMPIT\ LMZ 4MJMV[UQ\\MT [WTT IJMZ [W JMUM[[MV [MQV LI[[M\_IO.M\\OM_WVVMV_MZLMVSIVV J?I[[MZPIT\QOM.M\\UQ[KP]VOMV *MQ.M\\UQ[KP]VOMVUQ\?I[[MZIV\MQTb**]\\MZ5IZOIZQVM]Ã_QZLb]Z-V\ NMZV]VO LM[ ?I[[MZ[ NWTOMVLM ;KPVMTTUM\PWLM IVOM_IVL\" +I O .M\\XZWJM _MZLMVQVMQVUT*MKPMZOTI[OMOMJMV]VLNÛZUQVJMQ+QUMZJZI]KP J IV6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VONÛZOMVI]UO3ISIWJ]\\MZVIKPNWTOMVLMZ /TMQKP]VOb]SWZZQOQMZMV"
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV
J J -
>MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUT NÛZOMVI]UO3ISIWJ]\\MZ >MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTNÛZ- -QV_IIOMIV3ISIWJ]\\MZQVUO
!USWERTUNG ,QM 0ITJUQSZW*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMbIPT 0*[B _QZL VIKP NWTOMVLMZ /TMQKP]VO JMZMKP VM\"
I J -
>MZJZI]KP IV 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT QU 0I]X\ ^MZ[]KPQVUT >MZJZI]KP IV 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT QU *TQVL ^MZ[]KPQVUT =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZ>>% .M\\MQV_IIOMQVUO
*M[\MP\ LMZ /M[IU\NM\\IV\MQT LMZ 8ZWJM I][ 5QTKPNM\\ ]VL .ZMULNM\\ SIVV LMZ 5QTKPNM\\IV\MQTQVLMZ8ZWJMJb_LMZ5QTKPNM\\IV\MQTQU/M[IU\NM\\VIKPNWTOMV LMV/TMQKP]VOMVJMZMKPVM\_MZLMV"
,ITERATUR
);="*L14 5IQ! ,/.-QVPMQ\[UM\PWLMV"+>!I 045+"*L1>!!;! :-."; 8IZL]V0!")VITa[MLMZ6IPZ]VO[NM\\M>MZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV;!
"ESTIMMUNGDERUNVERSEIFBAREN!NTEILE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM
'RUNDLAGEN ,QM *M[\QUU]VO LMZ ]V^MZ[MQNJIZMV )V\MQTM =V^MZ[MQNJIZM[ LQMV\ b]Z :MQV PMQ\[XZÛN]VO]VL*M]Z\MQT]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV;QM]UNI[[MVLQMVI\ÛZTQKPMV ]V^MZ[MQNJIZMV UQ\ JM[\QUU\MV TQXWXPQTMV 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTV M`\ZIPQMZJIZMV *M
3)81 MZ[MQN]VOI][_Ã[[ZQOITSITQ[KPMZ4Õ []VOUQ\8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVJb_,QM\PaTM\PMZM`\ZIPQMZJIZ[QVL]VLVIKPMZJQVL]VOMV QV 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV OZ]VL[Ã\bTQKP LQM 5M\PWLM UQ\ ,QM\PaTM\PMZIT[-`\ZIS\QWV[UQ\\MTIVb]_MVLMV[WO,QM\PaTM\PMZ5M\PWLM,QM 5M\PWLMV[QVL[\IVLIZLQ[QMZ\_WZLMVCE*MQLMZ)VOIJMLM[-ZOMJVQ[[M[Q[\ LI[-`\ZIS\QWV[UQ\\MT[\M\[IVb]OMJMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM .M\\M _MZLMV UQ\ M\PIVWTQ[KPMZ 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO ^MZ[MQN\ ]VL LI[ =V^MZ[MQNJIZM_QZLI][LMZ^MZLÛVV\MV;MQNMVTÕ[]VOUQ\8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVM`\ZI PQMZ\6IKPLMU)JLIUXNMVLM[4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLMU;XMS\Z]USIVV[W_WPTb]ZY]ITQ\I\Q^MV)VITa[MMQVMZ;]J[\IVbL]ZKP )][_MZ\]VOLMZ*IVLMVTIOMIT[I]KPb]ZY]IV\Q\I\Q^MV*M[\QUU]VOIVPIVLLMZ *IVLMVQV\MV[Q\Ã\PMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMV,]ZKPLI[)]N\ZM\MV^WV)J[WZX\QWV[ JIVLMVQV?MTTMVTÃVOMVJMZMQKPMVLQMNÛZJM[\QUU\M;\Z]S\]ZMTMUMV\MKPIZIS \MZQ[\Q[KP[QVLTI[[MV[QKP)][[IOMVÛJMZ)T\MZ]VO[XZWbM[[M]VLLQM:INâVI\QWV ^WV.M\\MVµTMVIJTMQ\MV *MQ LMZ )T\MZ]VO VQUU\ LMZ )V\MQT IV SWVR]OQMZ\MV ,QMV;\Z]S\]ZMV QVNWTOM ^WV;XIT\]VO]VL=UTIOMZ]VOLMZ.M\\[Ã]ZMVb])][LMV1[WTMV;\Z]S\]ZMV LMZ.M\\[Ã]ZMVQ[WTQMZ\M,WXXMTJQVL]VOMVMV\[\MPMVLIVV3WVR]MV;\Z]S\] ZMVSWVR]OQMZ\M,WXXMTJQVL]VOMVb*3WVR],QMV *MQLMZ:INâVI\QWV_MZLMVL]ZKP)JJI]I]\W`QLI\Q^MV\[\IVLMVMZ0aLZWXMZ W`QLM3WVR]*M ZMQKP SMQVM _MQ\MZMV I][OMXZÃO\MV )J[WZX\QWV[JIVLMV MZSMVVJIZ ,IOMOMV MZ [KPMQVMVJMQZINâVQMZ\MV.M\\MVµTMVb][Ã\bTQKP;XMS\ZW[SWXQM w ;\MIZQV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ"XI w 4Õ[]VOb]Z/MOMVSWUXMV[I\QWV" ;\MIZQV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZQV1[WWK\IV "ESTIMMUNG -QV_IIOM" O JMQ -ZLV][[ ;WVVMVJT]UMV :IX[ 5IQ[SMQU ]VL ;WRIÕT Jb_OJMQ7TQ^MVÕT ,I[b]]V\MZ[]KPMVLMµT_QZLQVLMV5M[[SWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLUQ\1[WWK \IVJQ[b]ZUT5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\,QM[M4Õ[]VO[W_QMLQM4Õ[]VOb]Z/MOMV SWUXMV[I\QWV _MZLMV QV RM MQVM 3Û^M\\M OMNÛTT\ )V[KPTQM¾MVL _QZL LI[ ,QNNM ZMVb[XMS\Z]ULMZ4Õ[]VO]V\MZ/MOMVSWUXMV[I\QWVQU*MZMQKP^WVwVU ZMOQ[\ZQMZ\
!USWERTUNG ,QM)][_MZ\]VOLM[=>;XMS\Z]U[MZNWTO\IVPIVL^WV!!; 0ILWZV 0 BÛZKPMZ 3 !" -QVM ^MZMQVNIKP\M ,QNNMZMVb=>)J[WZX\QWV[)VITa[M NÛZ LQM *M]Z\MQT]VO^WV;XMQ[MÕTMV5Q\\/MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO" 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!"*M]Z\MQT]VO^WV;XMQ[MÕTMVI]NOZ]VLLM[=>;XMS\Z]U[5Q\\ /MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO" !
.ACHWEISDER&ETTRAFlNATIONMITTELS56 3PEKTROSKOPIE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM"IT[.WTOM^MZ[]KPb] 'RUNDLAGEN ,MZ-QVã][[LMZ:INâVI\QWVI]NLMV/MPIT\LMZ,QMVJb_;XMS\ZMV^MZOTMQKPLMZ7ZQOQVITÕTXZWJMUQ\MQVMZµTXZWJM^MZLM]\TQKP\ _MZLMVLQMMQVMZ*TMQKPMZLMJMPIVLT]VOi8ZWJMVZINâVI\QWVt]V\MZbWOMV_]ZLM *TMQKPMZLMV .]TTMZMZLM .TWZQLIMZLM *MV\WVQ\M ?ITSMZLM [QVL SWTTWQLITM NMQV[\bMZ\MQT\M_I[[MZPIT\QOM)T5O;QTQSI\MI][LMZ5WV\UWZQTTWVQ\/Z]XXMUQ\ PWPMU)L[WZX\QWV[^MZUÕOMV;QMMV\NMZVMVIL[WZX\Q^]VMZ_ÛV[KP\M.IZJ[\WNNM _QM+IZW\QVWQLM+PTWZWXPaTT*T]\NIZJ[\WNNMJMQ;MM\QMZÕTMV[W_QMI]KP;KP_MZ UM\ITT[X]ZMV;MQNMVZM[\M]VL)]\W`QLI\QWV[XZWL]S\M6MJMVLMZ.IZJI]NPMTT]VO LMZ.M\\MµTM[XQMT\I]KPLQM-V\NMZV]VO^WV;\WNNMVLQMLQM/MZ]KP[WLMZ/M [KPUIKS[MQOMV[KPIN\MVJMMQVã][[MVb*OMZ]KP[QV\MV[Q^M+IZJWVaTMWLMZLQM 0IT\JIZSMQ\JMMQV\ZÃKP\QOMVSÕVVMVMQVM_QKP\QOM:WTTM 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE >WV LMZ .M\\µTXZWJM _QZL ^WZ ]VL VIKP MQVMZ *TMQKPMZLMJMPIVLT]VO 8ZWJM ZINâVI\QWVMQV=>;XMS\Z]UI]NOMVWUUMV,QM£VLMZ]VOLMZ=>)J[WZX\QWV JM[\QUU\MZ ?MTTMVTÃVOMVJMZMQKPM [ TÃ[[\ LIVV :ÛKS[KPTÛ[[M I]N MQVM >WZJMPIVLT]VOLM[.M\\M[µTM[b] $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [#I]¾MZLMU" w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;!"UT w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIEN w [#I]¾MZLMU" w *TMQKPMZLM "ESTIMMUNG wOµT_MZLMVQVLMV-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLUQ\O*TMQKPMZLM ^MZ[M\b\,MZ3WTJMV_QZL^MZ[KPTW[[MV]VLM\_IPTIVOJMQ+]V\MZOMTM
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV !BB =>)J[WZX\QWV[ [XMS\ZMV,QNNMZMVb[XMS\ZMV µTZINNQVQMZ\OMIT\MZ\"RMLWKP WPVMb][Ã\bTQKPM*MPIVLT]VO UQ\*TMQKPMZLMµTLI[[MTJM _QMJMQ"RMLWKPb][Ã\bTQKPUQ\ *TMQKPMZLMJMPIVLMT\%-`\QVS \QWVO?MTTMVTÃVOM
OMV\TQKPMU ;KPÛ\\MTV QU ,QNNMZMVb[XMS\Z]UI]NOMVWUUMV
!USWERTUNG 3]Z^MQV)JJ bMQO\LI[\aXQ[KPM=>,QNNMZMVb[XMS\Z]ULMZUQ\*TMQKPMZLM JMPIVLMT\MVXZWJMZINâVQMZ\MV8ZWJM3]Z^MLIOMOMVbMQO\LI[=>,QNNMZMVb [XMS\Z]U LM[ ]VJMPIVLMT\MV VQKP\ XZWJMZINâVQMZ\MV µT[ _QM L]ZKP 5M[[]VO VIKPMZPIT\MV ,ITERATUR 045+"*L1>!!; *IT\M[2!"/M_QVV]VO]VL>MZIZJMQ\]VO^WV6IPZ]VO[NM\\MV>MZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV ;! 0ILWZV 0 BÛZKPMZ 3 !" -QVM ^MZMQVNIKP\M ,QNNMZMVb=>)J[WZX\QWV[)VITa[M NÛZ LQM *M]Z\MQT]VO^WV;XMQ[MÕTMV5Q\\/MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO" 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!"*M]Z\MQT]VO^WV;XMQ[MÕTMVI]NOZ]VLLM[=>;XMS\Z]U[5Q\\ /MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO" !
3)81 MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU 3I]NUIVV08>WTJMZ\.5IVSMT/!!!",QM)V_MVL]VOLMZ1VNZIZW\;XMS\ZW[SWXQM I]NLMU.M\\OMJQM\.M\\M;MQNMV)V[\ZQKPUQ\\MT"<MQT1"<MQT11" <MQT1>
#HROMATOGRAPHISCHE-ETHODEN 2MVIKPIVOM_MVLM\MZKPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPMZ5M\PWLMTI[[MV[QKP]V\MZ[KPQMLTQ KPM MZJQVL]VOMVQV[JM[WVLMZMOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM/+5M\PWLMV *MLM]\]VOMZTIVO\B]Z[KPVMTTMV+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VOMQVM[.M\\M[SIVVQVMQVNI KPMV.ÃTTMVI]KPLQM,ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM,+IV=USMPZ8PI[MVUQ\ -ZNWTOPMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMVB]ZMZNIPZMV[3IXQ\MT
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV
#HARAKTERISIERUNGVON&ETTENUND«LENMITTELS$# !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM 'RUNDLAGEN ,QM,ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQMMQOVM\[QKPb]ZZI[KPMV]VLMQVNIKPMV+PIZIS \MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV\aXMVZMQVMV.M\\MV]VLµTMV/MUQ[KPM^WV^MZ[KPQMLMVMV.M\\MV Jb_µTMV_MZLMVRMLWKPV]ZJMLQVO\I]NOM\ZMVV\[WLI[[MQVM+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO LMZ3WUXWVMV\MV;KP_QMZQOSMQ\MVJMZMQ\M\1V[WTKPMV.ÃTTMVQ[\MQVMMZLÛVVMVUQ\?I[[MZVM] \ZITZMIOQMZMVIVLMZVNITT[U][[VWKPTÃVOMZOM[KPÛ\\MT\_MZLMVJQ[TLMZ ÛJMZ[\MPMVLMV4Õ[]VO_MZLMVQVLMV/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPMVQVRQbQMZ\ J/+8IZIUM\MZ w 1I ,/.-QVPMQ\[UM\PWLMV"+>1J ,/.-QVPMQ\[UM\PWLMV"+>1]VL+>1I 045+"*L1>!!; ,QKSM[/26QKPWTI[8>!"/I[+PZWUI\WOZIXPaQV.WWL)VITa[Q[*]\\MZ_WZ\P[4WVLWV ; 8IZL]V0!")VITa[MLMZ6IPZ]VO[NM\\M8I]T8IZMa>MZTIO*MZTQV;Jb_ 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!"*MQ\ZIOb]ZOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPMV)VITa[M^WV.M\\MV]VL µTMV5Q\\/MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO "! ! 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!"=VQ^MZ[IT5M\PWLMb]ZOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPMV=V\MZ[]KP]VO ^WV;XMQ[MNM\\MV]VLÕTMV,M]\4MJMV[U:L[KP"
4RENNUNGUND)DENTIlZIERUNGVON&ETTSËURENALS-ETHYLESTER MITTELS+APILLAR '# !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM w .M\\PIT\QOM4MJMV[UQ\\MTVIKP1[WTQMZ]VOLM[.M\\IV\MQT[ 'RUNDLAGEN [ 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QMSIXQTTIZOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM)VITa[MLMZ.M\\[Ã]ZMVMZNWTO\VIKP,MZQ^I \Q[QMZ]VO UQ\ UM\PIVWTQ[KPMZ *WZ\ZQã]WZQLTÕ[]VO CE ,QM .M\\[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ .;5-_MZLMVQV0M`IVOMTÕ[\]VLOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPJM[\QUU\,QMMQV bMTVMV.M\\[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ]VLLIUQ\LQM.M\\[Ã]ZMVTI[[MV[QKPIVPIVLLMZ :M\MV\QWV[bMQ\MV b]WZLVMV -QVM )J[KPÃ\b]VO LMZ B][IUUMV[M\b]VO Q[\ L]ZKP >MZOTMQKPLMZRM_MQTQOMV8MISãÃKPMVUÕOTQKP $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w 3IXQTTIZ/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPUQ\.TIUUMVQWVQ[I\QWV[LM\MS\WZ.1,]VL)][ _MZ\MMQVPMQ\^OT w /TI[[XZQ\bM"T w :]VLSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;"UT w :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ UQ\ ;KPTQNN 6; ]VL MZPÃT\VQ[[MQU;\IVLIZLNM\\]VL 8ZWJMVNM\\b]MZPIT\MV w .M\\[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO" UTLMZ;\IUUTÕ[]VOQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\V0M`IVJQ[b]Z5IZ SMI]NNÛTTMV "ESTIMMUNG I0MZ[\MTT]VOLMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO UOLM[b]]V\MZ[]KPMVLMV.M\\M[_MZLMVQVMQVMVUT:]VLSWTJMVMQVOM_W OMV]VLUTUM\PIVWTQ[KPM6I\ZWVTI]OM[W_QM;QMLM[\MQVMb]OMOMJMV=V\MZ :ÛKSã][[_QZLUQVTIVOb]U;QMLMVMZPQ\b\UT*WZ\ZQã]WZQLTÕ[]VO_MZLMV L]ZKPLMV:ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZPQVb]OMNÛO\]VL_MQ\MZMUQV[QMLMVOMTI[[MV,I VIKP_QZLLQM4Õ[]VOTIVO[IUÛJMZLMV:ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZUQ\UT0M`IV^MZLÛVV\ 6IKP_MQ\MZMVUQV;QMLMV_QZLLMZ3WTJMVQV-Q[_I[[MZUQVIJOMSÛPT\JQ[ b]U3WTJMVPIT[OM[Ã\\QO\M6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQLTÕ[]VOb]OMOMJMV]VLOM[KPÛ\\MT\,MZ 3WTJMV _QZL UQV QU 3ÛPT[KPZIVS [\MPMV OMTI[[MV 5Q\ MQVMZ 8I[\M]ZXQXM\\M _QZLLQMÛJMZ[\MPMVLMSTIZM4Õ[]VOIJOMVWUUMV]VLb]Z1I );="*L146W^MUJMZ!!!NÛZ*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMIT[5M\PaTM[\MZQV.M\\I][*ZW\ ]VL3TMQVOMJÃKS );="*L14 !6W^MUJMZ!!!NÛZ*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMIT[5M\PaTM[\MZQV.M\\I][.MQVMV *IKS_IZMV
"ESTIMMUNGDER4RIGLYCERIDVERTEILUNGMITTELS(OCHTEMPERATUR '# ANGEPACKTEN3ËULEN !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM w .M\\^MZUQ[KP]VOMV.M\\SWUXW[Q\QWVMV 'RUNDLAGEN 1V.M\\MV^WZTQMOMVLMITMZQIV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZLMZMQVOM\ZMVV\M[;QOVITOQJ\LMZ/MPIT\ IV*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMJM[\QUU\]VLÛJMZLQM[MVLMZ5QTKPNM\\OMPIT\LM[4MJMV[UQ\\MT[ JMZMKPVM\
$URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [#I]¾MZLMU" w BMV\ZQN]OMUQ\BMV\ZQN]OMVOTÃ[MZV w >WTTXQXM\\M"UT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w [#I]¾MZLMU" w V0MX\IV w +ITKQ]UKPTWZQL"NMQVSÕZVQOOM\ZWKSVM\PJMQ+ w *]\\MZ[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ w >ITMZQIV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ w ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO1" RMO*]\\MZ]VL>ITMZQIV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QVMQ VMVUT5M[[SWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLUQ\V0MX\IVI]NOMNÛTT\K%UOUT NÛZRMLMV-[\MZ w ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO11C1V\MZVMZ;\IVLIZLE" O >ITMZQIV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ _QZL I]N UO OMVI] QV MQVMVUT5M[[ SWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLUQ\V0MX\IVI]NOMNÛTT\K%UOUT w ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO111" UT ^WV ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO 11 _MZLMV QU 5M[[SWTJMV UQ\ V0MX\IV I]N UT I]NOMNÛTT\K%UOUT "ESTIMMUNG I0MZ[\MTT]VOLMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO +IUOLM[Q[WTQMZ\MV.M\\IV\MQT[_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QVMQVMVUT :]VLSWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLQVUTV0MX\IVOMTÕ[\2MVIKPMZ_IZ\M\MU*]\ \MZ[Ã]ZMOMPIT\QU/M[IU\NM\\NÛO\UIVMQVMMV\[XZMKPMVLM5MVOMLM[QV\MZVMV ;\IVLIZL[PQVb]VÃUTQKPUT;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO11JMQMQVMU/MPIT\^WVw *]\\MZ[Ã]ZMb*JMQZMQVMU*]\\MZNM\\WLMZJMQ5Q[KP]VOMVUQ\UMPZIT[ *]\\MZNM\\Jb_UT;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO111JMQMQVMU*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMOMPIT\]V\MZ ,QM5Q[KP]VO_QZLUQ\UT6I\ZQ]UUM\PaTI\4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\]VLUQV TIVO ]V\MZ :ÛKSã][[ ]VL )][[KPT][[ ^WV .M]KP\QOSMQ\ b]U ;QMLMVMZPQ\b\ ,I VIKP SÛPT\ UIV LMV 3WTJMV I]N w + IJ WPVM LMV :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ LIJMQ b]MV\NMZVMVNÛO\OLM[^WZJMPIVLMT\MV1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ[PQVb]^MZ[KPTQM¾\ LMV3WTJMVUQ\MQVMU;KPTQNN[\WXNMV]VL[KPÛ\\MT\UQVTIVO,IVIKP_QZL_MQ \MZMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZOb]OMOMJMVLMZ3WTJMVOM[KPÛ\\MT\]VLKIUQV [\MPMVOMTI[[MV ,QM -[\MZTÕ[]VO _QZL QV MQVMV b_MQ\MV :]VLSWTJMV LMSIV\QMZ\ LMZ O OM \ZWKSVM\M[ +ITKQ]UKPTWZQL MV\PÃT\# LIJMQ [WTT\M SMQV 1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ QV LMV b_MQ\MV3WTJMVOMTIVOMV,QM4Õ[]VO_QZLUQVTIVOOM[KPÛ\\MT\VWKPUIT[UQ\
+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO^WV.M\\MV]VLµTMV
O+ITKQ]UKPTWZQL^MZ[M\b\_QMLMZOM[KPÛ\\MT\]VLUQVTIVO[\MPMVOMTI[[MV ;WTT\M LQM ÛJMZ[\MPMVLM 4Õ[]VO \ZÛJ [MQV _QZL UQV TIVO JMQ =XU bMV \ZQN]OQMZ\JQ[TLMZSTIZMV4Õ[]VO_MZLMVQVLMV/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPMV QVRQbQMZ\ )V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLI[/I[KPZWUI\WOZIUULMZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO1I]NOMVWU UMV J/+8IZIUM\MZ [
!USWERTUNG ,]ZKP >MZOTMQKP UQ\ LMU ;\IVLIZLKPZWUI\WOZIUU _QZL QU /I[KPZWUI\W OZIUULMZ8ZWJMLQM4IOMLMZRMVQOMV8MIS[MZUQ\\MT\LQMLMV-[\MZVUQ\Jb_ +)\WUMVQVLMZ;Ã]ZMSM\\MMV\[XZMKPMV,QM.TÃKPMVLQM[MZ8MIS[_MZLMV_QM QU)VPIVOJM[KPZQMJMVJM[\QUU\ -[OQT\"
U+ U+ 8+ 8+
5MVOMQVUOIV*]\\MZ[Ã]ZM+Jb_>ITMZQIV[Ã]ZM+ UM\PaTM[\MZQU/M[IU\^WT]UMVLMZ8ZWJMTÕ[]VO .TÃKPMLMZMV\[XZMKPMVLMV8MIS[QU8ZWJMVKPZWUI\WOZIUU
,MZ3WZZMS\]ZNIS\WZN_QZLIVPIVLLM[;\IVLIZLKPZWUI\WOZIUU[JMZMKPVM\
U+ [U+[ 8+ [8+[
5MVOMQVUOIV*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMJb_>ITMZQIV[Ã]ZMUM\PaTM[\MZ QVLMZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO .TÃKPM LMZ MV\[XZMKPMVLMV 8MIS[ QU ;\IVLIZLKPZWUI\W OZIUU
=UZMKPV]VOLM[MZPIT\MVMV?MZ\M[U+ II]N5MVOMQVUOIV*]\\MZ[Ã]ZMQU/M[IU\^WT]UMVLMZ8ZWJMTÕ[]VO"
JI]NXZWbMV\]ITMV)V\MQTLM[/M[IU\NM\\M[IV*]\\MZ[Ã]ZM"
-
-QV_IIOMLM[Q[WTQMZ\MV/M[IU\NM\\M[QVUO
3)81 !!; 8IZL]V0!")VITa[MLMZ6IPZ]VO[NM\\M>MZTIO8I]T8IZMa*MZTQV; 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!".M\\[Ã]ZM^MZ\MQT]VO[W_QM5QTKPNM\\]VL3WSW[NM\\JM[\QUU]VO QV.M\\MVµTMV]VLNM\\PIT\QOMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV5Q\\/MJQM\M4MJMV[U0aO" 0ILWZV0BÛZKPMZ3!"=VQ^MZ[IT5M\PWLMb]ZOI[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPMV=V\MZ[]KP]VO ^WV;XMQ[MNM\\MV]VLÕTMV,M]\4MJMV[U:L[KP" 5WTSMV\PQV28ZMKP\,!!":MXZM[MV\I\Q^MLM\MZUQVI\QWVWN\PMJ]\aZQKIKQLKWV\MV\QV -]ZWXMIVUQTSNI\[5QKP_Q[[MV[KPIN\"
.ACHWEISUND)DENTIlZIERUNGVON3TERINENMITTELS+OMBINATION VON$#UND'#ANGEPACKTEN3ËULEN !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .M\\M]VLµTM w 5IZOIZQVM 'RUNDLAGEN B]Z=V\MZ[KPMQL]VO^WV\QMZQ[KPMV]VLXãIVbTQKPMV.M\\MVSÕVVMVLQMQVQPVMV MV\PIT\MVMV;\MZQVMPMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMV;QMâVLMV[QKPQU=V^MZ[MQNJIZMVLMZ .M\\MµTM ^OT PQMZb] =V\MZ LMU *MOZQNN ;\MZQVM _MZLMV ^MZ[KPQMLMVM ,MZQ^I\M b][IUUMVOMNI[[\ LQM [QKP ^WU +aKTWXMV\IVWXMZPaLZWXPMVIV\PZMV ԑ;\MZIVIJTMQ\MV6IKPQPZMZ0MZS]VN\_MZLMV;\MZQVMQVLZMQ/Z]XXMVMQVOM \MQT\" BWW[\MZQVMQV\QMZQ[KPMV.M\\MV"b*+PWTM[\MZQV,QPaLZWKPWTM[\MZQV 8Pa\W[\MZQVMQVXãIVbTQKPMV.M\\MV"b*;Q\W[\MZQV;\QOUI[\MZQV*ZI[[QKI[\M ZQV+IUXM[\MZQV 5aKW[\MZQVMQV0MNM8QTbNM\\MV"b*-ZOW[\MZQV ,I[IU_MQ\M[\MV^MZJZMQ\M\M8Pa\W[\MZQVQ[\LI[;Q\W[\MZQVLI[QVUMPZMZMVQ[W UMZMV.WZUMVAB½G^WZSWUU\]VL[QKPQVPWPMV)V\MQTMVQV;WRIÕT5IQ[ SMQUÕT]VL?MQbMVSMQUÕTâVLM\,I[BWW[\MZQV+PWTM[\MZQVSWUU\b_IZQVIT TMV\QMZQ[KPMV.M\\MV^WZ_]ZLMIJMZI]KP^MZMQVbMT\QVXãIVbTQKPMV.M\\MVb* 8ITUÕTQVJMIKP\TQKPMV5MVOMVOMN]VLMV,MZ6IKP_MQ[^WV+PWTM[\MZQVTÃ[[\ LIPMZVQKP\UQ\IJ[WT]\MZ;QKPMZPMQ\I]NLQM/MOMV_IZ\\QMZQ[KPMZ.M\\M[KPTQM¾MV -[ Q[\ LM[PITJ _QKP\QO VMJMV LMU ;\MZQVVIKP_MQ[ I]KP IVLMZM 8IZIUM\MZ LMZ 8ZWJMPMZIVb]bQMPMV_QMLQM.M\\[Ã]ZMb][IUUMV[M\b]VO[LQMMZI[KP]VO[OM[\MTTUÕOTQKP[\UQ\)J[I]O^WZZQKP\]VO w 3RMTLIPT3WTJMV"UT[)JJ w .MQVJÛZM\\M w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUT w >WTTXQXM\\M"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w 8MZOIUMV\[KPQNNKPMV"6NZMQ w /TI[XMZTMV #HEMIKALIENPA w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"! QOb]Z;\QKS[\WNNJM[\QUU]VOSWVb w 3I\ITa[I\WZOMUQ[KP" OWZTIOM IJOM[MVS\ ]VL VIKP MQVMZ _MQ\MZMV 5QV]\M LQM ,M[\QTTI\QWV JMMVLM\ ,I[ 3ÛPTMZZWPZ _QZL UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZI]¾MV]VLQVVMVIJOM[XÛT\ K MZLQKS]VO[UQ\\MT[KPVMTT]VLMQVNIKPI]NOZ]VLLM[6IKP_MQ[M[ ^WV )UQVW[Ã]ZMV ^WV IVLMZMV 0aLZWSWTTWQLMV 8ãIVbMVO]UUQ[ ;\ÃZSM M\K ]V\MZ[KPMQLMV?MQ\MZOMPMVLM)][[IOMVSÕVVMVÛJMZLQM1LMV\QâbQMZ]VOMQVbMT VMZ)UQVW[Ã]ZMVOM_WVVMV_MZLMV,QM)UQVW[Ã]ZMV[QVLb]LQM[MUB_MKS^WZ )V_MVL]VOLMZ,+I][LMV8WTa8MX\QLMVL]ZKP0aLZWTa[MNZMQb][M\bMV,I JMQLMZ[I]ZMV0aLZWTa[MRMLWKPWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;!"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVMVOPIT[QO"UT w /TI[\ZQKP\MZ"
KIKU w :MIOMVbOTÃ[MZ w .IT\MVâT\MZ w ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV #HEMIKALIENPA w ;ITb[Ã]ZM"KIUWTT w 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPJQ[ +
3)81 MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" ;\IUUTÕ[]VO1K%UOT" UOT0aLZW`aXZWTQVNÛZJQWKPMUB_MKSM_MZLMVQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\# LQM4Õ[]VO_QZLQUUT5M[[SWTJMVJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ ;\IUUTÕ[]VO11K%UOT" UT LMZ ;\IUUTÕ[]VO 1 _MZLMV QV MQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMV XQXM\\QMZ\ ]VL UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV" >WVLMZ^MZLÛVV\MV0aLZW`aXZWTQV;\IUUTÕ[]VO11_MZLMV Jb_UTQVUT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\6IKPB][I\b^WVRM_MQT[M\_I UO6I\ZQ]UM\PaTUMZK]ZQ\PQW[ITQKaTI\ZMQV_QZLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z 5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\,QM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLQM[MZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZIOMV ! Jb_OXZWUT,QM;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV[QVLJMQ:I]U \MUXMZI\]ZM\_IMQVM?WKPMJMQ+M\_IJQ[5WVI\MPIT\JIZ w 7`QLI\QWV[ZMIOMVb" O+PTWZIUQVMZLÛVV]VOPMZOM[\MTT\[WLI[[LQM MZ_IZ\M\M0aLZW`aXZWTQVSWVbMV\ZI\QWVQU*MZMQKPJQ[OUTTQMO\1VLMZ :MOMTOMVÛOMVUT0aLZWTa[I\LQMUIVI]NUT^MZLÛVV\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV)UQVW[Ã]ZMV
