Juvenile Diabetes - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

JUVENILE DIABETES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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JUVENILE DIABETES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Juvenile Diabetes: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83948-4 1. Juvenile Diabetes-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on juvenile diabetes. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON JUVENILE DIABETES .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Juvenile Diabetes........................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND JUVENILE DIABETES ........................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Juvenile Diabetes ......................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND JUVENILE DIABETES .................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON JUVENILE DIABETES .................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Dissertations on Juvenile Diabetes .............................................................................................. 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND JUVENILE DIABETES............................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Recent Trials on Juvenile Diabetes .............................................................................................. 67 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON JUVENILE DIABETES ............................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Juvenile Diabetes........................................................................................................ 71 Patent Applications on Juvenile Diabetes.................................................................................... 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON JUVENILE DIABETES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 84 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 85 Chapters on Juvenile Diabetes ..................................................................................................... 86 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON JUVENILE DIABETES........................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 89 Bibliography: Multimedia on Juvenile Diabetes .......................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON JUVENILE DIABETES ..................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 91 Academic Periodicals covering Juvenile Diabetes ........................................................................ 93 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Associations and Juvenile Diabetes............................................................................................ 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 125 JUVENILE DIABETES DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 127 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 171

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with juvenile diabetes is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about juvenile diabetes, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to juvenile diabetes, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on juvenile diabetes. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to juvenile diabetes, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on juvenile diabetes. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on juvenile diabetes.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and juvenile diabetes, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Workshop on Aldose Reductase Inhibitors Source: JDF International Countdown. Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International Countdown. 12(1): 62-63. Winter 1991. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Fax (212) 785-9595. Summary: Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) are being investigated as possible agents to reverse or prevent some of the complications of diabetes mellitus. This article reports on a scientific workshop on ARIs sponsored by the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation and the National Eye Institute that was held in September 1991. Topics include early use of ARIs to treat cataracts, animal models used for investigations in diabetic retinopathy, the first clinical trial of an ARI in humans, and the future use of ARIs. The workshop

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participants also collaborated to design specific criteria, including patient eligibility, study duration, and sample size, for future clinical trials. •

Widening Spectrum of Celiac Disease Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 69(3): 354-365. March 1999. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to ingested gluten that results in immunologically mediated inflammatory damage to the small intestinal mucosa. This article considers the widening spectrum of celiac disease. Celiac disease is associated with both human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non HLA genes and with other immune disorders, notably juvenile diabetes and thyroid disease. The classic sprue syndrome of steatorrhea (fat in the feces) and malnutrition coupled with multiple deficiency states may be less common than more subtle and often monosymptomatic presentations of the disease. Diverse problems such as dental anomalies, short stature, osteopenic bone disease, lactose intolerance, infertility, and nonspecific abdominal pain among many others may be the only manifestations of celiac disease. The rate at which celiac disease is diagnosed depends on the level of suspicion for the disease. Although diagnosis relies on intestinal biopsy findings, serologic tests are useful as screening tools and as an adjunct to diagnosis. The treatment of celiac disease is lifelong avoidance of dietary gluten. Gluten free diets are now readily achievable with appropriate professional instruction and community support. Both benign and malignant complications of celiac disease occur but these can often be avoided by early diagnosis and compliance with a gluten-free diet. 5 figures. 4 tables. 121 references.

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Community Partnerships for Parent-to-Parent Support Source: Diabetes Educator. 27(1): 36, 38-40, 43-44. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article describes a parent to parent support group, the Diabetes Children and Families Support Group, that was developed through a partnership between a managed care group and a local Juvenile Diabetes Foundation chapter. This group provides a monthly forum for discussion of informational topics and a structure for parent to parent support. Support groups are the result of the self help movement, and they are based upon the dynamics of mutual aid. These dynamics include sharing data, feeling free to express ideas and attitudes, discussing taboos, feeling a common bond, being committed to mutual support, having respect for the needs of others, learning to formulate personal solutions to problems, identifying new ways of looking at old issues, and experiencing the power of the group. The article discusses the evolution of the group in terms of organizing the group, accomplishing support group goals, strengthening community alliances, and evaluating the group. In addition, the article describes group activities and analyzes the factors that have made the support group successful. The article concludes that parent support groups are an invaluable resource for children and families who are living with diabetes. 4 tables. 12 references.

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Complications Connection Source: JDF International Countdown. 20(2): 12-14, 16-18. Spring 1999.

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Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005-4001. (800) 533-2873 or (212) 785-9500. Website: www.jdfcure.com. Summary: This article focuses on the microvascular diabetic complications of nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The metabolic effects of diabetes cause changes in the cells of small blood vessels and nerve fibers, leaving small vessels in the kidney, retina, and nerves vulnerable. The most common disturbance in people with diabetes is a thickening of the basement membrane in vulnerable blood vessels. Although other factors may be involved, hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is usually accepted as the leading cause of microvascular complications. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has produced the most convincing evidence of the value of good diabetes control. Various investigations on the alternations caused by excess glucose are underway. For example, researchers are studying the effect of hyperglycemia on the sorbitol pathway, investigating the enzyme protein kinase C and its activation by diacylglycerol, and attempting to determine how high blood sugar interferes with the ability of cells to use calcium. The various cellular changes caused by hyperglycemia vary among people with diabetes, suggesting that other factors are involved. For example, certain genetic factors may allow some people to overcome negative effects. In addition, the diabetic damage to the kidneys, eyes, and nerves has distinctive features in each location. Much research is being conducted on diabetic microvascular complications, including research funded by the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. 4 figures. •

Reading Between the Headlines: Making Sense of Medical News Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 7(3): 21-24. May-June 1990. Summary: This article helps a person to become a critical, analytical reader or listener, particularly in regard to medical news concerning diabetes. It offers some questions to ask in order to test the validity of scientific reports: are these initial findings? Was the study performed with animals or humans? Was there a comparison (control) group that did not receive the treatment? Is the study a 'blind' study? Is the study funded by a party that might have a financial interest in the outcome? How many and what types of subjects were used? How long did the study last? What sorts of tests were used? How were the results depicted? Do the conclusions follow logically from the results? If the research is reported in a consumer publication, does the article include a comment from a credible spokesperson? Each of these questions is discussed. Questions about diabetesrelated studies can be answered or verification of diabetes research findings can be obtained from the American Diabetes Association, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, and the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (addresses are provided). A sidebar describes a study that reveals the newsworthiness of diabetes, compared with heart disease and cancer.

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Big, Wide World of the World Wide Web Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(1): 7-8, 10-13. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article provides people who have diabetes with tips for finding information about diabetes and its treatment on the Internet. The most popular way to obtain information on the Internet is to surf the World Wide Web. To search the Web, a person needs a computer, a modem, a phone or cable line, an Internet provider, and a Web browser. When a person surfs the Web, he or she is visiting one or more Web sites.

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These sites may be posted by nonprofit organizations, government agencies, universities, or publications. All Web sites have specific codes called Web addresses. These addresses usually appear as a series of letters, symbols, periods, and slashes. Almost all addresses begin with 'http://' and are followed by 'www.' Search engines can be used in the absence of a specific address. They sort through information on the Web to help a user find what he or she wants. Search engines are used by typing a keyword and allowing the browser to track down a list of Web sites that reference the keyword. Results are listed with a brief description of the site. Many Web pages have links to other Web pages and other Web sites. Web sites that seem to offer reliable information about diabetes are those provided by the American Diabetes Association, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, the Joslin Diabetes Center, Diabetes.com, Children with Diabetes, the Healing Handbook for Persons with Diabetes, and Diabetes Self-Management. The article provides information on these sites and offers specific Web addresses for information on various diabetes related topics.

Federally Funded Research on Juvenile Diabetes The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to juvenile diabetes. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to juvenile diabetes. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore juvenile diabetes. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for juvenile diabetes: •

Project Title: CORE--HUMAN ISLET Principal Investigator & Institution: Mohankumar, University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130

Thalachallour;

Washington

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: The aims for this core are to isolate, purify, and culture high quality human islets and make them available to investigators with qualifying grants for their ongoing research. The core also provides training and guidance to these investigators in the handling and investigation of human islets. Washington University has been one of the leading institutions in the development of islet cell transplantation as a therapy for type 1 diabetes. The dramatic improvement in the outcomes of islet cell transplantation following the introduction of the Edmonton protocol and the increase in the number of centers that have developed islet cell transplant programs, make the availability of 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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human islets for study an even more important diabetes research priority. This Core laboratory has served and continues to serve as a local and national resource for the provision of human islets to investigators at Washington University and at other centers across the United States. The laboratory was set up as part of the Human Islet Transplant Center of Washington University. After a period of diminished clinical transplant activity, Washington University once again has an active clinical islet transplant program and has successfully performed a clinical transplant in February 2002 with additional transplants anticipated. The DRTC core laboratory benefits from being able to use the resources and infrastructure of the Human Islet Transplant Center of Washington University to provide human islets for research rather than clinical purposes to funded investigators. Under the direction of Dr. T. Mohanakumar the laboratory has continued to supply islets from humans and large animals for diabetes research. During the present funding period the function of the Core was focused towards increasing the efficiency of the isolation process, the improvement of islet purification and yield, and expansion of our islet distribution to more qualified investigators across the country. Support from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) has supplemented these efforts allowing the laboratory to meet its goals. With the increasing importance of human islet cell transplantation, in the next funding period we plan to focus on providing human islets to investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Seed, Brian; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Adapted from the application) The Molecular Biology Core is dedicated to providing cost-effective access to services common to most applications of modern molecular biology and to provide training and technology to exploit a variety of more advanced gene discovery tools. The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of diabetes is widely recognized as a crucial element in the progress toward an understanding of the detailed mechanism of glucose homeostasis and of the still poorly understood pathophysiology of adult onset diabetes. In addition, molecular tools have already played an essential role in elucidating some of the factors contributing to the immunological derangements responsible for the inception of the beta cell destruction underlying juvenile diabetes mellitus. However, the application of the powerful tools of molecular biology increasingly requires the mastery of a broad spectrum of technologies. Common to many of these technologies is a requirement for facile gene isolation and manipulation, which in turn calls for the libraries, cell lines, and protein and nucleic acid probes needed to isolate genes and analyze them. The speed and convenience with which nucleic acids can be manipulated are in turn dependent on key reagents and services which can be expensive and time-consuming to develop on an individual laboratory basis. In addition to making available the approaches in use for expression-based discovery of gene products and their interactions, the Molecular Biology Core will, by consolidating the intellectually broader user base of the diabetes research community with the very high volume of activity ongoing in the Department of Molecular Biology, afford substantial incremental savings for Center-affiliated investigators for reagents and services, such as the provision of synthetic oligonucleotides, automated DNA sequencing, colony picking, and DNA arraying. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA VACCINATION AS EAE IMMUNOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Steinman, Lawrence; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Vaccination was initiated empirically 200 years ago by Jenner and consolidated conceptually 100 years ago by Pasteur, and the procedure still provides surprises. Among the latest is vaccination with DNA. A particular variable region gene of the T cell receptor, Vbeta8.2, is rearranged and its product is expressed on pathogenic T cells that induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its product is expressed on pathogenic T cells that induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in H-2/u mice following immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP). Vaccination of H-2/u mice with naked DNA pathogenic portion of the MBP molecule, indicated in the vaccinated mice there was a reversal of the autoimmune response from Th2 to Th2. This shift may make this approach attractive for treatment of recently of Th1 mediated diseases like multiple sclerosis, juvenile diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. We have recently extended this approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases with altered peptide ligands. In this portion of the program project proposal, we aim to: 1. Extend studies on the mechanism whereby DNA vaccination with TCR Vb constructs induces Th2 responses and suppresses EAE. 2. Test vaccination with DNA minigens encoding myelin epitopes for peptide- and APL-based treatment of EAE. 3. Investigate bacterial CpG sequences inducing gamma interferon and IL- 12, and their application for suppression of EAE. 4. Utilize DNA vaccination to chemokines for treatment of EAE. 5. Develop tandem cytokine and chemokine constructs for treatment of EAE. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL JUVENILE TYPE DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rossini, Aldo A.; Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1978; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Our objective is to understand the defect in cellular immunity that lead to autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using the BB rat disease model. Our hypothesis, developed over the last decade, is that IDDM in the BB rt results from an imbalance between beta cytotoxic effector cells and regulatory T cells. This hypothesis has been strengthened by two fundamental observations. First, we discovered that in BB rats the balance between auto-reactive and regulatory cells is already disequilibrated intrathymically. Large numbers of diabetogenic cells are present in the thymus of BB rats but not of normal animals. Second, we have obtained experimental evidence for the presence of multiple regulatory systems based on RT6+ regulatory cells. Second, we have obtained experimental evidence from the presence of multiple regulatory systems based on RT6+ regulatory cells, RT6 enzymatic activity, and soluble RT6 protein. Second Aim No. 1 is to investigate the antigen-specificity and activities of intrathymic autoreactive cells in BB rats. This aim will examine effects of intrathymic exposure to islet autoantigens, and the mechanism(s) involved in islet betacell-specific destruction by autoreactive cells. Specific Aim No. 2 is to investigate the mechanism(s) by which peripheral RT6+ regulatory cells, or RT6 protein itself, can modulate autoimmunity. The results of our studies will define the T cell populations in B rats that determine whether or not IDDM will occur. They will tell us how these populations interact and how the equilibrium between them is maintained or disrupted.

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We hope that an understanding of these cellular interactions will eventually translate into the design of rational strategies for the prevention of human juvenile diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FEDERATION OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY SOCIETIES MEETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hafler, David A.; Professor; Clinical Immunology Society 6900 Grove Rd Thorofare, Nj 08086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-MAY-2001; Project End 03-MAY-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The Clinical Immunology Society (CIS) has undertaken the task of arranging a federated meeting for clinical immunology to be held yearly commencing in May 2001. This new meeting plans to provide an opportunity for members of each of the individual clinical immunology societies involved to meet together on a yearly basis. The first Federated meeting will be held in Boston, May 4-7, 2001. We believe that this new meeting will consolidate the field of Clinical Immunology as it reaches maturity, particularly as it relates to the major human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile diabetes. Resultant cross-fertilization from this meeting among the disease-centric investigators and members of the biotech and pharmaceutical community is of critical importance with the increasing numbers of therapeutics for treatment of these autoimmune diseases. This meeting reflects the new interdisciplinary nature now necessary for the investigation and treatment of human autoimmune diseases. It will also cover additional immune based diseases including, but not limited to, asthma, immuno-oncology, acquired immunodeficiency, primary immunodeficiency, transplantation tolerance and immuno-dermatology. Another key aspect will be the inclusion of the Immune Tolerance Network annual meeting. This will provide an important opportunity to inform industry about the Immune Tolerance Network and to disseminate new information about science and medicine. The format will be three days on topics of mutual interest to all constituent groups. There will be two major plenary lectures to begin each day, followed by concurrent major symposia on topics of interest to constituent groups. Afternoons will be abstract-driven interspersed with breakout meetings for the constituent societies and presentations by biotech and pharmaceutical firms concerning technologies of interest to the assembled groups. There will be two additional meetings held in conjunction with this meeting. The first of these is a "fellows day" in which plenary and abstract driven talks will be held on the day preceding the main scientific sessions. The second parallel session will be on "science for the nonclinician" which targets the lay societies representing the constituent scientific societies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FRONTIERS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schatten, Gerald P.; Professor; Magee-Women's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Frontiers in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (FrHESC) is a dynamic advanced training course that offers a fresh series of daily lecturers on emerging concepts, followed by extended discussions, laboratory research, technologically intense workshops and informal seminars over a three week period (April 28 - May 17, 2003). The Course is directed toward young independent scientists, physicians and established investigators. The Course will address critical concerns in stem cell biomedicine and is organized around four modules: Module A. HESC Growth,

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Propagation, Pluripotency; Module B. Transgenesis, Cloning and Epigenesis in HESCs; Module C. Realizing HESCs Clinical Promise: Juvenile Diabetes, Parkinson's, In Vivo Imaging (MRI and PET); and Module D. Regenerative Medicine: HESC Frontiers. The Frontiers in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (FrHESC) Training Course Program is directed by a Board of Scientific Counselors whose members are renowned leaders in embryonic stem cell research and proactively consider the national needs for this undertaking and solicit the intellectual and financial wherewithal to realize the promise of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. The FrHESC training course itself is organized by two Course Directors, Gerald Schatten and Roger Pedersen, who are experts in molecular cell biology, gametogenesis, preimplantation embryogenesis and stem cell research. The laboratory and lecture faculty selected to participate in the course are internationally acknowledged leaders in their fields. The purpose of this training course is to provide comprehensive and sophisticated training in research strategies and state-of-the-art methods on cellular, molecular and genetic approaches for advancing the Frontiers in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. The Training Course will conclude with a two-day International Symposium, "Embryonic Stem Cell Biomedicine: The Journey From Mice To Patients" with presentations by leading foreign and US Scientists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETICS OF AUTOIMMUNITY IN BB RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Greiner, Dale L.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of this proposal are to identify and to understand the mechanism of action of the iddm4 gene, a critical non-MHC determinant of susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in the BB rat. We have shown that the BBorigin allele at iddm4 has 79% sensitivity and 80% specificity in predicting diabetes susceptibility. To identify iddm4, we have generated the necessary tools and reagents, including a congenic iddm4 rat with a 2.8 cM region on the diabetes-resistant WF strain that is susceptible to diabetes and a radiation hybrid map of the iddm4 interval with a catalog of the candidate genes in this region. Specific Aim 1 is to generate congenic lines of rats with progressively smaller iddm4 intervals and to fine map the iddm4 region. Specific Aim 2 is to identify molecular and biological phenotypes associated with iddm4. We have shown that bone marrow, thymocytes, and peripheral T cells from BB rats, and thymocytes from WF congenic rats bearing the BB-origin iddm4 interval are capable of the adoptive transfer of diabetes. We hypothesize that iddm4 mediates its diabetogenic effects by expression in hematopoietic-origin cells during intrathymic development. Specific Aim 3 is to identify iddm4. We will identify iddm4 by a combination of bioinformatics, susceptibility testing, and functional assays. To achieve this goal, we will continue our close collaborative arrangement between cellular biologists at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and molecular geneticists at the Drexel University College of Medicine. Although centered on studies of diabetic rats, the real significance of this proposal is its relevance to human diabetes. With the sequence of the human genome now available, NIH and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) have established a human type 1 diabetes genetics consortium to identify those genes that confer susceptibility to the disease. An important component of this strategy is to identify resistance and susceptibility loci in mouse and rat models of type 1 diabetes. The NIH/JDRF goal is to use available mouse and rat genome sequence

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and orthologue maps to translate discoveries in animal models to humans. The genetic effect of iddm4 is large, and this work has will identify a major non-MHC susceptibility locus for autoimmune diabetes mellitus. The work we propose in the BB rat has the potential to contribute to that national goal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Becker, Dorothy J.; Professor; Children's Hosp Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The proposed epidemiologic research is based on our prior 19-year achievements in the development of unique populations, both locally and globally, and a stored blood sample library. These resources will be used to search for environmental triggers that initiate beta cell destruction or precipitate clinical insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) and identify factors that will differentiate those individuals who progress from autoimmune beta cell disease to total destruction for the insulin producing islet cells, from those who have an indolent autoimmune course without the development of diabetes or slow progression to insulin requirement. The hypothesis to be tested are: 1) IDDM is triggered by acute or chronic precipitating agents associated with evidence of an infection and immune reactions with characteristics typical of those which are superantigen mediated; 2) there is a variable rate of progression of the autoimmune process as identified by the presence of circulating islet cell antibodies. Independent determinants characterize rapid progressors or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and non-progressors. Specific aims based on these hypothesis are: A) to evaluate the potential contribution of superantigens as triggering events in a large consecutive series of childhood onset IDDM cases representative of the local population; B) to compare islet cell GAD and ICA512 antibodies in relatives who have slow and rapid or no progression of IDDM after the initial detection of autoimmunity; C) to evaluate HLA haplotypes and T-cell responses and T-cell responses to beta cell antigens and superantigens in these groups. Data derived from this research will give clues as to the pathogenesis of IDDM, the time course and characteristics of the prodrome and risk factors for progression to clinical disease. These will assist in the design of intervention strategies and populations to be tested in future studies. This research will also form the basis of other potential substudies of genetic heterogeneity, autoimmune abnormalities and decreased insulin secretion as surrogate markers of beta cell damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS AND PREVENTION OF TYPE I DIABETES IN THE NOD MOUSE AND MAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdevitt, Hugh O.; Burt & Marion Avery Professor of Immunol; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: Susceptibility to juvenile onset insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is linked to two HLA DQ alleles--HLA DQ8 and HLA DQ2. Because of the great difficulty in isolating DQ restricted human T cell clones, information on the specificity of the DQ restricted T cell response to islet cell antigens is non-existent. Susceptible HLA DQ alleles lack aspartic acid in DQB position 57. (DQ8) exhibits striking differences in binding a number of peptide binding in comparison to DQ9, which is DQbeta57Asp+, and otherwise identical to DQ8. T/H2 CD4 + T/H1 T cells cause islet beta cell

