The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Text and Plates) (Supplementary Volume)

THE MINOAN UNEXPLORED MANSION AT KNOSSOS TEXT BY M.R. POPHAM WITH J. H. BETTS M. CAMERON H. W. AND E. A. CATLING D. EVELY R. A. HIGGINS D. SMYTH and others

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1984

©M. R. Popham 1984

Printedin Great Britainat the Alden Press,Oxford

Contents Preface

PAGE

Abbreviations 1. The Excavationby M. R. Popham 2. The Architecture by D. SmythwithM. R. Pophamand K. McFadzean 3. The Frescoesby M. Cameron

1 99 127

4. The Potteryby M. R. Popham 5. The Sealstonesand SealingbyJ. H. Betts

151

6. The TerracottaFigurinesby R. A. Higgins

197

7. The Bronzesand Metalworking Equipmentby H. W. and E. Catling 8. The OtherFindsof Stone,Clay,Ivory,Faience,Lead etc by D. Evely

203

187

223 261

9. Summaryand Conclusionsby M. R. Popham NOTES to Sections1-9

265

Appendices 1. The LM II PlantRemainsby G. Jones

303

2. The AnimalBones by O. Bedwin

307

3. The HumanSkeletonsbyJ. H. Musgrave

309

Abbreviations AAA AC ^ AE AEMI

AthensAnnalsofArchaeology J. D. S. Pendelbury,TheArchaeologyof Crete.London, 1939 Deltion,Athens Archaiologikon

Archaiologiki Ephemeris,Athens A. Lucas and J. R. Harris,AncientEgyptianMaterialsand Industries. London (4th ed.) 1962 AF K. P. Foster,AegeanFaience of theBronzeAge. New Haven, 1979 AGDS AntikeGemmenin DeutchenSammlungen APG M. S. F. Hood, The Artsin PrehistoricGreece.London, 1978 AR ArchaeologicalReports, published annually by the Society for the Promotionof HellenicStudiesand the BSA BEFAR J. C. Porsat,Les IvoiresMycéniens.Paris,1977 kenisch Kultur, H. Matthäus, Die Bronzegefàsseder Kretisch-My BKMW Munich 1980 Band Prähistorische 1, Bronzefunde,AbteilungII, CN A. J. Evans, 'Minoan Weightsand Mediumsof Currency',in Corolla Numismática,London, 1906 CBMW H. W. Catling,CypriotBronzeworkin theMycenaean World,Oxford 1964 Β Ε. Mylonas,Ο TaphikosKuklosΒ tonMukenon,Athens,1972 G. Circle V. Ε. G. Kenna,CretanSeals, Oxford1960 CS DPK M. R. Popham,The Destructionof thePalace at Knossos; SIMA XII. Lund, 1970 Ch. Tsountas,I ProistorikaiAkropoleisDiminiou kai Seskloi.Athens, DS 1908 Europa: Festschrift fürErnstGrumach,ed. W. C. Brice,1967 Europa GCA K. Davaras,Guide to CretanAntiquities,NewJersey,1976 GGFR J. Boardman,GreekGemsand FingerRings.London, 1970 R. A. Higgins,Greekand RomanJewellery.London, 1981 GRJ Guida L. Pernierand L. Banti,Guida degliScavi Italianiin Creta,Rome 1047 HT C. Singer,Ε. J. Holyardand A. R. Hall (editors),A Historyof TechnologyVol. 1 (corrected).Oxford,1965 Int. S.C. Theral Acta of the 1st InternationalScientificCongresson the volcano of Thera,Athens1971 Int. S.C. TheraII Theraand theAegeanWorld,London 1978 and 1980 in theAncientNear East, 1965 Interconnections W. StevensonSmith,Interconnections Y. Tzedhakisand A. Kanta,KastelliHanion 1966, Rome 1978 Kastelli St. Alexiou, YsterominoikoiTaphoi Limenos Knosou (Katsamba), Katsambas Athens,1967 KCron KretikaChronika

ABBREVIATIONS

KFA KMS KnossosSurvey KWS LDPK MSV NP Outils PKU PM Praktika PTK PylosII SAT SM TalismanicStone TDA Techniques TEM Thera The LM HI Period Thesauri TirynsII TT VMT VTM Zakro

M. A. S. Cameronand M. S. F. Hood (eds.), SirArthurEvans9Fresco Atlas, 1967 J. C. Poursat, 'L'atelier de seaux de Mallia etc' in Die KretischmykenischeGlyptik.Munich,1974 S. Hood and D. Smyth,ArchaeologicalSurveyof the Knossos Area, BSA Suppl. Vol. 1981 H-G. Buchholz, Kriegswesen,Teil 2 (ArchaeologiaHomérica I.E.2). Gottingen,1980 M. R. Popham, The Last Days of the Palace at Knossos, SIMA V. Lund 1964 P. M. Warren, MinoanStone Vases.Cambridge,1969 L. Savignoni,'Scavi e scopertenella Necropolidi Phaestos'inMA XIV (1904) J. Deshayes,Les Outilesde Bronze de VIndusau Danube, Paris1960 R. M. Dawkins, The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavation(1902-1906), BSA Suppl. Paper 1. London, 1923 A. J. Evans,ThePalace ofMinos. London, 1921-1936 Eteraias Praktikatisen AthenaisArchaiologikis Α. J. Evans, The Prehistorictombs of Knossos' in Archaeologia59 printed,London 1906. (1906) pp. 391-562 and independently M. B. Lang, The Palace of Nestorat PylosII, The Frescoes,1969 R. J. Forbes,Studiesin AncientTechnology,Vol. IV Leiden, 1956 vonMykenai.Munich,1930 G. Karo,Die Schachtgräber V. Kenna, The CretanTalismanicStone in theLate BronzeAge, Lund, 1969 A. J. Evans, The Tomb of the Double Axes etc' in Archaeologia65 (1914) pp. 1-94 J. Shaw, Minoan Architecture:Materialsand Techniques,Annuario 49(1971) J. Hazzidakis,Tylissosά VèpoqueMinoenne,Paris,1921 S. Marinatos,Excavationsat TheraI-VII, Athens1968-1976 A. Kanta, The Late Minoan HI Period in Crete,A surveyof Sites, SIMA LVIII, Göteborg1980 Potteryand theirDistribution, Elladikoi Thesauroi,Athens1972 Ysteromukenaikoi Th. Spyropoulos, G. Rodenwaldt,TirynsII: Die Freskendes Palastes,1912 R. Hampe and A. Winter,Bei Töpfernund Töpferinnenin Kreta, Messenienund Zypern.Maintz,1962 J. Hazzidakis,Les VillasMinoennesde Tylissos.Etudes Cretoisesiii, 1934 S. A. Xanthoudides,The Vaulted Tombs of theMessara.Liverpool, 1924 N. Platon,Zakros: To Neon MinoikanAnakteron.Athens,1974

In catalogueentries; D = diameter H = height Th = thickness

W = width AH measurements are in centimetres.

Preface The 'UnexploredMansion' was Evans's provisionalname forthe buildingwhichhe found but did not excavate: despite the illogicality,its title,now firmlyestablished,has been retained. The imposingfacade he uncovered,and perhapsits intriguing name, have led several on listof intended the School's had been its excavation which to consider long archaeologists of School the Committee in the at Knossos. approved Managing projects Eventually, 1967, its explorationundermy directionwhenI was AssistantDirector,and, subsequently,agreed that this should continueafterI had moved to a post at the Universityof Cincinnati.My colleagueon otherexcavations,HughSackett,readilyacceptedto undertakeand publishthe excavationof the considerabledepthof Roman constructionsabove the Mansion,whileI was studyingthe findsfromour digat Lefkandi;I am mostgratefulto himnot onlyforthis in the but also duringthe excavationof the Mansionitself,when he helpedme throughout a complexand productivedig. day-to-day problemsof directing Investigationof the Minoan levels began in 1968, was interruptedfor two years by emergencyexcavationsat Lefkandi,and was completedin 1972 and 1973 apart froma short season in 1977 to tidy up the area and to investigatethe platformsouth of the Mansion. Study of the findsand preparationof thisfinalreporthave takensome tenyears,again with an interruptionfor emergencyexcavation at Lefkandi.This would have taken far longerbut for severalcolleagueswho have generouslyundertakenvarious aspects of the excavationand its findsof whichtheyhad expertknowledge.Despite manyothercommitmentsHector Catlingwith his wife Elizabeth agreedto studythe bronze objects and the frescomaterial,John foundryequipment.Mark Cameron took on the very fragmentary theanimalbones werestudied Betts the seals and ReynoldHigginsthe terracottafigurines; by MikeJarmanand Owen Bedwin,thehumanremainsbyJonathanMusgraveand theplant called - though remainsby GlynisJones.The massof Otherfinds',as theyare conveniently the termhardlyreflectstheirimportance- was accepted by Don Evely who was studying Minoantechnology. Duringthe excavation,Ken McFadzean was architect,planned thebuildingand made a catalogue of those buildingblocks which we decided to retain.Whenhe was not freeto writean account of the architecture, David Smythagreedto take over thistask withmy he also the assistance; many supplemented originalplans and elevations,as well as correcting of myerrorsin theexcavationreportand helpingto clarifyit. The various contributors,who have each prepared their own cataloguesof objects, accepted with greattolerancemy decision to incorporatetheirdescriptionsinto lists of Room Contentsratherthan keep themas separatespecialisedcatalogues,even thoughthis meant renumbering and some rewriting. Whereobjects have no clearMinoan contextor a have been Misc. post-Minoanone, they given (miscellaneous)numbersand are listedat the end of thesectionto whichtheybelong. In writingup the finalaccount of the digging,I have reliedheavilyon the excavation notebooks and plans, and have appreciatedthe care withwhichtheywere kept,oftenin

PREFACE

Theirnamesare listedat theend, difficultcircumstances, by the varioustrenchsupervisors. I here of if Sackett and CressidaRidley,thisis because make mention and, Hugh special were work. of hard and had the lion's share they presentthroughout The balance between overwhelming detail and brevityis a difficultone in a reportof this kind. If I have erredon the side of conciseness,the detailsand observationsomitted remainavailablein theexcavationnotebookskeptin theSchool's archivesin Athens. My study of the potterycould not have been so fullyillustratedbut forthe skilland for PetrosPetrakis,althoughI mustbearresponsibility patienceof theSchool's vase-mender were made Oliver by paintingthe restoreddecoration.The initialpot notes and catalogues Dickinson,Don Evely, Elizabeth Schofieldand PennyMountjoy.If the catalogueentries are at timesless than ideally full,thisis due to all the vases beingrequiredby Heraklion Museumbeforetheirstudywas completed.A fullerrecordof thestoragejars had been made and by PhilipMudd while studyingthesepots, and he has kindlywrittentheirdescriptions theaccountof them. Throughoutthe excavationand study,the ManagingCommitteeprovidedthenecessary funds,fromits own resourcesand fromgenerousgrantsmade by the BritishAcademy. Support and encouragementhave been unfailinglygivenby the School's Directors,Peter Megaw, Peter Fraser and Hector Catling,while the Departmentof Classics at Cincinnati me Universityand subsequentlythe Universityof Oxfordhave been generousin granting time for excavationand research.Not least,I gladlyacknowledgemy appreciationof the constanthelp givenus by the thenEphor in Crete,StylianosAlexiou, and by his staffin HeraklionMuseum. Even withall thisassistance,thesuccessof a complicatedexcavationgreatlydependson and at Knossos we wereblessedwith the skillof those workmenwho do the initialdigging, a devoted team of Knossians havinga wealth of long experienceand, usually,endless patience. In dedicatingthis book to our Foreman, Antoni Zidianakis,I should like to acknowledgenot only his contributionbut that,too, of the otherKnossianworkmenwho helpedme, some of whom,alas, are no longerwithus. A preliminary account of the excavationas a whole, includinga reporton the postMinoan occupation of the site by L. H. Sackett, appeared in ArchaeologicalReportsfor account the next year. Two vases with 1972-3 pp. 51-7, with a shortsupplementary Linear Β inscriptionshave been fullypublishedand illustratedin Kadmos 8 (1969) 43-5 and 15 (1976) 102-7. In addition,variousscientificstudieshave been carriedout on some of the excavation finds.Metal objectshave been analysedby R. E. Jonesand theresultspublishedby himand H. W. Catlingin Archaeometry19 (1977) pp. 57-66; other analysesby N. Gale will be Research Clay analysesof somevasesweremade by theOxfordUniversity publishedshortly. those results at in School for and the Athens; (mostlyinconclusive) Laboratory Archaeology will be included by R. E. Jones in Greek and CypriotPottery,A Review of Scientific BSA publication.Some analysesof the frescoesare includedin an Studies, a forthcoming articleby M. A. S. Cameron,R. E. Jonesand S. E. Philippakisin BSA 72 (1977) 121-184. Pumice specimensfromthe Mansion have been studied and publishedby H. Pichlerand W. Schieringwith H. H. Schock in AA (1980) pp. 1-35. Carbon 14 dates forfourwood

PREFACE

of Pennsylvania are givenby theUniversity samples(two probablyCupressussempervirens) LM II in of wood burnt by publishedin Radiocarbon 20 (1978) 211-2, and threeothers theHannoverLaboratory(unpublished)gaveresultsof 3300 ± 65, 3250 ± 95 and 3365 ± 50 yearson theLibbyhalflife. Studiesoftheplantremains,humanskeletonsand animalbones (of the 1972-3 seasons) appearhereas Appendices1-3. for illustrations have been made in the Plate Volume. I am again Acknowledgements Helen of Wilkinson theInstituteof Archaeologyat Oxfordformuchhelp on the gratefulto roomplansincludedhere. Personnel: Foreman,AntoniZidianakis; ExcavationSupervisors,Hugh Sackett (1968, 1972), Cressida Ridley (1968, 1972), Roger Howell (1968), Elizabeth and GeoffreyWaywell (1968), RichardHeyhoe (1972), DyfriWilliams(1972-3), John Younger(19/r2);ApothekeStaff, Petros Petrakis (vase-mender1968, 1972-3 and many study seasons), Mark Cameron (1968), OliverDickinson(1968), ElizabethSchofield(1968), Don Evely (1973-4), Penny Mountjoy(1972), AngelaWales(1972); Assistants,R. Beaton (1972), M. J. Parker(1977). MervynPopham LinacreCollege,Oxford.

Section1 The Excavation (Plans,PLATES 1-3 and fold-out;sections,PLATES 9-14; viewsPLATES 15-42) M. R. POPHAM

Introduction Room A Room B Rooms C and D, and CorridorE CorridorF StaircaseG PillarHall H StaircaseJ/K CorridorL Room M StaircaseΝ and O Room P Room Q NorthCorridor NorthPlatform South Corridor South Platform

Page 1 3 5 7 14 15 16 40 41 53 69 76 88 89 93 94 97

INTRODUCTION The UnexploredMansionwas discoveredby Evansin 1908 when,continuinghis excavation of the LittlePalace, he examinedthe space W. of it. It was then thathe uncoveredthe E. facade, PLATE 16b, and was impressedby its "magnificentlimestoneconstruction";he surmised,too, rightlyas we shall see, that the two butresseswhichcan be seen projecting fromthe facade towardsthe Little Palace, "may have been an actual bridgebetweenthe two buildings".1 At the same time he made two tests behind the Mansion's facade and cleared the elevatedarea SE of it, PLATE 17a, wherehe clearlyencounteredwalls. In his accountsof the Little Palace no mentionis made of these tests and the platformis leftbare on the publishedplans,whichdo, however,show two stretchesof wallingwithinthebuilding,one witha gypsumdoorjamb.2

2

THE EXCAVATION

The deep accumulationof lateroccupationabove the Mansionwas, no doubt, a severe deterrentto its furtherexcavation,but Evansmayalso havebeen discouragedby the results of his tests,neitherof whichwould have givena trueindicationof thebuilding'sunusually richcontents. The site remainedunexploreduntil 1967, apart fromthe diggingof a tunnelalong the N. wall of thebuildingin 1940 and the clearance,duringthewar,by Germanexcavators of partof a Romanhouse above theN. end of theMansion.3 Excavation of the Mansion itselfwas completedin threeseasons. The first,in 1968, followeda previousseason when the post-Minoanremainswere excavatedby Mr. Sackett, recorded and removed.The area investigatedlay to the northof Section 3 (PLATE 2), comprisingthe N. sector of the building,the North Corridorand the North Platform (the roomslaterdesignatedas A, B, C, D, most of J/Kand E, togetherwithNC and NP on the plan at PLATE lb).4 In the second and thirdseasons,in 1972 and 1973, whichagain followeda previousyear'sexcavationof thepost-Minoanremains,theregionS. of Section 3 was uncovered,comprisingthe remainderof the Mansion (Rooms G- Q and the South Corridor,SC). A furthershort season in 1977 was spent in furtherexplorationof the S. Corridor,in removingthe debriswhichhad accumulatedon the S. Platform(SP) and in extendingslightlythe area excavatedthereby Evans in orderto followup thewallsshown in his photographs.They turned out to be an extension of the Roman 'House of the Diamond Fresco' thoughunder them were found traces of a previousMinoan building, PLATE 4a.5 The Unexplored Mansion, to retain its establishedif now inappropriatetitle, was revealedto be a largeLate Minoanbuilding,unusuallyregularin plan and rectangular except fora slightjog in its southernwall,PLATES 1-2. It is set into a deep cuttingmade into the rock whose surfaceat the back of the buildingis about level with the top of the lower storey.The other threeexposed sides of the Mansionare faced withfinelydressedashlar masonrywhich,in the case of the wall facingthe Little Palace is recessedin fourshallow steps or set-backs.To the north,a flaggedpassagewaydividesthe buildingfroma raised platformor terrace,while outside its south face a narrowearthramp originallyascended fromthe court situatedbehindthe Little Palace, beforeit was blocked off.South of this passageway,anotherraisedplatformprojectsoutward,closerto the LittlePalace. The Mansionmeasuressome 24 by 14.5 m, coveringabout a thirdof the area occupied the more scatteredcomplex of the adjacentLittle Palace whichdiffersconsiderablyin by its alignment.Much of the buildingwas severelydamagedby firein LM II. Now it is best preservedon the west,whereseveralwalls of the lower storeystillstand to ceilingheight; but in the north,pits have destroyedconsiderableparts of the building,even removing the foundationcourse in a few places with evidence for a possible entranceat thisend. Therewas,however,an approachby a bridgefromtheLittlePalace; forEvans'ssurmisethat thisexistedwas shownto be correctby our findingof a doorwayin theE. facadebetween thetwo projectingbuttresses(PLATE 38c). The groundplan of the Mansion comprisesbasicallythreesectors: in the northand south, a series of rooms openingoff one side of a corridor,while the centralportionis mainlyoccupiedby a pillarhall: each sectorhas its own stairwayleadingto theupperfloor. As will be seen, the buildingwas constructedin LM IA, afterthe adjacentLittlePalace, but was not completed.It was firstoccupiedin LM II thoughnot in themanneritsplanners was one of the purposesit was made to serve.Withinthe had envisaged;bronze-working same period, around 1425 BC, a fireso seriouslydamagedthe structurethatmuch of its

THE EXCAVATION

3

upper floorcollapsed.The centraland southernsectorswerethenleftin ruinsbut muchof the northernpart was cleared out, patchedup and reoccupied.This sectorcontinuedto be occupied until LM IIIB when it was abandoned and the area in generalneglectedforthe remainderof the Late BronzeAge. THE EXCAVATION The account of the excavationwill follow in alphabeticalorder the lettersgivento the various rooms, corridorsand staircaseswithinthe building,beginningat the northern sector,the reoccupiedregion,precededby the NorthCorridoroutside.The centralportion southern will thenbe considered,principallythe PillarHall (H), followedby theremaining, sectorincludingthe South Corridor.Finallyan account will be givenof the two elevated areasoutsidetheMansion,theNorthand South Platforms. At the end of the account of each room,corridoror area is appendeda catalogueof its contents,accompaniedby plans givingthelocationof the findsin thoseregions(the central and southernsectors) where this is of importance.In these catalogues,the plotted finds appear first,followed by those not plotted, the latter being mainly vases which were restoredlaterfromsherds,or objectsnot thoughtworthplottingat the timeof excavation. These listshave been assembledfromthe specialisedcataloguespreparedby the authors responsibleforthe sectionsdealingwiththevariouscategoriesof finds. The potteryillustratedis necessarilyselective,witha strongbias in the case of the N. sectortowardsdecoratedpotterywhichis more susceptibleto chronologicalclassification. It must be stated,also, that in nearlyall areas, some half of the sherdswere of MM III/ LM IA character,clearlyout of contextand withno joins; thesehave been ignoredas having originatedin wall and floorfills.6 There is some inconsistencyon plans and sectionsas to the conventionsused. On the mainplans at PLATES 2-4 and the fold-outat the end, gypsumblocks have been givena dottedfill,as too on PLATE 8 and FIG. 7. Elsewhere,gypsumis indicatedby a half-moon areas of mudbrick,and cross-hatching (or crescent)fill, with heavier dottingsignifying carbon. This account will inevitablyduplicate to some extent that givenin the architectural detailsare describedmorefullyand discussedthere. sectionthough,in general,architectural Both sectionsshouldbe consultedto obtaina completepicture. Room A (PLATE 20a and e) All but the foundationsof the N. wall and of the NW cornerof theroomhad been robbed by a pit which had also removedthe adjacent fill,leavingonly a smallpartundisturbed againstthe betterpreservedE. and S. walls,PLATE 10a, Section 2. This consistedof loose of gypsum;over brownearthcontainingstonesof mediumsize, includinga few fragments In the kouskouras. of thiswas a layerof harderyellow soil, seeminglya wash disintegrated while in its of paintedwall plaster,mostly fillwere scatteredfragments mainly upperpart, at a deeperlevel,below the stones,occurredpartsof two stirrup jars, a coarseversionand a cover,PLATE 105a- c and e, of which squat one in fineware,and partof an incense-burner the latestof the fewdecoratedsherds These and only the firstwas anythinglike complete. LM IIIB to the with them appear to belong phase thoughperhapsnot late in it ('C on PLATE 105fandg-h).

4

THE EXCAVATION

The fillof the room could be dividedfairlyclearlyinto two mainlevels,theupperwith stones and plaster (PLATE 10a, Section level 2), and the lower of softbrownearthwith vase fragments (level3). Althoughwe attemptedat severalstagesto definea floorwithinthe it seems best to soil changes which occurred,none could be convincinglydistinguished; regardthe contentsof the room as a slowlyaccumulatedfillor dump,the stone fall and plasterbeing,perhaps,a latercollapse fromwhat remainedstandingof an upperfloor.Nor underwas thereany indicationof an LM II destructionin thisroom.The layerimmediately neath (level 4) containeda fragmentary cup and few decoratedsherds(PLATE 105d and Ά- B' on 105f). Below this,and immediatelyabove the levelledrock,was a shallowlevel (level 5) of darkerbrown soil with yellow patches with an area of burningin the centre of the room; the sherdswere LM IA. A testwas made in theNW cornerwherea depression in therockhad been filledin; it producedsherdsof MM ΠΙ/LM IA. It is likelythattheroom was unflooredin LM IA and remainedunfinishedthoughits walls had been plastered,as shownby tracesof whitelimestilladheringin places to theS. wall. The originalpurpose of the room is uncertain.It mighthave been no more than a cupboardor storeforthe adjoiningRoom B, or it could have supplieda meansof entryinto the buildingfrom the W. end of the N. Corridor,evidencefor which would have been removedby thesevererobbingof theN. wall. had been A roughblockingwall,restingon two preservedflagsof the originalthreshold, in its insertedin the doorwayinto Room B, PLATE 23a- b; the few sherds upper courses LM included two which are probablyLM ΠΙΑ 2, while two othersof II/IIIA 1 typewere found around the originalthresholdblocks, givinga terminuspost quern for the initial blocking.It is difficultto see how the room could have been enteredand used afterthis door was blocked, since even if therewas anotherentranceinto it throughthe N. wall, approachto it was preventedby the LM IIIA 1 debriswhichfilledtheNorthCorridor. RoomContents handle. A 1 Cup, 1 hnd,dec, PLATES 105d and 115,8. H. 5.8; D. rim10.2. About 1/5lostincluding lustrous rather red-brown Globularwithringbase. Fine yellow-buff paint. slip, yellow-cream clay, 'S's; solidpainted groupof bodybands;zone of interlocking Lip and base band withintermediate interior. 72/P366. A 2 Stirrup jar, dec, PLATE 105a- b. H. 27.5; D. base 8.5. Banded,withflowerson shoulderandwavy bandaroundbody.Rathercoarsebuffclay,lightpink/orange paint.68/P55. slip,red/orange A 3 Stirrup jar, dec, PLATES 105c and 115,7. Spout,mostof handleand fewbodysherdslost.H. ext. paint.Bodyandbasebands; 8; D. max.14. Finegreenish lightbuffclayand slip,darkbrownfugative ofbase. 72/P367. on shoulder;spiralon underside Flowers,whorlshellandhatchedstreamer A 4 Bronzerod. L. 5.5; D. 0.5. Splitand whollyoxydised.Probablyshaftof lighttool.68/178.Section level.3. D. at top PLATES 216,7 left;229,7. L. 15.3; W. 6.4; Th. 1; internal A 5 Stonefrag,of ?conicalrhyton, trefoils. 12. Alabaster',creamyveined.Body frag,carvedin low reliefwithpatternof interlocking MSV Type34A. 68/113.On edgeof Geo pit. withchlorite, 0.45. Serpentine A 6 Stoneconicalbead, PLATE 219,1. Η 1.6; D. 1.6 to 1.1, ofstringhole wornat edges.68/94.Sectionlevel2. streak.Slightly withblue-green green-grey 0.45. Glassy-faience, pearlygreyexterior A 6a Faiencespherical bead,PLATE 225,15.D. 1.5, of stringhole overgreycore.Fragmented. 68/168.To Geo. 0.2. Glassyfaience, A 6b Faiencestemmed'button',PLATES 225,14; 232,27.H. 1.2; D. 1.8,of stringhole 68/107.To Geo. partofheadmissing. greyandfriable.In decayedcondition, A 7 Stone whetstone, plaque, PLATE 227,17. L. 10.2; W. 4.4; Th. 1.1; Wt. lOOgm.Purpleslate.Recwithwell squaredfaces,polishedwithtracesofabrasivewearon sides.68/123.Sectionlevel tangular 2. flattype,PLATE 230,19.L. 6; W.4.2; Th. 1.5. Blackwithdarkbrownpatches A 8 Stoneaxe, 'neolithic',

THE EXCAVATION

5

and speckling;ground with good polish. Cutting edge undamaged but slightlychipped elsewhere. 68/155. Section level 3. A 9 Faience sphericalbead, PLATE 232,18. D. 1.2, of stringhole0.15. Beige-whiteexterior,pure white powderyinterior.Slightlychipped. 68/111. On edge of Geo pit. A 10 Clay sphericalbead, PLATES 224,15; 232,10; H. 1.3; D. 1.6, of stringhole0.2. Red with small grit. Slightlyfriable;surfacepitted. 68/132. PLMII-IIIA. A 11 Clay sphericalloomweight.6.8 X 6.7. 4 grooves.68/136. PLMII-IIIA. A 12 Clay sphericalloomweight.5.8 X 5.5. 68/147. LM IA. Section level 5.