J.IZJZMIS\QWV UTLMZ[WPMZOM[\MTT\MV>MZLÛVV]VO_MZLMVQVMQV:MIOMVbOTI[XQXM\\QMZ\UQ\ UT 7`QLI\QWV[ZMIOMVb ^MZ[M\b\ OMUQ[KP\ ]VL JMQ :I]U\MUXMZI\]Z UQV UQVTIVO[\MPMVOMTI[[MV)V[KPTQM¾MVL_MZLMVUT.IZJZMIOMVbb]OM[M\b\ 6IKPOZÛVLTQKPMU,]ZKPUQ[KPMV_QZLLI[:MIOMVbOTI[[KPVMTTQVMQV?I[[MZJIL ^WV++OM[\MTT\]VLLWZ\NÛZUQVJMTI[[MV,IVIKP_QZLLI[:M IOMVbOTI[]V\MZãQM¾MVLMU4MQ\]VO[_I[[MZUQVLM[\MV[UQVTIVOOMSÛPT\]VL JQ[b]Z5M[[]VOPJMQ:I]U\MUXMZI\]Z[\MPMVOMTI[[MV,QM-`\QVS\QWVLMZ 4Õ[]VO_QZLJMQ VUQVMQVMZ/TI[SÛ^M\\ML%KUOMOMVLQMUQ\LMV[MTJMV :MIOMVbQMVIVOM[M\b\M*TQVLTÕ[]VO[\I\\UTLM[^MZLÛVV\MV0aLZWTa[I\M[_MZ LMVUTLM[\?I[[MZMQVOM[M\b\OMUM[[MV K 3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M B]Z-Z[\MTT]VOLMZ3ITQJZQMZOMZILMV_MZLMVRM_MQT[UTLMZWJMVJM[KPZQMJMVMV 0aLZW`aXZWTQV;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV b]Z .IZJZMIS\QWV MQVOM[M\b\ ]VL OMOMV MQVM *TQVLTÕ[]VO[JOMUM[[MV#LQM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZI OMVLIUQ\! Jb_OUT0aLZW`aXZWTQV
!USWERTUNG I,MZXZWbMV\]ITM0aLZW`aXZWTQVOMPIT\08LMZ8ZWJM_QZLVIKPNWTOMVLMZ/TMQ KP]VOJMZMKPVM\"
> I -
>WT]UMV LM[ 0aLZWTa[I\M[ QV UT LI[ NÛZ LQM >MZLÛVV]VO I]N UT ^MZ_MVLM\_]ZLM 0aLZW`aXZWTQVSWVbMV\ZI\QWVQVOUTQU^MZLÛVV\MV0aLZWTa[I\I][ LMZ3ITQJZQMZOMZILMVMZUQ\\MT\ 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO ,MZ =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZ MZOQJ\ [QKP I][ LMZ >MZLÛVV]VO LM[ 0aLZWTa[I\M[I]NUTLMZ>MZLÛVV]VOLMZ-QV_IIOMI]NUTLMZ =UZMKPV]VO^WVOI]NO[W_QMLMZ)VOIJMLM[-ZOMJVQ[[M[JMbWOMV I]NO8ZWJM
J*MZMKPV]VOLM[*QVLMOM_MJ[IV\MQT[ ,MZXZWbMV\]ITM)V\MQTLMZ8ZWJMIVKWTTIOMVMU*QVLMOM_MJMԑIJ[WT]\MZ/M PIT\MZOQJ\[QKPI][LMU0aLZW`aXZWTQVOMPIT\08L]ZKP5]T\QXTQSI\QWVUQ\LMU .IS\WZ LMZ I]N MQVMU UQ\\TMZMV 0aLZW`aXZWTQVOMPIT\ LM[ *QVLMOM_MJM[ ^WV M\_I JMZ]P\" IJ[KWTTIOMVM[*QVLMOM_MJMC E% 08 JMbWOMVI]N8ZWJM B]Z9]ITQ\Ã\[JM]Z\MQT]VOQ[\LMZ)V\MQTLM[KWTTIOMVMV*QVLMOM_MJM[IU/M[IU\ XZW\MQVOMPIT\ԑZMTI\Q^MZ/MPIT\^WV*MLM]\]VO#M[OQT\"
8
8ZW\MQVOMPIT\LMZ8ZWJMԑ6
3)81 MZJQVL]VOMVUQ\[\IZSXWTIZMV-QOMV[KPIN\MVLQMJQ[I]N MQVQOM)][VIPUMV8WTa[IKKPIZQLMQV?I[[MZTÕ[TQKP[QVL,QM)VITa\QSâVLM\ LM[PITJQVLMZ:MOMTQU_Ã[[ZQOMV5MLQ]U[\I\\
!BB -QV\MQT]VOLMZ3WPTMVPaLZI\M;IKKPIZQLM
3)81 QMTbIPT^WVVIKP^MZ[KPQMLMVMV8ZQV bQXQMVIZJMQ\MVLMV5M\PWLMVb]QPZMZ*M[\QUU]VO,QM)][[IOMSZIN\LMZMQVbMT VMV5M\PWLMVQ[\]I^WVLMZ8ZWJMVb][IUUMV[M\b]VOJb_UI\ZQ`IJPÃVOQO ]VLSIVV[MPZ]V\MZ[KPQMLTQKP[MQV B]VMVVMV[QVLQVMZ[\MZ4QVQMNWTOMVLM5M[[XZQVbQXQMV" I+PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM5M\PWLMV J5M[[]VOLM[WX\Q[KPMV,ZMP^MZUÕOMV[8WTIZQUM\ZQM K7`QLI\QWVLMZ)TLMPaL3M\WOZ]XXMQVITSITQ[KPMZ4Õ[]VO L-VbaUI\Q[KPM5M\PWLMV]VL M 8PW\WUM\ZQ[KPM5M\PWLMVVIKP=U[M\b]VOb]NIZJQOMV:MIS\QWV[XZWL]S\MV QVVM]MZMZBMQ\*MLM]\]VOL]ZKP3WXXT]VOUQ\I
#HROMATOGRAPHISCHE-ETHODEN +PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM5M\PWLMV[QVLQVMZ[\MZ4QVQMMZJQVL]VOMV PIVLMT\ Q[\ b]Z Y]IV\Q\I\Q^MV *M[\QUU]VO UQ\ KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPMV >MZNIPZMV LQM 084+ IV =USMPZ8PI[MVLQM5M\PWLMLMZ?IPT)VOMOMJMV_MZLMVQVLMZ4Q\MZI\]ZI]KP 5M\PWLMVb]Z*M[\QUU]VOUQ\0QTNMLMZ/+)TTMZLQVO[Q[\LIVVMQVM,MZQ^I\Q[QM Z]VOb*b]WT QOOMTÕ[\ w ;XZÛPZMIOMVbQMV" :MIOMVb1"OWT QOOMTÕ[\0IT\JIZSMQ\QVL]VSTMZ .TI[KPMQU3ÛPT[KPZIVS"M\_I?WKPM :MIOMVb11"O0IZV[\WNN_MZLMVQVUT;ITb[Ã]ZMUWTTOMTÕ[\0IT\JIZ SMQ\"M\_IMZPÃT\VQ["#^WTT[\ÃVLQO ^MZOWZMVM5IQ[KPMVJb_?MQVM_MZLMV]V^MZLÛVV\MQVOM[M\b\>WV3WVâ\ÛZM ]VL0WVQOXZWJMV_MZLMVJQ[OQVUTLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLâT\ZQMZ\#NM[\M 8ZWJMV_MZLMVbMZSTMQVMZ\O]\L]ZKPUQ[KP\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOONI]N+ MZ_ÃZU\ M`\ZIPQMZ\ _WZI]N LMZ -`\ZIS\ âT\ZQMZ\ ]VL M^MV\]MTT _MQ\MZ ^MZLÛVV\ _QZL J,+MZOTMQKP LMZ :M\MV\QWV[bMQ\MV OMVI]MZ" S?MZ\M ^WV :MNMZMVb[]J[\IVbMV b]OMWZLVM\ [)JJ#b]Z,MâVQ\QWVLM[S?MZ\M[[ ,QM Y]IV\Q\I\Q^M *M[\QUU]VO MZNWTO\ L]ZKP LQM 5M\PWLM LM[ -`\MZVMV ;\IV LIZL[ UQ\ LMV RM_MQTQOMV ;]J[\IVbMV ,QM 3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMV b]Z -Z[\MTT]VO LMZ 3ITQJZQMZOMZILM[WTTMVRM_MQT[w QOQV?I[[MZ[MQV-[SÕVVMVLQM8MISPÕPMV WLMZLQM8MISãÃKPMVb]Z)][_MZ\]VOPMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMV !NMERKUNG ,QM,W[QMZ]VOLMZ+IZZMb:MIOMVbQMVJMQUVW\_MVLQOMV3TÃZMVU][[[WZONÃT\QO]VL^WZ ITTMUQVXZWXWZ\QWVITMV<MQTMVOM[KPMPMV]USMQVMb][Ã\bTQKPMV;\ÕZ;QOVITMQU:1,M \MS\WZb]MZbM]OMV
!BB .TÛ[[QOKPZWUI\WOZIUU^WVB]KSMZVQV *QMZVIKPCE.Z]K\W[M/T]KW[M ;IKKPIZW[M5IT\W[M5IT\W\ZQW[M
3)81 WZ\MQTLI[[[QM[KPVMTT]VLUQ\MQVNIKPMV 5Q\\MTVL]ZKPb]NÛPZMV[QVL]VLb]LMUbMZ[\ÕZ]VO[NZMQIZJMQ\MVLPLQM4Õ[]V OMVNÛZ_MQ\MZM=V\MZ[]KP]VOMV^MZ_MVLM\_MZLMVSÕVVMV.ÛZLQM*M[\QUU]VO ^WVB]KSMZVUQ\0QTNMLMZ8WTIZQUM\ZQM[QVLRMLWKPLQMVIKPNWTOMVLMV>WZI][ [M\b]VOMVb]JMIKP\MV" I6MJMV LMU b] JM[\QUUMVLMV B]KSMZ LÛZNMV SMQVM IVLMZMV WX\Q[KP IS\Q^MV ;]J[\IVbMV ^WZTQMOMV ,QM[M >WZI][[M\b]VO _QZL QV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTV QU )TTOM UMQVMV VQKP\ QUUMZ MZNÛTT\ *MQ LMZ ;IKKPIZW[MJM[\QUU]VO L]ZKP 5M[[]VO ^WZ]VLVIKPLMZ1V^MZ[QWV;Ã]ZMPaLZWTa[M^OTPQMZb]_QZLLQM)V _M[MVPMQ\IVLMZMZWX\Q[KPIS\Q^MZ;]J[\IVbMVSWUXMV[QMZ\[WLI[[LQM[MVQKP\ QV-Z[KPMQV]VO\ZM\MV J,QM5M[[TÕ[]VOMVLÛZNMVVQKP\OM\ZÛJ\Jb_[\IZSOMNÃZJ\[MQVWV*MLM]\]VOQ[\NÛZLQMY]IV \Q\I\Q^M)V_MVL]VO^WV/TLI[[L]ZKPLQMOZW¾M5MVOM^WVb]OMOMJMVMU 3ITQ]UQWLQL]VL*QTL]VO^WV]VTÕ[TQKPMU3]XNMZ1QWLQLLI[/TMQKPOM_QKP\I]N LQMZMKP\M;MQ\M^MZ[KPWJMV_QZL
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5WVW]VL7TQOW[IKKPIZQLM
$URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w 0MQbXTI\\M w 3ÛPT_I[[MZJIL w X05M\MZ w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUT w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTM^\TB_Q[KPMVOZÕ¾MV w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN6;!"UT w :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZUQ\;KPTQNN6;! w 3]ZbbMQ\UM[[MZJM[[MZ";\WXX]PZ w *ÛZM\\M"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w 3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\113C.M+6E07 w BQVSIKM\I\BV+0+7707 w 3]XNMZ[]TNI\+];707 w 6I\ZQ]UKIZJWVI\_I[[MZNZMQ6I+7 w +Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZMUWVWPaLZI\ w 3ITQ]UQWLQL31 w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO6I\ZWVTI]OM"OT w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM" QOԑOT w 6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VO"UWTT w ;\ÃZSM4Õ[]VO"KI QO w +IZZMb4Õ[]VO1" O3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\11QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VL I]NUTI]NNÛTTMV w +IZZMb4Õ[]VO11" OBQVSIKM\I\QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VLI]NUTI]N NÛTTMV w 4Õ[]VOVIKP4]NN" w <MQTTÕ[]VO)" O+Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZMQVUTLM[\?I[[MZKI+TÕ[MV w <MQTTÕ[]VO*" O6I\ZQ]UKIZJWVI\QVUTLM[\?I[[MZKI+TÕ[MV w <MQTTÕ[]VO+" O3]XNMZ[]TNI\QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w 4]NN[KPM4Õ[]VO" =V\MZ^WZ[QKP\QOMU ;KP_MVSMV_QZLTIVO[IU)QV*OMOW[[MV+7_QZL NZMQLQM4Õ[]VO[KPÃ]U\[\IZS 6IKPLMU)]NPÕZMVLMZ/I[MV\_QKST]VO _QZL + PQVb]OMNÛO\ ]VL I]N UT UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ I]NOMNÛTT\ ,MZ X0?MZ\LQM[MZ4Õ[]VOU][[JMQ+b_Q[KPMV!]VL!TQMOMV,QMâT \ZQMZ\M4Õ[]VOQ[\QVLQKP\[KPTQM¾MVLMV*MPÃT\MZV]VJMOZMVb\PIT\JIZ
3)81 WT]UMV^WV UTVQKP\UMPZIT[UOZML]bQMZMVLMB]KSMZMV\PIT\MV1[\LQM[VQKP\LMZ.ITTQ[\ LQM4Õ[]VOMV\[XZMKPMVLb]^MZLÛVVMV UTLMZ4]NN[KPMV4Õ[]VO_MZLMVQVMQVMVUT-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVXQ XM\\QMZ\]VLUTLMZw_QMWJMVJM[KPZQMJMVwI]NOMIZJMQ\M\MVM^\TMV\[XZM KPMVL ^MZLÛVV\MV 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO b]OM[M\b\ 6IKP B]OIJM ^WV ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV _QZL LMZ 3WTJMV UQ\ LMU :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ ^MZJ]VLMV ]VL LMZ 1VPIT\ I]N MQVMZ ^WZOMPMQb\MV0MQbXTI\\MQVVMZPITJ^WVUQVb]U;QMLMVMZPQ\b\)J;QMLMJMOQVV _QZLOMVI]UQVIU;QMLMVOMPIT\MV]VLLIVIKP[WNWZ\UQ\SIT\MU?I[[MZIJ OMSÛPT\;WTT\MLQM3WKPTÕ[]VOL]ZKPMV\[\MPMVLM[3]XNMZ1W`QLMQVMZW\JZI]VM .IZJMIVVMPUMVJMLM]\M\LQM[LI[[LMZ»JMZ[KP][[IV+]1WVMV^MZJZI]KP\ Q[\1VMQVMU[WTKPMV.ITTQ[\LMZ)V[I\bUQ\MQVMZMV\[XZMKPMVL^MZLÛVV\MV8ZW JMTÕ[]VOb]_QMLMZPWTMV 6IKPLMU-ZSIT\MVLMZOZÛVJTI]OMNÃZJ\MV4Õ[]VO_MZLMVKIO3ITQ]UQW LQLLQMB]OIJMQ[\I]KPIT[UTMQVMZ4Õ[]VOO31UTUÕOTQKP]VL]V\MZ ^WZ[QKP\QOMU >WZ[QKP\ ;\IZSM[ ;KPÃ]UMV +7-V\_QKST]VO =U[KP_MVSMV UT ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM QO b]OMOMJMV ,IVIKP _QZL UQ\ 6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\ 5I¾TÕ[]VOJQ[b]U)]N\ZM\MVMQVMZUI\\OMTJMV.IZJM\Q\ZQMZ\]VLVIKPB]OIJM MQVQOMZ UT ;\ÃZSMTÕ[]VO IT[ 1VLQSI\WZ LQM MZ[KP_QVLMV LMZ *TI]NÃZJ]VONWZ\OMNÛPZ\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5WVW]VL7TQOW[IKKPIZQLMV
J*TQVL^MZ[]KP 1VOTMQKPMZ?MQ[M_QZLMQV*TQVL_MZ\UQ\UT4]NN[KPMZ4Õ[]VO]VLUT LM[\?I[[MZMZUQ\\MT\
!USWERTUNG ,MZ>MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOKQVUTLMZLMZ5MVOMIV^WZ TQMOMVLMVLQZMS\ZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZVMV\[XZQKP\MZZMKPVM\[QKPVIKP" KCUTE%JwI^
I^ J
>MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTQU0I]X\ ^MZ[]KP^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWV >MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTQU*TQVL ^MZ[]KP
,MZ?MZ\KLQMV\b]U)JTM[MVLMZ5MVOMIVZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZV1I][WT]UMV UT LMZ 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO ,MZI][LMZMZLÛVV]VO]VL8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMLMV/MPIT\IVZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZV^WZLMZ 1V^MZ[QWVB^IVOMOMJMVIT[1V^MZ\b]KSMZ *MQ ãÛ[[QOMV 8ZWJMV _QZL LMZ /MPIT\ B^ QV OT JMQ NM[\MV 8ZWJMV QV ԑOOIVOMOMJMV !NMERKUNG ,I LQM :MIS\QWV b_Q[KPMV B]KSMZV ]VL 4]NN[KPMZ 4Õ[]VO VQKP\ [\ÕKPQWUM\ZQ[KP IJTÃ]N\ PÃVOMV?QMLMZPWTJIZSMQ\]VL>MZOTMQKPJIZSMQ\^WVLMZM`IS\MV-QVPIT\]VOLMZ)ZJMQ\[ JMLQVO]VOMVIJ -QV»JMZ[KPZMQ\MVLMZ3WKPLI]MZ]UUQVNÛPZ\JMQ/T]KW[M4IK\W[M]VL5IT\W[MITTMZ LQVO[ V]Z b] MQVMU .MPTMZ ^WV JMQ .Z]K\W[M ^WV ,QM 3WKPLI]MZ ^WV UQV PI\RMLWKPLMV>WZ\MQTLI[[LQM:ML]S\QWV[_QZS]VO^WV/T]KW[M]VL.Z]K\W[Mb]LQM[MU BMQ\X]VS\QU)TTOMUMQVMVOTMQKPQ[\]VLNÛZJMQLMB]KSMZIZ\MVMQVMMQVbQOMWT QO w ;ITb[Ã]ZM" QO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO" QO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTT w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w ;ITb[Ã]ZM"UWTT w 8PMVWTXP\PITMQV4Õ[]VO" QOQV-\PIVWT
3)81 MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOKQVUTLMZLMZ5MVOMIV^WZ TQMOMVLMVOM[IU\ZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZVMV\[XZQKP\MZZMKPVM\[QKPVIKP" KCUTE%JwI
I J
>MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTQU0I]X\ ^MZ[]KPVIKPLMZ1V^MZ[QWV >MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]U\PQW[]TNI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTQU*TQVL ^MZ[]KPMV\[XZQKP\LMU?MZ\J^WV
,MZ?MZ\KLQMV\b]U)JTM[MVLMZ5MVOMIVZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZV1I][WT]UMVLMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO b]Z:ML]S\QWV5Q\1QVUO_QZL]V\MZ*MZÛKS[QKP\QO]VOLMZ>MZLÛVV]VO]VL 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOM LMZ /MPIT\ IV ZML]bQMZMVLMV B]KSMZV VIKP LMZ 1V^MZ[QWV BV IVOMOMJMV IT[ 1V^MZ\b]KSMZ JMZMKPVM\ BV _QZL I]KP IT[ /M[IU\QV^MZ\b]KSMZ ԑ;]UUMI][/T]KW[M.Z]K\W[M1V^MZ\b]KSMZJMbMQKPVM\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5WVW]VL7TQOW[IKKPIZQLM
*MQ ãÛ[[QOMV 8ZWJMV _QZL LMZ /MPIT\ BV QV OT JMQ NM[\MV 8ZWJMV QV ԑOOIVOMOMJMV J;IKKPIZW[MOMPIT\ ,MZ ;IKKPIZW[MOMPIT\ B[ QV OT WLMZ ԑ O O MZOQJ\ [QKP VIKP LMZ /TMQ KP]VO" B[%BVwB^!
BV B^ BVwB^ !
/M[IU\QV^MZ\b]KSMZVIKPLMZ1V^MZ[QWVQVOTJb_ ,QZMS\ZML]bQMZMVLMB]KSMZ^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWVQVOTJb_ 1V^MZ\b]KSMZ =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZ^WV5WT5WVW[IKKPIZQLQV5WT,Q[IKKPIZQL LMZ)][\ZQ\\^WV5WT07_QZLLIL]ZKPJMZÛKS[QKP\QO\
K /M[IU\b]KSMZOMPIT\ =V\MZ LMU /M[IU\b]KSMZOMPIT\ B/ QV OT WLMZ ԑ O O ^MZ[\MP\ UIV LQM ;]UUMI][LMUB]KSMZOMPIT\^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWVB^]VLLMU;IKKPIZW[MOMPIT\B[" B/%B^B[
,ITERATUR );="*L145IQ! NÛZ<WUI\MVUIZS );="*L146W^MUJMZ! NÛZ.Z]KP\[ÃN\M 045+"*L11!; ;45*"*L!; :-."; *,";
"ESTIMMUNGVONREDUZIERENDEN:UCKERN,ACTOSE UND3ACCHAROSEn +OMPLEXOMETRISCHE-ETHODENACH0OTTERATn%SCHMANN !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 5QTKP[KPWSWTILM 'RUNDLAGEN 5IVKPM>MZNIPZMVLMZZML]S\WUM\ZQ[KPMVB]KSMZJM[\QUU]VONÛPZMVV]ZLIVV b]OMVI]MV?MZ\MV_MVVLQM;IKKPIZW[MVQKP\LMV:ML]S\QWV[_MZ\^WZLMZ1V ^MZ[QWVJMMQVã][[\,QM5M\PWLMVIKP8W\\MZI\-[KPUIVVVQUU\I]NLQM[M>MZ PÃT\VQ[[M:ÛKS[QKP\ ,QM5M\PWLMQ[\NÛZ>MZPÃT\VQ[[M^WV4IK\W[M]VL;IKKPIZW[M_QM[QMQV5QTKP [KPWSWTILMV^WZTQMOMV[MPZO]\OMMQOVM\*MQIVLMZMV>MZPÃT\VQ[[MVSIVVUIV RMLWKP.MPT_MZ\MMZPIT\MVCE4IK\W[M_QZLI][LMZ:ML]S\QWV[_QZS]VO^WZLMZ 1V^MZ[QWV JM[\QUU\ ;IKKPIZW[M I][ LMV ?MZ\MV ^WZ ]VL VIKP LMZ 1V^MZ[QWV JMZMKPVM\ B]Z *MZMKPV]VO LMZ ;IKKPIZW[M _QZL VIKP 8W\\MZI\w-[KPUIVV LQM MZUQ\\MT\M5MVOMIV4IK\W[MI]NLI[\PMWZM\Q[KP^MZJZI]KP\M>WT]UMVLMZWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUTUT w *ÛZM\\M"UT w /TI[XMZTMV w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w 3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\113C.M+6E07 w BQVSIKM\I\BV+0+7707 w +ITKQ]UKIZJWVI\+I+7 w 3]XNMZ[]TNI\+];707 w 6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQL w -\PaTMVLQIUQV\M\ZIM[[QO[Ã]ZM-,MZLÛVV\M+IZZMb4Õ[]VO11"OBQVSIKM\I\QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VLI]N UTI]NNÛTTMV )TSITQ[KPM3]XNMZ3WUXTM`WVI\4Õ[]VO" w <MQTTÕ[]VO)"O3]XNMZ[]TNI\QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w <MQTTÕ[]VO*" O3WUXTM`WV111QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w <MQTTÕ[]VO+" O6I\ZQ]UKIZJWVI\QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w 3]XNMZ3WUXTM`WVI\4Õ[]VO"*]VL+_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWT JMV OMUQ[KP\# ) _QZL b]OMNÛO\ 6IKP O]\MU ,]ZKPUQ[KPMV _QZL JQ[ b]Z 5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ ,QM âT\ZQMZ\M 4Õ[]VO Q[\ QV LQKP\[KPTQM¾MVLMV *MPÃT\MZV ]VJMOZMVb\PIT\JIZ 3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTT"O3WUXTM`WV111OM\ZWKSVM\_MZ LMVOMVI]IJOM_WOMV]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVOM TÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ ,MVOMVI]MVWT]UMV^WVUTb_Q [KPMV]VLUOZML]bQMZMVLMB]KSMZMV\PIT\MV1[\LQM[VQKP\LMZ.ITTQ[\LQM 4Õ[]VOMV\[XZMKPMVLb]^MZLÛVVMV UTLM[.QT\ZI\[LMZi8ZWJMV^WZJMZMQ\]VOt_MZLMVQVLMV8-3WTJMVXQXM\ \QMZ\UT3]XNMZ3WUXTM`WVI\4Õ[]VO[W_QMMQVQOM/TI[XMZTMVLIb]OMOMJMV ]VLLMZ3WTJMV_QMQV)JJLIZOM[\MTT\UQ\LMUMV\[XZMKPMVL[KPZÃOOM[\MTT \MV :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ ^MZJ]VLMV M^\T UQ\ ;KPTQNNSTIUUMZ WLMZ .MLMZ [QKPMZV ,MZ1VPIT\LM[8-3WTJMV[_QZLI]NMQVMZ^WZOMPMQb\MV0MQbXTI\\MQVVMZPITJ^WV UQVb]U;QMLMVMZPQ\b\]VLIJ;QMLMJMOQVVOMVI]UQVTIVOIU;QMLMVOMPIT \MV,IVIKP_QZLLMZ3WTJMV^WVLMZ0MQbXTI\\M_MOOMLZMP\]VLb]U=V\MZJZM KPMVLM[;QMLMV[_MZLMVL]ZKPLMV3ÛPTMZ^WVWJMVwUTLM[\?I[[MZb] OMOMJMV*MQU)JVMPUMVLM[8-3WTJMV[_QZLLI[3ÛPTMZMVLMUQ\_MVQOLM[\ ?I[[MZVIKPOM[XÛT\]VLLMZ3WTJMVIV[KPTQM¾MVL]V\MZSIT\MU?I[[MZUQ\LMZ .ZQ\\MVIKP]V\MVOMLZMP\IJOMSÛPT\ ,QM ÛJMZ LMU OMJQTLM\MV 3]XNMZ1W`QL6QMLMZ[KPTIO [\MPMVLM .TÛ[[QOSMQ\ _QZLUQ\0QTNMMQVMZ;I]OãI[KPM]V\MZ?I[[MZ[\ZIPT>IS]]UIJOM[I]O\]VLLMZ :ÛKS[\IVL UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ I][ZMQKPMVL OM_I[KPMV 6IKP LMU -V\NMZVMV LM[ >IS]]U[_QZLLMZ8-3WTJMVIJOMVWUUMVLQM;I]OãI[KPMOMTMMZ\.QT\ZI\^MZ _MZNMVOMZMQVQO\]VLNÛZLQMVIKPNWTOMVLMV)ZJMQ\[^WZOÃVOM_QMLMZ^MZ_MVLM\ ,QM 0I]X\UMVOM LM[ 3]XNMZ1W`QL[ QU 8-3WTJMV _QZL b]MZ[\ UQ\ M\_I UT;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM QO]VLM^\T-Z_ÃZUMVQV3WKP[\MTT]VOLP.ZQ\\MVIKP WJMVOMTÕ[\KIUT;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZMM\_IUWTTb]U^WTT[\ÃVLQOMV)]ãÕ[MV
!BB .QT\MZSWTJMVVIKP 8W\\MZI\-[KPUIVV &.ZQ\\M(0MQbXTI\\M
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5WVW]VL7TQOW[IKKPIZQLMV
b]OMOMJMVLIVIKP_QZLLMZ8-3WTJMVUQ\LMZ;I]OãI[KPM^MZJ]VLMV]VLLQM 4Õ[]VO]V\MZ>IS]]UIJOM[I]O\.ITT[[QKPVQKP\ITTM[+]7TÕ[MV[WTT\MQ[\LMZ >WZOIVOb]_QMLMZPWTMV)V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLMZ8-3WTJMV[WZONÃT\QOUQ\LM[\ ?I[[MZVIKPOM[XÛT\#LQM4Õ[]VO_QZLMJMVNITT[I]NOMNIVOMV ,QM 4Õ[]VO _QZL VIKP Y]IV\Q\I\Q^MU »JMZ[XÛTMV QV MQVMV WT]UMV^WVM\_IUTUQ\LM[\?I[[MZ^MZLÛVV\6IKP B]OIJM ^WV w UO 5]ZM`QL3WKP[ITb5Q[KP]VO _QZL UQ\ LMZ 3WUXTM`WV 5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT I]N MQVMV =U[KPTIO ^WV OMTJOZÛV VIKP JTI]^QWTM\\ \Q\ ZQMZ\,MZ.IZJ]U[KPTIOQ[\[KPIZN"-[Q[\RMLWKPWN\UIT[MQVM:MIS\QWV[bMQ\^WV _MVQOMV;MS]VLMVVW\_MVLQO >^ >MZJZI]KPIV3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTT^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWVQVUT JB]KSMZVIKPLMZ1V^MZ[QWV";IKKPIZW[M UTLMZVIKPi1V^MZ[QWVtMZPIT\MVMV4Õ[]VO_MZLMVIVITWOb]IJMPIVLMT\ -JMV[W_QZLLMZ>MZJZI]KPIV3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTMZUQ\\MT\ >V >MZJZI]KPIV3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTVIKPLMZ1V^MZ[QWVQVUT
!USWERTUNG ,QM/MPIT\MIV_I[[MZNZMQMZ4IK\W[MB4Jb_IV;IKKPIZW[MB[_MZLMVVIKPNWTOMV LMV/TMQKP]VOMVJMZMKPVM\,IJMQQ[\b]JMIKP\MVLI[[LQM[M.WZUMTVV]ZNÛZLQM M`IS\M-QVPIT\]VOITTMZIVOMOMJMVMV>WT]UQVIOMT\MV?QZLLI^WVIJOM_QKPMV [W[QVLLQM.IS\WZMV]VL.WZUMTVLMUMV\[XZMKPMVLIVb]XI[[MV
1 _I[[MZNZMQM4IK\W[MQVUOLQMQVUTLMZ4Õ[]VO^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWVMV\ PIT\MVQ[\,QM[MZ?MZ\_QZLÛJMZ>^LQZMS\I][V^MZUQVLMZ\]ULQMUT 3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTLQM^WVTMV\[XZMKPMV ,Pb]VÃKP[\_QZLT UOJMZMKPVM\PQMZJMbMQKPVM\IT[`QVUO5Q\ `CUOEMZOQJ\[QKPI][WT]UMVIV3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTaQVUT ,QM;]J\ZIS\QWV^WV>VUQV][aMZOQJ\LIVVbQVUT_WZI][I][3WZZ \I\[ÃKPTQKPM[ >WT]UMV# LQM >WT]UMVSWZZMS\]Z _QZL ^WZOMVWUUMV VIKP" >3WZZ%T! [
3)81 MZJZI]KPIV3WUXTM`WV5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTIT[6^^WZLMZ1V^MZ[QWVJb_6VVIKPLMZ 1V^MZ[QWV 3 ;IKKPIZW[M , 4IK\W[M_I[[MZNZMQ
!NMERKUNG 1V OZÕ¾MZMV 3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV ^WZTQMOMVLM 5M\ITTQWVMV [\ÕZMV LQM *M[\QUU]VO LIL]ZKP LI[[[QML]ZKPLQMITSITQ[KPM3]XNMZ[]TNI\4Õ[]VOOMNÃTT\_MZLMV;WQ[\LIZI]Nb]IKP\MV LI[[LI[^WVLMZ3TÃZ]VOI][+IZZMb4Õ[]VO11[\IUUMVLMBQVSV]ZQV;X]ZMV^WZTQMO\,QM[M ;X]ZMV_MZLMVL]ZKPLMVOMZQVOMV»JMZ[KP][[IV3WUXTM`WVLMZ3]XNMZ3WUXTM`WVI\ 4Õ[]VOSWUXTM`QMZ\CE6IKPCE;SÕVVMVQVLQM[MU.ITTb_MKSUþQOMZ_MQ[MMQVQOM UT,QVI\ZQ]UXPW[XPI\4Õ[]VO QOVIKPLMU3TÃZMVb]OM[M\b\_MZLMV,MUB_MKS LMZBQVSQWVMV-V\NMZV]VOLQMV\I]KPLQMB]OIJM^WV6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOUWTT VIKPLMU3TÃZMV;WSIVVMQVM\_IQOMZBQVSÛJMZ[KP][[L]ZKP-QV[\MTTMVLMZ4Õ[]VOI]N X0% JM[MQ\QO\_MZLMVCE ;\I\\MQVMZ;I]ONTI[KPMSIVVI]KPMQV?Q\\[KPMZ<WXNw_QMQVLMZ7ZQOQVITTQ\MZI\]ZCEJM [KPZQMJMVwJMV]\b\_MZLMV
,ITERATUR 045+"*L11!;! 045+"*L>1!; 7NNQKM1V\MZVI\L]+IKIWM\L]+PWKWTI\!"i=V\MZ[]KP]VO[UM\PWLMV)VITa\Q[KPM 5M\PWLMV[IUUT]VO*TI\\L,u1V\MZVI\.IKP[KPZQN\;KPWS1VL@>5IQ! ;45*"*L!; :-.";
3)81 WZLMZ)V_MVL]VOLMZQU.WTOMVLMVIVOMOMJMVMV5M\PWLMVQ[\MQV6IKP _MQ[Jb_MQVM1LMV\QâbQMZ]VOLMZQVLMZ8ZWJM^WZTQMOMVLMVB]KSMZ]VMZTÃ[[TQKP [6IKPQPZMU-ZOMJVQ[ZQKP\M\[QKPLQM)V_MVLJIZSMQ\LMZ5M\PWLMV
"ESTIMMUNGDER&RUCTOSEn-ETHODENACH7ILLSTËTTERn3CHUDEL !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w ;QMPM 'RUNDLAGEN 1VNZMQMZ.WZUSWUU\.Z]K\W[M[\M\[JMOTMQ\M\^WV/T]KW[M]VL;IKKPIZW[Mb* QV[Û¾MV.ZÛKP\MV]VL0WVQO^WZ?ÃPZMVLLQM)TLW[MV]VLLQM\I]\WUMZZM IOQMZMVLMV3M\W[MV^WVITSITQ[KPMZ3]XNMZ114Õ[]VOQVLMZ;QMLMPQ\bMQVOTMQ KPMZ?MQ[M_MQ\OMPMVLW`QLQMZ\_MZLMV^OT^MZTÃ]N\LQM7`QLI\QWVLMZ )TLW[MV /T]KW[M 4IK\W[M 5IT\W[M UQ\ 0aXWQWLQ\ V]Z JQ[ b]Z ;\]NM LMZ LMU ;IKKPIZQL MV\[XZMKPMVLMV +IZJWV[Ã]ZM 3M\W[MV _QM .Z]K\W[M ]VL MJMV[W LQM VQKP\ZML]bQMZMVLMVB]KSMZ_QM;IKKPIZW[M_MZLMV]V\MZOTMQKPMV*MLQVO]VOMV V]Z[MPZ_MVQOWLMZOIZVQKP\IVOMOZQNNMV,QM[MKPMUQ[KPMV-QOMV[KPIN\MVJQM \MVLQM5ÕOTQKPSMQ\VIKP^WTTbWOMVMZ7`QLI\QWVLMZ)TLW[MVLQM3M\W[M.Z]K\W[M L]ZKP QPZ :ML]S\QWV[^MZUÕOMV OMOMVÛJMZ KIZJWVI\ITSITQ[KPMZ 3]XNMZ114Õ []VO4]NN[KPM4Õ[]VO[MTMS\Q^b]JM[\QUUMV)TTMZLQVO[Q[\^WZLMZZML]S\WUM \ZQ[KPMV*M[\QUU]VOLMZ0aXWQWLQ\ÛJMZ[KP][[b]MV\NMZVMV 1V[\IZSITSITQ[KPMU5MLQ]USIVVLQM7`QLI\QWVRMLWKP_MQ\MZOMPMV[WLI[[ I]KP.Z]K\W[MWLMZ;IKKPIZW[MIVOMOZQNNMV_MZLMV 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM.Z]K\W[M[W_QMIVLMZMB]KSMZMV\PIT\MVLM4Õ[]VO_QZLQUITSITQ[KPMV5QTQ M]UQ\1WL*QTL]VO^WV0aXWQWLQ\L]ZKP,Q[XZWXWZ\QWVQMZ]VOVIKP/T QU »JMZ[KP][[^MZ[M\b\6IKP7`QLI\QWVLMZ)TLW[MV/T!_QZLLI[ÛJMZ[KPÛ[[Q OM0aXWQWLQ\VIKP)V[Ã]MZVUQ\;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZML]ZKPB]OIJM^WV;]Tâ\QVÃY]Q UWTIZMU>MZPÃT\VQ[bMZ[\ÕZ\/T,QMJMQLMZ:MIS\QWVVQKP\IVOMOZQNNMVM LQZMS\ZML]bQMZMVL_QZSMVLM.Z]K\W[M_QZLIV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\0QTNMLMZ5M\PWLM VIKP4]NN;KPWWZT[JM[\QUU\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5WVW]VL7TQOW[IKKPIZQLMV
!
$URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [#I]¾MZLMU" w 5M[[XQXM\\M"UTUT #HEMIKALIENPA w [#I]¾MZLMU" w 1WL"LWXXMT\[]JTQUQMZ\ w 3ITQ]UQWLQL31 w 1WL4Õ[]VO"UWTTԑV"O1WL]VLO3ITQ]UQWLQL_MZLMVb]UT UQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\^OTPQMZb])VUMZS]VO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTTԑV w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTTԑV w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"UWTTԑV w 6I\ZQ]U[]Tâ\4Õ[]VO"M\_I QO w 6I\ZQ]U[]Tâ\4Õ[]VO"M\_I QO w 5M\PaTWZIVOM4Õ[]VO" QOQVLM[\?I[[MZ 0ROBENVORBEREITUNG w [ "ESTIMMUNG UTLMZw_QMWJMVIVOMOMJMVwI]NOMIZJMQ\M\MV]VLOMSTÃZ\MV8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO _MZLMVQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\,QM[M4Õ[]VO[WTTVQKP\UMPZIT[ UObMZ[\ÕZJIZM)TLW[MV/T]KW[M4IK\W[M5IT\W[MMV\PIT\MV6IKPLMUB] NÛOMV^WVUTLM[\?I[[MZ_QZLUQ\UT6I\ZWVTI]OMVITSITQ[QMZ\]VL[W NWZ\UQ\UT1WLTÕ[]VOV]V\MZ=U[KP_MVSMV^MZ[M\b\-[[WTTMQV1WLÛJMZ [KP][[MZSMVVJIZIVMQVMZLM]\TQKPOMTJJZI]VMV.ÃZJ]VOLMZ4Õ[]VO^WZPIVLMV [MQV#IVLMZVNITT[_MZLMVVWKPwUT1WLTÕ[]VOVb]OM[M\b\ ,QM 4Õ[]VO _QZL M\_I w UQV QU ,]VSMTV [\MPMV OMTI[[MV ]VL LIVV UQ\ UT;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZMVIVOM[Ã]MZ\X0?MZ\ÛJMZXZÛNMV ,MZOZÕ¾\M<MQTLM[ 1WLÛJMZ[KP][[M[_QZLb]VÃKP[\L]ZKP^WZ[QKP\QOMB]OIJM^WV QOMZ6I\ZQ]U []Tâ\4Õ[]VO JQ[ b]Z [KP_IKPMV /MTJNÃZJ]VO OMJ]VLMV ]VL LIVV VIKP B][I\b ^WVMZ[KP_QVLMVLMZJTI]^QWTM\\MV.ÃZJ]VO#»JMZ[KP][[IV ;]Tâ\Q[\LIJMQ[\ZMVOb]^MZUMQLMV )V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLOMVI]VM]\ZITQ[QMZ\b] MZ[\UQ\6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOV]VLOMOMV;KPT][[UQ\6I\ZQ]UPaLZW `QL4Õ[]VOVB*OMOMV5M\PaTWZIVOMIT[1VLQSI\WZ,QM4Õ[]VO_QZLUQ\ LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\]VLQVMQVMUITQY]W\MV<MQTLQM.Z]K\W[M _QM]V\MZJM[KPZQMJMVVIKPLMZ5M\PWLM^WV4]NN;KPWWZTJM[\QUU\
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\M"UT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UT w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w +ITKQ]UW`QL"NZQ[KPOMOTÛP\ w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"KI QO w *TMQ11IKM\I\8J+0+7707 w *TMQ11W`QL8J7 w ,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\6I087 w *TMQM[[QO4Õ[]VO"O*TMQ11IKM\I\]VLO*TMQ11W`QL_MZLMVUQ\UT LM[\?I[[MZ^MZZQMJMV]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVL[WTIVOMI]NLMU?I[[MZJILMZPQ\b\ JQ[LQM5Q[KP]VO_MQ¾JQ[ZÕ\TQKP_MQ¾OM_WZLMVQ[\,IVV_MZLMV]V\MZ=U ZÛPZMV!UTLM[\?I[[MZb]OMNÛO\]VLâT\ZQMZ\,QKP\MLMZ4Õ[]VOJMQ+" w!OUT w ,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\4Õ[]VO"OM[Ã\\QO\QVLM[\?I[[MZ "ESTIMMUNG ,QM8ZWJMLQMb_Q[KPMV]VLO;IKKPIZW[MMV\PIT\MVLIZN_QZLQVMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMVMQVOM_WOMVQVM\_IUTLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLVIKPB]OIJM ^WVO+ITKQ]UW`QLb]M\_IUTUQ\LM[\?I[[MZ^MZLÛVV\,MZ5M[[SWTJMV _QZLVIKPLMU-QVJZQVOMVMQVM[MZ[]KPUQ\O+ITKQ]UW`QL]VLLMZ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZMNM[\OM[\MTT\ =U LQM )L[WZX\QWV ^WV B]KSMZ L]ZKP LI[ 3TÃZ]VO[ZMIOMVb b] ^MZUMQLMV Q[\ LMZ »JMZ [KP][[ IV *TMQ ]VJMLQVO\ b] MV\NMZVMV B]OIJM ^WV ,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\ ,I[ 6QMLMZ[KPTIO[^WT]UMV_QZLUMQ[\^MZVIKPTÃ[[QO\
,ITERATUR T :-."; *,";
3)81 MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ^OT3IXQ\MT
,ITERATUR 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\ .I *WMPZQVOMZ 5IVVPMQU ! " 5M\PWLMV LMZ MVbaUI\Q[KPMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSUQ\-QVbMTZMIOMV\QMV; *]VLM[^MZJIVLLMZ,M]\[KPMV.MQVSW[\QVL][\ZQM*WVV")VITa[MVUM\PWLMV1>,MbMU JMZ!!NÛZ<WUI\MVUIZS
"ESTIMMUNGVON0OLYSACCHARIDEN B]Z/Z]XXMLMZ8WTa[IKKPIZQLMOMPÕZMV[W^MZ[KPQMLMVM;\WNNM_QM;\ÃZSM,M`\ ZQVM,M`\ZIVM/TaSWOMV1V]TQV+MTT]TW[M0MUQKMTT]TW[MV8MV\W[IVM0M`W[I VM8MS\QVM[W_QM;KPTMQU[\WNNM^WV5MMZM[ITOMV]VL8ãIVbMVO]UUQ[ ,QMB][IUUMV[M\b]VOLMZMQVbMTVMV8WTa[IKKPIZQLMQ[\ZMKP\]V\MZ[KPQMLTQKP RMLWKP Q[\ ITTMV OMUMQV[IU LI[[ [QM I][ MQVMZ UMPZ WLMZ UQVLMZ OZW¾MV BIPT ^WV5WVW[IKKPIZQLSWUXWVMV\MVI]NOMJI]\[QVL8WTa[IKKPIZQLMSÕVVMVL]ZKP [Ã]ZMJb_MVbaUSI\ITa[QMZ\M0aLZWTa[MQVQPZM3WUXWVMV\MVbMZTMO\]VLLQM [M IV[KPTQM¾MVL IVITa[QMZ\ _MZLMV B]Z 1LMV\QâbQMZ]VO Jb_ +PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO VIKP MZNWTO\MZ 0aLZWTa[M SIVV LQM ,+ ^OT ]VLWLMZ LQM 084+ ^OT Jb_ b]Z Y]IV\Q\I\Q^MV *M[\QUU]VO LMZ -QVbMTSWUXWVMV\MV LQM 084+ ^OT PMZIVOMbWOMV _MZLMV -QVM IVLMZM JMLM]\]VO[^WTTM 5ÕOTQKPSMQ\ b]ZY]IV\Q\I\Q^MV*M[\QUU]VOLM[_QKP\QOMV8WTa[IKKPIZQL[;\ÃZSMJM[\MP\QVLMZ MVbaUI\Q[KPMV)VITa[MLQMMJMVNITT[I]NMQVMZb]^WZL]ZKPOMNÛPZ\MVMVbaUI \Q[KPMV0aLZWTa[MI]NJI]\,Ib]M`Q[\QMZMV]I>WZ[KPZQN\MVQVLMZIU\TQKPMV ;IUUT]VO ^WV )VITa[MVUM\PWLMV );= NÛZ 3QVLMZB_QMJIKS ]VL B_QMJIKS UMPT4 [W_QMNÛZ\MQTILIX\QMZ\M;Ã]OTQVO[VIPZ]VOI]N5QTKPJI[Q[4 8WTa[IKKPIZQLM SÕVVMV IJMZ I]KP UQ\ 5M\PWLMV ]V\MZ[]KP\ _MZLMV LQM LQM [XMbQâ[KPMV-QOMV[KPIN\MVLMZ>MZJQVL]VOMV_QMLQM:MIS\QWVUQ\1WL[ LQM[XMbQâ[KPM,ZMP]VO[WLMZLQM.ÃTTJIZSMQ\UQ\OMMQOVM\MV:MIOMVbQMV ,M`\ZQV Jb_ 8MS\QVVIKP_MQ[ I][V]\bMV ,QM )VITa\QS LMZ 8WTa[IKKPIZQLM Q[\ ZMKP\SWUXTQbQMZ\]VL[\MTT\MQV;XMbQITOMJQM\LIZ
*M[\QUU]VO^WV8WTa[IKKPIZQLMV
.ACHWEISVON3TËRKE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTITTOMUMQV 'RUNDLAGEN ;\ÃZSM Q[\ LMZ 0I]X\JM[\IVL\MQT ^QMTMZ _QKP\QOMZ 6IPZ]VO[UQ\\MT /MJ]VLMV SWUU\;\ÃZSMIT[8ãIVbMVO]\b*QV3IZ\WNNMTV:MQ[/M\ZMQLM]VL0ÛT[MVNZÛKP \MVWLMZQVQ[WTQMZ\MZ.WZUIT[5MPTJb_OMSÕZV\IT[/ZQM[^WZ;\ÃZSMQ[\SMQVM KPMUQ[KPMQVPMQ\TQKPM;]J[\IVb[WVLMZVJM[\MP\I][LMV3WUXWVMV\MV)UaTW [MOTaSW[QLQ[KPM*QVL]VOMV]VL)UaTWXMS\QV]VLOTaSW[QLQ[KPM *QVL]VOMV 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ;\ÃZSM JQTLM\ UQ\ 1WL KPIZIS\MZQ[\Q[KP OMNÃZJ\M -QV[KPT][[^MZJQVL]VOMV 2M MQV 1WLUWTMSÛT_QZLQVMQVM;XQZITMLM[[KPZI]JMVNÕZUQOMV5WTMSÛTOMZÛ[\M[MQVOM TIOMZ\)UaTW[MOQJ\LIJMQMQVMZMQVJTI]M)UaTWXMS\QVLIOMOMVMQVMZW\M.ÃZ J]VO $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w :MIOMVbOTI[ w M^\TMZLÛVV]VOMV)VLMZVNITT[ [QVLMV\[XZMKPMVLM3WZZMS\]ZMVb]JMZÛKS[QKP\QOMV
,ITERATUR 045+"*L11!; 0ILWZV0,WM^MTIIZ.Z!"8WTIZQUM\ZQ[KPM;\ÃZSMJM[\QUU]VO5Q\\/MJQM\M4MJMV[U 0aO" );="*L14,MbMUJMZNÛZ*ZW\]VL3TMQVOMJÃKSI][*ZW\\MQOMV );="*L14 ,MbMUJMZNÛZ.MQVM*IKS_IZMV :-.";
0HOTOMETRISCHE"ESTIMMUNGDES0EKTINGEHALTES !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTITTOMUMQV 'RUNDLAGEN )T[[\M\QOM*MOTMQ\MZLMZ+MTT]TW[MJQTLMV8MS\QVMMQVMV_M[MV\TQKPMV<MQTLM[BMTT OMZÛ[\M[]VLLMZ;\Û\b[]J[\IVbLMZ8ãIVbMV;QMZMOMTVIT[[MTJ[\ÃVLQOM?IVL [KPQKP\b_Q[KPMVLMVBMTT_ÃVLMV5Q\\MTTIUMTTML]ZKPQPZM[\IZSM9]MTTNÃPQOSMQ\ LMV?I[[MZPI][PIT\LMZ8ãIVbM ,I[QVLMZ8ãIVbM^WZTQMOMVLMVI\Q^M8MS\QVI]KP8ZW\WXMS\QVOMVIVV\JM [\MP\I][8WTaOITIS\]ZWV[Ã]ZMVLMZMV+IZJW`aTOZ]XXMV\MQT_MQ[MUQ\5M\PIVWT ^MZM[\MZ\ [QVL ,QM OZW¾M 3M\\MVTÃVOM ]VL OTMQKPbMQ\QO LQM OMZQVOM 3M\\MVLQKSM JMLQVOMV MQV LZMQLQUMV[QWVITM[ 6M\b_MZS LI[ L]ZKP ^MZPÃT\VQ[UþQO [\IZSM >IVLMZ?IIT[3ZÃN\M ]VL ÛJMZ QWVQ[KPM *QVL]VOMV +I b][IUUMVOMPIT \MV_QZL,QM[M-QOMV[KPIN\MV_MZLMVTMJMV[UQ\\MT\MKPVWTWOQ[KPOMV]\b\QVLMU 8MS\QVMIT[/MTQMZUQ\\MT-U]TOI\WZMV]VL;\IJQTQ[I\WZMVMQVOM[M\b\_MZLMV5IV ]V\MZ[KPMQLM\LIJMQPWKP]VLVQMLMZ^MZM[\MZ\M8MS\QVMLQM[QKPJMbÛOTQKPQPZMZ /MTQMZMQOMV[KPIN\MV[\IZS]V\MZ[KPMQLMV"-Z[\MZM[QVLQV4Õ[]VOb]VÃKP[\[\IZS PaLZI\Q[QMZ\L]ZKPB]OIJM^WV;IKKPIZW[M\ZQ\\MQVM,MPaLZI\I\QWVMQVLPM[MZ NWTO\MQVM[\IZSM*QVL]VO]VL7ZQMV\QMZ]VOLM[iNZMQMVt?I[[MZ[LMZ4Õ[]VO]VL LMZ0aLZI\PÛTTMVLMZ8MS\QVMIVLQMB]KSMZUWTMSÛTMMQV;Ã]ZMb][I\b[KPTQM¾TQKP LZÃVO\LQMMTMS\ZWTa\Q[KPM,Q[[WbQI\QWVLM[8MS\QVUWTMSÛT[b]ZÛKS_WJMQ[\IZSM ?I[[MZ[\WNNJZÛKSMVJQVL]VOMVOMJQTLM\_MZLMV*MQLMVVQMLMZ^MZM[\MZ\MV8MS\Q VMVLIOMOMVQ[\B]KSMZb]Z/MTJQTL]VOVQKP\MZNWZLMZTQKP"0QMZMZNWTO\LQM)][JQT L]VOLM[LZMQLQUMV[QWVITMV/MTOMZÛ[\M[ÛJMZPM\MZWXWTIZM0I]X\^ITMVbJQVL]V OMVXWTa^ITMV\MZ3I\QWVMV
3)81 WT QOOMZMQVQO\" UT!>WT QOM[-\PIVWT_MZLMVUQ\OBQVS[\I]J]VLUT;KP_MNMT [Ã]ZM! QOPIU:ÛKSã][[MZPQ\b\IV[KPTQM¾MVLLM[\QTTQMZ\]VLÛJMZO BQVS[\I]J]VLO3ITQ]UPaLZW`QLMZVM]\IJLM[\QTTQMZ\ w -\PIVWT>WT QO" UTLM[\?I[[MZ_MZLMVUQ\UT!>WT QOMUOMZMQVQO\MU-\PIVWT ^MZUQ[KP\ w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTT w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"! QOL% OUT[WTTUQ\LMZ+IZJIbWT4Õ[]VOSMQVM.ÃZ J]VOOMJMV w +IZJIbWT4Õ[]VO QOM\PIVWTQ[KP" O +IZJIbWT _MZLMV UQ\ ! >WT QOMU OMZMQVQO\MU -\PIVWT QV MQVMU UT5M[[SWTJMV OMTÕ[\ ]VL JQ[ b]Z 5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ -QVM 5Q[KP]VO I][ UT?I[[MZUT+IZJIbWT4Õ[]VO]VLUT;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM! QOU][[ _I[[MZPMTT[MQV w /ITIK\]ZWV[Ã]ZMIVPaLZQL/);\IUUTÕ[]VOK%UOT" UO/ITIK\]ZWV[Ã]ZM5WVWPaLZI\_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMV UQ\ UT 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO UWTT ^MZ[M\b\ UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ JQ[ b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\L]ZKPOMUQ[KP\]VLÛJMZ6IKP\[\MPMVOMTI[[MV w /)>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMVK%JQ[OUT" wUTLMZ/ITIK\]ZWV[Ã]ZMIVPaLZQL;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMVRM_MQT[QVMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV8WTa[IKKPIZQLMV
"ESTIMMUNG I1[WTQMZ]VOLMZ8MS\QV[\WNNM UT ;IN\ WLMZ O XMS\QVPIT\QOM[ 4MJMV[UQ\\MT _MZLMV QV MQVMU UTBMV \ZQN]OMVOTI[UQ\KIUT?I[[MZ]VLUQ\!>WT QOMUOMZMQVQO\MUPMQ¾MU -\PIVWT +# >WZ[QKP\ JMQU -ZPQ\bMV" -\PIVWT JZMVV\ TMQKP\ I]N KI UT I]NOMNÛTT\]VLLIVVQU?I[[MZJILUQVI]NMQVMZ<MUXMZI\]Z^WV +OM PIT\MV B]Z ^WTT[\ÃVLQOMV .ÃTT]VO _QZL OMTMOMV\TQKP UQ\ MQVMU /TI[[\IJ ]UOM ZÛPZ\UQ\-\PIVWTIJ[XÛTMV]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLLI[>WT]UMVLM[)V[I\bM[I]N UTUQ\-\PIVWTMZOÃVb\6IKPLMUBMV\ZQN]OQMZMVUQV]VL,MSIV\QMZMV _QZL LQM ÛJMZ[\MPMVLM 4Õ[]VO ^MZ_WZNMV ,I[ )]N[KPTÃUUMV 0MQ¾PIT\MV JMQ +UQVBMV\ZQN]OQMZMVUQV]VL,MSIV\QMZMV_QZLIV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\ >WT QOMU-\PIVWT_QMLMZPWT\ J-`\ZIS\QWVLMZ/M[IU\XMS\QV[\WNNM ,MZ MZPIT\MVM 6QMLMZ[KPTIO _QZL UQ\ 0QTNM MQVM[ /]UUQ_Q[KPMZ[ ]V\MZ B][I\b ^WVLM[\?I[[MZQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\/]UUQ_Q[KPMZO]\UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ IJ[XÛTMV UQ\ UT 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO UWTT ^MZ[M\b\ UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\O]\L]ZKPOMUQ[KP\]VLVIKPUQV ]V\MZOMTMOMV\TQKPMU=U[KPÛ\\MTVIJâT\ZQMZ\ K.IZJZMIS\QWV 2MUTLM[MZPIT\MVMV.QT\ZI\[_MZLMVQV:MIOMVbOTÃ[MZXQXM\\QMZ\1VMQVM[LMZ JMQLMV/TÃ[MZ_MZLMVIV[KPTQM¾MVLUT-\PIVWT!>WT QOԑ>MZOTMQKP[ TÕ[]VOQVLI[IVLMZMUT+IZJIbWT4Õ[]VOԑ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOOMOMJMVw1V LMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOJQTLM\[QKPPQMZJMQMQV_MQ¾MZãWKSQOMZ6QMLMZ[KPTIOw1VJMQ LM /TÃ[MZ OQJ\ UIV ]V\MZ LI]MZVLMU ;KPÛ\\MTV RM UT ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM ! QO# LQM[M [WTT\M QV KI [ b]TI]NMV ]U QV LMV 4Õ[]VOMV MQVM <MUXMZI\]Z ^WV + b] MZZMQKPMV ,QM :MIOMVbOTÃ[MZ _MZLMV [WNWZ\ NÛZ UQV QV MQV ?I[[MZJIL + OM[\MTT\ LIVV QVVMZPITJ ^WV UQV _QMLMZ I]N :I]U\MUXMZI\]Z IJOM SÛPT\]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLQM8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOOMOMVLQM>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOJMQ VUXPW\WUM\ZQMZ\ (INWEIS =ULMVL]ZKPLQM+IZJIbWT4Õ[]VOJMLQVO\MVUÕOTQKPMV.MPTMZI][b][KPIT\MV_QZLLM ZMV*TQVL_MZ\QVIVITWOMZ?MQ[MMZUQ\\MT\[\I\\UT.QT\ZI\_QZLUT?I[[MZMQVOM[M\b\ ,QM -`\QVS\QWV[LQNNMZMVb JMQLMZ 5M[[]VOMV 8ZWJMV OMOMV >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VO UQ\ .QT\ZI\ Jb_?I[[MZ_QZLUQ\0QTNMLMZ3ITQJZQMZS]Z^MI][OM_MZ\M\[]
L3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M B]Z)]N[\MTT]VOLMZ3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M_MZLMVLQM/)>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMVK%JQ[ OUTMV\[XZMKPMVLLMV]V\MZKJM[KPZQMJMVMV*MLQVO]VOMVJMPIVLMT\]VL XPW\WUM\ZQMZ\
!USWERTUNG ,MZ/MPIT\IV8MS\QV8_QZLQVUO/)T;IN\Jb_UO/)SOXMS\QVPIT\QOM[4M JMV[UQ\\MTIVOMOMJMV]VL_QMNWTO\JMZMKPVM\"
3)81 WT 1U8aSVWUM\MZ_MZLMVOMVI]UTLMZ8ZWJMVãÛ[[QOSMQ\IJOMUM[[MVOM_WOMV ]VLQVLMV3WTJMVLMZ,M[\QTTI\QWV[IXXIZI\]ZOMNÛTT\_WJMQLZMQUITUQ\RMJQ[
*M[\QUU]VO^WV)TSWPWTMV
UTLM[\?I[[MZVIKPOM[XÛT\_QZL6IKPB]OIJM^WV;QMLM[\MQVKPMV]VLOON MQVM[-V\[KPÃ]UMZ[_QZLTIVO[IU]VL]V\MZO]\MZ3ÛPT]VOQVLI[b]U)JUM[[MV JMV]\b\M8aSVWUM\MZLM[\QTTQMZ\JQ[M\_IUTÛJMZOMOIVOMV[QVL,MZ8aSVW UM\MZQVPIT\_QZLLIZI]NPQVUQ\T]N\NZMQMULM[\?I[[MZJQ[SVIXX]V\MZLQM5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\O]\L]ZKPUQ[KP\QU?I[[MZJILJMQM`IS\+\MUXMZQMZ\]VL IV[KPTQM¾MVLOMVI]I]NLQM5IZSMMQVOM[\MTT\6IKPLMULMZ8aSVWUM\MZPIT[ÛJMZ LMZ.TÛ[[QOSMQ\[WZONÃT\QOUQ\.QT\MZXIXQMZOM\ZWKSVM\_]ZLM_QZLLQM,QKP\MLM[ ,M[\QTTI\[U,JM[\QUU\[)][_MZ\]VO]VLLIZI][LMZ)TSWPWTOMPIT\LMZ8ZWJM QV>WT]UMVXZWbMV\MV)C>WT EIVPIVLLMZWT B]VÃKP[\_QZLLQM,QKP\MLMZ8ZWJMVãÛ[[QOSMQ\QUUT8aSVWUM\MZJM[\QUU\ ,IZI]N^MZNÃPZ\UIV_MQ\MZ_QM]V\MZIIVOMOMJMV^MZLÛVV\LQMIJOMUM[[MVM 8ZWJM ^WZ LMZ ,M[\QTTI\QWV RMLWKP UQ\ JQ[ UT LM[\ ?I[[MZ ]VL LM[\QTTQMZ\ IVITWO QV MQV 8aSVWUM\MZ UQ\ UT 1VPIT\ )][ LMZ ,QKP\M LM[ ,M[\QTTI\[ U, [)][_MZ\]VO_QZLIVPIVLLMZWT]UMVXZWbMV\)8C>WT E UQ\ _QMNWTO\]UOMZMKPVM\"
½ ½
5 5I[[MLMZ8ZWJMVUMVOMQUUT8aSVWUM\MZQVO 5 5I[[MLM[I]NOMNÛTT\MV,M[\QTTI\[QUUT8aSVWUM\MZQVO U8 JMQLMZ)JUM[[]VOLMZ8ZWJML]ZKPOMVI]M?ÃO]VOJM[\QUU\ U- % !SOU ITTM?MZ\MJMQ+ 1VLQbM["88ZWJM,,M[\QTTI\--\PIVWT
J8ZWJMV LQM I]¾MZ -\PIVWT ]VL ?I[[MZ OZÕ¾MZM 5MVOMV IVLMZMZ ãÛKP\QOMZ ;\WNNMb*WZOIVQ[KPM;Ã]ZMVMV\PIT\MV B]VÃKP[\_QZLLQM,QKP\MLMZ8ZWJMVãÛ[[QOSMQ\QUUT8aSVWUM\MZJM[\QUU\ ,QMLIJMQIJOMUM[[MVM8ZWJMVUMVOM_QZL]V\MZ6IKP[XÛTMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZQV MQVMV;KPÛ\\MT\ZQKP\MZÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLOON_MQ\MZ^MZLÛVV\LMZ)TSWPWTOMPIT\[WTT \MVQKP\UMPZIT[>WT JM\ZIOMV6IKPB]OIJM^WVJQ[O6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQL _QZLUQ\UT8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVM`\ZIPQMZ\]VLLQM_Ã[[ZQOM8PI[MVIKP^WTT[\ÃV LQOMZ8PI[MV\ZMVV]VOM^MV\]MTTUMPZMZM;\]VLMV QVLMV,M[\QTTI\QWV[SWTJMV IJOMTI[[MV ,QM 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVXPI[M _QZL b_MQUIT UQ\ RM UT LMZ 6I\ZQ]U KPTWZQL4Õ[]VOOM_I[KPMV]VLLI[?I[KP_I[[MZUQ\LMZIJOM\ZMVV\MV_Ã[[ZQOMV 8PI[M^MZMQVQO\ *MQ 8ZWJMV JQ[ UI`QUIT >WT )TSWPWT LM[\QTTQMZ\ UIV QV LI[ OTMQKPM UT8aSVWUM\MZ]VLIZJMQ\M\_QM]V\MZIJM[KPZQMJMV_MQ\MZ#JMQ8ZWJMVUQ\ PÕPMZMU)TSWPWTOMPIT\^MZNÃPZ\UIV_QMJMQI
3)81 >WT]UMVLM[8aSVWUM\MZ[QVUT U4 %SOUJMQ+ 1VLQbM["8a8aSVWUM\MZ,,M[\QTTI\44]N\
0MZTMQ\]VO^WV/T" 5Jw5I%U8aU,wU8awU4%U,wU4
5Q\LMZ,MâVQ\QWVLMZ,QKP\M" U%U>
MZPÃT\UIV" U,>%U, ]VL" UT>%U4
]VLL]ZKP3WUJQVI\QWVMZOQJ\[QKP" 5,>wU4>%U,wU4>%U,wU4
,IZI][NWTO\UQ\/T"
!NMERKUNG ,I[>WT]UMV6LM[8aSVWUM\MZ[Q[\OMTMOMV\TQKPUQ\NZQ[KPI][OMSWKP\MULM[\?I[[MZ b]ÛJMZXZÛNMV
*M[\QUU]VO^WV)TSWPWTMV
-[OQT\
U_ ½ U4
%!! SOU,QKP\MLM[?I[[MZ[JMQ+ % SOU,QKP\MLMZ4]N\JMQ+
,MZ-QVNT][[OMZQVOMZ5MVOMVM^\T^WZPIVLMVMZ*MOTMQ\ITSWPWTM_QM5M\PIVWTV8ZWX VWTQ[W8ZWXIVWTJTMQJ\JMQLQM[MZ5M\PWLM]VJMZÛKS[QKP\QO\?MVVOZÕ¾MZM5MVOMV ]VLUMPZ^WZTQMOMVQ[\LQM[JMQLMZ*MZMKPV]VOLM[-\PIVWTOMPIT\M[OONb]JM ZÛKS[QKP\QOMV 7J_WPTLQM5M\PWLMXZQVbQXQMTTIVITWOQ[\_QZLJMQIU\TQKPMV?MQVIVITa[MVLQM)TSWPWT JM[\QUU]VOVIKPLMZ)TTOMUMQVMV>MZ_IT\]VO[^WZ[KPZQN\[4Q\CEQVL]ZKPOM NÛPZ\
,ITERATUR );="*L146W^MUJMZ! ;45*"*L111!3IX)
"ESTIMMUNGDES-ETHANOLGEHALTESn#HROMOTROPSËUREMETHODE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w ?MQV w ;XQZQ\]W[MV
'RUNDLAGEN *MQLMZ0MZ[\MTT]VOITSWPWTQ[KPMZ/M\ZÃVSM_QZL5M\PIVWTI][8MS\QV[\WNNMVOM JQTLM\ /T # LIJMQ _MZLMV LQM[M L]ZKP XMS\WTa\Q[KPM -VbaUM IJOMJI]\ LQM MV\_MLMZ QV LMV WT E
?MQ¾_MQV :W\_MQV *MMZMVTQSÕZ 7J[\JZIVV\_MQV 3QZ[KP_I[[MZ B_M\[KPOMV_I[[MZ WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\MV"UTUT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUT
*M[\QUU]VO^WV)TSWPWTMV
w w w w w w
5M[[baTQVLMZUQ\;KPTQNN]VL;\WXNMV"UT ;\IVLbaTQVLMZ"UT -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT 1WLbIPTSWTJMV"UT ?MQ\PIT[ZMIOMVbOTÃ[MZUQ\;KPTQNN]VL;\WXNMV ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV
#HEMIKALIENPA w 3ITQ]UXMZUIVOIVI\35V7 w 7`IT[Ã]ZM0+7 w +PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM w W8PW[XPWZ[Ã]ZM" QOL%OUT w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"! QOL% OUT w -\PIVWT"KI>WT QO w ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\4Õ[]VO"UWTT w 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO" QO w 5M\PIVWT"NZQ[KPLM[\QTTQMZ\ w 7`QLI\QWV[:MIOMVb" O3ITQ]UXMZUIVOIVI\_MZLMVQUUT5M[[SWTJMVQVKIUTLM[\?I[ [MZ]VLUTW8PW[XPWZ[Ã]ZML%OUTOMTÕ[\#VIKPLMU-ZSIT\MV_QZL UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ b]Z 5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ 0IT\JIZSMQ\ QV JZI]VMV .TI[KPMV" KI ?WKPMV w 7`IT[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO" O7`IT[Ã]ZM_MZLMVQUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\KIUTLM[\?I[[MZ]VL O;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZML% OUTOMTÕ[\]VLVIKPLMU-ZSIT\MVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZ b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w +PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO" UO +PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM _MZLMV ]VUQ\\MTJIZ ^WZ LMU /MJZI]KP QV UT LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\ "ESTIMMUNG 6ORBEMERKUNG ,MZ /M[IU\ITSWPWTOMPIT\ ) C>WT E LMZ =V\MZ[]KP]VO[NTÛ[[QOSMQ\ _QZL IT[ JMSIVV\ ^WZ I][OM[M\b\[
,I[NWTOMVLM>MZNIPZMV_QZLJMQSWV[\IV\MU/M[IU\ITSWPWTOMPIT\L]ZKPOMNÛPZ\ JMQ>WT I,M[\QTTI\QWV )UTLM[VIKPMZPIT\MVMV]VLMQVOM[\MTT\MV,M[\QTTI\[_MZLMVUQ\0QT NMLMZ.MQVJÛZM\\MQVMQVMVUT:]VLSWTJMVOMOMJMVI]NKIUTUQ\LM[\ ?I[[MZ I]NOMNÛTT\ ]VL UQ\ UT ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\4Õ[]VO [W_QM MQVQOMV ;QMLM[\MQV KPMV^MZ[M\b\,QM4Õ[]VO_QZLUQVTIVO]V\MZ:ÛKSã][[MZPQ\b\]VLLIVIKP LMZ 3ÛPTMZ UQ\ UT LM[\ ?I[[MZ I][OM[XÛT\# IV[KPTQM¾MVL _MZLMV KI JQ[ ,QM[PI\PQ[\WZQ[KPM/ZÛVLM6ÃPMZM[PQMZb]^OTCE
3)81 WT K 4 5M\PIVWTSWVbMV\ZI\QWV LMZ 5M[[TÕ[]VO QV OUT I][ LMZ 3ITQJZQMZ OMZILMV 1VLM`"45M[[TÕ[]VO
*M[\QUU]VO^WV)TSWPWTMV
,ITERATUR 045+"*L>11! ;! ,Q\\ZQKP00!"5QSZWJQWTWOQMLM[?MQVM[-=TUMZ;\]\\OIZ\; ?Û[\MVNMTL0!"IZQIV/UJ0?ITV]\ +ZMMS=;);
"ESTIMMUNGVONORGANISCHEN3ËUREN 7ZOIVQ[KPM;Ã]ZMVSWUUMVQV^MZOTMQKP[_MQ[MPWPMV3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVQV7J[\ ]VL*MMZMV^WZ_W[QM_M[MV\TQKPb]U/M[KPUIKSJMQ\ZIOMV 1PZMIVITa\Q[KPM*M[\QUU]VOJQTLM\MQV_QKP\QOM[0QTN[UQ\\MT]UJMQ[XQMT[_MQ [M >MZ[KPVQ\\M ^WV ;ÃN\MV UQ\ UQVLMZ_MZ\QOMV 8ZWL]S\MV NM[\b][\MTTMV ]VL Q[\ I]KPNÛZIVLMZM.ZIOM[\MTT]VOMV^WV*MLM]\]VO";WSIVVIVPIVLLM[>MZPÃT\VQ[
3)81 4IUXM w +PZWUI\WOZIXPQMZWPZ"4ÃVOMKIKU
KIKUUQ\>WZZI\[OMNþ w >WTTXQXM\\M"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w *MKPMZOTÃ[MZ"UT w :]VLSWTJMV"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w -\PIVWT"!>WT QO w )UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM"! QO w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w V*]\IVWT w Q[W*]\IVWT w \MZ\)UaTITSWPWT w 3I\QWVMVI][\I][KPMZ"[\IZS[I]MZb*)UJMZTQ\M1: w )VQWVMVI][\I][KPMZ"[\IZSJI[Q[KPb*5MZKS111 w ;ITb[Ã]ZM" QO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO" QO w 6I\ZQ]UKIZJWVI\4Õ[]VO"O6I+707QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w )UUWVQ]UKIZJWVI\4Õ[]VO"UWTT
*M[\QUU]VO^WVWZOIVQ[KPMV;Ã]ZMV
w )KZQLQV,QJMVbWXaZQLQV w NÛZ,+" w ,+8TI\\MV"+MTT]TW[M.MZ\QOXTI\\MVWPVM.T]WZM[bMVbQVLQSI\WZWLMZ[MTJ[\ PMZOM[\MTT\VIKP w 4I]NUQ\\MT" 3WUXWVMV\M1" )UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM-Q[M[[QOLM[\?I[[MZ XX 3WUXWVMV\M11" V*]\IVWTQ[W*]\IVWT\MZ\)UaTITSWPWT XX =VUQ\\MTJIZ^WZ/MJZI]KP_QZL>WT]UMV\MQT1UQ\>WT]UMV\MQTMV11OM UQ[KP\[\M\[NZQ[KPPMZ[\MTTMV w >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" +Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZM?MQV[Ã]ZM£XNMT[Ã]ZM5QTKP[Ã]ZM.]UIZ[Ã]ZM]LOT#RM _MQT[ QOQVLM[\?I[[MZ w ;XZÛPZMIOMVb" UT)KZQLQVQVUT-\PIVWTTÕ[MV "ESTIMMUNG I*MPIVLT]VOLMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ ,QM1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ_MZLMVUQVTIVOQVLM[\?I[[MZY]MTTMVOMTI[[MV2M _MQT[M\_IUTLMZOMY]WTTMVMV1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ_MZLMVQVMQV+PZWUI\WOZI XPQMZWPZOMOMJMV]VL_QMNWTO\ZMOMVMZQMZ\" I3I\QWVMVI][\I][KPMZ w VIKPMQVIVLMZL]ZKPãQM¾MVTI[[MV" w UT;ITb[Ã]ZM,]ZKPã][["[]TNI\ b] )KM\ITLMPaL W`QLQMZ\*MQB][I\b^WV8QXMZQLQV]VL6Q\ZWXZ][[QLVI\ZQ]UMV\[\MP\MQVM^QWTM\\ OMNÃZJ\M)VTIOMZ]VO[^MZJQVL]VOLQMJMQVUOMOMVMQVMUQ\LMV[MTJMV:MI OMVbQMVPMZOM[\MTT\M*TQVLTÕ[]VOXPW\WUM\ZQMZ\_QZL $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w ;XMS\ZITXPW\WUM\MZ^OT w /TI[SÛ^M\\MV"L%KU w :ÛKSã][[SÛPTMZ w 8QTbPMQbPI]JM w :]VLSWTJMV"UT w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUTUTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZUQ\;KPTQNN]VL;\WXNMV"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w /TI[\ZQKP\MZ w .IT\MVâT\MZ w X08IXQMZ w ;QMLM[\MQVKPMV
3)81 4Õ[]VO" O+M;707_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\OMVI]MQVOM [\MTT\MZ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZMUWTTOMTÕ[\]VLb]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 8QXMZQLQV4Õ[]VO QO" UT 8QXMZQLQV _MZLMV QV MQVMU UT5M[[SWTJMV UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ b]Z 5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ ,QM 4Õ[]VO [WTT\M UÕOTQKP[\ MQVQOM WVLMZ5QTKP[Ã]ZM;\IUUTÕ[]VO11_MZLMVRM]VLUTQV UT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZb]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\,QM 3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLQM[MZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZIOMV ]VL OXZWUT "ESTIMMUNG I0aLZWTa[M UT=V\MZ[]KP]VO[ãÛ[[QOSMQ\_MZLMVQU:]VLSWTJMVUQ\UT6I\ZQ]UPa LZW`QL4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\UQVTIVO]V\MZ:ÛKSã][[MZPQ\b\IJOMSÛPT\]VLUQ\ ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM VM]\ZITQ[QMZ\ ,I[ 0aLZWTa[I\ ÛJMZNÛPZ\ UIV ]V\MZ OZÛVLTQKPMU 6IKP[XÛTMVLM[3WTJMV[UQ\LM[\?I[[MZQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMV]VLNÛTT\ JQ[b]Z5IZSMI]N J)]NJMZMQ\]VOLM[0aLZWTa[I\[ UTLM[I]NOMNÛTT\MV0aLZWTa[I\[[I_MZLMVQU-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVUQ\UT LM[\?I[[MZ]VLMQVQOMV;QMLM[\MQVKPMV^MZ[M\b\]VLI]NLQM0ÃTN\MLM[/M[IU\ ^WT]UMV[MQVOMMVO\-V\NMZV]VO^WV)KM\ITLMPaL]VL-\PIVWT6IKPLMU)J SÛPTMV LMZ 4Õ[]VO _QZL LQM[M ]V\MZ OZÛVLTQKPMU 6IKP[XÛTMV LM[ -ZTMVUMaMZ SWTJMV[UQ\LM[\?I[[MZQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLb]Z5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ԑ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO K .IZJZMIS\QWV UT LMZ VIKP J MZPIT\MVMV 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO _MZLMV QV MQVMU UT5M[[baTQV LMZ UQ\ UT +MZ1>4Õ[]VO ^MZ[M\b\ 6IKP OZÛVLTQKPMU ;KPÛ\\MTV TÃ[[\ UIV !UQVJMQ:I]U\MUXMZI\]Z[\MPMV]VLOQJ\IV[KPTQM¾MVLUT8QXMZQLQV4Õ[]VO
*M[\QUU]VO^WVWZOIVQ[KPMV;Ã]ZMV
b]5IVUQ[KP\VWKPUIT[O]\L]ZKP]VLâT\ZQMZ\LMV6QMLMZ[KPTIOÛJMZMQV.IT \MVâT\MZIJ,I[STIZM.QT\ZI\_QZLUQ\UT6Q\ZWXZ][[QLVI\ZQ]U4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\ O]\OM[KPÛ\\MT\]VLJMQVUOMOMVMQVM*TQVLTÕ[]VOI][LMV[MTJMV:MIOMVbQMV OMUM[[MV L3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M B]Z-Z[\MTT]VOLMZ3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M_MZLMVRM_MQT[UTLMZWJMVOMVIVV\MV;\IV LIZLTÕ[]VOMVb]Z.IZJZMIS\QWVMQVOM[M\b\#LQM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ []VOMVJM\ZIOMV]VL O5QTKP[Ã]ZMXZW)V[I\b UT
!USWERTUNG ,QM-`\QVS\QWV[_MZ\MLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMV_MZLMVOMOMVLQM5QTKP[Ã]ZMOMPIT\M QVUO)V[I\bI]NOM\ZIOMV#I][LMZ-`\QVS\QWVLMZIVITWOJMPIVLMT\MV8ZWJMV TÕ[]VO_QZLQPZ5QTKP[Ã]ZMOMPIT\QV\MZXWTI\Q^JM[\QUU\]VL_QMNWTO\]UOMZMKP VM\" 5COTE%U 5 U
5QTKP[Ã]ZMOMPIT\QVOT8ZWJMVãÛ[[QOSMQ\ 5QTKP[Ã]ZMOMPIT\QVO)V[I\bI][LMZ3ITQJZQMZOMZILMV
,ITERATUR 0MQUIVV";! ,Q\\ZQKP00!"5QSZWJQWTWOQMLM[?MQVM[-]OMV=TUMZ>MZTIO;\]\\OIZ\ :MJMTMQV 0 !" >MZNIPZMV b]Z OMVI]MV [MZQMVUþQOMV *M[\QUU]VO LMZ ?MQV ]VL 5QTKP[Ã]ZMQV?MQV]VLÃPVTQKPMV/M\ZÃVSMV+PMU5QSZWJQWT<MKPVWT4MJMV[U"
0HOTOMETRISCHE"ESTIMMUNGDER¾PFELSËURE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .Z]KP\[ÃN\M w .Z]KP\[IN\OM\ZÃVSM w ?MQV 'RUNDLAGEN T£XNMT[Ã]ZMSWUU\QVITTMVXãIVbTQKPMV]VL\QMZQ[KPMVBMTTMV^WZQVLMVMVLMZ +Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZMKaKT][IJTÃ]N\,MZ/MPIT\MQVM[.Z]KP\[IN\M[?MQVM[WLMZ.Z]KP\ MZbM]OVQ[[M[IV£XNMT[Ã]ZM[KP_IVS\b_IZQV_MQ\MV/ZMVbMVTÃ[[\IJMZ)][[IOMV ÛJMZLMV:MQNMb][\IVLLM[4M[MO]\M[]VLÛJMZLQM_MQ\MZNÛPZMVLM<MKPVWTWOQM b]"B]U*MQ[XQMTSIVV_ÃPZMVLLMZ?MQVJMZMQ\]VOLMZ£XNMT[Ã]ZMOMPIT\QVNWTOM MQVM[ JQWTWOQ[KPMV WLMZ KPMUQ[KPMV ;Ã]ZMIJJI][ LM]\TQKP IJVMPUMV ,MZ /M [IU\ÃXNMT[Ã]ZMOMPIT\LMVUIVUQ\0QTNMKPMUQ[KPMZ5M\PWLMVMZUQ\\MT\SIVV IVLMZMZ[MQ\[[\IZS^WUMVbaUI\Q[KPMV?MZ\PQMZ_QZLV]ZLQMT£XNMT[Ã]ZMMZ NI[[\IJ_MQKPMV"6IKP_MQ[MQVM[£XNMT[Ã]ZMZIKMUI\b][I\bM[
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUTUTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UTUT w *MKPMZOTI["UT w :MIOMVbOTÃ[MZUQ\;KPTQNN]VL;\WXNMV"KIUT w /TI[_WTTM #HEMIKALIENPA w -[[QO[Ã]ZM" QO w -[[QO[Ã]ZM" QO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO" QO6I\ZWVTI]OM w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTT w 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\ w 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VO"UWTT w 6I\ZQ]UJWZPaLZQL6I*0 w +PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"! QOL% OUT w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"UWTT w LT£XNMT[Ã]ZM w [\IZSJI[Q[KPMZ)VQWVMVI][\I][KPMZ5MZKS111" =VOMJZI]KP\MZ QV LM[\ ?I[[MZ ^WZOMY]WTTMVMZ )VQWVMVI][\I][KPMZ _QZL QV MQV+PZWUI\WOZIXPQMZWPZOMNÛTT\UMPZNIKPUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOM_I[KPMVJMQ O)][\I][KPMZUQ\KIUT?I[[MZ]VLUITUQ\ QOMZ6I\ZWVTI]OM
*M[\QUU]VO^WVWZOIVQ[KPMV;Ã]ZMV
w w w w w
JMPIVLMT\6IKPLMULZQ\\MV6I\ZWVTI]OMb][I\bJTMQJ\LMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ KIPUQ\LMZ4I]OMQV3WV\IS\,IVV[XÛT\UIV_QMLMZUQ\KIUTLM[\ ?I[[MZ VIKP ]VL SWVLQ\QWVQMZ\ LI[ ;Ã]TMVUI\MZQIT UQ\ QOMZ -[[QO[Ã]ZM ,MZ[W^WZJMZMQ\M\M1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ[WTTUQVLM[\MV[PQVMQVMZJZI]VMV .TI[KPM]V\MZ QOMZ-[[QO[Ã]ZMI]NJM_IPZ\_MZLMV 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VOUWTT" O6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\_MZLMVQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLQUUT5M[[SWTJMV JQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ 6I\ZQ]UJWZPaLZQL4Õ[]VO" UO6I\ZQ]UJWZPaLZQL_MZLMVQVUT6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOUWTT OMTÕ[\]VUQ\\MTJIZ^WZLMZ*M[\QUU]VONZQ[KPIV[M\bMV +PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO" O+PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM_QZLQVUT;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZMUWTTOMTÕ[\]VUQ\\MT JIZ^WZLMZ*M[\QUU]VOIV[M\bMV £XNMT[Ã]ZM;\IUUTÕ[]VOK%UOT" UOLT£XNMT[Ã]ZM_MZLMVQV6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VOUWTTOMTÕ[\]VL QUUT5M[[SWTJMVJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ £XNMT[Ã]ZM;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV" >WVLMZ£XNMT[Ã]ZM;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMV]VLUTQVRMMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VOUWTTJQ[b]Z 5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\,QM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLQM[MZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZIOMV Jb_OUT
"ESTIMMUNG I8ZWJMVI]NIZJMQ\]VO +I UT LM[ ^WZJMZMQ\M\MV )VQWVMVI][\I][KPMZ[ _MZLMV QV MQVM +PZWUI\W OZIXPQM[Ã]TM OMNÛTT\ ]VL ^QMZUIT UQ\ RM UT QOMZ -[[QO[Ã]ZM OM_I[KPMV ,IVV OQJ\ UIV UT LMZ =V\MZ[]KP]VO[ãÛ[[QOSMQ\ £XNMT[Ã]ZMOMPIT\ JQ[ OT# [WV[\ UQ\ 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VO UWTT MV\[XZMKPMVL ^MZLÛVVMV ÛJMZ LMV)][\I][KPMZwUTUQV_Ã[KP\UQ\UTLM[\?I[[MZVIKP]VLMT]QMZ\ w!UTUQVUQ\6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\4Õ[]VOUWTTQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMV JQ[b]Z5IZSM J.IZJZMIS\QWV UTLM[-T]I\[_QZLQVMQVMU:MIOMVbOTI[UQ\;KPTQNNVIKPMQVIVLMZUQ\T6I \ZQ]UJWZPaLZQL4Õ[]VO]VLT+PZWUW\ZWX[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\]VLS]Zb OM[KPÛ\\MT\6IKPKIUQV;\IVLbMQ\OQJ\UIVUT! QOM;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZMb] UQ[KP\UQ\I]NOM[M\b\MU;\WXNMVSZÃN\QOL]ZKP]VL[\MTT\LI[:MIOMVbOTI[OMVI] UQVTIVOQVMQV?I[[MZJIL^WV +)V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZL!UQVTIVOQU,]V SMTVI]N:I]U\MUXMZI\]ZIJOMSÛPT\]VLLIVVLQM-`\QVS\QWVLQM[MZ4Õ[]VOJMQ VUOMOMVMQVMUQ\LMV[MTJMV:MIOMVbQMVIVOM[M\b\M*TQVLXZWJMOMUM[[MV K3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M B]Z-Z[\MTT]VOLMZ3ITQJZQMZOMZILMV_QZLRM_MQT[UTLMZWJMVOMVIVV\MV;\IV LIZLTÕ[]VOMVb]Z.IZJZMIS\QWVMQVOM[M\b\]VLOMOMVMQVM*TQVLTÕ[]VOOMUM[[MV# LQM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZIOMVLIUQ\ Jb_O£XNMT[Ã]ZMXZW)V[I\bUT
3)81 MZLÛVV]VO]LOT
!NMERKUNG *MQLMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZJMPIVLT]VOSWVV\MVbMZNIPZMV b]Z OTMQKPbMQ\QOMV *M[\QUU]VO LMZ ?MQV ]VL5QTKP[Ã]ZMQV?MQV]VL5W[\,M]\4MJMV[U:L[KP" :MJMTMQV 0 !" 3WTWZQUM\ZQ[KPM *M[\QUU]VO LMZ £XNMT[Ã]ZM QV >MZJQVL]VO UQ\ LMZ OTMQKPbMQ\QOMV*M[\QUU]VOLMZ?MQV]VL5QTKP[Ã]ZMQV5W[\]VL?MQV,M]\4MJMV[U :L[KP" :MQVPIZL+3WMLQVO/^! "B]Z*M[\QUU]VOLMZ£XNMT[Ã]ZMQV.Z]KP\[ÃN\MV.TÛ[[QOM[ 7J[\" ?ITTZI]KP;! "£XNMT[Ã]ZMJM[\QUU]VOQV.Z]KP\[ÃN\MV]VL?MQVMV,QMQVL7J[\]VL /MUÛ[M^MZ_MZ\]VO"
%NZYMATISCHE-ETHODEN
%NZYMATISCHE"ESTIMMUNGDER, ¾PFELSËURE !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .Z]KP\[ÃN\M3WVbMV\ZI\M.Z]KP\[IN\OM\ZÃVSM w ?MQV w 7J[\]VL/MUÛ[MXZWL]S\M
'RUNDLAGEN 1VLMZ6I\]ZTQMO\£XNMT[Ã]ZM[\M\[QVQPZMZT.WZU^WZB][Ã\bM^WV[aV\PM\Q[KPMZ LT£XNMT[Ã]ZMb]4MJMV[UQ\\MTVSÕVVMV[WUQ\LIL]ZKPNM[\OM[\MTT\_MZLMVLI[[ UIV LMV £XNMT[Ã]ZM/MPIT\ VIKP LMZ XPW\WUM\ZQ[KPMV *M[\QUU]VO [ UQ\LMUMVbaUI\Q[KPJM[\QUU\MV^MZOTMQKP\"?ÃPZMVLMZ[\MZMZLMU/M[IU\OM PIT\I][L]VLT.WZUMV\[XZQKP\OQJ\TM\b\MZMZI]NOZ]VLLM[[\MZMW[XMbQâ[KPMV +PIZIS\MZ[LMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV:MIS\QWVV]ZLMV/MPIT\IVT£XNMT[Ã]ZMIV,QM ;ITbMLMZ£XNMT[Ã]ZM_MZLMVIT[5ITI\MJMbMQKPVM\
*M[\QUU]VO^WVWZOIVQ[KPMV;Ã]ZMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE T5ITI\_QZLQV/MOMV_IZ\LM[-VbaU[T5ITI\,MPaLZWOMVI[MT5,0L]ZKP 6), b] 7`ITIKM\I\ W`QLQMZ\ /T # MV\[XZMKPMVL LMZ :ÛKSZMIS\QWV ^WV /T[,I[/TMQKPOM_QKP\LQM[MZ:MIS\QWV_QZLLIL]ZKPI]NLQM;MQ\M LMZ-VLXZWL]S\M^MZ[KPWJMV[WLI[[QVMQVMZ.WTOMZMIS\QWVLI[OMJQTLM\M7`ITI KM\I\UQ\T/T]\IUI\QV/MOMV_IZ\LM[-VbaU[/T]\IUI\7`ITIKM\I\ % UT $-% d-8w-8dwd-*w-*d
!USWERTUNG B]U8ZQVbQXLMZ)][_MZ\]VO[3IXQ\MT ,MZ+Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZMOMPIT\+LMZ8ZWJM_QZL_QMNWTO\JMZMKPVM\" IIT[_I[[MZNZMQM;Ã]ZM"
JIT[5WVWPaLZI\"
E .