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destruction. Islet antigen specific T/h2 cells are protective. One mechanism for DQ associated susceptibility is that susceptible alleles bind and present a distinct subset of peptides which induce a predominant T/H1 response. Resistant alleles binding other islet antigen peptides which induce a T/h2 responses. The proposed experiments will test whether susceptible and resistant alleles bind and present different subsets of peptides. This will be done by the production of transgenic mice expressing the relevant HLA DQ alleles, as well as human CD4, in the presence and absence of murine CD4. HLA DQ8.huCD4 transgenic mice at backcross 5 to NOD have been observed develop type I diabetes. Transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermate controls will be monitored for the spontaneous development of autoantibodies to islet cell antigens and HLA DQ restricted T cell responses to GA65 and pre pro-insulin. Untreated transgenic mice and transgenic mice immunized with recombinant human GD65 and pre proinsulin will be used to assess the peptides presented by DQ8, DQ7 and DQ6 to T cells. This will be done by using lymph node and spleen T cells from these mice to the murine T cell hybridoma, DW5147. The resulting hybridomas will be analyzed for HLA DQ restriction and peptide specificity. Finally, those peptide epitopes presented by HLA DQ8 will be used to detect HLA DQ restricted responses in pre-diabetic and recent onset diabetic patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PED ENDOCRINE CAREER DEVELOPMENT IN DIABETES RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanley, Charles A.; Chief; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Career Development Program Is to develop a new generation of pediatric endocrinologists who will be equipped to carry out innovative, scientifically rigorous patient-oriented and laboratory-based research related to diabetes mellitus in children for this new 21st Century. One of the needs for this Program is the critical shortage of academic pediatric endocrinologists in diabetes research which has been emphasized by the organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, and the Pediatric Academic Societies. In addition, the Program recognizes the important new opportunities for advancing diabetes research in children provided by such recent scientific advances as the Human Genome Project and the successes in islet transplantation and production of biomechanical and bioengineered islets. The Program will support Scholars for up to 3 years of research career development at the junior faculty level. The Program faculty includes 19 scientific mentors from the Children's Hospital and the U Penn School of Medicine who have outstanding credentials and active research programs and training records. These mentors will supervise Scholars' career development through basic laboratory research and/or patient-oriented research related to diabetes in children. Career development opportunities will include 3 major areas of basic research 1) Signal Transduction: Mechanisms of Hormone Action; 2) Regulation of Pancreatic beta-Cell Function and Development; and 3) Genetic Approaches to Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases. Patient-oriented research opportunities will include the areas of 1) Islet Immunology, Transplantation, and Regulation; 2) Obesity and Insulin Resistance, 3) Diabetes Complications; and 4) Diabetes Epidemiology and Biostatistics. The Program includes a curriculum of formal training in all aspects of research, including biostatistics, bioethics, molecular biology, etc. The Program is strongly supported by access to a superb range of institutional resources,

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including the CHOP GCRC and the UPenn DERC. Request is made for 2 Appointee slots in this Program each year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UCHSC DIABETES ENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hutton, John C.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The establishment and Endocrinology Research Center (DERC) at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes (BDC) at the University of Colorado Health Sciences (UCHSC) brings together the collective expertise of basic and clinical scientists from different faculty and research backgrounds to enhance productivity and the quality of diabetes and endocrinology research in the university. Interdisciplinary cooperation, communication and collaboration between researchers will be promoted by implementation of programs of training and academic enrichment, provision of Core facilities and a Pilot and Feasibility project program. The latter is aimed at fostering innovative ideas of young faculty and established researchers who wish to direct their research efforts to diabetes. All core facilities will be located at the BDC and managed by BDC members. Individuals with particular expertise at the UCHSC and National Jewish Medical Research Center have been included as investigators and advisors as a deliberate strategy aimed at providing further added value and cost effectiveness to the program. The Core facilities are structured around existing expertise services or large instrumentation which, by addition of staff and resources, will provide a productive and cost-effective resource to the maximum number of investigators. Five Cores are proposed: Administration (J. Hutton &G. Eisenbarth, directors); Cytometry (D. Bellgrau, directors); Animal Resources (R. Gill & D. Wegmann, directors); Cell and Molecular Resources (J. Hutton & L. Sussel, directors) and Clinical Investigation/Informatics (M. Rewers & P. Chase, directors). They will be accommodated in 2,147 square feet of approved reassigned space in the present BDC building on 9th and Colorado Blvd on the UCHSC campus. No items of large equipment are needed by the DERC Cores as these have been acquired. Two novel features of the proposed DERC are a "Molecular Bed and Breakfast" laboratory that will accommodate investigators for 2-4 weeks for inhouse, hands-on training in either basic or advanced molecular biology techniques for 24 weeks for in-house, hands-on training in either basic or advanced molecular biology techniques, and a Translational Research Unit which will guide investigators through the labyrinth of setting up a clinical study. Dr. Hutton, PhD will be the Director of the Center and Dr. Eisenbarth, MD, PhD will be his deputy. An External Advisory Board comprised of four distinguished investigators in the field of diabetes will be appointed to provide oversight, assist in the selection of Pilot and Feasibility Projects and conduct an annual review of the DERC. The activities of the DERC will be broadly disseminated to the NIDDK, UCHSC, local chapter of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International or the American Diabetes Association by direct communication and publicity of the BDC webpage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for juvenile diabetes in the PubMed Central database: •

Worldwide Differences in the Incidence of Type I Diabetes are Associated with Amino Acid Variation at Position 57 of the HLA-DQ [beta] Chain. by Dorman JS, LaPorte RE, Stone RA, Trucco M.; 1990 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54748

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with juvenile diabetes, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for juvenile diabetes (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A case of asymptomatic juvenile diabetes mellitus with severe insulin deficiency. Author(s): Rehfeld JF. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1970 April; 187(4): 305-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5447095&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A family with dominantly inherited mild juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Johansen K, Gregersen G. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1977; 201(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=878915&dopt=Abstract

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A fatal instance of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Warshaw JB, Levine M, Hyman V, Crawford JD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1971 July; 10(7): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4997166&dopt=Abstract

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A grief experience in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Taylor CJ. Source: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1977 January; 15(1): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=189017&dopt=Abstract

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A pediatrician's view. Juvenile diabetes: prevention, control, and cure. Author(s): Hoekelman RA. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1994 June; 23(6): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8078702&dopt=Abstract

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A quantitative electron microscopic study of mesangial regions in glomeruli from patients with short term juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Osterby R. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1973 July; 29(1): 99-110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4728359&dopt=Abstract

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A secular increase in the incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): North AF Jr, Gorwitz K, Sultz HA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 November; 91(5): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=909007&dopt=Abstract

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A two locus model for juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Thomson G. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 1980 May; 43(4): 383-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7396412&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal lung elasticity in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Schuyler MR, Niewoehner DE, Inkley SR, Kohn R. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 January; 113(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1247213&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal proinsulin/C-peptide ratio in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Heding L. Source: Acta Diabetol Lat. 1982 October-December; 19(4): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6758459&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of insulin resistance in 4 cases of mild juvenile diabetes. A preliminary report. Author(s): Thorell JI, Nilsson KO, Hager A. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1975 March; 64(2): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1130181&dopt=Abstract

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Acetylsalicylic acid and bleeding time in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Jorgensen KA, Mourits-Andersen HT, Ditzel J, Dyerberg J. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1980 December 1-15; 20(5-6): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233387&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of platelet in vivo function and plasma levels of catecholamines and growth hormone during bicycle exercise in juvenile diabetes and healthy individuals. Author(s): Schernthaner G, Muhlhauser I, Seebacher C, Templ H, Sinzinger H, Silberbauer K. Source: Curr Probl Clin Biochem. 1982; 11: 69-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7083895&dopt=Abstract

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Acute disc swelling in juvenile diabetes. Clinical profile and natural history of 12 cases. Author(s): Barr CC, Glaser JS, Blankenship G. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980 December; 98(12): 2185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7447771&dopt=Abstract

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Adjustment problems in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Swift CR, Seidman F, Stein H. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1967 November-December; 29(6): 555-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5582952&dopt=Abstract

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Age, sex, and season of onset of juvenile diabetes in different geographic areas. Author(s): Fleegler FM, Rogers KD, Drash A, Rosenbloom AL, Travis LB, Court JM. Source: Pediatrics. 1979 March; 63(3): 374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=440839&dopt=Abstract

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Altered lysosomal glycohydrolase activities in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Bomback FM, Nakagawa S, Kumin S, Nitowsky HM. Source: Diabetes. 1976 May; 25(5): 420-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1269840&dopt=Abstract

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An “outbreak” of juvenile diabetes mellitus: consideration of a viral etiology. Author(s): Huff JC, Hierholzer JC, Farris WA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1974 October; 100(4): 277-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4371445&dopt=Abstract

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An argument for the unmeasured diet in juvenile diabetes mellitus: the physical and emotional risks of the measured diet. Author(s): Schmitt BD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1975 January; 14(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112075&dopt=Abstract

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An autopsy study of the islets of Langerhans in acute-onset juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Junker K, Egeberg J, Kromann H, Nerup J. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [a]. 1977 September; 85(5): 699-706. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=335782&dopt=Abstract

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An in vitro study of hydroxyproline synthesis by gingival fibroblasts in patients with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): el-Kishky M, Mahfouz SA, el-Habbak SM. Source: Egypt Dent J. 1986 January; 32(1): 15-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460755&dopt=Abstract

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An incidence peak of juvenile diabetes. Relation to Coxsackie B virus immune response. Author(s): Friman G, Fohlman J, Frisk G, Diderholm H, Ewald U, Kobbah M, Tuvemo T. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1985; 320: 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3010631&dopt=Abstract

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Angiopathy and neuropathy in mild juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Johansen K. Source: Adv Metab Disord. 1973; 2: Suppl 2: 29-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4720369&dopt=Abstract

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Anorexia nervosa and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Handelsman MB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1984 February; 84(2): 58-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6583553&dopt=Abstract

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Anorexia nervosa in a patient with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hardoff D, Shenker IR, Nussbaum M. Source: N Y State J Med. 1984 February; 84(2): 61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6583555&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody to encephalomyocarditis virus in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Yoon JW, Huang SW, MacLaren NK, Wheeler CJ, Selvaggio SS, Notkins AL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 December 1; 297(22): 1235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=199838&dopt=Abstract

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Arthritis in a 15-year-old boy with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Daugbjerg PS, Pedersen FK. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1984 August; 31(4): 346-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6478884&dopt=Abstract

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Association of juvenile diabetes mellitus, primary optic atrophy and perceptive hearing loss in three sibs, with additional idiopathic diabetes mellitus insipidus in one case. Author(s): Ikkos DG, Fraser GR, Matsouki-Gavra E, Petrochilos M. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1970 September; 65(1): 95-102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468975&dopt=Abstract

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Attitudes towards self-control with urinalysis in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Svensson PG. Source: Scand J Soc Med Suppl. 1980; 18: 73-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6939121&dopt=Abstract

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Autoimmune insulitis. Pathological findings in experimental animal models and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Egeberg J, Junker K, Kromann H, Nerup J. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1976; 205: 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=793275&dopt=Abstract

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Benign migratory glossitis in patients with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Wysocki GP, Daley TD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 January; 63(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3468467&dopt=Abstract

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Beta adrenergic blockade and juvenile diabetes: acute studies and long-term therapeutic trial. Evidence for the role of catecholamines in mediating diabetic decompensation following emotional arousal. Author(s): Baker L, Barcai A, Kaye R, Haque N. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1969 July; 75(1): 19-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4978148&dopt=Abstract

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beta-lipoprotein and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Rotenberg I, Pena-Aguilar MT, Barron C, Villalpando S, Perez-Pasten E. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 December; 131(12): 1403-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=201168&dopt=Abstract

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Blood-reduced glutathione, serum ceruloplasmin and mineral changes in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Awadallah R, El-Dessoukey EA, Doss H, Khalifa K, el-Hawary Z. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1978 June; 17(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=685322&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density in children and adolescents with juvenile diabetes: selective measurement of bone mineral density of trabecular and cortical bone using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Author(s): Lettgen B, Hauffa B, Mohlmann C, Jeken C, Reiners C. Source: Hormone Research. 1995; 43(5): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782045&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary diffusion capacity for sodium in skeletal muscle in long-term juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Trap-Jensen J, Alpert JS, Garcia del Rio, Lassen NA. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1967; 476: 135-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5236036&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary microscopy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Kontras SB, Bodenbender JG, Rettemnier SC, Shaffer TE. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1968 August; 116(2): 135-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5659289&dopt=Abstract

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Changes of sialic acid content in cell membranes and plasma in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Watala C, Nowak S. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1986; 27(1-2): 51-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3565077&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical evaluation and preliminary studies on the use of an artificial pancreatic beta cell in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Clarke WL, Thomas L, Santiago JV. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 October; 91(4): 590-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=561836&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical profile of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Patel JC, Kumbhat MM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1979 July; 16(7): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=556369&dopt=Abstract

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Clinico-pathological conference. Juvenile diabetes mellitus, rheumatic heart disease, fever, and massive hemoptysis. Author(s): Klion FM. Source: J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1968 May-June; 35(3): 307-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5239560&dopt=Abstract

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Comphrehensive management of juvenile diabetes at a camp for diabetic children. An experience with 204 children with diabetes. Author(s): Khurana RC, White P, Joslin AP. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1972 March; 26(3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5019529&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance and the health relief model--its relevance to the treatment of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Richt B, Svensson PG. Source: Scand J Soc Med Suppl. 1980; 18: 57-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6939120&dopt=Abstract

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Concentration of chromium in the hair of normal children and children with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hambidge KM, Rodgerson DO, O'Brien D. Source: Diabetes. 1968 August; 17(8): 517-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5673999&dopt=Abstract

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Concerns of children with a chronic illness: a cognitive-developmental study of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Allen DA, Affleck G, Tennen H, McGrade BJ, Ratzan S. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1984 July-August; 10(4): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6478546&dopt=Abstract

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Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion corrects exercise-induced albuminuria in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Koivisto VA, Huttunen NP, Vierikko P. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 March 7; 282(6266): 778-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6783168&dopt=Abstract

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Control of hyperlipidaemia in juvenile diabetes. Standard and corn-oil diets compared over a period of 10 years. Author(s): Chance GW, Albutt EC, Edkins SM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 September 13; 3(671): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5811679&dopt=Abstract

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Control of juvenile diabetes mellitus and its relationship to endogenous insulin secretion as measured by C-peptide immunoreactivity. Author(s): Grajwer LA, Pildes RS, Horwitz DL, Rubenstein AH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 January; 90(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=830892&dopt=Abstract

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Control of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Brazier B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 April 14; 140(8): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6369094&dopt=Abstract

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Cortisol secretion in acidotic and nonacidotic juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Garces LY, Kenny FM, Drash A, Preeyasombat C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1969 April; 74(4): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5767340&dopt=Abstract

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Counting juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hazlett J. Source: Fda Consumer. 2000 September-October; 34(5): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681286&dopt=Abstract

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Course of coxsackie B antibodies during juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Schmidt WA, Brade L, Muntefering H, Klein M. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1978; 164(4): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=45604&dopt=Abstract

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C-peptide and HLA antigens in long-standing juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Joron GE, Shuster J, Webb JL. Source: Diabetes Care. 1980 November-December; 3(6): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7004816&dopt=Abstract

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C-Peptide and the remission phase of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Block MB. Source: Diabetes Care. 1978 September-October; 1(5): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720188&dopt=Abstract

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C-peptide in children with juvenile diabetes. A preliminary report. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Heding LG. Source: Diabetologia. 1976 December; 12(6): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1001852&dopt=Abstract

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C-peptide in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Heding LG. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1977; (270): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=356517&dopt=Abstract

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C-peptide secretion during the remission phase of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Heinze E, Beischer W, Keller L, Winkler G, Teller WM, Pfeiffer EF. Source: Diabetes. 1978 June; 27(6): 670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=350677&dopt=Abstract

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Cystathioninuria, mental retardation, and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): AvRuskin TW, Kang ES. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1974 February; 127(2): 250-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4810279&dopt=Abstract

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Cystic fibrosis and juvenile diabetes mellitus: a case report. Author(s): Poncher JR, Rowley WF, Traisman HS. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1967 July; 60(7): 907-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6042794&dopt=Abstract

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Daily production and metabolic clearance of growth hormone in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Sperling MA, Wollesen F, DeLamater PV. Source: Diabetologia. 1973 October; 9(5): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4773197&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Mejia-Laguna JE, P erez-Pasten E, Magos C, Zorrilla E. Source: Lancet. 1972 March 4; 1(7749): 542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4110042&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes II: Can good control prevent degenerative complications of juvenile diabetes mellitus? Author(s): Marr TJ, Traisman HS, Traisman ES. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1982 June; 83(6): 291-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7108335&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of retinal fluorescence angiography in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Barta L, Brooser G, Molnar M. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1971; 12(3): 243-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5148787&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fats, the diurnal blood lipids and ketones in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Sterky GC, Persson BE, Larsson YA. Source: Diabetologia. 1966 June; 2(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6005287&dopt=Abstract

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Digital sclerosis and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gonzalez T, Gantes M, Diaz-Flores L. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 April; 27(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6712763&dopt=Abstract

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Disease and family contributors to adaptation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Frank RG, Hagglund KJ, Schopp LH, Thayer JF, Vieth AZ, Cassidy JT, Goldstein DE, Beck NC, Clay DL, Hewett JE, Johnson JC, Chaney JM, Kashani JH. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1998 June; 11(3): 166-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782808&dopt=Abstract

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Does milk cause juvenile diabetes? Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1993 January; 56(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451586&dopt=Abstract

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Early detection of nephropathy in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Morgese G, Chiarelli F, La Penna G, Verrotti A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1989; 12(8 Suppl 3): 139-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2809091&dopt=Abstract

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Early diagnosis of retinopathy in juvenile diabetes by fluorescein angiography. Author(s): Toussaint D, Quaetaert M, Dorchy H, Loeb H. Source: Acta Paediatr Belg. 1976 July-September; 29(3): 177-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1007919&dopt=Abstract

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Early onset juvenile diabetes mellitus controlled with nicotinic acid therapy. Author(s): Singh GR, Menon PS, Shah P, Virmani A. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1994 July-August; 61(4): 441-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8002078&dopt=Abstract

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Early onset juvenile diabetes mellitus controlled with nicotinic acid therapy. Author(s): Karmarkar DP, Rajput CS, Wagh SS, Kelkar PS. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1993 November-December; 60(6): 825-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200710&dopt=Abstract

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Educational video game for juvenile diabetes: results of a controlled trial. Author(s): Brown SJ, Lieberman DA, Germeny BA, Fan YC, Wilson DM, Pasta DJ. Source: Med Inform (Lond). 1997 January-March; 22(1): 77-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183781&dopt=Abstract

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EEG abnormalities and convulsions in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Keene DL, Metrakos K, Belmonte M, Watters GV, Singer S. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1983 August; 10(3): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6616350&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of exogenous insulin on fasting serum levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Talaulicar M, Ebert R, Willms B, Creutzfeldt W. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1981 February; 14(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7021006&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of insulin on serum lipids in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Barta L, Molnar M, Polgar M, Tichy M. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1976; 17(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1032732&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intravenous tolbutamide in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): de Belle R, Belmonte MM, Colle E. Source: Diabetes. 1967 April; 16(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023163&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated levels of serum free non-glucose carbohydrates in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Radhakrishnamurthy B, Fellman R, Berenson GS. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1985 April; 17(4): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4007772&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional factors in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a study of early life experience of adolescent diabetics. Author(s): Stein SP, Charles E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1971 December; 128(6): 700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5147725&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional factors in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a study of the early life experiences of eight diabetic children. Author(s): Stein SP, Charles ES. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1975 May-June; 37(3): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1058506&dopt=Abstract

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End-stage renal failure in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a 5-year follow-up of treatment. Author(s): Mitchell JC. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1977 May; 52(5): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=323585&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological and virological observations on juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gamble DR. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 August; 50 Suppl 3: 538-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4467150&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte membrane cholesterol content in juvenile diabetes. Preliminary communication. Author(s): Sarnecka-Keller M, Kordowiak A, Ciba T. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1980; 21(3): 253-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7246218&dopt=Abstract

