Diabetes Insipidus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DIABETES INSIPIDUS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R...

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DIABETES INSIPIDUS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

DIABETES INSIPIDUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Diabetes Insipidus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00353-8 1. Diabetes Insipidus-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on diabetes insipidus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Diabetes Insipidus......................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS ................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 76 General References ....................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS.................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 79 Chapters on Diabetes Insipidus.................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS .................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 85 Academic Periodicals covering Diabetes Insipidus ...................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 87 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 89 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Associations and Diabetes Insipidus.......................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 103 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 DIABETES INSIPIDUS DICTIONARY .................................................................................... 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 171

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with diabetes insipidus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about diabetes insipidus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to diabetes insipidus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on diabetes insipidus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to diabetes insipidus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on diabetes insipidus. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on diabetes insipidus.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and diabetes insipidus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: x

Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 8(12): 1951-1958. December 1997. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 428 E. Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21202. (800) 638-6423. Summary: Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disorder of the kidney, characterized by the failure to concentrate urine despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP). This review article discusses diagnostic tools for this disease and the possibility of the development of therapeutic strategies based on gene transfer. Topics include the cellular

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actions of AVP and the molecular biology of NDI; the clinical characteristics of AVPR2 mutations, incidence, population genetics, ancestral mutation and de novo mutations, and mechanisms of AVPR2 mutations; AQP2 mutations; and carrier status and perinatal testing. Congenital NDI is caused by an inactivating mutation of a G-protein-coupled receptor (V2 receptor) or a water channel (AQP2). The time of onset of disease (shortly after birth) and the clinical symptoms do not differ between the two forms. Identification of the molecular defects underlying congenital NDI is of immediate clinical significance, allowing diagnosis by gene analysis. Gene analysis should be performed in newborns with a family history of NDI and in patients of all age groups with a firm diagnosis of congenital NDI, with or without a family history. It may also be considered in babies presenting with continuing fever of unknown origin, vomiting, constantly low urine osmolality, and failure to thrive. All complications of congenital NDI are prevented by an adequate water intake (which avoids episodes of dehydration and the resulting physical and mental developmental impact). Thus, patients should be provided with unrestricted amounts of water from birth to ensure normal development. 4 figures. 40 references. x

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (commentary) Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 9(6): 591-595. November 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2400. Website: www.currentopinion.com. Summary: In patients suffering from nephrogenic (arising from the kidneys) diabetes insipidus (NDI), the kidney is unable to concentrate urine in response to the antidiuretic hormone AVP (arginine vasopressin). This special commentary article discusses recent developments in the knowledge of the cell biological causes of NDI. Topics include the genes involved in NDI, classification of gene mutations, mutations in the AVPR2 gene, mutations in the AQP2 gene, and potential therapies. In some NDI patients, increased concentration of urine could be obtained by the increased administration of DDAVP. However, prolonged administration of high DDAVP doses can cause severe side effects. The functional rescue of inactivated genes by gene transfer will have a much broader applicability, but the clinical use of this technique has many problems yet to be overcome. 1 figure. 51 references.

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Evaluation and Management of Diabetes Insipidus Source: American Family Physician. 55(6): 2146-2152. May 1, 1997. Summary: This article covers the evaluation and management of diabetes insipidus, an uncommon condition characterized by polyuria and polydipsia. The symptoms and biochemical changes of this condition result from either a lack of antidiuretic hormone or renal insensitivity to its effect. Failure to produce or release antidiuretic hormone may result from cranial pathology, including brain trauma or surgery. The renal insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone that occurs in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may be caused by genetic factors, drugs (especially lithium), or specific disease processes. Patients may compensate for polyuria and nocturia by excessive water intake but show marked decreases in urine specific gravity and osmolality. Patients with severe and uncompensated symptoms develop marked dehydration, neurologic symptoms, and encephalopathy. The water deprivation test is useful in diagnosing diabetes insipidus and in differentiating neurogenic from nephrogenic cases.

Studies

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Neurogenic diabetes insipidus may respond to nasal administration of desmopressin. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus requires good hydration and monitoring of body chemistry. Thiazides and amiloride may relieve symptoms. 1 figure. 2 tables. 16 references. (AA-M). x

Familial Central Diabetes Insipidus Detected by Nocturnal Enuresis Source: Pediatric Nephrology. 17(12): 1063-1065. December 2002. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. Service Center Secaucus, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (201) 348-4033. Summary: This article describes the case of a 10 year old male referred to the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), and secondary complaints of daytime polyuria (excessive urination), frequency, and polydipsia (excessive thirst). The clinical diagnosis was central diabetes insipidus. Since the patient's father had complained of similar symptoms, the arginine vasopressinneurophysin II gene was examined. This revealed a single base substitution in one of two alleles in the patient, his father, and his grandfather. The authors conclude that a history of polyuria or polydipsia should be carefully noted and the urinary volume and urine gravity or osmolarity examined in cases of nocturnal enuresis. 3 figures. 12 references.

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Diabetes Insipidus: Your Role in Managing This Multifaceted Disease Source: American Journal of Nursing. 96(8): 30-31. August 1996. Contact: Available from Educational Services Division, American Journal of Nursing Company. 555 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019-2961. (800) 627-0484 or (303) 6041464. Summary: This brief article familiarizes nurses with diabetes insipidus, a syndrome characterized by excessive, dilute urine output. Topics include patient assessment findings, the typical plan of care, and patient teaching points, notably those related to drug therapy. The second page of the article presents an illustration depicting the relationship between antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels and both neurogenic and psychogenic diabetes insipidus.

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Diabetes Insipidus and Blindness Caused by a Suprasellar Tumor: Pieter Pauw's Observations from the 16th Century Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 279(1): 48-50. January 7, 1998. Summary: Tumors in the suprasellar region may cause both visual and endocrinologic symptoms. This association, well known to modern physicians, was established during the 19th century. This article reports on the authors work that identified a 16th century autopsy report, written by the Dutch professor of anatomy Pieter Pauw (1564-1617) which describes an 18 year old girl who developed marked polyuria and subsequently became totally blind from a cystic tumor compressing the optic chiasm. Based on prevailing theories on the nature of diabetes, Pauw attributed the disease to the kidneys. Undoubtedly, however, his lucid report is the earliest known account of diabetes insipidus caused by arachnoid cyst, the Rathke cleft cyst, or craniopharyngioma in the region of the pouch of Rathke. The authors description also gives insights into the role of anatomic dissections in late 16th century northern Europe. 2 figures. 27 references. (AA).

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Federally Funded Research on Diabetes Insipidus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to diabetes insipidus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to diabetes insipidus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore diabetes insipidus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for diabetes insipidus: x

Project Title: A HIGH THROUGHPUT ASSAY FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL CHAPERONES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kopito, Ron R.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many inherited diseases, including cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and familial hypercholesterolemia are caused by mutations that impair the folding and intracellular trafficking of ion channels, transporters and receptors that are normally expressed at the plasma membrane. There is compelling evidence demonstrating that the mutant phenotype of many of these mutants can be suppressed by treatment with pharmacological chaperones, small high affinity ligands that bind to and stabilize the native 3-dimensional structure of their respective targets. To develop pharmacological chaperones with therapeutic potential, it is necessary to identify small high affinity ligands that can stabilize the native state for proteins without known high affinity ligands. The exploratory project described here is aimed at the development of a general, robust cell based assay that can be used in highthroughput screening platforms to identify novel pharmacological chaperones based on their ability to increase the efficiency of protein folding. This homogenous assay exploits a highly sensitive enzymatic complementation between a small peptide (S-peptide) and RNAseA and the use of a fluorogenic substrate. It is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of this assay with two model substrate, the G-protein coupled V2 vasopressin receptor, mutations in which are linked to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: AQUAPORIN-2 EXCRETION IN DISORDERS OF WATER BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cadnapaphornchai, Melissa A.; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) Normal water metabolism is essential to body fluid homeostasis. The major determinants of normal water balance include arginine vasopressin (AVP), renal function, and thirst. Recent investigations have described the cloning and characterization of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), which is located in the principal cell of the kidney collecting duct. Under the influence of AVP, AQP-2 inserts into the apical membrane, allowing reabsorption of water to occur. Studies in animals and humans suggest that alterations in the regulation and expression of AQP-2 in certain physiologic and pathologic states may contribute to such complications as hyponatremia, hypoosmolality, and edema. During exocytic shuttling of AQP-2 to the apical collecting duct membrane, a small percentage of AQP-2 is lost in the urine. Measurement of this urinary AQP-2 protein can be reliably performed by radioimmunoassay; this test represents a novel tool for evaluation of AVP action in the collecting duct of the human kidney in health and disease. In these studies, we will examine urinary AQP-2 excretion in patients during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle, and in patients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to lithium therapy or autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. An interpretation of the relationship between urinary AQP-2, serum and urine osmolality, and plasma AVP will provide insight into the control of body fluid homeostasis. The role of the vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, CIPC-41061, in the treatment of volume overload, edema, and hyponatremia will be explored. A comprehensive understanding of AQP-2 regulation in humans will lead to unique and more direct interventions in the therapy of disordered water metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AQUAPORINS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufmann, Nancy; Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 29-SEP-2003; Project End 28-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the function of aquaporin water channels in Drosophila melanogaster. The specific aims of this grant application are to: 1) Use mRNA in situ and immunohistochemistry to uncover the sites of action of putative aquaporins. 2) Determine the substrate specificity and pore permeability of putative Drosophila aquaporins. This will be accomplished by using the yeast vesicle expression system and stopped-flow fluorometry pioneered in the Brodsky and Zeidel laboratories and, if necessary, the more traditional Xenopus laevis egg-swelling assay. To further correlate function with location, in the future, loss of function alleles will be generated for candidates showing physiologically relevant water permeability and localization. Malpighian tubules from these flies will be tested in established water excretion assays. This work will further our understanding of the structure/function relationship for water channels, as well as our understanding of aquaporin function in maintaining osmotic homeostasis. This work is relevant not only to studies of mammalian renal function and Diabetes insipidus, but it will also help us

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understand insect water excretion, a prime target for controlling mosquito populations and the spread of malaria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF RENAL FUNCTION AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Dennis; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Studies performed during the previous funding period of this Program Project have continued to provide significant new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern physiological processes in selected cell types in the kidney and urogenital tract. Based on these advances, and on the development of new tools and model systems during the previous funding period, Project 7 will define the complex intracellular recycling pathways of AQP2, identify protein interactions involved in vasopressin-induced trafficking, and explore novel cAMP-independent signaling pathways that can be used to bypass the vasopressin receptor in vivo in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Project 6 takes advantage of the development of cPLA2 knockout mice and cell lines to define the role of signaling via PLA2 and associated proteins in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and vesicle trafficking. The key role of an accessory protein, PLIP, in cytosol to nuclear signaling and import will be of considerable importance to these studies. Project 9 identified unsuspected functions for G-proteins and their regulating proteins, RGS proteins, in Golgi vesicle trafficking and in vesicle coatomer (COP) recruitment. The new studies will define in great detail the acidification-dependent and G-protein-dependent recruitment of vesicle coat proteins in the receptor-mediated endocytotic pathway of proximal tubules in vivo and in vitro. These studies will help determine the molecular mechanisms by which defective endosomal acidification results in proximal tubule reabsorptive dysfunction and Fanconi-syndrome. Project 12 provided the first definition of the cellular proteins and mechanisms of luminal acidification in the epididymis and vas deferens, a process that is critical for sperm maturation and storage. The new studies will examine cell and molecular interactions among selected membrane transport proteins and accessory proteins, and will define the short- and long-term hormonal regulation of acid base transport in this epithelium. The previous period of funding saw an exceptionally high level of interaction among the individual members of this Program Project, due to their complementary expertise in areas of cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and biochemistry, and their related interest in relating fundamental processes of cell signaling, protein trafficking and membrane function to whole organ physiology. The centralized Core - Microscopy facility has once again been a major factor in coordinating cell biological and morphological studies for all projects. We anticipate that the individual and collective efforts proposed in this renewal application will once again lead to a greater understanding of the relationship between basic cellular processes and normal function and disease states in urogenital cells and tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEINS

CHARACTERIZATION

OF

AQUAPORIN

2

INTERACTING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lu, Hua A.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2004; Project End 30-APR-2006

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Vasopressin (VP) is the major antidiuretic hormone involved in the regulation of water reabsorption by mammalian kidney. Intensive studies have established that VP functions by recruiting the AQP2 water channel from cytoplasmic vesicles to the plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells. The impairment of VP-AQP2 signaling pathways results in diabetes insipidus as well as fluid retention seen in some heart failure patients. AQP2 is regulated through complex trafficking pathways. Our hypothesis is that regulated trafficking of AQP2 requires direct and indirect protein-protein interactions during intracellular translocation, exocytosis as well as endocytosis. The proposed studies are divided into three specific aims addressing identification and characterization of novel AQP2 interacting proteins as well as investigation of the functional significance of these novel protein interactions on AQP2 trafficking in vitro and in vivo. The proposed study will utilize multidisciplinary approaches (molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunocytochemistry) and powerful technology (yeast two hybrid screen, structural functional analysis, gene transfer) to identify and characterize novel protein-protein interactions and their biologic functions. These studies will provide important information of the poorly understood molecular mechanisms underlying AQP2 trafficking, and may ultimately lead to better therapies for patients with defective urinary concentration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: EXPLORING DIABETES AND DEPRESSION IN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Mckeown, Robert E.; Graduate Director for Epidemiology; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exploring Diabetes and Depression in Youth (EDDY) is a response to RFA-DK-02-009: Depression and Mental Disorders in Diabetes, Renal Disease, and Obesity / Eating Disorders. EDDY will focus on depression and diabetes in 10 to 19 year old youth at two ethnically diverse sites: South Carolina and Colorado. EDDY is an ancillary study to SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, a CDC- and NIDDK-funded, multisite investigation for population-based case ascertainment and classification of both prevalent and incident cases of diabetes in youth. This case-cohort will allow investigation of the complex association between diabetes and depression in three major ethnic groups, African American, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Whites. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the third most prevalent severe chronic disease of childhood, and a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and compromised quality of life. Childhood DM is now acknowledged to be a complex and heterogeneous disorder, with increasing rates of type 2 DM. A few smaller studies have found that children with DM are at higher risk for depression and that depressed children with DM may be at increased risk of poor management and complications. Existing studies have been small, and restricted to type 1 diabetes. The overall aim of this application is to explore the complex associations of depression and diabetes, which may differ for type 1 and type 2, in the SEARCH case cohort in SC and CO. We will examine the mutual impact of depression on diabetes management, glucose control, quality of life, and complications, as well as the impact of DM disease burden on the risk for depression. Specifically, we will estimate the prevalence and incidence of depression and related affective and anxiety disorders among youth with DM, and explore the correlates and predictors for depression among children and teens with DM, including parenting, self-efficacy, body image, and self-esteem. We will also investigate the impact of depression on diabetes

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management, clinical course, and complications in both type 1 and type 2 DM, and examine the extent of effective treatment for depression, and the impact of treatment on DM outcomes. Finally, we will explore the pathways involved in the association between DM and co-morbid depression and recurrent depression, with particular attention to disease burden, self-concept, obesity, and parenting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: GH ALTERNATIVE SPLICING: MECHANISMS AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, John A.; Director, Division of Genetics; Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF WATER CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Jap, Bing K.; Senior Staff Scientist; Division of Life Sciences; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The long term objective of this research is to understand the functional mechanism of water transport across membrane channels. The aquaporins (AQP) are a family of water channel proteins found in bacteria, yeast, insect, plant, mammalian and amphibian tissues and belong to the MIP (Major Intrinsic Protein) superfamily. Aquaporins are critical for the active regulation of water balance required for normal cell function; defects in AQP2, for example, have been related to diseases such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. AQP1 is a subset of the aquaporins and can be found to exist in a variety of tissues from organs such as the kidney, gall bladder, spleen, lung, intestine, inner ear and eyes. These channels are believed to be water specific, transporting water across a number of epithelial and endothelial cell layers during fluid absorption and secretion. We propose to continue our efforts in determining the atomic model of AQP1. In the current grant years, we have obtained the projection map of AQP1 at a resolution of about 3.5 Angstrom units resolution and a 3D map at approximately 6 Angstrom units. Concentrated efforts to obtain the 3D structure at 3.5 Angstrom units using electron crystallography were faced with several technical problems: images and diffraction patterns of highly tilted samples show very limited structural information normal to the tilt axis. In addition, the current resolution of structures determined using electron crystallography is not adequate to clearly observe water molecules which is crucial for understanding the aquaporin functional mechanisms and their specificity for water. However, the great difficulty in obtaining 3D crystals of membrane proteins for x-ray crystallographic studies has been a major stumbling block. In the last year, we have focused our efforts on 3D crystallization and were successful in obtaining crystals suitable for x-ray crystallographic studies. Native date sets have been collected to approximately 3 Angstrom units resolution, although the crystals show diffraction spots to better than 2.5 Angstrom units resolution. We are now focusing our major efforts on obtaining heavy atom derivatives. The structure of the water channel at approximately 3 Angstrom units resolution or higher would provide a paradigm for understanding the regulation of the transport of water across the membrane by the MIP superfamily. The atomic model will reveal the molecular