-`\QVS\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\^WV6),0 >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ^OT3IXQ\MT
,ITERATUR 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\ .I *WMPZQVOMZ 5IVVPMQU ! " 5M\PWLMV LMZ MVbaUI\Q[KPMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSUQ\-QVbMTZMIOMV\QMV; );="*L146W^MUJMZ! NÛZ.TMQ[KPMZbM]OVQ[[M
3)81 ,MbMUJMZ!!NÛZ<WUI\MVUIZS 5ÕPTMZ 3 4WW[MZ ; !!" -VbaUI\Q[KPM *M[\QUU]VO ^WV ;Ã]ZMV QV ?MQV B 4MJMV[U =V\MZ[.WZ[KP"!
"ESTIMMUNGVON3TICKSTOFFSUBSTANZEN =V\MZLMV6QKP\MQ_MQ¾;\QKS[\WNN[]J[\IVbMV_MZLMVPQMZ_QKP\QOM8]ZQVITSITWQ LM/]IVQLQV>MZJQVL]VOMV[W_QMJQWOMVM)UQVMIJOMPIVLMT\
0URINALKALOIDE8ANTHINDERIVATE =V\MZ LMV ;\QKS[\WNN[]J[\IVbMV LM[ 3INNMM[ Q[\ I]NOZ]VL [MQVMZ XPIZUISWTWOQ [KPMV?QZS]VOMVLI[+WNNMQVIUJM[\MVJMSIVV\+WNNMQVOMPIT\QU:WPSINNMMQU 5Q\\MT w #JMQ:WJ][\IJQ[b] #M[OQJ\I]KPKWNNMQVNZMQM+WNNMI)Z\MV 8Pa[QWTWOQ[KPJMLM]\]VO[^WTTQU3ISIWQ[\LI[WTTXQXM\\MV"UT
4ABELLE ,]ZKP[KPVQ\\TQKPM/MPIT\MIV+WNNMQVJb_MZLMZJb]]V\MZTQMOMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QMPWUWOMVQ[QMZ\M=V\MZ[]KP]VO[[]J[\IVb_QZLUQ\MZLMZJI]KPQVITTMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTVOM JQTLM\_MZLMVLMZMV0MZ[\MTT]VOÛJMZUQSZWJQWTWOQ[KPM>MZNIPZMVIJTÃ]N\;I] MZSZI]\3Ã[M?MQV][_,IJMQ\ZM\MVb]U<MQT]VXPa[QWTWOQ[KPM3WVbMV\ZI\QW VMVKIwUO0Q[\IUQVXZW5IPTbMQ\I]N*MQ/MV][[LQM[MZ4MJMV[UQ\\MT SIVVM[b]>MZOQN\]VO[MZ[KPMQV]VOMVSWUUMV 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,I[0Q[\IUQV_QZLI][LMU8ZWJMVUI\MZQITL]ZKP[I]ZM-`\ZIS\QWV]VL:MQVQ O]VOLM[-`\ZIS\M[ÛJMZMQVMV3I\QWVMVI][\I][KPMZQ[WTQMZ\]VLVIKPLMZ=U[M\ b]VOUQ\W8P\PITLQITLMPaLQUITSITQ[KPMV5QTQM]I]NOZ]VLLMZQV\MV[Q^MV.T]W ZM[bMVbLM[3WVLMV[I\QWV[XZWL]S\M[JMQVU)VZMO]VO[_MTTMVTÃVOM"VU XPW\WUM\ZQ[KPJM[\QUU\/T
3)81 MZLÛVV]VO=UZMKPV]VO^WVOI]NUO]VLO8ZWJM
,ITERATUR ;\IZ][bSQM_QKbRZ?.?ITLZWV-5*WVL2.!".T]WZWUM\ZQK,M\MZUQVI\QWVWN0Q[\IUQVM QVQ\IUQV))KM\I\_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QV1[WXZWXIVWTOMTÕ[\]VLI]N UTI]NOMNÛTT\
Q-%1V\MZVI\QWVITM-QVPMQ\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV>Q\IUQVMV
"ESTIMMUNG +IO8ZWJM_QZLQVLMVB_MQPIT[Z]VLSWTJMVI]NUOOMVI]MQVOM_WOMV UQ\UTUM\PIVWTQ[KPMZ3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO[W_QMMQVMZ;XI\MT[XQ\bM0a LZWKPQVWV ^MZ[M\b\ ]VL QU [QMLMVLMV ?I[[MZJIL UQV TIVO ]V\MZ :ÛKSã][[ ]VL4]N\I][[KPT][[;\QKS[\WNNOI[MQVTMQ\MVPaLZWTa[QMZ\ 6IKPLMU)JSÛPTMV^MZ[M\b\UIVLI[0aLZWTa[I\UQ\KIUTLM[\?I[[MZ ]VLOQJ\LQM4Õ[]VO]V\MZLZMQUITQOMU)][[XÛTMVUQ\RMKIUT,QM\PaTM\PMZ QVMQVMV;KPMQLM\ZQKP\MZ,I[-\PMZ?I[[MZ/MUQ[KP_QZLKIUQVTIVOSZÃN\QO OM[KPÛ\\MT\ ]VL LQM _Ã[[ZQOM 8PI[M VIKP LMZ Q\IUQV):M\QVWT)QVQV\MZVI\QWVITMV-QVPMQ\MVQ- JMZMKPVM\[QKP_QMNWTO\"
- SWZZ SWZZQOQMZ\M-`\QVS\QWV"[QMJMZMKPVM\[QKPVIKP5WZ\WV]VL;\]JJ[CE _QMNWTO\" - SWZZ% -w-w- K -QV_IIOMQVOJMbWOMVI]NUT5M[[TÕ[]VO L ;KPQKP\LQKSMQVKU =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZ ^WV O I]N Q- ]V\MZ *MZÛKS[QKP\QO]VO LMZ [XMbQ â[KPMV-`\QVS\QWVMQVMZ QOMV:M\QVWT4Õ[]VO =UZMKPV]VOI]NO8ZWJM
7IEDERlNDUNG 0QMZb]_QZLLMZ8ZWJMMQVMOMVI]JMSIVV\M5MVOMIV>Q\IUQV))KM\I\b]OM UQ[KP\]VL_QMWJMVJM[KPZQMJMVJMPIVLMT\?QKP\QOQ[\^WZPMZLMV_IPZMV/M PIT\LM[>Q\IUQV))KM\I\[QVQ-b]JM[\QUUMV"0QMZb]_QZLLQM>Q\IUQV) ;\IUUTÕ[]VO]ULMV.IS\WZUQ\1[WXZWXIVWT^MZLÛVV\]VLLQM-`\QVS\QWV LMZ4Õ[]VOJMQVUԑ)J[WZX\QWV[UI`QU]UNÛZ>Q\IUQV))KM\I\OMOMV 1[WXZWXIVWTJM[\QUU\,QM*MZMKPV]VO^MZTÃ]N\_QMWJMV"
I Q->Q\)UT>Q\IUQV);\IUUTÕ[]VO - OMUM[[MVM-`\QVS\QWVJMQVU K >Q\IUQV))KM\I\-QV_IIOMQVOJMbWOMVI]NUT;\IUUTÕ[]VO L ;KPQKP\LQKSMQVKU ! =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZ ^WV O I]N Q - ]V\MZ *MZÛKS[QKP\QO]VOLMZ [XMbQ â[KPMV-`\QVS\QWVMQVMZ QOMV>Q\IUQV))KM\I\4Õ[]VO >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZLMZ5M[[TÕ[]VOOMOMVÛJMZLMZ;\IUUTÕ[]VO
3)81 MZTIO[ OM[;\]\\OIZ\; 0WNNUIVV4I:WKPM.! ">Q\IUQV3WUXMVLQ]U; 4QVLVMZ-!"<W`QSWTWOQMLMZ6IPZ]VO[UQ\\MT/MWZOMZTIO;\]\\OIZ\; ;\ZWPMKSMZ : 0MVVQO 0 !" >Q\IUQV*M[\QUU]VOMV 0Z[O - 5MZKS )/ ,IZU[\IL\ >MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU; 5WZ\WV:);\]JJ[)4!"8PW\WMTMK\ZQK;XMK\ZWXPW\WUM\Za)XXTQML\W\PM)VITa[Q[WN 5Q`\]ZM[IVL>Q\IUQV)7QT[)VITa[\"
&LUORIMETRISCHE"ESTIMMUNGVON6ITAMIN"4HIAMIN !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w bIPTZMQKPM 4MJMV[UQ\\MT UQ\ VI\ÛZTQKPMU >Q\IUQV */MPIT\ b* .TMQ[KP *ZW\ w ^Q\IUQVQ[QMZ\M4MJMV[UQ\\MT w 5]T\Q^Q\IUQVXZÃXIZI\M 'RUNDLAGEN
>Q\IUQV*Q\IUQV*Q\IUQVMV1V.WZU^MZ[KPQMLMVMZN]VS\QWVMTTMZ,MZQ^I\MOZMQN\LI[Q\IUQVMV
0RINZIPDER-ETHODE T)[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM);_QZLI][LMUMV\[XZMKPMVL^WZJMZMQ\M\MV=V\MZ[]KP]VO[ UI\MZQITUQ\7`IT[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VOM`\ZIPQMZ\]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\,QKPTWZXPM VWTQVLWXPMVWT,1b]Z,MPaLZWI[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM,);]UOM[M\b\/T
$URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w .MQVJÛZM\\M"UT w 3WTJMVP]JXQXM\\M"T w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\MV"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w :MIOMVbOTÃ[MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w ,QKPTWZXPMVWTQVLWXPMVWT6I\ZQ]U[ITb,QPaLZI\ +0+T66I707 w T)[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM+0 7 w 7`IT[Ã]ZM+0707 w 7`IT[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO" QO w ,14Õ[]VO" UO ,QKPTWZXPMVWTQVLWXPMVWT ,1 _MZLMV QV MQV UT*MKPMZOTI[ OMVI]MQVOM_WOMVUQ\KI UTLM[\?I[[MZ^MZ[M\b\]VL]V\MZ[\ÃVLQOMU :ÛPZMVI]NM\_I+MZPQ\b\6IKPLMU)JSÛPTMV_QZLLQM4Õ[]VOQVMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMV ÛJMZNÛPZ\ LQM[MZ ]V\MZ 6IKP_I[KPMV LM[ *MKPMZOTI[M[ UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\]VLLQM4Õ[]VOO]\L]ZKPOMUQ[KP\ 6QKP\OMTÕ[\M;]J[\IVbIJâT\ZQMZMV ,1[W_WPTQVNM[\MZ.WZUIT[I]KPQV4Õ[]VOO]\^MZ[KPTW[[MVQU,]VSMTV]VL SÛPTI]NJM_IPZMV (INWEIS ,MZMZJZI]KPIV,14Õ[]VONÛZ*TQVL_MZ\QVUT
J8ZWJMVI]NIZJMQ\]VO ,QMb]ZQ\IUQVM)SILMUQ[KPM>MZTIO[OM[MTT[KPIN\.ZIVSN]Z\ *Ã[[TMZ304IVO3! ">Q\IUQVM;\MQVSWXN>MZTIO,IZU[\IL\ :MQUIVV23ZÕ\[KP=! ">Q\IUQVM,\)XW\PMSMZ>MZTIO;\]\\OIZ\ WTTXQXM\\MV"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w 7`IT[Ã]ZM w T)[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM+0 7 w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL8TÃ\bKPMV w 7`IT[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO" QOQVJQLM[\?I[[MZ
3)81 w¶U> =,8" -UXâVLTQKPSMQ\" ¶¶!WLMZ¶¶w )UU [Jb_UU[ \LZWX" ,ÃUXN]VO" "ESTIMMUNG 1V LI[ 8WTIZWOZIXPQMOMNþ _MZLMV UT /Z]VLMTMS\ZWTa\ MQVXQXM\\QMZ\# LQM[MZ )V[I\b_QZLUQVTIVOL]ZKP-QVTMQ\MV^WV;\QKS[\WNNOI[MV\TÛN\M\]VLIV[KPTQM ¾MVL XWTIZWOZIXPQMZ\ ԑ /Z]VLTQVQM ,IVV _MZLMV T 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO [QM [WTT\M b_Q[KPMV ]VL O T)[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM MV\PIT\MV MQVXQXM\\QMZ\ MV\TÛN\M\ ]VLLI[8WTIZWOZIUUI]NOMbMQKPVM\,I[[MTJM_QZL_MQ\MZMLZMQUITUQ\RMT )[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOL]ZKPOMNÛPZ\*MQ[XQMTPQMZb][)JJ
!USWERTUNG ,QM8WTIZWOZIUUM^OT)JJ_MZLMVÛJMZLQM8MISPÕPMI][OM_MZ\M\,ILQM IS\]MTTM 3WVbMV\ZI\QWV LMZ MTMS\ZWKPMUQ[KP IS\Q^MV ;]J[\IVb OMUM[[MV _QZL U][[LQM0ÕPMLMZ8MIS[]VJMLQVO\MV\[XZMKPMVLLMZ>WT]UMVÃVLMZ]VO_QMQV LMZ/ZIXPQS)JJLIZOM[\MTT\SWZZQOQMZ\_MZLMV -ZTÃ]\MZ]VOMVb])JJ" )TTOMUMQVM:MOZM[[QWV[OMZILM"Y!XB
` O
T)[KWZJQV[Ã]ZMOMPIT\LMZ8ZWJMWPVMB][I\b
,ITERATUR 5M\ZWPU)XXTQKI\QWV*]TTM\QV! L 8WVOZIKb / !" 6M]M XW\MV\QWUM\ZQ[KPM *M[\QUU]VO[UM\PWLMV NÛZ )[KWZJQV[Ã]ZM ]VLLMZMV>MZJQVL]VOMV.ZM[MVQ][B)VIT+PMU"
*M[\QUU]VO^WV/TaKaZZPQbQVUQ\\MT[084+ !BB ,888WTIZWOZIUUM*MQ[XQMTMQVMZ5M[[]VOUQ\3ITQ JZQMZ]VO);\ZWU[\ÃZSM5;XIVV]VO
!BB >WT]UMVSWZZMS\]Z -ZTÃ]\MZ]VOMV[QMPM<M`\
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\MV"UT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w 6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQL6I+T w ,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\6I087 w +Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZM+07 w 1WL w 3ITQ]UQWLQL31 w ;\ÃZSM"_I[[MZNZMQ!UQVTIVOJMQ+OM\ZWKSVM\ w 6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQL4Õ[]VO" O6I+T_MZLMVQUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\NZQ[KPI][OMSWKP\MULM[\?I[[MZ OMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 8]NNMZTÕ[]VO1X0%" OLQ6I\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\]VL!!O+Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZM_MZLMVQVMQVMU UT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 8]NNMZTÕ[]VO11X0%" !O,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\]VLO+Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZM_MZLMVQVMQVMU UT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 1WL4Õ[]VOK%UWTT" UT1WL4Õ[]VOUWTT]VLO3ITQ]UQWLQL_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT 5M[[SWTJMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w ;\ÃZSM4Õ[]VO" O_I[[MZNZMQM;\ÃZSM_MZLMVUQ\UTLM[\?I[[MZb]MQVMULÛVVMV*ZMQ IVOMZÛPZ\UQ\UT8]NNMZTÕ[]VO1]VLUTSWKPMVLMU?I[[MZ^MZ[M\b\]VL ]V\MZ[\ÃVLQOMU:ÛPZMVb]U;QMLMVMZPQ\b\6IKPLMU)JSÛPTMV_QZLLQM4Õ []VOQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMUQ\LM[\?I[ [MZI]NOMNÛTT\ "ESTIMMUNG I0WVQO4Õ[]VO O0WVQO_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVQVKIUT8]NNMZTÕ[]VO1OM TÕ[\IV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\UT6I\ZQ]UKPTWZQL4Õ[]VO^MZ[M\b\]VLUQ\LMZ8]NNMZ TÕ[]VOJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ J:MIS\QWV[TÕ[]VO >WVLMZ0WVQO4Õ[]VOVIKPI_MZLMVUTQVLMV[MQ\TQKPMV)V[I\b)LM[:M IS\QWV[OMNþM[[)JJ]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLUT;\ÃZSM4Õ[]VOQVLI[:MIS \QWV[OMNþ*[MTJ[\XQXM\\QMZ\6IKPUQVWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\MV"UTUT w 8QXM\\QMZPQTNMV w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w ;KPÛ\\MT\ZQKP\MZ"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w 8]NNMZTÕ[]VO1" O *I70 07 ]VL O *WZ[Ã]ZM _MZLMV RM_MQT[ QV MQVMU UT 5M[[SWTJMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\]VLI]N+MZ_ÃZU\ *MQLM4Õ[]VOMV_MZLMVOMUQ[KP\MZ[\LIVVI]N:I]U\MUXMZI\]ZIJOMSÛPT\ ]VLUQ\*IZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOI]NX0%MQVOM[\MTT\X05M[[OM ZÃ\ ,QM 4Õ[]VO _QZL QV MQVMZ LQKP\ ^MZ[KPTW[[MVMV .TI[KPM I]NJM_IPZ\ ]VL ^WZLMZ>MZ_MVL]VOUQ\LM[\?I[[MZQU>MZPÃT\VQ[XXOMUQ[KP\
*M[\QUU]VOLMZ)S\Q^Q\Ã\^WV-VbaUMV
w 8]NNMZTÕ[]VO11" O6I*7WLMZO6I*707]VLO6I+T_MZLMVQUUT 5M[[SWTJMVQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w ;]J[\ZI\8]NNMZTÕ[]VO" O,QVI\ZQ]UXPMVaTXPW[XPI\_MZLMVQVUT8]NNMZTÕ[]VO11OMTÕ[\]VL UQ\b_MQWVRMLMZLMZJMQLMV8IZITTMTXZWJMV_MZLMVUTQVRM_MQT[MQV:MIOMVbOTI[ XQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\UT8]NNMZTÕ[]VO11[W_QMUT/QJJs[:MIOMVb4Õ[]VO^MZ [M\b\6IKPUQVTQKP\OM[KPÛ\b\[\MPMVTI[[MV _QZLLQM-`\QVS\QWVLMZ8ZWJM )OMOMVLQM*TQVLXZWJM*JMQVUOMUM[[MV^OTI]KP)VUMZS]VO 1VIVITWOMZ?MQ[MSÕVVMV5QTKPXZWJMVJMPIVLMT\]VL]V\MZ[]KP\_MZLMV +ALIBRIERKURVE B]Z -Z[\MTT]VO LMZ 3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M _MZLMV RM_MQT[ UT LMZ 8PMVWT;\IVLIZLTÕ []VOMVVIKPMQVIVLMZUQ\UT3]XNMZ[]TNI\4Õ[]VOUTLMZb]^WZ^MZLÛVV\MV "8]NNMZTÕ[]VO11UTLM[\?I[[MZ]VLUT/QJJs[:MIOMVb4Õ[]VO^MZ [M\b\,QM4Õ[]VOMV_MZLMVRM_MQT[O]\L]ZKPUQ[KP\#VIKPUQVTQKP\OM[KPÛ\b\ [\MPMVTI[[MV _QZLLQM-`\QVS\QWVLMZ8PMVWT4Õ[]VOMVOMOMVMQVM*TQVLTÕ[]VO OMUM[[MVLQMXIZITTMTI][UTLM[\?I[[MZ]VLLMVOMVIVV\MV:MIOMVbQMVIV OM[M\b\_]ZLM ,QM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMVJM\ZIOMV]VLO8PMVWT XZW)V[I\bUT (INWEIS .ITT[LQM-`\QVS\QWVLMZ8ZWJMOZÕ¾MZIT[LMZ?MZ\LMZ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOUQ\O8PMVWT Q[\[WTT\MLQM*M[\QUU]VOUQ\MQVMZ[\ÃZSMZ^MZLÛVV\MV8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO_QMLMZPWT\_MZLMV" B]U>MZLÛVVMVJMV]\b\UIVLIJMQVQKP\_QM[WV[\ÛJTQKPLM[\?I[[MZ[WVLMZVQVIS\Q ^QMZ\MLPM\_IUQVQU[QMLMVLMV?I[[MZJILMZPQ\b\M8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO
!USWERTUNG ,QM-`\QVS\QWV[_MZ\MLMZ3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMV_MZLMVOMOMVLQM8PMVWTOMPIT\MQV O)V[I\bI]NOM\ZIOMV#I][LMZ-`\QVS\QWVLMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO_QZLQPZ8PMVWTOM PIT\XCO)V[I\bEQV\MZXWTI\Q^JM[\QUU\]VL_QMNWTO\I]NLQM8PW[XPI\I[M)S\Q ^Q\Ã\8]UOMZMKPVM\" 8%X Jb_NITT[LQM8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO^MZLÛVV\_]ZLM" 8%X. .
>MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ
,ITERATUR );="*L146W^MUJMZ! NÛZ5QTKP ;45*"*L1!!3IX );="*L1L4--/5M\PWLM2IV]IZ! NÛZ3WVLMV[UQTKPMZbM]OVQ[[M
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5QVMZIT[\WNNMV
"ESTIMMUNGVON-INERALSTOFFEN 6MJMVLMVPI]X\[ÃKPTQKPQVWZOIVQ[KPMV>MZJQVL]VOMVMV\PIT\MVMV-TMUMV\MV +076]VL;SWUUMVQUUMV[KPTQKPMV7ZOIVQ[U][M\_I_MQ\MZM-TMUMV\M I][LMUUQVMZITQ[KPMV*MZMQKPQVOZÕ¾MZMVJb_OMZQVOMZMV3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV^WZ ,QM-TMUMV\M+I83+T6I5O]VL.MJQTLMVb][IUUMVUQ\LMV^WZOMVIVV\MV -TMUMV\MVM\_I!! LMZ3ÕZXMZ[]J[\IVb]VL_MZLMVLIPMZIT[5MVOMVMTMUMV \MJMbMQKPVM\,QMZM[\TQKPMV ^MZ\MQTMV[QKPI]NLQM[WO;X]ZMVMTMUMV\Mb] LMVMV]I+W6Q)T;QBV)[5W.15V+]*;M+Z>OMZMKPVM\_MZLMV ,QMUQVMZITQ[KPMV;\WNNMLM[7ZOIVQ[U][]V\MZTQMOMVQV)VITWOQMb]LMVWZOI VQ[KPMVMQVMU[\ÃVLQOMV)][\I][KP[WLI[[[QMÛJMZLQM6IPZ]VOQVI][ZMQKPMV LMZ5MVOMb]OMNÛPZ\_MZLMVUÛ[[MV.]VS\QWVMV_QMLQM*QTL]VO^WV/MZÛ[\ ]VL ;\Û\b[]J[\IVbMV LQM ;\M]MZ]VO ^WV -VbaUZMIS\QWVMV LQM *MMQVã][[]VO LMZ6MZ^MVIS\Q^Q\Ã\[W_QMLQM-ZPIT\]VOMTMS\ZWTa\Q[KPMZ]VLW[UW\Q[KPMZ/TMQKP OM_QKP\M_MZLMVQPVMVQU7ZOIVQ[U][b]OM[KPZQMJMV,I[-TMUMV\.M_QZLJMQ 5MV[KPMV]VLMZJQVL]VOUQ\IVLMZMV3ZQ\MZQMVLM]\MVb]VQMLZQOM5IOVM[Q]UOMPIT \MI]N»JMZ[\ZMKS]VO]VLb]PWPMI]N5IVQX]TI\QWVMVI]KPUQ\IVLMZMV;\WNNMV PQVCE *MQ)XNMT[IN\NÃTT\LMZ5IOVM[Q]UOMPIT\L]ZKP[MQVMÃ]¾MZ[\OMZQVOM;KP_IV S]VO[JZMQ\MI]N4QMO\LMZ/MPIT\_M[MV\TQKP]V\MZUOT[WQ[\LQM[MZ?MZ\SZQ \Q[KPb]JM]Z\MQTMV]VLOQJ\]V\MZ=U[\ÃVLMVMQVMV0QV_MQ[I]NMQVM»JMZ[\ZM KS]VO ,MZ /MPIT\ IV +ITKQ]U SIVV L]ZKP ]Vb]TÃ[[QOM >MZ_MVL]VO ^WV VQKP\ LMV )VNWZLMZ]VOMV MV\[XZMKPMVLMU ?I[[MZ LM]\TQKP MZPÕP\ _MZLMV# PQMZJMQ SIVV OTMQKPbMQ\QO I]KP MQVM -ZPÕP]VO LM[ 5IOVM[Q]U ]VL 6Q\ZI\OMPIT\M[ MQV \ZM\MVCE 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,MZ+ITKQ]UJb_5IOVM[Q]UOMPIT\_QZLWPVM8ZWJMV^WZJMZMQ\]VOLQZMS\I][ LMU^MZLÛVV\MV.Z]KP\[IN\UQ\0QTNMLMZ)\WUIJ[WZX\QWV[[XMS\ZWUM\ZQM)); JM[\QUU\ B]Z >MZPQVLMZ]VO MQVMZ \MQT_MQ[MV 1WVQ[I\QWV _QZL LMZ 5M[[TÕ[]VO 4IV\PIVb]OM[M\b\B]ZMZJQVL]VOMV ^WZTQMOMV# M[ SIVVQVWZOIVQ[KPMZ*QVL]VOWLMZQV3WUXTM`^MZJQVL]VOMV^WZSWUUMV -Q[MVQ[\QV;X]ZMVQVNI[\ITTMVVI\ÛZTQKPMV?Ã[[MZVIVb]\ZMNNMV7J_WPT-Q[MV ]Ib]U)]NJI]LM[0ÃUWOTWJQV[VÕ\QOWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUTUTUT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w X08IXQMZWLMZX05M[[OMZÃ\ w 5MUJZIVâT\MZ"U #HEMIKALIENPA w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM"! QO w ^MZLÛVV\M;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM">WT]UMV\MQT;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM! QO_QZL^WZ[QKP \QOUQ\>WT]UMV\MQTMVLM[\?I[[MZ^MZLÛVV\ w -[[QO[Ã]ZM! QO-Q[M[[QO w )UUWVQ]UIKM\I\+0+7760 w 0aLZW`aTIUUWVQ]UKPTWZQL60700+T w 3ITQ]UXMZW`WLQ[]TNI\3;7 w 8PMVIV\PZWTQV+0!+T607 w )UUWVQ]UMQ[MV11[]TNI\0M`IPaLZI\ 60.M;7 07 5WPZ[KPM[ ;ITb w )UUWVQ]UIKM\I\-Q[M[[QO4Õ[]VO" O)UUWVQ]UIKM\I\]VLUT-Q[M[[QO_MZLMVQVLM[\?I[[MZb]UT OMTÕ[\ w 0aLZW`aTIUUWVQ]UKPTWZQL4Õ[]VO" O 0aLZW`aTIUUWVQ]UKPTWZQL _MZLMV UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ b] UT OMTÕ[\ ,QM4Õ[]VOQ[\KIMQVM?WKPMPIT\JIZ w 3ITQ]UXMZW`WLQ[]TNI\4Õ[]VO" O3ITQ]UXMZW`WLQ[]TNI\_MZLMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZb]UTOMTÕ[\,QM4Õ []VOQ[\QU,]VSMTVMQVQOM5WVI\MPIT\JIZ w 8PMVIV\PZWTQV4Õ[]VO" O8PMVIV\PZWTQV_MZLMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZb]UTOMTÕ[\,QM4Õ[]VO Q[\QU,]VSMTVMQVM?WKPMPIT\JIZ w -Q[MV11;\IUUTÕ[]VOK%UO.MT" O )UUWVQ]UMQ[MV11[]TNI\0M`IPaLZI\ _MZLMV QV MQVMU UT 5M[[SWTJMVQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\UQ\UT0aLZW`aTIUUWVQ]UKPTWZQL]VL UT;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM! QO^MZ[M\b\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOM NÛTT\,QM4Õ[]VOQ[\M\_I5WVI\MPIT\JIZ w -Q[MV11;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO1K%UO.MT" UTLMZ-Q[MV11;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMVQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\ LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\
3)81 MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ[ ]VL LM[ .IS\WZ[ NÛZ LQM >MZLÛVV]VO L]ZKP LQM ;Ã]ZMb]OIJM JMQ LMZ 8ZWJMVIPUM b* _QZLI][LMZ-`\QVS\QWVLMZ8ZWJMVUM[[TÕ[]VOQPZ-Q[MVOMPIT\JMZMKPVM\ ,MZ-Q[MVOMPIT\_QZLQVUOTIVOMOMJMV !NMERKUNG ;\ÕZ]VOMVL]ZKP3]XNMZ+WJIT\+PZWU]VLBQVS[W_QML]ZKP8PW[XPI\1WVMVSÕVVMV I]N\ZM\MV_MVVQPZM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLQMLM[-Q[MV[]ULI[BMPVNIKPMÛJMZ[\MQOMV 6QKSMT [\ÕZ\ JMQ 3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV & UOT *Q[U]\ ;QTJMZ ]VL 9]MKS[QTJMZ [\ÕZMV JMQ 3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV&UOT+ILUQ]U[\ÕZ\JMQ&UOT ?MVVLQM?I[[MZXZWJM-Q[MVW`QLWLMZUM\ITTQ[KPM[-Q[MVMV\PÃT\Q[\[\I\\LMZ*MPIVL T]VOUQ\3ITQ]UXMZW`WLQ[]TNI\4Õ[]VOMQV)]N[KPT][[UQ\;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM ^WZb]VMPUMV,QM)][NÛPZ]VOLM[)]N[KPT][[M[Q[\QVLMZ7ZQOQVITTQ\MZI\]ZM`XTQbQ\JM [KPZQMJMVCE B]Z*M[\QUU]VOLM[/M[IU\MQ[MV[QV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV^OTCE
,ITERATUR 0Û\\MZ4)! "?I[[MZ]VL?I[[MZ]V\MZ[]KP]VO#>MZTIO5WZQ\b,QM[\MZ_MO7\\W;IITM >MZTIO.ZIVSN]Z\#>MZTIO;I]MZTÃVLMZ)IZI]; );="*L14!6W^MUJMZ! NÛZ5QVMZIT_I[[MZ ,M]\[KPM6WZU",16 <MQT5IQ! :-."; );="*L14!5IQ! NÛZLQÃ\M\Q[KPM4MJMV[UQ\\MT
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UT w *ÛZM\\M"UT w 5IOVM\ZÛPZMZUQ\:ÛPZ[\ÃJKPMV w X08IXQMZWLMZX05M[[OMZÃ\ #HEMIKALIENPA w 3ITQ]UKPZWUI\3+Z7 w +ITKQ]UKIZJWVI\+I+7 w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVKIZJWVI\6I0+7 w ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO"UWTT w 3ITQ]UKPZWUI\4Õ[]VO" QO 0ROBENVORBEREITUNG ?Ã[[MZ_MZLMV^WZLMZ)VITa[MOONâT\ZQMZ\]VLVM]\ZITQ[QMZ\ *MQQVPWUWOMVMV*]\\MZXZWJMVJb_b]Z>MZUQ[KP]VO^WV-QVbMTXZWJMV_QZL LQM*]\\MZQVMQV/TI[OMNþOMJZIKP\]VL[WTIVOMQVMQV?I[[MZJIL^WVPÕKP[\MV[ !+OM[\MTT\JQ[[QMOM[KPUWTbMVQ[\)V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLI[/TI[OMNþI][LMU ?I[[MZJILOMVWUUMV]VLLQM8ZWJM]V\MZ[\ÃVLQOMU;KPÛ\\MTVI]N:I]U\MU XMZI\]ZIJOMSÛPT\JQ[LQM*]\\MZb]MQVMZKZMUQOMV5I[[MMZ[\IZZ\Q[\ 5IaWVVIQ[MV]VLMU]TOQMZ\M+ZMUM[_MZLMVL]ZKP>MZZÛPZMVJMQ:I]U\MU XMZI\]ZPWUWOMVQ[QMZ\ )VLMZM4MJMV[UQ\\MT_MZLMVL]ZKPOMMQOVM\M5M\PWLMVOMUQ[KP\]VLPWUW OMVQ[QMZ\
3)81
>MZJZI]KP IV ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT QV UT QU 0I]X\ ^MZ[]KP >MZJZI]KP IV ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT QV UT QU *TQVL ^MZ[]KP 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO >WT]UMVLMZb]Z*M[\QUU]VOMQVOM[M\b\MV8ZWJMVãÛ[[QOSMQ\QVUT
%RGËNZUNG %OUWT 5+T 56I+T %OUWT
,ITERATUR 3TQMU 5 ;\ZMKS : !" -TMS\ZWKPMUQ[KPM ]VL WX\Q[KPM )VITa[M QV LMZ 8PIZUIbQM# ?Q[[MV[KPIN\TQKPM>MZTIO[OM[;\]\\OIZ\; );="*L1L4Jb_45IQ! NÛZ3Ã[M]VL;KPUMTbSÃ[M );=" *L 1I 4 6W^MUJMZ ! NÛZ )]NO][[NTÛ[[QOSMQ\ Jb_ 8ZM[[TISM QV ;I]MZSZI]\ );="*L1I45IQ! NÛZ<WUI\MVUIZS ,16
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UT w *ÛZM\\M"UT w .IT\MVâT\MZ"
KU #HEMIKALIENPA w ;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM" QO w ;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM"KIUWTT>WT]UMV\MQT;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM QO_QZLUQ\>W T]UMV\MQTMVLM[\?I[[MZ^MZLÛVV\ w )UUWVQ]UMQ[MV111[]TNI\60.M;707 w 3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\113C.M+6E07 w BQVSIKM\I\BV+0+7707 w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w ;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO"UWTT w 3ITQ]U\PQWKaIVI\5I¾TÕ[]VO"UWTT w 1VLQSI\WZ4Õ[]VO"OM[Ã\\QO\M4Õ[]VO^WV)UUWVQ]UMQ[MV111[]TNI\
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5QVMZIT[\WNNMV
w 4Õ[]VOMVb]U.ÃTTMVLMZ8ZW\MQVM" +IZZMb4Õ[]VO1"O3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\11QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VLI]N UTI]NNÛTTMV +IZZMb4Õ[]VO11"OBQVSIKM\I\]VLUT-Q[M[[QOQVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV ]VLI]NUTI]NNÛTTMV "ESTIMMUNG -\_IOLMZPWUWOMVQ[QMZ\MV8ZWJM_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QVMQVMV-ZTMV UMaMZSWTJMV UQ\ ;KPTQNN MQVOM_WOMV UT PMQ¾M[ LM[\ ?I[[MZ b]OMNÛO\ ]VL UQ\I]NOM[M\b\MU;\WXNMVUQVTIVO]V\MZ_QMLMZPWT\MU,]ZKP[KPÛ\\MTVQUSW KPMVLMV ?I[[MZJIL MZPQ\b\ 6IKP LMU )JSÛPTMV I]N :I]U\MUXMZI\]Z _MZLMV b]Z)][NÃTT]VOLMZ8ZW\MQVMVIKPMQVIVLMZUT+IZZMb4Õ[]VO1]VLUT+IZ ZMb4Õ[]VO11b]OMOMJMV6IKPRMLMZB]OIJM_QZLOZÛVLTQKPOMUQ[KP\6IKPM\_I UQV;\IVLbMQ\LMZ4Õ[]VO_QZLLMZ1VPIT\LM[-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV[Y]IV\Q\I\Q^ QVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ OZÛVLTQKPOMUQ[KP\]VLL]ZKPMQV\ZWKSMVM[.IT\MVâT\MZâT\ZQMZ\ )V[KPTQM¾MVL_MZLMVUTLM[.QT\ZI\[QVMQVMV-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMVUQ\;KPTQNN XQXM\\QMZ\]VLVIKPB]OIJM^WVUT;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZMKIUWTT[W_QMUT1V LQSI\WZTÕ[]VOM`IS\UT;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VOb]LW[QMZ\*ÛZM\\MWLMZ8Q XM\\M6IKPOZÛVLTQKPMU,]ZKPUQ[KPMV]VLSZÃN\QOMU;KPÛ\\MTV6QMLMZ[KPTIO SWIO]TQMZ\ ;)VUMZS]VO_QZLUQ\3ITQ]U\PQWKaIVI\5I¾TÕ[]VObÛOQOJQ[b]Z [KP_IKPMV*ZI]VNÃZJ]VO\Q\ZQMZ\
!USWERTUNG UT)O675I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTԑUO+TՒJb_ UO6I+T ,MZ+PTWZQLOMPIT\+TՒJb_LMZ3WKP[ITbOMPIT\3LMZ8ZWJM_QZL_QMNWTO\JMZMKP VM\"
I J -
^WZOMTMO\M[>WT]UMVIV;QTJMZVQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUTUT >MZJZI]KPIV3ITQ]U\PQWKaIVI\5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUT 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
%RGËNZUNG %OUWT 5+T 56I+T % OUWT !NMERKUNG ,QM[MMQVNIKPM,]ZKPNÛPZ]VOLMZ>WTPIZLWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT
*M[\QUU]VO^WV5QVMZIT[\WNNMV
w w w w
5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT *ÛZM\\M"UT 5IOVM\ZÛPZMZUQ\:ÛPZ[\ÃJKPMV .IT\MVâT\MZ"
KU
#HEMIKALIENPA w 3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\113C.M+6E07 w BQVSIKM\I\BV+0+7707 w 6I\ZQ]UXMV\IKaIVWVQ\ZW[aTNMZZI\116IC.M+667E07ԑ6Q\ZWXZ][ [QLVI\ZQ]U6I\ZQ]UVQ\ZWXZ][[QI\ w ;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM"KIUWTT w +IZZMb4Õ[]VO1" O3ITQ]UPM`IKaIVWNMZZI\11QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VLI]NUTI]NNÛT TMV w +IZZMb4Õ[]VO11" OBQVSIKM\I\QVLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV]VLI]NUTI]NNÛTTMV w 9]MKS[QTJMZ11VQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO"UWTTԑV "ESTIMMUNG ,QM8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMZQKP\M\[QKPVIKPLMUb]MZ_IZ\MVLMV3WKP[ITbOMPIT\",QM b]\Q\ZQMZMVLM4Õ[]VO[WTTb_Q[KPMV]VLUO6I+TMV\[XZMKPMVLwUO +TՒ MV\PIT\MV MV\[XZMKPMVL MQVMU UI`QUITMV >MZJZI]KP ^WV ! UT LMZ 9]MKS[QTJMZ11VQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO wO8ZWJM_MZLMVQVMQV*MKPMZOTI[I]NUOOMVI]MQVOM_WOMVUQ\KI UTLM[\?I[[MZIVOMZÛPZ\]VLOONUQ\0QTNMMQVM[;\IJPWUWOMVQ[I\WZ[PW UWOMVQ[QMZ\6IKPY]IV\Q\I\Q^MU»JMZNÛPZMVQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMV_QZL LQM4Õ[]VOM\_IUQVTIVOI]NLMU5IOVM\ZÛPZMZOMZÛPZ\VIKPMQVIVLMZUQ\RM UT+IZZMb4Õ[]VO1]VL11^MZ[M\b\UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ OM[KPÛ\\MT\]VLL]ZKPMQV.IT\MVâT\MZâT\ZQMZ\ )V[KPTQM¾MVL _MZLMV UT LM[ STIZMV .QT\ZI\[ QV MQVMV -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV _MQ\PIT[QO XQXM\\QMZ\ ]VL UQ\ UT ;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM ]VL M\_I UO 6I\ZQ]U XMV\IKaIVWVQ\ZW[aTNMZZI\11 ^MZ[M\b\ ,QM 4Õ[]VO _QZL L]ZKPOMUQ[KP\ ]VL UQ\ 9]MKS[QTJMZ11VQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO JQ[ b]U MZ[\MV )]N\ZM\MV MQVMZ _MQ¾TQKPMV WXITM[bQMZMVLMV MZJZI]KP IV 9]MKS[QTJMZ11VQ\ZI\5I¾TÕ[]VO UWTT QV UT QU *TQVL^MZ[]KP >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ/M[IU\^WT]UMVLMZ4Õ[]VOLQ^QLQMZ\L]ZKP>WT] UMVLMZ\Q\ZQMZ\MV4Õ[]VO#b*% 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
%RGËNZUNG 5+T %OUWT 56I+T % OUWT !NMERKUNG 1V MQVQOMV .ÃTTMV Q[\ M[ ^WZ\MQTPIN\ LQM +PTWZQLJM[\QUU]VO QV LMZ ^WZOM\ZWKSVM\MV NMQV bMZSTMQVMZ\MV8ZWJM^WZb]VMPUMV*MQLMZ*MZMKPV]VOQ[\LQM[MV\[XZMKPMVLb]JMZÛKS [QKP\QOMVCE
,ITERATUR );="*L14,MbMUJMZ! NÛZ*ZW\]VL3TMQVOMJÃKSI][*ZW\\MQOMV );="*L14 ,MbMUJMZ! NÛZ.MQVM*IKS_IZMV 0Z[O )ZJMQ\[OMUMQV[KPIN\ /M\ZMQLMNWZ[KP]VO ! " ;\IVLIZLUM\PWLMV NÛZ /M\ZMQLM 5MPT]VL*ZW\>MZTIO5WZQ\b;KPÃNMZ,M\UWTL
0HOTOMETRISCHE0HOSPHATBESTIMMUNG !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w .Z]KP\[ÃN\M 'RUNDLAGEN *MQ7ZIVOMV[ÃN\MV_QZLLQMUI`QUITM3WVbMV\ZI\QWV^WVUO87T^WV6I \]ZI][V]ZJMQ;ÃN\MVUQ\[MPZPWPMV)[KPMOMPIT\MVÛJMZ[KPZQ\\MV*MQ;ÃN\MVUQ\ PÕPMZMV?MZ\MV[W_QM[WTKPMVUQ\MQVMU)[KPM879]W\QMV\MV$JM[\MP\LMZ >MZLIKP\LMZ5IVQX]TI\QWVL]ZKP8PW[XPI\b][I\bCE *MQWT]UQVILMZ )[KPMTÕ[]VOMVQVLQMb]\ZMNNMVLM/TMQKP]VOMQVOM[M\b\]VLLMZ8PW[XPI\OMPIT\K IT[UO87TMZPIT\MV" I.ÛZ7ZIVOMV]VLWV[WV[\QOMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV[QVLQVLMZ:MOMTb]VÃKP[\_Ã[[ZQOM-`\ZIS\MUQ\ LM[\?I[[MZ#IV[KPTQM¾MVLâT\ZQMZMVPMZb][\MTTMVCE J;+1+8IZIUM\MZ w MZOTMQKPM Jb_ 3ITQ JZQMZUM[[]VOMV UQ\ :MNMZMVb[]J[\IVbTÕ[]VOMV )JJ ,I[ bQ\QMZ\M ;a[\MU bMQO\VIKP0MZ[\MTTMZIVOIJMV[MPZO]\M;MTMS\Q^Q\Ã\NÛZLQMUMQ[\MVLMZÛJTQKPMZ _MQ[MIVITa[QMZ\MV)VQWVMV#[QMSÕVVMVJQ[QVLMVXXU*MZMQKPMZNI[[\_MZLMV CE
3)81 +0?MQVPMQU; 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\.I+PZWUXIKS! "1WVW;XPMZ)+PZWUXIKS6M_[6W;
+!0)4%,
,QKP\M
:USATZSTOFFE
B][I\b[\WNNM[QVL;\WNNMWLMZ;\WNNOMUQ[KPMLQMJMQLMZ0MZ[\MTT]VO^WV4MJMV[ UQ\\MTVb]Z-ZbQMT]VOKPMUQ[KPMZXPa[QSITQ[KPMZWLMZI]KPXPa[QWTWOQ[KPMZ-N NMS\Mb]U-QV[I\bSWUUMVWPVM[MTJ[\0I]X\QVPIT\[[\WNNMb][MQV0QMZb]bÃP TMVI]KPB]KSMZ)][\I][KP[\WNNMUQ\)][VIPUMLMZ.Z]K\W[MLQM>Q\IUQVM) ]VL,)UQVW[Ã]ZMV5QVMZIT[\WNNM]VL;X]ZMVMTMUMV\MB][I\b[\WNNMLÛZNMVV]Z VIKPIU\TQKPMZB]TI[[]VO^MZ_MVLM\_MZLMV=VIJLQVOJIZM>WZI][[M\b]VONÛZ MQVM B]TI[[]VO [QVL LMZ 6IKP_MQ[ LMZ OM[]VLPMQ\TQKPMV =VJMLMVSTQKPSMQ\ ]VL LMZ6IKP_MQ[LMZ\MKPVWTWOQ[KPMV6W\_MVLQOSMQ\,QMB][I\b[\WNNM[QVLVIUMV\ TQKPQV8W[Q\Q^TQ[\MVLMZB][I\b[\WNNB]TI[[]VO[>MZWZLV]VOb][IUUMVOMNI[[\ *MQ[XQMTMMQVQOMZ_QKP\QOMZ)V_MVL]VO[OMJQM\M^WVB][I\b[\WNNMV" w 3WV[MZ^QMZ]VO[[\WNNM_MZLMVMQVOM[M\b\]Ub*LQM;KPQUUMTJQTL]VOb]^MZ PQVLMZVLPLQM0IT\JIZSMQ\MQVM[4MJMV[UQ\\MT[b]^MZJM[[MZV w ;Û¾[\WNNM[WTTMVLQMOM[KPUIKSTQKPMV-QOMV[KPIN\MVXW[Q\Q^JMMQVã][[MVb* JMQLQÃ\M\Q[KPMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV w .IZJ[\WNNM [WTTMV LQM WX\Q[KPMV -QOMV[KPIN\MV XW[Q\Q^ JMMQVã][[MV b* JMQ ;Û¾_IZMV w -U]TOI\WZMVWLMZ/MTQMZUQ\\MT[WTTMVLQM3WV[Q[\MVbMQVM[4MJMV[UQ\\MT[^MZ ÃVLMZVJb_MZPIT\MV w )V\QW`QLIV\QMV[WTTMVLMVW`QLI\Q^MVJb_I]\W`QLI\Q^MV.M\\^MZLMZJ^MZPQV LMZV]LOTUMPZ ,QM)VITa\QSLMZB][I\b[\WNNMQ[\I]NOZ]VLLMZ.ÛTTMLMZUÕOTQKPMV;]J[\IVbMV [MPZ]UNIVOZMQKP1VLQM[MU3IXQ\MTSIVVLM[_MOMVV]ZMQVM)][_IPTIVITa\Q[KP ZMTM^IV\MZ 5M\PWLMV JM[KPZQMJMV _MZLMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTZMKP\TQKPM)[XMS\M _MZ LMVPQMZVQKP\JMZÛKS[QKP\QO\#LQM[JMbÛOTQKP[MQI]NLQMOMT\MVLMV:MKP\^WZ[KPZQN \MV^MZ_QM[MV
"ESTIMMUNGVON+ONSERVIERUNGSSTOFFEN .ÛZJM[\QUU\M4MJMV[UQ\\MTJb_4MJMV[UQ\\MTOZ]XXMVQ[\LMZB][I\b^WVKPMUQ [KPMV3WV[MZ^QMZ]VO[[\WNNMVb]OMTI[[MV_WJMQLQM[MMQVbMTVWLMZIT[5Q[KP]VO ]V\MZ*MIKP\]VOLMZb]TÃ[[QOMV0ÕKP[\UMVOMVMQVOM[M\b\_MZLMVSÕVVMVB] [I\b[\WNNB]TI[[]VO[>MZWZLV]VO1VLMZ4IUXMVU w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUT w ;KPMQLM\ZQKP\MZ"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV6;!UQ\;\WXNMV"UT w :]VLSWTJMV"UT #HEMIKALIENPA w -\PIVWT"!>WT QO w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ w 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPw+ w <M\ZIKPTWZSWPTMV[\WNN w +PTWZWNWZU w )UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV/MUQ[KP">WT]UMV\MQT,QM\PaTM\PMZ]VL>W T]UMV\MQT8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVUQ[KPMV w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM" QO w 6I\ZQ]U[]TNI\"_I[[MZNZMQ w ;MM[IVL w .IT\MVâT\MZ w NÛZ,+" w ,+8TI\\MV" 8WTaIUQL=> .MZ\QOXTI\\MV WLMZ [MTJ[\ PMZOM[\MTT\ _QM NWTO\" O 8WTaIUQLX]T^MZ iNÛZ LQM ,+t _MZLMV UQ\ O .T]WZM[bMVbQVLQSI\WZ .OMUQ[KP\UQ\UT5M\PIVWTPWUWOMVQ[QMZ\]VLQVMQVMZ;KPQKP\LQKSM ^WVUU]V\MZ>MZ_MVL]VOMQVMZ;\ZMQKP^WZZQKP\]VOI]N/TI[XTI\\MV I]NOM\ZIOMV w 4I]NUQ\\MT" 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV<M\ZIKPTWZSWPTMV[\WNN+PTWZWNWZU)UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM-Q[M[ [QO XX>WZ/MJZI]KPNZQ[KPIV[M\bMV w >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" *MVbWM[Ã]ZM;WZJQV[Ã]ZM;ITQKaT[Ã]ZMX0*;Ã]ZMX0*5M\PaTM[\MZX0* -\PaTM[\MZX0*8ZWXaTM[\MZX0**]\aTM[\MZRM_MQT[w QOQV-\PIVWT
3)81 ;\ZIPT]VO^WVVU[QKP\JIZ (INWEIS ,QM,QNNMZMVbQMZ]VO^WV*MVbWM[Ã]ZM]VL;WZJQV[Ã]ZMJMZMQ\M\WN\UIT[;KP_QMZQOSMQ\MV 1V[WTKPMV.ÃTTMVQ[\LQM,+5M\PWLMVIKP1V[Q\],MZQ^I\Q[QMZ]VOb]MUXNMPTMV
!NMERKUNG -QV_MQ\MZM[,+>MZNIPZMV_QZLQVCE;!NNJM[KPZQMJMV6IKP_MQ[]VL1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO LMZ3WV[MZ^QMZ]VO[[\WNNMMZNWTOMVLIJMQL]ZKP=U[M\b]VOUQ\^MZ[KPQMLMVMV:MIOMVbQ MV]V\MZ*QTL]VOKPIZIS\MZQ[\Q[KPMZ.ÃZJ]VOMV
,ITERATUR )VITa[MV[IUUT]VOLMZQV\MZVI\QWVITMV.Z]KP\[IN\=VQWV!"6Z ,QMUIQZ ? 8W[\MT ? !" 6IKP_MQ[ ]VL *M[\QUU]VO ^WV 3WV[MZ^QMZ]VO[[\WNNMV QV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTV?Q[[MV[KPIN\T>MZTIO[OM[;\]\\OIZ\ ?WQLQKP 0 /VI]MZ 0 /ITQVW^[Sa - !" ,ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT w 8ZWJMãÃ[KPKPMV"UT w X01VLQSI\WZXIXQMZX0%w w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w A*ZWUIKM\WVIXP\PWV+0+7+0*Z.I;MZ^I6Z w 4Q\PQ]UKIZJWVI\4Q+7 w +ITKQ]UKPTWZQL+I+T07
*M[\QUU]VO^WV3WV[MZ^QMZ]VO[[\WNNMV
w w w w w w w w w
;ITb[Ã]ZM"KIUWTT 3ITQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"KIUWTT .TÛ[[QOXIZINâV V0M`IV )KM\WV <WT]WT )KM\WVQ\ZQT ,QM\PaTM\PMZ A*ZWUIKM\WVIXP\PWV4Õ[]VO" UOA*ZWUIKM\WVIXP\PWVQVUT)KM\WVQ\ZQTTÕ[MV,QM4Õ[]VOU][[ RMLM?WKPMNZQ[KPPMZOM[\MTT\]VLQU3ÛPT[KPZIVSI]NJM_IPZ\_MZLMV w 4Q\PQ]UKIZJWVI\4Õ[]VO" O4Q+7QVUTLM[\?I[[MZTÕ[MV w NÛZ,+" w ,+8TI\\MV"3QM[MTOMTUQ\3WVbMV\ZQMZ]VO[bWVM w 4I]NUQ\\MT"<WT]WT)KM\WV XX^OTPQMZb])VUMZS]VO w MZÃVLMZ]VOMVQU?MQV_MQ\OMPMVL
3)81 MZPÃT\VQ[b]QPZMZ;Û¾SZIN\^MZVIKPTÃ[[QOJIZMV6ÃPZ_MZ\ PIJMV XPa[QWTWOQ[KP ]V[KPÃLTQKP [MQV UÕOTQKP[\ SMQVMV 6MJMV WLMZ 6IKPOM [KPUIKSI]N_MQ[MV]VLMQVMVWZUITM?ÃZUMJMPIVLT]VOLM[LIUQ\OM[Û¾\MV4M JMV[UQ\\MT[]V^MZÃVLMZ\ÛJMZ[\MPMV 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,QM ;Û¾[\WNNM ;IKKPIZQV +aKTIUI\ ]VL )KM[]TNIU3 _MZLMV UQ\ 0QTNM MQVM[ ãÛ[[QOMV )VQWVMVI][\I][KPMZ[ IJOM\ZMVV\ UQ\ )UUWVQIS4Õ[]VO MT]QMZ\ ]VL LÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPIVITa[QMZ\,MZ6IKP_MQ[MZNWTO\L]ZKP*MPIVL T]VOLMZMV\_QKSMT\MV,+8TI\\MVUQ\.T]WZM[KMQV4Õ[]VO]VL*ZWU
*M[\QUU]VO^WV;Û¾[\WNNMV
$URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w [ #I]¾MZLMU" w :W\I\QWV[^MZLIUXNMZ w ;KPMQLM\ZQKP\MZ"UT w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UT UTUTUTUTUT #HEMIKALIENPA w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ w 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPw+ w @aTWT w V8ZWXIVWT w 5M\PIVWT w 5M\PIVWT">WT QO w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"! QO-Q[M[[QO w -[[QO[Ã]ZM"KI QO w )UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM"! w QO w ,QM\PaTM\PMZ8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV/MUQ[KP">WT]UMV\MQT,QM\PaTM\PMZ]VL>W T]UMV\MQT8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVUQ[KPMV w .TÛ[[QOMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ#)KM\I\.WZU)UJMZTQ\M4).I;MZ^I w 1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ4Õ[]VO" UT 1WVMVI][\I][KPMZ )UJMZTQ\M 4) UQ\ !UT8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV]VLUT-[[QO[Ã]ZMKI QO^MZ[M\bMV]VLSZÃN\QO [KPÛ\\MTV6IKPLMZ8PI[MV\ZMVV]VOLQMWJMZM8PI[M^MZ_MVLMV (INWEIS 6IKPLMU/MJZI]KPSIVVLMZ1WVMVI][\I][KPMZL]ZKP?I[KPMVUQ\?I[[MZ]VL)JLIUX NMVLM[4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[ZMOMVMZQMZ\_MZLMV
w w w w w
)UUWVQISSWVb" QO )UUWVQIS4Õ[]VO" QO .T]WZM[KMQV+07 *ZWU NÛZ,+" w ,+8TI\\MV"8WTaIUQL.MZ\QOXTI\\MVWLMZ[MTJ[\PMZOM[\MTT\VIKP8WTa IUQL,.I:QMLMTLM0IÊV#RMLWKPWPVM.T]WZM[bMVbQVLQSI\WZ w 4I]NUQ\\MT"@aTWTU8ZWXIVWT)UMQ[MV[Ã]ZMXX w >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" UO;IKKPIZQV6I+aKTIUI\Jb_)KM[]TNIU3QVRM_MQT[UT>WT
QOMU5M\PIVWTTÕ[MV w ;XZÛPZMIOMVb"/M[Ã\\QO\M4Õ[]VO^WV.T]WZM[KMQVQV5M\PIVWT
"ESTIMMUNG I0MZ[\MTT]VOLMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO .TÛ[[QOM8ZWJMVSÕVVMVLQZMS\b]ZVIKPNWTOMVLMV)]NIZJMQ\]VOMQVOM[M\b\_MZ LMV#NM[\M8ZWJMV_MZLMVw[WNMZVUÕOTQKPwQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\WLMZbMZSTMQ VMZ\]VLUMPZNIKPUQ\LM[\?I[[MZI][OMbWOMV UTLMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOJb_LMZ_Ã[[ZQOMV4Õ[]VOWLMZLMZ^MZMQVQO\MV_Ã[[ ZQOMV)][bÛOM_MZLMVQVMQVMV;KPMQLM\ZQKP\MZOMOMJMVUQ\MQVQOMV,M\MS\WZQU )J[WZX\QWV[UI`QU]U6MJMVUI`QU]ULMZ>MZJQVL]VOJMQVUJM[\QUU\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w .TÛ[[QOKPZWUI\WOZIXPUQ\=>,M\MS\WZ]VL)][_MZ\MMQVPMQ\^OT w /TI[[XZQ\bM"T w 5MUJZIVâT\MZ"8WZMV_MQ\MUJb_U w =T\ZI[KPITTJIL"PMQbJIZI]N+ w =T\ZIWTTXQXM\\MV"UTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w ;MM[IVL #HEMIKALIENPA w 5M\PIVWT"UMUJZIVâT\ZQMZ\ w JQLM[\?I[[MZ"UMUJZIVâT\ZQMZ\ w <M\ZIPMX\aTIUUWVQ]UJZWUQL+ 06*Z"X]Z]U.I.T]SI w ,QVI\ZQ]UPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\PaLZI\6I08707 w 3ITQ]ULQPaLZWOMVXPW[XPI\3087