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Etiologic variability of nephropathy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Gilboa N, Durante D, McIntosh RM, Guggenheim S. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1979 August; 103(9): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=582380&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of dermatoglyphics in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Saksena PN, Thakur S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1979 February; 16(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=457225&dopt=Abstract

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Factitial panniculitis and necrotizing fasciitis in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Oh C, Ginsberg-Fellner F, Dolger H. Source: Diabetes. 1975 September; 24(9): 856-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1158045&dopt=Abstract

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Familial perceptions of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Kronenfeld JJ, Ory MG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1981 October; 70(4): 83-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7291096&dopt=Abstract

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Family interaction and metabolic balance in juvenile diabetes mellitus. A prospective study. Author(s): Gustafsson PA, Cederblad M, Ludvigsson J, Lundin B. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1987 November; 4(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691301&dopt=Abstract

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Family management style in juvenile diabetes: a case illustration. Author(s): Gallo AM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1990 February; 5(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2308060&dopt=Abstract

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Fat metabolism in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Barta L, Szamosfalvi I, Tichy MV. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1973; 14(2): 81-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4763563&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty liver hepatitis and type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Lenaerts J, Verresen L, Van Steenbergen W, Fevery J. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990 February; 12(1): 93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406334&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrous disease of the breast in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Logan-Young WW, Hoffman NY. Source: N Y State J Med. 1990 December; 90(12): 618. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2277684&dopt=Abstract

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Fibrous disease of the breast in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gump FE, McDermott J. Source: N Y State J Med. 1990 July; 90(7): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2385388&dopt=Abstract

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Flexibility of erythrocytes in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tillmann W, Merten A, Lakomek M, Gahr M, Fiechtl J, Schroter W. Source: Blut. 1981 August; 43(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7260405&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized islet hypertrophy and beta-cell hyperplasia in a case of long-term juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Evans DJ. Source: Diabetes. 1972 February; 21(2): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4551161&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of juvenile diabetes mellitus. A recessive gene closely linked to HLA D and with 50 per cent penetrance. Author(s): Rubinstein P, Suciu-Foca N, Nicholson JF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 November 10; 297(19): 1036-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=909549&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Barbosa J, Noreen H, King R, Yunis EJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 February 23; 298(8): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=622133&dopt=Abstract

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Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in short-term and long-term juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1971 September; 28(1): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5093523&dopt=Abstract

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Glucagon mediation of growth hormone secretion in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Avruskin TW, Tang SC, Juan CS. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1974 June; 267(6): 327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4841903&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during “remission” of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Weber B. Source: Diabetologia. 1972 July; 8(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4625833&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosylated hemoglobins and their relation to the control of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Schroter W, Jentsch E, Stumpf B, Kubel R, Turner-Heckmann E, Gahr M. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1978 December; 33(6): 535-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=738904&dopt=Abstract

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Growth failure, somatomedin and growth hormone levels in juvenile diabetes mellitus--a pilot study. Author(s): Nash H. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1979 June; 9(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=223535&dopt=Abstract

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Growth hormone secretion and kidney function during normalization of the metabolic state in newly diagnosed juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hansen AP, Mogensen CE. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1972 January; 4(1): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5011068&dopt=Abstract

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Growth in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Birkbeck JA. Source: Diabetologia. 1972 July; 8(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5047264&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in serum from patients with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ledet T. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [a]. 1976 November; 84(6): 508-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=998250&dopt=Abstract

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Growth pattern in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Sterky G. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1967; : Suppl 177: 80-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5586103&dopt=Abstract

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High urinary insulin-precursor levels in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Crossley JR, Elliott RB. Source: Lancet. 1973 June 2; 1(7814): 1259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4122615&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Majsky A, Dvorakova L. Source: Czech Med. 1983; 6(3): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6416792&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and juvenile diabetes mellitus in the Japanese. Author(s): Wakisaka A, Aizawa M, Matsuura N, Nakagawa S, Nakayama E. Source: Lancet. 1976 October 30; 2(7992): 970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=62204&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and the genetic aspects of the predisposition to juvenile diabetes mellitus. A follow-up. Author(s): Rubinstein P, Suciu-Foca N. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1979; 119: 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=495290&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigen in Jewish patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Gazit E, Sartani A, Mizrachi Y, Ravid M. Source: Diabete Metab. 1977 March; 3(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=858444&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens and susceptibility to juvenile diabetes: do additive relative risks imply genetic heterogeneity? Author(s): Curie-Cohen M. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1981 February; 17(2): 136-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7233414&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes and their first-degree relatives. Author(s): Krawisz JE, Palumbo PJ, Taswell HF, Elveback LR. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1978 December; 53(12): 782-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=732354&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease and both of the diseases. Author(s): Koivisto VA, Kuitunen P, Tiilikainen A, Akerblom HK. Source: Diabete Metab. 1977 March; 3(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=870355&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in American blacks with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Neufeld MR, Maclaren NK, Riley WJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 July 10; 303(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7383065&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Reitnauer PJ, Roseman JM, Barger BO, Murphy CC, Acton RT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 February 14; 302(7): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7351936&dopt=Abstract

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HLA in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): MacDonald MJ, Curie-Cohen M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 February 14; 302(7): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7351935&dopt=Abstract

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HLA, autoimmunity, virus and the pathogenesis of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Nerup J, Andersen OO, Christy M, Platz P, Ryder L, Thomsen M, Svejgaard A. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1976; 205: 167-75. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=793277&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-antigens and some autoimmune features of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Karmazsin L, Ambro I, Stenszky V, Kozma L, Balazs C, Svetlana K. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1979; 20(1): 11-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=532626&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-D--related (DRw) antigens in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Farid NR, Sampson L, Noel P, Barnard JM, Davis AJ, Hillman DA. Source: Diabetes. 1979 June; 28(6): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=446915&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-Dw3 as a marker of resistance against juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ilonen J, Herva E, Tiilikainen A, Akerblom HK, Koivukangas T, Kouvalainen K. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1978 February; 11(2): 144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=77059&dopt=Abstract

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HLA-types, C-peptide and insulin antibodies in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Safwenberg J, Heding LG. Source: Diabetologia. 1977 January; 13(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=838199&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperthyroidism in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hung W, August GP, Glasgow AM. Source: Pediatrics. 1978 April; 61(4): 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=96415&dopt=Abstract

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Immunogenetics of insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Dausset J, Hors J. Source: Diabetes Res. 1984 September; 1(3): 115-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6085045&dopt=Abstract

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Immunopathology of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. I. IgA deficiency and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Smith WI Jr, Rabin BS, Huellmantel A, Van Thiel DH, Drash A. Source: Diabetes. 1978 November; 27(11): 1092-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720769&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired leukotactic responsiveness in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hill HR, Sauls HS, Dettloff JL, Quie PG. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1974 April; 2(3): 395-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4826528&dopt=Abstract

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Impairment of granulocyte function in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Niethammer D, Heinze E, Teller W, Kleihauer E, Wildfeuer A, Haferkamp O. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1975 November 15; 53(22): 1057-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=775181&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of outpatient supervision in the prognosis of juvenile diabetes mellitus: a cost/benefit analysis. Author(s): Deckert T, Poulsen JE, Larsen M. Source: Diabetes Care. 1978 September-October; 1(5): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=102503&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and significance of muscle capillary basal lamina thickness in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Pardo V, Perez-Stable E, Alzamora DB, Cleveland WW. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1972 July; 68(1): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5080699&dopt=Abstract

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Increased integrated concentration of norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, and growth hormone in patients with uncontrolled juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Zadik Z, Kayne R, Kappy M, Plotnick LP, Kowarski AA. Source: Diabetes. 1980 August; 29(8): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7439544&dopt=Abstract

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Increased kidney size and glomerular filtration rate in early juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Mogensen CE, Andersen MJ. Source: Diabetes. 1973 September; 22(9): 706-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4728209&dopt=Abstract

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Increased kidney size and glomerular filtration rate in untreated juvenile diabetes: normalization by insulin-treatment. Author(s): Mogensen CE, Andersen MJ. Source: Diabetologia. 1975 June; 11(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1149954&dopt=Abstract

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Index-binding index in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Marks JF, Wolfson JH, Hamlin M, Freeman B. Source: Diabetes. 1966 April; 15(4): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5929543&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) release by insulin and glucose in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Creutzfeldt W, Talaulicar M, Ebert R, Willms B. Source: Diabetes. 1980 February; 29(2): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6986299&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Correlations to diabetic stability, insulin requirement and duration of insulin treatment. Author(s): Keilacker H, Rjasanowski I, Ziegler M, Michaelis D, Woltanski KP, Besch W. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1982 May; 14(5): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7047344&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin resistance in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Immunologic studies. Author(s): Faulk WP, Tomsovic EJ, Fudenberg HH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1970 July; 49(1): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4988190&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-like insulinase-resistant material, distinguishable from normal insulin, in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Crossley JR, Elliott RB. Source: Diabetes. 1975 July; 24(7): 609-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1171803&dopt=Abstract

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Interest of blood glucose values determined at home in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ernould C, Graff MP. Source: Acta Paediatr Belg. 1978 January-March; 31(1): 53-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=665235&dopt=Abstract

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Intra-HLA recombinations in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Rubinstein P, Nicholson JF, Suciu-Foca N. Source: Diabete Metab. 1977 September; 3(3): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=913752&dopt=Abstract

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Is juvenile diabetes a viral disease? Author(s): Fohlman J, Friman G. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1993 December; 25(6): 569-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8292308&dopt=Abstract

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Is juvenile diabetes determined by a single gene closely linked to HLA? Author(s): Suarez B, Hodge SE, Reich T. Source: Diabetes. 1979 June; 28(6): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=446910&dopt=Abstract

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Is mumps virus an etiologic factor in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Sultz HA, Hart BA, Zielezny M, Schlesinger ER. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 April; 86(4): 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1127521&dopt=Abstract

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Islet cell survival determined by morphology. An immunocytochemical study of the islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Gepts W, De Mey J. Source: Diabetes. 1978; 27 Suppl 1: 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=75815&dopt=Abstract

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Islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Author(s): Lendrum R, Walker G, Gamble DR. Source: Lancet. 1975 April 19; 1(7912): 880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=47533&dopt=Abstract

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Islet-cell-surface antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lernmark A, Freedman ZR, Hofmann C, Rubenstein AH, Steiner DF, Jackson RL, Winter RJ, Traisman HS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 August 24; 299(8): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=353557&dopt=Abstract

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Islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Doniach I, Morgan AG. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1973 July; 2(3): 233-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4586527&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes and periodontitis. Author(s): Hoge HW, Kirkham DB. Source: Dent Surv. 1978 October; 54(10): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=289602&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes and social class. Author(s): Debono J, Johnson C, Betts P. Source: Lancet. 1983 May 14; 1(8333): 1113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6133150&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes and the heart. Author(s): Cooper RS. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1984 June; 31(3): 653-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6374592&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Diabetic Nephropathy Workshop, Minneapolis, 1989. Author(s): Bilous RW. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1990 February; 7(2): 181-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2137764&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes manifesting as epilepsia partialis continua. Author(s): Sabharwal RK, Gupta M, Sharma D, Puri V. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 September; 37(9): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2517290&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus among Nigerians: problems of long-term management. Author(s): Azubuike JC. Source: East Afr Med J. 1979 July; 56(7): 331-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=520245&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. Author(s): Lessell S, Rosman NP. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1977 December; 34(12): 759-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=588096&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus and the HLA system. Author(s): Suciu-Foca N, Rubinstein P, Nicholson J, Susinno E, Weiner J, Godfrey M, Hardy M, Rayfield E, Reemtsma K. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1979 June; 11(2): 1309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=473359&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus clinical spectrum in Zambian children. Author(s): Sehgal D, Raghu MB, Chintu C. Source: Med J Zambia. 1981 May-July; 15(3): 84-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6812307&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus in Singapore children. Author(s): Wong HB. Source: J Singapore Paediatr Soc. 1981; 23(1-2): 47-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6806537&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus masquerading as disseminated candidiasis. Author(s): Krishnan J, Gupta P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 March; 34(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282498&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus with 50-year survival. Author(s): Kalan JM, Dressler FA, Romain KE, Gallivan MV, Roberts WC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 November 15; 62(16): 1144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189183&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus with hypothyroidism. Author(s): Vaishnava S, Choudhury P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1981 March; 18(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7263025&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus with Somogyi phenomenon--concomitant grand mal epilepsy--diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Author(s): Albert RJ. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1979 November; 70(11 Suppl): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=119022&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Marshall RN Jr. Source: American Family Physician. 1982 January; 25(1): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6798853&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Cohen T. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1979 December; 15(12): 1009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=528182&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus: a reassessment of etiology clinical expression and therapy. Author(s): AvRuskin TW. Source: J Nurs Care. 1978 October; 11(10): 10-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=308640&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus: a reassessment of etiology, clinical expression and therapy. Author(s): AvRuskin TW. Source: Nurs Care. 1978 March; 11(3): 8-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=245642&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus: possibility of prevention. Author(s): Farquhar JW. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1979 August; 54(8): 569-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=389172&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus--a risk factor for postoperative venous thromboembolism? Author(s): Bergqvist D, Arnadottir M, Bergentz SE, Bornmyr S, Husberg B, Lindholm T, Konrad P. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1985; 217(3): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3887853&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Rose V. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1981 September; 17(9): 372-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6914449&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes: current trends in psychosocial research. Author(s): Kosub SM, Cerreto MC. Source: Social Work in Health Care. 1981 Summer; 6(4): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7323939&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes: impact on the child and family. Author(s): Tarnow JD, Tomlinson N. Source: Psychosomatics. 1978 August; 19(8): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=693781&dopt=Abstract

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Juvenile diabetes--a team approach. Author(s): Paxinos R, Ferguson R. Source: J Hum Nutr. 1978 August; 32(4): 294-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=712057&dopt=Abstract

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Kidney function and glomerular permeability to macromolecules in early juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1971 September; 28(1): 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5093522&dopt=Abstract

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Kidney function and glomerular permeability to macromolecules in juvenile diabetes with special reference to early changes. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1972 September; 19: Suppl 3: 1-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4642311&dopt=Abstract

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Lanthony 15-Hue Desaturated Test for screening of early color vision defects in uncomplicated juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Giusti C. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 November-December; 45(6): 607-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754902&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Abnormal lung elasticity in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Brown R, Wellman JJ. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 June; 113(6): 894-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=937825&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Aetiology of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Rolles CJ, Rayner PH, Mackintosh P. Source: Lancet. 1975 August 2; 2(7927): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=51984&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Association between HLA-B8 and autoimmunity in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Christy M, Nerup J, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D, Platz P, Svejgaard A, Ryder LP, Thomsen M. Source: Lancet. 1976 July 17; 2(7977): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=59201&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Intra-HLA recombination frequency in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Mayr WR, Schernthaner G, Ludwig H. Source: Lancet. 1976 April 17; 1(7964): 865. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=56689&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Intra-HLA recombinations in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Suciu-Foca N, Rubinstein P. Source: Lancet. 1976 February 14; 1(7955): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54787&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Is there a sex difference in juvenile diabetes? Author(s): Rosenbloom AL, Giordano B. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 July; 87(1): 150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1151538&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Juvenile diabetes and viruses. Author(s): Barbosa J, Noreen H, Goetz F, Simmons R, Najarian J, Yunis EJ. Source: Lancet. 1976 February 14; 1(7955): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54786&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Sex difference in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Monteleone JA, Peden VH, Hale RE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1974 December; 85(6): 874-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4420065&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Weight-gain in infancy and development of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Karam JH, Grodsky GM, Forsham PH. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 3; 1(7949): 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54553&dopt=Abstract

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Leukocyte functions in juvenile diabetes mellitus: humoral and cellular aspects. Author(s): Miller ME, Baker L. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1972 November; 81(5): 979-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5086727&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of the second component of complement and serum insulin in early juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Zorrilla E, Ohrenberg C, Soeldner JS, Sheffer AL. Source: Lahey Clin Found Bull. 1969 April-June; 18(2): 55-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5807303&dopt=Abstract

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Limited joint mobility and retinopathy in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gandola CD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 October 22; 248(16): 1975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7120624&dopt=Abstract

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Living with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ory MG, Kronenfeld JJ. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1980 September-October; 6(5): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6902829&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term juvenile diabetes treated with unmeasured diet. Author(s): Knowles HC Jr. Source: Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1971; 84: 95-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5164308&dopt=Abstract

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Loss of autoregulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Henriksen O, Kastrup J, Parving HH, Lassen NA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1984; 6 Suppl 4: S666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6083409&dopt=Abstract

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Low dose linomide in Type I juvenile diabetes of recent onset: a randomised placebocontrolled double blind trial. Author(s): Coutant R, Landais P, Rosilio M, Johnsen C, Lahlou N, Chatelain P, Carel JC, Ludvigsson J, Boitard C, Bougneres PF. Source: Diabetologia. 1998 September; 41(9): 1040-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754822&dopt=Abstract

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Management of childhood diseases during the Byzantine period: IV -- juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ramoutsaki IA, Dimitriou H, Markaki EA, Kalmanti M. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 August; 44(4): 463-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139581&dopt=Abstract

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Management of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Garfunkel JM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 December; 99(6): 911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7031211&dopt=Abstract

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Management of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Chaney C, Elders MJ. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1975 August; 72(3): 111-27. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=125737&dopt=Abstract

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Management of juvenile diabetes mellitus: usefulness of 24-hour fractional quantitative urine glucose. Author(s): Forman BH, Goldstein PS, Genel M. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 February; 53(2): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4812010&dopt=Abstract

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Management of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Moss JM. Source: Gp. 1968 July; 38(1): 78-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5666472&dopt=Abstract

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Matching of host genotype and serotypes of Coxsackie B virus in the development of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Fohlman J, Bohme J, Rask L, Frisk G, Diderholm H, Friman G, Tuvemo T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1987 August; 26(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2888188&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic clearance rate of growth hormone in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lipman RL, Taylor AL, Conly P, Mintz DH. Source: Diabetes. 1972 March; 21(3): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5011982&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic considerations in the treatment of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Bacon GE, Parkhurst RD. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1969 November; 53(6): 1367-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4982939&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic homeostasis in juvenile diabetes mellitus. I. Role of growth hormone. Author(s): Baker L, Root AW, Haque N, Kaye R. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1969 February; 18(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5812400&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic homeostasis in juvenile diabetes mellitus. II. Increased ketone responsiveness to epinephrine. Author(s): Baker L, Kaye R, Haque N. Source: Diabetes. 1969 June; 18(6): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5795855&dopt=Abstract

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Microheterogeneity of urinary albumin and tubular proteinuria in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ries M, Scharer K, Wartha R, Schmidt H, Gekle D. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1991 September; 5(5): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911142&dopt=Abstract

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Mild carbohydrate intolerance developing into classic juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Johansen K. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1971 May; 189(5): 337-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5578484&dopt=Abstract

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MLC typing in juvenile diabetes mellitus and idiopathic Addison's disease. Author(s): Thomsen M, Platz P, Andersen OO, Christy M, Lyngsooe, Nerup J, Rasmussen K, Ryder LP, Nielsen LS, Svejgaard A. Source: Transplant Rev. 1975; 22: 125-47. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=46642&dopt=Abstract

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Mode of presentation of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hamilton DV, Mundia SS, Lister J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 July 24; 2(6029): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=974495&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological abnormalities of the terminal neuromuscular apparatus in recent juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Reske-Nielsen E, Gregersen G, Harmsen A, Lundbaek K. Source: Diabetologia. 1970 April; 6(2): 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4192894&dopt=Abstract

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Morphometric studies of the peripheral glomerular basement membrane in early juvenile diabetes. I. Development of initial basement membrane thickening. Author(s): Osterby R. Source: Diabetologia. 1972 April; 8(2): 84-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5031267&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality in juvenile diabetes mellitus over 25 years. Author(s): Smith CS, Hudson FP. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1976 April; 51(4): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1275543&dopt=Abstract

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Mozambin activation of EEG in infantile and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Lesny I, Rakosnikova M, Dymova N. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1971 March; 30(3): 2756. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4103249&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle capillary basement membrane in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Danowski TS, Fisher ER, Khurana RC, Nolan S, Stephan T. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1972 December; 21(12): 1125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4641955&dopt=Abstract

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Myasthenia gravis, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and juvenile diabetes mellitus in a twelve-year-old boy. Author(s): Andler W. Source: Klinische Padiatrie. 1983 March; 195(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6343711&dopt=Abstract

