Gersonides' Commentary on Averroes' Epitome of ''Parva Naturalia,'' II. 3 Annotated Critical Edition

GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY COMMENTARY GERSONIDES' ON AVERROES' AVERROES' EPITOME EPITOME OF OF PAR PARVA NATURALIA, II. II. 3 3 ON VA NATURALIA, ANNOTATED CRITICAL CRITICAL EDITION EDITION ANNOTATED By ALEXANDER ALEXANDER ALTMANN ALTMANN By The hitherto hitherto unpublished unpublished text text presented presented here here in in aa critical critical edition edition The forms the the section section on on "the "the nature nature of of dreams dreams and and kindred kindred divine divine forms apprehensions" (i.e. divination and prophecy) in Gersonides' apprehensions" (i.e. divinationand prophecy)in Gersonides' of Parva Parva Naturalia Naturalia (Be!)ur Commentary on on Averroes' Averroes' Epitome Epitome of Commentary (Be'iir

Seier Ha-lfush We-Ha-Mubash Qi$$ur Le-Ibn Le-Ibn Rushd). Rushd). This This section section Sefer Ha-HifshWe-Ha-MuhashQiisfir ultimately corresponds, as far as the text commented upon is as far as the text commented upon is ultimately corresponds, to Aristotle's two small treatises De Insomniis and concerned, to two De Insomniis and concerned, Aristotle's smalltreatises De Divinatione Divinatione per per Somnum Somnum which which figure figure as as Nos. Nos. 4 4 and and 5 5 in in the the De Latin Parva of Parva Naturalial Naturalia 1 and which, according to aa number number of Latin and which, accordingto of testimonies,2 were contained in the second treatise (maqala) of were the second treatise contained in testimonies,2 (maqdla) the (lost) Arabic Parva Parva Naturalia Naturalia known known by by the the name name Kitdb Kitab the (lost) Arabic al-lfiss wal-Mabsus.3 Our as aa text may may therefore therefore be be described as described Our text al-Hisswal-Mahsiis.3

1 See et Latine 1 Aristotelis Parva Naturalia Graece Latine (Rome, Parva Naturalia Graeceet Siweked., See Paul Paul Siwek ed., Aristotelis (Rome, theend end of of 1963), applied was first first towardthe The name "ParvaNaturalia" Naturalia"was ix. The name"Parva appliedtoward 1963),p. p. ix. the by ofRome). 13thcentury the13th Romanus(Giles (Gilesof century byAegidius AegidiusRomanus Rome). 2 See ibn Ezra, Moshe ibn 2 (attributed to to Avicenna); See al-Risala al-Risdlaal-Manamiyya (attributed Avicenna);Moshe Ezra, al-Mandmiyya see Tadbiral-Mutawabbid; Kitab wal-Mudhakara; Ibn see Ibn Bajja, Kitcb al-Mu/:lat/ara wal-Mudhakara; al-Mutawahbid; Baijja, Tadbir al-MubhadIara S. "The Arabic Recension of Parva Naturalia and the philosophical of Parva Naturalia and the "The Arabic Recension S. Pines, philosophical Pines, doctrine veridical to al-Risala al-Risa-laal-Manamiyya dreamsaccording doctrineconcerning veridicaldreams accordingto al-Mandmiyya concerning The relevant 138.The relevant and OrientalStudies, IV (1974), IsraelOriental othersources," and other 120,138. Studies,IV (1974),120, sources,"Israel out to was Moshe (not specifically referred to by Pines) was pointed referred ibnEzra Ezra passage Mosheibn by Pines) pointedout passage(notspecifically denArabern," bei den "Die bei by Aristoteles "Die Parva ParvaNaturalia des Aristoteles Naturaliades M. Steinschneider, Arabern," Steinschneider, byM. is 37 (1883), 490. It It is Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft, 37 derDeutschen-Morgenliindischen Gesellschaft, (1883),490. Zeitschrift Deutschen-Morgenldndischen Halkin's edition found 120, lines 12-13 of A. S. Halkin's edition (Jerusalem, 1975). 12-13 of A. S. on p. lines foundon 1975). (Jerusalem, p. 120, of firstEix thefirst 33 The only of Parva ParvaNaturalia Naturaliacomprised The Arabic Arabicrecension recensionof six of onlythe comprised name itsname text.It It took tookits in the theLatin Latintext. the treatises which in whichfigure treatises nineAristotelian thenine Aristotelian figure inthree threemaqalat, werearranged The in from Thesix sixtexts textswere etSensibile). Sensuet fromNo.1 No. 1(De arranged maqilfit, Sensibile). (De Sensu Somnum De Divinatione Divinatione De and per and De Insomniis and De thesection sectionrepresenting and the Insomniis per Somnum representing ofthe theArabic Arabicrecension recension appeared or, No ms. ofmaqdlaII. thelast last(the as the or, ms.of II. No third)ofmaqala (thethird) appearedas In Hebrew Hebrew ofitithas of In for or Latin Latinversion versionof has survived. survived. Hebrewor ofany thatmatter, forthat matter, anyHebrew

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kind of palimpsest of various layers, (viz. the the original original Aristotelian Aristotelian ofvarious kind ofpalimpsest layers, (viz.

De Insomniis Insomniis and De Divinatione Divinatione per per Somnum; the Arabic Arabic text of the text of De and De Somnum;

version or, paraphrase of of these these treatises; treatises; Averroes' Averroes' Epitome Epitome version or,rather, rather, paraphrase of the version in Moses ibn ibn Tibbon's Tibbon's Hebrew Hebrew translation;4 translation;4 of Arabic inMoses theArabic version

and (Be~ur). conA few fewobservations observations and Gersonides' Gersonides'Commentary conCommentary (Be'iir).A in place. cerning these layers will be in will be these cerning layers place. itsauthenticity Little be said text Littleneed saidabout aboutthe theAristotelian Aristotelian textand andits needbe authenticity s which has been established beyond doubt. As for the Arabic whichhas beenestablished lostArabic beyonddoubt.sAs forthelost it bore version it bore only to ofthe remoteresemblance to versionof thetwo twotreatises,6 resemblance treatises,6 onlyremote 7 The the point of of difference Greektext, as Pines Pineshas hasshown. shown.7 Thecrucial crucialpoint theGreek difference text,as relates to explanation of veridical dreams as to to Aristotle's ofveridical dreams relates Aristotle's as owing to owing explanation either (symptomata) or physiological and mere"coincidences" or eithermere "coincidences" and (sympt6mata)physiological psychological causes. rejected the Arabicversion causes.The TheArabic version theassumption psychological rejected assumption of causation and the of ofaccidental accidental causation attributed theoccurrence ofveridical veridical andattributed occurrence dreams operating through the Agent to aa solicitous dreamsto solicitousProvidence Providence the operating through Agent Intellect, a view that is of decidedly Stoic origin. It is this Stoically a that is of Stoic It is view this Intellect, origin. Stoically decidedly inspired doctrine of Pines pointed out, ofdivination, thatwas was doctrine Pineshas haspointed divination, out,that inspired responsible for theories of and proproforthe therise riseof ofthe thetheories of dream-vision dream-vision and responsible thephrase references the phrase al-/.liss wal-ma/.lsus is rendered ha-/.lush we-ha-mu/:lash and, is rendered references and, wal-mahsas we-ha-muhash al-.biss ha-.hsh loco occasionally, ha-margish we-ha-murgash. See cit., pp. pp. 478, 478, See Steinschneider, loc. cit., occasionally, we-ha-murgash. Steinschneider, ha-margish 481 481 f., ff. 484 fT. f.,484 Le-Ibn 4 Le-Ibn Rushd, Rushd, ed. by Henry (~evi) ed. by 4 Qi$$ur We-Ha-Muhash SeferHa-lfush We-Ha-Mu/:lash Henry($evi) QissyrSeier Ha-.Hfish Blumberg No. 62 Academy of America as Publication 62 of the Med~aeval Publication No. of the of America Blumbergas Academy Mediaeval to be referred to Blumberg 1. Blum(Cambridge, Mass. Mass. 1954); henceforth to be referred to as as Blumbergl. Blum(Cambridge, 1954); henceforth edition of the of the Arabic text (Talkhi$ Kitiib al-lfiss wal-Ma/:lsus) henceberg's edition Arabic text(TalkhtsKitdbal-Ifisswal-Mabsas)-- henceberg's 2 - appeared forthcalled called Blumberg No. 80 forth as Publication PublicationNo. 80 (1972) of the the Blumberg2 (1972) of -- appearedas TheLatin Academy. The (Compendium Libri Aristotelis Aristotelis De De Sensu version Latinversion Sensuet etSensato) Libri Academy. (Compendium Sensato) wasedited editedby was by Emily of Blumberg (Publica(PublicaL. Shields withthe theassistance Shieldswith ofHenry assistance EmilyL. HenryBlumberg tion No. 54; tionNo. 54; 1949). 1949). In the In and prophecy is theArabic Arabictext thesection textthe sectionon on dreams, divination and prophecy is marked marked dreams,divination offas as chapter of treatise In the Hebrew off II (pp. treatise(maqala) theHebrew chapter(la$l) (facl) 33 of (maqdla)II (pp. 66.1-92.9). 66.1-92.9).In versionthere version thereis is no no formal formalsubdivision subdivisionof of any treatise(ma'amar), and our our any treatise (ma'amar),and is found sectionis foundon section pp. 43.7-60.8. on pp. In the the Latin Latin vulgate 43.7-60.8.In versionthe the section section vulgateversion formsthe thefinal finalpart ofthe forms part of De Somno the"book" et Vigilia "book" De Somnoet Vigilia(pp. (pp. 94.20-125.65). 94.20-125.65). 5 See 5 p. xi See Siwek, xi f.f. loc. cit., Siwek,loco cit.,p. It should shouldbe 66 It be pointed pointed out out that that the the text text of of Averroes' Epitome incorporates Averroes'Epitome incorporates fewelements of De only De Insomniis, Insomniis, and and this this suggests that the underlying elementsof the underlying onlyaa few suggeststhat Arabic Arabic recension recension was structured. was similarly structured. similarly 7 See 7 passim. See Pines, loc. cit., Pines,loco cit.,passim.