3)81 ,M\MS\QWVQU)J[WZX\QWV[UI`QU]ULMZ>MZJQVL]VOJMQ VUJM[\QUU\ $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w .TÛ[[QOKPZWUI\WOZIXPUQ\=>,M\MS\WZ]VL)][_MZ\MMQVPMQ\^OT w BMV\ZQN]OM w /TI[[XZQ\bM"T w 5MUJZIVâT\MZ"8WZMV_MQ\MU w 5M[[SWTJMV"LQ^MZ[M w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UT w *MKPMZOTÃ[MZ w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIEN w 5M\PIVWT"XIUMUJZIVâT\ZQMZ\ w JQLM[\?I[[MZ"UMUJZIVâT\ZQMZ\ w <M\ZIJ]\aTIUUWVQ]UPaLZWOMV[]TNI\+667;"NÛZLQM1WVMVXIIZKPZWUI \WOZIXPQM w )KM[]TNIU3"UQVL!! QO0IVLMT[_IZM w +IZZMb4Õ[]VOMV1]VL11"[ "ESTIMMUNG I0MZ[\MTT]VOLMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO8ZWJMVI]NIZJMQ\]VO 8ZWL]S\MUQ\ÛJMZ_QMOMVL_Ã[[ZQOMZ3WV[Q[\MVb_QMb*ITTM/M\ZÃVSMSÕVVMV VIKP=T\ZIâT\ZI\QWV=T\ZIâT\MZ"UWPVM_MQ\MZM>WZJMPIVLT]VOLQZMS\b]Z 1WVMVXIIZ084+MQVOM[M\b\_MZLMV 8ZWJMV LQM ÛJMZ_QMOMVL I][ .M[\[\WNNMV JM[\MPMV ]VL SMQVM LQM QMTM4MJMV[UQ\\MTJb_LMZMV*M[\IVL\MQTM[QVLNIZJQO5Q\JM[\QUU\MV.IZJMV _MZLMV WN\UIT[ JM[\QUU\M /M[KPUIKS[^WZ[\MTT]VOMV Jb_ 9]ITQ\Ã\[IV[XZÛKPM ^MZJ]VLMV,ILQMVI\ÛZTQKPMV.IZJ[\WNNMIJMZQVLMZ:MOMTTMQKP\MZQPZMV.IZJ\WV ]V\MZ?ÃZUM]VL4QKP\MQV_QZS]VO^MZTQMZMVLP4MJMV[UQ\\MTQVJM[\QUU\MV .ÃTTMV^MZIZJMQ\]VO[JMLQVO\M.IZJ^MZT][\MI]N_MQ[MVI][JTMQKPMVSÕVVMV_MZ LMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTVM^\T.IZJ[\WNNMb]OM[M\b\,QM4MJMV[UQ\\MTLÛZNMVITTMZLQVO[ V]ZQUPMZSÕUUTQKPMV:IPUMVOMNÃZJ\_MZLMV .ÛZLQM.ÃZJ]VO^WV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV[QVLVIKPMQVMZ8W[Q\Q^TQ[\MLMZB][I\b[\WNN B]TI[[]VO[>MZWZLV]VOMQVM:MQPM^WV.IZJ[\WNNMVb]OMTI[[MVMZJQVL]VOMV [QVLLIJMQbMZTIO*WXXIZL
3)81 WT]UMV\MQTM)UUWVQIS QOUQ\!>WT]UMV\MQTMV5M\PIVWTUQ[KPMV 3ITQ]UPaLZWOMV[]TNI\4Õ[]VO" QO 8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV";QMLMJMZMQKPw+ ?WTTNÃLMV;KPIN_WTTNÃLMVMV\NM\\M\" ?MQ¾M;KP]Z_WTTMSZÃN\QOM[;\ZQKSOIZV_QZLUQ\8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQVM`\ZIPQMZ\ ;W`PTM\)XXIZI\]Z#w)JTÃ]NM,QMMV\NM\\M\MV]VLIVLMZ4]N\OM\ZWKS VM\MV ?WTTNÃLMV _MZLMV QV UM\PIVWTQ[KPMZ )UUWVQIS4Õ[]VO P TIVO I]N +MZPQ\b\IV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\ZMQKPTQKPLM[\?I[[MZI][OM[XÛT\]VLOM\ZWKS VM\ 8WTaIUQL8]T^MZ568WTaIUQL;+.I5IKPMZMa6IOMT /TI[_WTTM ;MM[IVL NÛZ,+[I]KP)VUMZS]VO" w ,+8TI\\MV" 3QM[MTOMT .MZ\QOXTI\\MV WPVM .T]WZM[bMVbQVLQSI\WZ WLMZ [MTJ[\PMZOM[\MTT\"UU3QM[MTOMT/^OT w 4I]NUQ\\MT" 41" V*]\IVWT-\PIVWTLM[\?I[[MZ-Q[M[[QOXXWLMZ 411" <WT]WT-Q[M[[QOXXWLMZ 4111"-\PaTIKM\I\5M\PIVWT)UUWVQIS QOLM[\?I[[MZ XX
1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO^WV.IZJ[\WNNMV
w >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" ,Q^MZ[MPaLZWXPQTM.IZJ[\WNNMRM_MQT[KI QOQV5M\PIVWTJb_5M\PI VWT?I[[MZ/MUQ[KPMV^OTWT]UMV^WVwUTMQVOMMVO\]VLLIVVb]Z ,+)VITa[MMQVOM[M\b\ K,+MZTIO*WXXIZL WT]UMV\MQTM)UUWVQIS QOUQ\!>WT]UMV\MQTMV5M\PIVWTUQ[KPMV w 8WTaIUQL8]T^MZ568WTaIUQL;+.5IKPMZMa6IOMT
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w .IT\MVâT\MZ #HEMIKALIENPA w -\PIVWT"UQVL!>WT QO w 8ZWXIVWT w )KM\WVQ\ZQT w V0M`IV w -[[QO[Ã]ZMM\PaTM[\MZ w -\PaTUM\PaTSM\WV
3)81 []TNI\<M\ZIPaLZI\+M;707 0aLZIbWVWLQPaLZWUM\PaTJMVbW\PQIbWTPaLZWKPTWZQL 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTOMUQ[KP"-\PIVWT8ZWXIVWT)KM\WVQ\ZQTXX NÛZ,+" w ,+8TI\\MV"3QM[MTOMT.MZ\QOXTI\\MVWPVM.T]WZM[bMVbQVLQSI\WZWLMZ[MTJ[\ PMZOM[\MTT\"UU3QM[MTOMT/^OT w 4I]NUQ\\MT" w NÛZLQM4I]NZQKP\]VO 41"V0M`IV-[[QO[Ã]ZMM\PaTM[\MZ!XX w NÛZLQM4I]NZQKP\]VO 411" V0M`IV-\PaTUM\PaTSM\WV\MZ\*]\aTUM\PaTM\PMZ)UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM XXJb_ 4111"8M\ZWTM]UJMVbQV-Q[M[[QO XXWLMZ 41>",QKPTWZUM\PIV5M\PIVWT-Q[M[[QO!XX w >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV" 2M_MQT[UOUTQV-\PIVWT^WVNWTOMVLMV)V\QW`QLIV\QMV"8ZWXaT7K\aT ,WLMKaTOITTI\# *]\aTPaLZW`a\WT]WT *0MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV -V\_QKST]VO" )]N[\MQOMVLQV63IUUMZJQ[b]MQVMZ4I]NPÕPM^WVKIKU#MQVLQUMV[QWVIT 4I]NUQ\\MT"2MMQVM[LMZWJMVIVOMOMJMVMV4I]NUQ\\MT41JQ[41>XZW8TI\\M (INWEIS ,QM-V\_QKST]VOLMZ,+8TI\\MV[WTTTQKP\OM[KPÛ\b\MZNWTOMV#LQMMV\_QKSMT\MV8TI\\MV_MZ LMVVQKP\_QMJMQIVLMZMV>MZ[]KPMVUQ\LMU.ÕV[WVLMZVL]ZKP)]NJTI[MV^WV;\QKS [\WNN]V\MZLMU)Jb]OOM\ZWKSVM\ ,MZ 6IKP_MQ[ MZNWTO\ L]ZKP =U[M\b]VO UQ\ LMV ;XZÛPZMIOMVbQMV :1 JQ[ :11 _QM ]V\MZ K JM[KPZQMJMV
J0I]X\^MZ[]KPUQ\b_MQLQUMV[QWVITMZ,+ ;KPZQ\\MZ[\M4I]NZQKP\]VO" )]N\ZIO]VOLMZ4Õ[]VOMV")]Nb_MQ,+8TI\\MV)]VL*RM_MQT[TLMZVIKPI PMZOM[\MTT\MV<M[\TÕ[]VOI]N8]VS\;LMZ[QKPb]VÃKP[\QVLMZTQVSMV]V\MZMV-KSM JMâVLM\[W_QMT^WVRMLMZLMZ>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMVI]NLQM8]VS\M]VLI]N LMZZMKP\MV;MQ\M^WV;^OT;KPMUIQV)JJ -V\_QKST]VOQVLMZMZ[\MV4I]NZQKP\]VO" )]N[\MQOMVLQV63IUUMZJQ[b]MQVMZ4I]NPÕPM^WVKIKU4I]NUQ\\MT".ÛZ JMQLM8TI\\MV)]VL*4I]NUQ\\MT41 (INWEIS ,QM-V\_QKST]VO[WTTTQKP\OM[KPÛ\b\MZNWTOMV#LQMMV\_QKSMT\MV8TI\\MV_MZLMV]V\MZLMU )Jb]OL]ZKP)]NJTI[MV^WV;\QKS[\WNNOM\ZWKSVM\
;KPZQ\\b_MQ\M4I]NZQKP\]VO" )]N\ZIO]VOLMZ4Õ[]VOMV",QM8TI\\MV)]VL*_MZLMV]U!OMOMVLMV=PZbMQ OMZ[QVVOMLZMP\[WLI[[LMZ]Z[XZÛVOTQKPM)]N\ZIO]VO[X]VS\;LMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO RM\b\QVLMZZMKP\MV]V\MZMV-KSMTQMO\[W_QMQV)JJLIZOM[\MTT\#QVLQMV]V TQVSM]V\MZM-KSM_MZLMV_QMLMZRMTLMZ>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMVI]NLQM8]VS\M ]VLI]NOM\ZIOMV[;KPMUIQV)JJ
3)81 MZOTMQKP[[]J[\IVbMV w 3 ;\IZ\X]VS\ LMZ 8ZWJM & 4I]NUQ\\MTNZWV\ LMZ -V\_QKST]VO & 4I]NUQ\\MTNZWV\ LMZ -V\_QKST]VO n BZW n@ >MZOTMQKP[[]J[\IVbMV ;\IZ\X]VS\M Jb_ 4I]NZQKP\]VO !n# ;]J[\IVbNTMKSMV I][ LMZ 8ZWJM 3CHWARZE 0UNKTE )U -VLM LM[ >MZ[]KP[ MZSMVVJIZM .TMKSMV 'ESTRICHELTE 0UNKTE B_Q[KPMVXW[Q\QWVMV LMZ ;]J[\IVbMV I][ LMZ 8ZWJM VIKP LMZ -V\_QKST]VO
-V\_QKST]VOQVLMZb_MQ\MV4I]NZQKP\]VO" )]N[\MQOMVLQV63IUUMZJQ[b]MQVMZ4I]NPÕPM^WVKIKU4I]NUQ\\MT".ÛZ ,+8TI\\M)4I]NUQ\\MT411NÛZ,+8TI\\M*4I]NUQ\\MT4111WLMZ41>41>Q[\JM [WVLMZ[b]Z_MQ\MZMV)]N\ZMVV]VOLMZ/ITTI\M)+8]VL6,/)OMMQOVM\ (INWEIS 6IKPLMZ-V\_QKST]VOTQKP\OM[KPÛ\b\_MZLMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTZM[\M_QMWJMVJM[KPZQMJMV UQ\;\QKS[\WNN^MZJTI[MV
K ,M\MS\QWV 6IKP_MQ[]VL1LMV\QâbQMZ]VOLMZ)V\QW`QLIV\QMVMZNWTOMVL]ZKP=U[M\b]VOUQ\ LMV;XZÛPZMIOMVbQMV_QMNWTO\" K-QVMLMZMV\_QKSMT\MV,+8TI\\MVb*)_QZLUQ\:MIOMVb:1JM[XZÛP\OM \ZWKSVM\]VL]V\MZLMZ=>4IUXMJM\ZIKP\M\:MIS\QWV )V[KPTQM¾MVL _QZL LQM 8TI\\M UQ\ :MIOMVb :11 ÛJMZ[XZÛP\ M\_I UQV TIVO QU WZZI\[JMPÃT\MZ]VL3IXQT TIZ»JMZTI]NZWPZNÛZLQM:ML]S\QWVLM[6Q\ZI\:ML]S\WZ[Ã]TM[)JJ w ?MQ\PIT[-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w -ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV"UT w 5M[[baTQVLMZ"UT w 5M[[SWTJMV"UTUT w >WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUTUTUTUT w .IT\MVâT\MZ",]ZKPUM[[MZKU w /TI[_WTTM
1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO_MQ\MZMZB][I\b[\WNNM
#HEMIKALIENPA w BQVS[\ÃJM"KI¶wUU w ;ITb[Ã]ZM" QOL+%!OUT w ;ITb[Ã]ZM"UWTT w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VO"UWTT w )UUWVQIS4Õ[]VO" QOL+%!OUT w +ILUQ]U[]TNI\7S\IPaLZI\+L;7 07 w -\PaTMVLQVQ\ZQTW\M\ZIM[[QO[Ã]ZM,QVI\ZQ]U[ITb,QPaLZI\-,WT]UMV\MQT.IZJZMIOMVb)]VL*_MZLMV ^WZLMU/MJZI]KPOMUQ[KP\,QM5Q[KP]VOQ[\UMPZMZM;\]VLMVTIVOPIT\ JIZ w 6Q\ZI\>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV LQM[M4Õ[]VOMV[QVL[\M\[NZQ[KPIVb][M\bMV" w 6Q\ZI\;\IUUTÕ[]VOUO367Tԑ !!UO67Ջ T"UO3ITQ ]UVQ\ZI\_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]OM_WOMVQVLM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLI]N UTI]NOMNÛTT\UTLQM[MZ4Õ[]VO_MZLMVQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMV XQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 6Q\ZI\;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VO" UTLMZ6Q\ZI\;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMVQVMQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\ \QMZ\]VLUQ\M\_IUTLM[\?I[[MZ[W_QMUTOM[Ã\\QO\MZ*WZI`4Õ[]VO ^MZUQ[KP\,IVV_MZLMVVIKPMQVIVLMZRMUT4Õ[]VO1]VL11b]OMOMJMV _WJMQVIKPRMLMZB]OIJMOMUQ[KP\_QZL6IKPLMU)]NNÛTTMVUQ\LM[\?I[ [MZJQ[b]Z5IZSM_QZLOZÛVLTQKPOMUQ[KP\UQV[\MPMVOMTI[[MV]VLIV [KPTQM¾MVLL]ZKPMQV.IT\MVâT\MZâT\ZQMZ\ UTLQM[MZ4Õ[]VOMV\PIT\MVUO3ITQ]UVQ\ZI\ԑUO67Ջ w 6Q\ZQ\>MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VOMV LQM[M4Õ[]VOMV[QVL[\M\[NZQ[KPIVb][M\bMV" w 6Q\ZQ\;\IUUTÕ[]VOUO6I67TԑUO67Ջ T" UO6I\ZQ]UVQ\ZQ\_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]OM_WOMVQVLM[\?I[[MZ OMTÕ[\UQ\UT6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL4Õ[]VOUWTT^MZ[M\b\]VLUQ\LM[\ ?I[[MZI]NUTI]NOMNÛTT\UTLQM[MZ4Õ[]VO_MZLMVQVMQVMVUT 5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w 6Q\ZQ\;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV" >WVLMZ6Q\ZQ\;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMVRMJb_UTQVMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMV XQXM\\QMZ\ ]VL UQ\ M\_I UT LM[\ ?I[[MZ [W_QM UT OM[Ã\\QO\MZ *WZI`4Õ[]VO ^MZUQ[KP\ ,IVV _MZLMV VIKPMQVIVLMZ RM UT 4Õ[]VO1]VL11b]OMOMJMV_WJMQVIKPRMLMZB]OIJMOMUQ[KP\_QZL6IKP LMU )]NNÛTTMV UQ\ LM[\ ?I[[MZ JQ[ b]Z 5IZSM _QZL OZÛVLTQKP OMUQ[KP\ UQV[\MPMVOMTI[[MV]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLL]ZKPMQV.IT\MVâT\MZâT\ZQMZ\ UTLMZ[WPMZOM[\MTT\MV4Õ[]VOMVMV\PIT\MVMV\[XZMKPMVLLMZ,W[QMZ]VO LMZ 6Q\ZQ\;\IUUTÕ[]VO Jb_ O 6I\ZQ]UVQ\ZQ\ ԑ Jb_O67Ջ
1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO_MQ\MZMZB][I\b[\WNNM
(ERSTELLUNGDER2EDUKTORSËULE .ÛTT]VO ,I[ ]V\MZM ^MZRÛVO\M -VLM LMZ /TI[[Ã]TM [ )JJ _QZL UQ\ /TI[_WTTM ^MZ [KPTW[[MV]ULI[+ILUQ]Ub]ZÛKSb]PIT\MV,IVV_QZLLMZ+ILUQ]U;KPTIUU /M_QVV]VO[i+PMUQSITQMVtUQ\LM[\?I[[MZQVLQM;Ã]TMÛJMZ[XÛT\]VLb_IZ [WLI[[LI[WJMZM6Q^MI]LMZ+ILUQ]U[Ã]TM0ÕPMKIUU]VLLQM)][ TI]NÕNNV]VO LM[ 3IXQTTIZ»JMZTI]NZWPZM[ [W _MQ\ I]N OTMQKPMZ 0ÕPM TQMOMV LI[[ JMQU)JãQM¾MVMQVMZ[MQ\[LMZ.TÛ[[QOSMQ\[[XQMOMTVQKP\]V\MZLI[6Q^MI]LMZ+IL UQ]U[Ã]TMNÃTT\]VLIVLMZMZ[MQ\[LI[ÛJMZ[\MPMVLM<W\^WT]UMVUÕOTQKP[\OMZQVO JTMQJ\ (INWEIS -^MV\]MTTM/I[MQV[KPTÛ[[M_MZLMVb*UQ\MQVMU5M\ITTLZIP\MV\NMZV\,QM[WPMZOM[\MTT\M ;Ã]TM[WTTMQVMV,]ZKPNT][[^WVUI`UTUQVI]N_MQ[MV?MVVLQM;Ã]TMVQKP\JMV]\b\ _QZLQ[\LMZ>WZZI\[JMPÃT\MZb]^MZ[KPTQM¾MVb*UQ\8IZINQTU
>WZJMPIVLT]VO ,QM VIKP OMNÛTT\M +ILUQ]U[Ã]TM _QZL VIKPMQVIVLMZ UQ\ UT ;ITb[Ã]ZM UWTTUTLM[\?I[[MZ]VLUT^MZLÛVV\MZ)UUWVQIS8]NNMZTÕ[]VO OM_I[KPMV ,IJMQ Q[\ LIZI]N b] IKP\MV LI[[ LMZ .TÛ[[QOSMQ\[[XQMOMT VQKP\ ]V\MZ LI[6Q^MI]LM[)][TI]N[LM[3IXQTTIZ»JMZTI]NZWPZM[NÃTT\ »JMZXZÛN]VOLMZ:ML]S\QWV[TMQ[\]VO UTLMZ6Q\ZI\;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOUO3ITQ]UVQ\ZI\MV\PIT\MVL]VL^WZJM PIVLMT\_QM]V\MZi+PMUQSITQMVtIVOMOMJMV_MZLMVUQ\UT)UUWVQIS8]NNMZ TÕ[]VOOMUQ[KP\]VLY]IV\Q\I\Q^I]NLQM:ML]S\WZ[Ã]TMOMOMJMV,I[I][TI]NMVLM -T]I\_QZLQVMQVMUUT5M[[SWTJMVOM[IUUMT\]VLLMZ>WZZI\[JMPÃT\MZLMZ ;Ã]TM[WJITLMZNI[\TMMZQ[\b_MQUITVIKPMQVIVLMZUQ\RM_MQT[UTLM[\?I[ [MZVIKPOM[XÛT\,IVV_QZLLMZ>WZZI\[JMPÃT\MZ^WTT[\ÃVLQOUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOM NÛTT\]VL_MQ\MZMT]QMZ\,MZ5M[[SWTJMV_QZLS]ZbJM^WZLI[-T]I\LQM5IZSMLM[ 5M[[SWTJMV[MZZMQKP\PI\^WVLMZ;Ã]TMMV\NMZV\UQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\]VLO]\L]ZKPUQ[KP\[WOiZML]bQMZ\M<M[\TÕ[]VOtUTLM[-T]I\[ _MZLMVb]Z.IZJZMIS\QWVVIKPJMQVOM[M\b\ *M_MZ\]VO ,QM6Q\ZQ\SWVbMV\ZI\QWVLM[-T]I\[_QZLIVPIVLLMZ3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M[LMZUQ\\MT\ ]VLLIZNVQKP\_MVQOMZIT[! LM[\PMWZM\Q[KPMV?MZ\M[JM\ZIOMV1[\LQM[IJMZ LMZ.ITT[WQ[\MQVMVM]M+ILUQ]U:ML]S\WZ[Ã]TMPMZb][\MTTMV "ESTIMMUNG I8ZWJMVI]NIZJMQ\]VO I0I]X\_MZ\IV[I\b ,QM 8ZWJM _QZL UQ\ 0QTNM MQVM[ 0WUWOMVQ[QMZOMZÃ\M[ [WZONÃT\QO PWUWOMVQ[QMZ\ ,QM_MQ\MZM=V\MZ[]KP]VOQ[\]VUQ\\MTJIZLIVIKP^WZb]VMPUMV -\_IO8ZWJM_MZLMVI]NUOOMVI]QVMQVMV?MQ\PIT[-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV MQVOM_WOMVUQ\UT*WZI`4Õ[]VO]VLUTLM[\?I[[MZ^MZ[M\b\KIUQV UQ\0QTNMLM[=T\ZIMZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZJMQU-QVPIT\MVLQM[MZ>WZ[KPZQN\" 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
,MZ6Q\ZQ\OMPIT\61IVOMOMJMVIT[6Q\ZQ\67Ջ Jb_6I\ZQ]UVQ\ZQ\6I67QV UOSOLMZ8ZWJMMZZMKPVM\[QKP_QMNWTO\"
J . -
O6Q\ZQ\Jb_6I\ZQ]UVQ\ZQ\LQMQVUTLMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOIMV\ PIT\MV[QVLMV\VWUUMVI][3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZJMQU-QVPIT\MVLQM[MZ>WZ[KPZQN\" 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
3)81 WTTXQXM\\MV"UTUTUTUTUT w 5M[[XQXM\\MV"UTUT #HEMIKALIENPA w 5IOVM[Q]UIKM\I\4Õ[]VO" O 5IOVM[Q]UIKM\I\ 5O+0+77 07 _MZLMV QV MQVMU UT 5M[[SWTJMVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w ;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM^MZLÛVV\" >WT]UMV\MQT;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZMUQVL QOUQ\>WT]UMV\MQTMVLM[\?I[[MZ ^MZLÛVVMV w )UUWVQ]U^IVILI\4Õ[]VO" O )UUWVQ]UUWVW^IVILI\ 60>7 _MZLMV QU UT5M[[SWTJMV QV KIUT[QMLMVLMULM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\VIKPLMU-ZSIT\MVUQ\UT;IT XM\MZ[Ã]ZMUQVL QO^MZ[M\b\]VLUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOM NÛTT\ w )UUWVQ]UUWTaJLI\4Õ[]VO" O )UUWVQ]UPMX\IUWTaJLI\ 605W7 07 _MZLMV QU UT 5M[[SWTJMVQVKIw UT_IZUMULM[\?I[[MZOMTÕ[\]VLVIKPLMU-Z SIT\MVJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\ w :MIOMVbTÕ[]VO" 2M>WT]UMV\MQT^MZL;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM)UUWVQ]U^IVILI\]VL)UUWVQ]U UWTaJLI\4Õ[]VO UQ\MQVIVLMZ UQ[KPMV ,QM :MIOMVbTÕ[]VO U][[ STIZ ]VL [KP_IKPOMTJTQKPOMNÃZJ\[MQV
3)81 WVLMZ\ZWKSMVMV;]J[\IVb_MZLMVOMVI]!UOQVMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMVMQVOM_WOMV]VLLQM[MZUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSM I]NOMNÛTT\ w 8PW[XPI\3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMV" >WVLMZ8PW[XPI\;\IUUTÕ[]VO_MZLMV]VLUTQVRMMQVMV UT5M[[SWTJMVXQXM\\QMZ\RM_MQT[UT^MZLÛVV\M;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZMb]OMOM JMV]VLLIVVUQ\LM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\K%]VL UOT "ESTIMMUNG I8ZWJMVI]NIZJMQ\]VO +IOLMZNMQVbMZSTMQVMZ\MVOMVI]OM_WOMVMV8ZWJM_MZLMVQVMQVMZ9]IZb[KPI TMUQ\UT5IOVM[Q]UIKM\I\4Õ[]VOO]\^MZUQ[KP\UQ\0QTNMLM[7JMZãÃKPMV ^MZLIUXNMZ[^WZ[QKP\QO^MZSWPT\]VLLIVVJMQ+QU5]NNMTWNMV^MZI[KP\ ,QM_MQ¾M)[KPM_QZLUQ\UT^MZL;ITXM\MZ[Ã]ZM^MZ[M\b\MZPQ\b\]VLQU MZLÛVV]VO >WT]UMVQVUTLMZb]Z.IZJZMIS\QWVMQVOM[M\b\MV)[KPMTÕ[]VO 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO_MQ\MZMZB][I\b[\WNNM
!NMERKUNG -QV8PW[XPI\b][I\bSIVVÛJMZLQM-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZi8BIPTtVIKPOM_QM[MV_MZLMV,QM8 BIPTQ[\MQVMMUXQZQ[KPM3MVVbIPTLMZLI[QU.TMQ[KPZMTI\Q^SWV[\IV\M>MZPÃT\VQ[8PW[XPI\ OMPIT\b]:WPXZW\MQVOMPIT\-ZUQ\\T]VO"[b]OZ]VLMTQMO\
,QML]ZKP[KPVQ\\TQKPM8BIPTJMQ.TMQ[KP]VL.TMQ[KPMZbM]OVQ[[MVTQMO\JMQ*QVLMOM_M JM;MPVMV]VL;KP_IZ\MV_MQ[MVMZPMJTQKPVQMLZQOMZM8BIPTMVI]N 1VVMZMQMVLIOMOMVMZPMJTQKPPÕPMZM4MJMZ"#0QZV" *MQ*ZÛP_ÛZ[\MVWPVM4MJMZb][I\bOQT\MQV8PW[XPI\b][I\bIT[MZ_QM[MV_MVVLQM8BIPT ÛJMZTQMO\
,ITERATUR );="*L14!,MbMUJMZ!!NÛZ.TMQ[KP]VL.TMQ[KPMZbM]OVQ[[M );="*L1I4!,MbMUJMZ!!NÛZ.TMQ[KPMZbM]OVQ[[M );="*L1I4 !,MbMUJMZ!!NÛZ?]Z[\_IZMV WZTIOMÛJMZNÛPZ\,QM*M[\QUU]VOMZNWTO\\Q\ZQUM\ZQ[KPMV\_MLMZIT[,Q ZMS\\Q\ZI\QWVVIKPLMZ*WZ[Ã]ZMUM\PWLM>IZQIV\MWLMZIT[:ÛKS\Q\ZI\QWVUQ\ XW\MV\QWUM\ZQ[KPMZ-VLX]VS\[JM[\QUU]VO>IZQIV\M $URCHFàHRUNG 'ERËTEUND(ILFSMITTEL w ?I[[MZLIUXN,M[\QTTI\QWV[IXXIZI\]Zb*VIKP)V\WVIKWXW]TW[WLMZ*ÛKPQ w *ÛZM\\MWLMZI]\WUI\Q[KPMZIZQIV\M" w *WZ[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VO _X w -\PIVWTQ[KPM5M\PaTZW\4Õ[]VO _X w ;ITb[Ã]ZM4Õ[]VOUWTT w >IZQIV\M" w ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTT w 6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTT "ESTIMMUNG I0MZ[\MTT]VOLMZ<M[\TÕ[]VO 6IKPBMZSTMQVMZ]VOLMZUMQ[\NM[\MV8ZWJMV[)J[KPVQ\\#^OT8ZWJMV^WZJM ZMQ\]VO_QZLMQVM5MVOMLMZ8ZWJMLQMM\_IJQ[UO)UUWVQ]UKPTWZQL MV\PÃT\ QV MQVMV UT-ZTMVUMaMZSWTJMV I]N UO OMVI] MQVOM_WOMV =V\MZ :ÛPZMV]VL-Z_ÃZUMV_QZLLQM8ZWJMQVKIUT?I[[MZOMTÕ[\Y]IV\Q\I\Q^QV MQVMVUT5M[[SWTJMVÛJMZNÛPZ\]VLJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\
1LMV\QNQbQMZ]VO_MQ\MZMZB][I\b[\WNNM
J,M[\QTTI\QWV ,QM>WZTIOMNÛZLQM?I[[MZLIUXNLM[\QTTI\QWVJM[\MP\MV\_MLMZI][UT*WZ[Ã] ZMTÕ[]VO^MZ[M\b\UQ\IZQIV\MWLMZI][UT ;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM5I¾TÕ[]VO>IZQIV\M,I[)][TI]NZÕPZKPMV[WTTUQVLM[\MV[KU QVLQM>WZTIOMTÕ[]VO\I]KPMV.ÛZLQM,M[\QTTI\QWV_QZLLQM,QKP\QOSMQ\LMZ)XXI ZI\]ZÛJMZXZÛN\,IVV_MZLMVUTLMZ8ZWJMTÕ[]VOQVLMV,M[\QTTI\QWV[SWT JMVXQXM\\QMZ\;WNWZ\VIKPB]OIJM^WVKIO5IOVM[Q]UW`QL_QZLLMZ3WTJMV LQKP\ IV LQM )XXIZI\]Z IVOM[KPTW[[MV ,QM ?I[[MZLIUXNb]N]PZ _QZL OM[\IZ\M\ ]VLMZ[\VIKP»JMZOIVO^WVKIUT,M[\QTTI\JMMVLM\,QM>WZTIOM_QZL]V\MZ )J[XÛTMVLM[)][TI]NZÕPZKPMV[UQ\?I[[MZ^WVLMZ)XXIZI\]ZOMVWUUMV JIZQIV\M
!USWERTUNG ,MZXZWbMV\]ITM)UUWVQ]UKPTWZQL/MPIT\60+TMZZMKPVM\[QKP_QMNWTO\" .ÛZLQM,QZMS\\Q\ZI\QWV>IZQIV\M"
> >MZJZI]KPIV;ITb[Ã]ZM5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUT N >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ !=UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZNÛZ)UUWVQ]UKPTWZQL U 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
.ÛZLQM:ÛKS\Q\ZI\QWV>IZQIV\M"
> >WT]UMVLMZ>WZTIOMIV;KP_MNMT[Ã]ZM5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUT > >MZJZI]KPIV6I\ZQ]UPaLZW`QL5I¾TÕ[]VOUWTTQVUT N >MZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ ! =UZMKPV]VO[NIS\WZNÛZ)UUWVQ]UKPTWZQL U 8ZWJMVMQV_IIOMQVO
,ITERATUR );"*L14 ,MbMUJMZ 5I\Q[[MS : ;XZÕMZ 8, ?MZVMZ , " *M[\QUU]VO ^WV )UUWVQ]UKPTWZQL QV 4ISZQ\b MZbM]OVQ[[MV,M]\4MJMV[U:L[KP"
+!0)4%,
*M[\QUU]VO^WVI][OM_ÃPT\MVWZOIVQ[KPMV:ÛKS[\ÃVLMV
3CHADSTOFFE 2àCKSTËNDE UND+ONTAMINANTEN
9]ITQ\Ã\]VL;QKPMZPMQ\^WV4MJMV[UQ\\MTVb]OM_ÃPZTMQ[\MVQ[\[MQ\RMPMZ0I]X\ I]NOIJM IVOM_IVL\MZ 4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQM ?ÃPZMVL bMQ\_MQTQO RMLWKP PI]X\ [ÃKPTQKP OM[M\b\M 6WZUMV SWV\ZWTTQMZ\ ]VL QPZM -QVPIT\]VO ÛJMZ_IKP\ _]ZLMV \ZQ\\ IT[ VM]M 3WUXWVMV\M LQM >WZ[WZOM IT[W LQM .ZÛPMZSMVV]VO UÕOTQKPMZ /MNIPZMV PM]\M ^MZ[\ÃZS\ QV LMV >WZLMZOZ]VL ,QM[ TQMO\ LIZIV LI[[ I]NOZ]VL ^MZ[KPQMLMVMZ3WV\IUQVI\QWV[ZQ[QSMVL]ZKPITTOMUMQVM=U_MT\JMTI[\]VOMV]VL L]ZKP[\ÃVLQO^MZNMQVMZ\M)VITa[MV\MKPVQSMVUQ\M`\ZMUVQMLZQOMV-ZNI[[]VO[ OZMVbMV[W_QMVQKP\b]TM\b\_MOMVMQVM[OM[KPÃZN\MV=U_MT\JM_][[\[MQV[PM]\M LMZ.ZIOMVIKPLMZ;QKPMZPMQ\LMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MT^MZUMPZ\M*MLM]\]VOb]OMUM[[MV _QZL*MIKP\]VOâVLM\LIJMQQV[JM[WVLMZMLQM8ZWJTMUI\QSLMZ3WV\IUQVI\QWV ^WV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTV L]ZKP ;\IVLWZ\JMLQVO]VOMV L]ZKP -QV_QZS]VO ^WV 5QSZW WZOIVQ[UMVWLMZL]ZKPB][Ã\bM:ÛKS[\ÃVLM]VL>MZ]VZMQVQO]VOMV?MQ\MZPQV Q[\IJMZI]KPb]JMIKP\MVLI[[4MJMV[UQ\\MTI][VI\ÛZTQKPMV8ZWbM[[MVWLMZIT[ .WTOM^WV>MZLMZJVQ[^WZOÃVOMV;KPIL[\WNNMMV\PIT\MVSÕVVMVLQMVQKP\IV\PZW XWOMVMV=Z[XZ]VO[[QVL B]ZJM[[MZMV»JMZ[QKP\SIVVLQM>QMTbIPTLMZUÕOTQKPMV;KPIL[\WNNM_QMNWTO\ STI[[QâbQMZ\_MZLMV" /M[]VLPMQ\[[KPÃLTQKPM;\WNNMQVVI\ÛZTQKPMV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV"6Q\ZI\M7`IT[Ã]ZM *TI][Ã]ZMUMQ[\OTaSW[QLQ[KPOMJ]VLMVQV.WZU^WV+aIVPaLZQVMVOWQ\ZW OMVM;\WNNM3ZWXNJQTL]VO;\Z]UI#b*/WQ\ZQVQV3WPT]VL:ÛJMV[WZ\MV ;WTIVQV QV OZÛVMV 3IZ\WNNMTV MZJQVL]VOMV 8MZ KPTWZM\PaTMV.T]WZKPTWZSWPTMV_I[[MZ[\WNNM.+3?]I?MQKPUIKPMZb* 8P\PITI\M5WVWUMZMb*>QVaTKPTWZQL>+0WTb[KP]\bUQ\\MTb*8MV\I KPTWZXPMVWT]I ,QM )VITa\QS LQM[MZ ;]J[\IVbMV Q[\ PÃ]âO [MPZ SWUXTQbQMZ\ ]VL I]N_ÃVLQO )V LQM[MZ ;\MTTM Q[\ M[ LIPMZ V]Z UÕOTQKP I][ LMZ .ÛTTM LMZ ;\WNNM MQVQOM *MQ[XQMTM PMZI][b]OZMQNMV]VLIVITa\Q[KPLIZb][\MTTMV
"ESTIMMUNGVONAUSGEWËHLTENTOXISCHEN3CHWERMETALLEN ,QM[M[3IXQ\MTJMPIVLMT\MQVMVSTMQVMV)][[KPVQ\\I][LMZ)VITa\QS^WV\W`Q[KPMV ;KP_MZUM\ITTMV UQ\\MT[ )); IV LMV JMQLMV iSTI[[Q[KPMVt *MQ[XQMTMV" *TMQ ]VL 9]MKS[QTJMZOMPIT\M QV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTV B]Z >MZ\QMN]VO LM[ 8ZWJTMUSZMQ[M[ \W`Q [KPM5M\ITTMQV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV[MQI]NLQM;XMbQITTQ\MZI\]Z^MZ_QM[MV
"ESTIMMUNGVON"LEIMITTELS!!3 !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTITTOMUMQV 'RUNDLAGEN 1V LMZ >MZOIVOMVPMQ\ PI\ LQM >MZ_MVL]VO ^WV *TMQZWPZMV QV LMZ MZbMPZ^WV.Q[KPMV]VL ;KPITMV\QMZMVb]ZÛKSOMNÛPZ\_MZLMVLQMMQVMVPWPMV/MPIT\IV5M\PaTY]MKS[QT JMZJM[I¾MV 7J_WPT .Q[KPM IJMZ I]KP ?QTL ]VL 8QTbM SÕVVMV 0O>MZJQVL]VOMV ISS] U]TQMZMV ZMTI\Q^ PWPM 9]MKS[QTJMZOMPIT\M I]N_MQ[MV Q[\ LQM L]ZKP[KPVQ\\TQKPM 9]MKS[QTJMZJMTI[\]VOL]ZKP4MJMV[UQ\\MTZMTI\Q^OMZQVO 0RINZIPDER-ETHODE ,I[ 8ZWJMVUI\MZQIT _QZL KPMUQ[KP I]NOM[KPTW[[MV LI[ 9]MKS[QTJMZ I][ ITSITQ [KPMZ4Õ[]VOVIKP:ML]S\QWVUQ\BQVVKPTWZQL4Õ[]VOIV/WTL_WTTMIUITOIUQMZ\ ]VLIV[KPTQM¾MVLL]ZKP5M[[]VOLMZ)J[WZX\QWVJMQVUUQ\\MT[/ZIXPQ\ ZWPZ));JM[\QUU\B]ZMZ OTMQKPUQ\LMZ:M\MV\QWV[bMQ\LMZ3ITQJZQMZ[]J[\IVbb]OMWZLVM\B]ZY]IV\Q\I\Q^MV *M[\QUU]VOLM[<M\ZIKPTWZM\PMV[]VLb]Z-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZ-`\ZIS\QWV[I][JM]\M ÛJMZ LQM ,*+53WVbMV\ZI\QWV QV LMZ <M[\TÕ[]VO _MZLMV 3ITQJZQMZUM[[]VOMV
3)81 MZTIO +PMUQM ?MQVPMQU*L!; >QM\P[ ; *TII[ ? .Q[KPMZ 5 3ZI][M + 5MPTQ\b 1 ?MJMZ : ! " 3WV\IUQVI\QWVMV ^WV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTV ÛJMZ LQM /I[XPI[M L]ZKP <M\ZIKPTWZM\PMV-UQ[[QWVMV MQVMZ +PMUQ[KPMV :MQVQO]VOB4MJMV[U=V\MZ[.WZ[KP " >QM\P[;*TII[?.Q[KPMZ53ZI][M+5I\Q[[MS:5MPTQ\b1?MJMZ:! "4MJMV[UQ\\MTSWV \IUQVI\QWVMVQU-UQ[[QWV[JMZMQKP+PMUQ[KPMZ:MQVQO]VOMVB4MJMV[U=V\MZ[.WZ[KP "!