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details of the channel including the mechanism that regulates its specificity for water transport. It will also provide a structural rationale for the change in specificity, from water to glycerol and the alteration of the protein oligomeric state, from tetramer to monomeric form, observed in a double point mutant of AQPcic. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of water channels could provide insights into the structural basis of protein defects resulting in diseases such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: HYPOTHALAMIC PRECURSOR CELLS

RECONSTRUCTION

USING

NEURAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, William J.; Professor; Neurology; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The discovery of self-renewing, multipotent neural precursor cells has raised hopes for their possible therapeutic utility, either for neural repair through cell replacement or as gene-delivery vehicles. Transplantation is a key strategy for testing the differentiation capacity and functional activity of such cells; when precursor cells obtained from one brain region are transplanted to another region, they appear to differentiate into neuronal and glial phenotypes appropriate to the implantation site. Whether the cells actually integrate in a regionally-specific, physiologically-relevant fashion remains unanswered. In this application, we will address this question by capitalizing on the unique anatomy, physiology, behavior, and molecular genetics of two hypothalamic neuronal systems that have not been previously exploited as engraftment targets for transplanted precursor cells. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the site of an endogenous clock that regulates circadian locomotor rhythmicity, a behavior that is abolished in mice homozygous for a mutation of the clock gene. The magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the site of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-secreting neurons that regulate water balance, a function that is lost in mice with diabetes insipidus bearing a null mutation of the AVP gene. We will transplant a prototypic neural precursor cell line (C17.2; as well as C17.2NT-3, a modified clone overexpressing neurotrophin-3) into the telencephalic vesicle of embryonic mice and then examine the mice postnatally to address three questions: (A) Do engrafted precursor cells assume the morphologies, peptidergic phenotypes, and efferent projections characteristic of neurons indigenous to the SCN and PVN? (B) Can engrafted precursor cells respond to natural stimuli in ways that emulated the response of neurons indigenous to the SCN and PVN? (C) Will engrafted precursor cells in the SCN and PVN restore defective behaviors in homozygous clock and AVP-deficient mutant mice exhibiting circadian arrhythmicity and diabetes insipidus, respectively? The answers to these questions are initial steps towards establishing the circadian and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal systems as potentially powerful models for analyzing the structural and functional plasticity of implanted precursor cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Breslow, Esther M.; Professor and Acting Chair; Biochemistry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1982; Project End 28-FEB-2006

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Diabetes Insipidus

Summary: (provided by applicant): The hormone vasopressin is synthesized in hypothalamic neurons as pan of a precursor that also contains the disulfide-rich protein neurophysin and the glycopeptide copeptin. The self-association and hormone-binding properties of neurophysin play important roles in the targeting of vasopressin to neurosecretory granules and its storage within the granules. The function of copeptin is unknown. Familial neurogenic diabetes insipidus (FNDl) is a neurodegenerative disease typically caused by mutations in neurophysin. The disorder raises basic questions as to the structure and properties of the human vasopressin precursor, the structural basis of its normal fording and function, and the mechanisms by which mutations compromise these processes. The principal investigator has synthesized the cDNA encoding the human vasopressin precursor and propose to study the biophysical properties of the recombinant wild type protein and the effects of selected FNDI mutations on these properties. These studies have the potential to provide further insights into FNDI, as well as the first 3-dimensional structure of this precursor and the first view of copeptin structure and properties. The principal investigator proposes also to elucidate the basic mechanisms involved in neurophysin folding and function. The allosteric mechanism by which neurophysin dimerization is controlled by hormonebinding is an accessible paradigm for this process in other systems, and will be addressed here by NMR studies of the relative conformations of the unliganded monomeric and dimeric states and by the effects of targeted mutagenesis. Interrelationships among primary structure, disulfide pairing and folding, and between structure and binding, will be addressed by a series of studies that include investigation of the folding properties of isolated neurophysin domains and segments, and of the structural determinants of the strength of the critical salt bridge formed between hormone and protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR ALTERED DETRUSOR CONTRACTILITY IN DIABET Principal Investigator & Institution: Chacko, Samuel K.; Professor; Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from application) Diabetes in humans is associated with a spectrum of voiding dysfunctions characterized by impaired bladder sensation, increased postvoidal residual volume and decreased detrusor contractility that may progress in detrusor areflexia and diminished urinary flow. Studies on animal models, particularly the streptotzotozin (STZ) induced diabetic rats and Brattleboro (BB) rats with hereditary diabetic insipidus (di/di), show changes similar to those in human diabetes, e.g., a greater bladder capacity with impaired voiding function. Data from the proposed studies will provide the basic information regard the effect of diabetes on detrusor contractility and bladder function, and test the underlying hypothesis that diabetes has an effect on the molecular mechanisms that regulate force generation and maintenance that are required to empty the urinary bladder. To address this hypothesis, we propose to use detrusor smooth muscle from diabetic (STZ induced diabetes BB rats), insulin treated, and control rats (non diabetic osmotic diuresis, and normal) and to determine how the regulatory mechanisms controlled (through protein protein interaction or enzymatically) by these proteins are altered. Specifically. we will determine: (1) whether the lack of intravesical pressure and over distension of the diabetic bladder is due to a low level of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation or a change in the site of phosphorylation of the MLC in the detrusor smooth muscle at the resting tone or during

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force development; (2) whether the activities and expression of MLC kinases and/or the protein C kinase (PCK) isoforms, implicated in signaling pathways, are altered in the detrusor in diabetes; (3) whether changes in the expression of smooth muscle specific caldesmon (h-caldesmon), the thin filament component that regulates actin-myosin interactions, in the detrusor in diabetes is responsible for the inability for the inability of diabetic smooth muscle to maintain force; (4) whether thre is a change in the expression of smooth muscle myosin isoforms in response to diabetes; and (5) whether the actin/activated ATPase activity of myosin in the detrusor is altered in diabetic bladders. We proposed to use muscles from bladders and urethras of diabetic, non diabetic osmotic diuretic and normal rats. The expression of myosin will be studied using reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative comparative PCR, and Northern and Western blot analyses. The function of myosin isoforms will be analyzed by measuring the action-myosin ATPase activity and the movement of actin filaments over myosin heads in the in vitro motility assays. Detrusor contractility will be analyzed by force measurements of intact muscle strips. Alterations in the contractile apparatus and regulation of contraction, independent of the membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum, will be determined using chemically "skinned" muscle strips. An understanding of the molecular events that lead to contractile dysfunctions in diabetes is crucial in order to target the molecular steps for the development for pharmacological gents to treat diabetic cystopathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR GPCR TRAFFICKING IN POLARIZED CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Limbird, Lee E.; Associate Vice Chancellor for Research; Pharmacology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): These studies address the mechanisms by which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) achieve their discrete localization in target cells. Localization is determined by targeting mechanisms that govern receptor delivery to the surface and tethering mechanisms that govern receptor stability at its final surface "destination." Studies funded by this grant, focusing on alpha2AR subtypes and the Al adenosine receptor as models of GPCR, have revealed that targeting to the apical (A1AdoR) or basolateral (alpha2AR subtypes) surface is driven by multiple, independent and hierarchical sequences in or near the bilayer. In contrast, tethering to the basolateral surface involves the large third intracellular (3i) loop of alpha2AR subtypes. We identified two interacting proteins for the alpha2AR subtype 3i loops: 14-3-3 proteins and spinophilin, both multi-domain proteins implicated as scaffolds in various signaling pathways. The aims of this proposal are to 1) determine if spinophilin or 14-3-3 proteins tether the alpha2AR subtypes to the basolateral surface of MDCK II cells, a model system for polarized renal epithelia, 2) determine the trafficking itinerary of wildtype V2 vasopressin receptors in MDCK II cells and the point(s) at which varying alleles of the V2R that contribute to X-Iinked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) are interrupted in their direct delivery to the basolateral surface, and the cell surface "rescue" of these mutant V2R by temperature shifts or by chemical chaperones, and 3) use molecular cloning strategies to identify cDNAs encoding molecules that rescue cell surface expression of mutant V2R. We will also explore whether these cDNAs can enrich the cell surface expression of the alpha2cAR subtype, which exists predominantly in an intracellular precursor pool in a variety of cell backgrounds. There are two reasons for including another GPCR, i.e. the

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Diabetes Insipidus

V2R, as a model system in our studies to understand the mechanisms underlying GPCR localization. First, our finding that multiple, non-contiguous membrane-embedded sequences dictate the delivery of GPCR to polarized surfaces in MDCKII cells means that a single sequence region cannot serve as a "ligand" to identify the targeting machinery for these receptors. Second, many diseases result from intracellular accumulation of molecules that must achieve surface expression to regulate cell function; cDNAs that rescue cell surface expression of intracellularly trapped receptors identified in the proposed studies likely encode targets for therapeutic intervention not only in NDI, but also in retinitis pigmentosa, cystic fibrosis, and other inherited diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS THROUGH IN SITU MODELING Principal Investigator & Institution: Schulten, Klaus J.; Professor; Physics; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Membrane proteins function as mediators for exchange of material and information across cell membranes as well as converters of electro-osmotic, mechanical, and chemical energy in cells. These proteins are the targets of most pharmacological interventions and their function is related to many diseases. Often the function of a membrane protein is coupled to the membrane environment through mechanical or electrostatic forces. Advances in biomolecular modeling using large parallel computers permit now the in situ simulation of membrane proteins, the latter requiring, however, simulation volumes of more than 100, 000 atoms. As developers of the respective computational tools, we seek to utilize them in a systematic research program investigating the physical mechanisms by which membrane channels control transmembrane traffic of a wide range of compounds and the maintenance of membrane potentials. Research will focus initially on (1) protein of the aquaporin family, water and glycerol channels for which models of several medically relevant proteins will be constructed and investigated; the proteins are linked to diseases like diabetes insipidus, cataracts, and Sjorgen's syndrome; (2) the mechanosensitive channel MscL for which mechanical gating mediated through stretched and deformed lipid bilayers will be studied; the proteins are linked to diseases like hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia; (3) the chloride channel CIC for which we seek to identify mechanisms of ion conduction and gating; the protein is linked to inherited diseases that affect the muscles, notably, some forms of myotonia, as well as the kidneys, such as Dent's disease and Bartter's syndrome. The proposed research seeks a description of the three types of membrane channels at a level of unprecedented detail and without sacrificing native environment and exact physical interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF POLYTOPIC PROTEIN BIOGENESIS IN THE ER Principal Investigator & Institution: Skach, William R.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The long term goal of this proposal is to establish the molecular basis by which eukaryotic polytopic membrane proteins integrate, fold and assemble in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Aquaporins represent a prototype class of polytopic proteins that contain six

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transmembrane (TM) segments and form selective water-permeable channels in cell membranes. At least six aquaporins are expressed in the mammalian kidney where they play critical roles in fluId and electrolyte homeostasis. While the basic steps of aquaporin assembly in ER have recently been described, very little is known about how cellular machinery mediates specific translocation, membrane integration, and folding events required to establish AQP topology. This is a major limitation in our understanding of normal renal physiology and in particular, pathologic states where aquaporin folding is disrupted, e.g. nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Recent studies from our laboratory, now provide for the first time, a means to define the molecular interactions responsible for different and novel polytopic protein folding pathways. Because of their significant role in normal physiology, their relatively simple architecture, and their unusual biogenesis mechanisms, aquaporins represent ideal candidates for such a study. The specific aims are: i) to characterize different molecular pathways of aquaporm assembly in the ER membrane, ii) to define how primary structural determinants generate variations in these folding pathways, and iii) to identify novel components within the ER that are required for specialized aspects of aquaporin biogenesis. Proposed experiments will use cell free translation systems to incorporate photoactive crosslinking probes at engineered sites in native, mutant and chimeric aquaporin proteins. These experiments will define molecular interactions between the nascent polypeptide and ER translocation machinery that mediate protein folding and determine how subtle variations in sequence influence normal biogenesis events and topologic outcome. Finally novel factors required for aquaporin maturation will be identified by fractionation and heterologous reconstitution of translocation competent ER membranes that exhibit distinct differences in aquaponn maturation. Together these studies will provide a major advance in our knowledge of the molecular events involved in polytopic protein biogenesis and will establish a foundation for understanding how inherited mutations disrupt biogenesis in human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF WATER TRANSPORT IN RENAL EPITHELIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Verkman, Alan S.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Aquaporin (AQP) water channels are believed to have a key role in the urinary concentrating mechanism and the pathophysiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The kidney expresses at least 4 AQPs: AQP1 in proximal tubule, TDLH, and vasa recta; AQP2 in the apical membrane of principal cells in the collecting duct; and AQP3 and AQP4 in the basolateral membrane of the same cells. Specific Aim 1 will define the role of AQPs in the urinary concentrating mechanism using transgenic knockout mice. Our lab developed the first transgenic mouse models to study water channel function-AQP1 and AQP4 knockout mice. These and AQP3 null mice will be used to define quantitatively the role of AQPs in renal water clearance. Renal function will be evaluated by urine/serum chemistries, isolated tubule and vasa recta microperfusion, and micropuncture. Specific Aim 2 will characterize the cellular defect in hereditary NDI and test a novel therapeutic strategy. Preliminary data indicate that AQP2 mutations cause NDI by heterogeneous mechanisms involving defective AQP2 water channel function, accelerated degradation, and defective intracellular processing with ER retention. Transfected cells expressing NDI-causing AQP2 mutants will be used to characterize AQP2 misfolding, degradation mechanisms, and interactions with

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Diabetes Insipidus

molecular chaperones. A mouse model of NDI will be developed and used to evaluate the efficacy of chemical chaperones to correct defective AQP2 function in NDI. Specific Aim 3 will utilize novel biophysical methods to analyze specific aspects of AQP structure and function. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-AQP chimeras will be used to define AQP mobility and association state in membranes and the cell biology of AQP2 trafficking. Methods will include fluorescence photobleaching recovery, energy transfer, and ratio imaging. Also, specific water/solute transporting properties (Pd, s s) of mammalian AQPs will be measured. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING REGULATION OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vargas, Gabriel A.; Psychiatry; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award focuses on elucidating the role membrane trafficking mechanisms play in the regulation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor cell-surface number and how antipsychotics influence this process. These studies are of critical clinical significance since dopamine receptor number is dysregulated in various neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and secondary to treatment with antipsychotics. Membrane trafficking is fundamental for achieving the ordered placement of receptors and for the processes of up- and down-regulation of the number of receptors present in specific membrane domains. Disturbances in membrane trafficking processes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several different disorders such as retinitis pigrnentosa, diabetes insipidus, and schizophrenia. The proposed studies examine the hypothesis that regulated membrane trafficking mechanisms, in particular postendocytic mechanisms which target receptors to either recycling or degradation, play an important role in 1) regulating the cell surface receptor number of D1 receptors and 2) in mediating antipsychotic-induced upregulation of specific D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes. The proposal will examine the subtype-specific endocytic trafficking of dopamine receptors, examine how antipsychotics affect the endocytic trafficking of D2like receptors and determine the mechanisms of D 1 receptor membrane insertion. Studies will utilize the well-established HEK-293 cell heterologous model system which is amenable to biochemical studies, and cultured striatal neurons which are more physiologically relevant. These studies are expected to provide insight into the dysregnlation of dopamine receptors observed in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTION & SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Stroud, Robert M.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks to relate fundamental properties of membrane channels to atomic structure. The proposal builds on high level expression, functional assays, and a 2.2Angstrom structure of the aquaglyceroporin GIpF, as an archetype of the large aquaporin (AQP) family. An aim is to understand