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phecy within within Islamic Islamic and and Jewish Jewish medieval medieval philosophy. philosophy. A A rerephecy of the the lost lost text's text's outline outline of of the the Arabic Arabic version version or or construction of construction paraphrase should be possible on the basis of Averroes' Epitome be basis of Averroes' on the should possible Epitome paraphrase and with with the the help help of of the the references references to to it it in in pre-Averroian pre-Averroian writings.8 writings. 8 and The accomplishment accomplishment of of this this task, task, which which cannot cannot be be attempted attempted here,9 here,9 The will enable enable us us to to provide provide an an answer answer to to the the question question posed posed in in aa will different sense sense by by Blumberg: Blumberg: "What "What is is new new or or different different in in Averroes' Averroes' different

Epitome of of the the Parva Parva Naturalia?" Naturalia?" Some Some of of the the aspects aspects of of the the Epitome Epitome merely merely seemed seemed new new because because of of their their being being at at variance variance with with Epitome in fact, fact, derive derive from from the the Arabic Arabic version. version. Aristotle while while they, they, in Aristotle Averroes' Epitome Epitome of of Parva Parva Naturalia Naturalia (completed (completed in in 1170 C.E.) 1170 C.E.) Averroes' seems to to have have achieved achieved such such popularity popularity among among Jewish Jewish philosophers philosophers seems that it it ousted, ousted, as as it it were, were, the the Arabic Arabic version. version. For For it it appears appears that that that references to to the the Kitdb Kitab al-Hiss al-lfiss wal-Mahsiis wal-Ma/:zsus in in post-Averroian post-Averroian references Hebrew writings writings are are invariably invariably to to Averroes' Averroes' Epitome Epitome of of it.10 it. IO Hebrew of exercisedon Jewishdiscussion discussionof The this work work exercised the Jewish on the this influence The influence Moses of veridical dreams and prophecy was considerable. I I Moses of was and considerable.11 veridicaldreams prophecy fromthe section Narbonne incorporated long passages from the relevant relevant section Narbonne longpassages incorporated as he (II, on the Guide in 3) in his Commentary on the Guide (II" 36) in order, as he his in order, 36) Commentary (II, (II, 3) of veridical the to do justice to the epistemological problem of veridical explained, to do to problem epistemological justice explained, 12 dreams that by beenignored Maimonides.12 thathad had been and prophecy dreamsand byMaimonides. ignored prophecy of Gersonides' aa substantial substantialportion Gersonides'Be~iirI3 portionof incorporates Be'ifrl3 incorporates 88

Ibid., p. 145. Ibid., p. 145. from Some whichconcepts derivefrom willindicate, to the thetext notesto textwill Somenotes conceptsderive indicate,though, though,which the recension. Arabicrecen£ion. theArabic 10 ed. in Joseph 10So So obviously U-MaskiyotKesel, 'AmudeyKesef Kesef U-Maskiyot Kesef,ed. Kaspi, eAmudey JosephKaspi, obviouslyin 1, 58.10-11); Werbluner, p. MosheNarboni, 44 (for thequotation seeBlumberg Narboni, 58.10-11);Moshe quotationsee Werbluner, (forthe p. 44 Blumbergl, where Be'ur ed. 36 (43a-b), Moreh Nebhukhim, ed. Goldenthal, Be'ur Le-Sefer Goldenthal,II, II, 36 (43a-b), where Nebhukhim, Le-SeferMoreh or Ibn Rushd Rushdor quotations introduced in in the nameof ofeither eitherIbn thename introduced areindiscrirninately indiscriminately quotationsare 1, 43.15-44.3; Aristotle's lJush U-Mu/:tash. For the see Blumberg thetexts textssee Aristotle's 54.11; 43.15-44.3;54.11;. BlumbergI, U-Mubash.For 45.1-46.7; 48.7-53.3. 48.7-53.3. .Hush 46.11-48.5; 45.1-46.7;46.11-48.5; 11 1, pp. 11 Cf. x-xi. Cf.Blumberg pp. x-xi. Blumbergl, 12 Ed. des Les Theories Theoriesdes 12 Cf. Colette ColetteSirat, 45-47. Cf. 43b lines lines45-47. Ed. Goldenthal, Sirat,Les Goldenthal,43b Visions dans fa Pensee du Moyen dansla PenseeJuive Juivedu VisionsSurnaturelles Surnaturelles 1969),pp. pp. Age (Leiden, (Leiden,1969), MoyenAge 155-158. 155-158. 13 Hebriiische p. 1, 13See HebrdischeObersetzungen, See M. M. Steinschneider, p. 155; 155; Blumberg (Obersetzungen, Steinschneider, BlumbergI, Parva of on pp. ix-x. Another (fragmentary) Commentary on Averroes' Epitome of Parva Averroes' ix-x. Another Epitome Commentary (fragmentary) pp. SteinParisMs. Ms. (see in aa Paris is Naturalia is extant extantin Naturalia(Be'ur (see Stein(Be'uirHa-Ifush Ha-HfishWe-Ha-Mu/:zash) We-Ha-Muhash) 99