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Nerve conduction velocity determinations in juvenile diabetes: continuing study of 190 patients. Author(s): Eng GD, Hung W, August GP, Smokvina MD. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1976 January; 57(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1247369&dopt=Abstract

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No relation between HL-A and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Finkelstein S, Zeller E, Walford RL. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1972; 2(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5077734&dopt=Abstract

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Nonenzymatic protein glycosylation. I. Lowered erythrocyte membrane fluidity in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Watala C, Zawodniak M, Bryszewska M, Nowak S. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1985; 17(6): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4096489&dopt=Abstract

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Optic atrophy and juvenile diabetes mellitus with familial occurrence. Author(s): Rorsman G, Soderstrom N. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1967 October; 182(4): 419-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6054825&dopt=Abstract

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Osteopenia in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Shore RM, Chesney RW, Mazess RB, Rose PG, Bargman GJ. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1981; 33(5): 455-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6797697&dopt=Abstract

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Overcoming juvenile diabetes with a little planning and high-tech tools. Author(s): McNamara D. Source: Fda Consumer. 2000 July-August; 34(4): 28-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924632&dopt=Abstract

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Parent and child perceptions of the management of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Allen DA, Tennen H, McGrade BJ, Affleck G, Ratzan S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1983 June; 8(2): 129-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6875761&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral blood flow and metabolic control in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gundersen HJ. Source: Diabetologia. 1974 June; 10(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4845723&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral neuropathy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ramji S, Khandpur SC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1986 April; 23(4): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3744495&dopt=Abstract

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Phentolamine and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Cegrell L. Source: Lancet. 1972 December 30; 2(7792): 1421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4118710&dopt=Abstract

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Physical exercise and juvenile diabetes--summary and conclusions. Author(s): Larsson Y. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1980; 283: 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7010899&dopt=Abstract

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Physical exercise therapy in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Jung K. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1982 March; 22(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7132312&dopt=Abstract

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Physical training in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Koivisto VA, Groop L. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1982; 14 Suppl 34: 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6756276&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma and urinary beta-hexosaminidase in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hanseus K, Hultberg B, Isaksson A, Sjoblad S. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 January; 72(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6222591&dopt=Abstract

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Platelet Na(+)-H+ exchange in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Salles JP, Ser N, Fauvel J, Couvaras O, Bouissou F, Ghisolfi J, Barthe P, Chap H. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1991 December; 9(6): S222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1667997&dopt=Abstract

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Possible localization of the gene(s) for juvenile diabetes mellitus (JDM) to the HLA region of chromosome 6. Author(s): Falk CT, Suciu-Foca N, Rubinstein P. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 1978; 22(1-6): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=752490&dopt=Abstract

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Post-mortem histology of the islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Doniach I. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1974 August; 50 Suppl 3: 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4619441&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive value of biological markers in etiopathogenesis of juvenile diabetes-reviewing the role of insulin antibodies. Author(s): Vlaski J, Stefan S, Katanic D, Vukadinovic I, Babic L. Source: Med Pregl. 1998 May-June; 51(5-6): 221-7. English, Croatian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720347&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of periodontal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (juvenile diabetes). Author(s): Cianciola LJ, Park BH, Bruck E, Mosovich L, Genco RJ. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1982 May; 104(5): 653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7042797&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention and cure of juvenile diabetes. In our lifetime? Author(s): Atkison PR. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1993 August; 26(4): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8242895&dopt=Abstract

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Progressive optic atrophy associated with juvenile diabetes mellitus: report of two cases among first cousins. Author(s): Chuah G, Seah S, Chee SP. Source: Singapore Med J. 1993 August; 34(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266210&dopt=Abstract

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Prolonged exercise in adolescent boys with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Circulatory and metabolic responses in relation to perceived exertion. Author(s): Persson B, Thoren C. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1980; 283: 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7010903&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of incidence of juvenile diabetes mellitus over 10 years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Swai AB, Lutale JL, McLarty DG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 12; 306(6892): 1570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329915&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudopapilledema of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lubow M, Makley TA Jr. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1971 April; 85(4): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5554869&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors in juvenile diabetes: a review. Author(s): Johnson SB. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1980 March; 3(1): 95-116. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6995619&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary mucormycosis and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Johnson GM, Baldwin JJ. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1981 June; 135(6): 567-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234794&dopt=Abstract

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Rapitard insulin in the management of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Court JM, Amies GC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 July 7; 2(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4737647&dopt=Abstract

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Red blood cell electrolyte changes in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Roman F, Toldi Z, Kurti K, Pataki L. Source: Acta Paediatr Hung. 1990; 30(2): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2248802&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction to normal of plasma glucose in juvenile diabetes by subcutaneous administration of insulin with a portable infusion pump. Author(s): Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS, Genel M, Felig P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 March 15; 300(11): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=763270&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin and postprandial blood glucose in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes patients. Author(s): Topper E, Karp M, Doron M, Larson Z. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1979 March; 15(3): 283-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=457377&dopt=Abstract

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Remission of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Illig R, Prader A. Source: Lancet. 1968 November 30; 2(7579): 1190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4176970&dopt=Abstract

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Remission phase in newly diagnosed insulin treated juvenile diabetes: behaviour of glucose, FFA, HGH and total-IRI during combined glucose arginine infusion; development of antibodies against exogenous insulin. Author(s): Menzel R, Michaelis D, Neumann I, Schultz B, Wilke W, Wulfert P, Michael R, Bibergeil H. Source: Endokrinologie. 1973 August; 62(1): 100-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4785266&dopt=Abstract

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Remission phase of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Jackson RL. Source: Diabetes Care. 1979 January-February; 2(1): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=510115&dopt=Abstract

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Renal allografting in the patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Habal MB, Birtch AG, Kountz SL, Stephans B, Murray JE. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1972 November; 124(5): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4562571&dopt=Abstract

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Renal glomerular and tubular function following acute insulin deprivation in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Barash Y, Aladjem M, Sack J, Bistritzer T, Theodor R, Orda S, Boichis H. Source: Nephron. 1982; 31(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7050753&dopt=Abstract

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Renal plasma flow in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1981; 242: 33-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6940398&dopt=Abstract

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Renal transplantation. Complications in patients with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Bakshandeh K, Picache R, Bastounis E, Haberal MA, Husberg BS. Source: Urology. 1975 January; 5(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1090044&dopt=Abstract

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Renal tubular function and urinary acidification capacity in early juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Garcia Puig J, Mateos Anton F, Grande C, Pallardo LF, Arnalich F, Gaspar G, Gil A, Vazquez JJ, Montero A. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1981 November; 13(11): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7308970&dopt=Abstract

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Response to bicycle exercise testing in long-standing juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Storstein L, Jervell J. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1979; 205(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=425849&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal function in an unique syndrome of optic atrophy, juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, neurosensory hearing loss, autonomic dysfunction, and hyperalanineuria. Author(s): Niemeyer G, Marquardt JL. Source: Invest Ophthalmol. 1972 July; 11(7): 617-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5046561&dopt=Abstract

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Retinopathy in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Barta L, Molnar M. Source: Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 1971; 12(3): 239-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5148786&dopt=Abstract

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Retinopathy of juvenile diabetes: a comparative clinical study. Author(s): Ferrer O. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1972 December; 65(12): 1448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4641083&dopt=Abstract

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Rhinocerebral mucormycosis and juvenile diabetes mellitus: report of a case with recovery. Author(s): Marr TJ, Traismann HS, Davis AT, Kernahan D. Source: Diabetes Care. 1978 July-August; 1(4): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=554789&dopt=Abstract

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Role of artificial pancreas in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Rosenbloom AL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 April; 92(4): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=633046&dopt=Abstract

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Role of epinephrine in metabolic homeostasis of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Bostanci N. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1972 June; 8(6): 850-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4626316&dopt=Abstract

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Self-control with urinalysis in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J, Svensson PG. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979 November; 68(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=539411&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory perception thresholds in patients with juvenile diabetes and their close relatives. Author(s): Chochinov RH, Ullyot GL, Moorhouse JA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 June 8; 286(23): 1233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4336775&dopt=Abstract

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Serum and urinary aminoacid pattern in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gabr M, Ghaleb HO, Mahfouz M. Source: Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc. 1973 October; 21(4): 51-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4804965&dopt=Abstract

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Serum beta glucuronidase activity in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Traisman HS, Greenwood RD, Downey JL. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1973 March; 143(3): 237-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4405753&dopt=Abstract

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Serum growth hormone patterns in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hansen AP. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1972 April; 19(1): Suppl I: 3-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5024691&dopt=Abstract

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Serum immunoreactive trypsin concentrations in infectious and non-infectious illnesses and in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gamble DR, Moffatt A, Marks V. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1979 September; 32(9): 897-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=512051&dopt=Abstract

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Serum insulin, pancreatic glucagon and growth hormone levels in response to intravenous infusion of L-arginine in patients with recently detected juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Lawecki J, Symonides-Lawecka A, Rogala H. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1976 April-June; 15(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=959042&dopt=Abstract

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Serum-insulin in remission of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Orskov H, Johansen K. Source: Lancet. 1968 November 16; 2(7577): 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4176888&dopt=Abstract

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Sheehan's syndrome of hypothalamic origin in a woman with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Herbai G, Werner I. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1976; 199(6): 539-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=937082&dopt=Abstract

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Socio-psychological factors and metabolic control in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Ludvigsson J. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1977 July; 66(4): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=899758&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Cracco J, Castells S, Mark E. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1984 January; 15(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6712193&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous food intake in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Gillet P, Expaignet H, Francois R. Source: Acta Paediatr Belg. 1978 January-March; 31(1): 59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=665237&dopt=Abstract

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Stamping out the rainbow. Towards the rational use of regular insulin in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Kohler E. Source: Wis Med J. 1978 April; 77(4): S39-S40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=645102&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the frequency and associations of islet-cell antibodies in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Richens ER, Quilley J, Hartog M. Source: Acta Diabetol Lat. 1978 September-December; 15(5-6): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=373353&dopt=Abstract

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Study of bladder function in patients with prediabetes, latent diabetes, recent onset diabetes and juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Salama Benarroch I, Scorticatti CH, Rubinstein Salama A, Pagliere H, Cartelli E. Source: Acta Diabetol Lat. 1979 July-September; 16(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=525207&dopt=Abstract

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Study of pituitary secretion in relation to retinopathy in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Cerasola GA, Donatelli M, Sinagra D, Russo V, Amico LM, Lodato G. Source: Acta Diabetol Lat. 1981 October-December; 18(4): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6277121&dopt=Abstract

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Subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Hann S, Kaye R, Falkner B. Source: Diabetes. 1976 February; 25(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=765177&dopt=Abstract

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Suppressibility of glucagon secretion by glucose in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Sperling MA, Aleck K, Voina S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 April; 90(4): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=839365&dopt=Abstract

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Suprarenal cortical reserve capacity in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Abdel-Salam E, Abdel-Aziz T, Hafiez AA, el-Sharkawy S, Boutros NZ. Source: Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc. 1974 January; 22(1): 43-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4375644&dopt=Abstract

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Sustained insulin-induced remissions of juvenile diabetes by means of an external artificial pancreas. Author(s): Mirouze J, Selam JL, Pham TC, Mendoza E, Orsetti A. Source: Diabetologia. 1978 April; 14(4): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=640299&dopt=Abstract

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The association between erythrocyte internal viscosity, protein non-enzymatic glycosylation and erythrocyte membrane dynamic properties in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Watala C, Witas H, Olszowska L, Piasecki W. Source: International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 1992 October; 73(5): 655-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329916&dopt=Abstract

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The association of HLA with juvenile diabetes mellitus in Newfoundland. Author(s): Farid NR, Barnard JM, Pepper B, Noel EP, Kelly F, Davis AJ, Hobeika C, Marshall WH. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1978 September; 12(3): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=83020&dopt=Abstract

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The detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Nelson RP, Marr TJ, Traisman HS. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1978 February; 153(2): 118-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=24025&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of anxiety management training on the control of juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Rose MI, Firestone P, Heick HM, Faught AK. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1983 December; 6(4): 381-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6668604&dopt=Abstract

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The extramural and intramural coronary arteries in juvenile diabetes mellitus: analysis of nine necropsy patients aged 19 to 38 years with onset of diabetes before age 15 years. Author(s): Crall FV Jr, Roberts WC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1978 February; 64(2): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=629271&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of mothers' sense of empowerment on the metabolic control of their children with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Florian V, Elad D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1998 August; 23(4): 239-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718897&dopt=Abstract

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The improved response in endogenous insulin due to continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin therapy in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Amemiya S, Kato K, Asayama K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1983 December; 141 Suppl: 7137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6393445&dopt=Abstract

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The predicaments of “dangerous safety”: living with juvenile diabetes in 20th century America. Author(s): Feudtner C. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 July; 173(1): 64-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903304&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence and clinical characteristics of celiac disease in juvenile diabetes in Wisconsin. Author(s): Aktay AN, Lee PC, Kumar V, Parton E, Wyatt DT, Werlin SL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 October; 33(4): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698764&dopt=Abstract

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The psychophysiologic aspects of stress in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tarnow JD, Silverman SW. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1981-82; 11(1): 25-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6112208&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between periodontitis and tooth decay in juvenile diabetes mellitus cases and in healthy children. Author(s): Akyuz S, Oktay C. Source: J Marmara Univ Dent Fac. 1990 September; 1(1): 58-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2129918&dopt=Abstract

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The remission period in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hensey OJ, Smith CS. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1983 May; 152(5): 187-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6347960&dopt=Abstract

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The role of trace elements in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tuvemo T, Gebre-Medhin M. Source: Pediatrician. 1983-85; 12(4): 213-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400452&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid function in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Castells S. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1984 June; 31(3): 623-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6427741&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid function in type 1 juvenile diabetes mellitus: tendency to the low T3 syndrome. Author(s): Radetti G, Drei F, Franzellin F, Pasquino B, Mengarda G. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1985; 40(6): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3830971&dopt=Abstract

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Transdermal scopolamine cycloplegia in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Lugaresi A, Uncini A, Chiarelli F, Cortelli P. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1989 April; 10(2): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737867&dopt=Abstract

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Transient hyperopic refractive changes in newly diagnosed juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Giusti C. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2003 April 5; 133(13-14): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811676&dopt=Abstract

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Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia in newly diagnosed juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Kanakoudi-Tsakalidis F, Harsoulis P, Katzos G, Dadaliari M, McNally JN, Bottazzo GF. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1984; 265: 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388210&dopt=Abstract

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Type I diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes, is one of the disorders with a complex genetic basis. Author(s): Godambe SV, Sharief N. Source: Early Human Development. 1999 September; 56(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530909&dopt=Abstract

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Type I diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes, is one of the disorders with a complex genetic basis. Author(s): Godambe SV, Sharief N. Source: Early Human Development. 1999 April; 54(3): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321794&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructure of muscle biopsies in recent, short-term and long-term juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Reske-Nielsen E, Harmsen A, Vorre P. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1977 May; 55(5): 345-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=857576&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary acidic glycohydrolases as an index of kidney damage in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Kohler E, Sheth KJ, Good TA. Source: Acta Diabetol Lat. 1979 July-September; 16(3): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=118609&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary albumin excretion during exercise in juvenile diabetes. A provocation test for early abnormalities. Author(s): Mogensen CE, Vittinghus E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1975 July; 35(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1188285&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary albumin excretion in early and long-term juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Mogensen CE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1971 October; 28(2): 183-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5130106&dopt=Abstract

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Use of an artificial pancreas as a tool to determine subcutaneous insulin doses in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Lambert AE, Buysschaert M, Lambotte L. Source: Diabetes Care. 1979 May-June; 2(3): 256-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=510117&dopt=Abstract

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Viral link sought in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Gunby P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 September 15; 240(12): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=355665&dopt=Abstract

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Vitiligo and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Macaron C, Winter RJ, Traisman HS, Kahan BD, Lasser AE, Green OC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 November; 113(11): 1515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=931387&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and juvenile diabetes.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Juvenile Diabetes The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym): •

Does milk cause juvenile diabetes? Source: Cerrato, P L RN. 1993 January; 56(1): 69-72 0033-7021

•

Early onset juvenile diabetes mellitus controlled with nicotinic acid therapy. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Miraj and Civil Hospital, Sangli. Source: Karmarkar, D P Rajput, C S Wagh, S S Kelkar, P S Indian-J-Pediatr. 1993 NovDecember; 60(6): 825-7 0019-5456

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Educational video game for juvenile diabetes: results of a controlled trial. Author(s): Raya Systems Inc., Mountain View, CA 94040, USA. Source: Brown, S J Lieberman, D A Germeny, B A Fan, Y C Wilson, D M Pasta, D J MedInform-(Lond). 1997 Jan-March; 22(1): 77-89 0307-7640

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Low dose linomide in Type I juvenile diabetes of recent onset: a randomised placebocontrolled double blind trial. Author(s): Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Hospital, Paris, France. Source: Coutant, R Landais, P Rosilio, M Johnsen, C Lahlou, N Chatelain, P Carel, J C Ludvigsson, J Boitard, C Bougneres, P F Diabetologia. 1998 September; 41(9): 1040-6 0012-186X

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Overcoming juvenile diabetes with a little planning and high-tech tools. Source: McNamara, D FDA-Consum. 2000 Jul-August; 34(4): 28-32 0362-1332

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

•

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to juvenile diabetes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Minerals Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to juvenile diabetes. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to juvenile diabetes and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to juvenile diabetes: •

“Governare il diabete” (“to steer diabetes”): a new proposal for diabetic camps. Author(s): Salvatoni A, Pompili V, Biasoli R, Cardani R, Arioli G, Nespoli L. Source: Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 2003; 74 Suppl 1: 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817799&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. Author(s): Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao NS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 April; 44(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194788&dopt=Abstract

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High dose intravenous, but not low dose subcutaneous, insulin-like growth factor-I therapy induces sustained insulin sensitivity in severely resistant type I diabetes

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mellitus. Author(s): Usala AL, Madigan T, Burguera B, Cefalu W, Sinha MK, Powell JG, Usala SJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 August; 79(2): 43540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8045959&dopt=Abstract •

High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lindsay AN, Hardy S, Jarrett L, Rallison ML. Source: Diabetes Care. 1984 January-February; 7(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6323107&dopt=Abstract

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Microalbuminuria is associated with limited joint mobility in type I diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Montana E, Rozadilla A, Nolla JM, Gomez N, Escofet DR, Soler J. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1995 July; 54(7): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668902&dopt=Abstract

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Social learning intervention to promote metabolic control in type I diabetes mellitus: pilot experiment results. Author(s): Kaplan RM, Chadwick MW, Schimmel LE. Source: Diabetes Care. 1985 March-April; 8(2): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3996172&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of coping styles on the control of juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Tietz W, Vidmar JT. Source: Psychiatry Med. 1972 January; 3(1): 67-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4608347&dopt=Abstract

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The psychophysiologic aspects of stress in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tarnow JD, Silverman SW. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1981-82; 11(1): 25-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6112208&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

Alternative Medicine 63

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to juvenile diabetes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Fenugreek Alternative names: Trigonella foenum-graecum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to juvenile diabetes. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on juvenile diabetes, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Juvenile Diabetes ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to juvenile diabetes. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Diabetic Camp: Its Implications for Coping with Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus by Sperlich, Sonja B., PhD from The Catholic University of America, 1982, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221445

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An Exploratory Study of Father Involvement in the Management of Juvenile Diabetes by Allred, Keith W., PhD from Vanderbilt University, 1988, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8910838

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Juvenile Diabetes: a Study of Children's Perceptions of Their Illness (diabetes) by Zahorik, Pamela Marie, PhD from Case Western Reserve University, 1991, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9137064

•

Psychosocial and Demographic Predictors of Metabolic Control in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Children (juvenile Diabetes, Chronic Illness) by Auslander, Wendy F., PhD from Washington University, 1986, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8626363

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•

The Effect of Anxiety Management Training on the Course and Control of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus by Rose, Malcolm I; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53282

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The Relationship of Cognitive Development on Assuming Self-management in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus: an Application of Piagetian Theory in Assessing Readiness for Self-care in a Chronic Illness (glycohemoglobin, Locus of Control, Information) by Diamond, Kenneth, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1984, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8410540

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning juvenile diabetes.