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selectivity for glycerol, linear alditols and water using mutagenesis of side chains in the lumen of the channel. Assays of conductance, structure determination and molecular simulations are to be used throughout to test hypotheses and to refine most critical experimental tests. Mechanisms by which AQPs absolutely exclude proton conductance are to be defined. The mechanism of pH induced channel gating in AQP3 is to be mimicked by mutational grafting into GIpF, and described in atomic and electrostatic terms. The ion channel present in AQP6 is to be defined by mutagenesis and implanted into GIpF. Determinants of ion channel selectivity, primarily encoded by side chains in GIpF, and regulation by pH will be probed by mutagenesis, ion channel conductance, and three dimensional structure analysis at atomic resolution. Mutations in clinically important AQPs are to elucidate mechanism, and to serve as a template for drug design. Mutations in AQP2 that are the source of diabetes insipidus are to be grafted into GIpF to define their effects on channel properties versus trafficking. The phosphoregulation mechanism of AQP2 is to be grafted into GIpF and defined mechanistically. Other AQPs of clinical relevance, one from a human pathogen and AQP0 from eye lens are to be crystallized for structure determination. Four species of the ammonia channel family are to be expressed to initiate crystallization of a new family of channels. A further aim is to improve crystals of the Acetylcholine receptor as a means of three-dimensional structure determination of an archetype of gating mechanisms in an archetype of neuroreceptor superfamilies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen x

Project Title: MORTALITY FOLLOW-UP AND ANALYSES OF MEN IN THE MRFIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Neaton, James D.; Professor; Biostatistics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: To extend mortality followup through 25 years for two cohorts of men in the Multiple Risk Factor intervention Trial (MRFIT): the 361,662 men screened and the 12,866 men randomized, and to pursue the general aim of elucidating unresolved research issues on the epidemiology, natural history, etiology, prevention, and control of major chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases and diabetes. To accomplish this general aim, effort will focus on these primary aims related to longterm mortality. 1) To relate nutritional-dietary data to twenty-five year mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD), colon cancer, prostate cancer, and all causes for the 12,866 men randomized. 2) To relate age, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, geographic location, major risk factors, low risk status, prior diabetes, and prior myocardial infarction to twenty-five year mortality for the 361,662 men screened. 3) To relate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein, and fasting and one-hour glucose measurements from frozen baseline sera to mortality for the 12,866 men randomized. These and six other secondary aims will take full advantage - in a highly effective way - of the unique high quality data sets for the two MRFIT cohorts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL HYPONATREMIA

YM087

IN

EUVOLEMIC

OR

HYPERVOLEMIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Thibonnier, Marc; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: Vasopressin (AVP), the antidiuretic hormone, is a peptide hormone actively involved in the regulation of body fluid osmolality, blood volume, blood pressure, and cell proliferation via the stimulation of specific membrane-bound receptors classified into V1a-vascular, V2-renal, and V3-pituitary subtypes having distinct pharmacological profiles and intracellular second messengers. The secretion of AVP is an absolute requirement for the maintenance of fluid homeostasis as shown in human and experimental models of diabetes insipidus. The usefulness of natriuretic agents has been demonstrated in conditions associated with water and salt retention. However, there are diseases (hyponatremia of congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, SIADH) due to the inappropriate release of vasopressin and characterized by an excess retention of water. An agent that increases urine output by producing a free water diuresis would be of significant advantage in these conditions. Such agents have been coined "aquaretics" before. Recently, selective non-peptidic orally active AVP antagonists have been developed; YM-087 being one of these compounds. The primary objective of this placebo-controlled double-blind study is to determine the dosedependent effects (20 or 40 mg bid) of oral YM-087 on serum sodium in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. The secondary objective of the study is to assess the safety and tolerance of 2 dose levels of oral YM087 in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. The study is a multi-center, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, inpatient and outpatient study assessing the efficacy and safety of 5 days of treatment with oral YM-087 on serum sodium levels in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia between 115 to Val in the signal peptide of the arginine vasopressin/neurophysin II/copeptin precursor. Author(s): Repaske DR, Medlej R, Gultekin EK, Krishnamani MR, Halaby G, Findling JW, Phillips JA 3rd. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 January; 82(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989232

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Heteroligomerization of an Aquaporin-2 mutant with wild-type Aquaporin-2 and their misrouting to late endosomes/lysosomes explains dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Marr N, Bichet DG, Lonergan M, Arthus MF, Jeck N, Seyberth HW, Rosenthal W, van Os CH, Oksche A, Deen PM. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2002 April 1; 11(7): 779-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929850

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Home sodium monitoring in patients with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Green RP, Landt M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 November; 141(5): 618-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410188

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Hydrocortisone dose and postoperative diabetes insipidus in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Author(s): Rajaratnam S, Seshadri MS, Chandy MJ, Rajshekhar V. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 17(5): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635749

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Hypercalcemia in an euthyroid patient with secondary hypoadrenalism and diabetes insipidus due to hypothalamic tumor. Author(s): Hotta M, Sato K, Shibasaki T, Demura H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 December; 45(6): 773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10395233

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Hyperintensity of posterior pituitary on MR T1WI in a boy with central diabetes insipidus caused by missense mutation of neurophysin II gene. Author(s): Kubota T, Yamamoto T, Ozono K, Shimotsuji T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 August; 48(4): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11603568

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Hypernatremia in a non insulin dependent (type 2) diabetic patient with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Kavelaars J, Tamsma JT, Meinders AE. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 March; 58(3): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11246115

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Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Azam H, Newton RW, Morris AD, Thompson CJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 January; 74(867): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9538487

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Hypertrophic pachymeningitis with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA), and diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Takuma H, Shimada H, Inoue Y, Ishimura E, Himuro K, Miki T, Nishizawa Y. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 104(6): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903097

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Hyperuricemia as a clue for central diabetes insipidus (lack of V1 effect) in the differential diagnosis of polydipsia. Author(s): Decaux G, Prospert F, Namias B, Soupart A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 November; 103(5): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9375705

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Hypodipsic hypernatremia and diabetes insipidus following anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the amnestic rehabilitation patient. Author(s): Nguyen BN, Yablon SA, Chen CY. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 November; 15(11): 975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11689095

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Hypokalemic nephropathy and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to excessive consumption of a soft drink. Author(s): Buridi A, Corman L, Redinger R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 November; 91(11): 1079-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824198

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Hyponatraemia associated with lamotrigine in cranial diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Mewasingh L, Aylett S, Kirkham F, Stanhope R. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 19; 356(9230): 656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968444

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Hyponatremia and polyuria in children with central diabetes insipidus: challenges in diagnosis and management. Author(s): Ferry RJ Jr, Kesavulu V, Kelly A, Levitt Katz LE, Moshang T Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 May; 138(5): 744-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343054

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Hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus with localized hypertrophic pachymeningitis (Tolosa-Hunt syndrome) associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Author(s): Yamakita N, Hanamoto T, Muraoka N, Ikeda T, Hirata T, Yasuda K, Sano T. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 January; 327(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722395

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Hypothalamic mass in a 28-year-old man with diabetes insipidus ataxia, nystagmus and dysarthria. Author(s): Iwaki T. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2001 March; 21(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304050

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Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in central diabetes insipidus: ACTH and cortisol responsiveness to CRH administration. Author(s): Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Filippella M, Di Somma C, De Martino MC, Gaccione M, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 December; 25(11): 932-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553551

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Identification of a novel mutation in the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II gene in familial central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Bullmann C, Kotzka J, Grimm T, Heppner C, Jockenhovel F, Krone W, Muller-Wieland D. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2002 May; 110(3): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12012274

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Identification of a novel nonsense mutation and a missense substitution in the vasopressin-neurophysin II gene in two Spanish kindreds with familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Calvo B, Bilbao JR, Urrutia I, Eizaguirre J, Gaztambide S, Castano L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 March; 83(3): 995-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9580132

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Identification of mutations in the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 gene causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in Chinese patients. Author(s): Chen CH, Chen WY, Liu HL, Liu TT, Tsou AP, Lin CY, Chao T, Qi Y, Hsiao KJ. Source: Journal of Human Genetics. 2002; 47(2): 66-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11916004

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Identification of two distinct mutations at the same nucleotide position, concomitantly with a novel polymorphism in the vasopressin-neurophysin II gene (AVP-NP II) in two dutch families with familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Abbes AP, Bruggeman B, van Den Akker EL, de Groot MR, Franken AA, Drexhage VR, Engel H. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2000 October; 46(10): 1699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11017955

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Idiopathic central diabetes insipidus is associated with abnormal blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland caused by vascular impairment of the inferior hypophyseal artery system. Author(s): Maghnie M, Altobelli M, Di Iorgi N, Genovese E, Meloni G, Manca-Bitti ML, Cohen A, Bernasconi S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 1891-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070961

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Idiopathic giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis with hypopituitarism, right abducens nerve paresis and masked diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Fujiwara T, Ota K, Kakudo N, Rikimaru S, Sugawara T, Yamada K, Satoh T, Yano M, Tamate E, Miura M, Ikeda H, Kimura T. Source: Intern Med. 2001 September; 40(9): 915-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579956

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Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: diagnostic enigma: report of a case simulating diabetes insipidus and a review of the literature. Author(s): Lemmon WT Jr, Kiser WS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1966 November; 96(5): 658-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5923290

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If ADH goes out of balance. Diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Heater DW. Source: Rn. 1999 July; 62(7): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10446636

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Ifosfamide-induced renal Fanconi syndrome with associated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in an adult patient. Author(s): Negro A, Regolisti G, Perazzoli F, Davoli S, Sani C, Rossi E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 June; 13(6): 1547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641191

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Impaired trafficking of mutated AVP prohormone in cells expressing rare disease genes causing autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Christensen JH, Siggaard C, Corydon TJ, Robertson GL, Gregersen N, Bolund L, Rittig S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2004 January; 60(1): 125-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678298

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Impairment of bone status in patients with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Pivonello R, Colao A, Di Somma C, Facciolli G, Klain M, Faggiano A, Salvatore M, Lombardi G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 July; 83(7): 2275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661594

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Increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol after hypertonic saline infusion in patients with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Itagaki E, Ozawa S, Yamaguchi S, Ushikawa K, Tashiro T, Katahira H, Takizawa M, Yoshimoto K, Murakawa S, Ishida H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 December; 86(12): 5749-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11739434

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Index of suspicion. Case 2. Diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Ching A. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 20(10): 353, 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577154

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Infrequent voiding in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as a cause of renal failure. Author(s): Higuchi A, Kawamura T, Nakai H, Hasegawa Y. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 October; 44(5): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225559

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Infundibulohypophysitis in a man presenting with diabetes insipidus and cavernous sinus involvement. Author(s): Tubridy N, Saunders D, Thom M, Asa SL, Powell M, Plant GT, Howard R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 December; 71(6): 798801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11723207

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Inherited forms of diabetes insipidus and diagnostic drug applications. Author(s): Relkin R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1968 July 31; 151(2): 880-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5263695

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Intrafamilial phenotype variability in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Kalenga K, Persu A, Goffin E, Lavenne-Pardonge E, van Cangh PJ, Bichet DG, Devuyst O. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 April; 39(4): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920339

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Intravenous furosemide in diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Torretti J, Zanzi I. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1967 June; 16(6): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6027290

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Investigation of diuretic and antidiuretic properties of furosemide in diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Rado JP, Banos C, Marosi J, Borbely L, Tako J. Source: Endokrinologie. 1968; 53(3): 253-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5713386

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Is testing with dDAVP useful in detecting carriers of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus gene? Author(s): Bichet DG, Arthus MF, Lonergan M. Source: Nephron. 1991; 58(3): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1896107

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus and neurological abnormalities. Author(s): Moore JR, MacGregor ME. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 July; 64(7): 730. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5558528

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, hearing loss, diabetes insipidus, atonia of the urinary tract and bladder, and other abnormalities (Wolfram syndrome). A review of 88 cases from the literature with personal observations on 3 new patients. Author(s): Cremers CW, Wijdeveld PG, Pinckers AJ. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1977; (264): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=270276

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, sensory nerve deafness, and diabetes insipidus--a syndrome. Author(s): Davenport SL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 May; 90(5): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=853356

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Juvenile diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, sensory nerve deafness, and diabetes insipidus--a syndrome. Author(s): Gunn T, Bortolussi R, Little JM, Andermann F, Fraser FC, Belmonte MM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 October; 89(4): 565-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=956998

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Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus, central diabetes insipidus and optic atrophy (Wolfram syndrome)--neurological findings and prognostic implications. Author(s): Grosse Aldenhovel HB, Gallenkamp U, Sulemana CA. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1991 May; 22(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1857494

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Klinefelter's syndrome accompanied by diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Isobe K, Niwa T, Ohkubo M, Ohba M, Shikano M, Watanabe Y. Source: Intern Med. 1992 July; 31(7): 917-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450502

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Korsakoff's psychosis due to massive beer intake provoked by diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Farr RW, Blankenship DC, Viti A, Albrink MJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 May; 81(5): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368823

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis associated with diabetes insipidus: magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Proietto G, Amatetti M, Amerio P, Angelucci D, Feliciani C, Amerio P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 October; 35(10): 730-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891826

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis, diabetes insipidus, hyperprolactinemia and empty sella: a four-fold association. Report of two cases. Author(s): Panza N, Merola B, Colao A, Iodice G, de Bellis A, Bizzarro A, Bellastella A, Lombardi G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 January; 19(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8851691

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Late manifestation of diabetes insipidus in "pure" cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Author(s): Hoeger PH, Janka-Schaub G, Mensing H. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 July; 156(7): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243232

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Latrogenic nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Singh G. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 June 13; 17(9): 1418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799577

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Lithium-induced diabetes insipidus in a surgical patient: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Gray EJ, Dierks EJ. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1996 July; 54(7): 909-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676240

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Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a surgical patient. Author(s): Sirois F. Source: Psychosomatics. 2004 January-February; 45(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709764

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Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in older people. Author(s): Mukhopadhyay D, Gokulkrishnan L, Mohanaruban K. Source: Age and Ageing. 2001 July; 30(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509315

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Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Eustatia-Rutten CF, Tamsma JT, Meinders AE. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 March; 58(3): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11246113

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Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Stone KA. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 January-February; 12(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10050642

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Longitudinal study of vasopressin-cell antibodies and of hypothalamic-pituitary region on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with autoimmune and idiopathic complete central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): De Bellis A, Colao A, Bizzarro A, Di Salle F, Coronella C, Solimeno S, Vetrano A, Pivonello R, Pisano G, Lombardi G, Bellastella A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 August; 87(8): 3825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161517

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Long-term gene therapy in the CNS: reversal of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus in the Brattleboro rat by using an adenovirus expressing arginine vasopressin. Author(s): Geddes BJ, Harding TC, Lightman SL, Uney JB. Source: Nature Medicine. 1997 December; 3(12): 1402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396613

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Long-term replacement of a mutated nonfunctional CNS gene: reversal of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus using an EIAV-based lentiviral vector expressing arginine vasopressin. Author(s): Bienemann AS, Martin-Rendon E, Cosgrave AS, Glover CP, Wong LF, Kingsman SM, Mitrophanous KA, Mazarakis ND, Uney JB. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2003 May; 7(5 Pt 1): 588-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718901

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Long-term treatment of diabetes insipidus with a synthetic analog of vasopressin during pregnancy. Author(s): Sack J, Friedman E, Katznelson D, Frenkel Y. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1980 May; 16(5): 406-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7399872

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Loss of visibility of the neurohypophysis as a sign of central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Lee YJ, Lin JC, Shen EY, Liang DC, Wong TT, Huang FY. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1996 February; 21(3): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777916

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis and central diabetes insipidus during adolescence: what are the criteria for diagnosis? Author(s): Maghnie M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 August; 157(8): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9727858

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis and diabetes insipidus in non-pregnant women. Author(s): Iglesias P, Diez JJ. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 January; 25(1): 93-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883872

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus in a 14-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Cemeroglu AP, Blaivas M, Muraszko KM, Robertson PL, Vazquez DM. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 September; 156(9): 684-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9296530

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus: MR findings. Author(s): Shimono T, Yamaoka T, Nishimura K, Koshiyama H, Sakamoto M, Koh T, Hayakawa K. Source: European Radiology. 1999; 9(7): 1397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460381

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Lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus and consequent panhypopituitarism preceding a multifocal, intracranial germinoma in a prepubertal girl. Author(s): Bettendorf M, Fehn M, Grulich-Henn J, Selle B, Darge K, Ludecke DK, Heinrich UE, Saeger W. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 April; 158(4): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10206125

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Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis presenting as diabetes insipidus in a man. Author(s): Kamel N, Ilgin SD, Corapcioglu D, Deda H, Gullu S. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 September; 21(8): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801996