In additionto cataloguedfinds,Section 2 level 3 containedthe incense-burner lid and sherdsat PLATE 105e, 'C on f, and g-h; level 4 the sherdsat Ά-Β' on PLATE 105f. The frescofragments are describedin the sectionof frescoes.There were also 8 recorded and flakes of obsidian,see PLATE 2 Hi andj. blades frags, Room Β (PLATE 20b and f) The room was best preservedto the south wherein places it standsto near ceilingheight, whereasof theN. wall onlythe firstcourseand one block of the second survive.The fillhad been extensivelydisturbedby pits,one of whichhad removedseveralcoursesof the central portionof the W. wall, whilea second,largerand deeper,had robbed the E. wall, in one place even of its foundationcourse.Moreovera Classicalwell had penetratedthroughthe floorneartheN. wall. Disintegrated pisée witha considerablestone fallconstitutedmuchof theremainingfill of the room (PLATE 10a Section 2 level 6), whichin theleast disturbedregion,in theSW, formeda mound of debris,amongwhichwas a largestone trough,Β 5, PLATE 24a. It is of probablethatthis debris,whichincludedsome largeashlarblocks and severalfragments gypsumpaving,was collapse fromuppercoursesof the walls,togetherwiththe flooringand clay-bondedstone walls of the upper storey.The cause of the collapse is unclear.Signs of firewere few: the more or less verticalmatrixof a circularbeam,some 20 cm in diameter, containingsome charcoal,was preservedjust S. of the doorwayinto Room A, and a burnt area was noted nearby;thiswas thoughtat the time of excavationto be possiblya fallen beam since some of the charcoal was surroundedby fragmented burntclay. Elsewhere, of burnt wood were In noted in the stone debris. patches clearing general,however,the soil did not resemblethat which resultsfroma violentconflagration. Abandonmentand slow disintegration of the buildingwould suit the evidencebest, thoughsome firedamage cannot be excluded and mightaccount for a considerableamount of charcoal found in places over the latest clay floor (level 7). This charcoal,however,may equally well have originatedfroman open hearthsuggestedby a burntarea of flooroppositethe entranceinto Room A. The clay floor lay immediatelyabove the originalflooringwhich consistedof thin gypsumslabs,foundin a verydecayedcondition,runningthelengthof the roomwitha clay surroundagainstthe E. and W. walls.On cleaningthisfloor,two cistswererevealed,both of gypsumand ill-preserved (PLATE 24c). The northernone containedmuch ash, thoughtto have derivedfromthe hearthmentionedabove, while the otherwas filledwithsoftblack earthcontainingsome sherd. Before the finalabandonmentof the room,a roughblockingwall withearthpacking had been constructedin the entrancefromCorridorΕ (PLATE 24b); a similarblockingof the doorwayinto Room A has been describedin the account of thatroom.On removalof this blocking,the decayed gypsumthresholdand jambs of the originaldoorway were revealed. Remnantsof a burnt timberupright,some 40 cm long and 14 cm wide, were

6

THE EXCAVATION

preservedoverthe easterndoorjamb,the resultof some firewhichmustpredatetheblocking of the door and the abandonmentof the room; it could well representsome extension into thisregionof the LM II firedestructionso markedin theS. partof theMansion.This same destructionmay also have led to the fillingin of the cists,since the potteryin the southernone consistedof a groupof LM II sherds,withone of LM IA (PLATE 106d group G), and LM II sherdswere the latest foundimmediatelyabove the gypsumfloor(PLATE 106c- d, groupsH and F). This would have been followedby the laying,or accumulation, of the clay floorand theblockingof the doorways.The potteryin thebuild-upbetweenthe gypsumpavingand the upper clay floor,includingthe floorcontents,was sparse,ranging fromLM ΠΙΑ 1 to perhapsan earlystageof IIIB but witha predominanceof LM ΠΙΑ 2. The blockingof the entryinto Room A, it has been suggested,took place afterLM 11/ IIIA 1 and could have happenedas late as LM ΠΙΑ 2 to judge fromthe sherdsin itsupper course. The potteryfound in the S. doorway blockingwas less, and not so indicative (PLATE 106c, group I), thoughthe latest sherdsfall withinthe LM IIIA 2 to IIIB stages. The entrancemay, however,have fallenout of use beforethat since on the otherside of the doorway,in CorridorE, therewas preservedwhatseemsto be partof the LM II destructiondebris. The date of the abandonmentand collapse of the room is farfromclear.Therewas no floordepositapartfroman unhelpfulconical cup and threestone 'buttons'(B 6-7 and 11). Untilthe finaldigginglevel,some 15 cm above the floor,thepotterycontinuedto containa considerablenumberof Geometricsherds,a fewpersistingeven into the finallevel. These clearlycame fromthe numerousdeep pits whichwe cannothave clearedout as completely as we thought.On the otherhand, in the uppermostlevelsmuch of thepotterywas LM II The of upper structures. and earlier,presumablyfromsubsequentwash and disintegration fromtwo vases sherdsfromthefinaldigginglevel(PLATE 106a, groupD) includefragments apparentlyIIIB in style but these cannot be entirelyrelied upon because of the slight contagion even of this level. More helpfulmay be the considerablyrestoredstirrupjar, PLATE 11Of-g, much of whichwas spreadin theupperlevelsassociatedwiththestonefall in this room, thoughits top was found in a similarcontextin Room D. Though precise it would seem to fitbest into LM IIIB thoughnot,perhaps,to its classificationis difficult, lateststage. Withthe blockingof both its doorways,no obviousentryinto theroomremains.It can only be suggestedthat,as happenedbetweenRooms C and D, a doorwaywas opened in the E. wall, linkingit with the reoccupiedN. part of Room C, whereany evidencehas been destroyedby the robbingwhichremovedeven some of the foundationcourseof theparty wall. RoomContents L. extended6.4; D. 0.3. Probablycomplete;fivejoiningpieces.Two armsbentat right Β 1 BronzePgraver. anglesto eachother;one endblunt,theotherpointed.Shaftofroundsection.68/181. Β 2 BronzePtinker's patch. L. extended6.1; D. of holes 0.55. Crumpledsheetwith3 holes.Eithera 68/167. patchorpartofa vesselmadeup ofseparatesheetsrivetedtogether. Β 3 Bronzedroplet.1.3 X 0.9 X 0.5. bothends. Β 4 Bronzemouldwire.L. 4.1; W.0.55; Th. 0.1. Incomplete Β 5 Stonetrough,ovoidand spouted,PLATE 212c. L. 92; W. 64; H. 14; depthofbasin12. Limestone, mediumhard,off-white. Irregularshape, almostpiriform.Rim brokenoppositespout,generally abradedand pitted.Spout (L.I 7) has 'IT profiledchannelwithtransverse groovejust beforeitstip. 72/450. 0.4. Steatitepale Β 6 Stoneconical'button',PLATE 218,7 topright.H. 1.3; D. at base 2.1, ofstringhole

THE EXCAVATION

7

grey,chipped. Edges of stringholeworn. 68/184. Stone conical 'button'. H. 1.5; D. at base 2.1, of stringhole0.3. Serpentine,grey-green.Worn and chipped but originalfacettingstilldetectable. 68/186. Β 8 Stone whetstone,grooved. L. 6.4; W. 4.6; Th. 0.7; Wt. 71 gm. Limestone,pale grey.Frag,of plaque withscratchesand roughlineardepressionalong one edge. 68/90. Β 9 Ivory 'pin', PLATES 221,20; 230,8. L. 9.2; D. 0.8. Probably ivory;brokenat point. Head has transversegroove (0.2 wide) and 2 drilledtransverseholes at point of fracture.68/119. Β 10 Clay pierced disc. D. 2.5; Th. 0.7-1; D. of stringhole0.3; Wt 8 gm. Beige clay red at centre,finewith few small inclusions.Cut down fromkylixstem. 68/57. Β 11 Clay conical 'button', PLATE 224,19. H. 1.3; D. of base 2.3, of stringhole0.25. Fine off-whiteto pink-beigeclay, burntgreyish.Polished. 68/185. Β 12 Faience spherical bead, PLATES 225,10; 232,20. D. 1, of stringhole0.25. Blue faience. Surface rough.68/116. Β7

In addition,an ordinaryconical cup was foundon the floor.The sherdsat PLATE 106 and of stonevases and two pieces theircontextsis discussedin theaccountabove. Six fragments of obsidian(a flakeand a blade) werecontainedin the fillof theroom. Rooms C and D, and CorridorΕ Initiallythese two rooms and corridormay be consideredtogethersince theyformedan The N. unit and the eventswhichbefellthemare also interconnected. intercommunicating end of both rooms was fillednearlyto the tops of the survivingwalls witha stone fall, (PLATE 10a Section 2), whichalso survivedalong much of theW. wall of Room C. To the south,the regionhad been severelydamagedby a largerobbingpit,or seriesof pits,which cut away any of the stone fallwhichmayhave spreadto thatarea and completelyremoved the end of the partywall betweenthe two roomstogetherwiththe doorjambs adjacentto it. Thispit extendedas faras the E. facadeof thebuildingwhereonlythe foundationcourse survivedand even thatwas in partremoved,(PLATE 11 Section 3). As a result,althoughit to thoseof Rooms Β and C, is likelythattherewas a doorwayinto Room D corresponding no evidenceat all for it remains.The main pit was filledwithrefusemostlyof the SubMinoan stagebut it is probablethatthe robbingtook place earlierat a stagein the LM IIIB sequence subsequentto the abandonmentof thebuilding.For it is at thistimethata spread of LM IIIB sherdswas depositedin theS. halfof theregion:thispotteryis veryfragmentary but includesa fairproportionof decoratedwareswhichclearlyresemblesthatin Pits3 and 4 on the N. Platform.7Laterstill,in Geometrictimes,surviving uppercoursesof theS. wall of CorridorΕ and partsof theW. wall of Room C wereremoved. and of usage of much of the rooms has This means thatevidenceof both architecture been destroyed.The N. ends of Rooms C and D had not been so disturbed.Here, at the latest stageof occupation,a doorwaythroughtheirpartywall gave access fromone room to the other,and both were filledwith a similarfall of stones,indicatingthat they,and probably Room Β also, with its correspondingfill,sufferedthe same end. Some of the fallenstoneswere wall blocks and a fewwere gypsumfloorslabs.8There were no obvious signsof destructionby fire,and a gradualfall fromthe upper coursesof the walls and, to judge fromthegypsumslabs,froman upperfloortoo, seemsthelikeliestexplanation. The abandonmentmay have been sudden since an animalaskos (C 8) and a femalecult figurine(C 6) were left behind: the former,lackingits head, lay smashedjust above the of the figurinewere scatteredhigherup in the floor of Room C, whereasthe fragments debrisof the same northernpart of the room,one piece beingin the doorway(PLATES 191b and 192b). The only vase with them was a miniatureconical cup, chronologically

8

THE EXCAVATION

unhelpful,which givesimportanceto a small depositin the adjacentN. end of Room D, and less easily dated thancould havebeen wished. thoughthe potteryis more fragmentary This pottery,too, lay some way above floorlevel, (PLATE 26e), and, like the figurine, presumablyfell froman upper floor.Only two vases were more or less whole, a storage stirrupjar with a painted Linear Β inscriptionon its shoulder(PLATE 110a- c) and a 'champagnecup'; therewere also pieces of two plain kylikes,a plain cup and a decorated kylix,the last with its double whorl-shelldesignbeingthe best evidenceforthe LM IIIB date of the deposit.On the floorin the same regionof Room D were an incompletemale plaincup. Another'champagnecup' was foundin figurine(PLATE 192a) and a fragmentary the doorwayin the samelevelas the maindeposit.9 Furtherchronologicalevidenceis scant.Decorated sherdsabove and on thelatestfloor in both rooms were remarkablyfew (PLATES 107a and 109c). Excludingthe usual high proportionof LM IA wash, theyrangefromLM II to IIIB (with two intrusiveSubminoan sherdsfromthe centralpit fill) and much the same is trueof the potteryabove the stone and included fall (PLATES 107b and 109a-b) thoughLM IIIB is slightlybetterrepresented in debrisof the scattered the top part of the stirrupjar (D 6) of whichthe restwas high rather Room Β (PLATE HOf- g). This contrastswiththeless mixedand greaterquantityof LM decoratedLM IIIB material(possiblyextendinginto IIIC), whichwe have fragmentary pit (PLATE 107c- d). alreadymentionedas beingthe earliestfillin thelargestone-robbing of theindividual an account This generalpictureof the area will now be augmentedby rooms. Room C (PLATE 20c and g) Before its abandonment,a flimsystone wall had been built across the widthof the room, dividingit into two more or less equal parts.Basicallyone stonein thicknessand preserved for six to sevencourses,the wall was faced to the northbut irregularto the south. Its W. end was incompleteand, sincethereis no suggestionof a doorwayand thegap seemsin any case too narrowfor one, it is likely that this end was destroyedby the same pit which removedthe adjacent stretchof the main W. wall togetherwithany evidencetherefora possible access into Room B, discussedabove. The roughS. face of the crosswallsuggests that when it was built the S. half of the room had alreadybeen abandoned, - perhaps followingsome collapse of the walls and doorwayin thissector,evidenceof whichwould have been largelyremovedby the subsequentrobbing.But, if so, it had been used forsome timepreviouslysincethe earthfloorin theN. continuedinto thissector.This floorwas laid, or accumulated,above the originalfloorof whichtracesof fourdecayedgypsumslabswere still apparent.These slabs stretchedalong the middle of the room with a clay surround similarto thatin Room B. In thiscase, however,a singlestone eitherside in an arrangement cist had been set centrallyin the room withits rimslightlyprojectingabove the adjacent gypsumflooring.The later crosswallran over one cornerof this cist (PLATE 24e). The LM II to IIIA but sherdcontentof thelatestearthfloorand its build-upwas predominently could be later(PLATE 108a- c). A morereliableterminusante quernis given two fragments by the contentsof a pit in the NW. cornerof theroom (PLATE 23e), overwhichthelatest floor seems to have run since the existenceof the pit was not noticeduntil the floorwas removed.The pit containeda good homogeneousdeposit of LM IIIA 2 pottery,seemingly belongingto an earlystageof thatphase.10 The cist contained stone chippings,a burntlayer, a deposit of kouskouraspossibly weatheredand finallya littlegreyearthat thebottom.It had presumablyneverbeen put to

THE EXCAVATION

9

any use and none of the sherdsin it was laterthanLM IA. It had been set into a cuttingin the rock (PLATE 23c), propped witha stone whereits lowerNW cornerhad been broken, and thenpacked aroundwithsmall stonesand lumps of kouskouras. perhapsin transport, The few sherdsrecordedas beingfromthispackingincludetwo fragments of an LM IA jug and, the restwheredatable,belong to the same period withthe notable exceptionof four sherdsof a decoratedjug with an iriszig-zagpatternwhichmustbe later,LM II or early IIIA (PLATE 108d). Unless some errorhas been made in recording, it can onlybe assumed thatalthoughthe pavinghad been laid up againstthe N. and S. edgesof the cist,the other sides had not been completelyfilledin whenworkwas interrupted and theyremainedopen until the LM II occupation of the building,of which no otherevidenceremainedin this room. It was apparentlysweptout duringthisand the subsequentLM IIIA 1 stage,thenforno obvious reason a pit was dug in the NW. cornerand filledin LM IIIA 2, an earth floor accumulatedor was laid above the originalone of gypsumand then,seeminglyin LM MB, the roomwas contractedby the construction of the crosswalland itsnortherncompartment enteredby the doorwayfromRoom D, to be consideredbelow. The goddess figurineand askosvase werefoundin thispartof the subdividedroom. the foundationtrenchforthe W. wall, whichwas found to be Finally,in investigating some 25 cm wide and 15 deep, the skeletonof a newlybornbaby was discovered,lyingon its rightside in a crouchedposition,PLATE 26f. The shallow pit in which it had been buriedwas positioned1.4 m fromtheN. wall and 10 cm away fromtheW. wall. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

C9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15

Room Contents Conicalcup, plain and intact.H. 5.5; D. of rim 10.5, of base 3.6. Fine buffclay and slip.Profile similarto PLATE 176,17.68/P53.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Kylix,2 hnd,plainandintactPLATES 121dand 175,15.H. 21; D. oflip 17.5, of foot9.5. Finebuff clayand slip.Tall stemon archedfoot;globularbowl withhandlesof ovoidsectionrisingabovelip. 68/P50.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). 'Champagne'cup,plain,PLATE 176,11. H. 7.5; D. of lip 10.5, of base 5.5. Fine buffclayand slip. Archedandhollowedfoot 68/P52.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). 'Champagne'cup,plain,PLATE 176,13. H. 7.2; D. of lip 11.2, of base 5.4. Fine buffclayand slip. Handlemissing. Archedandhollowedfoot.68/54.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Shallowbowl,plain and straphandled,PLATE 175,13. H. 4.5; D. of rim16, of foot4. Frag,and indentedbase. 68/P51. lackingone handle.Fine buffclay and slip.Markedledgedrimand slightly FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Goddessfigurine, PLATE 191b. H. 33; max.W. 16. Mostof leftarmmissingand somebase frags, restored.Fine pale brownclay and reddish-brown paint.Solid modelledbodypeggedintohollow skirt;base openunderneath. 68/255.Fromaboveupperfloor. Vacat. Askosof horsecarrying jar, PLATE 192b. H. 17.8; L. 15.4. Head,rightforelegandmostofjar misshollowbodywith left ing; hind-leg damaged.Pale orangeclay;creamyslip;dullredpaint.Wheelmade handmadeadditions.Decoratedwithdotsovermostofbodyandwashofpainton rearendincluding backofhind-legs. 68/257.Fromon and aboveupperfloor. PLATE 194,14. H. 3.7; L. 43. Frontof trunk.Yellowybuffclay, bull figurine, Frag,of terracotta finercreamsurface, reddish-brown paint.68/201.Fromcentralrobbingpitfill,LM IIIB -SM. Bronzedaggeror knifefrag.L. 2.4; W. 1.7; Th. O.3. Whollyoxydised.Traceof grooveon top one side,notvisibleon other.68/176. Upperfill. Bronzeneedlefrag.L. 2.3; D. 0.3. Frag,of shaft.68/173.Upperfill. Bronzedroplet.1.3 X 1.0. Whollyoxydised.68/70.Upperfill. Bronzelump.1.7 X 1.2 X 1.0. 68/175. Upperfill. Bronze?webor spill.L. 5.4. In 3 pieces;amorphous. 68/177.Upperfill. 0.3. Serpentine, Stoneconical'button',PLATE 218,7 top left.H. 1.5; D. of base 2.3, of stringhole

10

C 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 C 20 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 C27

THE EXCAVATION pale blue-greywith darker veins and green-brownpatches. Bevel of bottom edge chipped. 68/152. To Geo. Stone stemmed 'button', PLATE 232,26. H. 1.2; D. of base 1.7, of stringhole0.2. Serpentine,grey withoff-whiteareas. One side of head broken. 68/121. Lower fill. Shell ?ring,PLATE 222,9 top right.L. 1.4; ovoid section 0.5 X 0.3; originalD. 2. Whiteshell; curved frag.68/187. Upper floorcontent. Bone 'pin', complete, PLATE 222,6 bottom right.L. 8.5; W. 6; Th. O.4. Mammalianlong bone. Top rounded and slightlyswollen; bluntpoint has some scratches.68/79. Uncertaincontext. Bone 'point', PLATE 222,7 top. L. 5.3. Bone ?fromflatfish;doubtfulif utilised.68/118. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.7, of stringhole0.6; Th. 1.0; Wt. 8gm. Fine brown-redclay. Slightlyconcave faces,chipped. No doubt cut fromkylixstem. 68/120. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.7, of stringhole0.6; Th. 0.7-1; Wt. 9gm. Pale beige-brownfine clay with some inclusions.Surfacesflat,chipped; marksof cutting.68/117. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.2, of stringhole0.4; Th. 1.5; Wt. 12 gm. Fine off-whitesoft clay. Flat faces, signsof facettingon sides wherecut down. 68/130. Above upper floor. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.4, of stringhole0.6; Th. 2; Wt. 17gm. Fine beige clay with orangetint. Flat faces,chipped on edges; clear facetsand cuttingmarks.68/134. To SM? Clay pyramid,PLATE 224,18. H. 2.3; W. at base 3. Fine red-greyclay, burnt.Rounded profilewith convex base, slightlyfacetted above. 3 shallow grooves on one face; none on other 2 faces. Base smooth. 68/153. Lower fill. Clay circular 'lid', PLATE 224,4. D. 1.7; Th. O.5. Fine pale brown-redclay. Thinner at centre, abraded edges. Fingermarkswherepressedinto shape. 68/225. Upper floorcontent. Faience vessel frag.,PLATE 225,4. L. 3.2; H. 3; Th. 0.8-1.4. Shoulder and neck only. Pale yellowwhite core with glassywhite surfaceoutside and brown-blacklayer inside. Traces of lineardesignin black outside. 68/154. Lower fill. Sealstone blank, flat cylinder,PLATE 219,22. L. 1.9; W. 1.45; max. Th. O.8. Steatite in varying shades of green. Slightlychipped; abraded to facetted stage of preparation. 68/182. Upper floor content.

In additionto cataloguedfinds,therewerethe sherdsat PLATE 107, (a) fromthelowerfill, (b) fromupper levels,(c- d) fromthe earliestfillof the largecentralrobbingpit; PLATE 108, (a- c) fromthe latest floorand its make-up,(d) fromcistpacking,(e) contentsof the bowl on latest floorin AR 1972-3, late divisionwall. Add a plain, shallowstrap-handled 60 Fig. 44 left. Additionalpotteryfromthe LM ΠΙΑ 2 pit fillin NW corner(not to be confusedwith the LM II Pit 8 in Room D), PLATES 121c-d, 175,8,9,13 and 15 (not as statedon theplate title),176,11, 13 and 18. There were also 6 individualfrags,of stonevases; 3 pieces of obsidianincludinga flake, PLATE 21 lj; a piece of pumiceand a rockcrystalfragment. Room D (PLATE 20d and h) The doorway in the wall between Rooms C and D, some 55 cm wide and 1.5 m high (PLATE 25a- b), has a gypsumthresholdblock sunk into the rock,thoughthelatestearth but thesehad been floorseems to have run overit. The sides of the doorwayare irregular cloaked witha thickcoatingof mud plaster,as had the adjacentwalls of both rooms.Part of the femalecult figurineand a 'champagnecup' were containedin the earthwhichhad filledthe opening. The stone fallin the N. part of theroom,thepotteryand the findingof a male figurine have been describedabove. They restedabove a clay floorsome 10 cm higherthan thatin hearthof clay, withraisedsides and an open front,had been conRoom C. A rectangular structedup againsttheE. wall,PLATE 25f,and had survivedeventhoughthewall had been robbed to its foundationsat thispoint. Partof a stonequernhad been used in themake-up

THE EXCAVATION

11

of the hearth,while among the ash in it were two clay pots, a small decoratedjug and a cylinderof coarse clay, PLATE llOd, neitherclosely datable withinLM III. As stated earlier,the S. half of the room had been severelydamagedand its supposeddoor removed by an extensivestone-robber's pit, whileEvans had completelycleared the soil above the blocksof theMansion'sW. facade. remaining The latest earth floor had been relaid, or repaired,in places. Below it, therewas no earlierfloorof gypsumslabs,as in Rooms Β and C; most probablytheroomhad not been flooredin LM IA thoughsome levellingof the rock surfacemay have been startedsince a layer of fill with LM IA sherdsoccurredin places. It was not, however,completeduntil LM II when a large depression(Pit 8) with potteryof this stage (PLATES 111b- e and 112a) was filledin.11At the same time the two cists againstthe N. wall may have been covered,since,althoughthe potteryin theirfillwas generallyscrapsof MM ΠΙ/LM IA type, one LM II sherdoccurredin theirsurroundand anotherpossiblycontemporary in the fill of the W. cist (PLATE 109d, A and B). No certainLM II floorcould be tracedover the whole room thoughpatchesof a clay level above therockmayrepresenta floor,littleused and soon covered with ash, perhapsthe resultof two hearth-like areas foundagainstthe W. wall. Also to LM II may belong the cuttingof a windowthroughthe N. wall, PLATE 22b and e. It was hardlypart of the architect'soriginalintention,and was laterblocked fromthe insideby a wall, apparentlyafterLM IIIA 1 since it was filledwithdebrissimilar to thatdepositedin LM IIIA 1 in theN. Corridor.Contemporary debris,too, is likelyto be the explanationof fragmentary slabs and wall blocks gypsum restingabove the lowest ash in the room PLATE level had been levelledwithsandysoil which 10a, layer (Section 2, 19) to make for a foundation the earth floor,or seriesof floors,on which (level 18) overlying restedthe finalcollapse.12 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

D6

D7 D 7a

RoomContents Frag,cup, decorated,1 hnd,PLATE 11If. H. ext. 7.5; D. of rim 14. About 1/5 extant,missing handleand base. Pinkishbufffineclay,red-brown paint.Lip band,bodybandsandfloralzone outside;spongeprintinside;possiblypartlyburnt.72/P283.Fromfillbelowfloor. Frag,cup, decorated,1 hnd,PLATE lllg. H. ext. 6; D. of rim14. Two non-joining fragsof rim, missingbase and handle.Bufffineclay,blackto brownpaint.Lip bandwithfloralzone below;solid paintedinside.72/284.Fromfillbelowfloor. Frag,pyxis,decorated,2 hnd.,PLATE 163,1. H. 10.8; D. of base 10.6. Rim,mostof handlesand largepartof bodymissing.Pinkishbufffineclay,blackpaint.Basebandand4 bodybands,incisions aroundshoulderledge,splashdecoration inside.72/P282.Fromfillbelowfloor. Smalljug decorated,PLATE llOd. H. 6.5; D. 6.4. Intact.Lip,neck,base andbodybands,groupsof 6 verticalwavedstrokeson shoulder.Slip, cream;paint,orange -brown.Roll handle,flatbase,no pouringspout.68/P29.In hearth. Storagestirrup jar, decorated,PLATES 110a- c. H. 40.3; D. max. 30.5, of base 11.6. A fewbody sherdsmissing.Fairlycoarsereddishbuff,hard-baked thinand lightbuff clay, somewhatstreaky, slip,brownto blackpaint.2 shoulderand 3 base bandswithdoublewavedbandaroundbody;handle stumpsand falsewithtruespoutoutlined,stripesalonghandles,a crosson shoulderto leftof spout, a 3 letteredLinearΒ inscription behind.68/P47.Abovelatestfloor.Publishedin Kadmos8 (1969) 43-5. restored. Storagestirrup jar, decorated,PLATE HOf- g. H. ext. 28.5. Base and body frags,missing; Rathercoarsebuffclay,yellow-buff -redpaint.Neck,shoulderandbase bandswithsingle slip,orange wavedlinearoundbody;multiplearcdecoration betweenwavybandson shoulder.68/P48.Top part, fromupperlevelsoverRoomD; mostfromupperlevelsoverRoom B. Smallcoarse'cup', PLATE 1lOd. H. 4.3; D. ofrim4.5, ofbase 5; Th. ofwalls1.3. Intact.Coarsered 68/P31.Fromhearth. clay.Cylindrical. PLATE 192a. H. 12; W.3. Armsandmostofrightlegmissing. Handmade manstanding, Clayfigurine,

THE EXCAVATION

12 D 8

D9 D 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D 21 D 22 D 23

and solid. Pale green,veryhard clay, dull red mattpaint. 68/163. On upper floor. Sealstone, PLATE 185c. 1.45 X 1.48; Th. 0.62; D. Of stringhole0.23. Green serpentine.Lentoid with slightlyridgedback; verticalstringhole.Extremelyworn on engravedface and at ends of stringhole. Animal right,standing; the short down-turnedtail suggestsa goat or deer; lines above its rump, perhapsfoliage.68/141. Fill above upper floor. Sealstone, PLATE 186a. L. 1.7; W. 15; Th. 0.54; D. of stringhole0.2. Dark green serpentine. Amygdaloid with rounded back. Extremelyworn on engravedface and at ends of the stringhole. Patternof lines,groupeddiagonallyin relationto the amydaloid face. 68/142. Fill above upper floor. Bronze, folded frag,of thin sheet, completely oxydised. 2.1 X 1.5 X 0.1. 68/165. Fill above upper floor. Clay crucible,PLATES 199d and 206,3. H. 5; W. 6.2; L. 9.1. Nearly complete, of 3 pieces, part of spout missing.Surface much heat cracked. Bridge. Tiny trace of metal (copper or bronze) in a crack. 68/P160. In upper fillabove upper floor. Pumice disc, PLATE 21 Id. D. 6.6; Th. 2; D. of centralhole 1. Half missing.Fairly close texture. 68/232. Fill below floor. Stone 'neolithic' axe, flat variety. L. 6.4; W. 5.8; Th. 2.2. Purple stone with white and pinkish inclusions.Ground,brokenat butt,workingedge scarred.68/150. Fill above upper floor. Two frags,of rock crystal. Smaller, L. 2.7; W. 1.5: larger,L. 5.1 froma much biggercrystal.Unworked. Smaller,fromfillabove upper floor;larger,fromfillbelow floor,in LM II pit 8. Ivory plaque. L. 3.3; W. 2.3; Th. 0.45. Frag, splittinginto lamellae. Base and sides carrysaw marks; top polished. 68/169. Fill over upper floor. Clay sphericalloomweight.5 X 5.5. 4 grooves.68/189. Fill below floor. Clay reel, PLATES 224,3; 231,15. H. 3.9; D.3-2.8; Wt. 55 gm. Beige-brownfineclay, grittyto touch. 68/96. Fill above upper floor. Faience ?bead, spherical, PLATE 225,11. D. 1. Grey-white.No stringhole.68/54. In upper fill (into SM). Stone grinder-pounder, spherical with facets,PLATE 227,16. H. 4.3; D. 6; Wt. 300 gm. Grey-green stone,much utilisedat edges. 68/161. In filloverupper floor. Stone whetstone,plaque. L. 6; W. 3.1; Th. 1.3; Wt. 38 gm. Limestone, grey-black.68/101. In fill above upper floor. Stone quern, saddle, PLATE 210b bottom centre.L. 16; W. 18.5; Th. 4; Wt. 2 kilos. Calcareous limestone, yellow-creamand fine-grained.Half missing.Flat top, little used; roughlyrounded lower side. 68/102. Fill above upper floor. Clay disc, pierced, PLATES 224,11; 232,15. D. 3.4, of stringhole0.4; Th. 0.6; Wt. 7 gm. Beige-brown fineclay, painted red. Roughlymade and paint fugative;chipped. 68/159. Fill below floor. Clay disc, pierced, PLATES 224,6; 232,12. D. 2, of stringhole0.8; Th. 2-3; Wt. 11 gm. Brown-red fineclay, burntin places; abraded. 68/157. Upper fillabove upper floor.