"ESTIMMUNGVON"ENZOL 4OLUOLUND8YLOL )SOMEREN MITTELS+APILLAR '#-ASSENSPEKTROMETRIE-3$ !NWENDUNGSBEREICH w 4MJMV[UQ\\MTITTOMUMQV 'RUNDLAGEN *MQ*MVbWT<WT]WT]VL@aTWT1[WUMZMV*WZLMU /MJZI]KP _MZLMV LQM JM[KPQKP\M\MV 8TI\\MV L]ZKP -Z_ÃZUMV QU MZNIPZMV
w .ÕV w ,+;KPIJTWVMJb_4QVMIT w M^MV\]MTT" =>4IUXM b]Z 8ZÛN]VO I]N .T]WZM[bMVb Jb_ .T]WZM[bMVbUQVLM Z]VO
$# 0LATTENUND3ORBENZIEN ,+8TI\\MV JM[\MPMV I][ XTIVIZMV QVMZ\MV MZ_MVL]VO^WV08MZNIPZMV 8I\ISQ/!",ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQMQVLMZ)UQVW[Ã]ZM]VL8MX\QL+PMUQM ?IT\MZLM/Z]a\MZ+W*MZTQV ;\IPT-!",ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQMw-QV4IJWZI\WZQ]U[J]KP;XZQVOMZ>MZTIO *MZTQV /MQ[[.!",QM8IZIUM\MZLMZ,ÛVV[KPQKP\KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM>QM_MO*ZI]V[KP_MQO )JJW\\,)VLZM_[:;!"+PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM5M\PWLMV=U[KPI]>MZTIO.ZIVS N]Z\5 5IQMZ0/!"4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS*L"+PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM5M\PWLMV1WVMVI][ \I][KP=MZOTMQKP[UM[[]VOMVUQ\:MNMZMVb[]J[\IVbMV JQ[PQVb][WO5Q[KP+PZWUI\WOZIUUMV.ÛZLQMY]IV\Q\I\Q^M)][_MZ\]VOLMZ +PZWUI\WOZIUUM_MZLMVQU)TTOMUMQVMVLQM.TÃKPMVLMZ8MIS[QV\MOZQMZ\WLMZ UQ\0QTNMLM[6ÃPMZ]VO[^MZNIPZMV["8MISPÕPM¶0ITJ_MZ\[JZMQ\MJMZMKPVM\]VL IV[KPTQM¾MVLb]LMV8MISãÃKPMVLMZ3ITQJZQMZUM[[]VOMVQV:MTI\QWVOM[M\b\-` \MZVM3ITQJZQMZ]VO#1V\MZVM;\IVLIZLUM\PWLM,QM/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQMQ[\MQVM :MTI\Q^UM\PWLM !NWENDUNGSGEBIETE ,QM/+JQM\M\I]NOZ]VLQPZMZOZW¾MV)][_IPTUÕOTQKPSMQ\MVIVLMZ[\I\QWVÃZMV 8PI[M[MPZ^QMTM)V_MVL]VO[OMJQM\M;QMQ[\QV[JM[WVLMZMb]Z)VITa[MãÛKP\QOMZ >MZJQVL]VOMVOMMQOVM\ ,ITERATUR!USWAHL ;KPWUJ]ZO/!"/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM>MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU ;KPWUJ]ZO/! "/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM/Z]VLTIOMV8ZI`Q[3IXQTTIZ\MKPVQS>+0>MZ TIO[OM[?MQVPMQU 5K6IQZ 05 *WVMTTQ -2 !" /Z]VLTIOMV LMZ /I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQM >IZQIV )MZWOZIXP ?ITV]\+ZMMS*I[MT 5IQMZ 0/ !" 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS *L " +PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM 5M\PWLMV 1WVMV I][\I][KP=MZTIO 0MQLMTJMZO 3IQ[MZ:!"+PZWUI\WOZIXPQMQVLMZ/I[XPI[M1/I[+PZWUI\WOZIXPQM*QJTQWOZIXPQ [KPM[1V[\Q\]\5IVVPMQU 3IQ[MZ:!"+PZWUI\WOZIXPQMQVLMZ/I[XPI[M113IXQTTIZ+PZWUI\WOZIXPQM,ÛVVNQTU ]VL,ÛVV[KPQKP\SIXQTTIZ/+*QJTQWOZIXPQ[KPM[1V[\Q\]\5IVVPMQU ! /ÛV\PMZ?;KPTMOMTUQTKP.! "/I[KPZWUI\WOZIXPQMUQ\3IXQTTIZWOMT*]KP^MZTIO?ÛZbJ]ZO
3)81 MZNIPZMV _MTKPM[PWKPI]ãÕ[MVLMMZNÛO]VO,IVMJMV[QVLVM]MZM>IZQIV\MVMV\_QKSMT\_WZLMV_QMb*LQM 5QKZWJWZM<MKPVQS JMQ LMZ [WO 6QMLMZY]MZ[KPVQ\\[[Ã]TMV UQ\ QVVMZMV ,]ZKP UM[[MZV^WVKIWLMZUU^MZ_MVLM\_MZLMV\aXQ[KPM.T][[ZI\MVTQMOMVPQMZ JMQw TUQVWLMZLQM;KPVMTTM084+0QOP;XMML084+Jb_LQM;]XMZ [KPVMTTM084+>MZa0QOP;XMML084+LQM[QKPL]ZKP[MPZS]ZbM)VITa[MVbMQ \MVWPVMVMVVMV[_MZ\M>MZT][\MIVWT]UQVIb_Q[KPMV]VLTWN\UIT["TJM[Q\bMV SIVV,QM,W[QMZ[KPTMQNMV[MTJ[\TI[[MV[QKPIU,W[QMZ^MV\QTIV[KPZI]JMV]VL TMQKP\I][_MKP[MTV)V[KPTQM¾MVL_QZLLMZ1VPIT\LMZ;KPTMQNML]ZKP=U[KPIT \MVLM[-T]\QWV[UQ\\MT[\ZWU[VIKPLMU8ZQVbQXMQVM[5MPZ_MOMPIPV[WLMZ^WV 5MUJZIV^MV\QTMVI]NLQMMZNÛO]VO" I>WTT[\ÃVLQOM.ÛTT]VO" ,QM;KPTMQNMPI\MQVLMâVQMZ\M[>WT]UMV]VL_QZLSWUXTM\\OMNÛTT\#WLMZ J8IZ\QMTTM.ÛTT]VO" 5Q\ MQVMZ 1VRMS\QWV[[XZQ\bM _QZL MQV JMTQMJQOM[ IJOMUM[[MVM[ >WT]UMV QV LQM ;XMQKPMZ[KPTMQNMOMOMJMV ,QM <M[\TÕ[]VO LIZN SMQVM .M[\[\WNNM MV\PIT\MV [WV[\ ^MZ[\WXN\ LQM ;Ã]TM# OON U][[UMUJZIVâT\ZQMZ\_MZLMV)Ub_MKSUþQO[\MV_QZLLQM8ZWJMwNITT[QU/M [IU\IVITa[MVOIVOUÕOTQKPwQU-T]\QWV[UQ\\MTLMZRM_MQTQOMVQMZ\MT LM[-T]\QWV[^WT]UMV[ LM[[KPUIT[\MV8MIS[JM\ZIOMV,QMJMVÕ\QO\MV;]J[\IVbUMVOMVTQMOMVRMVIKP MZÃVLMZ]VOSIVVSWV\QV]QMZTQKPTQVMIZVQKP\TQVMIZWLMZQV;\]NMV;\]NMVOZI LQMV\ MZNWTOMV .ÛZ LQM XZWOZIUUQMZ\M £VLMZ]VO LMZ B][IUUMV[M\b]VO LMZ UWJQTMV8PI[M[QVL^WV;MQ\MVLMZIXXIZI\Q^MV)][[\I\\]VO[WO/ZILQMV\MV[a[ \MUMMZNWZLMZTQKP0WKPJb_6QMLMZLZ]KS/ZILQMV\MVUQ[KP]VOUQ\0QTNMMQVMZ b][Ã\bTQKPMV8]UXMRM-T]\QWV[UQ\\MTSWUXWVMV\MJb_UQ\\MT[5Q[KPSIUUMZV ^MV\QT[a[\MUMV ,QMQ[]MTT,M\MS\WZ =>>Q[,M\MS\WZ .T]WZM[bMVbLM\MS\WZ MTMS\ZW KPMUQ[KPMZ,M\MS\WZ J=VQ^MZ[MTTMZ>Q[,M\MS\WZ LMZ;]J[\IVbMVZMOQ[\ZQMZ\LQM]T\ZI^QWTM\\M;\ZIPT]VOWLMZ[QKP\JIZM[4QKP\IJ [WZJQMZMV -Z SIVV [MPZ MUXâVLTQKP [MQV _MQ[\ MQVMV OZW¾MV TQVMIZMV *MZMQKP I]N Q[\ ZMTI\Q^ ]VMUXâVLTQKP OMOMVÛJMZ <MUXMZI\]Z[KP_IVS]VOMV ]VL I]KP JMQ/ZILQMV\MVMT]\QWVMQV[M\bJIZB]Z)V_MVL]VOSWUUMVWN\UIT[LQMNÛZ^QM TM8ZWJTMU[\MTT]VOMV^WZ\MQTPIN\MV;XMS\ZITXPW\WUM\MZLM\MS\WZMVUQ\^IZQIJTMZ ?MTTMVTÃVOMVMQV\MQT]VOb_Q[KPMV!]VLVUWLMZLQMMQVM[MPZO]\M6IKP _MQ[MUXâVLTQKPSMQ\ I]N_MQ[MVLMV .M[\_MTTMVTÃVOMVLM\MS\WZMV >MZNÛOJIZ [QVL NÛZLMV=>>Q[*MZMQKPI]KP5]T\Q_MTTMVTÃVOMVWLMZ8PW\W,QWLMV)ZZIa,M \MS\WZMV,), :1,M\MS\WZMVOM[\I\\MVLQM:MOQ[\ZQMZ]VO^WVITTMV;]J[\IVbMVQVLMZ5M[[ bMTTMLQMMQVMVIVLMZMV*ZMKP]VO[QVLM`I]N_MQ[MVIT[LQMZMQVMUWJQTM8PI[MQV LMZ:MNMZMVbbMTTM,I[5M[[[QOVITQ[\LIJMQ]U[WOZÕ¾MZRM[\ÃZSMZLQM,QNNMZMVb LMZ*ZMKP]VO[QVLQbM[^WV8ZWJMSWUXWVMV\M]VL-T]MV\Q[\:1,M\MS\WZMV[QVL ]V[MTMS\Q^LP]VQ^MZ[MTT_QZS[IU]VL]UMQVQOM/ZÕ¾MVWZLV]VOMV]VMUX âVLTQKPMZIT[[MTMS\Q^M,M\MS\WZMV;QM_MZLMVWN\UIT[IT[-ZOÃVb]VOb]=>>Q[ ,M\MS\WZMV MQVOM[M\b\ ,I LMZ *ZMKP]VO[QVLM` MQVMZ .TÛ[[QOSMQ\[\IZS \MUXMZI \]ZIJPÃVOQOQ[\Q[\MQVM[MPZO]\MIZQIV\MVQ[\[MPZJZMQ\OMNÃKPMZ\ 1V[JM[WVLMZMMQOVM\[QM[QKPNÛZ[KP_MZãÛKP\QOM\PMZUWTIJQTMJb_QWVQ[KPM>MZ JQVL]VOMV ,ITERATUR!USWAHL 5MaMZ > ! " 8ZI`Q[ LMZ 0WKPTMQ[\]VO[.TÛ[[QOKPZWUI\WOZIXPQM >MZTIO ,QM[\MZ_MO ;ITTM.ZIVSN]Z\5*MZTQV5ÛVKPMV>MZTIO;I]MZTÃVLMZ)IZI] 0MQ[b7! "0WKPTMQ[\]VO[.TÛ[[QOSMQ\[+PZWUI\WOZIXPQM0Û\PQO>MZTIO0MQLMTJMZO ;KP_ML\/! "+PZWUI\WOZIXPQ[KPM5M\PWLMVMZTIO *MZTQV 0MQLMTJMZO6M_AWZS 3QZSTIVL22-L!"5WLMZV8ZIK\QKMWN4QY]QL+PZWUI\WOZIXPa?QTMa1V\MZ[KQMVKM 6M_AWZS
3)81 +0>MZTIO[OM[?MQVPMQU 5I\Q[[MS:?Q\\SW_[SQ:!!0QOP8MZNWZUIVKM4QY]QL+PZWUI\WOZIXPaQV.WWL+WV\ZWT IVL:M[MIZKP*MPZr[>MZTIO0IUJ]ZO
/PTISCHE3PEKTROSKOPISCHE6ERFAHREN ,QMWX\Q[KPMV]VL[XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPMV>MZNIPZMVQVLMZIVITa\Q[KPMV+PMUQMJM Z]PMVI]NMQVMUOMUMQV[IUMV5MZSUITVÃUTQKPLMZ?MKP[MT_QZS]VO^WV5I \MZQM]VL-VMZOQMQV.WZU^WV;\ZIPT]VO,QM;\ZIPT]VO]UNI[[\LMV*MZMQKPLMZ 5QSZW_MTTMVJQ[PQVb]LMV:ÕV\OMV[\ZIPTMV#IT[i4QKP\t_QZLV]ZLMZ[QKP\JIZM <MQTLM[MTMS\ZWUIOVM\Q[KPMV;XMS\Z]U[?MTTMVTÃVOM"JQ[ VUJMbMQKP VM\ .WTOMVLM ^MZ[KPQMLMVM )Z\MV LMZ ?MKP[MT_QZS]VO [QVL NÛZ LQM JM\ZMNNMVLMV >MZNIPZMVQVLMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS^WVJM[WVLMZMZ*MLM]\]VO]VLJQTLMVLQM /Z]VLTIOMNÛZLQMQVLQM[MU)J[KPVQ\\b]JMPIVLMTVLMVQV[\Z]UMV\MTTMV<MKP VQSMV" w )J[WZX\QWV^WV;\ZIPT]VOL]ZKP5I\MZQM" =>>Q[;XMS\ZW[SWXQM8PW\WUM\ZQM1:;XMS\ZW[SWXQM)); w -UQ[[QWV^WV;\ZIPT]VOL]ZKP5I\MZQM".TIUUMVXPW\WUM\ZQM w ,ZMP]VO^WVTQVMIZXWTIZQ[QMZ\MU4QKP\L]ZKP5I\MZQM"8WTIZQUM\ZQM w *ZMKP]VO^WV4QKP\L]ZKP5I\MZQM":MNZIS\WUM\ZQM ;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM5M\PWLMVPIJMVJMQ.ZIOMVLMZ+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO]VJMSIVV \MZ;]J[\IVbMV]VLLMZ;\Z]S\]ZI]NSTÃZ]VOOZW¾M*MLM]\]VOMZTIVO\1VLMZ4M JMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS[QVLM[JM[WVLMZ[LQM=>>Q[]VLLQM1:<MKPVQSMVLMZMV )V_MVL]VO_QKP\QOM0QV_MQ[MI]NLQM8ZWJMVb][IUUMV[M\b]VOTQMNMZVSIVV" 9]ITQ\I\Q^M1V\MZXZM\I\QWVMVLMZ;XMS\ZMVMZUÕOTQKPMVPÃ]âOLQM1LMV\QâbQM Z]VOMQVbMTVMZ;\Z]S\]ZMTMUMV\MWLMZOIVbMZ>MZJQVL]VOMV]VLL]ZKPY]IV \Q\I\Q^M)][_MZ\]VOLMZ)J[WZX\QWV[JIVLMVSÕVVMV/MUQ[KPMIVITa[QMZ\]VL -QVbMTSWUXWVMV\MVJM[\QUU\_MZLMV 9]IV\Q\I\Q^M)][[IOMV_MZLMVQV[JM[WVLMZML]ZKPLQMXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPMV)VI Ta[MV^MZNIPZMVOM_WVVMV#LQMOZW¾MBIPTLQM[MZ5M\PWLMVUIKP\LMZMV;\MT TMV_MZ\LM]\TQKP ,QM *MbMQKPV]VOMV 3PEKTROSKOPIE ]VL 3PEKTROMETRIE _MZLMV PÃ]NQO [aVWVaU ^MZ_MVLM\ ?ÃPZMVL LMZ *MOZQNN 3PEKTROSKOPIE MPMZ I]N LQM 1V\MZXZM\I\QWV ^WV ;XMS\ZMVB][IUUMV PÃVOMV JMbWOMV _QZL JMbMQKPVM\ u3PEKTROMETRIEh ^WZ_QMOMVL Y]IV\Q\I\Q^M 5M[[]VOMV PÃ]NQOJMQMQVMZSWV[\IV\MV?MTTMVTÃVOMLM[;XMS\Z]U[
7X\Q[KPM;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMV
5LTRAVIOLETT6ISUELL 3PEKTROSKOPIEn0HOTOMETRIE 0RINZIP -TMS\ZWUIOVM\Q[KPM;\ZIPT]VOLMZMV-VMZOQMQU]T\ZI^QWTM\\MV=>WLMZ[QKP\ JIZMV >Q[ *MZMQKP TQMO\ SIVV JMQU ,]ZKPOIVO L]ZKP MQVM 8ZWJM ^WV LQM[MZ ]V\MZ JM[\QUU\MV >WZI][[M\b]VOMV IJ[WZJQMZ\ _MZLMV" 1U /MOMV[I\b b]Z 1: ;XMS\ZW[SWXQM[ JMZ]P\LQM)J[WZX\QWVLMZ4QKP\Y]IV\MVPQMZI]N-TMS\ZW VMVÛJMZOÃVOMVb_Q[KPMVLQ[SZM\MV-VMZOQMb][\ÃVLMVLMZ5WTMSÛTMQVLMZ8ZWJM# LIJMQMZNWTOMVLQM»JMZOÃVOMQU)TTOMUMQVMVb_Q[KPMVMQVMUJQVLMVLMV7ZJQ\IT WLMZLMU7ZJQ\ITMQVM[MQV[IUMV-TMS\ZWVMVXIIZ[]VLMQVMUVQKP\JQVLMVLMV WLMZIV\QJQVLMVLMV7ZJQ\IT)]KPNÛZLQM[MV.ITTOQT\IVITWOLQM:M[WVIVbJMLQV O]VO^OT ",QM?MTTMVTÃVOMJMQLMZLQM)J[WZX\QWVMQV\ZQ\\PÃVO\UQ\LMU )J[\IVLb_Q[KPMVLMV-VMZOQMb][\ÃVLMVb][IUUMV]VLMZUÕOTQKP\LIPMZ:ÛKS [KPTÛ[[MI]NJM[\QUU\M;\Z]S\]ZMTMUMV\MLMZ5WTMSÛTMQVLMZ8ZWJM !UFNAHMEVON566IS 3PEKTREN ,QM;XMS\ZMV_MZLMVQU)TTOMUMQVMV^WV[MPZ^MZLÛVV\MV4Õ[]VOMVI]NOMVWU UMV M\_I UO 8ZWJM UT 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT# IT[ 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT _MZLMV LIJMQ PÃ]âO ?I[[MZ -\PIVWT WLMZ 3WPTMV_I[[MZ[\WNNM ^MZ_MVLM\ ,QM OMTÕ[\M 8ZWJM _QZLT]N\JTI[MVNZMQQVMQVM3Û^M\\MRMVIKP?MTTMVTÃVOMVJMZMQKP]VL4Õ[]VO[ UQ\\MTI][9]IZb/TI[WLMZ3]V[\[\WNNUQ\MQVMZ;KPQKP\LQKSM^WVÛJTQKPMZ_MQ [M KU MQVOMNÛTT\ JMQ TMQKP\ ãÛKP\QOMV 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTV IJOMLMKS\ ]VL QV LMV 8ZWJMV[\ZIPTMQVOM[M\b\*MQB_MQ[\ZIPTOMZÃ\MVJZQVO\UIVQVLMV:MNMZMVb[\ZIPT MQVM 3Û^M\\M OTMQKPMZ ;KPQKP\LQKSM LQM UQ\ MQVMZ >MZOTMQKP[TÕ[]VO b* ZMQVM[ 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTOMNÛTT\Q[\WLMZIJMZUIVTÃ[[\LMV:MNMZMVb[\ZIPT]VJMMQVã][[\ 5M[[]VOOMOMV4]N\ ,I[=>>Q[;XMS\Z]UbMQO\OZIXPQ[KPLQM-`\QVS\QWV-QV)JPÃVOQOSMQ\^WV LMZ?MTTMVTÃVOM½O )NTERPRETATIONVON566IS 3PEKTREN ,QM4IOMLMZ)J[WZX\QWV[JIVLMVSIVVb]Z+PIZIS\MZQ[QMZ]VO]VJMSIVV\MZ8ZW JMVJMV]\b\_MZLMV ?ÃPZMVL V-TMS\ZWVMV -QVNIKPJQVL]VOMV MZ[\ JMQ ZMTI\Q^ PWPMV -VMZOQ MVIVOMZMO\_MZLMV[WLI[[JMQ[XQMT[_MQ[M+x+]VL+x0*QVL]VOMV]V\MZ VUQU=>>Q[;XMS\Z]UQU)TTOMUMQVMVVQKP\VIKP_MQ[JIZ[QVL_MZLMV LQM½ P-TMS\ZWVMV ^WV ,WXXMTJQVL]VOMV ]VL NZMQMV -TMS\ZWVMVXIIZMV TMQKP \MZIVOMZMO\*MâVLMV[QKPLMZIZ\QOM<MQT[\Z]S\]ZMViKPZWUWXPWZM/Z]XXMVt I]¾MZLMUQV3WVR]OI\QWV[W\ZQ\\MQVM>MZ[KPQMJ]VOLMZ)J[WZX\QWV[JIVLMb] VQMLZQOMZMV -VMZOQMJMZMQKPMV IT[W PÕPMZMV ?MTTMVTÃVOMV I]N iJI\PWKPZWUM >MZ[KPQMJ]VOt_QMb*QVLMZ:MQPM
[LIb]I]KPLQM1LMV\QâbQMZ]VOLMZ,QMV]VL>Q[*IVLMVSÕVVMV:ÛKS[KPTÛ[[MI]N LQMB][IUUMV[M\b]VO]VLI]N<MQT[\Z]S\]ZMVMQVMZ]VJMSIVV\MV;]J[\IVbIJOM
3)81 MZOTMQKP[[XMS\ZMVMUXQZQ [KPM3WZZMTI\QWVMV]VL3WZZMTI\QWV[\IJMTTMVMZNWZLMZTQKP>WZ\MQTPIN\Q[\I]¾MZ LMULQM3WUJQVI\QWVUQ\IVLMZMV>MZNIPZMV_QMM\_ILMZ1:;XMS\ZW[SWXQM
$AS,AMBERT "EERSCHE'ESETZ^OTI]KP *MQPQVZMQKPMVL^MZLÛVV\MV4Õ[]VOMVJM[\MP\b_Q[KPMVLMZ3WVbMV\ZI\QWVKLMZ IJ[WZJQMZMVLMV5WTMSÛTM]VLLMZ,]ZKPTÃ[[QOSMQ\,LMZ8ZWJMOMOMVÛJMZ=> >Q[;\ZIPT]VONWTOMVLMZB][IUUMVPIVO"
,L 1, 1 EL K L
,]ZKPTÃ[[QOSMQ\LMZ8ZWJMJMQLMZ?MTTMVTÃVOMO 1V\MV[Q\Ã\LMZ;\ZIPT]VOVIKP,]ZKPOIVOL]ZKPLQM8ZWJM 1V\MV[Q\Ã\LMZ;\ZIPT]VO^WZ,]ZKPOIVOL]ZKPLQM8ZWJMMV\[XZMKPMVL LMZ1V\MV[Q\Ã\LM[:MNMZMVb[\ZIPT[ UWTIZMZLMSILQ[KPMZ)J[WZX\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\JMQLMZ?MTTMVTÃVOM½O 3WVbMV\ZI\QWVLMZIJ[WZJQMZMVLMV5WTMSÛTM ;KPQKP\LQKSMLMZ3Û^M\\M
5Q\ LMZ -`\QVS\QWV- LQM IT[ VMOI\Q^MZ LMSILQ[KPMZ 4WOIZQ\PU][ LMZ ,]ZKPTÃ[ [QOSMQ\ LMâVQMZ\ Q[\ MZPÃT\ UIV IT[W MQVMV 8IZIUM\MZ LMZ LMZ 3WVbMV\ZI\QWV K LQZMS\XZWXWZ\QWVITQ[\]VLLMZQU)TTOMUMQVMVLQZMS\I][LMV=>>Q[;XMS\ZMV IJOMTM[MV_MZLMVSIVV"
UQ\
-L-`\QVS\QWVJMQLMZ?MTTMVTÃVOMO
,QM[MZTQVMIZMNÛZPQVZMQKPMVL^MZLÛVV\M4Õ[]VOMVOÛT\QOMB][IUUMVPIVOJQT LM\LQM/Z]VLTIOMLMZXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPMV>MZNIPZMV]VL_QZLI]KPJMQLMZ)][_MZ \]VOLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV*M[\QUU]VOMVJMV]\b\
0HOTOMETRIE ,QMY]IV\Q\I\Q^M)][_MZ\]VOLMZ=>>Q[;XMS\ZMVJMSIVV\MZ;]J[\IVbMVJMZ]P\ I]NLMU4IUJMZ\*MMZ[KPMV/M[M\b[WJMV0QMZNÛZU][[VQKP\ÛJMZLMVOIV bMV;XMS\ZMVJMZMQKP[WVLMZVV]ZJMQMQVMZ?MTTMVTÃVOMLMU)J[WZX\QWV[UI`Q U]UOMUM[[MV_MZLMV»JTQKPMZ_MQ[M_QZLb]VÃKP[\LQM-`\QVS\QWV^WV4Õ[]V OMVMZUQ\\MT\LQMLQMb]JM[\QUUMVLM;]J[\IVbQVOMVI]MQVOM[\MTT\MV3WVbMV\ ZI\QWVMV MV\PIT\MV [WO 3ITQJZQMZ Jb_ ;\IVLIZLTÕ[]VOMV# I][ LQM[MV ?MZ\MV _QZLLIVVWN\UIT[OZIXPQ[KPLQM3ITQJZQMZS]Z^MLMZ.WZU-%NKI]NOM[\MTT\ ,]ZKP1V\MZXWTI\QWVSIVVIV[KPTQM¾MVLUQ\0QTNMLMZ3ITQJZQMZS]Z^MI][LMU-` \QVS\QWV[_MZ\LMZI]NJMZMQ\M\MV8ZWJMLQM3WVbMV\ZI\QWVLMZ]V\MZ[]KP\MV;]J [\IVbOZIXPQ[KPJb_ZMKPVMZQ[KPMZUQ\\MT\_MZLMV^OTLIb]LQM^MZ[KPQMLMVMV IVOMOMJMVMVXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPMV*M[\QUU]VOMVQU<M`\ /Z]VL[Ã\bTQKP _QZL b_Q[KPMV -QV[\ZIPT ]VL B_MQ[\ZIPTXPW\WUM\MZV ]V\MZ [KPQMLMV" *MQ -QV[\ZIPTOMZÃ\MV U][[ ^WZ RMLMZ 5M[[]VO LMZ 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO JMQ LMZ MQVOM[\MTT\MV 5M[[_MTTMVTÃVOM b]Z -TQUQVQMZ]VO LMZ -QOMVIJ[WZX\QWV LM[
7X\Q[KPM;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMV
!BB ;KPMUI\Q[KPMZ )]NJI] MQVM[B_MQ[\ZIPT8PW\WUM\MZ[ , ;\ZIPT]VO[Y]MTTMi4QKP\ Y]MTTMt-5WVWKPZWUI\WZ08ZWJMV[\ZIPT2:MNMZMVb[\ZIPT$,M\MS\WZ3;QOVITI][_MZ\M MQVPMQ\
4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[ UQ\ LQM[MU MQV 6]TTIJOTMQKP L]ZKPOMNÛPZ\ _MZLMV *MQ B_MQ [\ZIPTOMZÃ\MV_MZLMVLQM;\ZIPT]VO[QV\MV[Q\Ã\MVLM[5M[[]VL:MNMZMVb[\ZIPTM[ TI]NMVLI]\WUI\Q[KPUQ\MQVIVLMZ^MZOTQKPMV#LIL]ZKP_QZLLQM-QOMVIJ[WZX\QWV LM[ 4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[ MTQUQVQMZ\ 1V )JJ Q[\ LMZ [KPUMUI\Q[KPM )]NJI] MQVM[ B_MQ[\ZIPT8PW\WUM\MZ[LIZOM[\MTT\ !NMERKUNG ,QM8PW\WUM\ZQM]V\MZ[KPMQLM\[QKPOZ]VL[Ã\bTQKP^WVLMZ3WTWZQUM\ZQM"3WTWZQUM\ZQ[KPM 5M\PWLMVJMZ]PMVI]NMQVMU.IZJ^MZOTMQKP_ÃPZMVLXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPM5M\PWLMVI]NLMZ 5M[[]VOLMZ;\ZIPT]VO[IJ[WZX\QWVJb_;\ZIPT]VO[L]ZKPTÃ[[QOSMQ\^WV4Õ[]VOMVJI[QM ZMV?QKP\QOQ[\LI[[ITTMXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPMV5M\PWLMVUWVWKPZWUI\Q[KPM;\ZIPT]VOJMVÕ \QOMV*MQ]V^WTTSWUUMVMZ5WVWKPZWUI[QMQ[\LQM)JPÃVOQOSMQ\LMZ;\ZIPT]VO[IJ[WZX\Q WV^WVLMZ3WVbMV\ZI\QWVVQKP\TQVMIZ
!NWENDUNGSGEBIETE ,QM =>>Q[;XMS\ZW[SWXQM LQMV\ PI]X\[ÃKPTQKP QV .WZU LMZ 8PW\WUM\ZQM b]Z Y]IV\Q\I\Q^MV *M[\QUU]VO ^WV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTQVPIT\[[\WNNMV ]VL B][I\b[\WNNMV 1U )TTOMUMQVMV Q[\ M[ MZNWZLMZTQKP b]VÃKP[\ L]ZKP KPMUQ[KPM =U[M\b]VO UQ\ MV\[XZMKPMVLMV:MIOMVbQMVOMNÃZJ\M8ZWL]S\Mb]JQTLMVLQMLIVVQU^Q[]MTTMV *MZMQKPXPW\WUM\ZQMZ\_MZLMV)VLMZMZ[MQ\[[QVLQVOMMQOVM\MV.ÃTTMVI]KP^QMTM ;\WNNMLQZMS\LPWZQOQVÃZQU=>*MZMQKPXPW\WUM\ZQMZJIZ,QMXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPM 5M[[]VOJQTLM\LIZÛJMZPQVI][I]KPLQM/Z]VLTIOMNÛZLQMY]IV\Q\I\Q^MMVbaUI \Q[KPM)VITa[Mi=><M[\[t#[ !USWERTUNG ,QM ;KP_ÃKP]VO ^WV ;\ZIPT]VO[QV\MV[Q\Ã\MV L]ZKP )J[WZX\QWV _QZL OMUM[[MV ]VLI]NLQM^WV;\IVLIZL[3ITQJZQMZTÕ[]VOMVJMbWOMV:MTI\Q^UM\PWLM)][ OM_MZ\M\_QZLÛJMZMQVM3ITQJZQMZS]Z^M-`\QVS\QWVIT[.]VS\QWVLMZ3WVbMV\ZI\Q WVLQMJMQ/ÛT\QOSMQ\LM[4IUJMZ\*MMZ[KPMV/M[M\bM[]VL5M[[]VOOMOMVMQVM *TQVLTÕ[]VOMQVM=Z[XZ]VO[OMZILMLIZ[\MTT\ ,ITERATUR!USWAHL 3WZ\ÛU/!"3WTWZQUM\ZQM8PW\WUM\ZQM;XMS\ZWUM\ZQM;XZQVOMZ>MZTIO*MZTQV ,ZIOW :; !" 8Pa[QKIT 5M\PWL[ QV 1VWZOIVQK +PMUQ[\Za >IV 6W[\ZIVL :MQVPWTL +WUXIVa6M_AWZS
3)81 MZTIO[OM[;\]\\OIZ\;NN
)NFRAROT 3PEKTROSKOPIE 0RINZIP ?QMIVLMZM[XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMVJMZ]P\I]KPLQM1VNZIZW\1:;XMS\ZW[ SWXQMI]NLMZ?MKP[MT_QZS]VOb_Q[KPMVMTMS\ZWUIOVM\Q[KPMZ;\ZIPT]VO]VL5I \MZQM 1U1:;XMS\ZWUM\MZ_QZLLQM8ZWJMOI[NÕZUQOãÛ[[QOWLMZOMTÕ[\MZJb_XZÃ XIZQMZ\MZ.M[\[\WNNXWTaKPZWUI\Q[KPMZ;\ZIPT]VOI][OM[M\b\LMZMV-VMZOQMQU1: *MZMQKPTQMO\,IL]ZKP_MZLMV;KP_QVO]VOMVLMZ5WTMSÛTMQVLMZ8ZWJMIVOM ZMO\",QM5WTMSÛTMOMPMV]V\MZ)J[WZX\QWV^WV4QKP\Y]IV\MV^WU;KP_QVO]VO[ OZ]VLb][\IVLQVLMVMZ[\MVIVOMZMO\MV;KP_QVO]VO[b][\IVLÛJMZ_MVVLQM.ZM Y]MVb^@49LMZ4QKP\Y]IV\MV49LMZ.ZMY]MVb^@^QJLMZJM\ZMNNMVLMV;KP_QVO]VO >QJZI\QWVMV\[XZQKP\:M[WVIVbJMLQVO]VO"^@49%^@^QJ,QM.ZMY]MVbMVLMZIJ [WZJQMZ\MV;\ZIPT]VO]VLLIUQ\LQM;KP_QVO]VO[NZMY]MVbMVLMZ5WTMSÛTMQVLMZ 8ZWJMSÕVVMVLIVVIVPIVLLMZ1:;XMS\ZMVMZUQ\\MT\_MZLMV,QM[MbMQOMVOZI XPQ[KPLQM,]ZKPTÃ[[QOSMQ\LMZ8ZWJMOMOMVÛJMZMTMS\ZWUIOVM\Q[KPMZ;\ZIPT]VO QV)JPÃVOQOSMQ\^WVLMZMV.ZMY]MVb^@Jb_^WVLMZMV?MTTMVbIPT^ !NZAHLUND!RTDER3CHWINGUNGEN -QVOM_QVSMT\M[5WTMSÛTUQ\V)\WUMVPI\6%VwUMKPIVQ[KPUÕOTQKPM 6WZUIT[KP_QVO]VOMV#JMQTQVMIZMV5WTMSÛTMV[QVLLQM[6%Vw6QKP\ITTM UMKPIVQ[KP UÕOTQKPMV ;KP_QVO]VOMV UÛ[[MV I]KP 1:IS\Q^ [MQV LP QU 1: ;XMS\Z]U I]N\ZM\MV" -QVM 6WZUIT[KP_QVO]VO SIVV V]Z LIVV IVOMZMO\ _MZLMV _MVV[QKPQVQPZMU>MZTI]NLI[,QXWTUWUMV\LM[5WTMSÛT[XMZQWLQ[KPÃVLMZ\ 6IKPLMZ;KP_QVO]VO[NWZU]V\MZ[KPMQLM\UIV" w >ITMVb[KP_QVO]VOMV;aUJWT½^LQMQVLMZXMZQWLQ[KPMV£VLMZ]VOMQVMZWLMZ UMPZMZMZ*QVL]VO[TÃVOMVJM[\MPMV w ,MNWZUI\QWV[[KP_QVO]VOMVJMQLMVMV[QKPMQVWLMZUMPZMZM*QVL]VO[_QVSMT ÃVLMZV;aUJWTGNÛZMJMVMiQVXTIVMtJb_JNÛZVQKP\MJMVMiW]\WNXTI VMt,MNWZUI\QWV[[KP_QVO]VOMV[W_QM 1VLMZ;KP_QVO]VO[[XMS\ZW[SWXQM_QZLIV[\MTTMLMZ.ZMY]MVb^@gPÃ]NQOLQM?MTTMVbIPT^^MZ _MVLM\#[QMQ[\LMNQVQMZ\IT[ZMbQXZWSMZ?MZ\LMZ?MTTMVTÃVOMO ]VLLIUQ\LMZ.ZMY]MVb^@ LQZMS\XZWXWZ\QWVIT" ^CKUwE%OCUE%^@C[wECCKU[wE -QV1:;XMS\Z]UbMQO\QU)TTOMUMQVMVLMV?MTTMVbIPT*MZMQKP^WVJQ[KU w
7X\Q[KPM;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMV
w <WZ[QWV[[KP_QVO]VOMV£VLMZ]VOLM[<WZ[QWV[_QVSMT[IT[WLM[?QVSMT[b_Q [KPMVb_MQ-JMVMVLQMMQVM*QVL]VOOMUMQV[IUPIJMV#;aUJWTW ,QM[M;KP_QVO]VO[NWZUMV_MZLMVVIKPQPZMU;aUUM\ZQM^MZPIT\MVQV[aUUM\ZQ [KPMIV\Q[aUUM\ZQ[KPM]VLMV\IZ\M\M;KP_QVO]VOMV]V\MZ\MQT\
!UFNAHMEVON)2 3PEKTREN -QV _M[MV\TQKPMZ >WZ\MQT LMZ 1:;XMS\ZW[SWXQM JM[\MP\ LIZQV LI[[ 8ZWJMV ITTMZ )OOZMOI\b][\ÃVLMOMUM[[MV_MZLMVSÕVVMV" w /I[NÕZUQOM8ZWJMV_MZLMVQV3Û^M\\MVÛJMZNÛPZ\LQMI][MQVMUM\_IKU TIVOMV/TI[baTQVLMZUQ\[\ZIPT]VO[L]ZKPTÃ[[QOMU.MV[\MZUI\MZQIT6I+T3*Z +I.]IJM[\MPMV# w .TÛ[[QOSMQ\MV SÕVVMV IU [KPVMTT[\MV OMUM[[MV _MZLMV QVLMU UIV MQVMV IS]]Ub]L]ZKP[QKP\QOMV\IJTM\\MVNÕZUQOMV8ZM[[TQV OMV^MZIZJMQ\M\WLMZLQM8ZWJMV_MZLMVUQ\;][XMV[QWV[UQ\\MTV8IZINâVÕT 6]RWT8MZã]WZSMZW[QVb]bÃPãÛ[[QOMV8I[\MV^MZZQMJMV]VLLIVV_QM.TÛ[ [QOSMQ\MVb_Q[KPMV3*ZWLMZ6I+T8TI\\MVOMJZIKP\-QVM_MQ\MZM5ÕOTQKPSMQ\ LMZ8ZWJMV^WZJMZMQ\]VOJM[\MP\LIZQVLMV.M[\[\WNNQVMQVMU;WT^MV[b]TÕ[MV LM[[MV*IVLMVLQMLMZ8ZWJMVQKP\ÛJMZLMKSMV#LQM_MVQOMZQV\MV[Q^MV*IVLMV SÕVVMVQU)TTOMUMQVMVO]\L]ZKPLI[-QV[M\bMVMQVMZV]ZUQ\LMU4Õ[]VO[ UQ\\MT OMNÛTT\MV 3Û^M\\M QV LMV >MZOTMQKP[[\ZIPT I][OMOTQKPMV _MZLMV# LQM[M 8ZWJMV^WZJMZMQ\]VOMQOVM\[QKPJM[WVLMZ[NÛZ)]NOIJMV[\MTT]VOMVJMQLMVMV V]ZMQVJM[\QUU\MZ)][[KPVQ\\LM[;XMS\Z]U[JMVÕ\QO\_QZL ?MOMV[MQVMZJZMQ\MV*IVLMVQ[\?I[[MZIT[4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MTNÛZLQM1:;XMS\ZW [SWXQMQU)TTOMUMQVMVVQKP\OMMQOVM\ ,MZ )]NJI] MQVM[ 1:;XMS\ZWXPW\WUM\MZ[ Q[\ [KPMUI\Q[KP QV )JJ LIZOM [\MTT\)T[9]MTTMNÛZLQM1:;\ZIPT]VO^MZ_MVLM\UIVLMV[WOi6MZV[\;\QN\tMQV LÛVVMZ ;\IJ I][ BQZSWVW`QL ]VL IVLMZMV 7`QLb][Ã\bMV WLMZ MQVMV i/TWJIZt ;QTQbQ]UKIZJQL;\IJLQMJMQMQVMZ<MUXMZI\]Z^WV!Jb_3JM\ZQMJMV _MZLMV ,QM MUQ\\QMZ\M ;\ZIPT]VO _QZL QV b_MQ ;\ZIPTMV 8ZWJMV[\ZIPT ]VL :M NMZMVb[\ZIPTOM\MQT\]VLPQV\MZLMU8ZWJMVZI]U_QMLMZb][IUUMVOMNÛPZ\1U 5WVWKPZWUI\WZ_QZLLQMXWTaKPZWUI\Q[KPM;\ZIPT]VOQVSTMQVMZM?MTTMVbIPT1V