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Averroes' text but omits large and small passages that that smallpassages textbut omitsnumerous numerous Averroes' largeand failed As customary in other of his commento elicit hiscomment. comment. As in other of his elicithis commenfailedto customary both taries writings of of the theepitome he offers offers Averroes'writings both tarieson on Averroes' epitometype, type,he textas as aa sort sortof ofrunning commentary glosses interspersed with withthe thetext running glosses commentary interspersed or excursuses introduced by the and excursuses introduced thematicnotes the notesor and separate by separatethematic stereotyped formula !JAmar Levi. The glosses, though explanatory The Levi. 'Amar formula glosses, though explanatory stereotyped to obtrude to obtrude in allow personal viewpoint his personal allow his in intent, intent,occasionally occasionally viewpoint to his itself. The excursuses give him an opportunity to state his opposihim an state itself. excursuses The give opposiopportunity to make aa suppletion expressed by Averroes or ormerely to make Averroes to theories tionto theories merely suppleby expressed mentary point. point. mentary Be!Jur as number of Gersonides wrote as the thelast last of of aa number of comcomwrotehis his Be'iir Gersonides of Aristotle's physical writings, mentaries on epitomes of Aristotle's on Averroian Averroian mentaries physical writings, epitomes Physics; De De Coelo; De Generatione et Mesuch Meet Corruptione; such as as Physics; Generatione Coelo; De Corruptione; teora; De De Partibus Partibus Animalium Animalium and De Generatione Animalium; GenerationeAnimalium; and De teora; De Anima; Anima; Parva Parva Naturalia Naturalia (including on Averroes' on Averroes' De commentary (includingaa commentary Physics).14 All these works by Middle Commentary on these works Averroes on Middle by Averroes Commentary Physics).14All were available to him in Moses ibn Tibbon's Hebrew wereavailableto himin Moses ibn Tibbon'sHebrewversions, versions, except which by had been translatedby the last-mentioned last-mentioned been translated for the whichhad exceptfor 15 He Jacob ben ben Makhir. writing these commentaries thesecommentaries Jacob Makhir.15 He commenced commenced writing in 1321, Be!Jur Seier Ha-lfush We-Ha-Mubash in and the the last, the Be'ifr We-Ha-Mubash 1321, and last, the Sefer Ha-Hi~ish to Qi$$ur Le-Ibn Rushd, was completed, according to the colophon of of Le-Ibn was the Rushd, completed, according colophon Qiisfir of two of (see below), on on the the first of Adar Adar II, two ofthe theextant extantmanuscripts first II, manuscripts (seebelow), on dream, 5084 27, and 5084(February sectionon divination and The section dream,divination 27, 1324). 1324).The (February prophecy, which close to the end, written in in to the wastherefore written therefore whichappears end,was prophecy, appearsclose of 1324. By that time Gersonides had already the early part the of that time Gersonides had 1324. already earlypart By of his major philosophical philosophical work, work, the the Seier finished aa first draftof his major finished firstdraft Sefer 1, p. schneider, loco p. 156; p. x), It covers 316v-321v.It coversthe the fols.316v-321v. loc. cit., 156; Blumberg BlumbergI, schneider, cit.,p. x), fols. 1, 1-22.5). preface and The author, and almost theentire entirefirst almostthe firsttreatise treatise(Blumberg preface author, 1-22.5).The (Blumbergl, whose be identical, as whosename nameis is given as MHR MHR (moren;;' as Vital,might identical, givenas ha-rabh)Vital, mightbe (morniiha-rabh) (ibid.) with Narboni (surnamed, according Steinschneider to Steinschneider withMoshe MosheNarboni (ibid.)suggested, accordingto suggested, (surnamed, some, Maestro Vidal). This This conjecture has some plausibility in in view view of of the the MaestroVidal). some plausibility has some, conjecture in the the work. excellence of and Narboni's known in excellence of the the Commentary and Narboni's knowninterest work. interest Commentary My sincere Colette having aredue dueto Siratfor sincerethanks thanksare to Professor Professor ColetteSirat forkindly My kindly havingsupplied supplied me with ms. me photostatic copy withaa photostatic ofthis thisms. copyof 14See See Steinschneider" 14 Hebr. Obers., pp. 119, Hebr. 155. 145,147, 147,155. 119,127" Steinschneider, 127,130, 137,145. Obers.,pp. 130,137, 15Ibid. 15 Ibid.

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Milbamot Adonai Adonai (1321).16 (1321).16 Yet Yet it it can can hardly hardly be be assumed assumed that that that that Milhamot first attempt attempt included included what what is is now now the the second second treatise treatise (ma'amar) (ma!tamar) first which deals deals with with "dream, "dream, divination divination and and prophecy." prophecy." For For all all which indications are are to to the the effect effect that that Miliamot, Milbamot, II (Chs. (Chs. 1-8) 1-8) is is making making indications use of of the the Be'fir. Be'iir. In In Chapter Chapter 7 7 there there is is aa distinct distinct reference reference to to it. it. 17 I? use Chapter 2 2 was was obviously obviously written written in in fulfillment fulfillment of of the the intention intention Chapter expressed in in Excursus Excursus III III of of the the Be'i~r Be'ur to to treat treat the the problem problem of of expressed determinism and and free free choice choice posed posed by by the the veracity veracity of of dreams, dreams, determinism Be'iir within aa more more congenial, congenial, i.e., i.e., theological theological context. context. The The Be'[ir within must therefore therefore be be viewed viewed as as the the trailblazer trailblazer of of Milhamot, Milbamot, II. II. must This assumption assumption is is further further corroborated corroborated by by the the numerous numerous points points This of contact contact that that obtain obtain between between the the two two texts, texts, as as many many of of the the notes notes of to the the text text will will indicate. indicate. The The opening opening statement statement in in Milhamot, Milbanlot, II II to is also found reflects the critical attitude toward Averroes which is also found Averroes which reflectsthe criticalattitudetoward in some some of of the the excursuses excursuses of of the the Be'ir. Be'ur. It It reads: reads: in of on account accountof Since this topic topic is the very very precious precious ones both on onesboth is one oneof ofthe Sincethis itself because of the fact that many many other precious topics topics to to be be ofthe factthat otherprecious and because itselfand explored this book book will will be be clarified by dint dintof of its its clarification; in this clarified clarification; by exploredin yet this this topic topic being being one bristling with with difficulties; we we thought thought that, that, one bristling difficulties; yet in is mentioned on what with regard regard to to it, we should not rely rely on what is mentioned in shouldnot with it, we is thereis Averroes' forthe theinvestigation Epitome ofParva Naturalia; for there Averroes' investigation ofParvaNaturalia; Epitome text thetext not the it ought to have havebeen; notas as complete as it moreover, and,moreover, been;and, completeas oughtto in this this as will willbe be explained contains that not true, thatare are not containsstatements statements true,as explainedin 18 ma'amar. ma'amar.18

of Gersonidesby As the theories theoriesdeveloped As aa rule, way of rule, the by way by Gersonides developed by without restated in criticism of are restated in Milbamot without are ofAverroes Averroesin in the theBe'ur criticism Milhamot Be'fir is the the explicit distinct reference.An An exception distinctpolemical repuexplicitrepuexceptionis polemical reference. to causally forecasts diation of Averroes' thesis limiting prophetic forecasts to diationof Averroes'thesislimitingprophetic causally that strictly Gersonides argues events (95.3-5). determinatedevents argues that (95.3-5). Gersonides strictlydeterminated from that the biblical also announced happenings that from the aspect announced also biblicalprophecy aspect happenings prophecy He admits, accidental. He of termed accidental. be termed could be of natural natural causality admits, causality could all bodies celestial of the that in terms of the causality of the celestial bodies all however, of the in terms causality however,that will free of reason reason and and free will happenings the the exercise exerciseof are determined, determined, happeningsare 16 See de Gersonide Gersonide et Theologique 16 et de La Pensee CharlesTouati, See Charles Philosophique Touati,La PensdePhilosophique Thdologique (Paris, 1973), pp. 49 ff. 49 ff. (Paris, 1973), pp. 17Levi 115.14. 17 Seier Adonai Adonai(Leipzig, Levi ben benGershom, 1866),115.14. (Leipzig,1866), Gershom, SeferMilbamot Milbhamot 18 Milbamot, 18 92.1-6. 92.1-6. Milbhamot,