In addition therewere the uncataloguedplain cups at PLATE 115,9-11, and the kylix frags.,champagnecups and bowl at PLATE 180 fromthe fillof the room: the sherdsat PLATE 109, (a- b) fromtheupperfill,(c) fromthelowerfilland (c) fromcistsand hearth: the sherdsat PLATE 111, (a) fromthe upper floor,(b- g) fromPit 8 (not to be confused withthe LM IIIA 2 Pit 8 in Room C), and PLATE 112, (a) fromPit 8 and (b-d) fromthe fillbelow the latestfloor.A flutedgypsumblock fromthe same pit is at PLATE 4 Id and section.Threeindividualfrags,of stonevases cataloguedin AppendixC of the architectural and 6 pieces of obsidian,includinga flakeand blade, werealso found,PLATE 211k. Corridor Ε

Pits had removedmost of the fillat the east end of thiscorridorwhichoriginally provided access to Rooms B-D and StairwayG (Section 3, Plate 11). An LM IA depositof miniature vases,clearlyvotive,was foundin the foundationtrenchof the S. wall (PLATES 26d and 137d), and at the same stage the wall may have been givena whitelime plasterand the floor similarlytreated(Section 3 levels 9-10) thoughthese could equally well be LM II features.13

THE EXCAVATION

13

Subsequently,a blockingwall was built acrossthe corridorshuttingoffaccess to Room B; only two of its stonecourseshavepartiallysurvivedlaterrobbing,so its originalheightis uncertainthough it was probably at least 1.5 m to judge fromthe stratigraphy it had retainedon its W. side. This wall was constructedon top of some 0.5 m of accumulated debris and soil, which we have left unexcavated.It would, however,appear to be an extensionof the level (Section 3 level 11) to theW. of it,and thiscontainedLM II destruction debris,withpottery(PLATE 113), stonesand patchesof burningabove an earthfloor whichwas set on a shallowlevellingwithsomeMM III/LM IA sherdsin it (level 10). To theE. of thiswall,themanylevelswerebadlydestroyedand producedlittlepottery. Even so, it looks as thoughan LM II layeraccumulatedabove the plasterfloor,whereit could be traced,- possiblyan extensionof the destructiondebristo the west; above this were successivewash levels, suggestingthat this part of the corridorhad lost its roofing; these contained LM IIIA sherds though subdivisionis uncertain.Unsatisfactoryas the evidenceis, it indicatesthat the blockingwall was builtin LM IIIA and possiblyin an early successivelevelshad accumustage as the materialW. of it suggests.In thiscompartment, lated but were ill-definedand hard to differentiate. They containeda considerablenumber of vases, none completebut severalcapable of restoration.Immediatelyabove the LM II destruction material,werelevelswithpotteryof the LM IIIA 1 and IIIA 2 stageswhichwere dug separatelybut have cross-joinsin the potterywhich,in otherrespectstoo, reflectsno firmstratigraphical sequence(Section 3, PLATE 11, combinedlevel 12). Fromthesecame a decoratedcup (E 3), a plain spouted cup or bowl and plain kylix(PLATES 115, 5-6 and 176,8) to whichshould be added the sherdsat PLATE 114c- d (successivedigginglevels), and a champagnecup of earlyIIIA 2 type.Above these(in level 13) werefounda decorated bowl (E 5), a plain kalathos(E 9) and a coarsewarebrazier(PLATE 115, 1, 3-4), whileyet of vasesΕ 5 higherin the fill(level 14) was part of a plain kylix(E 2) withsome fragments and 9 mostof whichwerefoundlowerdown.The sherdsfromtheselevels(13 and 14) are a completechronologicalmixture,at least half beingearlierthan the vases but containinga littleLM IIIB withwhichthe kylixprobablybelongs(PLATE 114e). Whythe blockingwall was erectedand how the potterywas depositedin the enclosed space now created,is farfromclear. If the space were a cupboard,it could onlyhavebeen used fromRoom B, and then only if the blockingof its S. doorway was a subsequent modification.However,the natureof the stratigraphy and the potterysuggestmuch more stronglya dump, possibly fromabove, with subsequentwall collapse. The S. wall of this space, the stone backingto the ashlarblocksof thePillarHall, was insecurewhenexcavated and had to be partlyreconstructed by us; so, it mayhavebeen theunsafeconditionof this wall whichpromptedthe blockingoffof thispart of the corridor.Its more secureW. wall stillcarriespatchesof its originalwhiteplastercoating. Ε1 Ε2 Ε3

Ε4

RoomContents Buff Kylix,plain,1 hnd,PLATE 113d. H. 10; D. of rim10.5, of foot6. Some bodyfrags, missing. fineclay.68/P38.LM II typefromlevel11 Section3. Kylix,plain,2 hnd,PLATE 115,2. H. 14.5; D. of rim19. Partof stemand footmissing.Bufffine clay.68/P39.Fromupperlevel14 on Section3. missing, Cup, dec, 1 hnd,PLATES 114a and 115,5.H. 9.4; D. ofrim16, ofbase 6. Somebodyfrags, restored.Orange-buff fineclay,orange -redto brownpaint.Lip, body and base bandswithfriezeof panelswitharc fillin opposite2 cornerson one sideandin all cornerson other.68/P43.Fromintermediatelevels12 on Section3. Finebuffclay. Champagnecup', plain.H. 7.9; D. of rim,of base 6. Muchof rimand footmissing. LM IIIA type.68/37.Fromlowerlevel.

14 Ε5 Ε6 Ε 7 Ε8 Ε9 Ε 10

Ε 11 Ε 12 Ε 13 Ε 14

THE EXCAVATION Bowl, dec, 2 hnd, PLATES 114b and 115,1. H. 10.8; D. of rim 19.2, of base 7.1. Partof rimand 1 handle missing,restored. Fine buff clay, orange paint. Lip, body and base bands, frieze of very stylisedfoliateband; solid painted interior.68/P41. From intermediatelevel 13 on Section 3. Jug, collared neck, dec, PLATE 113a- b. H. 25; D. of rim 12. Much of body and rimmissing;1 hnd. Fine buffclay, dark brown paint fugative.Lip, body and base bands withshoulderfriezeof ?stylised argonautsand circleswithdot fill.68/P42. From level 11 on Section 3. Jug,plain, frag.Ext. H. 18.8; D. of body 8, of base 6.5. Part of body, all neck and handle missing; piriform.LM ΠΙΑ 1 type. Fine buffclay. 68/P44. From lower level 12 on Section 3. Amphora, dec, frag.,PLATE 113e. Ext. H. 38. Very frag.,lackingbase and 1 handle and much of body. Green-buffrathercoarse clay and slip, fugativeblack paint. Neck and body bands withcircle and cross motiveon shoulder.68/P45. From lowest level 11 on Section 3. Kalathos plain, PLATE 115,3. H. 12.5; D. of rim 24, of base 7.3. Parts of body, rim and handles missing.Fine buffclay. 68/P40. From intermediatelevel 13 on Section 3. Foundation deposit of votivevases, PLATE 137d. 3 small,round-mouthedjugs with 1 hnd; H. 8-8.5; compare PLATE 143,15 for type. 6 miniatureconical cups; H. 2.5-3; D. of rim 3.5-4.2, of base 1.4-1.8. 2 normal conical cups; H. 4.5; D. of rim 8.2, of base 3.5. 2 'lamps', scollop shaped, made by pressinginwardone side of a wide-mouthedshallow conical cup; residualstumphandle of pinchedout clay at indented and raised side; H. of originalcup 3; D. of rim 7.2-10, of base 4.2. All of redbufffairlyfine clay and roughlyshaped on the wheel. In foundationtrenchalong S. wall of corridor at E. end, PLATE 26d. Stone polisher/grinder, squared, PLATE 208,14. H. 5.3; W. 3.3; Th. 1.1; Wt. 50 gm. Fine-grained and 1 end polished; 1 face rough,an end broken. 68/122. Intermediate black. 3 sides rock, igneous level,LM II-IIIA 2. Bone 'point', PLATE 222,8 bottom. L. 4.2; D. 0.3-0.1. Rib frag;circularsection; slightlycurved, polished withtracesof burning.No signof use. 68/129. Intermediatelevel,LM II- LM ΠΙΑ 2. Clay sphericalloomweight.6.5 X 6.3. 2 grooves(on same side). 68/131. LM II level. Faience spherical bead, PLATE 225,9. D. 0.6, of stringhole0.1. Blue with rough surface.68/188. LM II level.

brazierand cup at PLATE 115, 4 and 6, and the To theseshould be added the fragmentary sherdsat PLATES 113-4. Therewerealso two individualfrags,of stonevases. CorridorF This corridor,whichprovidedthe only obvious means of access on thegroundfloorto the N. sector of the building,was the least well preservedpart of the Mansion.Both its side walls had been badly robbed,even to theirfoundationsat the northernend; two wellshad penetratedits floor,and its easternedge had been clearedby Evans in exposingthe outer facade. The gypsumdoorjambsof itsS. entranceremainedundisturbedand a roughthresholdof slabs laid in packed clay had been set between them. Stones in the doorway,initially thoughtto be a possibleblockingwall, were foundto be lyingin loose earthand are better explainedas fallfromabove whenthelintelcollapsed. The largeLM IIIA 2 robbingpit, whichstretchedfromthe SW cornerof thePillarHall into the adjacentarea of CorridorL, had extendedinto thiscorridoras well and had been in part responsibleforthe loss of upper coursesof the wall at the S. end. Somewhatfurther north,beyond thewelland on theline of Section 5, earlyIron Age intrusionoccurredas far W. wall, here threecourseshigh(Section 5, PLATE 12a, levels as the top of the surviving below this The level (level 3), containingsome wall blocks,stones,carbonand a very 1-2). This littleLM II pottery,probablyrepresentsall thathas survivedof the LM II destruction. debrisrestedabove a shallowlevel of darkashy soil, probablythe originalfloorabove the rock, laid in LM II on the evidenceof a few sherdsin its make-up:it was but littlecomit had had no prolongeduse. pacted,suggesting

THE EXCAVATION

15

Furthernorth,tracesof the continuationof the drainfromRoom H were found,- a space in the blocks of the W. wall and a cuttingin the main E. facadeof theMansion.But here, and beyond it to the north,robbingpits had reached the rock and the retaining evidence. coursesof the E. facade,removingall further StairwayG This stairwaywas the only decentlyappointedapproachto theupperfloorin theMansion. Its qualitymay be gaugedfromthe two gypsumstepsfoundin positionat its entranceand fromthe one survivingflankingblock of gypsumwith dowel holes on its upper face to carryits wooden superstructure,14 (PLATE 26c, afterreplacementof a thirdstep). Fragmentsof a gypsumslab foundrestinga littleabove the lowerstepmayhave been partof a dado flanking the steps(PLATE 26a). The NE cornerof the stairwayhad been robbed of stonedown to floorlevel,and both its supportingwalls were, at best, preservedto no more than a metrehigh,while the SE cornerhad sufferedmore severelyfromthe same LM IIIA 2 pit whichhad removedmuch of theadjoiningS. wall of thePillarHall. a covereddrainhad been built(PLATE 26b), About a thirdway down thecompartment withits entryin the adjoiningPillarHall. This may also have helpedretainthe fillof earth and kouskouraschippingswhichsupportedthe firstsix steps or so. A fewsherdsand a cup of MM ΠΙ/LM IA type were foundin the drainwhenits coverslabswereremoved.A fillof similarcharacter,basically of yellow disintegrated kouskouras,was foundin the southern part of the compartmentand led to our initialbeliefthatthe whole of the space had been filled in to support the stairs (Section 5, PLATE 12, top of level 4). This conclusion, however,turnedout to be mistakenwhen excavationwas continuedto enable the drawing of the E- W section which passed throughit. A fallengypsumstair treadwiththe same triangularsection as those still in position was foundupside-down.Somewhatbelow it a gypsumstand (G 4). The soil packingof large stones was encounteredand a fragmentary a considerablequantityof with floor below, resemblingsilt, overlaya greyashy (level 5), LM II of on rested a animal bones, which sherds,though only one vase was deposit G sufficiently completeto be restored, 1, (PLATE 98). Beneath the floor was a packingof stones and kouskouraschips (level 6) and, below this, remainsof LM IA occupation, - grey ash with much carbon and sherd (PLATE 139e), - whichhad been partlycut into by the foundationwallsof the staircase.This may representsome LM IA occupation of a largerarea, attestedby a shortstretchof walling beneaththe floorin the adjacentregionof the PillarHall (FIG. 5). The general sequence seems reasonablyclear. LM IA occupation destroyedby the foundingof theMansion;the stairsthenplaced overa solid fillto thenorth,and presumably compartment supportedon a timberframeto the south; then,some use of theunderstairs in LM II, followed by the collapse of the stairway.Subsequent upper disturbanceand robbingwould have removedevidenceof any subsequentrepairand reusethoughit maybe that this is indicatedby the stone fill and upper levels of kouskouraswhichmighthave servedas packingforstepsat a higherlevel. The difficulty lies in relatingthissequence,or its finalstages,to eventsin thePillarHall. A further of the same typeand materialhad been incorporatedinto a low retainstair-tread in NW wall the ing part of the hall. This suggeststhat the stairwayitselfhad lb already and the collapsed space below it was no longerusable beforethiswall was built. In fact, entryto this space would have been considerablyimpeded by anotherof the late LM II

16

THE EXCAVATION

retainingwalls in the hall, the E. end of which runs over its threshold(PLATE 3). This would imply that the staircasewas destroyedin LM II aftersome use of its understair compartmentbut before the finalLM II disaster.The LM II depositabove its floor,with only one fairlycompletevase, mightthen representupper floor fall at the time of the earlierdestructionand so account fortheabsenceof anyjoins betweenitspotteryand that foundin the finaldestructiondebrisin the adjacentPillarHall. A fragment of an incisedclay tablet(PLATE 232,28) was foundin the fillof a pit above F and G at itsN. end,some 70 cm S. of the partlyrobbedpartywall betweencompartments the 2nd survivingstair tread in G. The sherdsfound with it range fromSub-Minoanto LM IA and the same admixtureoccurredin an extensionof thissamepit to N. and S. of the findspot of the tablet.A joining fragment was foundin a similarpit just to the northin Room D wherethe associatedsherdswere of a similarmixture,basicallySub-Minoanbut in thiscase includingevenlatermaterial. RoomContents G 1 Jug,dec, 2 hnd.,PLATE 98a and 152,2. H. 15.4; D. max. 11.5, of base 4.1. Considerable partsof restored.Piriform bodywith2 handlesarchingfromshoulder upperbody and one handlemissing; fineclay,blackto brownratherfugative to rim;neck has pouringspout frontand back. Red-buff paint. Lip, base and shoulderband; irisbuds on neck,row of discswithfoliateband below,on festoonswith'floral'fillaboveand arc fillbelow;3 bodybands; shoulder;mainzone of tricurved seriesof 'V strokesacrossrollhandles.72/P201.On LM II floor. G 2 Bronzesmall awl or drill,PLATE 205,13. L. 4.6; Th. O.7. Sn 11%. Probablycomplete;much head or buttwhichmusthavebeensetin haft oxydisedand split.Approx.squaresection,thickened ofperishable or boringedge.72/16.Pit 1. To LM IIIC. Tracesof flattened material. cutting G 3 Stonepebble,elongated.L. 6; H. 2.7; Wt.88 gm.Marble,brown-red (?burnt),withwaterwornpolish. LM II context. PLATE 214c. H. 23; base 15 square;top 8 X 4.5. Gypsum, G 4 Stonepillar,pyramidal, creamywhiteof mixed crystalsize. Tapers frombase to damagedupperportions.Sectionnot completelyclear; neatlychampfered perhapsan increasein thesteepnessof thetaperpartway up. Cornersoriginally off,and each side givena shallowlyconcaveprofile.Undersidealso lightlyhollowed.Verybadly weathered, pittedanduneven.72/441.LM II context. roundel. PLATE 224,5. D. 3.4; Th. 0.35. Red-brown G 5 Clay ?lid,circular, Irregular claywithinclusions. ?Lidorcounter,gaming pieceetc.LM IIIA 2 context.

In additiontherewere the LM II jug and stirrup jar frags,and thesherdsat PLATE 98b- d. LM IA sherdsfromthelowestlevelare at PLATE 139e. The cup fromthe drainis similarto PLATE 79,1. The gypsumstair tread in the fill was relaid to forma thirdstep in the staircase. Pillar Hall Η

Introduction

This room,the most imposingin the buildingwithits ashlarwallsand fourstoutpiers,was remarkablypreservedat its west end where it had been set into a cuttingof the hillside. Here, remainsof two courses of its upper storey and of an upper divisionwall were heightsof thewallsshelvedown so thatonly preserved.To the east, however,the surviving two coursesof the E. wall remain.This damage,whichmaybe largelyascribedto deliberate robbingforstone by laterbuilders,is uneven.Much of the N. and S. walls at theireastern ends have been removedtogetherwiththe top two blocksof theNE pillar,but theSE pier has been leftintact.Onlyin one instancehad thislaterdisturbancepenetratedto floorlevel; a deep pit was sunk to removeall of the NW pier except its footingsand at the same time

THE EXCAVATION

17

dug away a considerablearea of the destructionfill in a regionwhich turnedout to be particularlyrich in finds.It did not, however,extendas faras the SW pier whichsurvives intactto its fullheight. The westernthirdof the room was choked to ceilingheightwitha massivestone fall, which spilled into the centreof the hall but did not spread extensivelyto the east. The fallenblocks presentedconsiderabledifficulties in excavation.Althoughit quicklybecame it was apparentthat the hall containeda destructionfillwithoutsignificant stratigraphy, decided to recordan E- W section,(Section 5 at PLATE 12), passingthroughthe southern piers,whichmeantthat the area had to be excavatedto different depthsin varioussectors whilemaintaininga more or less comprehensive plan of the stonefall.This problemlargely determinedthe arbitrary levels followedin the digging.In additiontherewas the difficulty but posed by the size of manyof the fallenblocks,most smashedbeyond reconstruction some withfeaturesrequiringstudyand preservation. to The compromisereachedwas plot the stone fall in arbitrarylevels and, afterroughlycalculatingthe cubic capacity of the stones in a determinedarea, to removemost of them,reservingonly those blocks with significantfeatures,which were afterwardsremovedby crane to the groundabove the Mansionwheretheywerenumberedand recorded.16 To anticipatethe more detailed account whichfollows,therewas no floordeposit of vases or other objects; most of the vases,laterreconstructed, and otherfindsoccurredin fill of the room fallen from in the the upper storey,and pieces of the same fragments were often in of distributed various levels the fill,thoughcertainregionshad a greater object concentration of finds. Upperlevel(plansat PLATE 6 and FIG. 1) Two coursesof the upper storeysurvivedin part above the W. wall. Each consistedof two massiveblockswhichwerecantedslightlyinwardas a resultof theslow disintegration of the supportingwooden beam, whichmusthave occurredafterthelowerroomhad largelyfilled with debris,17PLATE 29a. The same processhad kept more or less in positionpart of an upper crosswall runningN- S over the two westernpiers(dottedon theplan at PLATE 6). The northernend of thiswall was preservedforthreecoursesand restedon theN. wall of the hall, whiletherestsloped down into theroomwhereits continuationhad been removed by the deep CentralPit dug to rob the NW pillar,PLATE 27a- b. Little remainedof the southernend of thiswall; a splinteredblock lay in alignmenton top of theSW pillarand a further block at a lowerlevelbetweenit and theS. wall,PLATE 27c- e. The originalnature and purposeof thiswall, and whetherit stretchedacross the fullwidthof theupperroom, are consideredin the architectural account in Section 2, as too is the possible association with the wall of two circularcolumn bases of gypsum.One of them was foundslightly below the level of the N. wall and lay close to it and the transverse wall, PLATE 27a; the other,deeperin the fill,had fallenfurtheraway, in the E. partof thehall (block 22-19 on theplan at PLATE 7a). Pits had been dug along manyof the wall tops to removestone. These variedin date, most being Geometric.A superficialone, Pit 4-5, across the S. doorwayis likelyto have removedsome remainingpart of the upper storeyover the S. wall since thisstillstood to ceilingheightwith its upper dowel holes, PLATE 29c, and remainsof a carbonisedbeam along its top. Furthereast a much deeperpit, no. 11, filledwithLM IIIA 2 material,had robbedthe wall down to its second course in the SE cornerand extendedinto theadjacent CorridorL, whereit removedpart of its blockingwall.18The SE pillar,however,survived

18

THE EXCAVATION

unscathed,so it is likelythattheE. wall too had survivedto fullheightafterthe destruction but later robbingstrippedboth it and the adjoiningpart of the N. wall to theirsecond courses(Pits 3 and 8), whileanotherpit (no. 1) had removedthe top blocksof theNE pier, PLATE 29f. In the W. part of the hall, apart fromthe complete removalof the NW pier by the CentralPit, disturbancewas limitedto the NW cornerwherestonerobbershad takenaway what mighthave survivedof the upper storeyof the W. wall thoughtheyhad leftboth it and the adjacentpart of the N. wall standingto ceilingheightas shownby the dowel holes on the upper faces of both walls. It is likelythat at the same timepart of theupperstone fall was removedsince furthersouth it survivedto the lower course of the upper storey blocks,PLATE 27c. Withall this disturbancelittlewould haveremainedof any subsequent Minoan occupationtheremay have been above the debris.Even so, an ashygreylevelwith floorof patches of pebble could be traced in the centralarea, seeminglyan out-of-doors some kind19(plan at FIG. 1). The associatedpotterywas LM ΠΙΑ 1, PLATE 121a. This floorwould have been on the same level as the upper floorof the northernrooms of the Mansionif theyhad survivedthe destructionor weresubsequentlyrestoredto theiroriginal stretchesof height.So it is possiblethat thiswas an open area,partlyenclosedby surviving theupperwallsof the PillarHall, withan access to it fromthe floorabove Rooms B- D.20 Stonefall and fill (plansat PLATES 6-7 and FIGS. 2-4) The hall was filledto the top of the surviving wallswitha stonefalland earth.This was not will be convenientto considerit in sectors, the it distributed and evenly throughout room, the west end. at beginning As statedabove, the fillwas excavatedin arbitrary levels,varyingin depthaccordingto its natureand the requirements of recording.These have been equated as faras possibleand reducedto the fourstagesreproducedon theplans at FIGS. 1- 4.21 They,and themainE- W section(no. 5) at PLATE 12a, illustratehow the stone fillwas heavilyconcentratedin the W. sector,and densestin the SW corner.It did not extendinto theS. doorwayor to the fill above its flankingparapet,- perhaps because the lintel above had not collapsed at this stage; a similarsituationis reflectedin the N. doorway,thoughthe picturetheremay be partlydue to Pit 3W and theblockingwall builtacrossthe doorway. The stones in the fillconsistedlargelyof ashlarblocks,flooringslabs and otherarchitecturalmembersof theupperfloorwhichcollapsedinto thelowerroomwhenthe supporting timberswereburntthroughor weakenedin the destruction,PLATE 28. Dents on the W. wall, particularlyon the lower 2nd and 3rd courses,and on the surviving pillarshowed the forcewithwhichtheblockshad fallen,whilemanyof themwereso splinteredthatonly a singleoriginalface,or none at all, was preserved.The moreimportantblocksare discussed in the architectural sectionwhichalso considersthe information theygiveof the character of theupperfloor. Therewas ampleevidenceof the firewhichcaused the collapse,- burningon the stones, calcinatedgypsumand the remainsof carbonisedbeams. Hollows in the compactedearth between the stones indicatedthatall the timbershad not been burntthoroughlybut had subsequentlyrottedaway. The excavationrecordsand the sectionthroughthe debris,PLATE 12a, suggestthatthe intervalto allow some earth collapse may have happenedin two main stageswithsufficient without much evidence of burningto accumulate between the two events,thoughthe intervalis unlikelyto have been a long one.