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Magnetic resonance imaging in familial central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Miyamoto S, Sasaki N, Tanabe Y. Source: Neuroradiology. 1991; 33(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1881550

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Management of central diabetes insipidus in infancy with low renal solute load formula and chlorothiazide. Author(s): Pogacar PR, Mahnke S, Rivkees SA. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2000 August; 12(4): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10943825

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Mechanism of the antidiuretic effect of saluretic drugs. Studies in patients with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Ramos G, Rivera A, Pena JC, Dies F. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1967 July-August; 8(4): 557-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4951972

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Metastatic breast cancer presenting with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Van de Velde A, Wassenaar H, Strubbe A, Janssen P, Verhaert G. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2000 April; 83(2): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10859899

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Methotrexate-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: first case report. Author(s): Fernandez-Espartero MC, Rodriguez M, de la Mata J. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 February; 41(2): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886979

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Microscopic polyangitis as a possible cause of diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Funauchi M, Nozaki Y, Hashimoto K, Suk Yoo B, Ohno M, Kinoshita K, Kanamaru A. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 November; 21(6): 540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447646

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Misfolded vasopressin V2 receptors caused by extracellular point mutations entail congential nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Postina R, Ufer E, Pfeiffer R, Knoers NV, Fahrenholz F. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2000 June; 164(1-2): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11026555

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Misfolding of mutant aquaporin-2 water channels in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Tamarappoo BK, Yang B, Verkman AS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 December 3; 274(49): 34825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10574954

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Molecular analyses of the vasopressin type 2 receptor and aquaporin-2 genes in Brazilian kindreds with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Rocha JL, Friedman E, Boson W, Moreira A, Figueiredo B, Liberman B, de Lacerda L, Sandrini R, Graf H, Martins S, Punales MK, De Marco L. Source: Human Mutation. 1999; 14(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10477431

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Molecular analysis in familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus: early diagnosis of an asymptomatic carrier. Author(s): Calvo B, Bilbao JR, Rodriguez A, Rodriguez-Arnao MD, Castano L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 September; 84(9): 3351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487710

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Molecular and cellular defects in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Knoers NV, Deen PM. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 December; 16(12): 1146-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11793119

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Molecular pathogenesis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Nguyen MK, Nielsen S, Kurtz I. Source: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2003 March; 7(1): 9-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586738

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MR imaging of central diabetes insipidus: a pictorial essay. Author(s): Shin JH, Lee HK, Choi CG, Suh DC, Kim CJ, Hong SK, Na DG. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2001 October-December; 2(4): 222-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11754330

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MRI detection of suprasellar germinoma causing central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Saeki N, Uchida D, Tatsuno I, Saito Y, Yamaura A. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 April; 46(2): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460010

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MRI of ectopic posterior pituitary bright spot with large adenomas: appearances and relationship to transient postoperative diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Saeki N, Tokunaga H, Wagai N, Sunami K, Murai H, Kubota M, Tatsuno I, Saito Y, Yamaura A. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 October; 45(10): 713-6. Epub 2003 September 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504846

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Multifocal fibrosclerosis as a possible cause of panhypopituitarism with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Kishimoto M, Okimura Y, Kimura K, Mizuno I, Iguchi G, Fumoto M, Takahashi Y, Kanda F, Kaji H, Abe H, Hanioka K, Chihara K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 June; 47(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036878

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Mutant vasopressin precursors that cause autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus retain dimerization and impair the secretion of wild-type proteins. Author(s): Ito M, Yu RN, Jameson JL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 March 26; 274(13): 9029-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085151

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Mutations in the vasopressin prohormone involved in diabetes insipidus impair endoplasmic reticulum export but not sorting. Author(s): Nijenhuis M, Zalm R, Burbach JP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 July 23; 274(30): 21200-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10409675

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Myelodysplastic syndrome in transformation to acute myeloid leukemia presenting with diabetes insipidus: due to pituitary infiltration association with abnormalities of chromosomes 3 and 7. Author(s): Muller CI, Engelhardt M, Laubenberger J, Kunzmann R, Engelhardt R, Lubbert M. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2002 August; 69(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366717

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Myelodysplastic syndrome with central diabetes insipidus manifesting hypodipsic hypernatremia and dehydration. Author(s): Nakamura F, Kishimoto Y, Handa T, Arai Y, Mitani K. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2004 April; 75(4): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054812

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and thyrotoxicosis. Author(s): Kim JH. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1967 September-October; 27(1): 29-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6061967

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with hemochromatosis. Author(s): Okumura A, Kondo K, Hirai C, Nishimura H, Tamai H, Kawarazaki F, Ichikawa M, Mizuno M, Oiso Y, Yamamoto M. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 August; 40(2): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148115

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to hydronephrosis in a patient with a solitary kidney. Author(s): Yoshioka K, Imanishi M, Sakai H, Morikawa T, Okada N, Konishi Y, Tanaka S, Kamikawa S, Kim T, Fujii S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2003 September; 7(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586722

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus induced by demethylchlortetracycline (Declomycin). Author(s): Torin DE. Source: Calif Med. 1967 November; 107(5): 420-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4966354

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus persisting 57 months after cessation of lithium carbonate therapy: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Guirguis AF, Taylor HC. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2000 July-August; 6(4): 3248. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11242610

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus responsive to indomethacin plus dDAVP. Author(s): Stasior DS, Kikeri D, Duel B, Seifter JL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 March 21; 324(12): 850-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1997862

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with intracranial calcifications. Author(s): Ray M, Dixit A, Singhi P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 February; 39(2): 197-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867854

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Morello JP, Bichet DG. Source: Annual Review of Physiology. 2001; 63: 607-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11181969

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Deen PM, Marr N, Kamsteeg EJ, van Balkom BW. Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 2000 November; 9(6): 591-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11128419

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A study of the fine structure of the kidney in a seven-month-old male. Author(s): Abelson H. Source: Pediatric Research. 1968 July; 2(4): 271-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5669664

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New insights into the paradoxical effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus therapy. Author(s): Magaldi AJ. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2000 December; 15(12): 1903-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096127

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Nocturnal enuresis in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Tomasi PA. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 24; 360(9333): 642; Author Reply 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241956

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Nocturnal enuresis in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Lane W, Robson M, Leung AK. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 24; 360(9333): 641-2; Author Reply 642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241955

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Ondine's curse in association with diabetes insipidus following transient vertebrobasilar ischemia. Author(s): Kraus J, Heckmann JG, Druschky A, Erbguth F, Neundorfer B. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1999 September; 101(3): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10536907

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Optic nerve hypoplasia: absence of posterior pituitary bright signal on magnetic resonance imaging correlates with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Mark AS, Kolsky M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 May; 123(5): 715. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152090

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Optic nerve hypoplasia: absence of posterior pituitary bright signal on magnetic resonance imaging correlates with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Sorkin JA, Davis PC, Meacham LR, Parks JS, Drack AV, Lambert SR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 November; 122(5): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909213

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Oral DDAVP is a good alternative therapy for patients with central diabetes insipidus: experience of five-year treatment. Author(s): Fukuda I, Hizuka N, Takano K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2003 August; 50(4): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599118

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Oral desmopressin in central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Westgren U, Wittstrom C, Harris AS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 March; 61(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3963868

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Oral desmopressin in neonatal diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Stick SM, Betts PR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1987 November; 62(11): 1177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688926

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Oral desmopressin treatment of central diabetes insipidus in children. Author(s): Boulgourdjian EM, Martinez AS, Ropelato MG, Heinrich JJ, Bergada C. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1997 November; 86(11): 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9401525

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Ovulation induction with pulsatile GnRH in a patient with anovulation of hypothalamic origin and central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Grana-Barcia M, Liz J, Jimenez E, Novo A, Aguilar J. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1998 June; 12(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9675568

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Ovulation induction with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or gonadotropins in a case of hypothalamic amenorrhea and diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Georgopoulos NA, Markou KB, Pappas AP, Protonatariou A, Vagenakis GA, Sykiotis GP, Dimopoulos PA, Tzingounis VA. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2001 December; 15(6): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826765

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Oxytocin blood levels in two cases of diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Hawker RS, North WG, Colbert IC, Lang LP. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 June; 74(3): 430-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6026617

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Pan-hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus after a heart transplant. Author(s): Vaidya B, Cavet J, Boggild MD, Parry G, Kendall-Taylor P, Ball SG. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 November; 94(11): 586-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11691900

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Pathogenesis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by aquaporin-2 C-terminus mutations. Author(s): Asai T, Kuwahara M, Kurihara H, Sakai T, Terada Y, Marumo F, Sasaki S. Source: Kidney International. 2003 July; 64(1): 2-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787389

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Perioperative management of central diabetes insipidus in kidney transplantation. Author(s): Henne T, Bokenkamp A, Offner G, Ehrich JH. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2001 April; 16(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11354773

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Permanent diabetes insipidus following head trauma: observations on ten patients and an approach to diagnosis. Author(s): Notman DD, Mortek MA, Moses AM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1980 July; 20(7): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7392110

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Platelet vasopressin receptors in patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Bichet DG, Arthus MF, Lonergan M. Source: Kidney International. 1991 April; 39(4): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828844

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Possible liposomal amphotericin B-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Canada TW, Weavind LM, Augustin KM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 37(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503936

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Postpartum cranial diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Baylis PH, Milles JJ, London DR, Butt WR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 January 5; 280(6206): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6965599

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Postpartum hemorrhage complicated with irreversible renal failure and central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Wang HY, Chang CT, Wu MS. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 November; 24(6): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472206

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Progressive decline of vasopressin secretion in familial autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus presenting a novel mutation in the vasopressinneurophysin II gene. Author(s): Elias PC, Elias LL, Torres N, Moreira AC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Castro M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 October; 59(4): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510916

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Psychogenic diabetes insipidus in toddlers with compulsive bottle-drinking: not a rare entity. Author(s): Cemeroglu AP, Buyukgebiz A. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 January; 15(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822585

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Rat 'DI 10' on the long road from diabetes insipidus to Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Finch CE. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2000 November-December; 21(6): 893-5; Discussion 9034. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11124437

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Rathke's cleft cyst presenting with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Ersahin Y. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2001 December; 103(4): 262-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11714577

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Rathke's cleft cyst presenting with hyponatremia and transient central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Hsu YJ, Chau T, Yang SS, Tsai WS, Lin SH. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 May; 107(5): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713531

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Recessive type of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Vandermarliere A, Maes B, Vanrenterghem Y. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 October; 42(4): A41, E1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520647

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Refining the staging evaluation of pineal region germinoma using neuroendoscopy and the presence of preoperative diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Reddy AT, Wellons JC 3rd, Allen JC, Fiveash JB, Abdullatif H, Braune KW, Grabb PA. Source: Neuro-Oncology. 2004 April; 6(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15134627

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Renal diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Cyvin KB. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1967; : Suppl 177: 103+. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5587677

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Renal prostaglandin E2 in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: effects of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin. Author(s): Usberti M, Dechaux M, Guillot M, Seligmann R, Pavlovitch H, Loirat C, Sachs C, Broyer M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 September; 97(3): 476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6251193

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Response of urinary beta-glucuronidase excretion to vasopressin with a possible abnormality in congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Odawara M, Igarashi Y, Yamaguchi K. Source: Paediatr Univ Tokyo. 1966 December; 13: 49-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5979955

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Reversed polarized delivery of an aquaporin-2 mutant causes dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Kamsteeg EJ, Bichet DG, Konings IB, Nivet H, Lonergan M, Arthus MF, van Os CH, Deen PM. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2003 December 8; 163(5): 1099-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662748

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Risk factors associated with diabetes insipidus in brain dead patients. Author(s): Dominguez-Roldan JM, Garcia-Alfaro C, Diaz-Parejo P, Murillo-Cabezas F, Barrera-Chacon JM, Caldera-Gonzalez A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 February; 34(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959166

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Severe hypernatremia after cesarean delivery secondary to transient diabetes insipidus of pregnancy. Author(s): Sherer DM, Cutler J, Santoso P, Angus S, Abulafia O. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 102(5 Pt 2): 1166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607044

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Severe panhypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus following snake bite: unusual presentation as torsades de pointes. Author(s): Krishnan MN, Kumar S, Ramamoorthy KP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 September; 49: 923-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837766

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Simultaneous occurrence of transient resolving thyrotoxicosis due to painless thyroiditis, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus following pituitary apoplexy. Author(s): Sasaki H, Ohnishi O, Okudera T, Okumura M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 January; 67(783): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2057436

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Six novel mutations in the arginine vasopressin gene in 15 kindreds with autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus give further insight into the pathogenesis. Author(s): Christensen JH, Siggaard C, Corydon TJ, deSanctis L, Kovacs L, Robertson GL, Gregersen N, Rittig S. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2004 January; 12(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673472

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Studies with angiotensin in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Orr FR, Filipich RL. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1967 September 30; 97(14): 841-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4293073

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Successful pregnancy in a case of pituitary dwarfism complicated by diabetes insipidus and primary amenorrhea. Author(s): Narahara H, Kawano Y, Yoshimatsu J, Miyakawa I. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 August; 79(8): 714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10949242

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Successful treatment of partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with thiazide and desmopressin. Author(s): Mizuno H, Fujimoto S, Sugiyama Y, Kobayashi M, Ohro Y, Uchida S, Sasaki S, Togari H. Source: Hormone Research. 2003; 59(6): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784095

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Suprasellar lymphoid hyperplasia presenting with diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism. Author(s): Tubbs RS, Kelly DR, Hammers YA, Palmer CA, Wellons JC 3rd, Blount JP, Oakes WJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 39(5): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512693

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Suprasellar tuberculoma presenting with diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism--a case report. Author(s): Jain R, Kumar R. Source: Neurology India. 2001 September; 49(3): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593255

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Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst coexisting with central diabetes insipidus and hypophysitis: case report. Author(s): Hama S, Arita K, Tominaga A, Yoshikawa M, Eguchi K, Sumida M, Inai K, Nishisaka T, Kurisu K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 February; 46(1): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426586

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Tenofovir-related Fanconi syndrome with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the role of lopinavir-ritonavirdidanosine. Author(s): Rollot F, Nazal EM, Chauvelot-Moachon L, Kelaidi C, Daniel N, Saba M, Abad S, Blanche P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 December 15; 37(12): E174-6. Epub 2003 November 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689363

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The influence of vasopressin deficiency and acute desmopressin administration on melatonin secretion in patients with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Catrina SB, Rotarus R, Wivall IL, Coculescu M, Brismar K. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2004 January; 27(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053243

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Transient central diabetes insipidus in pregnancy with a peculiar change in signal intensity on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Ishii T, Yoshioka K, Yamagami K, Yamakita T, Miyamoto M, Hosoi M, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857051

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Transient diabetes insipidus during pregnancy. Author(s): Oiso Y. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 459-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857039

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Transient gestational diabetes insipidus: report of two cases and review of pathophysiology and treatment. Author(s): El-Hennawy AS, Bassi T, Koradia N, Bocirnea A. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003 November;14(5):349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986811

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Transient lymphocytic panhypophysitis associated with SIADH leading to diabetes insipidus after glucocorticoid replacement. Author(s): Iida M, Takamoto S, Masuo M, Makita K, Saito T. Source: Intern Med. 2003 October; 42(10): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606714

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Treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by hydrochlorothiazide and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Author(s): Pattaragarn A, Alon US. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 October; 18(10): 1073-6. Epub 2003 July 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883974

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Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride. Author(s): Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 23(4): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680486

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Two novel aquaporin-2 mutations in a sporadic Japanese patient with autosomal recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Tajima T, Okuhara K, Satoh K, Nakae J, Fujieda K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2003 August; 50(4): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599123

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Two unusual causes of pituitary stalk thickening in children without clinical features of diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Andronikou S, Furlan G, Fieggen AG, Wilmshurst J. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 July; 33(7): 499-502. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819837

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Unsuspected nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Waise A, Fisken RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 14; 323(7304): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11451787

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Unusual MRI findings in lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Tamiya A, Saeki N, Kubota M, Oheda T, Yamaura A. Source: Neuroradiology. 1999 December; 41(12): 899-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10639664

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Unusual presentations of lung cancer: Case 1. Diabetes insipidus as the initial manifestation of non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Reddy P, Kalemkerian GP. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 December 1; 20(23): 4597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454118

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Urinary content of aquaporin 1 and 2 in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Deen PM, van Aubel RA, van Lieburg AF, van Os CH. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 1996 June; 7(6): 836-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8793791

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Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in patients with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Kanno K, Sasaki S, Hirata Y, Ishikawa S, Fushimi K, Nakanishi S, Bichet DG, Marumo F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 June 8; 332(23): 1540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7537863