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of deflecting being the them. Another instance of meansof them. of the only Anotherinstance onlymeans deflecting being has no the criticism of (Milbamot, 106.5-8) has no precedent in the criticism ofAverroes Averroes in 106.5-8) precedent (Milhamot, Be".Jur. The though tacit, from Averroes The most mostglaring, fromAverroes Be'ifr. tacit,departure glaring, though departure in is the superimposition of the astrological viewpoint is of in both the the bothplaces superimposition astrological viewpoint places is upon Aristotelian system in is whichastral astralcausality an otherwise otherwise Aristotelian in which system causality uponan considered to be aa mere ofcelestial motions unrelated to the ofcelestial tothe tobe merefunction function motions unrelated considered nativity principle. principle. Gersonides obviously understands by the Gersonides understands theoftenoftenby obviously nativity and quoted bakhmey mishpetey ha-kokhabhim the astrologers, and in the ha-kokhabhim astrologers, in quotedhakhmey mishpetey Milbamot (105.30-32) makes aa distinct reference to to nativity he makes distinct reference nativity (105.30-32)he Milhamot (the speaking, thatwhen when one might say that mightsay Generally speaking,one (the horoscope). horoscope).Generally ideas writing Milbamot, II, Gersonides recast and developed ideas and Gersonides recast developed writingMilfhamot, II, The already expressed, for the most part, in the Commentary. The most the for the in Commentary. alreadyexpressed, part, into notes to the text will enable the reader to form some insight into reader to form some to the text enable the notes will insight the processes that the to Milbamot, II. II. thatled from toMilbhamot, ledfrom theCommentary thethought Commentary thought processes Gersonides' Commentary on Averroes' Epitome Epitome of Parva Naturalia Naturalia onAverroes' Gersonides' Commentary ofParva is extant 19 is fourmanuscripts: extantin infour manuscripts:19 see 1) 38.5 (fols. Ms. Opp. Add. 4°, BodleianMs. 40, 38.5 267r-299r);see Opp. Add. (fols. 267r-299r); 1) Bodleian Ad. Neubauer, Catalogue oj'the Hebrew Manuscripts Manuscripts in Bodleian inthe theBodleian Ad.Neubauer, oftheHebrew Catalogue Library (Oxford, No. 1373 The colophon 1373(pp. (Oxford,1886), 491-492).The colophon Library 1886),No. (pp. 491-492). of dateof gives the first of Adar II, 5084 (February 27, 1324) as the thedate of Adar 5084 the first 27, 1324)as II, (February gives rabcompletion. The is in beautiful Spanish is written The manuscript in beautiful written Spanishrabmanuscript completion. thetext. set off offfrom fromthe binic characters. The are text. are neatly excursuses The excursuses binic characters. neatlyset 26-295r, The published here fols.288v, line26-295r, is found on fols. The section sectionpublished hereis foundon 288v,line Ha-Shinah entitled line the part of entitled Ha-Shenah ofthe 8. It It forms forms thefinal line8. finalpart thesubchapter subchapter We-HaYeqi$ah ma'amar.20 of the thesecond secondma".Jamar.20 Somnoet et Vigilia) We-Ha(De Somno Vigilia)of Yeqisah(De in 2) unnumbered and, partly, in Ms. Or. Or. 1055.6 1055.6(folios BerlinMs. and,partly, 2) Berlin (foliosunnumbered with incorrect sequence). in the thecolophon dategiven incorrect The date agreeswith givenin colophonagrees sequence).The in some some itis that No.1. is and andit is faded fadedin ofNo. 1.The is in in Rashi Rashiscript thatof Thewriting writing script places. The excursuses do not stand out. They are introduced by are introduced do out. The excursuses stand not by They places. theabbreviation ~"N. the abbreviation ,. date 3) The date 43.6 (fols. Ms. Jews' Jews'College, London43.6 172-195).The College,London (fols.172-195). 3) Ms. which stated is Tebhet, 1084 (November, 1323), which statedin is 1084 thecolophon in the (November, Tebhet, 1323), colophon l , p. 19 Steinschneider, men19 Hebr. Ubers., Obers., p. p. 155 p. x, and 2; Hebr. 155lists lists11 and x,menBlumberg', 2; Blumberg Steinschneider, tions 2 and 4. tionsI, 2 and 4. 1, 20 This note4). 20 precedent of version(see ofthe theLatin Latinvulgate Thisfollows theprecedent followsthe 4). (see note vulgateversion

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is obviously the date of of the the date is mistakeof the copyist who substituted substituted of obviouslyaa mistake copyistwho the completion the Epitome De Anima Anima on the the Commentary of De the of the Commentaryon Epitomeof completionof (see Steinschneider, Hebriiische Ubersetzungen, Ubersetzungen, p. p. 147). It is is Steinschneider,Hebraiische 147). It (see in written in and smudged in many places. The volume, and The written in Rashi Rashi script smudged manyplaces. volume, script which contains by Gersonides, presented by by six commentaries was presented commentaries which containssix Gersonides,was by Moses Mendelssohn Hirschel Lewin to Chief Chief Rabbi Rabbi Hirschel of Berlin Mendelssohnto Berlin Moses Lewin of (later London) Duschinsky, 5533 (1773). See Charles Charles Duschinsky, on Purim, (later Purim,5533 (1773). See London) on The Rabbinate of the Great Synagogue London from The Rabbinate Great London the 1756-1852 Synagogue of from 1756-1852 (Oxford, p. 38, The dedication written in in MendelsMendels38. The is written dedicationis n. 38. 38, n. (Oxford,1921), 1921),p. sohn's sohn's own hand. own hand. The section published here on fols. line 27-182r, 27-182r, is found fols. 187v, The hereis foundon sectionpublished 187v,line is of the bottom line, and it is the final part of the sub-chapter entitled bottom and it the final line, part sub-chapterentitled Ha-Shenah We-HaYeqi~ah in the second ma!Jamar. second Ha-Shinah We-Ha-Yeqisahin the ma'amar. 4) Ms. Adler 1744 now designated designated as as 1744 (fols. Ms. Elkan Elkan Adler 150v-186v),now 4) (fols. 150v-186v), Ms. Ms. 2457 2457 in the Jewish of America JewishTheological America (herein the Theological Seminary Seminaryof (hereafter called after It has is written called JTS). has no no colophon and is in Rashi Rashi writtenin JTS). It colophon and script. The section published here is found only partially in The here is section found in this only partially this script. published manuscript since beginning. of folios foliosare are missing at the sinceaa number numberof the beginning. manuscript missingat The text begins with yiqsheh lanu hinehyiqsheh The textbegins the words wordshineh lanu on on line of withthe line 197 197 of our to our edition 179r, line 1) and continues to the end (fo1. 182v, and end edition(fo1. line continues the 179r, 182v, (fol. 1) (fol. is the the final line part of Ha-Shenah We-HaIt is finalpart of the the sub-chapter line 24). Ha-Shinah We-Hasub-chapter 24). It Yeqi~ah in the second secondma!Jamar. ma'amar. in the Yeqisah In upon the edition thatfollows, the Averroes textcommented In the editionthat Averroestext commentedupon follows,the and are set off from the set and Gersonides' Gersonides' thematic thematicexcurses excurses (which are off from the (which text) are printed in are printed whileGersonides' comin regular Gersonides'running text) regulaitype, type,while runningcommentary characters.In thisway the in spaced In this mentary(the (the glosses) glosses)appear way the appear in spaced characters. reader will what is Averroes' and is Averroes' at aa glance and what reader willsee see at whatGersonides'. Gersonides'. glancewhat A A more problem presented presented itself by virtue the fact moredifficult difficult itselfby virtueof of the factthat that problem Gersonides often breaks off of the Averroes text, oftenbreaks offthe the quotation of the Averroes Gersonides text, quotation indicating the, the, in omission of omission in many extensiveareas areas of instances,very indicating manyinstances, veryextensive of the To delete by the use of ',~,. To the latter the use theabbreviation abbreviation -',i. deletethe latterand and insert insert by the missing passages would have altered the specific character of the would have altered the character of missingpassages specific the Be!Jur, and to advise the reader to look them up in the Be'iir, to advise the to look and merely reader them merely up in Blumberg's edition of Averroes' Epitome would, obviously, not of Averroes' not edition Blumberg's Epitomewould, obviously, have been an ideal solution. We therefore to reproduce have been an ideal solution.We thereforedecided decided to reproduce

8

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text we we used the passages in The text themissing in an an Appendix. used is is not not missing passages Appendix.The Blumberg's critical text but the one found in the JTS Ms. 2302, critical textbuttheone foundin theJTS Ms. 2302, Blumberg's (Adler, which, though mentioned by by fols. 165r-174r, 165r-174r,which, (Adler, 1853), 1853), fo1s. thoughmentioned Blumberg, was by him into the apparatus. wasnot notincorporated himinto critical thecritical Blumberg, by incorporated apparatus. We found readings.. The thistext textto to contain containsome somesuperior We foundthis Themissing readings. superior missing passages are though, also to alsowith withreference reference totheir location areindicated, theirlocation indicated, though, passages in edition, to case conconto which whichthe is in thereader readeris in any in the theBlumberg edition, Blumberg anycase stantly alerted by marginal references. alertedby references. stantly marginal In apparatus the are designated designated by critical thefour fourmanuscripts are thecritical In the manuscripts by apparatus , the N (Oxford), :l (Berlin), , (London) and .,"~ and thesigla -wj(New n (Berlin), (London) siglaa (Oxford), (NewYork). York). The symbols adopted used in Blumberg editions of are those thoseused in the theBlumberg The editionsof symbols adoptedare < > > for the Epitome: Epitome: [[ ]] stands for omission; addition; x1 xl for foraddition; for standsfor the omission;< 2 for corrections by the by aa later forcorrections laterhand. corrections corrections hand. thescribe; scribe;xx2 by by forme It for thanks to the libraries that kindly It remains meto to express to the libraries remains thanks that express kindly gave me permission to use the indicated me permission to use the manuscripts indicatedabove. above. gave manuscripts My rendered of to the sincerethanks are therefore therefore renderedto the curators curatorsof thanksare My sincere the Bodleian Oxford; the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, the BodleianLibrary, the Deutsche Oxford; Staatsbibliothek, Library, Berlin/DDR; the Endowment, Jews' Jews' College Montefiore theMontefiore Endowment, CollegeLibrary, Library, Berlin/DDR; London; and the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary, of London; and the Library the JewishTheological Seminary, New York. Alfred L. Ivry for for putputNew York.II also also wish wishto to thank thankProfessor Alfred L. Ivry Professor ting microfilms of the Berlin Berlin and at my and London Londonmanumanuof the tingat mydisposal disposalmicrofilms scripts. scripts.