THE EXCAVATION

19

It will be seen fromthe findspots of objects plotted on FIGS. 1-4 that theytoo are concentratedin the W. sector, especiallynear the N. doorway,and that a considerable numberwere foundhighup in the debris.The same is trueof the vases not shown on the fromsherdsdistriplans since they were smashedinto fragmentsand werereconstructed buted throughmany levels and often scattered.Parts of many of them are recordedas havingbeen foundin the NW area, some even havingfallenpartlyintoStaircaseJ/Kto the that they had originatedfroman upper storey.22Another, north,yet furtherconfirming less dense,concentrationof objects occurrednear the S. doorway,in thiscase mostlynear the flooror above theparapet;theseare probablymostlyspillfromthelargedepositsof the the most noteable findsin upper adjacent CorridorL.23 Apart fromthese concentrations, levelswere the bellows nozzle (H 58), PLATE 30c, two spearheads(H 62-3), and partsof a largeclay box (H 57) much of whichhad falleninto CorridorL and Room M, well to the south.Also highin the debris,betweentheS. wall and SW pillar,lay thehead and leg bones to explain(PLATES 28c and of a horse,the presenceof whichis as curiousas it is difficult 30b; FIG. 2). Could the animal'sleg have been trappedin a subsidenceof the debrisas it walked over the top, or was it part of a carcase throwninto the bottom of the laterPit 4 whichhad extendedfardeeperthanwas recognisedduringexcavation?24 On clearingthe parapet flankingthe S. doorway remainsof a carbonisedbeam were foundstandinguprightagainstthe S. wall on the SW corner.A line of stonesrestedon the parapetand amongthemwerethreehandlelesscups of an earlytype(plan at FIG. 5: H 1079). Under the stoneswas a layerof charcoalwith some pieces of bone and pottery,not a beddingof clay. freeof stones,mostof whichwerenearfloorlevel The centralsectorwas comparatively and seem to be largelyspreadfromthe W. whichpenetratedthe spaces betweenthepillars. There is no indicationwithintheroomof any substantialcollapsefromtheupperN. and S. walls thoughthe lattermay have fallenin the opposite directioninto CorridorL. Mention has alreadybeen made of the two circulargypsumcolumnsand theirpossible association with the upper divisionwall, otherparts of which may also have falleninto thissector. thefragments Objects,too, werefewerin thisarea,thoughtheyincludeda goddessfigurine, that a groupof of which were spread (H 53 and 122). There is, moreover,some evidence wellhave could vases fellnear the easternedge of the subsequentCentralPit,whose digging removedothers.25 There were yet fewerstonesin the east sector,thoughthe plans may givea somewhat distortedpicturein thatlargeamountsof the fillhad been dug out by theextensivestone robbing;the fill,moreover,preservedat this end was much less deep. Even so, we may be sure that the upper E. wall did not collapse in the firewhile the paucityof finds,though vases (H 128-9), could indicatethattherewerefewobjects theyincludedtwo fragmentary in thispart of the upper storey,providedthe upper floordid collapse at thisend,whichis not certain.It is clear,however,thatsubsequentrobbingof thewallswas heremoresevere thanelsewhere. The earthfillthroughoutthisand much of the centralsectorwas not markedwiththe largepatchesof carbonisedwood so noticeablein the W. sector,thoughcarbon flecksand the occasionalpiece of largercarbonwerepresent.Nor was theearthscorchedto brightred or blackenedas it had been in muchof Room M and CorridorL. Two largestone blocks standingon edge betweenthe NE pillarand theN. and E. walls werenotpartof the destructiondebrisas is shownby theirassociatedfloors,but respectively stateof thehall,to whichwe shouldnow turn. wereexistingfeaturesof thepre-destruction

20

THE EXCAVATION

Floor level (plan at PLATE 3 and FIG. 5) Beforeits destructionthe hall had been subdividedinto areas by low walls, one or two coursesin height,withpossiblythe two blocks mentionedabove servingthe samepurpose, PLATE 29b and d. The W. sectorwas dividedfromthe restof thehall by wallsbuiltfrom the two W. pillarsto theN. and S. walls;the space betweenthesepillarswas similarlyclosed if we assume that the shortstub of wall againstthe SW pillarcontinuedas faras the NW pillar and had been robbed when the pillaritselfwas removed.A blockingwall had been insertedinto the N. doorwaywhichis preservedforsix courses;thislefttheS. doorwayas theonlyobviousmeansof entryinto the hall. The southernregion was enclosed by a wall stretching between the two pillarsand from SE from the SW S. wall and the to the pillarin an arc to the doorway continuing pillar in the SE corner,whichhad originally servedas an entryto the space below StairwayG but was now obstructed.The NE cornerof the room was partiallyenclosedbetweenthe two upstandingblocksmentionedabove. The centralspace between the fourpillarsappears to have been the workingarea, to servewhichan open clay hearthhad been builtneartheSW pillar,26PLATE 29e. The purpose of theselow divisionwalls is not quite clear.That in theNW cornerof the in StairwayG room containeda gypsumstep identicalin shape and size to those surviving fromwhichit seemsmostlikelyto have been takenfollowingthe collapseof the staircasein some earlierLM II damageto the buildingof whichthereis otherevidence.27Some of the debrisfromthatdamagemay have been heaped up in the S. sectorand the wallstherebuilt to retainit, leavingtwo blocks to be set up on edge and used in theNE corner,one resting on the remainsof a gypsumfloorslab, to be seen in Section4 (PLATE 12b). Layersof ash and earth accumulatedin the N. regionwhichthe NW divisionwall was probablybuilt to retain.Ash,earthand refusewerethrowninto a heap in theNW cornerwherelevelsbuiltup until they reached the top of the parapetflankingthe by-nowclosed doorway(Section 4 (PLATE 12b) levels7-8). The latestfloorsthroughout the hall wereof earthwiththesingularexceptionof theSW cornerwhere the thick carbon level at the bottom of the destructiondebrisrestedon a 'carpet' of sherdsmost of which were lyingflat on a bedding of clay, PLATE 38e and Section 5 (PLATE 12a) level 24. The sherdswere basically LM II, some of the highest quality;fromthemthevasesH 147, 150-1 and 374 werereconstructed. Earlierearth 'floors' or layersof ash and earthcould be tracedin variouspartsof the room otherthan those alreadymentioned,forexample in the SE, to be seen on Section 5 levels on Section 8 (PLATE 14). These con(PLATE 12a) levels 12-16 and corresponding so fromthe vases of the finaldestruction, tainedLM II sherdsstylistically indistinguishable thetimeinvolvedin theiraccumulationwas probablynot long,PLATES 96-7. These earlier floorsresteddirectlyon therock or kouskourasfill,and provideevidencefortheunfinished state of the buildingwhen it was occupiedin LM II. Confirmation comes,too, fromthe fill of pits in the floor,eg. Pits 11 and 13 (Sections 5 and 8, PLATES 12 and 14), whichcontainedan admixtureof LM II sherdsevenwhentheircontentswerebasicallyMMIII/LMIA. So too with the blind well or cistern,Pit 8, (Section 8 (PLATE 14) level 22 and PLATE 30a) whose originalfunctionor purpose is uncertain.It cut throughsome constructions of theMansion(hatchedon theplan at FIG. 5) and is likely whichpre-datetheconstruction to be associated with part of a clay drainpipe whichlay below the level of the E. wall's PLATE 30d. foundations,

THE EXCAVATION

21

Function Since the originalplan for the hall was left uncompleted,no objects were foundto help indicates determinethehall's intendedpurpose,thoughthe sophisticationof its architecture an importantfunction.A PillarCryptwitha religiouspurposeis an obviouspossibility,and it could be thatPit 12, betweenthe two southernpillars,whichunderlaythe laterhearth and retainingwall, had been dug preparatoryto the placing thereof a stone cist which wouldhaveprecededa flooringwiththe customarystoneflags. No attemptwas made to completetheconstructionof thehall in LM II whenit was first occupied, thoughthe pits in the floor and the cisternwere filledin. Then, the Mansion sufferedsome damageby firewhichdemolishedStaircaseG and lefta markedstratumof charcoalin some places in the hall, eg. Section 4 (PLATE 12b), thebottomof levels8 and 4.28 The debriswas then cleared out of the centraland west sectors,low retainingwalls built to contain it, and a clay hearthconstructed.The hall continuedin use in thissorry state until the final destruction,long enough for layers of ash to accumulate over the originalfloorsand to be heaped up elsewhere,especiallyin the NW cornerwherethe N. entrancehad already been closed with a blocking wall, probably because the stairway beyondhad also been damagedand fallenout of use. The purposeof the room at thisfinalstage,withits centralhearthand heaps of ash,is itsuse. It is temptingto farfromcertain.Nothingfoundon the floorassistsin determining held a fireof sufficient not hearth had it for but the as a centre metal regard clay smelting heat to fuse its clay walls, and the bellowsnozzle, and the crucibleswitha knownprovenance, were found high up in the destructionfill,indicatingthat they had fallenfrom above.Nor could thehearthbe directlyassociatedwithany cookingpots foundin theroom. There must,surely,too have been some egressforthe smokeotherthantheS. doorway whichwas at thisstagethe onlyentranceand sourceof air and ventilationforwhichthereis anyevidence. Upperfloor The collapse into the PillarRoom of upperstructures togetherwiththeircontentsprovides some evidenceforthe layout of the upper storeyand forthe use made of it. The architecture will be consideredin Section 2. The findsin the debrisgive a somewhatconfused picture of activities.The bellows nozzle, crucibles,whetstonesand a numberof bronze objects,includingtwo spearheads,a brokendouble axe and scrap,point to metalworking. A largenumberof finelydecoratedvases, especiallykylikes,cups and jugs, some of the highestquality,indicatea livingroom for occupants of considerablestanding,whichthe The goddessfigurine (H 53) mightwellhave outstandingPalace Stylejar (H 181) reinforces. been associatedwithtwo rhyta,one of stonethe otherof clay (H 19a and 179), witha large flat alabastron(H 180) and, perhaps,the five decoratedpyxides (H 10 and 376-8) in a domesticshrine. Room Contents Plottedfinds

levels,H 1-52, plottedon FIG. 1. (a) Uppermost H 1 Copperhaftingrivet,large,PLATE 205,25. L. 3.2; D. of shaft0.5, of heads0.8 and 0.5. Sn 1%. Complete, slightly oxydisedandbent.72/69. H2 Bronzeweb. L. 4.5; W. 1.5; Th. c. 0.15. Squashedand twisted;brokenoffand foldedup immediatelycastingremovedfrommould.(L).

22

THE EXCAVATION

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23

Clay sphericalJoomweight;6.8 by 7.4. 3 grooves.72/42. Stone whetstone,plaque. Stone bead, spherical,PLATE 219,8. D. 1; of stringhole0.15. Carnelian,slightlyflattenedat stringhole. 72/126. Bronze small graveror workingpoint, PLATE 205,10. L. c. 3; D. 0.1. Tin bronze. Brokenin several pieces. 72/170. Bronze smallgraveror workingpoint, PLATE 205,9. L. 1.9; D. 0.1. Much oxydised. Must have been mountedin handle - Pstyluspoint or graverforfinework on softmaterial.72/165. Bronze loop of chain, PLATE 205,20. 1.8 X 1.1; D. of wire 0.2. Sn 20%. 2 or 3 linksof bent wire, crushedand much oxydised; formof individuallinksdifficultto see. 72/194. Copper droplet.L. 2.3; W. 0.8; Th. O.8. Sn 2%. Much oxydised and split. 72/176. Pyxis and lid, dec, PLATES 65b-c and 156,1-4. Pyxis,H. 10.5; at lip W. 9.2; L. 17.5. Lid, H. 2.1; max. W. 11.5, L. 18.5. About 1/5 of pyxis and 1/6 of lid missing,restored.Ovoid with straight sides. The pyxis has a collared rimonto which the flangedlip of the lid fits: 2 holes pierced on both long sides of pyxis for securinglid. Bufffine clay and slip, the latterbeing smearylightbrown in places; dark brown to black fugativepaint. Pyxis, lip and base band with main zone of elaborate scene depictingbirds and floral sprays. Lid, outside, 2 rows of dog-toothat rim,then row of ivy leaves, with dotted trellisin centre; outside of rim,row of iris buds: inside, patternof blobs with zig-zagin centre.72/P190. Bronze graveror workingpoint, L. c. 1; D. 0.1. Oxydised; broken;not certainlycomplete. 72/172. Bronze ?web frag.,2.6 X 1.2; Th. 0.2. Oxydised. (M). Ivory piece, decorated, PLATE 221,14. Max L. 2.2; W. 1.6; Th. O.3. Split crescentshape (or 2 conjoining crescents),well polished and carved in low reliefon both sides with same design. Tips and lower part missing;perhaps representswing feathers.Each side divided into 2 zones by bordering grooveswithinternalpatternof diagonal cuts. 72/153. Clay sphericalloomweight;6.6 by 7.5. 72/43. Bronze ?tool frag.L. 2.5; Th. 0.5. Sn 10%. Frag,of slimrod, distortedby oxydisation.?Tip of awl. 72/70. Bronze fine spatula, PLATES 198c; 205,26. Ext L. (extended) 8.7; blade W. 0.4; Th. of shaft0.2. Sn 10%. 4 joining pieces; much oxydised and split.Shaftbent at rightangles. PFunction. 72/202. Stone whetstone,grooved, PLATES 209,9; 227,11. L. 5.8; W. 2; Th. 0.7; Wt. 20gm. Micaceous sandstone,brown-grey.Rectangularblock, with abrasivemarksfromits shaping;sawn at both ends. One face has *U' profiledgroove,composed of separate cuts; the other a broader,smootherequivalent withslighttracesof polish. The channelin eithercase extendsacross the whole face. 72/47. Ivory toggle,PLATE 221,8. L. 3.8; Max W. 0.8. Two 'arms' irregularlyfacetted (6-7), expanding towardscentrewhereit is crisplydifferentiated by recessedsection. 72/233. Stone lid, circular with handle, PLATE 229,5. H. 1.6 includinghandle; D. 4.2. Mauve limestone withwhitecrystallineveining. Stone conical rhyton,PLATE 213d. Base and 2/3 of upper part missing.Ext. H. 16.4; D. of rim 8.3; Th. of wall 0.8 at top, 0.1 at break. Chlorite,greenishgrey.?Brokenduringmanufacture.Joins fromRoom J/K. 68/92 (J/K),72/64, 128 and 214. Found togetherwith H 19. Stone quern, saddle, PLATES 210a; 210b middle. L. 36; W. 16; Th. 5; Wt. 4.5 kilos. Limestone/ marble,grey-blue with dark red patches and whiteveins. Slightlyconcave top; elongated ovoid with slightlyrounded base; most of one side lost. 72/158. Mixed stone tool group, PLATE 210a. Five small to medium sized natural pebbles (limestone): one spherical (4.0); two similarwith facets (D. 5.0), and two ovoid (L. 8 to 9; W. 4 to 4.5). All have fairlysmooth surfacesand no obvious signsof grinding,despite association with quern and pounder, H 20a and 21. Stone grinder-pounder, flat disc. D. 11; Th. 5; Wt. 800 gm. Limestone, badly burnt to grey-black and in poor condition. Found withquern and mixed tool group,H 20a and 20b. 72/157. Rock crystalfrags(2). Naturalcrystals,not worked. 72/145. Copper frag, of Pskület handle of lamp, PLATE 204,16 Ext. L. 5.8; W. 1.1; Th. O.4. Surface oxydisation.Taperingbar of rectangularsection. 72/79. Glassy faience sphericalbead, PLATES 225,8; 232,3. D. 1.8; of hole 0.4. Pale blue-whitecore with yellow patches, thinlyoverlaidwithpearl grey.Surfaceflaking.72/107. Copper double axe, PLATES 1961 and 201,12. Ext L. 8.8; ext W. of blade 6.2; W. at shafthole 2.6. Sn 1%. Broken across oval shafthole. Oxydised. Furthereffortsat breakingup to be seen in

24

THE EXCAVATION

cold chisel markson the lower part. Pronounced lunate cuttingedge; grooveadjacent to shafthole on one narrowedge. 72/112. H 26 Bronze handle, PLATE 204,13. L. 8.5; max. W. 1.1; max. Th. O.2. Sn 12%. In 3 joining pieces; oxydised and distortedby process of scrapping.Pendsof ribbon handle of smalljug. 72/81. H 27 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.8 by 7.1. 3 grooves. 72/61. H 28 Clay sphericalloomweight;5.8 by 6.8. 72/60. H 29 Bronze scraps,(a) 1.2 X 1.2; Th. 0.2 (b) 2 X 1.2; Th. 0.4. Formlessscraps;not sheet metal. (K). H 30 Conical cup, plain. H. 3.1; D. of rim 10, of base 4. Pink-bufffine clay; burntaround lip. Usual LM II type. 72/P5. H 31 Copper frag,of lekane, PLATE 203,5. L. 6.6; W. 3.7; W. of ledge 0.5. Sn 0.5%. As 1%. Rim and part of wall; evertedledge lip. Much distortedby breaking-upprocess. 72/77. H 32 Bronze rod, PLATE 205,8. L. c. 15; D. 0.3. Sn 12%. Probablycomplete; much oxydised; only ends little altered. Section, round one end and squarer the other. ?Part of hingingsystemfor box lid, used withsuch objects as L 41 and M 3. 72/68. H 33 Bronze needle(s), PLATE 205,7. (a) L. 6.6; D. 0.2: (b) L. 2: (c) L. 1.2. Sn 10%, As 1%. Much oxydised. ?From same object. 72/111. H 34 Clay sphericalloomweight;7.8 by 8.0. 3 grooves. 72/131. H 35 Ivory rod, PLATES 221,4; 230,4. Max L. 3.9; W. 0.50. Quatrefoilsection slightlytaperingwithtip lost; polished. 72/108. H 36 Bronze frag., of lekane, PLATE 203,4. 6x4.5. Sn 12%, As 1%, Pb 1%. Rim and part of wall; evertedledge lip. C/H 31. 3 frags,of sheet metal found withit, possiblyfromsame vessel. 72/101. H 37 Bone 'pin', PLATE 222,2. Max L. 6.2; D. 0.3. Shank and head (slightlyrounded) taperingto assumed tip (lost); well polished. 72/89. H 38 Stone bead, spherical,PLATE 219,9. D. 1.1; of stringhole0.2. Amethyst,crackedinternally.72/88. sheet. 72/185. H 39 Copper scrap. 3.1 X 2.2; Th. 0.15. Sn 1%. Formlessscrap of thin/medium H 40 Kylix, 1 hnd, frag,PLATE 176,9. D. of lip 11.8; Ext. H. 8.5. Lower stem and foot missing.Fine reddishbuffclay; mottled yellow to reddishbuffsmooth slip. PMycenaean. 72/P389. From upper LM ΠΙΑ 1 level. Η 41 Stone frag,of vase. Almost a cube with 2 polished surfaces,Ppartof a handle. 72/157. Η 42 Clay Pbutton,sub-rectangular, PLATES 224,2; 232,2. L. 3.3; W. 2.7; Th. 0.7. Fine clay burntgrey, lightlypolished. Rounded corners with bevel on upper side, slightlyconcave below. Stringhole (D. 0.2) near centre;chipped. 72/181. Η 43 Bronze Pinlay.L. 2.8; W. 0.2; Th. c. 0.1. Probablyincompleteboth ends; oxydised. 72/80. Η 44 Limestoneblock, Ppivotstone. L. 17; W. 12.5; Th. 6. Socket, D. 7; depth 1.5. 23-19. Η 45a Stone Prhyton,piriformor conical, PLATES 215,1-2; 229,9-10. Largest frag. 5.1 by 4.2; Th. and 0.5-0.9. Serpentine,dark blue-black. 2 pieces fromrim and body of at least D.15. Rim has 4 low 45b ridges. Scene depicts bull: horns and top of head visible. Interiorpolished; exteriorin low relief. Crackedby heat. MS V Type 34A or B. 72/119 and 72/122. Η 46 Bronze frag,3.8 X 1.4; Th. 1.2. Product of some casting process - Pjet froma crudelycut gate; Pweb froma scar on the mould face; Pspilleddrop fromfoundryflow. (G). Η 47 Copper droplet,lxl; Th. 0.6. Much oxydised; shapeless. (F). Η 48 Bronze handle frag.,PLATE 203,3. L. 5.5; W. 2.5; Th. c. 1. Whollyoxydised; grosslyswollen and split. Segmentof cast handle of heavy vessel (Ppan). Reliefridgeson long sides. (C). Η 49 Bronze handle frag.,PLATE 204,8. L. 1.9; D. 1.1. Sn 6%. Segment of handle of small cauldron or pan. 72/109. Η 50 Sealstone, PLATE 185b. D. 1.65 X 1.55; Th. 0.75; D. of stringhole0.18. Serpentine,dark grey. Lentoid with rounded back; stringholevertical. Considerablyworn at ends of stringholeand on engravedface, especially at centre along alignmentof stringhole;slightlychipped on the back face (not illustrated)at ends of stringhole.Animal (the legs suggestbull or goat, the long tail Plion) piece. 72/85. right,running;lines above its back, perhapsfoliage.A worn and undistinguished Η 51 Bronze lunate cutter,PLATE 205,22. H. 4.8; ext W. 3; Th. c. 0.1. Pointed tang at rightangles to crescentineblade, the tips of which are lost. Much oxydised. 72/A/PC,H. Η 52 Bronze staple. Described underΗ 195. (b) Upper mid levels,Η 53-70, plotted on FIG. 2. Η 53 Figurineof goddess, PLATES 159,5 and 191a. H. 14.3; W. 7.5. Few frags,includingleftbreastand end of one hand missing;restored.Creamybufffineclay; dull black paint. Head and body solid and

THE EXCAVATION

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THE EXCAVATION

H 98 H 99 H 100 H 101 H 102 H 103 H 104

H 105 H 106 H 107 H 108 -9

31

tip lost (ancient break). Much oxydised. Small clumsilyformedconical head. Shaft section round. Identificationdoubtful.Could it be castingwaste? 72/406. Glassy faience bead, spherical,PLATE 225,7. D. 0.9; of stringhole0.2. Core white, silversheen to exterior,both lustrous;flakingsurface.72/408. Bronze needle, PLATE 205,5a. Extant L. 11.2; D. c. 0.3. Sn 9%. Severaljoining frags.Completely oxydised. 72/374. Bone, rib fragmentof cattle. L. près. 10.5; W. 2.3. Th. O.3. Worked, carriespolish on one side. 72/354. Stone 'neolithic' axe, flat form,PLATE 218,1. L. 5.5; W. 4.2; Th. 1.2. Fine grainedigneousrock, black. Ground smooth,except butt withpeckingmarks.Few chips on workingedge. 72/378. Copper mould wire. 2.7 X 1.4 X 1.0. Sn 1%. Much oxydised; shortbits of wire crumpledinto a small lump. (J). Clay sphericalloomweight;estimatedD 7.5. Grooved 72/291. Sealstone, PLATE 184b. D. 1.5 X 1.48; Th. 0.5; D. of stringhole0.2. Serpentine,dark green. Lentoid with rounded back; stringholevertical. Worn and chipped at upper end of stringhole, damaging engraved face. Animal (probably bull) left, running. Belongs to same large group of LM I- II seals as NP 18, and has numerousparallels (eg. CS 385, CMCG 230-234 and 246; CMS IV 281; CMS VII 193; CMS VIII 82 and 126). 72/277. Stone Pgrinder-pounder, roughlyfacetted. Stone whetstone,plaque. L. 9.3; W. 2.9; Th. 1.2; Wt. 48 gm. Limestone, grey - burnt black in places; irregularoutline to object, severalpotentialworkingplanes. Cup, hndless,dec, PLATE 80b. H. 5.3; D. of rim 8.5, of base 2.7. Dipped in paint on eitherside with small reservedarea between. Bufffairlyfineclay; black veryfugativepaint. PerhapsLM I; built into top of parapet to S. door. 72/345. 2 conical cups, plain, (a) H. 4.3, D. of rim 10.2, of base 3.1. (b) H. 3.9; D. of rim 11, of base 3.8. Fine orange clay. Both have very flaringsides. Illustratedbelow at scale 1:3. 72/180 and 181. Found insideparapet to S. doorway and ?LM I.

H 110 Ivory plaque, rectangular,PLATE 221,7. Max L. 5.2; W. 2.4; Th. 0.5. Irregularoutline,part broken. Some polishing, cross hatching on one face, abrasion traces elsewhere. 2 shallow drilled holes (D. 0.2) at one end, one survivesat other. 72/343. Hill Clay small crucible,PLATES 199f and 206,7. H. 2.7; L. 6.3; W. c. 4.5; max. Th. 0.8. Part of rimand body lost. Small spouted saucer withledge handle. No tracesof metal. 72/P184. H 112 Stone Pstand,PLATE 216,8. Max. H. 13.8; D. estimated 12; Th. of wall 1.0, of base 3. Limestone, banded (greys,whites and brown) with crystallineinclusions. From a curved base, sides rise vertically preservingnine facets (2-2.5 wide). Base coveredwithnetworkof shallow handcut lines. The line of interiorprofile arguesat least two stagesof drilling,but no work markssurvive.Broken,top lost and part of side and base. Joined fromfragments.72/342,351,352 and 399. H 113 Ivory comb, PLATE 221,2. L. 6.6; W. 2.5 to roots of teeth;Th. 0.5. Teeth are preservedto L. 1.5. Broken. Back plain perhapstaperingto rod-likehandle; polished. Teeth roughlyovoid in section and 7 per cm. 72/356. H 114 Coarse jar, lower part only. H. ext. 9.7; D. of base 5.7. Shape uncertain.Coarse greyclay fired orangeon surface.72/P188. H 115 Partof H 19a, stone vase. H 116 Figurinefrag,of goddess, PLATE 193, 1. H. 3.1; W. 4.1. Left shoulder and breast. Yellowish buff clay; red paint. Hand-madeand solid. 72/387. H 117 Clay sphericalloomweight;7 by 6.8. 4 grooves.72/365. H 118 Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 7.5. 72/366. H 119 Clay sphericalloomweight;7.5 by 6.5. 4-5 grooves. 72/382. H 120 Clay cylindricalloomweight,PLATE 231,10. H. 7.2; W. 4.9; Wt. 150 gm. Grey-pinksandy clay with inclusions.72/381. H121a Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 8. 3 grooves. 72/339.

32

THE EXCAVATION

H121bClay sphericalloomweight;7 by 7.5. 72/340. H 122 Partof H 53, goddess figurine. H 123 Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 8. 2 grooves. 72/363. H 124 Clay sphericalloomweight;6 by 5.5. One groove. 72/364. H 125 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.5 by 7. 72/393. H 126 Clay sphericalloomweight;PLATE 223e top right.EstimatedD. 9.6. 72/100. H 127 H 128 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51f, 147,2 and 156,2. H. 8.7; D. of rim 15, of base 4.3. About 1/4 of rim missing;restored. Fine lightbuffclay and smooth, almost matt slip; brown to black paint. Lip band, frieze below of loops with floralcentre and iris flowerfill below; 3 body bands and 2 base bands; leaves on handle,PLATE 157c. Somewhat shallowerthan usual, with shorterand sharperrim and exceptionalstraphandle. 72/P16. H 129 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 55b and 150,2. H ext. 9.8, as restored 11.5; D. of rim 12.4. Few rim sherdsand base missing;restored. Fine buffclay and smooth buffslip; slightlyglossyred-brownto dark brown paint. Scolloped dec on rim, spiral spray on body with stemens above and arc fill below; bars on handle; solid painted interior.72/P15. Unplotted Finds Vases H 130 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50f and 147,6. H. 9; D. of rim 14, of base 4.5. Few sherdsmissing; restored. Fine buff clay and almost matt slip; orange-redto black paint. Lip band, networkwith solid disk fill on body, 3 bands below and base band; mottle inside with solid paint at base. Usual LM II shape withsmallpouringspout and roll handle,barredwithpaint. 72/P175. H 131 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51b, 148,2 and 156,5. H. 6.5; D. of rim 13, of base 3.8. Almost complete. Unusual shallow form with undifferentiatedlip, small pouringspout and strap handle. Small rim band with mottle on body eitherside of narrowverticalreservedstripcarryinglunates; 2 base bands; solid painted interior;bars and opposing half disks on handle. 72/P176. H 132 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50c and 147,3. H. 8.5; D. of rim 14.5, of base 4.8. Part of handle missing;restored. Usual LM II shape with small pouring spout, uptilted lip and roll handle. Lip band, main body dec of verticalreeds, 3 bands below and base band; solid painted interior.Buff clay, slightlyyellowishbuffslip and black slightlylustrouspaint. 72/P178. Most sherds fromnear S. doorway. H 133 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50e and 147,7. H. 8.7; D. of rim 16.5, of base 5.1. 1/4 of body and rim, and handle missing;restored. Pinkish buff fine clay, buff slightlypolished slip, brown to black somewhat lustrouspaint. Usual LM II dec shape thoughroll handle and spout missing.Lip, 3 body and base band with main friezeof floralhooks, with droplets above and wavy line below; handle outlined;solid painted interior.72/P237. H 134 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51c and 157,7. H. 5.7; D. of rim 10, of base 3.5. Few frags,of rimand body missing;restored.Bufffine clay withsome inclusions;black, veryfugativepaint. Smallerthan usual LM II dec and spouted cup and withunusual, straphandle. Mottle dec all over except vertical reservedstripeon both faces filledwithlunates; bars across handle; solid painted interior.72/P239. H 135 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATE 50h. H. 9.7; D. of rim 14.4; of base 5. Little of rim and nearly 1/4 of body missing;restored.Bufffineclay with orangetinge,lighterbuffand now matt slip,red lustrous paint. Usual LM II dec. cup shape with pouringlip and roll handle. Lip, 3 body and 2 base bands with main dec. of trellismade by joining verticallines of zig-zag;solid painted insidewithbase very worn ?fromuse; bars across handle. 72/P240. H 136 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50b and 147,4. H. 10.2; D. of rim 14, of base 4.5. Nearly 1/2 of body and rim,and handle missing,restored. Fine orange-buffclay, fine polished buffslip, orange-redto brown lustrouspaint. Solid triangles(or 'adder mark') on rim with fine line below; main friezeof pendent arcs with 'bud' at centre and loop fill below, bordered on top withdropletsand below by singlethinband, 3 bands at base; solid painted interior.72/P247. Some sherdsfromStaircaseJ. H 137 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51a and 156,4. H. 9.7; D. of rim 15, of base 4.9. About 1/5 of rimand few body sherdsmissing;restored.Usual LM II spouted cup shape but withstraphandle. Lip band and, unusually, multiple base bands; between, mottle with reservedpanel under spout and on opposite face with4 rows of verticalreed pattern;bars across handle which is outlined; solid painted inside. 72/P248.