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Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Saito T, Ishikawa SE, Sasaki S, Nakamura T, Rokkaku K, Kawakami A, Honda K, Marumo F, Saito T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 June; 82(6): 1823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9177390

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Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 water channel differentiates psychogenic polydipsia from central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Saito T, Ishikawa S, Ito T, Oda H, Ando F, Higashiyama M, Nagasaka S, Hieda M, Saito T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 June; 84(6): 2235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10372737

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Use of arginine vasopressin in the absence of diabetes insipidus: a case study. Author(s): Zimmerman D. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2000 September; 10(3): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11216272

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Use of hypertonic saline, clopamide and furosemide for evaluation of the concentrating defect in pitressin-treated diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Rado JP, Szende L. Source: Med Exp Int J Exp Med. 1968; 18(3): 185-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5756717

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Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the child with central diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Alter CA, Bilaniuk LT. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May; 15 Suppl 2: 681-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092681

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V2 vasopressin receptor dysfunction in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by different molecular mechanisms. Author(s): Schoneberg T, Schulz A, Biebermann H, Gruters A, Grimm T, Hubschmann K, Filler G, Gudermann T, Schultz G. Source: Human Mutation. 1998; 12(3): 196-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9711877

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V2R structure and diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Birnbaumer M. Source: Receptors & Channels. 2002; 8(1): 51-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402508

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Vasopressin antagonist in early postoperative diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Seckl JR, Dunger DB, Bevan JS, Nakasu Y, Chowdrey C, Burke CW, Lightman SL. Source: Lancet. 1990 June 9; 335(8702): 1353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1971658

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Vasopressin processing defects in the Brattleboro rat: implications for hereditary central diabetes insipidus in humans? Author(s): Kim JK, Schrier RW. Source: Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians. 1998 SeptemberOctober; 110(5): 380-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9756087

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Vasopressin receptor mutations and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Birnbaumer M. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1999 November-December; 30(6): 465-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714359

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Vasopressin receptor mutations causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Bichet DG, Turner M, Morin D. Source: Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians. 1998 SeptemberOctober; 110(5): 387-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9756088

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Vasopressin type-2 receptor and aquaporin-2 water channel mutants in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Deen PM, Knoers NV. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 November; 316(5): 300-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822112

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Vasopressin V2 receptor mutants that cause X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: analysis of expression, processing, and function. Author(s): Oksche A, Schulein R, Rutz C, Liebenhoff U, Dickson J, Muller H, Birnbaumer M, Rosenthal W. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1996 October; 50(4): 820-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863826

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Vasopressinase and diabetes insipidus of pregnancy. Author(s): Shah SV, Thakur V. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 September 1; 109(5): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408061

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Visual vignette. Idiopathic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Goodarzi MO, Van Herle AJ. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185995

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Water channels encoded by mutant aquaporin-2 genes in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are impaired in their cellular routing. Author(s): Deen PM, Croes H, van Aubel RA, Ginsel LA, van Os CH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 May; 95(5): 2291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7537761

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Water intake and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a novel mutation of the vasopressin V2R gene. Author(s): Owada M, Kawamura M, Kimura Y, Fujiwara T, Uchida S, Sasaki S, Hiramori K. Source: Intern Med. 2002 February; 41(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868598

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Water intoxication associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus secondary to lithium: case report. Author(s): De Soto MF, Griffith SR, Katz EJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 September; 46(9): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3928603

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Water transport in the kidney and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Cohen M, Post GS. Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2002 September-October; 16(5): 510-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12322698

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Water-balance hormones during long-term follow-up of oral dDAVP treatment in diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Fjellestad-Paulsen A, Laborde K, Kindermans C, Czernichow P. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1993 September; 82(9): 752-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241672

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Wegener's granulomatosis and diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Hajj-Ali RA, Uthman IW, Salti IA, Zaatari GS, Haddad MC, Nasr FW. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 July; 38(7): 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10461488

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Wegener's granulomatosis complicated by diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Hurst NP, Dunn NA, Chalmers TM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1983 October; 42(5): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6625709

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Xanthoma disseminatum, a rare cause of diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Odell WD, Doggett RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 March; 76(3): 77780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445037

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Xanthoma disseminatum: a case with hepatic involvement, diabetes insipidus and type IIb hyperlipidaemia. Author(s): Woollons A, Darley CR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 November; 23(6): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233626

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X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis. Author(s): Bichet DG, Arthus MF, Lonergan M, Hendy GN, Paradis AJ, Fujiwara TM, Morgan K, Gregory MC, Rosenthal W, Didwania A, et al. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 September; 92(3): 1262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8104196

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X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: from the ship Hopewell to RFLP studies. Author(s): Bichet DG, Hendy GN, Lonergan M, Arthus MF, Ligier S, Pausova Z, Kluge R, Zingg H, Saenger P, Oppenheimer E, et al. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1992 November; 51(5): 1089-1102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357965

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to diabetes insipidus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to diabetes insipidus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to diabetes insipidus: x

A randomized trial of treatment for multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Author(s): Gadner H, Grois N, Arico M, Broadbent V, Ceci A, Jakobson A, Komp D, Michaelis J, Nicholson S, Potschger U, Pritchard J, Ladisch S; Histiocyte Society. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 May; 138(5): 728-34. Erratum In: J Pediatr 2001 July; 139(1): 170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343051

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Altered emotionality of the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat. Author(s): Williams AR, Carey RJ, Miller M. Source: Peptides. 1985; 6 Suppl 1: 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4047984

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Angiocentric T-cell lymphoma associated with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Ramsahoye BH, Griffiths DF, Whittaker JA. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1996 January-February; 56(1-2): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599981

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Compulsive polydipsia presenting as diabetes insipidus: a behavioral approach. Author(s): Klonoff EA, Moore DJ. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1984 December; 15(4): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526946

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Cranial eosinophilic granuloma associated with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Gill DG, O'Donohoe NV. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1972 January-March; 141(1): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4650724

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Cytosine-arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisolone in the treatment of children with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis with organ dysfunction: experience at a single institution. Author(s): Egeler RM, de Kraker J, Voute PA. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1993; 21(4): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469221

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Diabetes insipidus as first manifestation of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Author(s): Balmaceda CM, Fetell MR, Selman JE, Seplowitz AJ. Source: Neurology. 1994 February; 44(2): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8309592

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Diabetes insipidus in a patient with a highly malignant B-cell lymphoma and stomatitis. Author(s): Breidert M, Schimmelpfennig C, Kittner T, Helwig A, Ehninger G. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2000; 108(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10768833

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Does hypopituitarism due to neurohypophyseal germinoma recover after chemotherapy? Author(s): Tamura T, Tanaka R, Morii K, Okazaki H, Kawasaki T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 March; 46 Suppl: S109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054110

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Does the rapid response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy justify its use as primary treatment for intracranial germ-cell tumours? Author(s): Vijayaraghavan S, Brock C, Monson JP, Snodgrass GJ, King TT, Gallagher C, Oliver RT. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1993 December; 86(12): 801-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7509079

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Drug therapy during pregnancy. Author(s): Niebyl JR. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1992 February; 4(1): 43-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1543829

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Drug-induced dilutional hyponatremia. Author(s): Moses AM, Miller M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 December 5; 291(23): 1234-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4607502

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Etoposide (VP16) in the treatment of multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X). Author(s): Broadbent V, Pritchard J, Yeomans E. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1989; 17(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2784842

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Hand-Schuller-Christian disease with occult diabetes insipidus, cardiac failure and renal dysfunction. Author(s): Kimura T, Ota K, Shoji M, Inoue M, Sato K, Ohta M, Yamamoto T, Endo K, Osaki H, Aoyama H, et al. Source: Jpn J Med. 1990 July-August; 29(4): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148780

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Homeostasis and reward: T-maze learning induced by manipulating antidiuretic hormone. Author(s): Miller NE, DiCara LV, Wolf G. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1968 September; 215(3): 684-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5671007

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Hypercalcemia in Langerhans' cell granulomatosis with elevated 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) level. Author(s): Al-Ali H, Yabis AA, Issa E, Salem Z, Tawil A, Khoury N, Fuleihan Gel-H. Source: Bone. 2002 January; 30(1): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792606

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Hypophyseal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with diabetes insipidus: a case report. Author(s): Merlo EM, Maiolo A, Brocchieri A, Tua A, Grignani G. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1999 March; 42(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10360480

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Increased intake of water and NaCl solutions in omega-3 fatty acid deficient monkeys. Author(s): Reisbick S, Neuringer M, Connor WE, Iliff-Sizemore S. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1991 June; 49(6): 1139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1896494

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Intermittent supraoptic-hypophyseal diabetes insipidus with acquired pitressin resistance. Author(s): KEDES LH, BONESSI JV, DANOWSKI TS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1964 December; 61: 1128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14233834

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Kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: a cross-sectional study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium. Author(s): Bendz H, Aurell M, Balldin J, Mathe AA, Sjodin I. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1994; 9(9): 1250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816284

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult. Author(s): Sayrak H, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y, Oztek I, Cingil H. Source: Cancer Letters. 1994 September 15; 84(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8076373

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis in childhood: results from the Italian Cooperative AIEOP-CNR-H.X '83 study. Author(s): Ceci A, de Terlizzi M, Colella R, Loiacono G, Balducci D, Surico G, Castello M, Testi AM, De Bernardi B, Indolfi P, et al. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1993; 21(4): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469220

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as a goitre: a case report. Author(s): Ho KH, Chong AP, Thai AC. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1993 July; 22(4): 598-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8257067


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Langerhans' cell histiocytosis presenting with hepatic dysfunction. Author(s): Squires RH Jr, Weinberg AG, Zwiener RJ, Winick N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1993 February; 16(2): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8450389

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Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a case report. Author(s): Pinelli G, Costa M, Gandus S, Becchetti S. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1991 September; 17(3): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783557

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Multidrug resistance protein 1 protects the oropharyngeal mucosal layer and the testicular tubules against drug-induced damage. Author(s): Wijnholds J, Scheffer GL, van der Valk M, van der Valk P, Beijnen JH, Scheper RJ, Borst P. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1998 September 7; 188(5): 797-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730882

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Multifocal eosinophilic granuloma. Response of a patient to etoposide. Author(s): Hocking WG, Swanson M. Source: Cancer. 1986 August 15; 58(4): 840-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3719552

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Naloxone as an adjuvant in chemotherapy of an experimental tumor. Author(s): Sjolander U, Ronquist G, Hugosson R. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1984; 108(2): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6470032

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Nephrotoxicity after ifosfamide. Author(s): Skinner R, Pearson AD, Price L, Coulthard MG, Craft AW. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990 July; 65(7): 732-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2386379

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Pituitary stalk metastasis from breast cancer treated with systemic chemotherapy. Author(s): Murata Y, Ogawa Y, Yokoe I, Kariya S, Morio K, Sasaki T, Nishioka A, Yoshida S. Source: Oncol Rep. 2003 November-December; 10(6): 1973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14534728

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Primary central nervous system lymphoma in childhood presenting as progressive panhypopituitarism. Author(s): Silfen ME, Garvin JH Jr, Hays AP, Starkman HS, Aranoff GS, Levine LS, Feldstein NA, Wong B, Oberfield SE.

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Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 February; 23(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11216706 x

Psychogenic diabetes insipidus. A case report with description of certain differential diagnostic procedures. Author(s): Reaves L 3rd, Cauthen J, Garcia-Bengochea F. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1965 September; 23(3): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5841062

x

Successful weight loss with protein-sparing modified fast in a morbidly obese boy with panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and defective thirst regulation. Author(s): Lee YJ, Backeljauw PF, Kelly PD, Verdi PD, Redmond GP. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1992 April; 31(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563198

x

The frequency and natural history of diabetes insipidus in children with Langerhanscell histiocytosis. Author(s): Dunger DB, Broadbent V, Yeoman E, Seckl JR, Lightman SL, Grant DB, Pritchard J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 October 26; 321(17): 1157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2797079

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: x

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

x

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

x

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

x

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

x

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

x

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

x

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

x

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

x

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

x

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

x

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs


x

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

x

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to diabetes insipidus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: x

General Overview Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to diabetes insipidus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on diabetes insipidus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on diabetes insipidus: x

Vasopressin: Disturbed Secretion and Its Effects Source: Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. 1990. 307 p. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Order Department, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. Fax (617) 871-6528. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $120.50. ISBN: 0792302494. Summary: The advances in vasopressin research over recent decades have made it necessary to synthesize the core of information gathered from several disciplines into a coherent view of the biological role of this hormone. This monograph, part of the Development in Nephrology series, covers molecular and systemic aspects of the hormone's physiology, pathophysiology and clinical use in children, adults, and the elderly with an emphasis on the pathophysiological approach. The monograph is primarily devoted to the clinical questions concerning the etiology, mechanism of

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action, clinical features, and management of disturbed water homeostasis due to hypovasopressinism (diabetes insipidus) and hypervasopressinism. Emphasis has been placed on problems encountered in the practice of fluid therapy, in particular those associated with the development of iatrogenic disorders of water metabolism (hypotonic hyponatremia). In addition, separate chapters discuss the clinical aspects of the hormone action other than modulation of water excretion by the kidney (cardiovascular, hemostatic, and antianamnestic effects). 52 figures, 26 tables, 755 references. (AA-M). x

Endocrinology Source: New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2003. 737 p. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 932141170. Summary: This book on endocrinology is from a series that provides the latest on evaluation, diagnosis, management, outcomes and prevention. The book offers concise, action-oriented recommendations for primary care medicine. It includes MediFiles (sections) on acromegaly, Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism), Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, Gilbert's disease, gynecomastia, hirsutism, hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Klinefelter's syndrome, osteomalacia and rickets, osteoporosis, pheochromocytoma, polycystic ovarian syndrome, precocious puberty, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, and Turner's syndrome. Each MediFile covers summary information and background on the condition, and comprehensive information on diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and prevention. Each section concludes with a list of resources.

Chapters on Diabetes Insipidus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to diabetes insipidus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and diabetes insipidus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on diabetes insipidus: x

Polyuria and Diabetes Insipidus Source: in Mandal, A.K. and Nahman, N.S., Jr., eds. Kidney Disease in Primary Care. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 102-110. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 0683300571. Summary: This chapter on polyuria (the excretion of an excessive volume of urine) and diabetes insipidus (a syndrome characterized by polyuria) is from a textbook that provides primary care physicians with practical approaches to common clinical

Books

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problems of kidney diseases. The author first provides background information about polyuria and its causes, then discusses diabetes insipidus. The author describes the causes of four types of diabetes insipidus: neurohypophyseal (central), nephrogenic, primary polydipsia, and gestational diabetes insipidus. Other topics include the polyuria of hypercalcemia; diagnosis and laboratory testing, including the use of standard clinical tests, plasma AVP measurement, and magnetic resonance imaging; and treatment considerations for the different types of diabetes insipidus. Excessive free water intake (compulsive water drinking), solute overload (diabetes mellitus), and chronic renal disease are common causes of polyuria and nocturia (urination at night). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the indications for referring a patient to a specialist and with the answers to a list of questions commonly asked by patients diagnosed with polyuria and diabetes insipidus. 2 tables. 6 references.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIABETES INSIPIDUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover diabetes insipidus.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on diabetes insipidus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to diabetes insipidus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for diabetes insipidus: x

Clinical course of central diabetes insipidus in children elucidated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 05, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to diabetes insipidus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on diabetes insipidus: x

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) and the Collecting System Source: Endless Water. 3(1): 3-4. March 1998. Contact: Available from Diabetes Insipidus Foundation. 4533 Ridge Road, Baltimore, MD 21228. (410) 247-3953. Summary: This newsletter article describes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and the collecting system of the urinary tract (the renal calyces, pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra). The author first addresses how the collecting system is affected by NDI, noting that dilatation of the renal collecting systems can be seen in association with either an anatomical or 'functional' obstruction. An anatomical obstruction implies either a complete or partial blockage to urine flow in the collecting system, while 'functional' obstruction means that the collecting system is unable to cope with the volume of urine passing through it, so dilatation and back up occurs. The author then briefly describes some case reports in the literature that focus on this issue. Patients with NDI may have dilated collecting systems on imaging studies. The severity of the dilatation is influenced by the amount of urine passed per day, the age of diagnosis and management of the NDI, and the presence or absence of obstruction. Dilatation, when present, usually does not cause functional compromise. In children presenting with increased urination (polyuria) and dilated bladder or upper tracts, initial urologic evaluation to exclude obstruction is required. Once an anatomical obstruction is ruled out, a careful evaluation of the polyuric disorder is required as children with NDI benefit from early medical intervention. The tables and references for this article appear in the December 1997 issue due to a printing error. 2 tables. 8 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Diabetes Insipidus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to diabetes insipidus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering diabetes insipidus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical

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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for diabetes insipidus. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with diabetes insipidus. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to diabetes insipidus: Amphotericin B x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphocin; Fungizone Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202032.html

x

Topical - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202033.html

Antidiabetic Agents, Sulfonylurea x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaryl; DiaBeta; Diabinese; Dymelor; Glucotrol; Glucotrol XL; Glynase PresTab; Micronase; Orinase; Tolinase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202742.html

Carbamazepine x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html

Clofibrate x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abitrate; Atromid-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202150.html

Desmopressin x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DDAVP Injection; DDAVP Nasal Spray; DDAVP Rhinal Tube; DDAVP Tablets; Stimate Nasal Spray http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202186.html

Diuretics, Thiazide x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquatensen; Diucardin; Diulo; Diuril; Enduron; Esidrix; Hydro-chlor; Hydro-D; HydroDIURIL; Hydromox; Hygroton; Metahydrin; Microzide; Mykrox; Naqua; Naturetin; Oretic; Renese; Saluron; Thalitone; Trichlorex; Zaroxolyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202208.html

Headache Medicines, Ergot Derivative-Containing x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafergot; Cafertine; Cafetrate; D.H.E. 45; Ercaf; ErgoCaff; Ergomar; Ergostat; Gotamine; Migergot; Wigraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202216.html

Lithium x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Eskalith CR; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html

Lypressin x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diapid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202334.html

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Vasopressin x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pitressin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202591.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: x

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

x

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

x

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

x

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

x

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

x

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

x

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

x

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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x

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

x

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

x

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

x

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

x

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

x

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

x

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

x

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

x

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

x

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

x

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

x

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

x

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

x

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

x

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

x

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

x

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

x

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 x

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

x

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

x

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

x

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

x

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

x

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

x

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

x

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

x

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

x

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

x

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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x

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

x

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7053 51 614 7 89 7814

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

12

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

14

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: x

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

x

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on diabetes insipidus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to diabetes insipidus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to diabetes insipidus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “diabetes insipidus”:

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Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Diabetes Insipidus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinsipidus.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to diabetes insipidus, the following was listed: x

Diagnosis/Symptoms Polyuria and Polydipsia Source: Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/polydipsia_polyuria.htm Tests Used to Diagnose Diabetes Insipidus Source: Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/diagnostictests.htm

x

Nutrition Cutting Out the Salt, Finding the Flavor of Life Source: Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/4di_cutting_out_the_salt.htm Label Reading Tips.How to Find the Hidden Sodium Source: Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.ndif.org/na6.html

x

Children Low Sodium Diet for Infants, Toddlers, and Children Source: Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.ndif.org/sodium.html Treating NDI: Emphasizing the First Year of Life Source: Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/4di_treating_ndi_firstyear.htm

x

Organizations Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.diabetesinsipidus.org/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/ Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Foundation http://www.ndif.org/

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on diabetes insipidus. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: x

Diabetes Insipidus: What Kind of Diabetes is That? Source: Bethesda, MD: Clinical Center Communications. 2003. 7 p. Contact: Available from Clinical Center Communications. Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, 6100 Executive Blvd., Suite 3C01 MSC 7511, Bethesda, Maryland 208927511. (800) 411-1222. Fax (301) 480-9793. Website: www.cc.nih.gov. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder of water metabolism, characterized by excessive urination (polyuria) followed by excessive thirst (polydipsia). Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of, or nonresponse to, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. This fact sheet offers basic information about diabetes insipidus. Topics include definitions of two types of diabetes insipidus; central diabetes insipidus, including etiology and symptoms; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, including etiology, symptoms, and treatment; diagnostic tests used to confirm diabetes insipidus; treatment options; and patient self care strategies. The fact sheet includes a series of true and false statements (with their correct answers), and a glossary of terms. One chart compares diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. 1 table.

x

Diabetes Insipidus Source: Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580. (800) 891-5390 or (301) 654-4415. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/nkudic.htm. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; single copy free; bulk orders available. NIH Publication number: 014620. Summary: This brochure describes diabetes insipidus (DI), a condition characterized by excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, which disrupts the body's water regulation. Topics include normal fluid regulation in the body, the differences between DI and

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diabetes mellitus, central DI, nephrogenic DI, dipsogenic DI, gestational DI, and the diagnosis of DI. The health care provider must determine which type of DI is involved before proper treatment can begin. Diagnosis is based on a series of tests, including urinalysis and a fluid deprivation test. The brochure concludes with the contact information for four resource organizations, and a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 1 figure.

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: x

Diabetes Insipidus Summary: Describes diabetes insipidus and the types of diabetes insipidus, including central, nephrogenic, dipsogenic, and gestational. Differentiates diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6498

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to diabetes insipidus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: x

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

x

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

x

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

x

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

x

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

x

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

x

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Diabetes Insipidus The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to diabetes insipidus: x

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Foundation Telephone: (360) 376-6343 Toll-free: (888) 376-6343 Fax: (888) 376-6356 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ndif.org Background: The Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Parent Support Group is a self-help organization dedicated to providing information and support to individuals and families affected by Diabetes Insipidus. Diabetes Insipidus is a rare metabolic disease that is characterized by a deficiency of the hormone vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone [ADH]), which is produced in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Excessive thirst and urination are the major symptoms of this disorder. The NDI Parent Support Group s mission is to let affected families know that there are others with this condition. Established in 1995 and consisting of 20 members and one chapter, the group publishes two newsletters each year and expects to publish a pamphlet directed toward caregivers and schools. The organization maintains coordinates an active networking program and telephone support system.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to diabetes insipidus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with diabetes insipidus.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about diabetes insipidus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “diabetes insipidus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “diabetes insipidus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “diabetes insipidus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “diabetes insipidus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: x

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

x

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

x

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

x

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

x

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

x

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

x

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

x

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

x

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

x

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

x

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

x

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

x

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

x

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

x

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

x

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

x

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

x

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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107

x

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

x

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

x

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

x

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

x

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

x

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

x

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

x

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

x

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

x

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

x

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

x

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

x

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

x

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

x

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

x

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

x

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

x

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

x

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

x

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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x

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

x

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

x

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

x

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

x

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

x

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

x

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

x

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

x

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

x

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

x

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

x

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

x

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

x

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

x

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

x

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

x

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

x

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

x

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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x

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

x

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

x

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

x

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

x

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

x

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

x

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

x

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

x

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

x

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

x

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

x

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

x

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

x

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

x

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

x

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

x

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

x

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

x

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

x

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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x

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

x

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

x

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

x

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: x

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

x

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

x

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

x

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

x

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

x

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

x

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on diabetes insipidus: x

Basic Guidelines for Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001214.htm Diabetes insipidus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000377.htm Diabetes insipidus - central Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000460.htm Diabetes insipidus - nephrogenic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000511.htm Diabetes mellitus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001214.htm Histiocytosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000068.htm

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Osmotic diuresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001266.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm x

Signs & Symptoms for Diabetes Insipidus Dry mucous membranes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Dry skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003250.htm Excessive thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Excessive urine volume Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm High urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Increased urine volume Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Muscle pains Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Nocturia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003141.htm Polydipsia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Polyuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Rapid heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm

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Thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm x

Diagnostics and Tests for Diabetes Insipidus ADH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm Antidiuretic hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm BAL Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003858.htm Hypernatremia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003481.htm MRI of the head Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003791.htm Osmolality Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003463.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Serum calcium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003477.htm Serum potassium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htm Serum sodium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003481.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm Urine 24h volume Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003425.htm Urine concentration test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003608.htm Urine osmolality Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003609.htm Urine specific gravity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003587.htm

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Vasopressin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm Water deprivation test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003608.htm x

Background Topics for Diabetes Insipidus Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Distal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002346.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Head injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Head trauma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Hypothalamus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002380.htm Injury to the head Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Low body temperature Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000038.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Proximal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002287.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm X-linked recessive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002051.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: x

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

x

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

x

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

x

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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DIABETES INSIPIDUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH]

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Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of

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intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiotensin I: The decapeptide precursor of angiotensin II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by

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renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic,

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and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aquaporins: Membrane proteins which facilitate the passage of water. They are members of the family of membrane channel proteins which includes the lens major intrinsic protein and bacterial glycerol transporters. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. [NIH]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form

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salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]

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Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the

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pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell,

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enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chaperonins: A class of sequence-related molecular chaperones found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are chaperonin 10 and chaperonin 60. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH]

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Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coatomer Protein: A 700 kD cytosolic protein complex consisting of seven equimolar subunits (alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). Coatomer protein and Adpribosylation factor 1 are principle components of coat protein complex I and are involved in vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective

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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal

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replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of

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psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the

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sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU]

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Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]

Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the

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chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH]

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End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Granuloma: The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA.

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This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germinoma: The most frequent type of germ-cell tumor in the brain. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic

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(drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins: Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins 90: A class of molecular chaperones whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors. [NIH]

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Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and

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magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypophyseal: Hypophysial. [EU] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic

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chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ifosfamide: Positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in

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walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH]

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Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the

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cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are

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frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

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radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Potentials: Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltagedependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal

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tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microscopy, Immunoelectron: Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

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Molecular Chaperones: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of other polypeptides, and in some cases their assembly into oligomeric structures, but which are not components of those final structures. It is believed that chaperone proteins assist polypeptides to self-assemble by inhibiting alternative assembly pathways that produce nonfunctional structures. Some classes of molecular chaperones are the nucleoplasmins, the chaperonins, the heat-shock proteins 70, and the heat-shock proteins 90. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from

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front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Atrophy: Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the retina and converge to form the optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts. Glaucoma, ischemia, inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions are relatively common causes of this condition. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.

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[EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural

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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

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Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous

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membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the

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convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary central nervous system lymphoma: Cancer that arises in the lymphoid tissue found in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

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Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and

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causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost

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during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rhythmicity: Regular periodicity. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH]

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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]

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Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]

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Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Maturation: Posttesticular ripening of spermatozoa. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other

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excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH]

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Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Torsades de Pointes: A ventricular tachycardia characterized by periodic twisting of the points of the QRS complexes and rates between 200 and 250 beats per minute. It may be selflimited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of

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ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tuberculoma: A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion. [NIH]

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the

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scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

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Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Water Deprivation: The withholding of water in a structured experimental situation. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 6, 12, 117 A Abdomen, 117, 124, 142, 145, 153, 160, 163, 164 Abdominal, 117, 152, 153, 160 Abducens, 46, 117 Abducens Nerve, 46, 117 Ablation, 117, 140 Acetylcholine, 17, 117, 126, 150 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 30, 63, 117 Actin, 13, 19, 117, 148, 149 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 33, 117 Acute myeloid leukemia, 26, 29, 55, 117 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 117 Acute renal, 117 Acute tubular, 19, 117 Adaptation, 118, 150, 154 Adenine, 118 Adenoma, 118, 154 Adenosine, 13, 118, 153 Adenovirus, 51, 118 Adjuvant, 75, 118 Adolescence, 51, 118 Adrenal Cortex, 118, 129, 130, 159 Adrenergic, 118, 120, 132, 135, 164 Adverse Effect, 118, 162 Affinity, 6, 118, 162 Age Groups, 4, 118 Age of Onset, 118, 167 Aged, 80 and Over, 118 Agonist, 118, 132 Akathisia, 118, 121 Alendronate, 35, 119 Algorithms, 119, 123 Alkaline, 119, 124 Alkalosis, 29, 119 Alleles, 5, 7, 13, 26, 119 Allergen, 119, 131 Alternative medicine, 84, 119 Amenorrhea, 58, 62, 119 Amino Acid Sequence, 119, 120 Amino Acids, 119, 123, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 167 Ammonia, 17, 119 Amnestic, 44, 119 Ampulla, 119, 134

Anaesthesia, 119, 141 Analog, 51, 119, 131 Analogous, 119, 133, 166 Anatomical, 85, 119, 122, 126, 132, 141 Anemia, 119, 146 Aneurysm, 44, 119, 121, 168 Angiotensin I, 62, 119 Angiotensinogen, 22, 119, 159 Animal model, 12, 21, 120 Annealing, 120, 155 Anorexia, 120, 151 Anovulation, 58, 120 Antibacterial, 120, 163 Antibiotic, 120, 163 Antibodies, 22, 29, 50, 120, 138, 141, 154 Antibody, 44, 118, 120, 128, 138, 139, 142, 143, 148, 158, 163, 169 Anticoagulant, 120, 157 Antidiuretic, 3, 4, 5, 9, 18, 19, 40, 48, 52, 73, 101, 113, 120, 121, 131, 149 Antiemetic, 120, 121 Antigen, 33, 118, 120, 128, 139, 140, 142, 158 Antihypertensive, 120, 141 Anti-inflammatory, 36, 120, 130, 137, 141 Antipsychotic, 16, 120, 149 Anus, 121, 127 Anxiety, 9, 119, 121 Anxiety Disorders, 9, 121 Aortic Aneurysm, 121, 160 Aphakia, 121, 159 Aphasia, 119, 121 Apoptosis, 8, 22, 121 Applicability, 4, 121 Aquaporins, 7, 10, 14, 121 Aqueous, 121, 123, 130, 144 Arachidonic Acid, 20, 121, 144, 156 Arginine, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 24, 25, 29, 39, 41, 42, 45, 51, 62, 65, 121, 131, 150 Argipressin, 121, 131 Arrestin, 31, 121 Arterial, 19, 122, 124, 129, 140, 157, 164 Arteries, 122, 123, 129, 148, 157, 165 Arterioles, 122, 123, 147, 168 Artery, 44, 46, 119, 122, 129, 158 Articulation, 122, 133 Aspiration, 41, 122 Assay, 6, 7, 20, 122, 158

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Asymptomatic, 53, 122 Ataxia, 38, 45, 122, 165 Atrial, 35, 122, 129, 167 Atrioventricular, 122, 129 Atrium, 122, 129, 167, 168 Autacoids, 122, 141 Autoimmune disease, 122 Autoimmunity, 29, 122 Autopsy, 5, 122 Autosuggestion, 122, 141 B Bacteria, 10, 120, 122, 126, 136, 138, 147, 158, 163, 166, 167 Bacteriuria, 122, 167 Basal Ganglia, 121, 122, 126 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 122, 126 Base, 5, 8, 118, 119, 122, 131, 143, 155 Beer, 49, 123 Benign, 27, 118, 123, 130, 135, 138, 149, 158, 165 Bilateral, 20, 25, 123, 152, 160 Bile, 123, 145, 160, 163 Bile duct, 123, 160 Biliary, 123, 124 Biliary Tract, 123, 124 Biochemical, 4, 16, 20, 28, 119, 123, 138, 144, 157, 161 Biogenesis, 15, 123 Biogenic Monoamines, 123, 145 Biomolecular, 14, 123 Biosynthesis, 20, 121, 123 Biotechnology, 22, 24, 84, 95, 123 Bladder, 10, 12, 27, 48, 85, 123, 140, 143, 149, 156, 167 Blood Coagulation, 123, 124, 165 Blood pressure, 18, 22, 67, 112, 117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 148, 157, 162 Blood vessel, 123, 125, 126, 129, 134, 143, 145, 162, 164, 165, 168 Blood Volume, 18, 123 Blot, 13, 123 Body Fluids, 119, 123, 124, 133, 136, 162 Body Image, 9, 124 Bone Density, 35, 124 Bone Marrow, 117, 124, 137, 145, 148 Bowel, 124, 142, 153, 164 Brachytherapy, 124, 142, 143, 158, 169 Bradykinin, 124, 150 Buccal, 124, 164 Bypass, 8, 124 C Calcifediol, 124