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10 10 Cf. Mil/:lamot, 92.11-13; Cf. Milliamot, 114.24-27. 92.11-13;113.23-24; 113.23-24;114.24-27. 2 , 67.7: 11 Blumberg 11 For the between angelically mediated 67.7:al-jinn. thedistinction distinction between mediated Blumberg2, al-jinn.For angelically veridical veridical dreams aided sorcery, see Franz Rosenthal (tr.), and demonically dreamsand aided see Franz Rosenthal demonically sorcery, (tr.), Ibn The Muqaddimah the muchmuchIbn Khaldan Khaldun The Muqaddimah (New 157. On On the (New York, York, 1958), 1958),11j", III, 157. debated debated question whether sorcery was by prophecy, prophecy, see was made maderedundant redundant see ibid., questionwhether sorcery by ibid., p. 205 I, 205 f.f. I, p. 12 Cf.the therabbinic 12 Cf. passages quoted by Maimonides, Guide, 36. rabbinicpassages Maimonides, Guide,II, quotedby 11I,36. 13 See 13 below, lines See below, lines258-269. 258-269. 14 Cf. 14 Guide, 6. Cf.Maimonides, Maimonides, Guide,II, II, 6. 15 Gersonides' 15 of -- "a of the Gersonides'outspoken denialof theexistence of demons demons(shedim) existence "a outspokendenial (shedim) rarephenomenon in the rare phenomenon in precedent of theMiddle MiddleAges" followsthe theprecedent of Averroes Averroes Ages"-- follows the views views of other (see Hebr. Obers., Hebr. note353b). of other For the Steinschneider, Ubers.,p. (see Steinschneider, p. 155, 155,note 353b).For medievalJewish medieval philosophers, cf. Jewishphilosophers, cf. Maimonides, Isaac Albalag, Maimonides,Guide, I, 7; Guide,I, 7; Isaac Albalag, Tiqqun Ha-De'ot Ha-Deeot (ed. 1973),49.17-50.16; Crescas, G. Vajda, Jerusalem, 1973),49.17-50.16;I:Iasdai Crescas, (ed. G. Vajda,Jerusalem, Tiqqan Or .Iasdai (Kitvey Or Adonai, Adonai, IV. Nabmanides, Derashat Derashat Torat Adonai Temimah (Kitvey IV. 6. 6. Nalhmanides, Torat Adonai Temimah ed. H. Ramban, ed. pp. 147, linked the denial of shedim to the the H. D. D. Cheval, linked the denial of shedim to Ramban, Cheval,I, I, pp. 147,149) 149) heresy ofAristotelianism. Aristotelianism. heresyof

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16 Cf. 16 La Pensde Pensee philosophique philosophique et de et theologique de Gersonide Gersonide CharlesTouati, Cf. Charles theologique Touati,La (Paris, p. 406. 406. (Paris,1973), 1973),p. 17 Cf. 17 Mill)amot, 114.25-34. 114.25-34. Cf. Milhamot, 18 Cf. 18 Mill)amot, 96.20-23; 111.24-35. Cf. Milhamot, 96.20-23;111.24-35. 19 Cf. 19 ben Ya'akov Ya~akov ibn Kitiib al-Mul)iidara ibnEzra, Moshe ben Cf. A. A. S. S. Halkin, al-Mubadara Halkin,ed., Ezra, Kitab ed., Moshe ff. (Jerusalem, 1975), wal-Mudhiikard 122.23ff. wal-Mudhakara 1975),122.23 (Jerusalem, 20 Cf. 20 De Insomniis, Insomniis, III, De Cf.Aristotle, 462a30. III, 462a30. Aristotle, 1 , 47.8-10 21 See 21 No.6); No. line980. 980. 47.8-10(Appendix, See Blumberg 6); line Blumbergt, (Appendix, 22 Cf. 22 loco cit., "hidden"dream-visions); 114 f.f. ("clear" and "hidden" Cf. Pines, dream-visions); Pines, loc. cit.,PP. pp. 114 ("clear" and Mill)amot, 108.30-32. 108.30-32. Milhamot, 23 Cf. 23 De Divinatione Divinatione per per Somnum, II, De Cf.Aristotle, 464b6-15. Somnum, II, 464b6-15. Aristotle, 24 Cf. 24 Avicenna's De De Anima Anima (London, 172.12-173.1. F. Rahman Cf.F. 1959),172.12-173.1. Rahman, ed., Avicenna's (London,1959), s ed.,

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n37']M ':I"n t1]~N' .~M'tV~it tV,nit N'it' ']~~ 3737,]n~ it"i1tV ;'[46.15-46.7] */,~, ":ltVn~it n~it 26 ,n'ittV ":137:11 it].,tV:I 26'tVi'~ 61111-1V3 "1[46.15--46.71 "2V1?" lT1ftil -112"1 'jjj'"V= t-,j bloo ?3ktj it37.., ..ittV [27 it~ '~'i''' 28 28 11-011-12,-11 n.." .. ~it, jj')rj n"n~Nit n~'~it '~C:I 'N:1M;' ':1~ ..in] ~] 70 70 46.15 46.15 [27nj31 wtnvi -1m It'['?'i n'~'i'itit ~37'~:I it~, .. 29."37~~N' ~37'~ i137"''';' 1~ t1..].. ~ .,]tV 37:1~:I

mr 'IV ?Wlo trrn 7n n?Y3ti;lj 29.3-IV2?3ttl 5Y13l1Ytr;1 unYtl

1 , 46.8 25 25 Blumberg No.5). 46.8 (Appendix, No. 5). (Appendix, Blumbergl, 2 , 70.11: 26 26 Blumberg 1, 36.16); Aristotle, De De ribat.Cf. Cf. 55.11 55.11 (Blumberg 70.11: ribat. (Blumberg1, 36.16); Aristotle, Blumberg2, Somno et et Vigilia, 27. Somno I, 454b11, 454b11,27. Vigilia,I, 27 27 Aristotle, Analytica Posteriora, Posteriora, I, ArisSee W. W. D. 11-17.See D. Ross, 71al, 11-17. I, i,i, 71a1, Ross, ArisAristotle, Analytica totle's Prior and Posterior Analytics Analytics (Oxford, pp. 503-505 andPosterior 503-505(11,17). totle'sPrior (Oxford,1949), 1949),pp. (11,17). 28 2 , 71.8: 28 Blumberg wal-ta$awwuriyya. Averroes Averroes 71.8: al-maf!rifa Blumberg2, al-ma'rifaal-ta$diqiyya al-tasdiqiyya wal-tasawwuriyya. (ta$diq) of relates the between affirmation thedistinction and formation formation of concept relates between affirmation distinction concept (tasdlq)and (ta$awwur) to distinction between the thatand thewhat whatof to Aristotle's between thethat and the of aa thing Aristotle's distinction thing (tasawwur) (Anal. Post., 71a11). distinction he makes The use makeshere hereof of this thisepistemological distinction use he (Anal.Post., 71all). The epistemological in the is anticipated in Arabic version De Divinatione. Divinatione. For For Ibn reports is theArabic versionof of De Ibn Bajja anticipated Baijjareports p. 138. something to see to this 138. thiseffect; see Pines, cit.,p. something effect; Pines,Ope op. cit., 29 The 29 pof!el and Epitome of ArisThe terms in Averroes' termspo'el and em$af!i are explained Averroes'Epitome of Arisexplainedin emsa'[are totle's Organon; ben Makhir's version entitled Kol Melekhet Melekhet totle's entitled Kol see Jacob Jacobben Hebrewversion Makhir'sHebrew Organon;see Higgayon (Riva passim. (The passage from from di Trento, 13v and and passim. (The passage Trento,1559), 2r-v,13v Higgayon 1559),2r-v, (Riva di 2 , p. Def!ot Ha-Pilosofim Ha-Pilosofim quoted p. 154, Shemtob in Blumberg 16 n. 16 ShemtobFalaqera's 154, n. Falaqera's De'ot Blumberg2, quotedin represents the text but aa slightly different Hebrew withbut different Hebrewterminoterminothesame sameAverroes textwith Averroes represents slightly (immiU; ($iyyur) logy.) As points out, As Averroes and ta$awwur Averroespoints logy.) tasawwur out,ta$diq (immat;ha$daqah) hasdaqah)and (siyyfr) tavsdiq proceed each prior knowledge, viz. (the each from kindsof viz. "preparatory" fromtwo two kinds of prior proceed (the knowledge, "preparatory" or contradictories nominal definition preparatory to the concept; nominal definition to the contraries or contradictories concept;contraries preparatory preparatory to and parts of theaffirmation) of the the to the and "active," i.e. causative causative(the "active,"i.e. (theparts preparatory affirmation) produce~ the real are productive of real definition the definition the syllogism are productive of the the concept; syllogismproduces concept;the affirmation). affirmation). in Blumberg 1, There issome inthe Thereis someconfusion thetexts inrespect ofthe theterminology. confusion textsin respectof terminology. Blumberg1, 47.1 reads: pof!el we-em$af!i (which corresponds to one of the 47.1 reads: ma$(a we-nose' to one of the mast'awe-nose' po'el corresponds (which we-emsa'i 2 , 71.9). on Arabic Arabicreadings ofBlumberg All mss. mss.of ofGersonides' Gersonides'Commentary on Blumberg2, 71.9). All readingsof Commentary Epitome read pof!el we-em$af!i. Gerthe the text textand and the the JTS JTS ms. of the theEpitome readsimply: Germs. of we-emsa't. simply:po'el place of sonides' testifies to sonides' commentary In place of em$af!i testifies to this this reading. the emsa't (in (in the commentary reading.In ben Makhir while Epitome of Organon) whileFalaqera Makhirhas has haysharah, uses Jacobben Epitomeof haysharah, Falaqera uses Organon)Jacob ma$(a, both Hebrew Arabic as does Latin term Hebrewterms Arabicmaute, does the theLatin termsrendering term mast'a,both rendering mauti',as preparans (Shields, be aa corruption of The reading could be of preparans (Shields,100.28). corruption readingem$af!i 100.28). The emsa'i could