THE EXCAVATION

33

H 138 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50g and 147,8. H. 7.9; D. of rim 13.5, of base 3.8. Handle, one rimand few body sherds missing;restored. Usual LM II dec. spouted cup shape (handle restored as roll type). Fine buffclay withorangetinge,softand poorly baked; orange-brownslightlylustrouspaint. Lip, 3 body and base band; main dec. of network with leaf fill; solid painted interior.72/P249. SeveralsherdsfromStaircaseJ/K. H 139 Cup 1 hnd., monochrome,PLATE 81a. H. 7.5; D. of rim 12, of base 4.2. Few body and rimfrags, missing.Fine buffclay; very fugativeblack paint in and out. Usual LM II spouted and roll handled shape. 72/P219. H 140 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome, PLATE 80a. H. 5.7; D. of rim 10.5, of base 3.6. Handle and 1 body sherdmissing.Usual LM II shape. Bufffineclay; black paint in and out, veryfugative.72/P341. H 141 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome. H. 5.3; D. of rim 10.5, of base 5.3. Handle and 1/3 of rim missing. Green-bufffine clay; black paint in and out, veryfugative.Slightlyimpresseddisk on base inside. 72/P354. H 142 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 52a. H. 12.3; D. of rim 18.9, of base 6.3. About 1/3 of body and both handles lost; heavily restored. Buff fine clay and matt slip; red-brownalmost matt paint. Lip, 3 body and 1 base band; main frieze of alternatingsprays with droplets above; lip band and base disk inside. 72/P220. H 143 Standedbowl, dec, PLATES 66c, 148,4 and 158,8. H. 12.3; D. of rim 13, of base 5.3. About 1/3 of rim and more of base lost; restored.Depressed ovoid bowl withledged rim,set on ringfoot; base of bowl not pierced. Very fine buff clay; very smooth and slightlylustrousdark buffslip; black to mauvish dark brown fugativepaint. Strokes on top and side of rim with thin band below; main friezeof floralhooks between a row of linked *C spiralsabove and below; then 3 body bands with another row of linked 'C spirals just above foot which is solid painted; unpainted,interiorand undersideof foot. 72/P221. H 144 Miniature?bowl, dec, PLATE 591. H. 3.6; D. of rim 7.2, of base 2.6. Part of body, rim,base and Phandle missing. Fine buff clay; brown to black paint. Lip, 3 body and base band; frieze of iris buds. 72/P241. H 145 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 92d. H. 11.5; D. of rim 17.5, of base 5.5. About 1/2 of body and rim, and handles missing. Buff fine clay and slip; red-brownto black rathermatt paint. Usual LM II shape. Lip, 3 body and base band; friezeof interlocking'S' patternwithwavy line above; lip band only inside. 72/P359. H 146 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 52c and 156,14. H. 9.3; D. of rim 17.8, of base 4.7. About 1/2 of body and rim, and 1 handle missing;restored.Bufffine clay and darkerbuffslip; dark brown to black nearlymatt paint. Usual LM II bowl shape. Lip, 3 body and base band; friezeof irisbuds between wavyline above and below; lip band and circle at base inside; bars across handle. 72/P364. H 147 Kylix, dec, PLATES 55a and 150,1. Foot, one handle and body frags,missing,restored.D. of rim 14.2; H. as restored 15.5. Fine buff clay and smooth cream to light buff slip; red-brownpaint. Droplets at rim; motive of elaborate floral spray of 2 linked spirals springingfrom a stem with 'foliage' at its terminal;petal fill within spirals; arc of hanging'stemens' below and ?irisbud fill above; 2 waved lines above motivewith 'leaf attachments.Interior,painted overall. 72/P192. H 148 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57h. H. 15.6; D. of rim 14.7, of foot 7.3. Few body sherdsmissing; restored.Fine creamy buffclay and slip, the lattervery soft and crumbling;paint black, nearlyall effaced.Coarselypainted largeiriscross of singlestrokeswithirisfillin each quarter. 72/P222. H 149 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 56c and 149,6. H. 9.2; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.2. Large part of body and 1 handle missing.Fine buffclay and slip; brown to black paint. Usual LM II kylixshape with 2 strap handlesbut smallerthan usual. Droplets on rim,body dec of cloverwith singledot filland 'V link between leaves; foot painted; bars across handle; lip band and solid disk on base inside; handle stub outlined. 72/P238. H 150 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 55d and 151,5. Foot, part of rim and 1 handle missing.H. 8.6; D. of rim 11. Orange fine clay; brown to black paint. Droplets on rim with centralmotive of vertical 'sacral ivy' motive. 72/P242. H 151 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57g. Foot, 1 handle and some rimand body sherdsmissing;restored.H. as restored 9; D. of rim 10. Fine orange-buffclay, darker slightlypolished slip; brown to black ratherglossy paint. Lip band and foot painted; rest covered with mottlewithcentralverticalwavy line and same underhandles; mottle over handles; lip band and base disk inside. 72/P246. H 152 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec PLATES 56a and 150,5. H. 16; D. of rim 15.5, of foot 8.5. About 1/4rim,1/8

34

H 153

H 154

H 155

H 156

H 157

H 158

H 159 H 160 H 161 H 162 H 163 H 164

THE EXCAVATION of body, 1 handle and 1/2 foot missing;restored. Fine buffclay and slip; red-brownratherglossy paint. Droplets on rim,elaborate clover leaf with iris fill,foot and interiorpainted, latterworn at base; handlesbarredand outlined. 72/P261. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 168,108 for central motive. Foot, 1 handle and some body sherds missing;restored. H. restored 16.3; D. of rim 16. Fine yellowishbuffclay; red to brownishblack paint. Droplets on rim, main dec. of 2 linked spiralswith arc fill above and below; solid painted interior.72/P262. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57b. H. 10.5; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.3. Large part of one side and one handle missing;restored.Bufffine clay and slip; dark red-brownslightlyglossypaint. Droplets on rim, central ornament of 3 short strokes arrangedin triangularform,foot and interiorpainted. 72/P339. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 57c and 158,1. H. 9; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.3. About 1/2 missing includingmost of body sherdsand 1 handle. Greenishbufffine clay and slip (hard-baked);black fugativepaint. Droplets on rim, small ornament below of 2 closely spaced *V's, foot painted, handles outlinedand barred;bands on interior.72/340. Pedestalled cup (or goblet), dec, PLATES 51k and 151,9. About 1/4 of rimand body missing.Outturned rim and moulded base (without a hole in the base). Bufffine clay and slip; orange-brown paint. Lip, 3 body and base band withmain friezeof horizontalvetchdesign;splash dec on interior and lip band. 72/P343. Kylix, 2 hnd., ?dec, PLATE 160,14. H. 11.2; D. of rim 12.5, of foot 6.6. Much of rimmissingbut complete profileexists. Red, rathermealy clay; red fairlysmooth but veryworn slip; tracesof red paint in and out. Probably solid painted but could have been decorated with droplets at rim and even more doubtfullywith double foliatescroll. 72/P350. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 92a-b. H. 17; D. of rim 14, of foot 9. About 1/2rim,somebody sherds and 2/3 of foot and both handles missing,partlyrestored.Reddish buffmealy clay; buffmatt slip; muddy lightto dark brown matt paint. Droplets on lip, main dec. of 3 linked spiralsin clover-leaf foot painted; inside,lip band and centralsolid disk. 72/P351. arrangement, Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 58f. Foot, part of handle and some body sherdsmissing.Ext. H. 9; D. of rim 10.8. Reddish buff clay and slip; red slightlyglossy paint. Droplets on rim with roughly painted iriscross on each face; bars across handle; interiorsolid painted. 72/P352. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 57d and 158,2. H. 9.5; D. of rim 11, of foot 5.3. About 1/3rimand body and 1 handle missing.Fine buffclay and slip; red slightlyglossy paint. Droplets on rimwith small 'leaf on centralbody; foot and interiorpainted; handles barred. 72/P353. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 92c and 151,6. About 1/2 missingincludingfoot and 1 handle. Ext. H. 9.5; D. of rim 11. Rosette on each side with looped tail terminatingbelow in a 'V shaped 'leaf at the stem of the kylix.Solid painted interior.72/P380. Kylix, 1 hnd., plain but painted interior,PLATE 82f. H. 9.2; D. of rim 10.1, of foot 5.5. Small parts of rimand body missing;restored.Fine buffclay with orangetinge;interiorsolid painted with red paint. Single straphandle. 72/P245. Kylix, 1 hnd., plain, PLATES 83a and 160,16. H. 9; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.8. About 1/5 body missing;restored.Fine buffclay and slip. Single straphandle. 72/P338. Vacat.

H 165 Pedestalledbowl 2 hnd.,dec, PLATE 83d. Nearly1/2body and rim,1 handleand partof foot restored.H. 8.8; D. ofrim12.4,of foot3.2. Fineorangybuffclay;redpaint.Shallowbowl missing; withevertedlip and 2 smallhorizontalhandlesbelowlip, set on a stemof kylixtype.Onlyfoot inside,lip decoratedwithbarsandbowlbanded.72/337.In S. doorway. paintedon exterior; H 166 Jug,dec, PLATES 60b and 152,1. H. 20.9; D. max. 14.5, of base 5. About 1/5of body and all handle except stub missing;restored.Greenishbuffclay and slip; dark brownfugativepaint. to handle.Bandsacrossneckand at junction terminal Piriform withopen beak spout;out-turned withbody;3 bodybandsand one at base; maindec offoliatebandwithalternating spraysbelow. 72/P223. H 167 Jug,dec, PLATE 60d. H. 25.6; D. max. 21, of base 7.1. About1/5ofbodyand tipof spoutmisstroughspout;straphandle(no riveton body,neckmouldingand up-tilted ing;restored.Piriform row small dotsbelow;mainbodydec. of irregular of framed with on neck and Bands moulding top). with3 bodybandsanda basebandbelow. trellis, joiningzig-zags, paintedas a seriesof horizontal Handle barredand stub outlinedto moulding.Lightbrownclay slightly polished;darkbrown lustrous paint.72/225. slightly

THE EXCAVATION

35

H 168 Miniaturejug, dec, PLATE 59j. H. 6; D. max. 5.3, of base 2.5. Part of spout, neck and body missing. Depressed ovoid body with beak spout. Upper spout painted; band around neck with4 further bands low on body and base band; main dec. of row of irisbuds between wavy lines. 72/244. Fine buffclay and slip; black to brownpaint. H 169 Miniaturejug, dec, PLATE 59k. Much of neck and all mouth and handle missing.Ext. H. 5.5; D. max. 6, of base 2.5. Fine buffclay and slip; black mattpaint. Foliate band below neck junction and reed patternover body. 72/P355. H 170 Jug, dec, PLATES 61f and 159,1. About 1/3 body and all neck and handle missing;partlyrestored. Ext. H. 21; D. max. 21, of base 11.5. Globular body with slightlymoulded base. Foliate band or disks around neck withlargestylisedargonauts(withno body) takingup the whole field;cloverleaf fill inside spiral of tenticlesand the same with arc fillbetween the argonauts;4 bands low on body and base band. Fine lightbrown clay, very fine slightlylustrousslip, mauvishblack very fugative paint. 72/P358. H 171 Jug,2 hnd., dec, PLATE 63a. H. 24; D. of rim 14.8, of base 8.2. Few body sherdsmissing;restored. Pinkishbuffclay with much grit;black flakingpaint. Collar neck with troughspout and 2 vertical handles at each side. Rim, spout and handle stumps outlined; wavy line on neck; main dec of lily sprays with wavy line above and below; 3 body bands and 1 on base; handle has transversebars. 72/P236. H 172 Fragm.jug, dec, PLATE 92f and restoreddrawingPLATE 153,5. Much of rim and body, handle and Pspout missing;tentativelyrestoredin drawing.Collar neck and piriformbody; hole pierced in base. Band around rim,neck junction and moulded base; verticalspraysof vetch on body. 72/P250. H 173 Juglet,miniature,dec, PLATE 59m. H. 8.3; D. max. 7.5, of base 1.9. Large part of body lost; restored. Fine pinkish buff clay; black ratherfugativepaint. Bands around neck, mid neck and junction withbody; main zone of linked 'C spiralsbetween wavy lines; 2 more bands and base band below; bars across handle. Depressed ovoid in shape withup-tiltedtroughspout and ovoid sectioned handle. 72/P217. H 174 Pyxis, dec, PLATES 6 7c-d and 155,5. H. 7.1 ; D. of rim 10.3, of base 4.2. Very finebuffclay and slip; black very fugativepaint. Ledged rim with basket handles at rim. Few body rim and body sherds and all handles except stub missing;restored. Floral spray on each face with blobs on rim and shoulder, and base band; splash inside. 72/218. Frags, of a twin vase are illustrated on PLATE 94d. H 175 Fragm. pyxis lid, PLATE 94c, right.External D. 9; H. 1.2. Over 1/3 missing.Flat disk with ledge rim. Buff fine clay and slip; dark brown to black paint. Waved band on externalrim; floralspray below Pargonauton top; plain underside.72/P356. H 176 Fragm.large pyxis, dec, PLATE 94e and restoredin drawingPLATE 154,4. About 1/2missingbut whole profile preserved.As restored,H. 20.5; D. of rim 18, of base 15.5. Red-bufffine clay and light brown slightlylustrous slip; black to dark brown paint. Fairly straightsided with narrowing neck without a ledge; 2 pairs of holes pierced below neck. ?for securingmissinglid. Lip, neck and base band; disks on shoulder; quatrefoilpattern over most of body with some isolated disksbelow. Dribble patterninside. 72/P376. H 177 Fragm.large pyxis, dec, PLATE 94f and restoredin drawingPLATE 155,7. About 1/2missingbut whole profile preserved.As restored,H. 14; D. of rim 14, of base 15. Fairly straightsided with incurvinglip; moulding at shoulder, mid body and base; holes below shoulder ?for securinglid. Yellowish buff mealy clay; black very fugativepaint. Lip band with open single zig-zagbelow; 4 rows of closer zig-zag on upper body with row of 'S' design on mouldings;floral spray with ?net below, flowerswithoutstemens;plain inside. 72/377. H 178 Fragm.pyxis, dec, PLATE 94b, right,and restoredin drawingPLATE 155,6. About 1/2 rim and body, and 1/3 base missing;no join between upper and lower sherds. As restored,H. 8; D. of rim 12, of base 11. Greenishyellow mealy clay; very fugativeblack paint. Rather curved sides with out-turnedlip; holes pierced below shoulder. Lip and base band, with festoon patternon body. 72/P378. H 179 Rhyton,conical, dec, PLATES 65a and 154,1. Tip, few body sherdsand smallpart of rimmissing, restored.H, as restored26.5, as preserved23.5; D. of rim 11.5. Conical with slightbody swelling; out-turnedlip; strap handle with 3 'rivets' at junction with rim. Creamy bufffine clay and slip; warm brown to black paint, slightlyglossy. Horizontal zones of 'sacral ivy' with dot fill between, linked 'C spirals between waved bands, festoons with arc fill,foliate band, and multiplevertical wavylines; solid painted at base. 72/P189.

36

THE EXCAVATION

H 180 Alabastron, flat, H. as restored 8; D. of base 26.5, of neck as restored 1.5, PLATES 66a-b and 154,2. 1/3 base, about 1/5 of body, 2 handles and all rim missing;restored.Soft buffmealy clay; creamybuffmatt slip; lightbrown to black slightlyglossypaint. Base rough and pitted as though cast on sand. Neck band with another thin below, outlined wavy line around shoulder,wavy line near base, base band with 2 thin ones above; handles with splash along theirlengthand outlined, and withloops below. 72/P191. H 181 Palace Style jar, PLATE 68a- b. H. 50.7; D. of rim 22, of base 19. Large part of one side, piece of rim, one handle and some other body sherds missing; restored; one heavily restored side (not illustrated).Coarse red-brownclay with considerablegrit;fine cream smooth slip; warmred-brown to dark brown ratherlustrouspaint. Foliate arcs on collared rim;neck painted solid inside,outside has two reservedwavy lines; disks, then foliate band with single dot fill on shoulder; sprays of papyrus set in area between the handles consistingof almost verticalbut waved tendrilsterminating in flowerswith differentfillingon each of the 3 sides, that not illustratedhavingsolid tips with a barred arc between the spiralterminals;outlinedmottlefillbetween the spraysoccasionally divided internallywith bars; occasional solid disks as fill in plain background around the sprays; solid painted torusbase; handlesgroovedand painted all over. 72/P193. H 182 Stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 64b. Large parts of shoulder, body and base, and back handle missing; extensivelyrestored. As restored H. 16; D. max. 20. Orange fine clay; orange-redpaint. Globular with 3 handles. Waved bands on shoulder separated from row of disks (with dots between) by double bands; networkwith dot fillon body; 2 bands and base band below; cross on false spout and leaves on handles. 72/P251. H 183 Stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 64e. About 2/3 of shoulder and upper body, and nearlyall lower body missing;extensivelyrestored with no join between upper and lower body. As restored,H. 24.5; D. max. 26. Globular with 2 handles. Bufffineclay; orangybuffslip and red to dark brown slightly glossypaint. Waved bands on shoulder; row of 'sacral ivy*on upper body; 2 (or 3) body bands and 2 base bands; lattice on false spout, and handles solid painted. 72/P348. H 184 Bowl, 2 hnd., plain, PLATES 84g and 161,9. H. 14.8; D. of rim 18, of base 10. Some largebody and rim sherdsmissing;restored. Fine red clay and lightred-brownsomewhatpolished slip. Ovoid body withspreadingbase and evertedlip; 2 straphandles at rim. 72/P224. H 185 Fragm. 'trick vase', PLATES 87d and 162,5. Internal funnel,part only of rim, upper body and handle preserved.D. of rim 14. Fine greyclay and slip, latterpolished in places. Cone fittedto neck from above and hole then pierced since its making has bruised the cone on the outside. Cone smooth on exteriorbut with fingergrooveson interior.72/P374. From the 'sherdfloor' on W. side. H 186 Cooking jar, 1 hnd., PLATE 162,7. Large part of body and handle missing.H. 10.2; D. of rim 11, of base 4.7. Cup-shaped with 1 verticalhandle set below rim. Orange-redheavily grittedfabricwith dark core; self-slipped.72/P252. H 187 Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 162,10. Large part of body and ends of legs missing;restored.Ext. H. 114.4; D. of rim 14.5, of base 10. Rathershallow versionwith 2 horizontalstraphandles eitherside. Orange-brownheavilygrittedclay; wet smoothed. 72/P253. H 188 Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 162,11. Large part of body and ends of legs missing;restored.Ext. H. 11.2; D. of rim 13, of base 8.3. Rather shallow versionwith pouring spout and one verticalside handle. Orange/brownheavilygrittedclay, wet smoothed. 72/P254. H 189 Large basin, dec, PLATE 72d. H. 24; D. of rim 25.6, of base 20.2. Few rimand body sherdsmissing; restored.Rolled lip, troughspout, 2 horizontal side handles and stud behind. Lightbuffgritty clay and slip; black matt paint. Strokeson rimand handles,latteroutlined;irregularwavy bands on body; all very crudely executed; some lines and splashes on interior. 72/P331. Most from S. Doorway. H 190 Large basin, mono, PLATES 87g; 159,4. About 1/2 preservedplus some non-joiningsherds.H. 16; D. of rim (lug to lug) 42, of base 18. Reddish buffclay withmuch grit;deep red slightlyglossythick paint. Shallow, rounded sides with out-turnedlip, set on ringbase which is grooved underneath; 'ear' and tab-likelugs on rim; ?had straphandles. A clear hangoverfromMM. 72/P382. H 191 Pithoidjar, medium sized and dec, PLATE 77b. H. 48; D. of rim 19.5, of base 17.8; capacity c. 24 litres.1/2rimand about 1/3 body missing;restored.Piriformbody, collared neck. 2 largehorizontal handles and 2 small vertical ones on shoulder. Light brown grittyclay; greenishbuff slip. Very 'pock-marked'surfacewith fugativematt brown paint. Rim, solid painted with horizontalband at base of neck; verticalhandle has 2 smearsof paint; horizontalone 1 stripeand outlined. Main zone on body, band of retortedspirals;below 3 bands and at base further3 bands. 72/P332.

THE EXCAVATION

37

H 192 Pithoidjar, fragm.,unrestored.D. of rim c. 74; profileuncertain.2 round sectioned handles from lower body survive. Pale grey to red clay with many inclusions; no visible paint. Large square sectioned rimwithhorizontalband havingimpressedchevronsbelow. Otherreliefdec. consistingof, a wavy band with oblique impressedhatchingprobably formingspirals,a zone withimpressedsec. of small stampedspiralson wavy frond-likebands, a wide band of impressedcrosshatching. Metal objects H 193 Copper arrowhead,PLATE 200,5. L. 4.8; W. restored2.6; tang,W. 0.8. Th. 0.1. Sn less than 0.5%. Complete save one barb; much oxydised. 72/207. H 194 Bronze needle. L. c. 6.2; D. c. 0.2. Completely oxydised; joining frags,of shaft,head and tip lost. 72/A/PC,D. H 195 Copper staple, PLATES 196h and 203,14. L. extended 14.5; head, 1.4 X 1.7. Complete,bent, only slightlyoxydised. Shaft of square section except at head, where hammeringhas made it 8-sided. 72/110. In fact,plotted; see H 52. H 196 Bronze, vessel body frag.2.5 X 2.5; Th. c. 0.1. Sn 9%. Scrap of thinwalled vesselpreservingmost of a rivethole (ie. part of handle attachment),D. 0.3. Breaks show clear signsof breakingup process. 72/258. H 197 Copper rivet,PLATE 204,17. D. 1.6 X 1.8; H. O.8. Head and part of shaft. Oxydised. Probably internalhead of rivetused to secure handle to vessel neck or wall. 72/258. H 198 Copper rivet,PLATE 204,24. D. 1.2 and 1.0; Th. O.9. Roughly made heavy rivetwith relatively smallheads, perhapsof type used in assemblingthe componentplates of largecauldron. 72/373. H 199 H 200 Bronze scrap,2 X 1.1; Th. 0.5. Slightlyoxydised formlessscrap of sheet. (E). H 201 Bronze scrap, 2.8 X 1.2. Whollyoxydised formlessscrap of thinsheet. 72/803. H 202 Bronze scrap,2.2 X 0.8 ; Th. 0.25. Sn 8%. Snippet of mediumsheet. 72/346. H 203 Bronze scrap, 2.5 X l;Th. 0.3. Sn 3.5%. Formlessscrap of mediumsheet. 72/187. H 204 Bronze frag,of ?web, 2.3 X 0.9; Th. 0.15. Slightlyoxydised. (B). H 205 Bronze frag,of ?web. L. 1.7; W. 1.2; Th. 0.2. Probablyfromcentreof waste bar. (I). H 206 Bronze droplet,1.5 X 1 X 0.7. Much oxydised. (B). H 207 Bronze waste, 1.5 X 1.1. Small formlesslump of gassywaste. (A). H 208 Copper wire. L. 4; W. 0.6; Th. c. O.2. Oxydised. Widergauge than most examples. 72/372. H 209 Clay crucible, PLATE 199d bottom. H. 3; L. 6.8; ext. W. 5.7. Rim and spout incomplete. Discoloured dark inside,but not vitrified.No metal traces.Probablyunbridged. H 210 Clay small crucible, PLATES 199f and 207,2. H. 2; ext. W. 3.5; max. Th. O.9. Less than half preserved.Stained greyinside.No tracesof metal. 72/P186. H 211 Vacant. -13 Otherfinds H 214 Stone polisher,triangular,PLATE 208,1. L. 9.5; W. 4.5; Th. 3; Wt. 225 gm. Crystallinelimestone, grey (burnt partly black, even calcined). Underside well polished with rounded ends and fine scratchesalong major axis. Upper side has rounded profilewith 5-6 facets at tip. Sides also carry polish. H 215 Stone polisher,triangular,PLATE 208,2. L. 6.8; W. 3.3; Th. 3.3; Wt. 50 gm. Crystallinelimestone/ marble, dark blue-black. Its triangularproportionsare distortedby numerousirregularfacets and low protrusions.All sides carrysome polish. Traces of red ochre on 2 planes, ?fromsome crushing operation. bar form,PLATE 208,6. L. 6.2; Max D. 2.3; Wt. 20 gm. Limestone, H 216 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, grey. Roughly cylindricaland tapered, ?fromtripod leg or bore core. Smooth but for some chips. 72/41. flat disc, PLATES 208,12; 227,2. D. 7; Th. 3; Wt. 220 gm. Whitemarble. H 217 Stone grinder-pounder, Smooth surfacewithtracesof grindingand lightpounding at edges. H 218 Stone whetstone,thin plate, PLATES 209,7; 227,8. L. 11; W. 2.7; Th. 1.2; Wt. 50 gm. Phyllite, Irregularprofilewithslightbevel at one end; naturalpolish. silver-grey. H 219 Stone quern, saddle. H 220 Stone 'stand', PLATE 210c. L. 12.8; W. 9.4; Th. 7;Wt. 1.2 kilos. Medium-grainedsandstone,beige. Ovoid beach pebble with regularand smooth surface naturallypitted. Shallow depression (D. 4; 1.5 deep) in each main surfacewithno signof rotarywear. Part of one side lost ?frompounding.