Recent Trials on Juvenile Diabetes The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to juvenile diabetes.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Effect of AC2993 with or without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients with Type I Diabetes Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's sensitivity to insulin. The patient is admitted to the NIH Clinical Center the evening before the study and receives an insulin drip through an intravenous (IV) line overnight to maintain normal blood sugar levels. The next morning, another IV line is placed, glucose and insulin are being infused and frequent blood samples are being collected to measure blood sugar andinsulin levels. Test period A: Patients are randomly assigned to receive 1) AC2993 alone or 2) AC2993 plus immunosuppressive drugs (sirolimus and tacrolimus), along with an antibiotic to reduce the risk of fungal infections, for 6 months. If the patient receives immunosuppressive agents, blood is drawn twice a week to measure drug levels, then once a week for 1 month, and then every 2 weeks for the rest of the study. AC2993 is injected under the skin twice a day at first and then 4 times a day in increasing doses. Test period B: Patients who took immunosuppressive drugs in test period A continue to take them for the 6 months of test period B. Patients who took AC2993 in test period A do not take it in test period B, and those who did not take AC2993 in test period A do take it in test period B. Patients have three argininestimulated C-peptide tests during the last 3 months of test periods A and B and a euglycemic clamp study and mixed meal study at the end of each test period. Drug side effects are monitored throughout the study. Treatment and evaluation may be extended beyond the 20-month study period for patients who benefit from the treatment. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064714 •

Islet Cell Transplantation Alone in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus: steroidfree immunosuppression Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of islet cell transplantation in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is to provide constant normal blood glucose levels. This may eliminate the need for insulin altogether or provide a significant reduction in the amount of insulin necessary to maintain constant normal blood glucose levels. This normalization may prevent or slow progression of diabetic complications. Furthermore, the participant may enjoy a healthier lifestyle and a better quality of life. If you meet the initial inclusion criteria for the trial, you must be able to give informed consent personally. Then you will need to participate in an extensive screening process that involves many standard

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tests and collection of laboratory samples to make sure that the transplant is suitable and safe for you. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00021788

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on juvenile diabetes, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Juvenile Diabetes By performing a patent search focusing on juvenile diabetes, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on juvenile diabetes: •

Bystander suppression of type I diabetes by oral administration of glucagon Inventor(s): Al-Sabbagh; Ahmad (Norwood, MA), Miller; Ariel (Haifa, IL), Weiner; Howard (Brookline, MA), Zhang; Zhengyi (Needham, MA) Assignee(s): AutoImmune Inc. (Lexington, MA) Patent Number: 6,645,504 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Described are methods for treating or preventing type I diabetes and insulitis by oral administration of the bystander antigen glucagon. The methods involve oral administration of glucagon in an amounts that are effective to treat or prevent type I diabetes or insulitis. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to an improvement in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More specifically, the invention is directed to the use of bystander antigens (i.e. antigens that suppress cells involved in the autoimmune process) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations comprising bystander antigens useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in mammals. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an abnormal immune response directed against normal autologous (self) tissues. Based on the type of supranormal immune response involved, autoimmune diseases in mammals can generally be classified in one of two different categories: cell-mediated (i.e., T-cell-mediated) or antibody-mediated disorders. Non-limiting examples of cell-mediated autoimmune diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), diabetes mellitus (juvenile onset or Type 1 diabetes) and autoimmune uveoretinitis (AUR). Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases include myasthenia gravis (MG) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645504__

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Detection methods for type I diabetes Inventor(s): Griffin; Ann C. (Hanover, NH), Hickey; William F. (Lyme, NH) Assignee(s): Trustees of Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH) Patent Number: 6,509,165 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Proinsulin peptide compounds that modulate an immunological response by T cells of Type I diabetic subjects are disclosed. The proinsulin peptide compounds of the invention are preferably derived from a region of proinsulin that spans the junction between the B chain and C peptide of proinsulin. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the proinsulin peptide compounds are also disclosed. An immunological response to a proinsulin peptide compound of the invention can be used as an indicator of Type I diabetes in a subject. Accordingly, the invention provides diagnostic assays for Type I diabetes using the proinsulin peptide compounds. Methods for inhibiting the development or progression of Type I diabetes in a subject by administering a proinsulin peptide compound are also disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): Type I, or insulin-dependent, diabetes mellitus (also referred to herein as DM-I) is known to occur spontaneously in humans, rats and mice (Castano, L and Eisenbarth, G. (1990) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 8:647-679). There is a genetic susceptibility to DM-I associated with certain haplotypes of Class II antigens of the major histocompatability complex (MHC), i.e., HLA-DR3, -DR4 and -DQ3.2 in humans (see e.g., Platz. P. et al. (1981) Diabetologia 21:108-115; Todd, J. et al. (1987) Nature 329:599604); RT1.sup.u in Bio-Breeding (BB) rats (see e.g., Colle, E. (1990) Clin. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 57:1-9; Parfrey, N. A. et al. (1989) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 9:45-65) and H2.sup.g7 in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice (see e.g., Kikutani, H. and Makino, S. in Adv. Immunol. (Dixon, F. J., ed.), pp. 285-323, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, Inc., 1992). The pathology of DM-I consists of the progressive inflammatory infiltration of pancreatic islets (i.e., insulitis) containing immunocytes targeted specifically to insulinsecreting.beta.-cells (see e.g., Bottazzo, G. F. et al. (1985) N. Eng. J. Med. 313:353-360; Foulis, A. K. et al. (1991) J. Pathol. 165:97-103; Hanenberg, H. et al. (1991) Diabetologia 32:126-134). This pathology develops over an indeterminate period of time (months to years). It has become clear that the development of Type I diabetes occurs as a result of a complex relationship involving genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and additional undefined co-factors. In attempting to understand the pathogenesis of DM-I, the most elusive pieces of information have been the definition of the inciting autoantigen(s), and whether cellular or humoral-mediated autoreactivity is the primary event. Serum autoantibodies directed against islet cell cytoplasm and surface antigens (i.e., ICA, ICSA), insulin (IA'A) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) can be found in pre-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic humans and animals (see e.g., Rowley, M. et al. (1992) Diabetes 41:548-551; Palmer, J. et al. (1983) Science 222:1337-9; MacLaren, N. et al. (1988) Diabetes 38:534-538; Baekkeskov, S. et al. (1990) Nature 347:151-156; Velleso, L. A. et al. (1993) Diabetologia 36:39-46). Unfortunately, correlations between antibody titers against these antigens and the clinical onset of diabetes have not been successfully predictive. In addition, a number of other.beta.-cell antigens become exposed as islets are destroyed such as a 69kd islet cell autoantigen (ICA69) (Pietropaolo, M. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:359-371), 38kd and 62kd insulin secretory granule proteins (Roep, B. O. et al. (1991) Lancet 337:1439-1441; Brudzynski, K. et al. (1992) J. Autoimm. 5:453-463) and proislets (Harrison, L. C. et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 89:1161-65; Harrison, L. et al. in Advances in Endocrinology & Metabolism (Mazzaferri, E. L. et al., ed.), pp. 35-94, St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby-Year Book, 1990). However, it is not clear whether the cellular and/or humoral immune responses to these antigens are the cause or simply a consequence of ongoing islet cell damage. In short, the immunologic nature of the pathogenic mechanism and the exact antigen(s) inducing the diabetogenic attack have yet to be elucidated. Over one half million people in the United States suffer from insulin-dependent diabetes. Prior to 1921, people who developed DM-I were not expected to live much more than a year after diagnosis. Afflicted individuals suffered from clinical signs of chronic hyperglycemia (e.g., excessive thirst and urination, rapid weight loss) as a consequence of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Once insulin was purified and administered, the life-expectancy of diabetics increased dramatically. However, DM-I is a chronic disease that requires life-long treatment to prevent acute illness and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Restrictive diets and daily insulin injections can be burdensome for patients, thus reducing compliance, and even with treatment complications such as cataracts, retinopathy, glaucoma, renal disease and circulatory disease are prevalent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509165__

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Method of accessing the risks of developing type I diabetes Inventor(s): Eisenbarth; George S. (Wellesley, MA), Gianani; Roberto (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Immulogic Pharmaceutical Corporation (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 5,407,802 Date filed: December 26, 1991 Abstract: Two subsets of Islet Cell Autoantibodies (ICA), termed restricted and nonrestricted, have been identified. The expression of non-restricted ICA correlates with progression to type I diabetes, indicating that these individuals are at much greater risk than are individuals expressing restricted ICA. Differentiation between restricted or non-restricted ICA allows for more accurate prognosis of the development of type I diabetes. Restricted ICA react with beta cells of human and rat islets but not mouse, whereas non-restricted ICA react with humans rat and mouse islets. Restricted ICA can be substantially completely absorbed by incubation with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), whereas non-restricted ICA are partially or not at all absorbed by GAD. Restricted ICA react in a Stiff-Man Syndrome fashion including staining GABAergic neurons in brain sections and western blots of brain extracts, whereas non-restricted ICA does not react with either brain sections nor with GAD antigen in western blots. Restricted ICA contains a higher titer of anti-GAD antibodies than does non-restricted ICA. Excerpt(s): Diabetes is a chronic, complex metabolic disease that results in the inability of the body to properly maintain and use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It results from the interaction of various hereditary and environmental factors and is characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a deficiency in insulin production or an impairment of its utilization. Most cases of diabetes fall into two clinical types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD or type I diabetes) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDD). Each type has a different prognosis, treatment and cause. In recent years our understanding of the pathophysiology of type I diabetes has increased such that type I diabetes is now generally considered to be a chronic autoimmune disease with a long prodromal phase (Castano et al. (1990) Ann Rev Immunol 8:647-679; Maclaren et al. (1988) Diabetes 37:591-594; Lernmark et al. (1989) Clin Immunol Immunopath 53:358-399). During this prodromal phase and at the onset of overt diabetes, one or more autoantibodies are usually present. Three abnormalities predictive of type I diabetes are cytoplasmic islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) in excess of 20 JDF units (Bonifacio et al. (1990) Lancet 335:147-149), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) detected with fluid phase radioassays in association with islet cell autoantibodies (Ziegler et al. (1989) Diabetes 38:1320-1325), and first phase insulin release less that than the first percentile during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (Vardi et al. (1991) Diabetologia 34:93-102). Identification of the prediabetic state in diabetes is essential in efforts to prevent the development of the disease. Perhaps the single most important advance of the past two decades in diabetes research has been recognition that autoimmune destruction of beta cells takes months or years to reach completion, whereas currently the clinical diagnosis of diabetes is almost never made until the destructive process is nearly complete and insulin injections are required to prevent death. Intervention before the insulin-producing cells have been irreversibly destroyed can provide a strategy to prevent progression of diabetes and its complications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05407802__

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Method of treating type I diabetes Inventor(s): Lafferty; Kevin (Denver, CO), Panetta; Jill A. (Zionsville, IN) Assignee(s): The University of Colorado Foundation, Inc. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 5,158,966 Date filed: February 22, 1991 Abstract: Provided is a method for treating Type I diabetes in mammals utilizing certain aryl-substituted rhodanine derivatives. Excerpt(s): Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease characterized by disorders in the metabolism of insulin, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and in the structure and function of blood vessels. The primary symptom of acute diabetes is hyperglycemia, often accompanied by glucosuria, the presence in urine of large amounts of glucose, and polyuria, the excretion of large volumes of urine. Additional symptoms arise in chronic or long standing diabetes. These symptoms include degeneration of the walls of blood vessels. Although many different organs are affected by these vascular changes, the eyes appear to be the most susceptible. As such, longstanding diabetes mellitus, even when treated with insulin, is a leading cause of blindness. There are two recognized types of diabetes. Juvenile onset, or ketosis-prone, diabetes (also known as Type I diabetes) develops early in life, with clinical onset most often occurring before the patient is 18 years of age. Type I diabetes has much more severe symptoms and has a near-certain prospect of later vascular involvement. Control of this type of diabetes is often difficult. The second type of diabetes is adult onset, or ketosis-resistant, diabetes (also known as Type II diabetes). Type II diabetes develops later in life, is milder and has a more gradual onset. One of the most significant advancements in the history of medical science came in 1922 when Banting and Best demonstrated the therapeutic effects of insulin in diabetic humans. However, even today, a clear picture of the basic biochemical defects of the disease is not known, and diabetes is still a serious health problem. It is believed that two percent or more of the population of the United States is afflicted with some form of diabetes, with 0.1-0.5% afflicted with Type I diabetes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05158966__

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Methods for treatment of type I diabetes Inventor(s): Alila; Hector W. (North Wales, PA), Earle; Keith A. (North Wales, PA), Thompson; W. Joseph (Doylestown, PA), Whitehead; Clark M. (Warminster, PA) Assignee(s): Cell Pathways, Inc. (Horsham, PA) Patent Number: 6,479,493 Date filed: August 23, 2001 Abstract: Substituted condensation products of -benzyl-3-indenylacetamides with heterocyclic aldehydes and other such inhibitors are useful for the treatment of type I diabetes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of type I diabetes. Type 1 or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) is estimated to affect 675,000 people in the United States. This represents 0.3% of the total U.S. population, with an estimated 30,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Complications of diabetes impair the longevity and quality of life, and include atherosclerotic heart disease, gangrene and stroke, as well as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Within 15 years after the onset of diabetes,

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retinopathy may be observed in 97% of Type 1 diabetics. Today diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. and patients with diabetes are 25 times more likely to develop blindness than the general population. Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy have been observed in 54% of Type 1 patients studied. Patients present with symptoms ranging from peripheral sensory-deficits (pins and needles/carpal tunnel syndrome) to autonomic neuropathy resulting in bladder and bowel dysfunction. Type 1 diabetes is also responsible for a large proportion of the patients on renal dialysis, the result of diabetes-induced end stage renal disease. More than 40% of Type 1 patients who have had diabetes for more than 20 years have diabetic nephropathy. The prevalence of myocardial infarction, angina and stroke is 2-3 times greater than in non-diabetics, and the Type 1 diabetic's life span is shortened by about 15 years. The estimated total cost of Type 1 diabetes in the United States (medical expenses, lost wages etc.) is greater than $20 billion per year. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479493__ •

Therapeutic method and compositions for the treatment of juvenile diabetes mellitus Inventor(s): Cavazza; Claudio (35, Via Marocco, Rome, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,362,719 Date filed: May 15, 1981 Abstract: The oral or parenteral administration of L-carnitine or certain acyl L-carnitines, typically propionyl L-carnitine, or the pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof, permits a considerable reduction (from 20 to approximately 50%) of the daily dose of insulin required by patients having juvenile diabetes mellitus to restore normal blood glucose levels.Moreover, L-carnitine and such acyl carnitines actively inhibit ketoacidosis, thus avoiding the risk of ketoacidosic coma in such patients. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a therapeutic method for the treatment of patients having juvenile diabetes mellitus and to a pharmaceutical composition for use in such a method. According to the severity of the insufficiency in insulin secretion, a subject having diabetes mellitus may fall within one of two classes: those prone to ketoacidosis and those who are not. The subject prone to ketoacidosis is a diabetic affected by juvenile diabetes mellitus (generally diabetes with onset before 25 years of age approx.) and to avoid ketoacidosis is insulin-dependent throughout life. This diabetic condition is the most severe, and the patient's life and social and occupational activities are seriously conditioned by the disease. Besides totally depending on daily insulin administration, the patient must constantly be on guard against two events representing the two extremes resulting from insufficient insulin secretion: ketoacidosic coma (requiring immediate insulin administration) and insulin shock (hypoglycaemia) provoked by an overdose of insulin. In addition to the patient himself, persons who are in close contact with him, also must be trained to quickly recognise the premonitory symptoms of the above-described events and to dispense appropriate and immediate treatment, particularly in the case of hypoglycaemia. It is likewise known that the various drugs administerable via the oral route (sulfonylurea compounds, tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, acetohexamide and tolazamide; biguanides; phenformin) developed over the last decade for treating some mild forms of diabetes (since their efficacy is in fact circumscribed to the treatment of a limited number of selected patients) can not be employed as a substitute for insulin in the patient prone to ketoacidosis. Although the mechanisms of action of such drugs have not yet been fully elucidated, it is known that

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such drugs are not oral substitutes for insulin. Moreover, the impossibility of accurately measuring the biological half-life following oral administration makes the choice of the dose and administration intervals difficult and to some extent fortuitous. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04362719__ •

Treatment and/or prevention of type I diabetes mellitus with gamma interferon administration Inventor(s): Sobel; Douglas (Washington, DC) Assignee(s): Georgetown University Medical Center (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,624,895 Date filed: February 18, 1994 Abstract: A method for treating and/or preventing Type I diabetes mellitus in mammals and humans by administration of at least one of the following: (i) gamma interferon, (ii) an analog of gamma interferon or (iii) an inducer of gamma interferon thereof is taught. The use of gamma interferon, analogs thereof, or gamma interferon inducers to prevent recurrent Type I diabetes mellitus in transplant subjects is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing and/or treating Type I diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) by the administration of at least one of the following: (i) gamma interferon, (ii) an analog of gamma interferon, or (iii) an inducer of gamma interferon. The present invention is further directed to a method for preventing and/or treating recurrent Type I diabetes, e.g., in transplant subjects having islet or pancreatic transplants. Type I diabetes mellitus, also referred to as insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is a common endocrine disorder in childhood. About 30% to 40% of diabetic children will eventually develop nephropathy requiring dialysis and transplantation. Other significant complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, blindness and gangrene. Moreover, diabetes mellitus accounts for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality among dialysis and transplant patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05624895__

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Treatment for juvenile diabetes Inventor(s): Brand; Stephen J. (Lincoln, MA), Nardi; Ronald V. (Sudbury, MA) Assignee(s): The General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA), Waratah Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (CA) Patent Number: 6,288,301 Date filed: July 30, 1998 Abstract: A method for treating diabetes mellitus by administering composition providing a gastrin/CCK receptor ligand, e.g. a gastrin, and an EGF receptor ligand, e.g. TGF.alpha., in an amount sufficient to effect differentiation of pancreatic islet precursor cells to mature insulin-secreting cells. The composition can be administered systemically or expressed in situ by cells transgenically supplemented with one or both of a gastrin/CCK receptor ligand gene, e.g. a preprogastrin peptide precursor gene and an EGF receptor ligand gene, e.g. a TGF.alpha. gene.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatment of diabetes mellitus by effecting the differentiation of pancreatic islet precursor cells into mature insulin-producing cells by the combined synergistic stimulation by a gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor ligand, particularly gastrin, and an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand, particularly transforming growth factor alpha (TGF.alpha.). The pancreatic islets develop from endodermal stem cells that lie in the fetal ductular pancreatic endothelium, which also contains pluripotent stem cells that develop into the exocrine pancreas. Teitelman, G. and J. K. Lee, Developmental Biology, 121: 454-466 (1987); Pictet, R. and W. J. Rutter, Development of the embryonic endocrine pancreas, in Endocrinology, Handbook of Physiology, ed. R. O.Greep and E. B. Astwood (1972), American Physiological Society: Washington D.C., p. 25-66. Islet development proceeds through discrete developmental states during fetal gestation which are punctuated by dramatic transitions. The initial period is a protodifferentiated state which is characterized by the commitment of these pluripotent stem cells to the islet cell lineage, as manifested by the expression of insulin and glucagon. These protodifferentiated cells comprise a population of committed islet precursor cells which express only low levels of islet specific gene products and lack the cytodifferentiation of mature islet cells. Pictet, R. and W. J. Rutter, supra. Around day 16 in mouse gestation, the protodifferentiated pancreas begins a phase of rapid growth and differentiation characterized by cytodifferentiation of islet cells and a several hundred fold increase in islet specific gene expression. Histologically, islet formation (neogenesis) becomes apparent as proliferating islets bud from the pancreatic ducts (nesidioblastosis). Just before birth the rate of islet growth slows, and islet neogenesis and nesidioblastosis becomes much less apparent. Concomitant with this, the islets attain a fully differentiated state with maximal levels of insulin gene expression. Therefore, similar to many organs, the completion of cellular differentiation is associated with reduced regenerative potential. Since differentiation of protodifferentiated precursors occurs during late fetal development of the pancreas, the factors regulating islet differentiation are likely to be expressed in the pancreas during this period. One of the genes expressed during islet development encodes the gastrointestinal peptide, gastrin. Although gastrin acts in the adult as a gastric hormone regulating acid secretion, the major site of gastrin expression in the fetus is the pancreatic islets. Brand, S. J. and P. J. Fuller, J. Biol Chem., 263:53415347 (1988). Expression of gastrin in the pancreatic islets is transient. It is confined to the period when protodifferentiated islet precursors form differentiated islets. Although the significance of pancreatic gastrin in islet development is unknown, some clinical observations suggest a role for gastrin in this islet development as follows. For example, hypergastrinemia caused by gastrin-expressing islet cell tumors and atrophic gastritis is associated with nesidioblastosis similar to that seen in differentiating fetal islets. Sacchi, T. B., et al., Virchows Archiv B, 48:261-276 (1985); and Heitz, P. U., et al., Diabetes, 26:632-642 (1977). Further, an abnormal persistence of pancreatic gastrin has been documented in a case of infantile nesidioblastosis. Hollande E., et al., Gastroenterology, 71:255-262 (1976). However, in neither observation was a causal relationship established between the nesidioblastosis and gastrin stimulation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06288301__