13 COMMENTARY ON AVERROES [131GERSONIDES' 'OD Z3-,l 30 minurom [13]

GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY ON AVERROES

13

nj'T?JnnY1~; njLrjt) jDS!;n ri*?jnrm -itvtt nrvii wnn tvin 4v2?nx= nivninn priv 5?ntvr romvimn iriri iorw imt nuvronmt? 31nj?3fj'7',J-, ;Iown y~n l'; ')n 3?jts 1?X nqi'r'i n ?V V"I k6 71 -In~tt X?V75 M?Irl ?1;10 U-7-17-1 1-11 J"?Vi HI13 llwn v ~lfD"I mrin mi'm -IVI non~ T1711, ;1P~t3l"It '1172l7pwz 9 rb 3In tat irswul wm,'?m trip.)v M, , ~ , M:J il31" , "il M' , 31 , !) Cil " ~ 30 1~ ~ 31 :J M, 31 , , "il M, ~ ~ , ~ il

~~Wil pM31" Cil~ 'WN M,wn'~il "31~~N:J il~'''' Cil~ M':J""n~il

il~il il~"W:J 31""M 'WN il31"'''il MNT C"N' 31.M'~'pilil "N M31"'" 'N M' ~, M " , , 31 31" "M N' N' il ,,~ '31'!)il l"~il ilM'N c'p" N'W ilN'~ 75 T'~'il C""~'!)il C"~"~31:J :J"il '31 N'ilW "31' n'~'pil~ M!)'~ C'P~ ,:J il~il N~ CN "31~~Nil l"~il il' C'p"W ,,~ ~" CN C"N' •Cil'" N

I1ItsY t'lljp X;1 7"23,-l t]N n7lktl 'W, if nm6 mn '31"""W 80 tv-12-Tis rmnlLrin wi'714~V ;l;lltJ13 D3KI "Wi~~ 7-17;1 vixNf?'1 -qn? ??nw im-9-in -pv 1r173-tT 131 '13 I~i't -i nn m t6 ivi -,1T nvvrn mov nimm n I 5?= -9snKs 1 -x ;nmri wnwrin ritm mm m .-,1:3 *t mwt mi ,:1 -lmtriv 31""W rin in rlm Irml affti na iKsit Vl'IrV in 16 r~tul -7? -I~l "?v 11 'Imm tZ~w-I tz 111VI-i?3.7j7 -lip-gr* lit 1.1.7n w-liul 'intwi -itv x 1 -111"W= T 173n iiittvi 85 -snsr xvi~n NVU-1 NWN ?2S iminn )?3*n rit -imt um ivin~ mriv nmtrm nn~rii -7saz -vtntri iN irivw= iinn -grivini nm nvx rriv rirrm v~t in1Lnl 4N'im-ii Illmn lns~mnmn~; ·1'''31 l:JN' "" '~N Excursus II il~ C"P"~il ,"n,~,~n:J C'N' il"il ilT" 33 "31~~Nil l"~il il' C'p"W 80 ,~ il~'PW ,,~~ ~~~:J' 'M~"'~ "W~N' 'N 'Mn!)W~ "W~N' 'N ,~ il'P"W ~~:J "37~~Nil1"~il ilT ~N 1~ C" "~~M N~ il31"'''il nNTW :J'WnN' .CMW"'il W"N "N~ "M"N'W P"~ ,nN c"n~ "'~N n~NM:S C~~N ilT' .il:J il~

"~~M N"ilW 32 ilT ,nNW il~:J '~N"W ,~~ ilN'"

CW" 'NW~ 1N ", 'MW"'il il~'P N~ W"Nil ilT' "~P"Til' ",:J "'31 '~'31 "~"n:J "M"N' 'WN N'ilil W"Nil "n"N' N'ilil il~"'il M,n~" "~'''~':J 'M~'~M 85 'M'" 'W':J~~' 'M~,~n ,~~ "~,~n:J "M"N' 'WN W'''Nil N'ilW ,,~ M~NM~' "M~~~' "~":J 1'~;'~ "M31:S~~' ,:s~~ "M,n!), "~,~n:J ,,~ 'N':S 'WN '''~''~31 MNT "N~M~ l"NW "~~N 'N':J~ N'il ilT~' "~,~n:J "M"N' 'WN l!)'N:J ,~~~ "M~:J ;'''il ilN~n~ ilT il"il CNW "31~~Nil l"~il O"~!) ~~ ~31 il~ O'p"W il31"''';'

-i inn -m min rim ixrn nvm na t12sm 7si-lmiri Iimv 7nim 1, 53.2-3) ma$(a, yedtah ma$aeat in masa'at(Blumberg in our foryedi'ah is reproduced our text textas as 53.2-3) is mast'a,for (Blumbergl, reproduced yedtah em$aeit No. 15). Narboni, whose whose Commentary on the the (Appendix, No. 15). Narboni, Commentaryon yedi'ah emrsa'it(Appendix, Guide quotations Epitome, seems extensive fromAverroes' Guide(II, containsextensive to Averroes'Epitome, seemsto 36) contains (II, 36) quotationsfrom e have understood em$aei as the "middle term" (ha-gebhul ha-eln$a i) the have understood as "middle term" of the the (ha-gebhul emsa'i ha-emrsa't)of syllogism (Goldenthal, Ope bottom). cit.,43a, 43a, bottom). op. cit., syllogism (Goldenthal, on Anal. Post. Post. (pericopae book 1) Averroes' Middle Commentary on Anal. 1-2 of Averroes'Middle of book Commentary 1) (pericopae1-2 with the operates but does the terms terms ta$awwur and ta$diq does operates with tasawwur(Jormatio) (formatio)and tasdiq (verificatio) (verificatio)but Jeri! and Aristoteles Latinus, Latinus, not not mention and mautf L. Minio-Paluello, mentionfc'il mauti' (see Minio-Paluello, ed., ed., Aristoteles (see L.

IV 1954], pp. 114 IV 33 [Bruges-Paris, 114f). II, pp. [Bruges-Paris, 1954],Appendix AppendixII, f). 30 Cf. 30 Anal. Post., Post., I, b19. Cf. Aristotle, I, ii, Aristotle,Anal. ii, 71 71b19. 31 Ibid., 31 Ibid., II, pp. 676 See Ross, 676 f. 100a4-5. See f. cit., pp. xix, 100a4-5. Ross, Ope op. cit., II, xix, 1 , 48.15--49.2 32 Blumberg 32 No.9); No. 15). 48.15-49.2(Appendix, No. 52.11-53.3(Appendix, No. (Appendix, 9); 52.11-53.3 15). Blumbergt, (Appendix, 33 is thatthough in divination 33 Averroes insiststhat the"active" "active"cause theAgent Averroesinsists causein divination is the thoughthe Agent Intellect primary, indemonrevealedknowledge to the Intellect(the the primary, indemonknowledgebeing beinganalogous (therevealed analogousto in normal strable normalcognition), strableprenlises cognition),aa prior prior "preparatory" premisesin "preparatory"knowledge, knowledge, withthe the person(s) i.e. by is i.e. acquaintance affected the revealed revealedinformation information is person(s)affected by the acquaintancewith indispensable (such being analogous to the the nominal nominaldefinition definition indispensable knowledgebeing analogousto (such knowledge preparatory to the real real one). to the Here Gersonides Gersonidesdisputes thiscondition conditionon on one). Here preparatory disputesthis inthe grounds personal experience as In Mil/:lamot ofhis hisown ownpersonal In Milhamot as related relatedin theexcursus. excursus. experience groundsof he seems (105.12-17; position (see to revert seemsto revertto to Averroes' Averroes'position also 107.18-33)he (105.12-17; 107.18-33) (see also Commentary on the the Torah, Torah,Balaq, Commentaryon Balaq, 196d). 196d).