38

THE EXCAVATION

H 221 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, PLATE 208,3. L. 7.4; W. 3.2; Th. 1.5; Wt. 40 gm. Marble, pale white-pink.Rounded with irregulartaper fromweathering. H 222 Mixed stone tool group, PLATE 210d. Medium limestone and shale objects, all burnt: one flat plaque (L. 8.2; W. 6.6; Th. 0.8), an elongated rubber(L. 7.2; W. 3.0; Th. 2.2), a triangularfacetted grinder(L. 7.5; Ht. 4.0 - work marks),six ovoid naturalpebbles (1 facetted;L. 10-4) and one flat ovoid (L. 7.3; W. 6.3; Th. 1.8). Most carrya low waterpolish. H 223 Stone polisher,triangular.L. 7.3; W. 3.5; Th. 5.0; Wt. 121 gm. Limestone (crystalline),dark greyslightlybanded. H 224 Stone pebbles, water-worn,PLATE 209,1-4. Spherical (D. 2.8); ovoid (L. 5.4; Ht. 3.3); flat discs (D. 3.0, Ht. 1.3; D. 2.7, Ht. 0.8). All crystallinelimestones,greys,burntto black, and whitemarble. H225a Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form. L. près. 5.2; W. 3.1; Th. 1.4; Wt. 26 gm. Sandstone - perhaps a whetstone.Edges rounded,piece tapersacross its width. (calcareous), grey,fine-grained H225b Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form. L. 5.4; Max. W. 2.3 ; Th. 1.7; Wt. 24 gm. Quartzite,greywhite. Subrectangularform. H 226 Stone grinder-pounder, flat 'disc'. L. 11.1; W. 8.7; Th. 4.6; Wt. 752gm. Limestone,pinky-white. Pittednaturalsurface. H 227 Stone Pwhetstone,plaque/polisher,triangular.L. près. 4.1; Max. W. 1.5; Ht. 3.5; Wt. 21 gm. Limestone,grey,burntblack. Two main faces flat;one edge rounded; polished with scratcheson face. H 228 Mixed stone tool group: two medium near-sphericalgrinder-pounders (limestone: L. 7.5, Ht. 5.4; L. 9.5, Ht. 6.2); two rounded, one ovoid burntpebbles (quartzite and marble: D. 4.0, L. 4.1, Ht. 3.1; L. 7.5, W. 3.4, Ht. 2.3); and one marblefragment. H 229 Stone axe, shaftholetype, PLATE 218,4. Max L. 6.5; W. at hole 4; Th. 3.8; D. of hole 1.5. Fine grainedlimestone,greenwithdarkerveins. Polished; blade expands slightlyto badly chipped cutting edge. Upper surfaceconvex, undersidewith a concave curve;shaftholedrilled.Snapped at shafthole withhalfsurviving.72/437. H 230 Stone bead or pin-head ornament,spherical,PLATE 232,5. D. 3.9; of stringhole0.5. Rock crystal. Top flattenedwith traces of grinding;interiorslightlycracked. Hole drilledmainly fromone end. 72/436. H 231 Stone disc, pierced, PLATE 219,12. D. 2 to 1.5; of stringhole0.35; Th. O.6. Fine grainedigneous rock, dark grey-black.PTriangularmotivesat largerend. Stringholedrilledoff-centre; edges rounded but smallerend slightlyirregular.72/355. H 232 Stone ?spindie whorl,circular.D. 2.7; Th. 1.3. Circularoutline, but bevelled on 'upper' side where centreis indentedbut not fullypierced. 72/220. H 233 Stone lid, circular,PLATES 224,1; 232,1. D. 4.3; Th. 0.5. Kouskouras, off white. Flat faces with slight bevels at edges; chipped at periphery and one face. Painted brown-black,most effaced. 72/448. H 234 Pumice of close texture,PLATE 211a. L. 5; W. 4.5; Th. 4. Irregularwith 7-8 facets,4 havingnetwork of grooves,2-12 in numberwith 'V profile,suggestiveof sharpeningblade tips or points. H 235 Pumice of medium texture,PLATE 211c. L. 8.3; W. 6.7; Th. 3.5. Plano-convexwith plane face carryingparallel scratchesfromgrindingand groovewith shallow 'U' profile. H 236 Ivorychips and fragments.Up to L. 1.7; W. 1.3; Th. 0.4. Burnt.Four or fivepieces. H 237 Faience vessel, two body frags.,PLATE 225,3 and 5. Largestpiece 3.5 X 2.5; Th. 0.7. Surface-skin white over brown-blacklayer with compact core sandy, white. Traces of lineardec. in dark brown. Burntpink in places. H 238 Faience vessel,rim-neckfrag.,PLATE 225,1. Max. L. 5.8; H. 2.8; Th. 0.8. Thick white surfaceover porous, orange-browncore withgreen-grey painted dec. as shown. H 239 Clay sphericalloomweight;5.7 by 6.3. 72/44. H 240 Clay sphericalloomweight;6 by 5.5. 4 grooves. 72/293. H 241 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.8 by 6.5. 72/91. H 242 Clay, near cylindricalloomweight;5 by 7. PLATE 223e top left. 72/381. H 243 Wooden disc/roundel,small. H 244 Lead frags,entangledsmall rods. 72/130. Post-LM II contexts H 245 Stone grinder -pounder,spherical with facets. D. 5.6-6.2; Ht. 5.7; Wt. 362 gm. Marble, greyand whitemottled;surfacenow powdery.Pit 3; to LM ΠΙΑ. Η 246 Stone grinder-pounder,spherical, PLATE 208,15. L. 6.6; W. 5.8; Wt. 210gm. Limestone, soft,

THE EXCAVATION

39

withhighlypitted surface.Context to LM IIIB. 72/289. off-white H 247 Stone grinder-pounder, spherical,PLATE 227,19. D. 4.9 to 5.3; Wt. 250 gm. Sandstone (calcareous), fine-grained, beige-grey.Pit 8; to PG. H 248 Obsidian, 10 pieces includingcore, flakesand blade. H 249 Stone button, stemmed,PLATE 218,7 bottom right.W. 0.8; D. 1.8, of sh. 0.3. Steatite,pale green. Shank broken,some evidenceof verticaltrimming;head concave, trace of hollow drillwork. To Geo context. 72/125. H 250 Stone 'button', conical. H. 1.35; D. 2. Serpentine,black. LM ΠΙΑ 2 context. 72/245. Η 251 Stone ?bead blank, amygdaloid,PLATE 219,7. L. 3.6; W. 1.7; Wt. lOgm. Banded tufa,brownwith brown and black veining.Bottom flat,rest rounded. Perhaps a weight,sealstone blank or gaming piece. 72/49. Pit 1 to Hellenistic. Η 252 Rock crystal.Up to 3.5 in length.Naturalcrystals,two pieces. Η 253 Clay sphericalloomweightwithprobably4 grooves.5.9 X 6.1. 72/74. Η 254 Clay sphericalloomweightwithprobably4 grooves.4.7 X 5.7. 72/82. H255a Clay sphericalloomweight;7.3. Pit 3, to Geo. Η 255b Clay sphericalloomweight;small,fragment.4 grooves.Pit 3 to Geo. H255c Clay sphericalloomweight;large,fragment.?3 grooves.Pit 5 to Geo. 72/45. Η 256 Clay with cloth impression,PLATE 222,5. D. 1.8; Th. O.6. Roughly circularfrag,of clay burnt grey-black.Impressionof textile of simple weave: plain or 'tabby' with equal numberof warps and welts;closely woven with4-5 threadsto half cm. To LM ΠΙΑ context. Η 257 Bone 'pin', withpointed end, PLATE 222,6 bottom left.L. 4.7; D. 0.5. Triangularsection. Top lost. To SM, context. 72/4. Η 258 Bone 'haft',fragment.To SM, context. Η 259 Sealstone, PLATE 186d. D. 1.3; Th. 0.65; D. of stringhole0.15. Steatite (or serpentine),greenwith slightlytranslucentsurface and soapy feel. Discoid, with almost flat faces. Slightly worn and chipped on both faces amongst the cross-hatching;broken throughthe stringholeon face (i) at centre of the concentriccircles. Much of damage may have been caused duringengravingprocess. Rough cross-hatchingon both faces, more carelesslyexecuted on face (i) with 2 concentriccircles having central dot. Only face (ii) illustrated.The combination of cross-hatchingand concentric circles appears on sealings impressed by disc rather than rectangularseals as early as MM IIB amongstthe Phaestos sealings (eg. CMS II, 5, 51 and 34) and on sealstones (eg. CMS II, 2, 51) of an MM IIB to earlyMM III date. This piece is probably a survival.72/40. Η 260 Figurinefrag.,head of goddess, PLATE 193,10. H. 4; W. 2.5. Yellowish buffclay; red paint. Solid and hand-made. Applied blobs for eyes and ears; gash for mouth. 72/6. In a general LM ΠΙΑ 1 context. Η 261 Copper needle, PLATE 198b right.Extant L. 12.5; D. 0.25. In severalpieces, eyelet and tip missing. Much oxydised. Section, round. 72/262. In Pit 11, an LM ΠΙΑ 2 context. (also Η 40, LM ΠΙΑ 1, listedabove).

not restorable,of the followingdecoratedvases, In the LM II debris,were largefragments, most illustratedin PLATES 89-94: cups usual 11, reed cups 3, blob cups 1, monochrome 2; pyxides 1; lids, domed or flat3, with 1; bowls 5; kylikes4; jugs 4, jugs trough-spouted of these came fromthe make-upof 1. Some coarsewar handle/foot1; collar necked jar, of decorated as too the feet with 33 floors, kylikes,17 bases of blob and wash cups and 1 of feet 27 plain kylikes(two being hnd). The individualdecorated sherdsfrompreLM II floorsand fillsare at PLATES 96-7. destruction In fineplain wares,apart fromthese,were 1,079 bases of conicalcups but manycould be derivedfromearlierwall and floorfills. Of coarse ware,nearlyall were individualsherdswithabout 35 bases. Most of the rim of sherdswere fromamphoras,basinsand pithoidjars withflatledgelips. Severalfragments such a jar, withone handlesurviving and tracesof a socketbase, has reliefdec. of horizontal and wavybandswithpoorlyexecuted'rope' decoration.Therewere2 stirrup jar tops. The same fragmentary stateis true,too, of the cookingpot wares,withpieces of large tripodpots and similarlyshaped vases withoutfeet;also, 5 handlesof ewers(like PLATE

40

THE EXCAVATION

86a- b), lids with handles,traysand large open dishes(2 withcrinkledrims)of the type withshortwallsand verythinbase, discussedin thepotterysection.Some body sherdshave appliedwhitebandsand strokes,on a darkslip.A selectionis illustratedat PLATE 95. There were also some 8 pieces of pumice; mostup to L. 5.5 and H. 4; one largerhaving L. 10.1, W. 6.9 and Th. 6; some have a flatterplane forgrinding, PLATE 211e. In addition therewere38 pieces of stonevases,all beingindividualfragments; and 38 pieces of obsidian, includingcores,preparationflakes,flakesand blades,PLATE 211h- k. StaircaseJ/K(PLATES 20a and e and 21b) The two compartmentsform a staircase,Κ containingthe lower steps and J probably intendedas an understairscupboardwithan entrancefromK. Entryto the stairwayfrom the PillarHall Η had been closed by a blockingwall insertedinto the doorwaybeforethe mainLM II destruction, afterwhicheventtherewas no reoccupationin thisarea. The staircasewas coveredby a stonefallwhichhad been disturbedby robbingpitsover the outerW. wall and overthe partywall withRoom B. Moreover,compartment J had been of the well had into of blocks a built Geometric which cut some the penetratedby partly W. wall. In compartmentK, the four remainingsteps of the stairwayare roughlyconstructed and approachedby a slightlyslopingearthrampleadingfromthe doorway.Lower stepsand ramp were covered with burntdestructiondebriscontainingparts of carbonisedwooden posts,LM II pottery,a stone pendent(no. 4) and a loomweight(no. 6). The sherdsin the earthof therampwereof theMM IIIB/LM IA charactercustomaryin fillsbelow floors,and similarpotteryoccurredin the foundationtrenchfortheE. wall whichextended30 cm into thepassage.In cleaningthisramp,sealstoneno. 3 was found. In J, the understairscompartment, the fillof the usual Minoan yellow soil, withsome carbon flecksand a few fragments of gypsumslabs (Section 3, PLATE 11, level 18) cleaned down on the S. side to a thinashy level whichmay be spill fromRoom H whereat a late stage of LM II a bank of ash was heaped up againstthe S. face of the block flankingthe doorway(PLATE 5, N. elevation,and Section 4, PLATE 12, levels6-8). Below thiswas a furtherfillof clean yellow soil whichrestedabove a darkbrownlevel,probablythe original floorof the compartment. The entryfromK, flankedwitha gypsumblock on itsN. face, was partlyblocked by a stone fallrestingabove the originalfloorand stratified underthe level lower levels. An was found in the mentioned above. ashy ivorytoggle(no. 5) (level 17) Sherdsbelongingto vases,themajorportionsof whichwerefoundin the fillof Room H to the south,occurredin upper levels of compartment J, above the layerof ash (level 17) LM II destruction;29 and mustrepresent floor the final fall amongthesewas following upper the kylix,no. 1 (PLATE 99a). However,no suchjoins were foundbetweenthismaterial and the LM II sherdscontainedin theburntdestruction materialin theadjacentstairwayΚ (PLATE99b-eandg).30 It would, therefore, appear thatstairwayΚ was damagedbeforethe finalLM II destruction, at an earlierLM II stage,and thatconsequentlythe stairwayfell out of use and was closed offfromRoom Η by theblockingwall builtacrossthe doorway. J to suggestit was everput to any Nothingwas foundin the understairscompartment valuable as a would have been it use, cupboardor store.If it is correct specialised though thatthe upper ash level thereis spill fromRoom H, as suggestedabove, thiswould indicate thatthe space above the flanking block of the doorwayinto Room Η was at thisstageopen and not carrying a superstructure as would be expected.

THE EXCAVATION

41

Staircase Contents

J/K1 Kylix dec, 2 hnd., PLATE 99a. Foot, most of both handlesand about 1/5 of body missing; restored.H. as restored14.8; D. ofrim15.5. Fineorange-buff clay;darkredto brownpaint.Single rimandbase ofbowlpainted.72/P243. floralsprayon eachface;interior J/K2 Fragm.collar-necked jug, PLATE 99d. Base, handleand spoutmissing;mostof body and 1/3rim D. max. 22. Lightbuffmealyclay;lightbrownmattslip;darkbrownpaintbadlyflaked. preserved. Dottedzig-zagon neck;mainzone of elaborateivypatternwitharcfillaboveandhatchedtriangles foliatebandabovebasebands.72/P369. below;inverted 0.15. Lentoidwithrounded J/K3 Sealstone,PLATE 184d. D. 1.64 X 1.55; Th. 0.65; D. of stringhole red. In fineconditionwithhardlyanywearat the endsof back and verticalstringhole. Carnelain, facefrombehindanimal'sneckacrossits hindthe stringhole; only one minorcrackon engraved 2 lineswithdot quarters,and a smallchipon itsbody aboveforeleg.Goat (agrimi)left,running; betweenbehindits neck,?weaponin its neck,or foliage;2 linesin front,Pfoliage;groundline or LM II use. below.72/785.Cleaningfloorof RoomK, so LM IA construction 0.2. Jasper,green. PLATES 219,13; 232,4. H. 2.2; D. 1.4, ofstringhole J/K4 Stonependent,peg-topped, drilledfromeitherside. 68/196. Polishedapartfromgroovedividingtop frombody; stringhole LM II context. J/K5 Ivorytoggle,PLATES 221,9; 230,10. L. 4.1; max. W. 0.6. 2 armswithtracesof facetting(6), lightly polished.Gentleexpansionto centrewhereshortlength(0.4) crisplyrecessed.68/226.LM II context. 6.1 X 6.5. 1 or 2 grooves.68/198.LM II context. loomweight, J/K6 Clayspherical

In addition therewere the sherdsat PLATE 99b- c, e- g, and partsof othervases found mainlyin Room H and detailedin notes 29 and 30. CorridorL (plansat PLATE 8) This corridorextendsthe fullwidthof thebuilding,fromtheW. wall as faras the doorway leading to the bridgeand the Little Palace, PLATE 33c. Apparentlyintendedas a direct approachto the PillarHall, and to the storeroomsand stairwayopeningoffit to the south, access to it fromthe bridgehad been blockedbeforethe LM II destructionby a roughcross wall erectedimmediatelyafterthe entranceto Room Q. Internally,access could be further controlledby two doorseach suppliedwithgypsumjambs; thatto the E. had a thresholdof The floorwas of clay and the walls had been mud wood, carbonisedin the destruction.31 plastered. East of theblockingwall onlya stripof the originalfloorremained,the resthavingbeen dug throughto bedrockby one of Evans's testspits. So, the main partof the corridorwill be consideredfirst. The destructiondebriscontaineda considerablestone fall,thoughless than in the W. part of the PillarHall, and in thiscase it was concentratedin lowerlevelsand just above the floor.Most of the potterywas restingon the floor but many of the otherobjects were be convenientto considerthisfillin distributedthroughoutthe upper fill.It will,therefore, threelevels, the upper fill (PLATE 8a and FIG. 6), the main stone fall (PLATE 8b and FIG. 7), and the floordeposits(FIG. 8). The top of the destructionfillwas markedby red crumblysoil withashy patches and the occasional burnttimber(Section 6, PLATE 13, levels 2-4). Remainsof burntbeams werepreservedhorizontallyabove theN. wall,neartheentranceinto thePillarHall, and at a lowerlevel verticallyagainstthe E. face of thisdoorway:a stripof carbonisedwood, 13 cm wide, lay along the N. face of the pier with dowel holes whichflanksthe doorwayinto Room M, and, somewhatlower,similarevidenceappeared along its E. facein the doorway itself. These carbonised remains for the most part seem to representceiling supports mortisedinto the dowel holes on the top of theN. wall and of thepierto the south.

42

THE EXCAVATION

Finds began to appear almostat the preservedsurfaceof the fill,nearlyall beingconcentratedat the W. end of the corridor,in the area betweenthe doorwayinto thePillarHall and that of Room M, as well as in the alcove-likespace againsttheW. wall of theMansion, L 1-31, FIG. 6. These included a bronze basin and knife,a stone blossom bowl, stone poundersand whetstonesand a few objects of ivory.A littlebelow themwereotherpieces of bronze,L 34-42, FIG. 7; whilethe of ivory,more stone vases and tools, and fragments same area continuedto produce a few similarobjects,in particulara birdsneststonebowl, beforethe floordepositwas reached. Elsewhere,objectsin theupperfillwereveryfew,- a bronzefigurine (L 32) and partof a largestone bowl (L 44), opposite the entranceto StairwayO, a vase-stopperand several pieces of decorated wall plasterand of a much coarserplasterset with small pebbles32 (Section6, level8). The lattermaybe roofingmaterialsincethereis ampleevidencethatthe uppercorridorhad been flooredwithgypsumslabs,two of whichhad fallenside by side and of on edge againstthe face of the N. wall of Room P. Furthereast again,the fragments decoratedplastercontinuedto appear. The stone fallrested,forthe most part,a littleabove the floor,but in an upperlevelat the W. end, a gypsumslab and some blocks stretchedacross the corridorbetween the entrancesinto the PillarHall and Room M (FIG. 6). These were thoughtat the timeto be possiblyremainsof an upper wall originallysituatedacross the lintelof the doorwayinto the PillarHall, while tracesof a possible beam acrossthisspace werenoted at a lowerlevel; but equally thesestonesmayhavebeen upperwallingwhichremainedin positionsomewhat of clay longerthan most of the tumble.In the same region,but higherup, manyfragments were observed,some with the impressionof roundbeams, othersapparentlyhad been in contactwithsquared timbers,and a few flatpieces carriedtheimpressionof rushes;one or two pieces consistedof two layersof clay withtwigor smallreedstalkssandwichedbetween them,perhaps the bedding for the upper paving(PLATE 42f- g). Unlike the restof the corridor,the W. end contained few fallenblocks lower down, above the floor deposit, block of ashlarhad a dowel hole on one face: instead,therewas a thougha fragmentary concentrationof carbonisedtimber,one patchmeasuring80 by 40 cm, thoughit mighthave two timbersside by side. represented fromthe door of Room M eastwardto theblockIn the restof the corridor,stretching on the floorand in thelevelsabove. Amongit were of a fallen mass masonry,lay ing wall, of many fragments gypsumslabs, presumablyupper storeyflooring,and manyshattered ashlarblocks which may have been the interiorfacingof the room above the PillarHall to suggest whichfelloutwardinto thecorridor.Pieces of mud brickwerefew;not sufficient of this material. upperwalling Whenthe stone fallhad been clearedaway,muchof thearea betweentheW. end of the corridorand the door of Room Ν was carpettedwithshatteredpottery,amongwhichcould be seen stone lamps and a stone stand,PLATE 33a. There were two main concentrations, one at the farW. end, in the alcovelike space there,and the otherextendingfromthe door into the PillarHall (H) up to the entranceinto StoreroomΡ (FIG. 8). A smallergrouplay further east,oppositeStairwayΟ againsttheN. wall. The W. depositin the alcove,L 47-68, consistedalmostexclusivelyof pottery,PLATE 33d, but amongit were a lead earring,crucibleand a pair of bronzescale pans. Most of the pots were cups and bowls thoughtwo decoratedjugs, a stirrupjar, kylixand two cooking pots were also present.Some of thesevasesagainsttheW. wall lay about 20 cm below floor of gypsumsuggestedthe collapse of a slab coveringa cist, level; beneath them fragments whichturnedout to be thecase.

THE EXCAVATION

43

In thecentraldeposit,L 75-110, PLATE 33a and e, thepotteryconsistedprincipallyof cups and kylikes,plain and decorated,togetherwitha small alabastronand some cooking pots. Otherobjects were thistime,however,more numerous,includingtwo stonelamps,a stone stand, a pestle and a whetstone.One of the lamps containedtracesof a brightred of thepoundingof a colour.There stained,suggestive powderwhile the pestle was similarly werealso a fewscrapsof gold foil. In the third,much smaller,group,L 111-122, furthereast againsttheN. wall,pottery and cups in particularpredominated,thoughin the same context or nearbywere a clay mouldand bronzependent. At the E. end of the corridor,near the blockingwall, therewas a scatterof bronze objects,includinga razor and tweezers,on or just above the floortogetherwitha stone birdsnestbowl, L 122-130. Againstthe N. wall, a groupof copper strips,L 124, lay in an area of carbonisedwood, perhaps the remainsof a box in which they had been stored, PLATE 33f. The destructiondepositin the corridorraisesa problem,commonto severalregions,of tryingto determinewhat fell fromabove and what belongs to the lower compartment. It is likely Clearlythe stone fall and the paintedplasterbelong to upper floorstructures. thatmanyof the shatteredashlarblocks are collapse froman upperN. wall constructedin the same manneras that on whichit rested.The paintedwall plasterin the E. half of the corridoris insufficient to have once decoratedits lower walls and musthave fallenfrom is fromwhere.33There is ample evidence that the firstfloor it uncertain above, though had with been passage paved gypsumflags.Upperfloorfalltoo is indicatedby theirposition and in the debris of severalobjects, notably the bronze basin, knife,razor and figurine, severalstonevases. But what of the objects on the floor?Those at the E. end, includingthe copperstrips, may confidentlybe allotted to the upper floor,and the two floorslabs standingon edge againstthe S. wall show dramaticallyhow the upper floorcollapsed.The concentrationof potteryin the W. alcove, and the fact that it includedtwo jugs whichwere not smashed (though one lacks its handle) indicate that these pots are not greatlyout of position, perhapsfallenfromshelvingsetup in the alcove: othernearbyvases,at a higherlevel,above the stone balustradeadjacentto the door of thePillarHall, could also have fallenfromhere, unless the structureabove the balustradewas unusuallyan open timberframewhichhad been fittedwithshelves.34 The centralgroup is less readilyexplained.As a unit,it can hardlyhave been placed whereit was found,straddling thewidthof thecorridor.On the otherhand,the stonestand founduprightseems to be in position.And is itjust coincidencethatboth stonelampswere face upwards?Perhapsone lamp had been placed on the stand and the otheron thestone block S. of it, and used to lightthe passage whichmust otherwisehave been verydark.As for the potteryand otherfinds,theycould have been housed on shelvesset eitheragainst the pier betweenRooms M and N, or againstthe oppositewall,nearthe door into thePillar Room. One object nearby,however,was clearlyout of context,thelargeclay chest,or part of it, L 69; its fragments betweenthispassageand thePillar were about equally distributed seems in were the where of the some fill,while a similardistribution Hall, highup pieces indicatedin the case of the clay stopper,L 46, which appears to fit a vase in the Pillar Hall.35There are other grounds,too, fordisquiet: one of the tripodcookingpots is only L 70, whileseveralof the othervases werefarfromcomplete. halfpreserved, This is true,too, of the deposit,L 111-9, halfwayalong the corridoragainstthe N. Anothervase here, L 43, foundwell above wall: two of its cups were very fragmentary.

44

THE EXCAVATION

the floorwas incompleteand presumablyfellfromabove. Otherfragmentary vases,which shouldbe upper floorcontentin the fillare describedbelow in the catalogue(afterL 168): unusualare two,a jug and amphora,decoratedsimplyin light-on-dark. Withthe removalof the W. deposit,the existenceof a cist suspectedto exist below it was confirmed.Basicallya pit excavatedinto the kouskouras,it was linedwithstoneson all of gypsumfoundin it supportedthe theorythata slab of but the S. side; furtherfragments this materialhad originallyserved as a cover. The skeletonof a newly born baby was discovered47 cm below floorlevel: it lay crouchedand on its side withhead to thesouth36 (PLATE 33b and Section6). A testbelow the floordown to rock was made across the fullwidthof the corridor,in the area between the blockingwall and the gypsumdoorwayW. of it. The heavyfoundations of the E. wall of Room Ρ were seen to continueacross the corridor,under the blockingwall, and to reston the rock a metrebelow floorlevel. Faint tracesof an earlier floor were foundjust below the latest one, and it had been laid over a fill80 cm deep, consistingof the usual yellowsoil withpieces of kouskourasand flecksof charcoal(Section 8, PLATE 14, level 10). There had been severalstagesin the fill,since30 cm fromthe top one phase when was a thin layer of fine white stone chippings,presumablyrepresenting the Mansionwas underconstruction and its stoneswerebeingdressed.A bronzeaxe, L 169, which may have been used forthispurpose,lay in the fillabove, PLATE 37d. Below the by a layerof silt,suggestiveof rain wash during chipppings,the fill was again interrupted some breakin construction.The same kind of fillcontinuedbelow thisto a level of compacted soil (level 11), a littleabove therock,whichrose slightlyto theW. The latestsherds in the fill were of the usual MM IIIB/LM IA characterfoundin otherfillsin the building (PLATE 139c-d). The easterncontinuationof the corridor,beyond the blockingwall, had lost most of its floor in one of Evans's tests,as has been mentionedabove. Its N. wall as far as the gypsumdoorjamb into CorridorF had been badly robbed of stone by an LM IIIA 2 pit, whichhad penetrateddeeplyenoughto removemost of the N. end of theblockingwall as well (Section 6, PLATE 13, wheretheblockingwall is projected). The main eventin thisregionwas the discoveryin theMansion'souterE. wall of a doorway with gypsumjambs, leading out betweenthe butressesto Evans's conjecturedbridge linkingthe buildingwiththe Little Palace. Evans had been unawareof the door sinceoverlyingRoman walls had confinedhis test to just W. of it. A clay floorsome 60 cm thickhad been laid between thejambs coveringits foundationstones and the undressedpart of the jambs themselves.The latest sherdsin this floorand its make-upwere LM IA, apart from threeGeometricfragments whichmustbe intrusiveand havepresumablywasheddown the E. edge of the excavation.Above the thresholdwas a wash of Minoansoil some 30 cm deep and onto thishad fallensome largeblocks: amongthemneartheN. faceof the door was the skeletonof a fetus.37Its date is uncertain,the few sherdswithit were of LM II type,and presumablybelongto the earthintowhichtheburialhad been dug. CorridorContents Plottedfinds

fill,L 1-32 plottedon FIG. 6. (a) Uppermost L1 Stonewhetstone. L2 Stonegrinder -pounder. 5.5 X 4.8; 3 grooves.72/285.Foundwith L3 loomweight, Clayspherical