Calcitriol, 73, 124 Calcium, 113, 124, 128, 140, 151, 152, 161, 162 Calculi, 20, 124 Captopril, 36, 124 Carbohydrate, 124, 129, 138, 155 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 30, 125 Carcinogenic, 125, 142, 156, 163 Carcinoma, 28, 29, 80, 125 Cardiac, 14, 19, 29, 73, 125, 129, 135, 148, 163 Cardiovascular, 17, 21, 80, 125, 144, 161 Cardiovascular disease, 17, 125 Carotene, 125, 159 Carrier Proteins, 125, 158 Case report, 25, 28, 32, 34, 41, 51, 53, 62, 63, 67, 74, 75, 76, 85, 125 Cataract, 121, 125, 159 Catecholamine, 125, 132 Caudal, 125, 141, 155 Cavernous Sinus, 47, 125 Cell Cycle, 125, 127, 136 Cell Death, 121, 125, 126, 136, 149 Cell Differentiation, 19, 125, 162 Cell Division, 122, 125, 126, 136, 147, 154 Cell membrane, 14, 15, 125, 131, 136 Cell Physiology, 20, 126 Cell proliferation, 18, 126, 162 Central Nervous System, 21, 117, 126, 133, 138, 144, 145, 151, 155, 156, 161 Cerebellar, 38, 122, 126, 159 Cerebellum, 126, 155, 159 Cerebral, 122, 126, 131, 135, 146, 165 Cerebral Cortex, 122, 126 Cerebrovascular, 122, 125, 126, 165 Chaperonins, 126, 148 Chemoreceptor, 121, 126 Chemotherapy, 72, 73, 75, 126 Chimeras, 16, 126 Chin, 126, 147 Cholesterol, 123, 126, 129, 140, 163 Cholinergic, 120, 126 Chorea, 120, 126 Chorioretinitis, 126, 160 Choroid, 126, 127, 159, 160 Chromatin, 121, 127, 135, 145, 163 Chromosome, 25, 34, 127, 144, 148 Chronic, 9, 17, 19, 23, 27, 81, 114, 127, 128, 135, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 151, 155, 160, 164 Chronic Disease, 9, 17, 127, 144 Chronic renal, 19, 81, 127, 137, 155

173

Circadian, 11, 127 Cirrhosis, 7, 19, 127, 139 CIS, 127, 159 Cisplatin, 73, 127 Clathrin, 127, 134 Clinical Medicine, 127, 156 Clinical trial, 6, 95, 127, 129, 133, 158 Cloning, 7, 13, 123, 127 Coated Vesicles, 127, 134 Coatomer Protein, 20, 127 Cochlea, 127, 142 Colon, 17, 127, 144 Complement, 127, 128, 137 Complementary and alternative medicine, 71, 77, 128 Complementary medicine, 71, 128 Complementation, 6, 128 Computational Biology, 95, 128 Concretion, 124, 128 Conduction, 14, 128 Cones, 128, 159 Congestion, 121, 128 Congestive heart failure, 7, 18, 128 Connective Tissue, 124, 128, 129, 136 Consciousness, 129, 130, 131, 132, 163 Constipation, 121, 129 Constitutional, 129, 160 Constriction, 129, 143 Contractility, 12, 129 Contraindications, ii, 129 Contralateral, 129, 151, 159 Controlled study, 43, 129 Cor, 35, 36, 52, 129, 130, 140 Coronary, 17, 125, 129, 148 Coronary heart disease, 17, 125, 129 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 148 Corticosteroid, 129, 156 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 35, 36, 130 Cortisol, 36, 45, 47, 130 Cranial, 4, 31, 32, 38, 44, 59, 72, 117, 126, 130, 138, 143, 151, 154, 163 Craniopharyngioma, 5, 130 Crystallization, 10, 17, 130 Curative, 130, 160, 165 Cutaneous, 49, 130 Cyclic, 121, 130, 138, 150, 156 Cyclophosphamide, 130, 141 Cyst, 5, 24, 60, 63, 130 Cytomegalovirus, 30, 130 Cytoplasm, 121, 126, 130, 134, 135, 138, 145, 160, 161

Cytoplasmic Vesicles, 9, 130 Cytotoxic, 22, 130, 158, 162 Cytotoxicity, 22, 127, 130 D De novo, 4, 130 Degenerative, 130, 148, 159 Dehydration, 4, 20, 55, 130 Deletion, 25, 121, 130 Delirium, 120, 130 Delusions, 131, 157 Dementia, 117, 120, 131, 150 Denaturation, 131, 155 Dendrites, 131, 150 Depolarization, 131, 162 Depressive Disorder, 131, 145 Deprivation, 102, 114, 131 Desensitization, 31, 131 Desmopressin, 5, 29, 32, 57, 58, 62, 63, 88, 131 Diabetes Mellitus, 28, 34, 48, 49, 80, 81, 101, 102, 131, 138, 155 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 80, 131 Diagnostic procedure, 76, 84, 131 Diastolic, 131, 140 Didanosine, 63, 131, 132 Dideoxyadenosine, 131 Diffusion, 35, 132, 142 Digestion, 123, 124, 132, 142, 145, 164, 167 Dihydroxy, 132, 135 Dilatation, Pathologic, 132, 168 Dilation, 124, 132, 168 Dimerization, 12, 54, 132 Diploid, 128, 132, 148, 154 Direct, iii, 7, 9, 13, 20, 87, 127, 132, 159 Discrete, 13, 132, 157 Dissociation, 118, 132 Distal, 114, 132, 157 Diuresis, 12, 18, 112, 132 Diuretic, 13, 48, 103, 132, 137, 139, 141 Dopamine, 16, 120, 132, 150, 153 Dorsal, 132, 155 Dose-dependent, 18, 133 Double-blind, 18, 133 Drug Design, 17, 133 Drug Interactions, 89, 133 Drug Tolerance, 133, 166 Duct, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 119, 133, 161, 163, 167 Duodenum, 123, 133, 134, 164 Dura mater, 125, 133, 146, 152 Dwarfism, 62, 133 Dysarthria, 45, 133 Dyskinesia, 121, 133

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Dystonia, 121, 133 E Ectopic, 54, 133 Edema, 7, 133, 137, 140, 143, 144, 149 Efferent, 11, 133 Efficacy, 9, 16, 18, 36, 133 Electrolyte, 15, 40, 114, 129, 131, 133, 136, 155, 162 Electron microscope, 133, 147 Electrons, 123, 133, 143, 152, 158 Emaciation, 117, 134 Embryo, 125, 134, 141 Emollient, 134, 138 Encapsulated, 134, 145 Encephalitis, 30, 134 Encephalitis, Viral, 134 Encephalopathy, 4, 134 Endemic, 134, 146, 163 Endocrine System, 134, 149 Endocytosis, 9, 134 Endogenous, 11, 132, 134, 166 Endometrium, 134, 146 Endoscope, 134 Endoscopic, 32, 134 Endosomes, 43, 134 Endothelial cell, 10, 134, 165 Endothelium, 134, 150 Endothelium-derived, 134, 150 Endotoxins, 128, 134, 143 End-stage renal, 20, 127, 135, 155 Enuresis, 5, 32, 35, 38, 57, 135 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 135 Enzymatic, 6, 123, 124, 125, 128, 132, 135, 139, 155, 159 Enzyme, 20, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 147, 155, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169 Eosinophilic, 72, 75, 135 Eosinophilic Granuloma, 72, 75, 135 Eosinophils, 135, 138 Epidemic, 135, 163 Epinephrine, 118, 132, 135, 150, 167 Epithelial, 10, 19, 118, 135 Epithelial Cells, 20, 135 Epithelium, 8, 134, 135, 159 Erythrocyte Volume, 123, 135 Estrogens, 135, 138 Ethnic Groups, 9, 135 Ethylene Glycol, 34, 135 Etoposide, 73, 75, 135 Exhaustion, 136, 146 Exocytosis, 9, 136

Exogenous, 23, 124, 134, 136, 153, 167 Expiration, 136, 159 External-beam radiation, 136, 143, 158, 169 Extracellular, 53, 129, 134, 136, 162 Extraction, 121, 136, 159 Extrapyramidal, 118, 121, 132, 136 Extremity, 136, 152 Eye Infections, 118, 136 F Failure to Thrive, 4, 136 Family Planning, 95, 136 Fat, 121, 124, 125, 129, 136, 143, 144, 145, 151 Fatigue, 112, 136, 138 Fatty acids, 131, 136, 156, 165 Fermentation, 123, 136 Fever of Unknown Origin, 4, 136 Fibrosis, 6, 14, 136, 160 Fluid Therapy, 80, 136 Fluorescence, 16, 136 Fold, 14, 49, 136 Forearm, 123, 136 Fractionation, 15, 137 Furosemide, 48, 65, 137, 141 G Gas, 119, 132, 137, 140, 150, 168 Gastric, 135, 137, 139 Gastrin, 137, 139 Gavage, 136, 137 Gene Expression, 137, 163 Gene Therapy, 21, 51, 118, 137 Genetic Engineering, 123, 127, 137 Genetic testing, 137, 155 Genetics, 4, 10, 11, 24, 29, 38, 40, 43, 45, 62, 69, 137 Genital, 137, 167 Genitourinary, 137, 167 Genotype, 137, 153 Germinoma, 52, 54, 60, 72, 137 Gestation, 137, 153 Gestational, 63, 81, 102, 137 Gland, 118, 137, 152, 154, 156, 161, 163, 165 Glomerular, 137, 159 Glucocorticoid, 41, 64, 137, 156 Glucose, 9, 17, 41, 131, 138, 142, 158 Glucose Intolerance, 131, 138 Glycerol, 11, 14, 17, 121, 138 Glycoproteins, 138, 143 Glycosylation, 26, 138 Goiter, 138, 165

175

Gonadotropin, 58, 138 Gonads, 138, 140 Governing Board, 138, 155 Grafting, 17, 138, 141 Granule, 22, 138, 160 Granulocytes, 138, 144, 162, 169 Guanylate Cyclase, 138, 150 H Haptens, 118, 138, 158 Headache, 88, 112, 138, 154 Heart attack, 125, 138 Heart failure, 9, 138 Heat-Shock Proteins, 138, 148 Heat-Shock Proteins 90, 138, 148 Hemochromatosis, 55, 139 Hemodynamics, 19, 20, 139 Hemoglobinopathies, 137, 139 Hemorrhage, 59, 138, 139, 154, 164 Hepatic, 68, 75, 131, 139, 145 Hereditary, 12, 15, 42, 66, 139, 148, 160 Heredity, 137, 139 Herpes, 30, 139 Herpes Zoster, 139 Heterogeneity, 42, 118, 139 Hirsutism, 80, 139, 140 Histamine, 120, 139 Histidine, 27, 139 Histiocytosis, 27, 32, 37, 49, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 111, 135, 139 Homeostasis, 7, 15, 18, 73, 80, 139 Homologous, 119, 137, 139, 164 Hormonal, 8, 19, 129, 139, 153 Hybrid, 9, 139 Hydration, 5, 139 Hydrochlorothiazide, 64, 139 Hydrogen, 123, 125, 131, 132, 140, 148, 150, 152, 153 Hydrolysis, 127, 140, 153, 155 Hydronephrosis, 55, 140 Hydroxylation, 124, 140 Hypercalcemia, 43, 73, 80, 81, 140 Hypercholesterolemia, 6, 140 Hyperlipidaemia, 68, 140 Hyperplasia, 19, 62, 140 Hypersensitivity, 119, 131, 140, 144 Hypertension, 4, 14, 21, 56, 125, 140, 143 Hyperthyroidism, 80, 140 Hypertrichosis, 139, 140 Hypertrophy, 19, 129, 140, 167 Hypogonadism, 37, 40, 62, 140 Hypophyseal, 46, 74, 140 Hypophysis, 140, 161

Hypopituitarism, 26, 39, 44, 46, 58, 61, 72, 80, 140 Hypoplasia, 57, 140 Hypotension, 121, 140 Hypothalamic, 11, 12, 21, 37, 38, 43, 45, 50, 51, 58, 140, 163 Hypothalamus, 30, 45, 114, 130, 140, 154, 164, 165 I Iatrogenic, 80, 141 Idiopathic, 42, 46, 50, 67, 141 Ifosfamide, 46, 75, 141 Immune response, 118, 120, 122, 130, 138, 141, 164, 168 Immune system, 122, 141, 144, 167, 169 Immunity, 117, 141, 151 Immunodeficiency, 117, 141 Immunogenic, 141, 158 Immunohistochemistry, 7, 141 Immunology, 118, 141 Immunosuppressive, 130, 137, 141 Immunotherapy, 131, 141 Impairment, 9, 46, 47, 122, 131, 133, 136, 141, 147, 157 Implant radiation, 141, 142, 143, 158, 169 Implantation, 11, 141 In situ, 7, 14, 141 In vitro, 8, 9, 13, 137, 141, 155 In vivo, 8, 9, 132, 137, 141, 165 Indapamide, 36, 141 Indomethacin, 56, 61, 141 Induction, 58, 120, 141 Infancy, 52, 141, 160 Infant, Newborn, 118, 142 Infarction, 140, 142 Infection, 30, 117, 122, 126, 130, 131, 134, 136, 141, 142, 145, 151, 164, 169 Infiltration, 55, 135, 142 Infusion, 47, 142 Initiation, 142, 166 Inner ear, 10, 142 Inorganic, 127, 142 Inotropic, 132, 142 Insight, 7, 16, 62, 142 Insulin, 12, 17, 43, 131, 142, 143, 167 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 142 Insulin-like, 17, 142 Intermittent, 74, 136, 142 Internal Medicine, 33, 36, 67, 74, 134, 142 Internal radiation, 142, 143, 158, 169 Interstitial, 124, 142, 143, 159, 169 Intestinal, 124, 125, 142

176

Diabetes Insipidus

Intestine, 10, 124, 142, 144 Intoxication, 67, 131, 143 Intracellular, 6, 8, 9, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 127, 130, 142, 143, 146, 150, 155, 156, 162 Intracellular Membranes, 130, 143, 146 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 143, 154, 165 Intracranial Hypertension, 138, 143, 152, 154 Intravenous, 48, 88, 142, 143 Intravesical, 12, 143 Intrinsic, 10, 118, 121, 143 Invasive, 141, 143, 145 Involuntary, 122, 126, 135, 143, 148, 151 Ion Channels, 6, 143 Ions, 123, 132, 133, 140, 143, 146, 161 Irradiation, 31, 32, 143, 169 Ischemia, 57, 143, 151, 154 K Kb, 94, 143 Keto, 36, 143 Ketone Bodies, 131, 143 Ketosis, 131, 143 Kidney Disease, 7, 19, 25, 32, 48, 55, 60, 80, 81, 94, 100, 102, 140, 143 Kidney Failure, 135, 144 Kidney stone, 140, 144 Kidney Transplantation, 59, 144 L Labyrinth, 127, 142, 144, 161, 168 Large Intestine, 142, 144, 159, 162 Lectin, 144, 146 Lens, 17, 121, 125, 144, 168 Lesion, 144, 145, 165, 167 Leucocyte, 144 Leukaemia, 33, 34, 144 Leukemia, 25, 137, 144 Leukotrienes, 36, 121, 144 Ligament, 144, 156 Ligands, 6, 144 Linkages, 131, 132, 144 Lipid, 14, 138, 142, 143, 144 Lipid Bilayers, 14, 144 Liposomal, 59, 145 Lithium, 4, 7, 23, 36, 43, 50, 56, 64, 67, 74, 88, 120, 145 Lithium Carbonate, 56, 145 Liver, 18, 117, 121, 123, 124, 127, 130, 139, 145, 159 Liver Cirrhosis, 18, 145 Lobe, 103, 145 Localization, 7, 13, 141, 145

Localized, 44, 134, 135, 139, 140, 142, 145, 154 Locomotion, 145, 154 Locomotor, 11, 145 Loop, 13, 145 Lymph, 134, 145 Lymphatic, 134, 142, 145, 163 Lymphatic system, 145, 163 Lymphocyte Count, 117, 145 Lymphocytes, 117, 120, 144, 145, 163, 169 Lymphocytic, 25, 30, 32, 38, 51, 52, 64, 145 Lymphoid, 62, 120, 144, 145, 156 Lymphoma, 41, 72, 74, 145 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 49, 50, 57, 66, 81, 145 Malaria, 8, 146 Malaria, Falciparum, 146 Malaria, Vivax, 146 Malignant, 41, 72, 117, 130, 139, 146, 149, 158 Manic, 120, 145, 146, 157 Manic-depressive psychosis, 146, 157 Medial, 146, 151, 163 Mediate, 15, 19, 21, 132, 146, 148 MEDLINE, 95, 146 Medullary, 20, 146 Melanin, 146, 153, 167 Membrane Potentials, 14, 146 Membrane Proteins, 10, 14, 146 Meningeal, 146, 154 Meninges, 126, 133, 146 Meningitis, 33, 146, 154 Menstrual Cycle, 7, 146 Menstruation, 119, 146 Mental, iv, 4, 6, 9, 94, 96, 126, 130, 131, 132, 136, 147, 157, 161, 167 Mental Disorders, 9, 147, 157 Mesolimbic, 121, 147 Metabolic acidosis, 131, 147 Metabolic disorder, 147 Metabolite, 124, 131, 132, 147 Metastasis, 75, 147, 149 Metastatic, 52, 140, 147, 161 Microcirculation, 145, 147 Microorganism, 147, 152, 168 Microscopy, 8, 22, 147 Microscopy, Immunoelectron, 22, 147 Milliliter, 124, 147 Mineralization, 147, 151 Mitochondrial Swelling, 147, 149 Mitosis, 121, 147, 163