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Patent Applications on Juvenile Diabetes As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to juvenile diabetes: •

Compositions, kits, and methods for identification and modulation of type I diabetes Inventor(s): Byrne, Michael C.; (Brookline, MA), Hill, Andrew A.; (Cambridge, MA), Wilson, S. Brian; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020039736 Date filed: June 5, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to compositions, kits, and methods for detecting, characterizing, preventing, and treating type I diabetes. A variety of markers are provided, wherein changes in the levels of expression of one or more of the markers is correlated with the presence of type I diabetes. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/209,703 filed on Jun. 5, 2000, incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with interrelated metabolic, vascular, and neuropathic components. The metabolic component, generally characterized by hyperglycemia, comprises alterations in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by absent or markedly reduced insulin secretion and/or ineffective insulin action. The vascular component includes abnormalities in the blood vessels leading to cardiovascular, retinal and renal complications. Abnormalities in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems comprise a third component of the diabetic syndrome. There are two types of diabetes mellitus: type I and type II. Type I diabetes is also termed "insulin-dependent" diabetes, due to the fact that subjects afflicted with this disorder cannot synthesize their own insulin, and therefore must periodically inject insulin into their systems. Type II diabetic-afflicted subjects, on the other hand, are able to synthesize insulin, but this insulin is either insufficient for the needs of the subject, or is not effectively used by the subject. Type II diabetes (`non-insulin-dependent` diabetes) is typically controlled by oral medication. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

METHOD FOR IN VITRO PROLIFERATION OF DENDRITIC CELL PRECURSORS AND THEIR USE TO PRODUCE IMMUNOGENS Inventor(s): INABA, KAYO; (KYOTO, JP), SCHULER, GEROLD; (INNSBRUCK, AT), STEINMAN, RALPH M.; (WESTPORT, CT) Correspondence: Ann-louise Kerner PhD; Hale And Dorr Llp; 60 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020085993 Date filed: May 6, 1998

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: A method for producing proliferating cultures of dendritic cell precursors is provided. Also provided is a method for producing mature dendritic cells in culture from the proliferating dendritic cell precursors. The cultures of mature dendritic cells provide an effective means of producing novel T cell dependent antigens comprised of dendritic cell modified antigens or dendritic cells pulsed with antigen, including particulates, which antigen is processed and expressed on the antigen-activated dendritic cell. The novel antigens of the invention may be used as immunogens for vaccines or for the treatment of disease. These antigens may also be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as juvenile diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/981,357 filed Nov. 25, 1992 which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/861,612 filed Apr. 1, 1992. This invention relates to a method of culturing cells of the immune system. In particular a method is provided for culturing proliferating dendritic cell precursors and for their maturation in vitro to mature dendritic cells. This invention also relates to dendritic cell modified antigens which are T cell dependent, the method of making them, and their use as immunogens. Vaccines, methods of immunizing animals and humans using the mature dendritic cells of the invention, and the modified antigens are also described. The immune system contains a system of dendritic cells that is specialized to present antigens and initiate several Tdependent immune responses. Dendritic cells are distributed widely throughout the body in various tissues. The distribution of dendritic cells has been reviewed in (1). Dendritic cells are found in nonlymphoid organs either close to body surfaces, as in the skin and airways, or in interstitial regions of organs like heart and liver. Dendritic cells, possibly under the control of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, (hereinafter GM-CSF), can undergo a maturation process that does not entail cell proliferation (2,3). Initially, the dendritic cells process and present antigens most likely on abundant, newly synthesized MHC class II molecules, and then strong accessory and cell-cell adhesion functions are acquired (4-7). Dendritic cells can migrate via the blood and lymph to lymphoid organs (8-10). There, presumably as the "interdigitating" cells of the T-area (8, 11-13), antigens can be presented to T cells in the recirculating pool (14). However, little is known about the progenitors of dendritic cells in the different compartments outlined above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Proinsulin peptide compounds for detecting and treating type I diabetes Inventor(s): Griffin, Ann C.; (Hanover, NH), Hickey, William F.; (Lyme, NH) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030220229 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Abstract: Proinsulin peptide compounds that modulate an immunological response by T cells of Type I diabetic subjects are disclosed. The proinsulin peptide compounds of the invention are preferably derived from a region of proinsulin that spans the junction between the B chain and C peptide of proinsulin. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the proinsulin peptide compounds are also disclosed. An immunological response to a proinsulin peptide compound of the invention can be used as an indicator of Type I diabetes in a subject. Accordingly, the invention provides diagnostic assays for Type I diabetes using the proinsulin peptide compounds. Methods for inhibiting the

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development or progression of Type I diabetes in a subject by administering a proinsulin peptide compound are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/272,220, filed Jul. 8, 1994, pending, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Type I, or insulin-dependent, diabetes mellitus (also referred to herein as DM-I) is known to occur spontaneously in humans, rats and mice (Castafo, L and Eisenbarth, G. (1990) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 8:647-679). There is a genetic susceptibility to DM-I associated with certain haplotypes of Class II antigens of the major histocompatability complex (MHC), i.e., HLA-DR3, -DR4 and -DQ3.2 in humans (see e.g., Platz. P. et al. (1981) Diabetologia 21:108-115; Todd, J. et al. (1987) Nature 322:599-604); RT1.sup.u in Bio-Breeding (BB) rats (see e.g., Colle, E. (1990) Clin. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 51:1-9; Parfrey, N. A. et al. (1989) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 9:4565) and H-2g.sup.7 in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice (see e.g., Kikutani, H. and Makino, S. in Adv. Immunol. (Dixon, F. J., ed.), pp. 285-323, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, Inc., 1992). The pathology of DM-I consists of the progressive inflammatory infiltration of pancreatic islets (i.e., insulitis) containing immunocytes targeted specifically to insulin-secreting.beta.-cells (see e.g., Bottazzo, G. F. et al. (1985) N. Eng. J. Med. 313:353-360; Foulis, A. K. et al. (1991) J. Pathol. 16:97-103; Hanenberg, H. et al. (1991) Diabetologia 2: 126-134). This pathology develops over an indeterminate period of time (months to years). It has become clear that the development of Type I diabetes occurs as a result of a complex relationship involving genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and additional undefined co-factors. In attempting to understand the pathogenesis of DM-I, the most elusive pieces of information have been the definition of the inciting autoantigen(s), and whether cellular or humoral-mediated autoreactivity is the primary event. Serum autoantibodies directed against islet cell cytoplasm and surface antigens (i.e., ICA, ICSA), insulin (IAA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) can be found in pre-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic humans and animals (see e.g., Rowley, M. et al. (1992) Diabetes 41:548-551; Palmer, J. et al. (1983) Science 222:1337-9; MacLaren, N. et al. (1988) Diabetes 38:534-538; Baekkeskov, S. et al. (1990) Nature 347:151-156; Velleso, L. A. et al. (1993) Diabetologia 36:39-46). Unfortunately, correlations between antibody titers against these antigens and the clinical onset of diabetes have not been successfully predictive. In addition, a number of other.beta.-cell antigens become exposed as islets are destroyed such as a 69 kd islet cell autoantigen (ICA69) (Pietropaolo, M. et al. (1993), J. Clin. Invest. 92:359-371), 38 kd and 62 kd insulin secretory granule proteins (Roep, B. O. et al. (1991) Lancet 337:1439-1441; Brudzynski, K. et al. (1992) J. Autoimm. 5:453-463) and proislets (Harrison, L. C. et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 2: 1161-65; Harrison, L. et al. in Advances in Endocrinology & Metabolism (Maztaferri, E. L. et al., ed.), pp. 35-94, St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby-Year Book, 1990). However, it is not clear whether the cellular and/or humoral immune responses to these antigens are the cause or simply a consequence of ongoing islet cell damage. In short, the immunologic nature of the pathogenic mechanism and the exact antigen(s) inducing the diabetogenic attack have yet to be elucidated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with juvenile diabetes, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued

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Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on juvenile diabetes. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning juvenile diabetes. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to juvenile diabetes. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on juvenile diabetes include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on juvenile diabetes: •

Rufus Comes Home: Rufus, the Bear with Diabetes Source: Valley Park, MO: JayJo Books, LLC. 1998. [31 p.]. Contact: Available from JayJo Books, LLC. P.O. Box 213, Valley Park, MO 63088-0213. (636) 861-1331. Fax (636) 861-2411. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.jayjo.com. PRICE: $11.95. ISBN: 1891383027. Summary: This illustrated book tells the story of Brian, a young boy who is hospitalized and diagnosed with diabetes, to help children who have diabetes better understand their disease. Following Brian's diagnosis, his mother decides to get him a stuffed bear. She sews special patches on the spots where Brian gets his insulin injections and puts hearts on the paws where Brian has do his fingerpricks for glucose testing. She also makes a special medical bracelet for the bear's arm to tell people about the bear's special

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condition and dresses the bear in a T-shirt from the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. Brian now has his bear to share his feelings and experience living with diabetes. •

Clinical Diabetes Mellitus: A Problem-Oriented Approach. 2nd ed Source: New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1991. 846 p. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Fax (212) 785-9595. PRICE: $149. TMP ISBN: 086577370X, GTV ISBN: 3136618025. Summary: This medical textbook integrates research results with clinical practice, presenting current diagnostic and treatment techniques in a problem-oriented format. Fifty-seven chapters are divided into seven sections: the nature of diabetes mellitus, diagnosis and screening, long-term management, complications, concomitant problems, socioeconomic problems, and the development and evaluation of diabetes care problems. Eleven appendices cover the International Diabetes Federation; the American Diabetes Association; camps for children with diabetes; the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International; recordkeeping forms; and an index to diagnosis, drug-related adverse reactions and procedures, and diabetes surveillance at the Centers for Disease Control. Each chapter, written by experts in the field, includes numerous figures, tables, and references. A subject index concludes the volume.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “juvenile diabetes” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “juvenile diabetes” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Borrowing Time: Growing Up With Juvenile Diabetes by Pat Covelli; ISBN: 069001841X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/069001841X/icongroupinterna

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Childhood and Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus (Current Clinical Practice, No 27) by G. Mimura; ISBN: 4900392723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4900392723/icongroupinterna

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Coping With Juvenile Diabetes by Paul I. Ahmed, Nancy Ahmed (Editor); ISBN: 0398050732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398050732/icongroupinterna

•

Diabetic Low-Fat and No-Fat Meals in Minutes: More Than 250 Delicious, Easy, and Healthy Recipes & Menus for People With Diabetes, Their Families, and Their Friends (Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Library) by M. J. Smith; ISBN: 1565610849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565610849/icongroupinterna

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•

Future Trends in Juvenile Diabetes: Therapy and Research (Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Vol 16) by Z. Laron (Editor), M. Karp (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 3805539584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805539584/icongroupinterna

•

Juvenile diabetes : hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, special hearing (SuDoc Y 4.AP 6/2:S.HRG.106-370); ISBN: 0160602289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160602289/icongroupinterna

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Kidney function and glomerular permeability to macromolecules in juvenile diabetes; with special references to early changes by Carl Erik Mogensen; ISBN: 8775500086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8775500086/icongroupinterna

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Living with Juvenile Diabetes: A Practical Guide for Parents and Caregivers by Victoria Peurrung (2001); ISBN: 1578260574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578260574/icongroupinterna

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Management of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus by Howard S. Traisman; ISBN: 0801650194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801650194/icongroupinterna

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Serum growth hormone patterns in juvenile diabetes by Aage Prange Hansen; ISBN: 8775500043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8775500043/icongroupinterna

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The endocrine pancreas and juvenile diabetes; ISBN: 0306403269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306403269/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Fourth International Workshop on the Psychological Aspects of Juvenile Diabetes: May 15, 16, 17, 18 1977, Bearskin Meadow Camp, Kings Canyon National Park, California. Author: Diabetic Youth Foundation.; Year: 1977; [s.l.: s.n., 1977?]

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Juvenile diabetes (a review of 116 cases with particular occurrence of complications). Author: Venegas, Francisco.; Year: 1947; [Minneapolis] 1947

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder, and other abnormalities (Wolfram syndrome): a review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 newpatients Author:

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Cremers, C. W. R. J.; Year: 1977; Nijmegen, Netherlands: [s.n.]; Stockholm: distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell, 1977 •

Juvenile diabetes: adjustment and emotional problems; proceedings of a workshop held at Princeton, New Jersey, April 22-23, 1963. Ed. by T. S. Danowski [et al. Author: Danowski, T. S. (Thaddeus Stanley),; Year: 1963; Princeton? 1963]

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Kidney function and glomerular permeability to macromolecules in juvenile diabetes, with special reference to early changes. Author: Mogensen, Carl Erik.; Year: 1972; Copenhagen, Costers Bogtrykkeri, 1972

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Management of juvenile diabetes mellitus Author: Traisman, Howard S. (Howard Senn),; Year: 1980; St. Louis: Mosby, 1980; ISBN: 0801650208 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801650208/icongroupinterna

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Serum growth hormone patterns in juvenile diabetes. Author: Hansen, Aage Prange.; Year: 1972; Copenhagen, Costers Bogtrykkeri, 1972

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Symposium on juvenile diabetes Author: Castells, Salvador.; Year: 1984; Philadelphia: Saunders, c1984

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The Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Workshop on the Spontaneously Diabetic BB Rat-Its Potential for Insight Into Human Juvenile Diabetes: Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 8-10, 1982. Author: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research.; Year: 1983; New York, N.Y.: Grune; Stratton, c1983

Chapters on Juvenile Diabetes In order to find chapters that specifically relate to juvenile diabetes, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and juvenile diabetes using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to juvenile diabetes have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •

Directory of Diabetes Organizations Source: Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 199x. [6 p.].

12 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “juvenile diabetes” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk copies available. Order number: DM-128. Summary: This regularly-revised directory lists some major voluntary, governmental, and private organizations involved in diabetes-related activities. Some organizations offer educational or other types of services to people with diabetes and their families and friends; others primarily serve health care professionals. Organizations listed include: the American Association of Diabetes Educators; the American Diabetes Association; the Diabetes Care and Education Practice Group of the American Dietetic Association; the six Diabetes Research and Training Centers; the Division of Diabetes Translation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the Indian Health Service; the International Diabetes Center; the International Diabetes Federation; the International Diabetic Athletes Association; the Joslin Diabetes Center; the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation; the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse; the National Eye Institute; the Office of Minority Health Resource Center; and the Pennsylvania Diabetes Academy. Brief descriptions of the organizations and information about their publications are included.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on juvenile diabetes. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on juvenile diabetes is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “juvenile diabetes” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on juvenile diabetes: •

Juvenile Diabetes Source: Sherborn, MA: Aquarius Productions, Inc. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Aquarius Productions, Inc. 5 Powderhouse Lane, P.O. Box 1159, Sherborn, MA 01770. (508) 651-2963. Fax (508) 650-4216. PRICE: $149.00. Summary: This video explores the lives of children who are managing their diabetes. With an early diagnosis, children become responsible for their health by learning to analyze blood glucose, handle daily injections of insulin, and maintain a balance of food and exercise. The video includes personal stories of families working together to manage the disease and comments from both children and parents. These stories help clarify many misconceptions. The video also reports on a special summer camp for children with diabetes. (AA-M).

•

Doctor is In: Juvenile Diabetes Source: Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. 199x. (videorecording).

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Contact: Available from Department of Visual Media. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03766-9934. (603) 643-7401. Fax (603) 643-7404. PRICE: $29.95. Summary: This videocassette, part of a series which discusses how people cope with various illnesses, provides information on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or Type I). The producers note that the children who do best are the ones who handle as many diabetes care responsibilities as possible. The program examines how children learn to analyze their blood sugar levels and manage their care. With the help of their parents, participants aged 9 to 15 demonstrate how they handle daily blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, food intake, and exercise. A special New Hampshire summer camp for children with diabetes is profiled. (AA-M).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Juvenile Diabetes The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in juvenile diabetes (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on juvenile diabetes: •

Juvenile diabetes [sound recording]: day by day Source: Western New York Diabetes Educators; Year: 1976; Format: Sound recording; Buffalo: Communications in Learning, 1976

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Juvenile diabetes [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Medical Foundation, in cooperation with Marshfield Clinic & St. Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: Marshfield Regional Video Network, 1983

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Juvenile diabetes [videorecording]: one family's story. Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Springfield, Ill.]: Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, c1986

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Queen's University, Dept. of Biochemistry; Queen's Television; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; [Kingston, Ont.]: The Department, 1982

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON JUVENILE DIABETES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover juvenile diabetes.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on juvenile diabetes is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to juvenile diabetes. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for juvenile diabetes: •

ViaCell forms endocrine research subsidiary to address type I diabetes Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 01, 2002

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•

Juvenile diabetes group funds gene therapy research Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 19, 2000

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Juvenile Diabetes Foundation funds fast track cure for Type I diabetes at Harvard Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 11, 1998

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Pre-eclampsia linked to juvenile diabetes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 27, 1998

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Use Of Immunosuppressive Rx In Early Juvenile Diabetes Unjustified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 18, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to juvenile diabetes, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as

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http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Juvenile Diabetes Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to juvenile diabetes. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering juvenile diabetes that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

100 Juvenile Diabetes

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “juvenile diabetes” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

1995 Research Progress Report Source: Countdown. 16(1): 1-100. Winter 1995. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF). 120 Wall Street, 19th floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Fax (212) 785-9595. Summary: This issue of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF) journal presents a special progress report on diabetes research. Articles include an overview of the historical perspective of diabetes research; current research activities that bring a cure for diabetes within reach; international research activities in the areas of nephropathy, tolerance in autoimmunity and transplant immunology, immunopathogenesis of islet transplantation in IDDM, molecular mechanisms of beta cell dysfunction in diabetes, the pathophysiology and immunotherapy of nonobese diabetes mice, and the generation of nonimmunologic functional islet cells; research in the genetic aspects of diabetes; prediction and prevention research and clinical activities; transplantation considerations; research into improved diabetes treatment options; and complications. The article also includes information on research funding through JDF programs and activities.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results

16 17

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 24770 167 925 14 3 25879

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/. 18

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

20

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.


Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on juvenile diabetes can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to juvenile diabetes. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to juvenile diabetes. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “juvenile diabetes”:


•

Guides on juvenile diabetes Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html

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Other guides Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Islet Cell Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/isletcelltransplantation.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to juvenile diabetes, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Diabetes http://www.fda.gov/opacom/lowlit/diabetes.html Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/endocrine/diabetes.html JAMA Patient Page:Type 1 Diabetes Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ65Y0D2MD& sub_cat=101 Type 1 Diabetes Facts Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=14AF69BCBE51-42DA-B1B41955029FBC7F

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms A1C Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/a1c/test.html Diagnosis of Diabetes Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/index.htm Glucose Tests Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/test.html

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Alternative Therapy Alternative Therapies for Diabetes Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/alternativetherapies/index.htm

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Coping Coping with Bad Feelings Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/type1/living/coping/default.jsp Diabetes: Helping a Family Member Who Has Diabetes Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/353.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Alcohol Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/health/nutrition/alcohol/alcohol.jsp Complications of Diabetes Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/related.html Diabetes and Dental Care Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=2A9C1063CDBF-47DA-BEF2F5141A9FC7F6 Diabetic Arthritis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00526 Financial Help for Diabetes Care Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/financialhelp/index.htm Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar) Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/type2/medical/hyperglycemia/default.jsp Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS) Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/type2/medical/HHNS.jsp JAMA Patient Page: Safe Driving for People with Diabetes Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZRHSKYMA C&sub_cat=268 Ketoacidosis Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/main/type1/medical/ketoacidosis/ketoacidosis.jsp


Lancing Devices & Sharps Disposal Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/lancing.html Low/High Blood Sugar Emergencies Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=B8B391DAD9C4-4C36-9D6BC63A1F69DAAA Stress Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/health/stress/stress.jsp Traveling with Diabetes Supplies Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/main/community/advocacy/travel.jsp When You're Sick Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/type2/living/sick/default.jsp •

Children All about the Insulin Pump Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://216.167.3.245/kids/cfk/1999/09/pump.html Child with Diabetes Is in Your Care Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=A71E26151C66-4017-BE0AC0D93D093374 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Source: National Diabetes Education Program http://ndep.nih.gov/diabetes/youth/youth_FS.htm Do You Know about Diabetes? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/gland/diabetes.html Helping Your Child Live with Diabetes Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=B894522F7185-48E9-A7123C0E9EEC8252 JDRF Kids Online Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://216.167.3.245/kids/index.html Wizdom Youth Zone Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/wizdom/

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From the National Institutes of Health Diabetes Overview Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.htm Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2 Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/type1and2/index.htm

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Journals/Newsletter Countdown for Kids Magazine Source: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/kids/cfk/index.html

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Latest News ADA Recommends Flu Shots Source: 10/07/2003, American Diabetes Association http://ada.yellowbrix.com/pages/ada/Story.nsp?story_id=42401232&ID=ada Diabetic Tastes Freedom After Cell Transplant Source: 11/12/2003, New York Times Syndicate http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14626 .html Donor Spleen Cells Save Diabetic Mice Source: 11/13/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14664 .html

•

Law and Policy Fighting Discrimination Based on Diabetes Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/main/community/advocacy/discrimination.jsp Your School and Your Rights Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/main/type1/parents_kids/away/scrights.jsp

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Men Diabetes Can Affect Men's Sexual Health http://www.diabetes.org/main/uedocuments/Channel16-Men.pdf

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Organizations American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/ CDC's Diabetes Public Health Resource Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/


Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International http://www.jdrf.org/ National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/ •

Prevention/Screening Diabetes: Preventing Diabetic Complications Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/356.html GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) Test: An Early Screening Test for Type 1 Diabetes? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00663

•

Research Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/control/index.htm New Resources to Treat Type I Diabetes Source: National Center for Research Resources http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2001/ncrr-10.htm Oral Insulin Does Not Prevent Type 1 Diabetes Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/niddk-15.htm Pancreatic Islet Transplantation to Treat Type I Diabetes Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/cber/genetherapy/pancislet.htm Tight Glucose Control in Diabetes Lowers Risk of Atherosclerosis Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/niddk-04.htm Young Adults with Insulin-Treated Diabetes Have Elevated Stroke Risk Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3007660

•

Statistics National Diabetes Statistics Source: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm

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Teenagers Dealing with Diabetes Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/growth/diabetes.html Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Source: National Diabetes Education Program http://ndep.nih.gov/diabetes/youth/youth_FS.htm Just for Teens Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/type1/parents_kids/teens/default.jsp

•

Women Diabetes Can Affect Women's Sexual Health http://www.diabetes.org/main/uedocuments/Channel15-Women.pdf

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on juvenile diabetes. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Major Currents in Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Funded Research Source: New York, NY: Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10005-4001. (212) 785-9500. Fax (212) 785-9595. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet focuses on the work of the Diabetes Interdisciplinary Research Programs (DIRPs) of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International (JDFI). These programs, which are currently operating at 26 academic health centers throughout the world, fund a wide range of research activities including the immune causes of diabetes, the alteration of the immune response, genetics, islet cell transplantation, insulin action, and the prevention and reversal of diabetic complications. The fact sheet presents some of the accomplishments and goals of the fourteen programs in seven categories: immunological tolerance, autoimmune pathways, genetic engineering, transplantation, insulin action, complications, and immunological versus genetic causes. (AA-M).


The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Type I diabetes practice guidelines Source: International Diabetes Center - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2000; 39 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2561&nbr=1787&a mp;string=juvenile+AND+diabetes Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Type 1 Diabetes Summary: A general overview of this diabetes type, commonly called juvenile diabetes, even though adults get it too. Diagnosis, management and disorders related to diabetes are discussed. Source: American Diabetes Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6262 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to juvenile diabetes. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Juvenile Diabetes The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to juvenile diabetes: •

Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Australia Telephone: 61 2 9966 0400 Fax: 61 2 9966 0172 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.jdfa.org.au Background: The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia is a not-for-profit organization affiliated with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International in the United States. Established in 1982, the Foundation is dedicated to funding basic and applied medical research to help discover a cure for diabetes and prevent its complications. Juvenile diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or type I diabetes mellitus, is characterized by impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient production of insulin. This form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are destroyed due to an abnormal immune response. Associated symptoms have an abrupt onset and typically include excessive thirst and urination, weight loss and blurred vision. The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia is committed to promoting and supporting scientific research; providing educational resources that are specific to the needs of children, young adults, and family members affected by juvenile diabetes; engaging in advocacy and lobbying efforts; and providing networking opportunities that enable those affected by juvenile diabetes to exchange information, resources, and mutual support.

•

Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International Telephone: (212) 785-9500 Toll-free: (800) 533-2873 Fax: (212) 785-2873 Email: info@jdrf@org Web Site: www.jdrf.org Background: The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF) is the leading charitable funder and advocate of juvenile (type 1) diabetes research worldwide. The mission of JDRF is to find a cure for diabetes and its complications through the support of research.


Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to juvenile diabetes. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with juvenile diabetes. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about juvenile diabetes. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “juvenile diabetes”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “juvenile diabetes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “juvenile diabetes” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/


•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/


•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on juvenile diabetes: •

Basic Guidelines for Juvenile Diabetes Type I diabetes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000305.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Juvenile Diabetes Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm


Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Double vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Excessive thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hunger Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003134.htm Increased appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003134.htm Increased thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Increased urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Lack of coordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Loss of consciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Loss of hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Menstruation, absent Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003149.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Rapid breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm

Online Glossaries 123

Trembling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Juvenile Diabetes Blood glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Blood glucose levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Blood glucose monitoring Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003438.htm Blood-sugar levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Fasting blood glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm GLUCAGON Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003716.htm Glucose monitoring Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003438.htm Glycohemoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003640.htm Glycosylated hemoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003640.htm Hemoglobin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003645.htm Hyperglycemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm Insulin test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003700.htm Random glucose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003438.htm


Triglyceride level Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003493.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm Urine ketones Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003585.htm •

Nutrition for Juvenile Diabetes Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Cholesterol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002472.htm Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

•

Background Topics for Juvenile Diabetes Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Diabetes - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002179.htm Diabetic education Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003996.htm Diabetic foot care Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003937.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Iris Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002386.htm Kidney disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000457.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm

Online Glossaries 125

Necrosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Relieved by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002288.htm Retina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002291.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Weight control Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001943.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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JUVENILE DIABETES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1hydrohexamide. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH]


Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble


substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artificial Pancreas: A large machine used in hospitals that constantly measures glucose (sugar) in the blood and, in response, releases the right amount of insulin. Scientists are also working to develop a small unit that could be implanted in the body, functioning like a real pancreas. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophic Gastritis: Chronic irritation of the stomach lining. Causes the stomach lining and glands to wither away. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants,

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mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Backcross: A cross between a hybrid and either one of its parents. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]


Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Cardiovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. Encephalomyocarditis virus is the type species. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH]


Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH]

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Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,


prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Color Vision Defects: Mild to severe impairment in the ability to discriminate or differentiate hues. This disorder may be acquired as a result of retinal diseases involving the cones (retina) or inherited as an X-linked disorder featuring absent or abnormal cone pigment. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the

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standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Cones (Retina): One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral


or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cycloplegia: Paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of accommodation. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]

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Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatoglyphics: The study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the


effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalomyocarditis Virus: The type species of cardiovirus causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting

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the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum


lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epilepsia: An illusional seizure consisting of a rather sudden alteration of the patient's perceptions, indicative of a lesion in the temporal lobes. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling

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reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fluorescein Angiography: Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including


mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide: A gastrointestinal hormone consisting of a 43-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 5105). It inhibits gastric secretion and motility and stimulates release of insulin. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

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Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH]


Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one

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generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor


formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue

Dictionary 149

(thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the


microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon Inducers: Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of

Dictionary 151

digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement


membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of

Dictionary 153

connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]


Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mumps Virus: The type species of rubulavirus that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU]

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Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH]


Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Atrophy: Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the retina and converge to form the optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts. Glaucoma, ischemia, inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions are relatively common causes of this condition. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH]

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Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatric Endocrinologist: A doctor who sees and treats children with problems of the endocrine glands; diabetes is an endocrine disorder. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]


Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH]

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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postprandial Blood Glucose: Blood taken 1-2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH]


Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proinsulin: The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. When insulin is purified from the pancreas of pork or beef, all the proinsulin is not fully removed. When some people use these insulins, the proinsulin can cause the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin is injected. The purified insulins have less proinsulin and other impurities than the other types of insulins. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]

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Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purified Insulins: Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recessive gene: A gene that is phenotypically expressed only when homozygous. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative


risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Plasma Flow: The amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (renal plasma flow, effective). It should be differentiated from the renal blood flow (RBF) which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF). [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatic Heart Disease: Disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever and characterized by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace.

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[NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubulavirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. Mumps virus is the type species. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of


birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several

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research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]


Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the

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activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpropamide. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]


Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor alpha: Factor isolated in a variety of tissues including epithelium, and maternal decidua. It is closely related to epidermal growth factor and binds to the EGF receptor. TGF-alpha acts synergistically with TGF-beta in inducing phenotypic transformation, but its physiological role is unknown. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transplantation Tolerance: An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. [NIH]

Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine

Dictionary 169

urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]


Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

171

INDEX A Abdominal, 4, 121, 127, 157 Abdominal Pain, 4, 127 Accommodation, 127, 138 Acetaminophen, 68, 127 Acetohexamide, 76, 127 Acyl, 76, 127 Adaptability, 127, 134 Adaptation, 23, 127 Adipose Tissue, 127, 157 Adjustment, 16, 86, 127 Adoptive Transfer, 10, 127 Adrenal Cortex, 127, 128, 138, 160 Adrenal Medulla, 127, 142, 156 Adrenergic, 19, 127, 142, 166 Adverse Effect, 127, 164 Aerobic, 127, 142 Affinity, 128, 153, 164 Airways, 80, 128 Albumin, 41, 54, 55, 128, 159 Albuminuria, 21, 128, 159 Aldehydes, 75, 128 Aldosterone, 32, 128 Algorithms, 128, 132 Alimentary, 128, 157 Alkaline, 128, 133 Alkaloid, 128, 130, 163 Alleles, 11, 128 Alpha Particles, 128, 161 Alternative medicine, 92, 128 Amino Acid Sequence, 128, 129, 144 Amino Acids, 128, 129, 130, 144, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163 Analgesic, 127, 129 Analog, 77, 129 Analytes, 104, 129 Anaphylatoxins, 129, 136 Anatomical, 129, 149, 163 Anergy, 129, 166 Anesthetics, 129, 142 Angina, 76, 129 Angiography, 23, 129 Animal model, 3, 11, 18, 129 Anions, 128, 129, 151 Anomalies, 4, 129 Antibacterial, 129, 165 Antibiotic, 68, 129, 159, 165

Antibodies, 11, 12, 21, 30, 32, 33, 34, 44, 46, 50, 74, 129, 131, 142, 146, 148, 153, 159 Antibody, 18, 72, 73, 81, 128, 129, 130, 136, 147, 149, 153, 165 Antigen, 4, 8, 12, 29, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 128, 129, 130, 136, 139, 142, 147, 148, 149, 153 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 130, 136 Antigen-presenting cell, 130, 139 Anti-inflammatory, 127, 130 Antipyretic, 127, 130 Antispasmodic, 130, 163 Antiviral, 130, 150, 158 Anxiety, 52, 66, 130, 159 Apolipoproteins, 130, 152 Aqueous, 130, 131, 138, 152 Arginine, 46, 49, 67, 129, 130, 168 Arterial, 130, 135, 148, 160 Arteries, 52, 130, 132, 138, 152, 154, 155 Arterioles, 130, 132, 133 Artificial Pancreas, 48, 51, 55, 130 Ascorbic Acid, 130, 147 Aspartic, 11, 130 Aspartic Acid, 11, 130 Asymptomatic, 14, 52, 130 Atrophic Gastritis, 78, 130 Atrophy, 43, 130, 156 Atropine, 130, 163 Attenuated, 131 Auditory, 131, 142 Autoantibodies, 73, 74, 81, 131 Autoantigens, 8, 131 Autoimmune disease, 8, 9, 67, 72, 74, 80, 111, 131, 154 Autoimmunity, 8, 11, 30, 38, 100, 131 Autologous, 72, 131 Autonomic, 48, 76, 79, 131, 156, 164, 166 Autonomic Nervous System, 79, 131, 164, 166 Autonomic Neuropathy, 76, 131 Autopsy, 17, 131 Axons, 131, 155, 156 B Backcross, 12, 131 Bacteria, 127, 129, 130, 131, 143, 146, 150, 154, 162, 165, 169 Bacterial Physiology, 127, 131 Bacteriuria, 52, 131, 169 Base, 7, 131, 139, 144, 151, 167


Basement Membrane, 5, 41, 42, 131, 142, 151 Benign, 4, 18, 131, 146, 155 Bile, 132, 144, 147, 152, 165 Bilirubin, 128, 132 Biochemical, 75, 128, 132, 145 Biological Markers, 44, 132 Biological response modifier, 132, 150 Biological Transport, 132, 139 Biopsy, 4, 132 Biotechnology, 14, 85, 92, 99, 132 Bladder, 50, 76, 85, 131, 132, 149, 154, 168, 169 Bleeding Time, 16, 132 Blood Coagulation, 132, 133 Blood Glucose, 33, 61, 67, 68, 74, 76, 89, 90, 123, 132, 146, 148, 150 Blood pressure, 132, 133, 148, 164 Blood vessel, 5, 75, 79, 129, 132, 133, 134, 141, 145, 146, 151, 153, 154, 164, 166, 167, 169 Body Fluids, 132, 140, 164 Bone Marrow, 10, 132, 149, 153 Bowel, 76, 132, 139, 151, 152, 165 Bowel Movement, 132, 139, 165 Branch, 119, 133, 153, 157, 165, 167 Bronchi, 133, 142, 168 C Calcium, 5, 133, 136 Callus, 133, 140 Candidiasis, 35, 133 Candidosis, 133 Capillary, 19, 31, 42, 132, 133, 145, 169 Capsules, 133, 145 Carbohydrate, 41, 62, 73, 79, 111, 133, 145, 159 Carcinogenic, 133, 165 Carcinogens, 133, 135 Cardiac, 133, 138, 141, 142, 155, 165 Cardiovascular, 39, 77, 79, 131, 133, 142, 164 Cardiovascular disease, 77, 133 Cardiovascular System, 131, 133 Cardiovirus, 133, 140 Carnitine, 76, 133 Carotene, 134, 162 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 76, 134 Case report, 22, 26, 134, 135 Case series, 134, 135 Cataracts, 3, 73, 134 Catecholamines, 16, 19, 127, 134 Causal, 78, 134, 141, 146, 163

Celiac Disease, 4, 52, 134 Cell Adhesion, 80, 134 Cell Division, 131, 134, 158, 163 Cell Lineage, 78, 134 Cell membrane, 19, 132, 134, 137, 158 Cell proliferation, 80, 134, 150 Cell Survival, 33, 134 Cell Transplantation, 6, 68, 104, 109, 134 Central Nervous System, 131, 134, 135, 142, 145, 146, 154, 156, 163 Cerebral, 134, 137, 142 Cerebrovascular, 133, 134 Character, 134, 138, 145 Chemokines, 8, 135 Chemotactic Factors, 135, 136 Cholecystokinin, 78, 135 Cholera, 135, 163 Cholesterol, 25, 63, 124, 132, 135, 138, 147, 152, 165 Cholesterol Esters, 135, 152 Choroid, 135, 162 Chromium, 20, 59, 135 Chromosome, 44, 135, 152, 163 Chronic, 11, 20, 65, 66, 73, 74, 75, 107, 124, 130, 135, 139, 149, 151, 156, 163, 166 Chronic Disease, 73, 107, 135 Chylomicrons, 135, 152 Ciliary, 135, 138 CIS, 9, 135, 162 Clamp, 68, 135 Clinical Medicine, 135, 159 Clinical study, 13, 48, 135 Clinical trial, 3, 6, 67, 69, 99, 135, 160, 161 Cloning, 10, 132, 136 Coenzymes, 136, 156 Cofactor, 136, 160 Collagen, 131, 136, 143, 160 Colloidal, 128, 136 Color Vision Defects, 37, 136 Complement, 39, 129, 136, 144, 153, 159 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 63, 136 Complementary medicine, 61, 136 Complete remission, 137, 162 Computational Biology, 99, 137 Computed tomography, 19, 137 Computerized axial tomography, 137 Computerized tomography, 137 Conception, 137, 143, 165 Concomitant, 35, 78, 84, 137 Conduction, 42, 137 Cone, 136, 137

Index 173

Cones (Retina), 136, 137 Confusion, 121, 137, 148, 168 Connective Tissue, 130, 132, 136, 137, 143, 153, 154, 162, 166 Consciousness, 122, 129, 137 Constitutional, 137, 154 Contamination, 137, 146 Contraindications, ii, 137 Convulsions, 24, 121, 137, 140, 148 Coordination, 122, 138, 154 Coronary, 52, 133, 138, 154, 155 Coronary heart disease, 133, 138 Coronary Thrombosis, 138, 154, 155 Corpuscle, 138, 142 Cortex, 138, 142 Cortical, 19, 51, 138, 142 Cortisol, 21, 128, 138 Crossing-over, 138, 161 Curative, 138, 156, 167 Cutaneous, 133, 138, 152 Cycloplegia, 53, 138 Cysteine, 135, 138 Cytokine, 8, 80, 138 Cytoplasm, 73, 81, 134, 138, 141 Cytotoxic, 8, 138, 149 D Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 138 Decidua, 138, 168 Decompensation, 19, 138 Degenerative, 23, 138, 146, 162 Dendrites, 139, 155 Dendritic, 80, 139 Dendritic cell, 80, 139 Density, 19, 139, 152, 156, 165 Deprivation, 47, 139 Dermatoglyphics, 26, 139 Dermatology, 9, 55, 139 Diabetes Insipidus, 48, 85, 139 Diabetic Retinopathy, 3, 75, 139 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 92, 139, 163 Diarrhea, 139, 151 Diffusion, 19, 132, 139, 150, 162 Digestion, 128, 132, 139, 149, 151, 152, 165 Digestive system, 70, 139 Digestive tract, 131, 139, 164 Dihydrotestosterone, 139, 161 Direct, iii, 13, 135, 139, 161 Discrimination, 107, 139 Diuretic, 139, 164 Diurnal, 23, 139 Drip, 68, 139 Drug Interactions, 139

Drug Tolerance, 139, 167 Duct, 140, 142, 163 Duodenum, 132, 140, 157, 165 Dyspnea, 138, 140 E Eclampsia, 92, 140 Edema, 138, 139, 140 Effector, 8, 136, 140 Effector cell, 8, 140 Efficacy, 76, 140 Elasticity, 15, 37, 140 Electrocardiogram, 67, 140 Electrolyte, 46, 128, 140, 159, 164 Electrons, 131, 140, 151, 161 Embryo, 134, 140, 143 Embryogenesis, 10, 140 Encephalitis, 133, 140 Encephalomyelitis, 8, 140 Encephalomyocarditis Virus, 18, 140 Endocarditis, 133, 140 Endocrine Glands, 141, 157 Endocrine System, 141 Endocrinology, 13, 24, 34, 58, 62, 73, 78, 81, 85, 141 Endothelium, 78, 141 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 141 Endothelium, Vascular, 141 Endotoxins, 136, 141 Enteropeptidase, 141, 168 Environmental Exposure, 132, 141 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 141 Enzymatic, 8, 51, 133, 134, 136, 141, 162 Enzyme, 5, 132, 136, 140, 141, 151, 154, 159, 160, 161, 168, 169 Eosinophilia, 141, 143 Epidemiologic Studies, 132, 141 Epidermal, 78, 141, 168 Epidermal Growth Factor, 78, 141, 168 Epidermis, 141 Epigastric, 142, 157 Epilepsia, 34, 142 Epinephrine, 32, 41, 48, 127, 142, 156, 168 Epithelial, 132, 138, 141, 142, 146, 151 Epithelial Cells, 141, 142, 146, 151 Epithelium, 131, 141, 142, 168 Epitopes, 8, 12, 142 Erythrocyte Membrane, 42, 51, 142 Erythrocytes, 27, 132, 142, 146 Esophagus, 139, 142, 165 Evoked Potentials, 50, 142 Excitatory, 142, 145 Exercise Test, 47, 142