THE EXCAVATION

45

Stone polisher/grinder,bar form,PLATE 208,4. L. 5.8; W. 2.2; Th. 1.4; Wt. 40 gm. Crystalline limestone,grey-black.Sawn faces,one withpolish, ends broken. L4 Stone whetstone. L 5-7 Stone blossom bowl, PLATE 213c. H. 5.8; D. 10.5; Th. of wall 2.7. Serpentine,grey-black,discoloured brown by fire.Petals may have centralrib flankedby slightgroove. Cracked by fireand 1/3lost. MS V Type 5. 72/236. L8 Clay sphericalloomweight,7.5 X 7.10 grooves. 72/217. L9 Stone whetstone. L 10 Bronze handle of 1 hnd basin, PLATE 203,2. W. 6.4; Th. 0.5. In 4 frags.Heavily oxydised and split. 4 groupsof double lines between flatplanes. No rivetsremain. 72/275. (See also no. 22). L 11 Stone polisher,triangular.L. 5.1; W. 3.7; Wt. 70gm. Siltstone,dark brown. 72/216. L 12 Ivory plaque, 'D'-shaped. L. près. 1.9; Ht. 1.5; Th. 0.4. Burntgrey-black.One fragmentfromnear tip - remainsof a pair of drilledholes. L 13 2 bronze scraps, formless,too thick to be classed as sheet. 2.2 X 1.5; Th. 0.4; 2.4 X 2.5; Th. O.5. Frag,analysedhas Sn 7%. 72/249. L 14 Stone pestle, expanded cylinder,PLATE 227,5. H. 6.1; D. of base 6.1; Wt. 380 gm. Andésite,dark grey.D-shaped in section,some trace of polish on flatsurface;partlybroken. 72/211. L 15 Bronze one-edged knife.PLATE 201,14. L. 15.1 ; W. 1.7; max. Th. 0.3. Complete,repaired.Straight cuttingedge, convex back. 2 rivetsin butt. 72/285. L 16 Bronze 1 hnd basin, PLATE 203,1. As restoredfrommany frags.,D. 32; H. (includinghandle) 13, of basin 7. Handle and about half vessel survive.Oxydised and split. Body raised froma singledisk casting;the folded rimis undecorated.Separatelyattached,heavyribbed handle securedby 4 rivets. The middle top rivetmust secure broad end, before 'tail' of handle pinned in place. 72/420. L 17 Copper mould wire. L. 8.3; W. 0.3; Th. less than 0.15. 6 much oxydised newlybroken frags,of wire of flatsection. No signof folding.72/273. L 18 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form,PLATES 208,5; 227,14. L. 4.6; W. 2;Th. 1.4; Wt. 20 gm. Marble, pale green-greywith small crystals.Carefullyfacettedperhaps by abrasion. Slightpolish. 72/213. L 19 Four ivoryfrags.Plaque, 'D'-shaped. Up to L. près. 2.6; H. 1.6; Th. 0.6. Burntpale greyand blue. Two fragments:one from near tip - remains of a pair of drilled holes; other from body. Rod hollow top. L. près. 1.6; W. 0.6; H. O.4. Burntgrey-black.Two fragments. L 20 Bronze scrap. 6.8 X 2.2; Th. 0.45. Sn 6.5%. Formlessfrag,of much oxydised heavy sheet. 72/268. L 21 Stone 'neolithic' axe, stubby variety.L. 4; W. 4.7; Th. 2. Fine grainedblack stone. Well polished, slightchippingon butt and cuttingedge. 72/215. L 22 Bronze,part of no. 10 above. L 23 Bronze frag,of Ptripodcauldron. PLATE 203,9. Restored D. 36; frag. 7.5 X 4. Sn 5%. Breaks all round. Rim frag,probably tripodcauldron withheavy evertedrim.There may originallyhave been a rimring/strengthening collar pinned on to evertedlip. No trace of rivetssurvive.72/270 and 248. L 24 Bronze rivethead, PLATE 204,22. D. 2; Ht. 1.2. Sn 1.5%. Old break at shaft,grosslyoxydised and split. Large head probably frominside the handle attachmentof a vessel such as a tripodcauldron. The state of preservationof the metal recallsno. 23 and theymay have a common origin.72/271. L 25 Bronze, 3-4 frags.One, 4 X 1.5; Th. uncertain,may be segmentof reinforcing ringforcauldron or has Sn 5%. 72/248 and of sheet metal. One X formless rim. Th. 2.5 1.7; Two, 0.2, frags, pan larger 270. L 26 Stone grinder-pounder,rod form. L. près. 10.2; Max. W. 4.6; Th. 2.8; Wt. 251 gm. Sandstone Rectangularsection. One end broken. (calcareous), mauve-brown,fine-grained. L 27 Copper, 3 frags.Two, larger2.5 X 1.7; Th. 0.2, formlessfrags,of medium-lightsheet (one Sn 2%); one, 2.8 X 0.3; Th. 0.1, flat,rectangularsection, ?mould wire. L 28 Ivory 'button' domed. H. 0.45; D. 0.85. Burntblack. 72/229. L29 Copper mould wire, PLATE 198b. L. extended 9.5; W. 0.3; Th. 0.15. Folded, much oxydised. Patternof foldingperhapsreflectssize and shape of mould it was used to secure. 72/267. L 30 Bronze mould wire, 8 newly broken frags,Pjoining,L. 13.5; W. 0.3; Th. 0.1. Sn 4%, As 1%. Most segmentsflat,but at least 2 sharplybent to show wire was originallyfolded. 72/304. L 31 Copper mould wire, 7 newly broken frags. ?joining, L. 8.7; W. 0.3; Th. c. 0.15. Much oxydised. Severalbreaksat sharpfolds,so wire originallyfolded up small,perhaps afteruse. 72/272. L 32 Bronze draped female figure,upper part, PLATES 195h-j; 200,8. H. 5.7; W. 3.1. Whollyoxydised. L3a

46

THE EXCAVATION

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Section8 The OtherFindsofStone,Clay,Ivory,Faience, Lead etc (PLATES 208-232) D. EVELY

Stone Tools Pumice Obsidian Stone Vases Vesselsin use in theUnexploredMansion VesselTypesrepresented in theUnexploredMansion VariousStone Objects Groundand PolishedStone Implements PersonalOrnamentsand DressAccoutrements MiscellaneousItems Ivoryand Bone Socketedand PeggedObjects Plaques and InlayPieces Rods Pins MiscellaneousItems WorkedBone Tools Shell Loomweights VariousObjectsof Clay PersonalOrnamentsand DressAccoutrements MiscellaneousItems Faience and GlassObjects PerishableMaterials LinearΒ Tablet Clay Potter'sWheel Metals(otherthanBronze) AppendixA - Stone Tool distribution AppendixΒ - Shell distribution MiscellaneousCatalogue 223

Page 224 229 230 232 232 233 237 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 243 244 244 246 247 249 249 250 250 252 252 253 253 255 255 256

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This sectionwill be concernedwiththe findsof stone; ivory,and bone; clay (except figurinesandvases);wood,shell,faience/glass; lead, silverand gold,of whichdetaileddescriptions are given in the room catalogues,or, where withoutfirmprovenance,in the subsidiary catalogueat theend. It willconsidertheirpurpose,anylighttheymayshedon theactivities being pursued in the rooms where they were originallyin use, and theirplace in the chronologicalsequenceof thevariousartefacts. Emphasishas been placed on objects fromdefiniteLM II contextsor witha suspected LM II origin:in othercases commentwill be made onlywherenumbersor the objectitself warrantsit. Sometimesthe date of a find is uncertainor has been assumed,and in these cases conclusionsare moreprovisional. STONE TOOLS1 Over a hundredobjects thatcan be seen to have serveda practicalpurposewererecovered.2 Theirorderingis arrangedprimarily on thecriteriaof shapeand function:shape occasionally shows function(e.g. quern or whetstone),but more oftensuspectedusage relies on the natureand position of the workingdamage.3There is in thissome scope forconfusion.4 Subdivisionmay be made on thegroundsof size and weight,i.e. heavydutytools and those intendedforlightertasks.The boundariesof these typologiesare ofteninsecure,and more thanone use is likely. Polishers5 each is different Apartfrombeingbasicallytriangular, (PLATES 208,1, 2 and 13; 227,9 and one surface a at least flat bearing high gloss, marrednow a trifleby 18). They possess scratchesacquiredduringuse. In size theylie withinthe rangeof L. 4-9, W. 3-5 and Th. 1-3 cms; weighingeither 20- 50gms; or rathermore at 100- 225 gms. Crystallinelimestonesor a siltstoneare favoured. Beforeproceedingto tools thatservedpurposesotherthanpolishingalone, a seriesof smallnatural(water-worn) pebbles6 mustbe broughtto theattention(H 224: PLATE 209, withrounded 1-4). Spherical,elongated,ovoid and flatdiscoid formsare all represented, for river are and of or stones. used contours shore indiscriminately They edges typical for work their size or as and polishing pecking lighter grinding presumablyonly (up to L. 6 cms) and weight(mostlybelow 80 gms, with a few attaining200 gms) would both or an igneousfineindicate.They are formedfromeithera crystallinelimestone/marble rock. grained Polishersand grinder-pounders The main cohesivefactorsof thisvariabletool type7are firstthedual functiontheyserved, and second theirabove-averagesize and weight(up to L. 16 cms and 3 kilos in weight, thoughgenerallytheylie well below 1 kilo). Shapes rangefromflatand ovoid slabsthrough vaguely triangularor humped formsto the near sphericalor cylindricalexamples - all naturallyoccurringshapes modifiedonly throughhard use (PLATES 208,7-9; 227,6 and many igneous rocks, and one 13). Stones employed include sundrylimestone/marbles, quartziteexample. Withthis tool-typecan be tentativelyassociated a series of small approximatelybarshaped forms8 (measuringup to L. 6; W. 3; Th. 2 cms and weighing20- 60 gms). Their and they do service as whetstones,polishersand primaryfunctionis not self-evident,

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grindersequally (PLATES 208,3-6, 14; 227,14). Naturalpebbles have providedthe main source,but some, thatdisplaycarefullyfacettedfacesor otherparticularly regularfeatures, have had theircontoursshapedpriorto use. Limestonesand marblesare preferred, but fineand are all sandstones choice rocks igneous grained suggesting grindingaction), quartzite (a identified. Grindersand pounders9

Althoughtheseare the commoneststonetool formencountered,and fairlyreadilydivisible into fivebroadgroupson physicalcriteria,yetno significant difference betweenthemin the in usage are natureand positioningof theworkmarksis apparent.Consequently,differences not discernable.A certain overlap in purpose no doubt exists with the 'polished' tool groups- as mightbe expected.All are of a size to be easilywieldedin thehand,and were chosen forratherthanworkedto thisshape: in weightmostlie between200-350 gms,with some at just over a kilo. Limestone/marble is preferred, with igneous rocks,fine-grained sandstonesand evenexoticssuchas lapis lacedaemoniusmakingup thecomplement. The sphericaland facettedexamplesare muchutilizedforpoundingactivities(and of an irregularshape as a result),but maystillretaintracesof a polishedsurface(PLATES 208,16 and 17; 227,1 and 16). They generallymeasure4 to 6 cmsin diameter.Thoughof a similar size, the sphericalclass differin that areas of polish are rarelyencountered:the overall surfacetexturebeing pock-markedfromthe grindingand poundingto whichit has been subjected(PLATE 208,10 and 15). Ovoid specimens(up to L. 13 cms) carryboth smooth and pitted surfaces(PLATES 208,11; 227,3), as do the flatdisc forms(up to D. 10; Th. 5 cms) - (PLATES 208,12; 227,2): both groupshad, no doubt, a wide application.Rod shaped tools have oftensmooth(if not truelypolished) main surfaces,withmarksderived fromcrushingand grindingat eitherend (PLATES 209,14; 227,7 and 15). In size theyare a fractionlarger(up to L. 10; W. and Th. 4 cms) thanthepreviousclasses,but not appreciablyheavier. Finallyare appendedforconveniencea smallnumberof more or less amorphouslimesize (up to L. 10; W. 7 cms; stone/sandstone pieces (one of arkose), of a medium-large to and a 600 to Their purpose is relatively facets. weightrising having tendency gms), but fall into of tools. the and class obscure, they broadly grinding pounding Pestles10 Such tools belong in theoryto the same categoryas the utensilsdescribedabove, but are separatedoff by theirdistinctiveshape. There is, however,an assumptioninvolvedwith theseactual specimensin thatno confirmation by wear marksis providedforthisidentification. It is safe, nonetheless,to arguefromtheirsmall size (up to H. 8, D. 4-7 cms and weighing100- 250 gms for the first,and 400 gms for the second categories)that their prospectiveuse will have been on a relativelysmall scale - be it cosmetic,industrialor domestic.Marblesand andésiteare employed. The firstclass were originallydivided off because of theircylindricalshape, usually slightlytaperedaway fromthe base (PLATES 209,12 and 13; 227,4), but it is observable too thatthisgroupingembracesall the more aesthetic(in colouring)examples.This is not, I feel,merelydue to chance,but ratherreflectsa deliberatechoice and perhapssuggestsa cosmeticintent.Their formsand dimensionsare of such a natureas to implythattheywere convertedfrombore cores taken fromstone vase production.If so, the rotarystriations removed- as normallyassociatedwithsuch drillingoperationsare lost,perhapsdeliberately

226

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a slightverticalfacettingmightindicate.On the otherhand, the expanded cylinderform, the second class, displaysa markedexpansionat the workingend, coupled withan offset handle and is altogethera heavierduty tool (PLATES 209,17; 227,5). Their bases tend to have slightfacetsat the edges and a distinctlygreaterdegreeof polish on themwhichtoo underlinesthemorestrenuousdutiesto whichtheywereput. So farthe tools consideredhave all been those whichare manipulatedby the operator and broughtinto play againstthe materialbeingworked.The next class are, rather,static and provideda firmand unyieldingsurfaceon whichto carryout thevariousactivities.11 Querns12

Whencomplete,a typicalmemberof thisclassis an elongatedovoid in outline(measuringin L. 20-40+, W. 10-20+, and up to Th. 8 cms; and weighing4-8 kilos originally,or occasionally rathermore). The undersideis lightlyrounded in profile,and may carry shallowpock marksfrombeingroughlydressedby a hammer:theresultantshapeis unstable unless the object is set firmlyin a scoop in the flooror in a workingsurface.13The top wherethe taskis performed, is more or less flatat the outset,but fairlyswiftlywornand smoothedinto a hollow by use: at whichpointtheydeservetheircommonname of 'saddlefrom quern' (PLATE 210a and b). As befitstheirpurpose,such objects are manufactured and the harderstones,oftenthose witha grittytexture- limestone/marble, conglomerate, calcareous sandstones. fairlyfine-grained From the major sortsof tools utilized(activelyor as a support)directlyin contactwith the substancesunderproduction,I turnto anotherlargeset of implements, themainpartof whose purpose was ratherin puttingand keepinga sharp point or edge on other tools (stone,bone or metal). Whetstones14 A cautiousapproachis needed whendealingwiththisbroad class.If the shape alone is taken as the criterion,thenconfusionwill resultbetweentruewhetstonesand objects of similar appearance,but whichwereused as polishers.So, thosewithclearevidence- in theformof grooves,channels and hollows - of sharpeningaction have been divided off fromthe specimenswhere formor substancealone indicatesa potentialusage. In fact, thereis a wealthof shapes - squares,rectangles,trianglesand more amorphousvariants,whoseonly sharedfeatureis a relativethinness.They attain a L. 12, W. 6, Th. 2 cms,and a weight generallyof 30- 150 gms,withan extremeclusterat 250- 300 gms.Sensiblya stonewitha fine-grained homogenoustextureis chosen (mostly limestones,with slate/shaleand the occasional sandstone) as least likely to damage the edge being honed. I would expect oil and perhapsan abrasivepowder to have accompaniedsome of theprocessesof sharpening,but no tracessurvivethatI could detect. Amongstthe grooved specimens(which alone constitutethe firmlyidentifiedwhetstones),the channelsformedby whettingfall into two sorts:'V - sectioned,whena point or tipof a blade is undergoing and a broader'U' - profiledone, resulting treatment, perhaps when the operatoris stroppinga blade edge to-and-fro. Some attemptsare made to square offthe stonesneatly,and even to piercethemat one end, eitherto take a carrying thongor to hangthemon a convenientnail or peg (PLATES 209,9,16,18; 227,11). Of the less securelyallocated items,the more robust forms- be theyrectangularor triangularplaques (all clearlyworked) - carryneitherindentationsnor hollows, but are

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227

unmarkedor even show a dull polish (PLATES 209,8 and 19; 227,17 and 20). Their size variesin L. 4-10, W. 2-5 and Th. up to 1.5 cms. Alongsidethese are founda coherent groupthatowe theirexistenceto the naturalcleavingpropertiesof slate and relatedrocks (PLATES 209,7 and 15; 227,8 and 12), which givesrise to elongated,thin,but irregular plates (up to L. 11, W. 5, and at best Th. 1.2 cms; weighingat most 50gms). On none of theseis it possible to detectscratchmarks,ratherthe naturalsheenand polishedsurfaceis preserved:grindingis thus unlikelyto have been carriedout on them,more feasibleis polishingor whettingwitha lubricant. The main account closes witha miscellaneousgroup (all LM II) - forwhichthe only cohesivefactorthat mightbe advanced is a definitepotentialas an abradingtool. This is especially true for the block, rod and splinterof emery(P 47, 148 and L 154: PLATE 209,10 and 11), but also it is hard to see to what otherpurposesthe facettedpieces of sandstoneand arkose (M 143 and Ν 72: PLATES 209,5 and 6; 227,10) could have been suited.The sole exceptionis the possible 'stand' (H 220: PLATE 210c), and even thathas been reusedfroma poundingand grinding tool (if indeedit is not a hammer,once hafted). Considerable,then,are the numbersand varietiesof thestonetools availableforstudy, and for the most part they are taken fromthe LM II destructionlevels (APPENDIX A). Whilstan essentialcontinuityof typemay be assumedforthe laterLM III reoccupations, yet an exact enumeration givesa falsesenseof accuracy,sincemanyof thepost LM II levels are disturbed,containingearliermaterial,and a stonetool does not by itselfoftendeclareits date. The most informative way of handlingthissituationis, I believe,to reviewthecontents room by room,commentingin greaterdetail on such articlesas warrantit. Two points of excavationprocedure,however,mustbe bornein mindwhensuch an exerciseis attempted, in that theyeffectthe sortof conclusionsthatmaybe reached.Basicallytheyboth concern the retrievalof material,and themannerin whichstonetools in particularmaybe 'screened out' in the course of excavation.15Acceptingtheselimitationsas 'natural'and unavoidable, I returnthento myreview. The northernrangeof rooms(A to E, J, K; NorthCorridor,and outsidethemtheNorth platform)containedonly a scatterof examples- all frompost-LMII contexts:mostrooms Room D produced yieldinga mixedset,and seldomin anyremotelysensiblecombination.16 - potentialcompanion fromthe same level a saddle-quernfragment and a grinder-pounder pieces, as well as a probable whetstone:but neitherthe tools themselvesnor otherfinds fromtheroomgiveany further clues as to theiruse. The centralportionof the building(Rooms F, G, H) was chokedby the LM II destruction debris,and later findsof stone tools are insignificant. Room H alone is adequately a full of tool not with furnished, only range types(albeit largelyin theupperfills:PLATE but also some individual 210d), providing specimensof note. The quern (H 20a: PLATE a is 210a) accompaniedby grinder-pounder (H 21) and by a clusterof small to medium sized pebbles (H 20b) thoughdisappointingly these are not worn fromuse, but stillretain their dull water-wornpolish.17 A larger cobble (H 220: PLATE 210c) has a shallow depressionon each face - too smallfora door pivot,could it have been intendedto act as a hammer,or even to steadythe end of a spindle?18Greaterinterestattachesto a triangular polisher (H 215: PLATE 208,2) which has one surface coated in a fine red powder But, despitethese,the overallimpressionis againconfused, perhapsan ochreor haematite.19 and lacking any focus for interpretation.Other finds from the room do not resolve

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matters- pumice is foundin some quantity,but so are loomweightsand thereis thepostulated connectionwithmetalworking to be takeninto account too. It isjust not possibleto with confidence on speak any specificaspectconcerningtheutilizationof thestonetools. The southernthirdof the building(consisting,like the northernequivalent,of an E.W. offit - Rooms M, N, O, P, Q; and of an corridor- Room L, witha seriesof compartments area outside the building'slimitsaltogether)providesthe bulk of the LM II material,the laterpieces beingso fewin numberas to be of negligibleaccount(if not anywaydisturbed fromLM II levels). Room Q can be ignored,and of the rest,it is Rooms L, M and Ρ in particularthatare of concernhere. Each containsa verysimilarset of tools,predominately and and whetstones,with pestles,triangularpolishers,quern fragments grinder-pounders or near such those be as numbers. clusters the may isolated, Though emerypieces makingup on the floorof Room L20 and again fromthe fillof Room P,21it is yet clear thata stone tool is as likelyto turnup at thetop of a roomfillas at thebottomon thefloor.This fact, and natureof the other in conjunctionwiththe considerablesimilarity in the distribution room and within the entire of from to sorts materials22both room, depth of a room's Ν yieldedon from above. Room have fallen arguesthatmuchof theircontents stratigraphy, Once its floor a set consistingof 2 whetstonesand 2 grinderpounders. again, the avid of will be disappointed:the circumstances discoverysimply compilerof interrelationships willnot permitsuchactivity.23 From this welterof individualpieces, a handfulstand out by virtueof theirintrinsic interest.From Room L, thereare a numberof quernfragments (L 33, 156 and 157) whose of in the fact that tools, when their importancelies most particularly theirillustration service- herepot a into unrelated completely originalusefulnessis past, can be pressed stands or some such supports.Room L (L 154: PLATE 209,11) and Room Ρ (Ρ 148: PLATE 209,10) have both yieldedpieces of emery,whose value is quite out of proportion of theircontexts,whichare relatively to theirsize and indépendant,fortunately, poor. Their level contextsare sharedwithall sortsof stonetools in thefirstcase, and whetstonesforthe second. Their importanceis simplythat thoughthe need forand use of emery24in - at least - the workingof theharderstones(quartzesand above) has longbeen appreciatedand these two pieces are among the firstto be located in a dated sketchilyrepresented,25 M come a cylindricalpestle (M 40: PLATE 209,13), with Room milieu.26Finally,from I for what take to be a groove a fingerdrilledacrossthe top, and a bar of sandstone(M 199: PLATE 227,7), whose shape and faint(? natural)striationsat the endsrecalltheEgyptian drillingbits used in the stone-vaseindustryforremovingand shapingthe interiorsof their vessels.28There is no hintof anysuch activitytakingplace in theUnexploredMansion,and is completelyillusory. almostcertainlytheresemblance,thoughtempting, Minoans had a that the Given,then, developedtypologyof stonetools,consciouslyand one mightreasonablyexpect this concernto be expressedalso in the carefullychosen, of stone type to practicaluse, and this- allowingforsome overlappingof the relationship what one has. Two factorsinfluenceda choice: thehardnessand durability is typologies of the stone, and its texture("abrasive" or smooth). Tools used for polishing,pecking, show a predilictionfor the very fine grained/crystalline poundingwith crushing/grinding hard stones (limestone/marbles, quartziteand igneousrocks). Bar formsof the 'polisher/ sandstones- admirablecompanionsfor a include sort also fine-grained grinder-pounder' withouta of a surface have should capable takingbothpoundingand grinding quern.Querns - limestone/marbles, and calcareous-sandstones too rapid disintegration (of a conglomerate be either abrasive of The a whetstone action materials. suitable may grittytexture)provide

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(limestonesand sandstones)or witha lubricant(limestonesand slates).Lastly,abrasivetools need a 'gritty'and hardtexture- sandstone,arkoseand emeryare mostappropriate. If it has been thoughtthat overmuchweighthas been givento this ratherdetailed account of the stone tools, and to one whereit is freelyadmittedthatlittlein the way of secureallocationof tool to task can be made, yet thejustificationforsuch a courseshould become immediately apparentwhenan attemptto set theUnexploredMansionmaterialin a historicalcontext is undertaken.It cannotbe properlydone. The best set of parallelsand most complete in their range come from Gournia, Palaikastro and Fournou Korifi, Myrtos,29with respectablecontributionsfromsuch sitesas Mallia,Tylissosand Karphi.30 This is not to say that stone tools are not noted - farfromit: manyhave been excavated and reportedfromthepalace at Zakro.31It is merelythatat thepresentdetailedreportsare scarce.Consequently,I have contentedmyselfwithdrawingsuch parallelsas I could in the footnotesattachedto the introductory reviewat the startof thissection,and shallobserve now only thatboth Gourniaand Palaikastroprovidegood parallelsformanyof my classes, and thattheseare not fardistantin timefrommypieces. At the same time,the parallelmaterialfromMyrtosand fromKarphialike, thoughat the two extremesof the Bronze Age in Crete,givesa salutaryand timelywarningto the effectthat stone tools wereprobablyfairlyconstantin shape and purpose throughoutthe Minoanera. PUMICE Of the score or morepieces of pumicerecorded,all but a veryfew come fromthe LM II destructiondepositsin the centraland southernregionsof the building,with the largest concentrationscatteredthroughoutRoom H. The extremelyscantylatermaterial(LM III a- b) is fromthenorthern end,in Rooms C and D. Throughout,two texturesare represented in fairlyequal proportions- one with largervésiculesthan the other,and a more open textureas a result.Both are grey-white in colour,when not burntto pink,brownor even black, and of an ovoid shapein themain,measuringin L. 4-7 and in Th. 2-4 cms,(PLATE 211e). Signs of utilizationare presenton about half of thepieces,oftenindicatedmerelyby a flattenedplane acquired throughsome grindingaction - such as puttingan edge on a bronzeimplement,32 or in workingbone and ivory.33More explicittestimony,however,is accorded by the catalogued pieces from Rooms H (H 234 and 235), L (L 160) and D (D 12) - (PLATE 211,a,c,b,din order).Here the 'U' and 'V'-profiledgroovesdemonstrate respectivelythe stroppingof a blade edge and the sharpeningof point or blade tip, and mightthe disc (D 12) have been originallyspun on a centralshaft,to act as a "grinding wheel"? As indicatedabove, the lumps of pumice turnup anywherewithinthe fillof a room,34 whichratherrestrictsthe extrapolationof theirpotentialuse fromtheirsurroundings. One is forcedback, again,on the generalobservationsthatmetalworking is knownto havebeen practisedin the UnexploredMansionin LM II times,and thatmetaltools or weaponsmust have theirworkingedgesgroundon and renewedintermittently. A review of the presence of pumice in LM Crete shows that the substanceis well representedthroughoutthe island.35The question of its datingintroducesintomyaccount the eruptionof Santorini(c. 1,500 BC), a complicatedand well-discussedevent that it would serveno purpose to dwell on here.... except to point out thatpumice fromour

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Minoanlevels36has been analyzed37and shown to belong to thematerialejectedfromthis particularvolcanicupheaval.38 OBSIDIAN Of the total of obsidianpieces availableforstudy,39almost two thirdswere foundin the various destructiondeposits of LM II date in the central and southernregionsof the in thenorthern Mansion,withmost of the remainderoriginating portionand "dating"thus to LM III times.The residuecame fromcontextsboth earlierand laterthan these.Since thereis roomfordoubtwhetherthisbody of materialshouldbe directlyassociatedwiththe levelsin whichit is found,it is here considereden masse,and not splitup into thechronoobservedelsewhere. logicalframework The total weightinvolvedis just below 400 gms.,of whichsome 340 gms.are accounted for by the flakes,20 gms. by the blades and 30 gms. by the cores. The majorityof the naturein it obsidianis black, fairlylustrousand has streaksof a coarser,darkercrystalline (Melian, at a guess). Lesser amounts both of a uniformlyblack, highlyglossy (? from Antiparos)and of a whitespotted(fromGiali) varietyare representedtoo40(PLATE 21 lj). Though the commonest- in numericalterms- of theobsidianpieces are the flakesand angularfragments (the two not being always readilydiscernable),yet it is the prismatic blades that exhibitthe greateramount of retouch and edge damage - and by this fact Their mannerof knapping demonstratethat theywere the primaryworkingimplements.41 can be broadlyreconstructed, withparticularreferenceto a model outlinedby Seferiades and Crabtree.42Since it is proposed to presentthe UnexploredMansionmaterialin greater detailelsewhere,I shallrestricttheaccounthereto a resumeof themoresalientpoints. look to belong to the elongated The cores,largelyrepresentedby detachedfragments, cone "variety",withan ellipsoidsection(PLATE 21 If- h). They wereworkedmostof or all the way round,untilthe nucleus was whittleddown to about a centimetreor so in width. Even then, it could be pressedinto furtherserviceas a grinding/polishing tool, or even the for There is some evidence preparation perhapsas some formof strikinginstrument.43 of the core (in the formof flakes)and rejuvenationof its platform,as well as unworked materialin the formof bothan untrimmednodule,and perhapsa trimmedbut unusedcore proper. formsthatare proposedby The blade productionhas lefttracesof all the characteristic series and second Crabtree:crestedblades (PLATE 2 Hi), and first prismaticblades (PLATE of the bulbs,pressureflakingor indirectpercussion 211k).44 To judge fromthe small size of the blades are complete- the resultof None of detachment. was the preferredmode of thembeingworkedup into othertool no evidence is accidents,I suspect,and there good PLATES 15: 219,21; 230,16) is the sole exampleof an alternatypes.45The arrowhead(M resultslargelyfrompressureflakinga prepared it too tivemode of manufacture though blank. and irregular The edges of the blades do, however,carryscarsindicativeof intermittent of form and more deliberate well a in as as retouch,perhaps abrupt damagesustained use, Twice a groundsurfaceis seen designedto bluntone edge to make use saferforthe fingers. to intermixwith the small flake-scarsdescribed above: presumablythe result of two differentactions. Scratches from wear also bear witness to the same effect:they have generallya slightpreferenceforthe face of the blade, and run across or at an angleto the main axis of the blade ratherthanalong it. Such a patterndoes not accordwiththe sortof