177

Mitotic, 136, 147 Mobility, 16, 147 Modeling, 14, 133, 147 Modification, 131, 132, 137, 147, 158 Molecular Chaperones, 16, 126, 138, 148 Molecule, 120, 123, 128, 132, 134, 139, 140, 144, 148, 152, 155, 158, 162, 164, 166, 168 Monitor, 148, 150 Monoclonal, 143, 148, 158, 169 Monosomy, 29, 33, 34, 148 Morphological, 8, 134, 148 Motility, 13, 141, 148, 161 Movement Disorders, 120, 148, 165 Mucosa, 135, 148, 164 Muscle Contraction, 148, 161 Muscle Fibers, 148, 149 Muscle Relaxation, 148, 149 Mutagenesis, 12, 17, 148 Mutagens, 148 Myelogenous, 34, 148 Myocardial infarction, 17, 129, 148 Myocardium, 148 Myopathy, 31, 148 Myopia, 148, 159 Myosin, 12, 148, 149 Myotonia, 14, 149 N Natural selection, 123, 149 Nausea, 120, 143, 149, 167 Necrosis, 19, 22, 121, 142, 148, 149, 154 Neonatal, 58, 63, 149 Neoplasms, 117, 149, 154, 158, 165 Nephropathy, 19, 20, 44, 144, 149 Nephrosis, 149 Nephrotic, 7, 18, 149 Nephrotic Syndrome, 7, 18, 149 Nervous System, 126, 133, 149, 150, 152, 164 Neural, 11, 21, 149, 153, 159 Neuroendocrine, 21, 149 Neurogenic, 4, 5, 12, 149 Neuroleptic, 118, 120, 149 Neurologic, 4, 33, 149 Neuronal, 11, 21, 149 Neurons, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 37, 131, 149, 150, 164 Neuropeptide, 130, 150 Neuroretinitis, 150, 160 Neurosyphilis, 150, 152 Neurotransmitter, 117, 118, 124, 132, 139, 143, 150, 162, 164 Neutrons, 143, 150, 158

Neutrophil, 44, 150 Night Blindness, 150, 160 Nitric Oxide, 19, 150 Norepinephrine, 118, 132, 150 Nuclear, 8, 122, 134, 149, 150 Nuclei, 133, 137, 145, 147, 150, 151 Nucleic acid, 131, 132, 148, 150 Nucleus, 11, 117, 121, 122, 127, 130, 135, 145, 150, 164, 165 Nystagmus, 45, 151 O Occult, 73, 151 Omega-3 fatty acid, 74, 151 Opacity, 125, 151 Opportunistic Infections, 117, 151 Opsin, 151, 159, 160 Optic Atrophy, 28, 48, 49, 151 Optic Chiasm, 5, 141, 151, 154, 164 Optic Disk, 151 Optic Nerve, 150, 151, 152, 159, 160 Orthostatic, 121, 151 Osmolality, 4, 7, 18, 35, 113, 151 Osmolarity, 5, 151 Osmoles, 151 Osmosis, 151 Osmotic, 7, 12, 14, 19, 112, 147, 151, 162 Ossification, 151, 160 Osteomalacia, 80, 124, 151 Osteoporosis, 80, 119, 152 Outpatient, 18, 152 Ovulation, 58, 120, 152 Oxidation, 131, 152 P Pachymeningitis, 44, 146, 152 Palate, 152, 164 Palliative, 152, 165 Pancreas, 117, 139, 142, 152 Paradoxical, 56, 152 Paralysis, 152 Paraparesis, 152 Parathyroid, 124, 152, 160 Parathyroid Glands, 152, 160 Parathyroid hormone, 124, 152 Paresis, 46, 152 Parkinsonism, 121, 152 Pathogen, 17, 152 Pathologic, 7, 15, 121, 129, 140, 152, 153, 159 Pathologic Processes, 121, 153 Pathologies, 21, 153 Pathophysiology, 15, 16, 19, 25, 34, 63, 79, 153

178

Diabetes Insipidus

Patient Education, 101, 106, 108, 115, 153 Pelvic, 153, 156, 160 Pelvis, 85, 117, 144, 153, 160 Peptide, 6, 18, 35, 39, 42, 153, 155, 157, 163 Perinatal, 4, 153 Periodicity, 153, 160 Peritoneum, 153, 160 PH, 34, 49, 59, 124, 153 Pharmacokinetics, 133, 153 Pharmacologic, 119, 122, 153, 166 Phenotype, 6, 41, 48, 128, 153 Phenylalanine, 153, 167 Phospholipases, 153, 162 Phosphorus, 124, 152, 153 Phosphorylated, 121, 153 Phosphorylation, 12, 153 Physiologic, 7, 19, 118, 123, 146, 153, 156, 159 Physiology, 8, 11, 15, 28, 56, 73, 74, 79, 118, 134, 154 Pigment, 154, 159 Pituitary Apoplexy, 61, 140, 154 Pituitary Gland, 42, 46, 103, 129, 130, 140, 154, 161 Pituitary Neoplasms, 140, 154 Plants, 138, 144, 150, 154, 166 Plasma, 3, 6, 7, 9, 28, 35, 47, 81, 120, 123, 125, 130, 138, 140, 144, 154, 159, 161, 162 Plasma cells, 120, 154 Plasma Volume, 123, 154 Plasticity, 11, 154 Platelet Activation, 154, 162 Platelet Aggregation, 150, 154, 165 Platelet Count, 34, 154 Platelets, 150, 154, 161 Pneumonia, 129, 154 Podophyllotoxin, 135, 154 Point Mutation, 53, 155 Polycystic, 7, 19, 80, 155 Polydipsia, 4, 5, 27, 44, 65, 72, 81, 100, 101, 112, 155 Polymerase, 13, 155 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 13, 155 Polymorphism, 45, 155 Polypeptide, 15, 40, 119, 155, 169 Polysaccharide, 120, 155 Polyuria, 4, 5, 20, 42, 44, 80, 85, 100, 101, 112, 155 Pons, 117, 155 Posterior, 43, 46, 54, 57, 103, 122, 126, 127, 132, 152, 155, 160, 163 Postmenopausal, 119, 152, 155

Postoperative, 31, 43, 54, 66, 155 Postsynaptic, 155, 162 Potassium, 113, 139, 146, 155 Potentiation, 155, 162 Practice Guidelines, 96, 155 Precursor, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 27, 42, 119, 120, 121, 130, 132, 135, 150, 153, 156, 167 Prednisolone, 72, 156 Preoperative, 60, 156 Prevalence, 9, 156 Primary central nervous system lymphoma, 72, 75, 156 Progression, 120, 156 Progressive, 22, 59, 75, 125, 127, 131, 133, 149, 154, 156, 159, 160 Projection, 10, 150, 151, 156, 159 Promoter, 19, 156 Prostaglandin, 20, 36, 61, 156, 165 Prostaglandins A, 141, 156 Prostate, 17, 156 Protease, 157, 160 Protein C, 6, 7, 119, 127, 157 Protein Folding, 6, 15, 157 Protein S, 123, 157, 160 Proteinuria, 149, 157 Protozoan, 146, 157 Proximal, 8, 15, 114, 132, 157 Psychiatric, 16, 147, 157 Psychiatry, 16, 38, 47, 67, 72, 157 Psychic, 147, 157, 161 Psychogenic, 5, 60, 65, 76, 157 Psychosis, 49, 120, 137, 157 Puberty, 80, 157 Public Policy, 95, 157 Publishing, 22, 157 Pulmonary, 41, 123, 129, 135, 144, 157, 168 Pulmonary Artery, 123, 157, 168 Pulmonary hypertension, 129, 157 Pulse, 22, 113, 148, 158 Q Quality of Life, 9, 158 Quaternary, 157, 158 R Radiation, 117, 136, 137, 140, 142, 143, 158, 169 Radiation therapy, 117, 136, 137, 142, 143, 158, 169 Radioactive, 140, 141, 142, 143, 150, 158, 169 Radioimmunoassay, 7, 158 Radiolabeled, 143, 158, 169 Radiological, 29, 54, 158

179

Radiology, 51, 52, 54, 64, 158 Radiotherapy, 124, 143, 158, 169 Randomized, 17, 18, 43, 71, 133, 158 Reabsorption, 7, 9, 19, 139, 158 Reactive Oxygen Species, 20, 158 Reality Testing, 157, 158 Recombinant, 12, 159, 168 Recombination, 137, 159 Rectum, 121, 127, 137, 144, 156, 159 Red Nucleus, 122, 159 Refer, 1, 124, 127, 139, 145, 149, 150, 157, 159, 166 Refraction, 148, 159, 163 Regimen, 133, 159 Renal failure, 47, 59, 131, 159 Renin, 119, 120, 124, 159 Renin-Angiotensin System, 124, 159 Residual Volume, 12, 159 Resorption, 124, 158, 159 Retina, 126, 127, 128, 144, 148, 150, 151, 159, 160, 167, 168 Retinal, 25, 121, 151, 159, 160 Retinal Detachment, 25, 159 Retinitis, 14, 16, 160 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 14, 160 Retinol, 159, 160 Retroperitoneal, 46, 160 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 46, 160 Retroperitoneal Space, 160 Retroviral vector, 137, 160 Rhodopsin, 121, 151, 159, 160 Rhythmicity, 11, 160 Ribose, 118, 160 Ribosome, 160, 167 Rickets, 80, 124, 160 Risk factor, 17, 61, 160 Ritonavir, 63, 160 Rods, 121, 159, 160 S Saline, 47, 65, 160 Salivary, 130, 161 Salivary glands, 130, 161 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 13, 161 Schizophrenia, 16, 27, 161 Screening, 6, 127, 161, 167 Scrotum, 161, 168 Secondary tumor, 147, 161 Secretion, 10, 18, 19, 22, 54, 59, 63, 79, 130, 133, 139, 140, 142, 161, 167 Secretory, 20, 21, 140, 161 Sediment, 161, 167 Seizures, 131, 161, 163

Self Care, 101, 161 Sella, 49, 154, 161 Sella Turcica, 154, 161 Semen, 156, 161 Semicircular canal, 142, 161 Seminal vesicles, 161, 168 Semisynthetic, 135, 161 Senile, 152, 161 Sequencing, 155, 161 Serotonin, 121, 150, 161 Serum, 7, 15, 18, 113, 127, 138, 158, 162 Serum Albumin, 158, 162 Sex Characteristics, 118, 135, 157, 162 Shock, 19, 77, 114, 126, 162, 167 Side effect, 4, 87, 118, 121, 130, 132, 162, 166 Signal Transduction, 20, 138, 162 Skeletal, 133, 161, 162 Skeleton, 117, 156, 162 Small intestine, 133, 135, 139, 142, 162 Smooth muscle, 12, 19, 122, 139, 159, 162, 164 Social Environment, 158, 162 Sodium, 18, 19, 43, 100, 113, 139, 146, 158, 162 Solvent, 138, 151, 162 Somatic, 118, 147, 162 Somatotropin, 140, 163 Sound wave, 128, 163 Specialist, 81, 103, 132, 163 Species, 17, 21, 135, 139, 146, 147, 148, 158, 163, 164, 167, 169 Specificity, 10, 118, 163 Spectrum, 12, 163 Sperm, 8, 127, 163 Sperm Maturation, 8, 163 Spermatozoa, 161, 163, 167 Sphenoid, 125, 161, 163 Spinal cord, 34, 126, 133, 146, 149, 152, 156, 163 Spleen, 10, 130, 145, 163 Sporadic, 64, 163 Staging, 60, 163 Status Epilepticus, 41, 163 Stenosis, 163, 164 Steroid, 130, 138, 163 Stimulus, 129, 143, 163, 165 Stomach, 117, 137, 139, 143, 149, 162, 163, 164 Stomatitis, 72, 164 Stool, 127, 144, 164 Strand, 155, 164

180

Diabetes Insipidus

Stress, 19, 125, 126, 130, 149, 164 Stricture, 20, 163, 164 Stroke, 17, 94, 125, 164 Subacute, 142, 164 Subclinical, 142, 161, 164 Subcutaneous, 38, 133, 164 Subspecies, 163, 164 Substance P, 147, 161, 164 Substrate, 6, 7, 164 Substrate Specificity, 7, 164 Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, 11, 164 Sympathomimetic, 132, 135, 150, 164 Symphysis, 126, 156, 164 Synaptic, 150, 162, 164 Systemic, 19, 75, 79, 88, 89, 123, 131, 135, 139, 142, 143, 156, 158, 164, 167, 168, 169 Systolic, 140, 164 T Tachycardia, 165, 166 Tardive, 121, 165 Terminator, 131, 132, 165 Testicular, 75, 165 Testis, 138, 165 Thalamic, 122, 165 Thalamic Diseases, 122, 165 Therapeutics, 52, 89, 165 Thermal, 132, 138, 150, 155, 165 Third Ventricle, 141, 165 Threshold, 140, 165 Thrombin, 154, 157, 165 Thrombomodulin, 157, 165 Thrombosis, 157, 164, 165 Thromboxanes, 121, 165 Thyroid, 80, 138, 140, 152, 165, 166, 167 Thyroid Gland, 138, 140, 152, 165 Thyroid Nodule, 80, 165 Thyroiditis, 44, 61, 80, 165 Thyrotoxicosis, 55, 61, 166 Tolerance, 18, 138, 166 Tomography, 124, 166 Tone, 12, 166 Tonus, 166 Torsades de Pointes, 61, 166 Toxic, iv, 125, 130, 141, 153, 154, 166 Toxicity, 133, 166 Toxicology, 21, 96, 166 Toxin, 166 Trachea, 165, 166 Transcriptase, 131, 132, 166 Transcription Factors, 19, 166 Transduction, 162, 166 Transfection, 123, 137, 166

Transferases, 138, 166 Translation, 15, 166 Translocation, 9, 15, 167 Transmitter, 117, 132, 143, 150, 167 Transplantation, 11, 20, 46, 56, 61, 65, 74, 127, 167 Trauma, 4, 34, 59, 114, 122, 131, 138, 149, 165, 167 Tricuspid Atresia, 129, 167 Trigger zone, 121, 167 Tuberculoma, 62, 167 Type 2 diabetes, 80, 167 Tyrosine, 19, 27, 132, 167 U Uremia, 144, 159, 167 Ureters, 85, 144, 160, 167 Urethra, 85, 156, 167 Urinalysis, 102, 113, 167 Urinary, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 27, 48, 61, 65, 85, 122, 124, 135, 137, 155, 167 Urinary tract, 27, 48, 85, 122, 167 Urogenital, 8, 137, 167 Uveitis, 121, 167 V Vaccine, 118, 167 Vacuoles, 134, 167 Vas Deferens, 8, 167 Vascular, 18, 19, 46, 127, 134, 142, 145, 147, 150, 165, 167, 168 Vascular Resistance, 19, 168 Vasculitis, 42, 168 Vasodilation, 19, 168 Vasodilator, 124, 132, 139, 168 Vector, 51, 166, 168 Vein, 119, 143, 150, 168 Venous, 125, 154, 157, 167, 168 Venous blood, 154, 168 Ventricle, 122, 129, 157, 158, 164, 165, 167, 168 Ventricular, 129, 166, 167, 168 Ventricular fibrillation, 166, 168 Vertebrae, 163, 168 Vestibule, 127, 142, 161, 168 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 168 Vinca Alkaloids, 168 Vincristine, 72, 168 Viral, 131, 132, 134, 166, 168 Virus, 117, 137, 160, 166, 168 Visual field, 151, 160, 168 Vitreous, 126, 144, 159, 168 Vitreous Humor, 159, 168 Vitro, 168

181

Vivo, 8, 169 W Water Deprivation, 4, 169 White blood cell, 120, 145, 150, 154, 169 Windpipe, 165, 169 X Xenograft, 120, 169

X-ray, 10, 124, 136, 143, 150, 158, 169 X-ray therapy, 143, 169 Y Yeasts, 153, 169 Z Zymogen, 157, 169

182

Diabetes Insipidus

183

184

Diabetes Insipidus

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