14

ALTMANN [14]

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[14]

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[15] [15]

GERSONIDES' ON AVERROES COMMENTARY ON AVERROES GERSONIDES'COMMENTARY

15 15

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nm uroo-mmi in n-n nwott rim -jimn 39.nawlnln trp~mm 5y?vi~n~ ri1ttrivi % 4n iiltvbi n~~n nwtt rnr mnon [trninwi ti-,* ursIn iit1vnn nvS-X? 11111=4 1-172 -1 mll * :rtr~nn r11671046,1 'I01pr InIfix n t~l -jot 'In jtS%7.t t3"n~jjj 40 140 nl?nn In tn'15nj 7nj -J1Njjnj 173t n nmn ,Ilnl 50. .7s 41 ",[50,6-50.21 'jtnaj t3i'4n'7 l 'r~lnftm virrl 5?nv;l ) 'l 61o 42 im voirm tt'l ?Vjo'j -?inn vivtl t3'ljSftnntt",j ri5r~stu "Ntt''' 11"'O"ir ir~ir •",'W::3 irT' ,nNir ,,"::3,," %1,nN ir~'P%1::3' e"~tL'''ir ,,~ 40 '~~31::3 N'irir '~0:1 1~ 0" 'N::3l1ir 1~' .e%1"'~:1 n'~i1:1 140 50.6 '~Wir' 31'Tir ,~~ Oir~ '''''~ir O~~N ::1"[50.6-50.2] ."~' 41 O"p,nir "~'%1~ir -'''ir~ %1'~N~ir W~~ir' 31'Tir 'N O":l"nNir 'N'''W ir~ ,,~, 42 '~'~ir upon Mill;amot, 104.21 Narboni (Comm. findsfault with faultwith 104.21fT.; in Milhamot, Guide,II, ff.;Narboni (Comm.Guide, II, 36) 36) finds uponin Maimonides them. forhaving Maimonidesfor havingignored ignoredthem. 38 In 38 Mill;amot, 93.22 that is thatdivination ff.Gersonides Gersonidesstipulate~ divination is concerned concerned 93.22fT. In Milhamot, stipulates in as as much as they with beings only to other muchas and refers refersto otherthings withhuman humanbeings they thingssolely solelyin onlyand are related to to humans. humans. arerelated 39 Mill;amot, 96.26-29. 39 Cf. 96.26-29. Cf.Milhamot, 1 , 49.15 40 See is made to 40 No. 11) is wherereference made to reference 49.15 (Appendix, See Blumberg 11) where Blumbergl, (Appendix,No. Averroes' De Generatione et (II, Aristotle, cf. Averroes' et Corruptione Generatione x, 336b10-13; 336b10-13;cf. Corruptione Aristotle,De (II, x, Samuel Kurland Kurland [CamEpitome of De Gen. HebrewVersion, ed. Samuel et Corr., Gen. et Version,ed. [CamCorr.,Hebrew of De Epitome ff. present reference, see bridge, see Kurland, 123.5fT. the present For the reference, Kurland,123.5 Mass.], 123.91-92). 123.91-92).For bridge,Mass.], (II, xi). (I1I,xi). 41 Blumberg 2 , 76.10-11: 41 al-ajza' al-mutashahiba 76.10-11:al-ijsam consisting al-ijsamal-mutashahiba (bodiesconsisting al-ajza' (bodies Blumberg2, "Uni724b23fT. ff."Uniof uniform parts). De Generatione Animalium, 724b23 De Generatione See Aristotle, of uniform Animalium, Aristotle, parts).See form parts" (homoiomere moria) by blood, blood, serum, are exemplified formparts" serum,marrow, marrow, by exemplified moria)are (homoiomeri like face, Cf. A. A. L. L. foot.Cf. semen, from"organs" as distinct distinctfrom fleshas hand,foot. face,hand, "organs"like bile,flesh semen,bile, Aristotle, Generation of Animals (Cambridge, Mass., Peck, Generation Mass., 1953), xlviiif.f. 1953),xlviii (Cambridge, ofAnimals ed., Aristotle, Peck,ed., 42 See 42 Epitome of De Gen. et Corr., ed. Kurland, Gen.et Averroes'Epitome See Averroes' 123.5-124.1; Kurland,123.5-124.1; Corr.,ed. of De

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125.42-126.45. the ultimate 125.42-126.45.According to Aristotle, the heat of the heat of the sun sun is is the the ultimate Accordingto Aristotle, efficient of the thegenesis in the case of of man the Agent Agent efficient cause cause of of animals, whilein thecase manthe genesisof animals,while Intellect's is also See Aristotle, Generation of Animals, Intellect's participation participation is also required. See Generation Aristotle, required. of Animals, II, p. 570; Averroes, cf. Peck, II, iii, 736b28-30;737a3; 737a3; cf. Peck,Ope iii, 736b28-30; cit.,Appendix A, p. AppendixA, op. cit., 570; Averroes, in Moses Epitome of De Anima Anima in Ms. Moses ibn ibnTibbon's Tibbon'sHebrew Hebrewtranslation, Canon Ms. Canon Epitome of De translation, 93r-v. Or. 63 (Bodleian Or.·63 93r-v. (BodleianLibrary), Library), 43 See Gersonides' 43 See on Averroes' Epitome Epitome of De Anima Anima (Be'iir Gersonides'Commentary on Averroes' Commentary of De (Be'ir Le-Sefer Ha-Nefesh), Ha-Nefesh), Ms. BerlinOr. Ms. Berlin Or. 1055.5, Ms. Jews' Jews'College, cols. 7, Le-Sefer 7, 11; 1055.5,cols. 11; Ms. College, London, 123r. London,42.2, 42.2,121v, 121v,123r. 44 44 See De Gen. Anim., I, See Aristotle, De Gen.Anim., 515b5. Aristotle, I, i,i, 715a25; 715a25;515b5. 45 Ibid., I, 45 Ibid., 730b13-31. I, xxii, xxii,730b13-31. 46 2 , 78.3: 46 Blumberg Iii tabsulu; lagra. 78.3: /l JTS2302, Ms. JTS 169v:16 10tagi'a. Blumberg2, 2302,169v: tahsulu;Ms. 2 , 78.4: 47 47 Blumberg 78.4: bi-qiyiis. Blumberg2, bi-qiyds. 48 Cf. 48 Milbamot, 95.23-33. Cf.Milbamot, 95.23-33.

51.1

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50 See 50 45. See note note45.