!BB ;KPMUI\Q[KPMZ )]NJI] MQVM[ 1:;XMS\ZWXPW\WUM\MZ[ , ;\ZIPT]VO[Y]MTTM i4QKP\ Y]MTTMt08ZWJMV[\ZIPT2:MNMZMVb[\ZIPT"3IUUJTMVLMb]Z)J[KP_ÃKP]VOLM[:MNMZMVb [\ZIPT[-5WVWKPZWUI\WZ$,M\MS\WZ3;QOVITI][_MZ\MMQVPMQ\
3)81 MZNIPZMV
,ITERATUR!USWAHL 4Û\\SM?!"=T\ZIZW\[XMS\ZW[SWXQMIT[IVITa\Q[KPM[0QTN[UQ\\MT)VOM_+PMU" ;KPVMXMT.5!!"8Pa[QSITQ[KPM5M\PWLMVQVLMZ+PMUQM#1VNZIZW\[XMS\ZW[SWXQM+PMUQM QV]V[MZMZBMQ\" .ILQVQ ) ;KPVMXMT .5 ! " ;KP_QVO]VO[[XMS\ZW[SWXQM w 5M\PWLMV )V_MVL]VOMV MZTIO;\]\\OIZ\ /ÛVbTMZ0*WKS0!"1:;XMS\ZW[SWXQMw-QVM-QVNÛPZ]VO>MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU 3Õ[[TMZ 1 !" 5M\PWLMV LMZ 1VNZIZW\;XMS\ZW[SWXQM QV LMZ KPMUQ[KPMV )VITa[M )SIL >MZTIO[OM[/MM[\]VL8WZ\QO4MQXbQO ?QTTQIU[,0.TMUQVO1!";XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM5M\PWLMVb]Z;\Z]S\]ZI]NSTÃZ]VOMZTIO;\]\\OIZ\
!TOMABSORPTIONSSPEKTROMETRIE 0RINZIP *MQ LMZ )\WUIJ[WZX\QWV[[XMS\ZWUM\ZQM )); _QZL LQM :M[WVIVb)J[WZX\QWV ^WV;\ZIPT]VO[MVMZOQM4QKP\MVMZOQML]ZKP)\WUMOMUM[[MV,I[8PÃVWUMVLMZ 4QKP\IJ[WZX\QWV_]ZLM[KPWV)VNIVOLM[ 2IPZP]VLMZ\[PI]X\[ÃKPTQKPIV3ZQ[ \ITTMV]VL.TÛ[[QOSMQ\MV]V\MZ[]KP\,IJMQ_]ZLMNM[\OM[\MTT\LI[[LQM]Z[XZÛVOTQ KPM*M[\ZIPT]VO[[\ÃZSMQVLZMQ<MQTMbMZNÃTT\" w ZMãMS\QMZ\M w L]ZKPOMTI[[MVM w IJ[WZJQMZ\M;\ZIPT]VO -ZSIVV\_]ZLMLI[8ZQVbQXLMZ)\WUIJ[WZX\QWV))QVLMZ5Q\\MLM[!2IPZ P]VLMZ\[^WV3QZKPPWNN]VL*]V[MV 3QZKPPWNNNWZU]TQMZ\MLMVB][IUUMVPIVOb_Q[KPMV)J[WZX\QWV]VL-UQ[[QWV QVMQVMUITTOMUMQVOÛT\QOMV/M[M\b" i,QM)J[WZX\QWVLMZ)\WUMNQVLM\I]NLMZ[MTJMV?MTTMVTÃVOM[\I\\I]NLMZLQM[M)\WUM I]KP4QKP\MUQ\\QMZMVt
8TIVKSJM[\Ã\QO\MLQM[MNZÛPMZMV*MN]VLM]VL[\MTT\MLI[/M[M\bLMZY]IV\MVPIN \MV-UQ[[QWV]VL)J[WZX\QWVLMZ4QKP\MVMZOQMI]N,QM[M[JM[IO\LI[[RMLM[)\WU V]ZQVJM[\QUU\MV-VMZOQMb][\ÃVLMVM`Q[\MVbNÃPQOQ[\»JMZOÃVOMb_Q[KPMVLMV MQVbMTVMV-VMZOQMb][\ÃVLMV[QVLRM_MQT[UQ\LMZ)]NVIPUM]VL)JOIJMMQVMZOM VI]LMâVQMZ\MV-VMZOQMUMVOMM^MZJ]VLMV 5IV ^MZ[\MP\ IT[W ]V\MZ )\WUIJ[WZX\QWV VQKP\[ IVLMZM[ IT[ MQVMV »JMZOIVO ^WVMQVMUVQMLZQOMV-VMZOQMb][\IVL)QVMQVMVPÕPMZMV-VMZOQMb][\IVL*L]ZKP )]NVIPUMLMZNÛZLMV»JMZOIVOMZNWZLMZTQKPMV-VMZOQMQV.WZU^WV4QKP\Y]IV \MVP^@"
½ ½
P K ^ O
8TIVKS[KPM[?QZS]VO[Y]IV\]U 4QKP\OM[KP_QVLQOSMQ\ .ZMY]MVb ?MTTMVTÃVOM
3)81 QMTbIPT^WV4QVQMV,QM [MMZ[KPMQVMVVIKPSÛZbMZMV?MTTMVTÃVOMVPQVQVQUUMZMVOMZMV)J[\ÃVLMVJQ[ [KPTQM¾TQKP MQVM 0Ã]N]VO[[\MTTM 3WV^MZOMVb[\MTTM I]N\ZQ\\ IJ LMZ SMQVM 4QVQMV UMPZ[WVLMZVMQVMSWV\QV]QMZTQKPM)J[WZX\QWVI]N\ZQ\\ ,MZ ;XMS\ZITJMZMQKP LMZ )\WUIJ[WZX\QWV TQMO\ b_Q[KPMV VU NÛZ +Ã[Q ]UIT[WQUVIPMV1:]VL!VUNÛZ)Z[MVQUJMOQVVMVLMV>IS]]U=> ,Ib_Q[KPMVTQMOMVLQM:M[WVIVbTQVQMVLPLQM?MTTMVTÃVOMVJMQLMVMVLQM)\W UMUQ\4QKP\Y]IV\MVQV:M[WVIVb\ZM\MVIT[WIJ[WZJQMZMVSÕVVMVITTMZ5M\ITTM ]VL0ITJUM\ITTM6QKP\MZNI[[JIZ[QVLITTM\aXQ[KPMV6QKP\UM\ITTM_QM;+WLMZ 0ITWOMVMLQM]V\MZPITJ^WV!VUIJ[WZJQMZMV 4IUJMZ\NIVLLI[[LQM^WVMQVMZXTIVXIZITTMTMV;KPQKP\MQVM[PWUWOM VMV5MLQ]U[PQVL]ZKPOMTI[[MVM4QKP\UMVOMIJPÃVOQOQ[\^WVLMZ,QKSMLLMZ ;KPQKP\]VLLI[[LI[>MZPÃT\VQ[LMZ1V\MV[Q\Ã\LM[L]ZKPOMOIVOMVMV4QKP\M[1, b]LMZ1V\MV[Q\Ã\LM[MQVOM[\ZIPT\MV4QKP\M[1^WVLMZ*M[\ZIPT]VO[[\ÃZSM]VIJ PÃVOQOQ[\" 1,%1MwÀsD Às% )J[WZX\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\ 5I¾ NÛZ LI[ ;KP_ÃKP]VO[^MZUÕOMV LMZ ;KPQKP\ 0IVLMT\ M[ [QKP JMQ LMU L]ZKP[\ZIPT\MV 5MLQ]U VQKP\ ]U MQVMV MQVPMQ\TQKPMV ;\WNN[WVLMZV]ULQM4Õ[]VOMQVM[IJ[WZJQMZMVLMV;\WNNM[QVMQVMUVQKP\IJ[WZ JQMZMVLMV 5MLQ]U [W Q[\ LMZ )J[WZX\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\ LMZ 3WVbMV\ZI\QWV K XZW XWZ\QWVIT" Às%SsK S
8ZWXWZ\QWVITQ\Ã\[NIS\WZ
7X\Q[KPM;XMS\ZW[SWXQ[KPM>MZNIPZMV
]VLM[NWTO\"
-
-`\QVS\QWV^OTI]KP
,QM)\WUIJ[WZX\QWVOMPWZKP\LMUWJMV[\MPMVLMV4IUJMZ\*MMZ[KPMV/M[M\b# LM[PITJSIVV[QMI]KPb]ZY]IV\Q\I\Q^MV)VITa[MPMZIVOMbWOMV_MZLMV,QM]V \MZ[]KP\MV)\WUMJMâVLMV[QKP^WZVMPUTQKPQU/Z]VLb][\IVL#LI[>MZNIPZMVQ[\ LM[PITJMUXâVLTQKPMZIT[LQM.TIUUMVXPW\WUM\ZQM[ ^OTI]KP)J[KPVQ\\ i)V_MVL]VO[OMJQM\MtQVLQM[MU3IXQ\MT
!RBEITSWEISEEINES!TOMABSORPTIONSSPEKTROMETERS ,QM_M[MV\TQKPMV3WUXWVMV\MVMQVM[));/MZÃ\M[[QVLMQVM4QKP\Y]MTTMLQMLI[ ;XMS\Z]ULM[QV\MZM[[QMZMVLMV-TMUMV\M[I][[MVLM\#MQVMi)J[WZX\QWV[bMTTMtQV LMZI][LMZb]]V\MZ[]KPMVLMV8ZWJML]ZKP\PMZUQ[KPM,Q[[WbQI\QWVwUMQ[\UQ\ MQVMZ.TIUUMOMMQOVM\MZ<MUXMZI\]Zw)\WUMOMJQTLM\_MZLMV#MQV5WVWKPZW UI\WZb]Z[XMS\ZITMVBMZTMO]VOLM[4QKP\M[UQ\LMU)][\ZQ\\[[XIT\LMZLQM:M [WVIVbTQVQMI][[WVLMZ\#MQV-UXNÃVOMZLMZLQM5M[[]VOLMZ;\ZIPT]VO[QV\MV[Q\Ã\ MZUÕOTQKP\OMNWTO\^WVMQVMU>MZ[\ÃZSMZ]VLMQVMU)VbMQOMOMZÃ\LI[LQM)JTM []VOLMZ)J[WZX\QWV[_MZ\MOM[\I\\M\[)JJ ,ICHTQUELLE 5MQ[\_QZLMQVM0WPTSI\PWLMVTIUXM034JMV]\b\[)JJ ;QMJM[\MP\I][ MQVMU/TI[baTQVLMZLMZ]V\MZMQVMU,Z]KS^WV_MVQOMV<WZZUQ\-LMTOI[OMNÛTT\ Q[\]VLQVLMVb_MQ-TMS\ZWLMVMQVOM[KPUWTbMV[QVL,QM)VWLMQ[\MQVMQVNIKPMZ ,ZIP\UMQ[\I][?WTNZIUWLMZ6QKSMT,QM3I\PWLMPI\LQM.WZUMQVM[0WPTba TQVLMZ[LMZIVMQVMZ;MQ\MOMÕNNVM\Q[\";QMQ[\MV\_MLMZOIVbI][[XMS\ZITZMQVMU 5M\ITTOMNMZ\QO\WLMZUQ\LQM[MUJMNÛTT\?QZLV]VMQVM;XIVV]VOIVLQMJMQLMV -TMS\ZWLMVIVOMTMO\JQ[KI>LIVVSWUU\M[b]MQVMZ/TQUUMV\TIL]VO LPLI[-LMTOI[_QZLJMQLMUPMZZ[KPMVLMVVQMLZQOMV,Z]KSQWVQ[QMZ\,QMOMJQT
!BB ;KPMUI\Q[KPMZ)]NJI]MQVM[)\WUIJ[WZX\QWV[[XMS\ZWUM\MZ[,4QKP\Y]MTTM4QVQMV [\ZIPTMZ ! )\WUQ[QMZ]VO[MQVZQKP\]VO - 5WVWKPZWUI\WZ $ ,M\MS\WZ 3 ;QOVITI][_MZ\M MQVPMQ\
!BB ;KPMUI\Q[KPMZ)]NJI]MQVMZ0WPTSI\PWLMVTIUXM(+0WPTSI\PWLM!)VWLM
3)81 WZOIVO",QM8ZWJM_QZLLIJMQb]MZ[\OM\ZWKSVM\LP^WU4Õ[]VO[ UQ\\MTJMNZMQ\*MQb]VMPUMVLMZ3WVbMV\ZQMZ]VOOMPWZKPMVLQM1WVMVLMU5I[ [MV_QZS]VO[OM[M\bLPLQM>MZJQVL]VOUQ\LMUSTMQV[\MV4Õ[TQKPSMQ\[XZWL]S\ SZQ[\ITTQ[QMZ\b]MZ[\I][=V\MZLMU-QVã][[LMZ<MUXMZI\]Z\ZM\MV)J[XIT\]VO[ ]VL=UTIOMZ]VO[ZMIS\QWVMVI]N,MZMQOMV\TQKPM;KPUMTb]VL>MZLIUXN]VO[ XZWbM[[ Q[\ LIVV MQVM \MUXMZI\]ZIJPÃVOQOM /TMQKPOM_QKP\[ZMIS\QWV )]¾MZLMU MV\PIT\MVLQMPMQ¾MV.TIUUMVOI[MI]¾MZWZLMV\TQKPZMIS\QWV[NÃPQOM3WUXWVMV \MV b* I\WUIZMZ ;I]MZ[\WNN 70:ILQSITM M\K LQM _QMLMZ]U LQM \PMZUQ[KPM ,Q[[WbQI\QWVJMMQVã][[MVSÕVVMV,I[4QKP\LMZ0WPTSI\PWLMVTIUXM_QZLLQZMS\ L]ZKPLQM.TIUUMOMTMQ\M\[WLI[[LQMOMJQTLM\MV)\WUMVWKPQVLMZ.TIUUMIJ [WZJQMZMVSÕVVMV,I[-ZZMQKPMVLM[/TMQKPOM_QKP\[b][\IVLM[PÃVO\IJ^WV" w LMZMZJQVL]VOMV w LMZ.TIUUMV\MUXMZI\]Z ,QM/M[IU\bIPT6IVIJ[WZX\QWV[JMZMQ\MV)\WUMVSIVV[QKPI][NWTOMVLMV/ZÛV LMV^MZÃVLMZVԑ1V\MZNMZMVbMV" 1WVQ[I\QWV[QV\MZNMZMVb ;QMMV\[\MP\_MVVLI[b]JM[\QUUMVLM-TMUMV\MQVMPÕPMZM-VMZOQMIT[b]Z)\W UQ[QMZ]VOVW\_MVLQOQ[\I]NVQUU\]VLLIL]ZKP[KPWVQVMQVMVPÕPMZMV)VZM O]VO[b][\IVLÛJMZNÛPZ\WLMZOIZQWVQ[QMZ\_QZL,QM.WTOMQ[\LI[[SMQVM4QKP\ IJ[WZX\QWVUMPZUÕOTQKPQ[\JM[WVLMZ[JMQ)TSITQ]VL-ZLITSITQMTMUMV\MVJMQ PÕPMZMV.TIUUMV\MUXMZI\]ZMV 5IVSIVVLQM[M-Z[KPMQV]VO]UOMPMVQVLMUUIVIJ[QKP\TQKPMQVTMQKP\MZQW VQ[QMZJIZM[-TMUMV\LMZ8ZWJMVTÕ[]VOb][M\b\",IL]ZKP_QZLLQM1WVQ[I\QWVLM[ b]JM[\QUUMVLMV-TMUMV\M[b]ZÛKSOMLZÃVO\ 8Pa[QSITQ[KPM1V\MZNMZMVb =Z[IKPMVPQMZNÛZ[QVL]V\MZ[KPQMLTQKPM,QKP\M>Q[SW[Q\Ã\WLMZ7JMZãÃKPMV[XIV V]VOLMZ4Õ[]VOLQMLQM)V[I]OZI\MLM[BMZ[\Ã]JMZ[XZWBMQ\MQVPMQ\OMTIVOMV _MVQOMZ)\WUMQVLQM.TIUUM]VLLQMMZNIPZMV
+PMUQ[KPM1V\MZNMZMVb ,QM -QV[\MTT]VO LM[ )\WUQ[QMZ]VO[OTMQKPOM_QKP\M[ SIVV L]ZKP )][JQTL]VO [KP_MZTÕ[TQKPMZ>MZJQVL]VOMV^MZPQVLMZ\_MZLMV J-TMS\ZW\PMZUITM)\WUQ[QMZ]VO/ZIXPQ\ZWPZ<MKPVQS#ãIUUMVTW[M)); 1U/MOMV[I\bb]ZSWV^MV\QWVMTTMV));_QZLPQMZLQM8ZWJMVQKP\QVMQVMZ.TIU UM[WVLMZVQVMQVMUOTÛPMVLMV/ZIXPQ\ZWPZI\WUQ[QMZ\LI[[QKPQU;\ZIPTMV OIVOLM[));/MZÃ\M[JMâVLM\*MQLMZQV)JJ !_QMLMZOMOMJMVMV)VWZLV]VO Q[\LI[/ZIXPQ\ZWPZb_Q[KPMVb_MQ/ZIXPQ\SWVMVQVMQVMUb_MQOM\MQT\MV5M\ITT OMPÃ][MIVOMWZLVM\?I[[MZ[\ZÕU\b]Z3ÛPT]VOL]ZKP3IUUMZV]ULQM/ZI XPQ\SWVMV]VLLQM3WV\IS\ãÃKPMV/ZIXPQ\5M\ITTI]NVQMLZQOMZ<MUXMZI\]Zb] PIT\MV/TMQKPbMQ\QO_QZLLIL]ZKPMQV[KPVMTTM[)JSÛPTMVVIKPLMU)\WUQ[QMZMV MZZMQKP\ w ^WV UI`QUITMZ <MUXMZI\]Z I]N BQUUMZ\MUXMZI\]ZMV QV [ w ]VL MQVMPWPM)VITa[MVNZMY]MVbUÕOTQKP =UMQV>MZJZMVVMVLMZ/ZIXPQ\\MQTMJMQPÕPMZMV<MUXMZI\]ZMVb]^MZUMQLMV [\ZÕU\)ZOWVWLMZ;\QKS[\WNNIT[QVMZ\M[/I[]U]VLL]ZKPLI[:WPZ)VRMLMU -VLMLM[/ZIXPQ\ZWPZM[JMâVLMV[QKPb_MQ\IVOMV\QITM*WPZ]VOMVLQMÛJMZLMV 9]MZ[KPVQ\\LM[:WPZM[MQVMTIUQVIZM;\ZÕU]VOMV\[\MPMVTI[[MV,QM[Mi/I[^WZ PÃVOMt^MZTÃVOMZVLQMPÕPMZM8ZÃbQ[QWVLMZ5M[[]VOMV,QMQVMZ\M/I[I\UW[XPà ZM^MZPQVLMZ\I]KP_ÃPZMVLLMZ\PMZUQ[KPMVBMZ[M\b]VOMQVMVIKP\MQTQOM7`QLJQT L]VO_QM[QMWN\QVLMZ.TIUUMJMWJIKP\M\_QZLB]Z1VNWZUI\QWVÛJMZIVLMZM )VWZLV]VOMVb*MQVM)ZOWVSIUUMZVIKP5I[[UIVV[QMPM]ICE; !BLAUFEINES!NALYSENGANGES ,QM8ZWJM_QZLUQ\0QTNMMQVMZ5QSZWXQXM\\MQVLI[SIT\M/ZIXPQ\ZWPZMQVOMJZIKP\ LIVVb]VÃKP[\L]ZKP[\]NMV_MQ¾M[-ZPÕPMVLMZ<MUXMZI\]Z\PMZUQ[KP^WZJMPIV LMT\b*MZ JQVL]VOMVI]N\ZM\MVSÕVVMV)]KP1WVQ[I\QWVLMZ-TMUMV\MQVLMZ.TIUUM[\ÕZ\ M`IS\M5M[[]VOMV5ÕOTQKPSMQ\MVb]Z=V\MZLZÛKS]VO[
!USWERTUNG *MQLMZ9]IV\QâbQMZ]VOUQ\\MT[.TIUUMVXPW\WUM\ZQM_QZLMQVM;\ZIPT]VO[QV\MV [Q\Ã\OMUM[[MVLQMI]NLQMRMVQOMMQVM[;\IVLIZL[:MNMZMVbJMbWOMV_QZL:MTI \Q^UM\PWLM,INÛZOMVI]MãIUUMVXPW\WUM\ZQ[KPM5M[[]VOMVLI[-TQUQVQMZMV LM[.TIUUMV]V\MZOZ]VLM[-UQ[[QWVMVL]ZKP5WTMSÛTM1WVMV:ILQSITMKPMUQ [KPM=U[M\b]VOMV^WVJM[WVLMZMZ*MLM]\]VOQ[\U][[L]ZKP>MZ[XZÛPMVLM[ ZMQVMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\\MT[JQLM[\?I[[MZWLMZMQVMZ*TQVLTÕ[]VOÕN\MZI]N,]ZKP TÃ[[QOSMQ\i6]TTtMQVOM[\MTT\_MZLMV
3)81 MZTIO*MZTQV/Õ\\QVOMV0MQLMTJMZO 3TQMU5;\ZMKS:!"-TMS\ZWKPMUQ[KPM]VLWX\Q[KPM)VITa[MQVLMZ8PIZUIbQM?Q[[MV [KPIN\TQKPM>MZTIO[OM[;\]\\OIZ\;NN 5IQMZ0/!"4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS*L"7X\Q[KPM5M\PWLMV=WT\IUM\ZQM _ÃPZMVL LM[ OM[IU\MV 5M[[^WZOIVOM[ MZPIT\MV JTMQJ\ -TMS\ZWLMVUI\MZQITQMV [QVLPQMZ-LMTUM\ITTM3WPTM]VLKPMUQ[KPUWLQâbQMZ\M5I\MZQITQMV
0RINZIP 5IV IZJMQ\M\ JMQ LMZ 8WTIZWOZIXPQM UQ\ LZMQ QV QPZMZ .]VS\QWV ^MZ[KPQMLMVMV -TMS\ZWLMVIZ\MV" )ZJMQ\[ 0QTN[ ]VL *Mb]O[MTMS\ZWLM )V LMZ XWTIZQ[QMZJIZMV )ZJMQ\[MTMS\ZWLM TI]NMV LQM QV\MZM[[QMZMVLMV -TMS\ZWLMVXZWbM[[M IJ ?WZSQVO -TMK\ZWLM ?- LMZMV ZM[]T\QMZMVLM 8W\MV\QITÃVLMZ]VOMV OMOMV MQVM MJMVNITT[ XWTIZQ[QMZJIZM0QTN[MTMS\ZWLM)]`QTQIZa-TMK\ZWLM)-OMUM[[MV_MZLMV,IV]Z LQM>WZOÃVOMIVLMZ)ZJMQ\[MTMS\ZWLM^WV1V\MZM[[M[QVL]VLLQMOM[IU\MÃ]¾M ZMIVOMTMO\M;XIVV]VOV]Zb]MQVMZ£VLMZ]VOLM[8W\MV\QIT[LQM[MZ)ZJMQ\[MTMS \ZWLMNÛPZMVLIZN_QZLI]¾MZLMUMQVM[\ZWUNZMQM^MZPÃT\VQ[UþQOOZW¾ãÃKPQOM
3)81 MZJQVL]VOMV LQM [QKP VQKP\WLMZZMTI\Q^[KPTMKP\QV?I[[MZTÕ[MVU][[UQ\VQKP\_Ã[[ZQOMV4Õ[]VO[UQ\ \MTVOMIZJMQ\M\_MZLMV,I4MQ\[ITbMQVLMZIZ\QOMV5MLQMV[MPZ[KPTMKP\LQ[[WbQ QMZMVQ[\LMZMTMS\ZQ[KPM4Õ[]VO[_QLMZ[\IVLJM\ZÃKP\TQKPPÕPMZIT[QV_Ã[[ZQOMV 4Õ[]VOMV
!NWENDUNGSGEBIETE ,MZ)V_MVL]VO[JMZMQKPLMZ8WTIZWOZIXPQMQ[\[MPZOZW¾;WSÕVVMVVMJMVLMV IVWZOIVQ[KPMV3I\QWVMV5M\ITTQWVMVI]KPIVWZOIVQ[KPM)VQWVMV_QMb*+TՋ
-VbaUI\Q[KPM)VITa[M
*ZՋ1Ջ+6Ջ]^IU]VLWZOIVQ[KPM>MZJQVL]VOMV_QMb*>Q\IUQVM)TLM PaLMUIVKPM)TSITWQLM)UQVM0ITWOMV^MZJQVL]VOMV0IZV[\WNN]^IUMZ NI[[\_MZLMV 8WTIZWOZIXPQ[KPM 5M\PWLMV [QVL 5]T\QMTMUMV\5]T\Q^MZJQVL]VO[*M[\QU U]VO[UM\PWLMV#WN\OMTQVO\LQM;QU]T\IVJM[\QUU]VO^WVWLMZOIZ3WU XWVMV\MV ?QKP\QO[\M)V_MVL]VOQVLMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSQ[\LQM;X]ZMVJM[\QUU]VO ^WV;KP_MZUM\ITTMV
!USWERTUNG ,QM )][_MZ\]VO MZNWTO\ QV LMZ 8ZI`Q[ L]ZKP )]N[\MTT]VO ^WV 3ITQJZQMZS]Z^MV ,Ib]_MZLMV8WTIZWOZIUUMUQ\JMSIVV\MV3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV]V\MZOTMQKPMV*M LQVO]VOMV I]NOMVWUUMV ,QM ;\]NMVPÕPM _QZL ÛJMZ LMZ 3WVbMV\ZI\QWV I]NOM \ZIOMV 4QMOMVQVMQVMZ8ZWJMUMPZMZM3WUXWVMV\MV^WZ]VL[QVLLQM0ITJ[\]NMVXW \MV\QITMOMVÛOMVL_MQ\I][MQVIVLMZ[W\ZM\MVQU8WTIZWOZIUUOM\ZMVV\M;\]NMV I]N",MZ/ZMVb[\ZWULMZ]V\MZMV;\]NM[\MTT\LIVVOTMQKPbMQ\QOLMV/Z]VL[\ZWU LMZVÃKP[\MV;\]NMLIZ ,ITERATUR!USWAHL 5MQ\M[4!"8WTIZWOZIXPQK<MKPVQY]M[1V\MZ[KQMVKM8]JT6M_AWZS 0MaZW^[Sa23]\I2!"/Z]VLTIOMVLMZ8WTIZWOZIXPQM)SILMUQM>MZTIO*MZTQV 6ÛZVJMZO0?3I[\MVQVO*!"8WTIZWOZIXPQ[KPM]VL^WT\IUM\ZQ[KPM5M\PWLMVQV5M \PWLQK]U+PQUQK]U*L1MZTIO;\]\\OIZ\;NN 3ZR]SW_IMZNIPZMVb]Z;X]ZMVIVITa [M.WZ\[KPZMPMU.WZ[KP]VO" 6MMJ : !" 8WTIZWOZIXPQ[KPM )VITa[MV^MZNIPZMV 4IJW 3MVVbQNNMZ.IKPbMQ\[KPZQN\ NÛZ 4IJWZ\MKPVQS"
%NZYMATISCHE!NALYSE ,MZ*MOZQNNLMZiMVbaUI\Q[KPMV)VITa[Mt]UNI[[\b_MQXZQVbQXQMTT]V\MZ[KPQMLTQ KPMIVITa\Q[KPM>MZNIPZMV[_MQ[MV" ,QMIVITa\Q[KPM*M[\QUU]VO^WV;]J[\IVbMVi;]J[\ZI\MVtUQ\0QTNM^WV-V baUMV]VL LQM-ZUQ\\T]VOLMZ-VbaU)S\Q^Q\Ã\ B]ZMZ[\MV/Z]XXMOMPÕZMVVMJMVLMVQV3IXQ\MTV]VLJM[KPZQMJMVMV5M\PW LMVb]Z*M[\QUU]VO^WV/T]KW[M.Z]K\W[M]VL5IVVW[M[;IKKPIZW[M ]VL/T]KW[M[T£XNMT[Ã]ZM[]VL+Q\ZWVMV[Ã]ZM[ bIPTZMQKPM_MQ\MZM)VITa[MV^MZNIPZMV)T[*MQ[XQMTMNÛZLQMb_MQ\M/Z]XXM[MQMV LQM*M[\QUU]VOMVLMZ)UaTI[M)S\Q^Q\Ã\QV0WVQO[]VLLMZ8PW[XPI\I [M)S\Q^Q\Ã\QV5QTKPX]T^MZ[IVOMNÛPZ\
3)81 QMTbIPT^WV MVbaUI\Q[KPMV :MIS\QWVMV LI[ ;a[\MU 6),6),0 Jb_ 6),86),80 MQVOM[M\b\ ^OT WZTI]N^MZ_MZNMV#UTLM[ .QT\ZI\[_MZLMVQUUT5M[[SWTJMVUQ\JQLM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOM NÛTT\ w 3WVâ\ÛZM" O LMZ PWUWOMVQ[QMZ\MV 8ZWJM _MZLMV QU UT5M[[SWTJMV UQ\JQLM[\?I[[MZJQ[b]Z5IZSMI]NOMNÛTT\]VLâT\ZQMZ\>WZTI]N^MZ_MZNMV# UTLM[STIZMV.QT\ZI\[_QZLUQ\!UTJQLM[\?I[[MZ^MZLÛVV\ w 0WVQO" ,QKSãÛ[[QOMZ WLMZ SZQ[\ITTQ[QMZ\MZ 0WVQO _QZL QU *MKPMZOTI[ M\_I UQVTIVOI]NM\_I+MZ_ÃZU\#VIKPLMU)JSÛPTMV_QZLOUQ\JQLM[\ ?I[[MZQU5M[[SWTJMVI]NUTI]NOMNÛTT\,ÛVVãÛ[[QOMZ0WVQOSIVVWPVM -Z_ÃZUMVLQZMS\^MZLÛVV\_MZLMV w )T[ _MQ\MZM 8ZWJMV^WZJMPIVLT]VOMV SÕVVMV I]KP BMV\ZQN]OQMZMV 3TÃZ]VO VIKP+IZZMb8MZKPTWZ[Ã]ZM*MPIVLT]VO-V\MQ_MQ¾]VO]IQV*M\ZIKP\SWU UMV w -QV[\MTTMVLM[3WVbMV\ZI\QWV[JMZMQKP[" ?MVVLQM8ZWJMLI[;]J[\ZI\QVMQVMZb]PWPMV3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMV\PÃT\LQMb] VQKP\UMPZUM[[JIZMVWLMZI]¾MZPITJLM[4QVMIZQ\Ã\[JMZMQKP[TQMOMVLMV-` \QVS\QWV[_MZ\MV NÛPZMV _ÛZLM Q[\ LQM 8ZWJMVTÕ[]VO ^WZ LMZ MVbaUI\Q[KPMV =U[M\b]VO UQ\ JQLM[\ ?I[[MZ b] ^MZLÛVVMV# LIJMQ SÕVVMV QV -QVbMTNÃTTMV L]ZKPI][>MZLÛVV]VOMVJQ[b]"MZNWZLMZTQKP[MQV *MQ3WVbMV\ZI\QWVMVLQMNÛZLQM5M[[]VOb]VQMLZQO[QVL_QZLNÛZLQM*M[\QU U]VOMQVOZÕ¾MZM[8ZWJMV^WT]UMVMQVOM[M\b\,MZJMQLMZ*M[\QUU]VOMQVb] PIT\MVLM3WVbMV\ZI\QWV[JMZMQKP_QZLJMQLMVMQVbMTVMV>WZ[KPZQN\MVIVOMOM JMV -ESSUNG ,QMMVbaUI\Q[KPM:MIS\QWV_QZLL]ZKP-QVXQXM\\QMZMV]VL5Q[KPMVLMZMQVbMTVMV 4Õ[]VOMVLQZMS\QVLMV5M[[SÛ^M\\MVL]ZKPOMNÛPZ\#LIJMQ_MZLMVQU)TTOMUMQ VMV-QV_MOSÛ^M\\MVWLMZ/TI[SÛ^M\\MVUQ\LMZ;KPQKP\LQKSML%KU^MZ_MVLM\ B]U5Q[KPMVLMZ4Õ[]VOMVJMV]\b\UIV:ÛPZ[XI\MT[WOi8TÛUXMZt ,QM-`\QVS\QWV_QZLJMQO%VUOMUM[[MV#_MVVV]ZMQV;XMS\ZITTQVQMV XPW\WUM\MZ UQ\ 0O,IUXãIUXM b]Z >MZNÛO]VO [\MP\ MZNWTO\ LQM 5M[[]VO JMQ WLMZVU.ÛZLQM)][_MZ\]VO[]V\MVQ[\LMZ-`\QVS\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\E ^WV6),0Jb_6),80JMQLMZJM\ZMNNMVLMV?MTTMVTÃVOMMQVb][M\bMVB]ZMZLÛVV]VO[NIS\WZ JMQ MQVMZ >MZLÛVV]VO ^WV >WT]UMV\MQT ZWJM UQ\ ` >WT]UMV\MQTMV JQLM[\?I[[MZQ[\.%` -`\QVS\QWV[LQNNMZMVb[WJMV
,ITERATUR!USWAHL 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\.I*WMPZQVOMZ5IVVPMQU/UJ0! "5M\PWLMVLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QS; 0MVVQOMZ/!!"-VbaUI\Q[KPM4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSB4MJMV[UQ\\MT<MKPVWTWOQM]VL >MZNIPZMV[\MKPVQS" /WUJWKb-0MTT_QO->WRQZ.8M\]MTa.! "»JMZLQMMZbQMTJIZM/MVI]QOSMQ\^WVMVba UI\Q[KPMV)VITa[MV^MZNIPZMVJMQ4MJMV[UQ\\MTV#-QV[I\bMQVM[BMV\ZQN]OITIVITa[I\WZ[IT[ )VITa[MVI]\WUI\,M]\4MJMV[U:L[KP" 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\.I*WMPZQVOMZ5IVVPMQU/UJ0! "5M\PWLMVLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSUQ\-QVbMTZMIOMVbQMV 1VNWZUI\QWV[[KPZQN\.I*WMPZQVOMZ5IVVPMQU/UJ0! "5M\PWLMVLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV 4MJMV[UQ\\MTIVITa\QSUQ\<M[\+WUJQVI\QWVMV *MZOUMaMZ0=!"5M\PWLMVLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV)VITa[M>MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU *MZOUMaMZ0=!"/Z]VLTIOMVLMZMVbaUI\Q[KPMV)VITa[M>MZTIO+PMUQM?MQVPMQU *MZOUMaMZ0=! w "5M\PWL[WN-VbaUI\QK)VITa[Q[>WT1w@11>MZTIO+PMUQM?MQV PMQU,MIZNQMTL*MIKP
+!0)4%,
! )JSÛZb]VOMV)SZWVaUM]VL;aUJWTM
!NHANG !BKàRZUNGEN !KRONYME 3YMBOLE
!BKàRZUNGEN !KRONYMEUND3YMBOLE D CDE )) )); )JJ IJ[ )+8 ),8 )- )B ?+7WT]UMVXZWbMV\ԑUTUT >WT]UMV\MQTXZW>WT]UMV\MQT >MZ[MQN]VO[bIPT ?ITT+WI\ML7XMVIS]]U4QKP\OM[KP_QVLQOSMQ\!!! U[ .IZILIa3WV[\IV\M! )[^IT 8TIVKS[KPM[?QZS]VO[Y]IV\]Uw2[ /I[SWV[\IV\M 23UWT
+!0)4%,
,QKP\M
!NHANG +URZZEICHENFàR3TANDARDLITERATUR
)7)+ );= *IT\M[ *, */ ,/. 0MQUIVV 045+ :-. ;KPWZUÛTTMZ ;45*
7NâKQIT5M\PWL[WN)VITa[Q[WN)7)+1V\MZVI\QWVIT *]VLM[IU\ NÛZ >MZJZI]KPMZ[KP]\b ]VL 4MJMV[UQ\\MT[QKPMZ PMQ\ *>4 0Z[O" )U\TQKPM ;IUUT]VO ^WV =V\MZ[]KP]VO[ ^MZNIPZMV*M]\P>MZTIO*MZTQV?QMVBÛZQKP *IT\M[?"4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQM)]ãIOM;XZQVOMZ>MZ TIO*MZTQV0MQLMTJMZO6M_AWZS<WSQW *Ma\PQMV),QMUIQZ?!"4IJWZI\WZQ]U[J]KPNÛZLMV4M JMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQSMZ>MZTIO/Q[MTI4QMLT5ÛVKPMV *MTQ\b 0, /ZW[KP ? !!!" .WWL +PMUQ[\Za ;MKWVL -LQ\WV ;XZQVOMZ>MZTIO*MZTQV0MQLMTJMZO6M_AWZS ,M]\[KPM /M[MTT[KPIN\ NÛZ .M\\_Q[[MV[KPIN\ 0Z[O" ,M]\[KPM -QVPMQ\[UM\PWLMVb]Z=V\MZ[]KP]VO^WV.M\\MV.M\\XZWL]S\MV <MV[QLMV ]VL ^MZ_IVL\MV ;\WNNMV ?Q[[MV[KPIN\T >MZTIO[OM[ ;\]\\OIZ\ 0MQUIVV?!!"/Z]VLbÛOMLMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQM>MZTIO -*.IKPJ]KP^MZTIO4MQXbQO ;KPWZUÛTTMZ2!"4MPZJ]KPLMZ4MJMV[UQ\\MTKPMUQM;XZQVOMZ >MZTIO*MZTQV0MQLMTJMZO6M_AWZS ;KP_MQbMZQ[KPM[4MJMV[UQ\\MTJ]KPw5M\PWLMVNÛZLQM=V\MZ[] KP]VO]VL*M]Z\MQT]VO^WV4MJMV[UQ\\MTV]VL/MJZI]KP[OMOMV [\ÃVLMV-QLO,Z]KS[IKPMV]VL5I\MZQITbMV\ZITM*MZV
;IKP^MZbMQKPVQ[
3ACHVERZEICHNIS
) A/T]KIV*QVL]VOMV A)UaTI[M A*ZWUIKM\WVIXP\PWV w .WZUMT w 4Õ[]VO A+IZW\QV! A,/T]KW[M A/T]KW[QLI[M A0aLZW`aXZWXQWV[Ã]ZM! A3M\WOT]\IZI\ w .WZUMT ));[QMPM)\WUIJ[WZX\QWV[[XMS\ZWUM\ZQM )JJM:MNZIS\WUM\MZ! w )]NJI]! w 8ZQVbQX )JSÛZb]VOMV )J[WZX\QWV[JIVLMV )J[WZX\QWV[SWMNâbQMV\ )J[WZX\QWV[[XMS\Z]U w 3WV^MZOMVb[\MTTM w 4QVQMV w 6I\ZQ]U w ;XMS\ZITJMZMQKP )KM[]TNIU3 ! w )J[WZX\QWV[UI`QU]U w *M[\QUU]VO w w 1WVMVXIIZ084+ w .WZUMT w w 6IKP_MQ[OZMVbM! )KM\ITLMPaL! )KM\I\ w .WZUMT )KM\W[]TNIU )KM\aTKPWTQV! )KQLWJ]\aZWUW\MZ[QMPM*]\aZWUW\MZ )KQLWJ]\aZWUM\ZQ[KPM.M\\JM[\QUU]VO )KQTIVMKP\OZÛV )KZQLQV )KaTWQV-VLQWTMZT][\M )TSITQUM\ITTM! )TSITWQLM! )TSWPWTM! w *M[\QUU]VO! w PÕPMZM! w 1LMV\QâbQMZ]VO! w w /+ ITSWPWTQ[KPM/M\ZÃVSM! ITSWPWTQ[KPM4Õ[]VOMV! )TSWPWT\IJMTTMV w IU\TQKPM )T]UQVQ]U )T]UQVQ]UW`QL ! w )S\Q^Q\Ã\[[\]NM1 )UIZIV\P )UJMZTQ\M+/!!!
;IKP^MZbMQKPVQ[ )UJMZTQ\M1: )UJMZTQ\M4) )UMQ[MV[Ã]ZM )UQLM! )UQLOZ]XXM )UQVM w XZQUÃZM ! w \MZ\QÃZM ! )UQVOZ]XXM )UQVWOZ]XXMV! )UQVWPQXX]Z[Ã]ZM )UQVWPaLZW`aVIXP\PITQV[]TNWV[Ã]ZM ! )UQVWVIX\PWT[]TNWV[Ã]ZM ! )UQVW[Ã]ZMIVITa[I\WZMV! )UQVW[Ã]ZMU][\MZ )UQVW[Ã]ZMV !! w )VNÃZJ]VOMVJMQLMZ,+ ! w IZWUI\Q[KPM w *M[\QUU]VO! w ,MKIZJW`aTQMZ]VO w M[[MV\QMTTM w NZMQM! w 1LMV\QâbQMZ]VO! w w ,+! w TQUQ\QMZMVLM )UQVW[Ã]ZMVIVITa[M )UQVWb]KSMZ )UUWVQIS !!!! )UUWVQISI]N[KPT][[ )UUWVQIS4Õ[]VO w UM\PIVWTQ[KPM )UUWVQ]U! w XW\MV\QWUM\ZQ[KPM