Exercise Therapy, 44, 142 Exocrine, 78, 135, 142, 157 Exogenous, 24, 46, 142 Extracellular, 137, 142, 143, 164 Extracellular Matrix, 137, 142, 143 F Family Planning, 99, 142 Fasciitis, 26, 143 Fat, 4, 26, 79, 84, 111, 127, 132, 134, 138, 143, 151, 152, 154, 162, 164, 165, 168 Fatty acids, 128, 143 Febrile, 143, 165 Feces, 4, 143, 165 Fetal Development, 78, 143 Fetus, 78, 143 Fibroblasts, 17, 143 Fibrosarcoma, 143 Fibrosis, 22, 143, 163 Filtration, 27, 143 Fluorescein Angiography, 24, 143 Fluorescence, 23, 143 Fold, 78, 143 Foot Care, 124, 143 Forearm, 132, 143, 153 Fungi, 143, 144, 154 Fungus, 133, 143 G Gallbladder, 127, 135, 139, 144 Gametogenesis, 10, 144 Gangrene, 75, 77, 144 Gangrenous, 144, 164 Gas, 139, 144, 147, 149, 166 Gastric, 24, 32, 78, 133, 141, 144 Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, 24, 32, 144 Gastrin, 77, 78, 144, 147 Gastrointestinal, 78, 135, 142, 144, 151, 164, 166 Gastrointestinal tract, 144, 151 Gene, 7, 8, 10, 33, 44, 77, 78, 85, 92, 128, 132, 144, 147, 161, 163 Gene Expression, 78, 144 Genetic Code, 144, 156 Genetic Engineering, 109, 132, 136, 144 Genetics, 10, 15, 27, 44, 109, 144 Genital, 131, 144 Genotype, 40, 144, 158 Gestation, 78, 144 Gland, 106, 127, 144, 153, 157, 163, 165, 166, 167 Glomerular, 27, 32, 37, 41, 47, 85, 86, 144, 145, 151, 162 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 32, 145

Glomeruli, 15, 145 Glomerulus, 144, 145 Glossitis, 18, 145 Glucose Intolerance, 139, 145 Glucose tolerance, 74, 145 Glucose Tolerance Test, 74, 145 Glutamate, 145 Glutamic Acid, 73, 74, 81, 108, 145, 160 Gluten, 4, 134, 145 Glycoprotein, 145, 151, 153 Glycosylation, 42, 51, 145 Gonadal, 145, 165 Governing Board, 145, 159 Government Agencies, 6, 145, 159 Gp120, 145, 158 Graft, 145, 147, 149 Graft Rejection, 145, 149 Granule, 73, 81, 146 Gravis, 42, 72, 146 H Half-Life, 77, 146 Haplotypes, 11, 73, 81, 146 Headache, 122, 146, 148 Heart attack, 133, 146 Hemoglobin, 46, 123, 142, 146 Hemoglobin A, 46, 146 Hemolysis, 142, 146 Hemolytic, 143, 146 Hemoptysis, 20, 146 Hemorrhage, 146, 166, 169 Hepatic, 128, 145, 146 Hepatitis, 26, 146 Hepatitis A, 26, 146 Hepatocytes, 146 Hepatovirus, 146 Hereditary, 74, 146 Heredity, 144, 147 Heterogeneity, 11, 29, 128, 147 Histology, 44, 147 Homeostasis, 7, 40, 41, 48, 147, 164 Homologous, 128, 138, 147, 163 Hormonal, 130, 147 Hormone, 12, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 32, 40, 47, 49, 78, 85, 86, 128, 132, 138, 142, 144, 147, 150, 160, 162, 167 Host, 40, 133, 147, 148, 149, 169 Humoral, 38, 73, 81, 145, 147, 168 Humour, 147 Hybrid, 10, 131, 147 Hybridization, 147, 156 Hybridoma, 12, 147 Hydrogen, 131, 133, 147, 154, 155, 160

Index 175

Hydrolysis, 130, 147, 159, 160, 168 Hydrophobic, 147, 152 Hydroxyproline, 17, 136, 147 Hyperglycemia, 5, 73, 75, 79, 105, 123, 147 Hyperlipidaemia, 21, 147 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 26, 147 Hyperplasia, 27, 147 Hypersensitivity, 22, 148, 162 Hypertension, 44, 133, 146, 148, 159 Hypertrophy, 27, 148 Hypoglycaemia, 76, 148 Hypoglycemia, 68, 148 Hypoglycemic, 127, 148, 167 Hypotension, 138, 148 Hypothalamic, 50, 148 Hypothalamus, 131, 148 Hypothermia, 148 Hypothyroidism, 35, 148 I Id, 59, 62, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 118, 120, 148 Idiopathic, 18, 41, 148 Immune function, 148, 149 Immune Sera, 148 Immune system, 67, 80, 130, 131, 140, 148, 149, 153, 154, 158, 169, 170 Immunity, 8, 148, 168 Immunization, 8, 127, 148, 149 Immunodeficiency, 9, 149 Immunoglobulin, 129, 149, 163 Immunologic, 32, 73, 81, 127, 135, 148, 149 Immunology, 9, 12, 21, 31, 40, 100, 128, 149 Immunosuppressive, 67, 92, 149, 166 Immunosuppressive Agents, 68, 149 Immunosuppressive therapy, 149 Immunotherapy, 100, 127, 149 Impairment, 31, 74, 136, 149, 154 In situ, 77, 149 In vitro, 17, 80, 149, 167 In vivo, 16, 149, 166 Incontinence, 149, 163 Incubation, 74, 149 Indicative, 84, 142, 149, 157, 169 Indigestion, 149, 151 Indolent, 11, 149 Infancy, 38, 149 Infantile, 42, 78, 149 Infarction, 149 Infection, 11, 132, 133, 135, 140, 143, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 162, 163, 166, 170 Infertility, 4, 150

Infiltration, 73, 81, 150 Informed Consent, 68, 150 Infusion, 21, 46, 49, 52, 150 Ingestion, 145, 150 Insulator, 150, 154 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 8, 45, 74, 77, 90, 150 Insulin-like, 33, 61, 150 Interferon, 8, 77, 150 Interferon Inducers, 77, 150 Interferon-alpha, 150 Interleukins, 149, 150 Internal Medicine, 54, 141, 150 Interstitial, 80, 150, 162 Intestinal, 4, 134, 135, 141, 145, 150, 153 Intestine, 132, 150, 152 Intracellular, 149, 151, 159, 162 Intracranial Pressure, 151, 156 Intramuscular, 151, 157 Intravenous, 24, 49, 61, 68, 74, 143, 150, 151, 157 Intrinsic, 128, 131, 151 Inulin, 145, 151 Invasive, 148, 151 Ions, 131, 140, 147, 151 Ischemia, 130, 151, 156 Islet, 6, 8, 11, 12, 27, 33, 34, 50, 68, 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 100, 104, 108, 109, 151 J Joint, 39, 62, 151, 166 K Kb, 98, 151 Ketone Bodies, 151 Ketosis, 75, 151 Kidney Disease, 6, 67, 68, 70, 98, 108, 128, 151 L Labile, 136, 151 Labyrinth, 13, 151 Lactose Intolerance, 4, 151 Laminin, 131, 151 Large Intestine, 139, 151, 152, 161, 164 Latent, 11, 50, 152, 159 Laxative, 152, 164 Lens, 134, 152, 169 Lesion, 142, 152 Lethargy, 148, 152 Leukocytes, 132, 135, 150, 152 Library Services, 118, 152 Ligaments, 138, 152 Ligands, 8, 152 Linkages, 146, 152


Lipid, 130, 150, 152, 154, 168 Lipopolysaccharides, 150, 152 Lipoprotein, 19, 152 Liver, 26, 80, 127, 128, 132, 133, 139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152 Localization, 44, 152 Localized, 149, 151, 152, 158, 163 Low-density lipoprotein, 152 Lupus, 152, 166 Lymph, 12, 80, 138, 141, 147, 152, 153, 166 Lymph node, 12, 152, 153 Lymphatic, 141, 150, 152, 153, 154, 165, 167 Lymphatic system, 152, 153, 165, 167 Lymphocyte, 130, 153 Lymphoid, 80, 129, 153 Lysine, 153, 168 Lytic, 153, 163 M Macrophage, 80, 153 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 80, 153 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 146, 153 Malabsorption, 134, 153 Malignant, 4, 143, 153, 155 Malnutrition, 4, 128, 130, 153 Mastitis, 153, 164 Median Nerve, 134, 153 Mediator, 135, 153 MEDLINE, 99, 153 Membrane, 25, 41, 134, 135, 136, 145, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 162, 169 Mental Disorders, 70, 154 Mental Retardation, 22, 154 Mentors, 12, 154 Mesenchymal, 141, 153, 154 Metabolic disorder, 139, 154 MI, 52, 125, 154 Microbiology, 21, 127, 131, 154 Microscopy, 19, 131, 154 Mobility, 39, 62, 154 Modification, 144, 154, 161 Molecular, 7, 10, 12, 13, 99, 100, 101, 132, 137, 144, 154 Molecule, 8, 130, 131, 136, 140, 145, 147, 154, 156, 161 Monocyte, 153, 154 Mononuclear, 143, 153, 154 Morphology, 33, 154 Motility, 144, 154 Motion Sickness, 154, 155, 163

Motor Activity, 137, 154 Mucosa, 4, 134, 135, 152, 154 Multiple sclerosis, 8, 9, 72, 80, 154 Mumps Virus, 33, 154 Myasthenia, 42, 72, 154 Mydriatic, 155, 163 Myelin, 8, 154, 155 Myeloma, 147, 155 Myocardial infarction, 76, 138, 154, 155 Myocarditis, 133, 140, 155 Myocardium, 154, 155, 162 N Nausea, 122, 149, 151, 155, 168 NCI, 1, 69, 97, 135, 155 Necrosis, 125, 143, 149, 154, 155 Need, 3, 68, 83, 86, 89, 100, 112, 127, 155, 167 Neoplasms, 127, 133, 155 Nephropathy, 5, 23, 25, 34, 75, 77, 100, 151, 155 Nerve, 5, 42, 127, 131, 138, 139, 143, 153, 154, 155, 156, 163, 165, 168 Nerve Fibers, 5, 155, 156 Nervous System, 131, 134, 153, 155, 166 Neural, 147, 155 Neuromuscular, 41, 155 Neurons, 74, 139, 142, 155, 166 Neuropathy, 5, 17, 43, 75, 131, 155 Neutrons, 128, 155, 161 Niacin, 59, 156 Norepinephrine, 32, 127, 156 Nuclei, 128, 140, 144, 155, 156, 160 Nucleic acid, 7, 144, 147, 156 Nucleic Acid Probes, 7, 156 Nucleus, 138, 154, 155, 156, 160, 164 O Odds Ratio, 156, 162 Oncology, 9, 156 Opacity, 134, 139, 156 Opsin, 156, 162 Optic Atrophy, 18, 35, 45, 48, 85, 156 Optic Chiasm, 148, 156 Optic Disk, 139, 156 Optic Nerve, 156, 162 Organelles, 138, 157 Osmotic, 128, 157 Outpatient, 31, 157 Overdose, 76, 157 Ovum, 138, 144, 157, 160 Oxygen Consumption, 142, 157 P Palliative, 157, 167

Index 177

Pancreas, 67, 78, 85, 111, 127, 130, 139, 150, 151, 157, 160, 168 Pancreatic, 12, 20, 49, 73, 77, 78, 81, 108, 133, 135, 157 Pancreatic Ducts, 78, 157 Pancreatic Juice, 157 Panniculitis, 26, 157 Paralysis, 138, 157 Parenteral, 76, 157 Partial remission, 157, 162 Pathogen, 149, 157 Pathogenesis, 11, 30, 73, 81, 157 Pathologic, 132, 133, 138, 148, 157, 169 Pathophysiology, 7, 74, 100, 157 Patient Education, 109, 116, 118, 125, 157 Pediatric Endocrinologist, 12, 157 Peptide, 8, 11, 16, 21, 22, 30, 67, 72, 77, 78, 80, 135, 141, 157, 158, 159, 160, 166, 167 Peptide T, 67, 158 Perception, 49, 137, 158 Pericardium, 158, 166 Periodontal disease, 45, 158 Periodontitis, 34, 53, 158 Phagocyte, 153, 158 Pharmacologic, 146, 158, 167 Phenotype, 132, 158 Phospholipids, 143, 152, 158 Phosphorus, 133, 158 Physical Examination, 67, 158 Physical Fitness, 44, 142, 158 Physiologic, 143, 146, 151, 158, 161 Physiology, 78, 132, 141, 158 Pigment, 132, 136, 158 Piloerection, 148, 158 Pilot study, 28, 158 Plants, 128, 130, 145, 151, 154, 156, 158, 163, 168 Plasma, 16, 19, 44, 46, 47, 128, 129, 134, 135, 141, 145, 146, 147, 155, 159, 162 Plasma cells, 129, 155, 159 Plasma protein, 128, 141, 159 Policy Making, 145, 159 Polymers, 150, 159, 160 Polypeptide, 128, 136, 141, 144, 147, 159 Polysaccharide, 130, 159, 160 Polyuria, 75, 159 Posterior, 135, 157, 159 Postnatal, 159, 165 Postoperative, 36, 159 Postprandial, 46, 159 Postprandial Blood Glucose, 46, 159 Potassium, 128, 159

Practice Guidelines, 101, 110, 159 Precursor, 29, 77, 78, 140, 141, 156, 159, 168 Predisposition, 29, 73, 81, 159 Pre-eclamptic, 140, 159 Premedication, 159, 163 Prevalence, 45, 52, 76, 156, 160 Progesterone, 160, 165 Progression, 11, 68, 72, 74, 81, 129, 160 Progressive, 45, 73, 81, 139, 146, 155, 160, 162 Proinsulin, 16, 72, 80, 160, 161 Projection, 156, 160 Proline, 136, 147, 160 Prone, 75, 76, 160 Prophylaxis, 159, 160, 169 Prospective study, 26, 45, 160 Protein C, 128, 130, 152, 160 Protein S, 85, 132, 144, 160 Proteinuria, 41, 160 Proteoglycans, 131, 160 Proteolytic, 136, 141, 160 Protocol, 6, 160 Protons, 128, 147, 160, 161 Protozoa, 150, 161 Psychiatric, 132, 154, 161 Public Policy, 99, 161 Publishing, 5, 14, 161 Pulmonary, 46, 132, 142, 161 Purified Insulins, 160, 161 Putrefaction, 144, 161 Q Quality of Life, 68, 75, 161 Quaternary, 161, 163 R Radiation, 10, 141, 143, 161, 170 Radioactive, 146, 147, 161 Randomized, 140, 161 Receptor, 8, 77, 78, 127, 130, 137, 142, 145, 153, 158, 161, 166, 168 Recessive gene, 27, 161 Recombinant, 12, 161 Recombination, 38, 161 Rectum, 132, 139, 144, 149, 152, 161 Reductase, 3, 161 Refer, 1, 136, 143, 152, 155, 161 Refraction, 161, 165 Regimen, 140, 161 Relative risk, 29, 161 Remission, 22, 28, 46, 47, 49, 53, 162 Renal Dialysis, 76, 162 Renal failure, 25, 146, 162


Renal Plasma Flow, 27, 162 Reproductive cells, 144, 162 Retina, 5, 125, 135, 137, 139, 152, 156, 162, 163, 169 Retinal, 23, 48, 79, 136, 137, 139, 143, 156, 162 Retinol, 162 Retinopathy, 5, 24, 39, 48, 51, 73, 76, 139, 162 Rheumatic Heart Disease, 20, 162 Rheumatism, 23, 162 Rheumatoid, 8, 9, 23, 72, 162 Rheumatoid arthritis, 8, 9, 23, 72, 162 Rhinitis, 162, 164 Rickettsiae, 162 Risk factor, 11, 36, 141, 160, 161, 163 Rod, 135, 163 Rubulavirus, 154, 163 S Salivary, 139, 163, 166 Salivary glands, 139, 163 Saponins, 163, 165 Scleroderma, 143, 163 Sclerosis, 23, 154, 163 Scopolamine, 53, 163 Screening, 4, 37, 67, 68, 84, 108, 135, 163, 169 Secretion, 11, 21, 22, 27, 28, 51, 76, 78, 79, 141, 144, 147, 148, 150, 163 Secretory, 73, 81, 163 Sediment, 163, 169 Segregation, 131, 161, 163 Septicaemia, 163 Sequence Homology, 158, 163 Sequencing, 7, 163 Serine, 163, 168 Serologic, 4, 163 Serologic Tests, 4, 163 Serotypes, 40, 163 Serous, 141, 164 Serum, 19, 24, 25, 28, 39, 49, 61, 73, 81, 85, 86, 127, 128, 129, 136, 148, 152, 163, 164 Shock, 76, 164 Side effect, 68, 127, 164, 167 Signs and Symptoms, 68, 162, 164 Skeletal, 19, 135, 164 Skeleton, 151, 164 Small intestine, 135, 140, 147, 151, 164, 168 Smooth muscle, 28, 129, 164, 166 Social Class, 34, 164 Social Environment, 161, 164 Sodium, 19, 128, 164, 166

Soft tissue, 132, 143, 164 Solitary Nucleus, 131, 164 Somatic, 140, 147, 164 Sorbitol, 5, 164 Sound wave, 137, 165 Specialist, 112, 165 Species, 133, 134, 140, 142, 147, 154, 163, 165, 168, 170 Specificity, 8, 10, 11, 128, 165 Spectrum, 4, 7, 35, 165 Sperm, 135, 162, 165 Spinal cord, 134, 135, 140, 153, 155, 165, 166 Spleen, 12, 107, 147, 153, 165 Sprue, 4, 165 Steatorrhea, 4, 165 Steel, 135, 165 Stem Cells, 9, 78, 165 Sterility, 150, 165 Steroid, 68, 138, 163, 165 Stimulus, 140, 142, 165 Stomach, 68, 127, 130, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 151, 155, 164, 165 Stool, 149, 152, 165 Stress, 53, 62, 106, 122, 131, 138, 155, 159, 162, 165 Stroke, 70, 75, 77, 98, 108, 133, 166 Subacute, 149, 166 Subclinical, 149, 166 Subcutaneous, 21, 39, 46, 52, 55, 61, 140, 144, 157, 166 Submaxillary, 141, 166 Substance P, 163, 166 Suction, 143, 166 Superantigens, 11, 166 Support group, 4, 124, 125, 166 Suppression, 8, 72, 166 Sweat, 148, 166 Sympathetic Nervous System, 131, 166 Sympathomimetic, 142, 156, 166 Synergistic, 78, 166 Systemic, 72, 75, 132, 133, 142, 149, 163, 166, 168 Systemic disease, 75, 166 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 72, 166 T Tacrolimus, 68, 166 Temporal, 137, 142, 167 Testosterone, 161, 167 Therapeutics, 9, 167 Threonine, 158, 163, 167 Thromboembolism, 36, 167

Index 179

Thrombosis, 16, 160, 166, 167 Thymus, 8, 149, 153, 167 Thyroid, 4, 53, 148, 167, 168 Thyroid Gland, 167 Thyroiditis, 72, 167 Thyrotropin, 148, 167 Thyroxine, 128, 167 Tin, 134, 167 Tolazamide, 76, 167 Tolerance, 9, 100, 109, 127, 145, 167 Tomography, 167 Tooth Preparation, 127, 167 Toxic, iv, 130, 140, 141, 148, 155, 167 Toxicity, 139, 167 Toxicology, 100, 167 Toxins, 130, 140, 141, 149, 156, 168 Trace element, 53, 135, 167, 168 Trachea, 133, 167, 168 Traction, 135, 168 Transfection, 132, 168 Transfer Factor, 148, 168 Transferases, 145, 168 Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 78, 168 Transmitter, 153, 156, 168 Transplantation, 6, 9, 12, 35, 47, 77, 100, 108, 109, 148, 153, 168 Transplantation Tolerance, 9, 168 Triglyceride, 124, 147, 168 Trypsin, 49, 141, 168 Tuberculosis, 67, 152, 168 Tyrosine, 134, 168 U Unconscious, 129, 148, 168 Uremia, 162, 168 Ureters, 168, 169 Urethra, 168, 169 Urinalysis, 18, 48, 124, 168

Urinary, 29, 41, 44, 47, 49, 54, 55, 85, 131, 149, 159, 163, 169 Urinary tract, 85, 131, 169 Urinary tract infection, 131, 169 Urine, 40, 67, 75, 124, 128, 131, 132, 139, 141, 149, 151, 159, 160, 168, 169 V Vaccination, 8, 169 Vaccine, 160, 169 Vagina, 133, 169 Vaginitis, 133, 169 Valves, 162, 169 Vascular, 75, 79, 135, 141, 143, 149, 150, 167, 169 Vasoconstriction, 142, 169 Vein, 68, 151, 169 Venous, 36, 138, 160, 169 Venules, 132, 133, 141, 169 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 169 Villous, 134, 169 Viral, 17, 33, 55, 140, 169 Virus, 17, 30, 40, 133, 144, 145, 150, 163, 169 Visceral, 131, 169 Visceral Afferents, 131, 169 Viscosity, 51, 169 Vitreous Body, 162, 169 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 139, 169 Vitro, 169 Vivo, 10, 170 W White blood cell, 129, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 170 Windpipe, 167, 170 X Xenograft, 129, 170 X-ray, 67, 137, 143, 170


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