51 Lines 51 111-119. Lines111-119.

This political theories prophecy and is mildrebuke theoriesof of prophecy and is rebuketo to political Thisgloss impliesaa mild glossimplies of in tune with Milbhamot, MilJ;zamot, 97.14-30 the proper proper functioning of the the in tunewith 97.14-30which whichascribes ascribesthe functioning social to choice effected by the the causality thediversified socialorganism to the diversified choiceof ofoccupations effected causality occupations by organism of the bodies. The be superior to Plato's Plato's legislation for for of thecelestial The latter latteris is said to be to celestialbodies. said to legislation superior Epitome of Plato's the ideal Averroes' Epitome the ideal state. Gersonidesmay have known knownAverroes' state.Gersonides of Plato's may have been translated into just shortly before (1320-22); (1320-22); Republic which before whichhad had been intoHebrew Hebrewjust translated shortly Republic see Hebr. Obers., p. 221. see Steinschneider, Hebr. 221. Steinschneider, Ubers.,p. 52 52

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passim). For the al-Maniimiyya the Stoic Stoic backback120 if. and passim). ff.and cit., pp. pp. 120 Pines, op. op. cit., al-Mandmiyya(see (see Pines, passim. ground 124and andpassim. see Pines, thisnotion, ofthis Pines,ibid., ibid.,p. p. 124 notion,see groundof 66 The in many 66 is whichappears variato aa widely is to The reference reference hadithwhich appearsin manyvariawidelyquoted quoted/:zadith Oriental of Dreams Israel Oriental ," Israel tions. Dreams ... "The Interpretation J. Kister, tions. See M. J. ...," Kister, "The Interpretationof ibn Studies, Moshe ibn 208 f.f. Cf. Cf. Moshe IV (1974), FranzRosenthal, cit.,I, I, 208 Rosenthal,op. op. cit., p. 71; 71; Franz Studies,IV (1974),p. Ezra, ed. Halkin, Kitab al-Mu/:ziitfara, 36, Maimonides,Guide, Guide,II, 11, 36, Halkin,p. 128; Maimonides, p. 128; Ezra, Kitiib al-Muhadara,ed. quoting 57b. Berakhot57b. BT Berakhot quotingBT 67 Averroes In aa 67 Sura XII). dream(Gen. Pharao'sdream mentionsPharao's Averroesmentions XII). In 41; Qur~an, (Gen. 41; Qur'an,Sura 1, 56.5-8; herecalls No. subsequent passage recallsHercules' Hercules' No. 19) 56.5-8;Appendix, 19) he Appendix, passage(Blumberg (Blumbergl, subsequent of in the dream the (lost) Arabicversion versionof has shown, as Pines Pines has dreamwhich, shown,figured figuredin (lost) Arabic which,as be added: AvicenDe To to motifmay added: Avicento this thismotif To the thesources sourcestestifying Divinatione. De Divinatione. maybe testifying na's 177.11-14. ed. Rahman, De Anima, Rahman,177.11-14. Anima,ed. na's De 68 AI-Risiila an also states that an 68 106 if.) states that cit., pp. ff.)also pp. 106 (Pines, Ope op. cit., al-Manlmiyya (Pines, Al-Risala al-Maniimiyya inboth interpreter of and particular andethnically universal versedin bothuniversal be versed ofdreams dreamsmust mustbe ethnically particular interpreter 75. customs (as See also also Kister, and opinions. customsand wellas as individual) cit.,p. Kister,op. p. 75. op. cit., opinions.See individual) (as well

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n'~'pi1i1 n~'T~ 0"" ~'''37i1 O"'~'~ o,~n~ i137"'" 37"ln N~tv i1~i1 .", , ~ N Ex,nN i1::t," N~ ON i137"'" '~~"N 37"l~ i1"i1 ON i1Ttv "£)~ 'N'~~ N'i1 n'~'tON'i1 cursus VI n~""n~i1 ,n~o~ '~'i1 i1T 37'" N~ 'tON~tO i1T' i137"'" il~tOn~il N'P"tO ON p,,::t N'i1 o,~n:1 " 37"~' i1T~ l"tOi1tv i1~ ON i137"'" ,,::tN l"N ,n'N"::t~ 360 ,tv£)N i1"i1" N~tO 37~'~ 37~~" N~tv N~N 80 ,~~ i1~tOn~ ,~ ,~ il"i1n ~~N N' n'~'pi1i1 n'37::t~N~ ~'" i1"n,~o~ 0""~'''37i1 O"'~'~ i137"'" o,~n~ 37"lntO 0**2199 DitP pr 19X~U 01902 9AW' 'P ;1930 nl $"~1nlni7~ ttti~ 5tity "~£)~ .,~ i1T' n'~'tvN'i1 n'~'pi1~ i1ltDi1i1 c,~n~ 1~ Cl »""ntv, n'~'tvN'i1 i1t037"tv ,tv£)N i1"i1 i1tO~ni1 '''tv,n~ tD""'~ N'i1 '~N~ i1~"tv~ i1N'" O'Ni1tv n'37"'''i1~ "'37n", n~,,~ i1'T" n'''~'''~'il n",::ti1' n'tvn'~i1 '~N~ ~~tOi1 365 tv£)~i1 '£)0:1 'N~ni1 ,~~ "~ "37' .n,,~,n Ci1~ '''~'''' Ci1i1 n'~'tvN'i1 i1~ l£)'N~' i1~ l!)'N~ NtD'~i1 n",,~~ "~N""i1i1 ~~to, 0i1 n'''~'''~'i1 n"'~i1tO N~ il~il i1~"tvi1 n37:1 O~tv ,n," l'''~'i1 ~37'£) i1"i1tO "£)~' 81 37"~~i1 n" ,,~~ n'''~'''~'i1 n"'~i1 '~N~ ~~tOi1 l'''~'i1 TN 37"~"tv ,tv£)N i1"i1" N~tv 37~'~ 37~~" n,~~tv'~~ i1"tvi1i1 on'37::t~N~' n'~'tvN'i1 n'37"'''~ i1ltvi1i1 37 370 3 i137"i1i1 i1~"37:1 N#'8 N"i1 i137"i1i1 .,~ ,n,~ i1T7'tl"N' cn'37::t~N~ 0197128 n'37"~i1 DN $* ;1Pfni~;It*SS 89110t nNT it ON l;118 (N1 0019280 i1Ttv i1".,tD i1~tO' •,to£)~~ 'N'~~ i1T' i1"i1n '~"37~ ,nN '::t~' f"Pi1~ i1"i1n ,tvN "on 'tDN ~~to i1N'~ ,~n~NtO N'i1 37~~~ '~~"N t:n~n~ ~~tOi1 nltOi1~ 1"~37i1 'tvN~ ,~n~Ntv' i1~~tv ,n," ~~tvi1 nltvi1 i1"i1n C"tv,ni1 n,,~ '~"'37~ i1'P ,:1, 1~ Cl i1T' I .i1~"tv~ i1~" ,~, ,~~ i1'P" O""j'''37i1 C"'~'~ ,~",~ni1 375 N295 i1"i1 ~"" i1T~' 82.c,~n:1 n£),~~ C""j'''37 C"~"~37 ,~"tDi1tO ~'" n,~, C"~37£) ,~~ N~ ,~n~Ntv N~N i1N'~j~ C""~'''37i1 C"'~'i1 '~N n"tvi1 N"~~~37"""tO 'to£)N MN$ ns193DIfNntu;tD NT~f 11~t DWW KD lS~~ttN'W DINW121@#1019'TW l~ '~'i1 i1"i1 CNtD n'~'tvN'i1 n'37"'''i1 n'37::t~N n~'T~ i1T ,,,.,tv" Ci1tO '~N~ C3737,~ni1 i1"i1" "~'N ~~N 83 C,ptv ,~~ i1,on i137"'" i1T~ cn37"'" i1n"i1 84. C"tO~Ni1 'NtO i1~~~ '3737,~n"tO i1~~ n,~p~ n'~N~ n~37'£)i1 i137"'''i1~ 380 •"N"~i1~ ,~ '~""i1tv i1~ ~N ~,to~, 80 See 80 Mill)amot, 102.5-6. between knowledge (episteme) See Milhamot, 102.5-6.On thedifference On the difference between knowledge (epistimi) and Anal. Post., Post., I, ff. and opinion see Aristotle, 88b30ff. Anal. Aristotle, opinion(doxa), I, xxxiii, xxxiii,88b30 (doxa),see 81 Cf. De 81 De Anima, Anima, III, Cf.Aristotle, 431b3-5. Aristotle, III, vii, vii,431a14-18; 431a14-18;431b3-5. 82 Restated 82 Mill)amot, 103.3-6. in Milbhamot, 103.3-6. Restatedin 83 See 83 in Mill)amot, 103.7-17. in Milghamot, 103.7-17. See the thefuller fullerstatement statement 84 See 84 p. 453 See Touati, 453 f., 11. n. 11. f.,n. Touati,Ope op. cit., cit.,p.

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[25] [25]

,"K'

GERSONIDES' GERSONIDES' COMMENTARY COMMENTARY ON ON AVERROES AVERROES

i1T i1~~'

25 25

i1T i1~'" O"i"'~i1 n,~,"n:l '~':l' ':l~ i1~i1 ~~[60.8-59.10] ',~, 1[60.8-59.101 ')11 wti

59.8

CRITICAL CRITICAL ApPARATUS APPARATUS

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[27] [27]

GERSONIDES' ON AVERROES AVERROES GERSONIDES'COMMENTARY COMMENTARY ON

27 27

ApPENDIX: APPENDIX:

Passages of of the the Averroes Averroes Text Text not not recorded recorded Passages in Gersonides' Commentary in Gersonides'Commentary

rn

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mrx ?x v1-1 rn i obniv -v"m jipn 4-17nn

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[28]

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