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marksto be expectedto accompanya sawingaction.Naturally,the longertheperiodof use, the more such markswould be acquired- and thisis perhapsat least in partthecause for those specimenswhich are coveredby a networkof close, shortscratchesdistributedin a randompattern. These two phenomena of edge damage and wear scratcheshave provided recent researchers46 withsome of theirbasic data by which,by virtueof comparativeexperimental research,they have assignedcertain typical effectsto certain actions. I have not felt competentto undertakesucha studywiththismaterial. The flakes,thoughby theirnaturecompletein almosteverycase, do not seem to have been primarily intendedas workingtools (PLATE 21 lj). The highlyirregular shape,47with its heavyand bluntedges,is not suitedforprecisioncutting,but suchconsiderationsdo not altogetherpreventthem frombeingused: occasional edge damagecomparableto the sort foundon blades,as well as randomscratching on the face,demonstratethis. Consideringthe size of the building,its relativelylengthyoccupation,and the choking of manyof its roomswithdestructiondebris,theamountof materialfromit is disappointnature.Withthe possible exceptionof Room H (whichyieldeda ing,as is its fragmentary fullcomplementof cores,by-products, workingdebrisand 'finished'products- thoughnot in any number,48thereis no significant concentrationof finds,rathereach roomproducesa handfulorless.The combinationof thislack of numberswiththeirgenerallyworncondition persuadesme thatalmostcertainlyno knappingtook place in thebuilding,and thatlittleifany- use was made of obsidianthere.Accordingly, thematerialmaybe betterinterpreted as beingintrusiveand introducedin rubbishof an earlierperiod. As a generalobservation,it is probablysafe to arguethatthemaximumexploitationof obsidian as a source of tools occurredprior to, and early in, the developmentof metal implements.49 Certainlythe knownMinoanexamplesof knappingareasare so dated.50This shouldnot rule out the likelihoodthat obsidiantools could not have stillhad a role to play in latertimes.They do have,afterall, an edge whennew superiorto thatof modernsteel. Obsidianwas also stillused in the stonevase and sealstoneindustries/crafts.51 Here it is interestingto note the nature of the findsof obsidian in two recent excavationsin the On theS.E. flank neighborhoodof Knossos, and the mannerin whichtheyare interpreted. of the Acropolis at Knossos, a series of overlyingMM III- LM I houses were opened (representing altogethersmallerdomesticunits than the Mansion): fromwhich some 16 smallnodules,flakes,a rejuvenationflakeand pieces of obsidianwere collected,comprising some blades.52From the massivecemeterysite at Archanes,in Building4 (LM I) came a merehandfulof obsidianincludingblades and flakes.53In natureand quantity,thesefinds are, in proportionto the size of the buildingsinvolved,comparablewiththose published here - but theirinterpretations are diametricallyopposed to each other. In the first instance,it is consideredthat the materialis verylikelyto have been incorporatedin mudbrick,or architectural make-up,whilstin the latter,it is feltthat the blades were used by In the face of thisuncertainty, I do not feelit livingpersonsin a quasi-domesticsetting.54 wise to insiston anymorespecificrole fortheitemsunderstudyherethanthatdetermined above. Finally,thereis the arrowhead(M 15: PLATES 219,21; 230,16) found in the upper levelsof Room M: barbed,hollow-based,and pressureflakedon both faces.The typewas firstdistinguishedby Tsountas, who placed them in the Bronze Age as opposed to the Neolithicbarbed and tangedexamples.55Buchholz similarlyallocated themto the Bronze Age56- the nearestmatchto oursbeinghis Type IV on figure10a- ζ, whichall date to the

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Late Bronze Age. It is noticeablethat the typeis stronglyassociatedwiththePéloponnèse, witha distinctbias towardsthe LH I- II periods,and is extremelyrarein Crete.57Mightit be taken as another "type-fossil"indicativeof a Mycenaean presence in Crete at this particularperiod?58 STONE VASES When the sheermass of material,much of it highlyfragmentary, is firstcontemplated,it overwhelmsthe eye and therebyobscuresthe fact that of the manyscores59of individual items,only a veryfew can have actuallyseen servicein the LM II and III periodsof occupation. Furtherinspectionrevealsthat most of the more elaborateand decorativepieces belong to the intrusivebody, whilstthose properlyassociatedwiththeMansion'sfunctionI open theaccountwiththosevessels ing are distinctlypedestrianin constrast.Accordingly, fromsecurelydated contexts,clearlyor arguablyutilizedin theMansion,and continueit to embraceall thosepieces whose shape, decorativeschemeor stone typewarranttheirincluthe relativelyundistinguished mass. Each sectioncontains sion, beforefinallysummarizing such discussionas the materialitselfmakesnecessary,60 and a shortevaluationis appended firston the functionsof the vessels withinthe UnexploredMansion and then on their positionwithintheMinoanStone Vase Industryas a whole. Vesselsin use in theUnexploredMansion Bowls Bird'sNest bowls (PLATES 213a and b; 229,3) are representated by threeexamples(MSV MM III- LM I), all of serpentines. 3, high-shouldered, Thoughtwo are moreor less destroyed by the fires,L 36 and 37, the third,L 123, preservesthe customaryrotaryabrasiontraces fromtheexcisionof theinterior. Blossom bowl, L 5-7, (PLATE 213c), of canonical form (MSV 5, MM III -LM I and made fromserpentine. predominately), L 44, (PLATE 229,2), withoutexact parallels (MSV 8, P119 forprofile; bowl, Open MSV 10, P174-176 forpositionof handles;less likelyto relateto MSV 37, P540; LM I), and made fromserpentine. Lamps Low columnar forms,two wick holders, and pair of pendent handles (MSV 24 ILA, MM III- LM I). One, Misc. 15, of mauvelimestonecame froma ratherlate context,but is yetMSV 24 II.A.6 in form(PLATES 212a; 228,1). The othertwo,L 94 and 91, are II A.7 but withoutexact parallels(PLATES 212b; and A. 8 respectively, fashionedfromserpentine, 228,2 and 3). The formerhas been used as a grindingpalette to judge fromthe powdered red substancecoated on itsinterior. To theseis added anotherrelatedlamp,Misc. 16, also of mauvelimestone,but takinga more individualformin thatit has but one wick holder,slightlydividedofffromthemain fuelreservoir (PLATE 213e). Lids Small objects such as theseare moremobilethanthevasesproper,and thusless reliancecan be placed on contexts.However,the fourincludedhere (Misc. 14 froma laterdatedfindsplace) are all of likelyMM-LM manufacture(PLATES 216,1; 229,4-6). Their typology

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(MSV 27 I.A. and Β - Ρ 39, Misc. 14, and Η 19; apart fromΗ 89, 27.11)is normalforthe are enlivened period,thoughan exact parallelforΗ 89 is unknown.61The usual serpentines the of white and mauve the With by limestone/marbles. appearance crystalline exceptionof Misc. 14, theirsmalldiameterprecludestheiruse withany of our recordedvessels. Pillar/stands In a sense,none of theseare vases since theywere neverintendedto hold liquidsor solids. It is probablymore accurateto envisagethemas articlesof furniture, some witha ritualistic function- akinto double-axestands.62 Though the four examples (G 4, L 89, and Ν 70 - LM II; NC 29 - LM ΠΙΑ) sharea vaguely tapered form,they yet display a good deal of varietyin theirdetails (PLATE 214a- d). L 89 has a hollow in its top surface,but thereare no signsof any locatingdevices by whicha double-axeor some such religioussymbolmightbe attached.63G 4 and NC 29 are most unsuitedto supportany objects,and mustbe assumedto be largelycompletein themselves.64 This suggestion, supportedby thecomplexityof appearanceand therelatively attractivegypsumsused, willfurther thelikelihoodof theirenjoyingsome religiouspurpose. The othertwo could act as standsor supports- perhapsforlamps: L 91 was foundin the same general area; and the more ordinarygypsumand limestone,of which they are fashioned,is suitedto sucha practicalpurpose. Tracesof chiselworkare visibleon Ν 70 and NC 29. Table A straightforward exampleof serpentine(MSV 38.A, MM III-LM I), M 87, (PLATE 212d). Trough vessel,thoughwhetherfor Spouted,Β 5: itslargesize and roughfinishindicatea heavy-duty domesticor industrial/agricultural activitiesis unclear(PLATE 212c). The date of manufactureis impossibleto establish,but itspresencein an LM Illb contextis quite unremarkable. Clay equivalents(tubs or lekane) are encounteredthroughthe Bronze Age, but differin havingthe outletso arrangedas to be able to drawoffliquidsfromthebase of vesselonly.65 Objects such as the Mansion one would be suitedto such large-scalewashingprocessesas cleaningwool, or producingolive-oil. Vesseltypesrepresented in the UnexploredMansion this section,it is assumedthatthe vases concernedwereneveractuallyused in Throughout the Mansion,but are strayfragments that,forexample,wereincludedin wall or floormakeIt is noticeable a of that deal thematerialwas foundin contextslaterthanLM II, ups. good whichleaves open the possibilitythatthepieces wereintroducedinto the area in thecourse of laterrepairworkor dumping. Lid Misc. 13 providesan additionto a groupof LM II- Ilia itemsrecognizedby Warren(MSV 27.C), belongingto squat alabastra(PLATES 215,6; 216,4; 229,8). The closestparallelto oursis thatfroman LM Illb tombat Karteros,Heraklion,66 whichsuggeststhattheMansion have had a central in the would form of a shield. grip example 'figure-of-eight'

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Rhyta Amongstthesehalf a dozen vesselsare some of the most visuallyattractiveand interesting of thewholecorpus,and it is a matterof greatregretthatso littlehas survived. That which restoresmore Alabaster forms,involvingtwo main groupsof fragments. I- III),67 turnedby the LM NP reveals an 43. H, completely, 4, Egyptianimport (MSV Minoans froma globularalabastroninto a rhytonby the simpledevice of drillinga hole throughthe base (PLATE 229,1). The othergroup,A 5 and NP 2, comprisestwo pieces with the same interlocking-trefoil pattern (PLATES 215,5; 216,7; 229,7), but havinga The ratherdifferent size.68 suggestsa conicalrhyton,or unit-pattern shape of thefragments of in unit the motif seems too greatforbothpieces to as the the size rhyta disparity average If were originallya pair of follows there to the same is then it that vessel. this so, belong matchingrhyta of differentsizes: an unusual phenomenon.Whilstthe firstvessel was importedcompletefromEgypt,thereis no particularreasonto denythattheother(s)were not whollyMinoanwork(evenif thestoneitselfhad to be broughtin).69 of thispiece, NP 3, is promptedby Animal headed. The rathertentativeidentification amount its irregularshape and partlyby the stone type (chlorite).Though an insufficient remainsto make an identification secure,it is more probable thatthe animalinvolvedis a bull (MSV 34.D, MM III- LM I) than any other.70The piece in questionperhapsbelonging to thethroatarea (PLATE 216,2). Conical. A veryplain example of thisvarietyof rhyton(MSV 34.A, MM III- LM I), in that it lacks any elaborationof the rim- H 19a. Neithercan the stone (chlorite)be consideredanythingotherthanordinary.At the top, theprofileexpandsa littlefroma simply taperedcone - a featureparalleledon othersof the class.71To judge fromthe amountof surfaceabrasionin and out, the rhytonwas brokenin the course of manufacture(PLATE 213d). - especiallythosedepictingtheNettedBull - are Reliefcarved.In thesefew fragments containedwork of such technicalcompetenceand (originally)aestheticcompositionas to favoured rankalongsideanyexamplesof thisparticularartform.The stonesare serpentines, in type: the largepiece,NP 5, lacks for thissmallscale carving,and appear to be different in the slightlyblue tingeof the smallertwo - H 45a and b, and has patchesof brown-white in conclusive are not These colouration its make-up. themselves, absolutely discrepancies but taken with an estimatedvariationin size and rhytontype,I am inclinedto postulate two vessels.The rhytashapes proposed are piriformforNP 5 (MSV 34.B), and,judgingby themouldedrimof H 45, conical fortheother. in its broad outline(PLATES 215,7; The Netted Bull scene, NP 5, is self-explanatory A at a smart and tail bull, moving pace, has, or is about to, become upraised 229,11). from net calibre in a knotted heavy rope. The scene is takingplace in a hunting entangled no in the bull is means subdued - as two feetof a by rocky landscape. Though trouble, thrownhuntsman(in mid-flight) visibleat thebrokenleftedge indicate.The technicalskills exercised in the work are very high (a few knife tip/chiseland abrasionscratchesare There are, for nonethelessdetectable),but some of the details are not easily interpreted. the rope above curves and musculature a of series vertical immediately lines/ribs example, of anatomical in the terms which are less than net,72 accuracy. convincing The rim fragments(two, non-adjoining:H 45) show parts of the heads of cattle, presumablywild beasts (PLATES 215,1 and 2; 229,10 and 9). The carvingis equally as good, but not all the elementsof the scenes are decipherable.It seems safe,however,to suggestthatthe animalswereportrayedin an outdoorsetting.

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Whenone reviewsthesepieces againstscenes of similarsize and subjectmatterin stone Minoan and othermedia,it is at once clearthathereexistsanotherexpositionof a favourite for are available Two in other renditions subject.73 serpentinerhyta (conical forms) immediatecomparison.One fragment(AE 1569) shows a bull-leapingscene, as does the morecompleteBoxer RhytonfromAghiaTriadha.74In thelattercase, the similarrendition of the bull's hindquarters rearfeetinvitesan withtheraisedtailand powerfullyback-thrust obvious parallel with our Netted Bull. There too a hapless bull-leaperappears to be in troubleon thebull'shorns. in An ivorypyxis fromKatsamba,Heraklion75also offersa certaindegreeof similarity the genreof the scene a powerfullybuilt animalpursuestwo fleetinghuntsmen,whilst tossinganotheroverhis head. The hunttakesplace in a rockyglen,withpalm treesscattered thinlyabout. The closest of all,however,is thegold cup fromVapheio,Laconia76- several In a familarrockyand elementsof whose storyare combinedin the Knossian fragment. wooded terrain,threebeasts are depicted: one has tumbledhelpless into a massivenet, anotherhas turnedback in timeto escape, whilstthe third,withloweredhead, bowls over two huntersin a murderouscharge. The themeof our stonevase is evidentlythatof thepyxisand gold cup77- an attempt to net wild bulls in the countryside,resultingin an upset for at least one hunter.The in iconogceremonialaspect of bull-leapingis quite absent.The only apparentdifference raphywould seem to have been the positionof the body of the thrownman: generallyhe passes face-upover the bull's shoulders,the toes pointingskywards.Here the feetpoint down to the ground,indicatingtheopposite- a position,though,quite acceptablein other renditionsof bull-leaping.78 of H 45. Here one Obviously,ratherless can be attemptedforthe two rimfragments bull's head at least is facingto the right- a positionless oftenportrayedthanits opposite: it does, however,occur once on each of the Vapheio gold cups. Less compilentto elucidationis the verticalobject beforethe animal'shead - mightit be partof an oliveor palm tree? It is tempting,thoughthe evidenceis farfromsecure,to arguethat a pair of rhytaare in the represented- one workedwitha more,the othera lessviolentscene of bull-hunting wild. Such a pairingof related,but somewhatcontrastingsubjectscan be paralleledwith certaintyin the Vapheio gold cups, and has been suggestedtoo (followingthesame line of argument)for the relieffrescoeson the Bastions flankingthe NorthEntrancePassage at Knossos.79 Shell vases Two more examples (Misc. 11; M 73) of a vase form(MSV 35, MM III- LM I) requiring highlyaccomplishedtechnicalabilities,and exhibitinga highdegreeof accurateobservation of nature(PLATE 216,3 and 6). Both hereare fashionedfroma nearblack serpentine. ?Stand A unique vase, H 112, and thus difficultto assess - particularlysince most of its upper portionsare missing(PLATE 216,8). The attractivestone is one of the manyvariegated Cretanlimestones.Possibly,thecompletevesselwas designedto sitmoreor less permanently in a hollowedbase (hence the networkof incisedlines,to providea keyingforan adhesive agentsuch as clay): itselfa receptacleforsome undefinedpurpose,but one likelyto involve an aestheticappreciation.

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Table An elaboratevariant,Misc. 12, of a simpleenoughbasic shape (PLATE 216,5). The choice of chloritewas no doubt promptedby the amountof finecarvingrequired.The circular basin withits raisedrimrecallsthe same featureon the LibationTables (MSV 26), as does the cut back profilebelow theuppersurface. Withthe conclusionof themoreimportantpieces fromtheMansion,it now but remains to summarizethe remainder.A number of items, for example, carryvariousmoulded decorations: a ?lamp column with 'rope strand'; rims, collars and a handle (PLATE 217,3-7). One of the collar fragments, (PLATE 217,5), is incisedon its back witha T, an indication of how the artisanmade certain of accuratelypositioninga piece withina composite whole.80Again, the availabilityof exotic stones is amply demonstratedby a range of examples (PLATE 217,1 and 2): Kephrendite(fromEgypt),lapis lacedaemonius and antico rosso (fromLaconia), rock crystal,greenjasper, Giali and Melian obsidian,and ?dacite (fromThera).81Such a wide varietyillustratesa considerabletrade in such substances. In addition, more prosaic stones are also much in evidence: Egyptianveined alabaster(rhytaand bowls - up to ten vessels),marbles(rhytonand bowls - threevessels) and limestones(rhyta,and sundryrimand body sherds- makingup to twelvevases). Over and above these extends the enormousand relativelyordinarymass of material but also includ(representing up to as manyas 80 objects),generallymade fromserpentine, ing breccia,marbleand limestones.A ratherconservativeestimateof numbersand shapes yields Bird's Nest bowls (2; MSV 3), Blossom bowls (6; MSV 5) and otherssuch (3; MSV 9A); Bucketjars (up to 4; MSV 14); Bridge-spouted jars (1; MSV 13B); Lamps (20+; MS V 24.11.A. 1, 7, 8,9; II.C); Lids (8;MSF 27.I.A and B); and Tables (5;MSF 38.B.2). A perusalof the above account of vase typesand materialsrapidlyleads to an inescapable observationon the disparityin characterbetween those vessels actuallyused in the UnexploredMansion, and those pieces merelyfound in it. The formergroup are really rathermundane,whilstthe othersincorporatea wider range,and a more exotic one, of vessels.Such a phenomenonhas not been observedin otherdomesticmilieux- forexample, the LM Ib levels at Palaikastro,82even allowing for the differencein economic status between the two sides. No indicationsexist that actual production took place in the Mansion,83nor do the fragments appear to have servedany secondarypurpose.One can conclude all were that introduced as partof thestructural materials,or occasionallyas only chancefindsbroughtin as curios. The severelypragmaticqualityof the vasespreservedas partof thehouseholdfurniture has been referredto - lamps for light,stands to carrythem on, bowls and troughsto containvarioussubstances,and tables to work or presentthingson. Only the two gypsum 'pillars' suggestany deviationto the devotionalside of life. For the most part thereis a concentrationof findsplaces in or nearRoom L (used in partforstorageat thewest,in part foraccess purposes): threeBird's Nest bowls,two lamps,and thevariouspillar/stands being foundclose to/onthe LM II floorsof the basementregions- as sensiblea place as any to findlights,receptaclesand 'religious'objects. A positionon the upper floorfora Blossom bowl,lids and a tableis equallyacceptable.84 Whenthe variousspecificvases are examinedin relationto the knownMinoan corpus, a distinctemphasison a productiondate in the Second Palace period (MM III- LM I) is revealed.Withthe exceptionof Misc. 13, everyothervessel or fragments thereofis potenwhen a of in of rangeof skills this the was at its terms tially product phase, industry height availableand in sheerquantityof production.The implicationsof thisare clear- following

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the LM Ib disturbances, theindustrysuffereda distinctrecession,and therewas perforcean increaseddependenceon itemsalreadyin existence.This stateof affairsalso servesto underline the previousintensityof output- mostlyin local stones,but also involving importsof vases (fromEgypt)as well as of rawmaterials(fromEgyptand theAegean).85 VARIOUS STONE OBJECTS As well as a mixed selectionof items,potentiallypracticalin character,thematerialunder review here embraces a number of purely ornamentalpieces - includingheads, dress and inlay fragments. on the sort Most of thisyieldslittledirectinformation accoutrements, of activitiescarriedout in Mansion,86but ratherreflectscausal losses and the normal accumulationof rubbishin a domesticor industrialcontext. Groundand polishedstoneimplements Singleaxes This stone tool type- generallydubbed 'neolithic'- can be dividedinto (a) flatter,and (b) stubbiervariants,of each of whichtheMansionproducedthreeexamples:A 8, D 13, H 101; Misc. 20 and 21, L 21 (PLATES 230,19 and 218,1; 218,8 and 230,20 respectively).The proportionsof both are approximatelythe same in length(4.0- 6. 5 cms) and width(4.05.0 cms), but thelattergroupis thicker(2.2-3.8 cms,as opposed to about 1.0). Irrespective of size and shape, the manufacturing processesare identical:limestonesand igneousrocks were chosen for their fine-grained textures,and then pecked and grounddown to the desiredform.H 101 displaysevidence of these two stages(PLATE 218,1). That the axes werenot purelyornamentalis shownby the at timesquite heavychippingat the working edge - but it is hard to envisage,fromtheirsmall dimensions,thattheywereused forany especiallyarduousduties.87 Those fromthe UnexploredMansioncame froma rangeof contexts- none significant, so. Though datingto both the LM II and LM III periods.All are complete,or substantially referred to as this tool is to been most have Neolithic, generally likely type produced on into the EM, and even veryearlyMM periods,as thelargenumbersknownfromthesetimes would indicate.88Examples appear sporadicallyto the end of the Bronze Age89- but are more likelynow to be rediscoveredones, since it is hard to believethatthemetalcounterparts,by thenwidelyavailable,would be in any way inferiorto the stone. 7?itual hammersy

Partsof a pair of such 'hammers'wererecovered:one, H 229, fromthe debrisfillingRoom H (PLATE 218,4); the other,Misc. 22 (PLATE 218,9), froma laterdisturbedcontext.90 These unsatisfactory findsplacesand the damagedconditionof the objectsboth suggestthat - like the 'neolithic'axes. Thoughtheiridentification are accidental intrusions restson they a carefulcomparisonto morecompleteexamples,91theuse of a visuallyattractivestonefor H 229 is in keepingwith a generaltraitin the group.This elementof apparentaesthetic the argumentthatprimarilythe 'hammer'played some appreciationcertainlystrengthens role.92 That be symbolic they might pressed to more ordinarytasksis indicatedhere by H 229, whose edges are badly scarredfromactual usage in some way. Misc. 22 offerstoo anotherpotentialfunction:the roundedbulb-likeend is admirablysuitedto the needs of the workerin metals,in that its contoursavoid all hard angles that mightbite into the metal.93

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Akin to theseobjects are two so-called'mace heads': Misc. 19 and 18 (PLATES 218,6 and 230,18; 218,10 and 230,17 respectively),neithercomplete and both fromdisturbed in whichMisc. 22 was found.Thus, thesame contexts- similarin factto the circumstances line of argumentmay be applied here with regardto theirfunctionin the Mansion.The similaritiescontinue in that stones pleasing to the eye are preferred,again prompting thoughtsof 'ritual' functions.94Certainly,thereis no evidence for the use of maces in warfarein Crete.It is perhapsjust feasiblethattheytoo would servein workingmetals. Pommelsand handles A lone example of each of thesewas foundwell down in the fillof Room Ρ - both broken, The perhapsas a resultof the collapse of the upper storeysin the LM II destruction.95 pommel,Ρ 37, is a typicalspecimen(PLATES 218,3; 230,15), with fairlyclose parallels froman LM Ilia tomb at Zafer Papoura, Knossos.96It reliedon a crosspin to hold it in had been slottedin place: its diametersuggestsit came froma position,once thehandle/grip sword.97The handle,Ρ 38, however,cannot be so securelyidentifiedor paralleled(PLATE 218,2). Thoughin shape and size it would be suitedto a smallknife,the crucialsectionthat would containthehaftingdeviceis lost.98 Personalornamentsand dressaccoutrements Scatteredthroughoutthe Mansionwere a numberof beads and pierceddiscs,fairlyevenly split between the LM II and LM III horizons,and lackingsignificantgroupings.Such a distribution could surelyonlycome about as a resultof accidentalloss. A like interpretation may be proposed to account forthe patternof discoveryof the 'conical buttons',though heretheitemsdate securelyto post-LMII depositsin thenorthernsectionof thebuilding. Beads and discs The LM II materialcan be roughlydividedinto pieces likelyto have come fromnecklaces, and one thatis not. From the firstsort,thereare sphericalbeads of amethystand carnelian a peg-toppedpendantof greenjasper (J/K4: (H 38 and 5: PLATE 219,9 and 8 respectively), PLATES 219,13; 232,4), and two discsof plainerstones,includingserpentine(H 231, Ρ 20: PLATE 219,12 and 10 respectively).These would have been simplystrungtogetherpossiblyin combinationwithotherstonesof the same type,99but equallypossiblynot.100 All are typicallyLM in character.With them,no doubt, will have gone two rock crystal beads - one tubular,one spherical(P 19, NP 6: PLATES 219,18; 232,29): neitherare Very properlyfinishedon the exterior,lackingthe finalabrasionand polishingtreatments. different is the largerrock crystalsphere,Η 230 (PLATE 232,5), piercedby a drilledhole, and resemblingthe sort of ornamentalheads givento long metal ?hair pins in the Shaft of materialor shape,show signsof longuse All thebeads,irrespective Gravesat Mycenae.101 or disuse. In the clear crystallinevarieties,this takes the formof internalcrackingand surfacechips,fortheothersin surfaceabrasionsonly. The picturepresentedby thematerialfromthelaterfindspotsis essentiallythe same: all beingderivedfromnecklaces.102Sphericalbeads appear,madefromcarnelian,a black stone, and in serpentine(grooved): NC 31, Misc. 37, Misc. 38 (PLATES 219,4; 232,24; 219,2 and 232,23). Disc-shapedones have more of a rangeof profiles:one of rock crystal,Misc. 33 mix display (PLATE 219,20), is plano-convexin section; othersof a serpentine/chlorite Even the 1 A and or Misc. 6 near-conical 32, respectively). profiles: (PLATE 219,15 stepped most ordinaryversionsmayspringa surprisefor,apartfromsteatiteand serpentine/chlorite,

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Misc. 34 and 35 (PLATE 219,14 and 16), thereexistsa solitaryitem of lapis lazuli, NP 7 (PLATE 219,19). The generalconditionof all is comparableto the LM II pieces,and they are equallyas typicalfortheirperiodtoo.103 'Conicalbuttons' Witha singleexception (P 14: PLATE 218,5, probably a stray),the conical and related 'buttons' are restrictedto post-LM II levels.104They are a common find: the truncated conoid formbeing the rule (13: PLATE 218,7), drilledto take a thread;thoughsquatter (3: Misc. 27; PLATE 232,25), stemmed(4: Misc. 29, C 16, H 249, Ρ 14; PLATES 218,5 and 7; 232,26) and waistedexamples(1: Misc. 30; PLATE 219,5) are all metwith. Soft,easilyworkedstones- serpentineand steatite- are used,witha degreeof preference for variegatedcolouringsthat suggeststhat their appearance was integralto their purpose. From sundryindications,it would seem that the excess stone was pared away in was verticalfacets,and the profilerounded offby abrasives,beforefinallythe stringhole drilledout.105That theywereintendedto be threadedis shownby weardamageat theends of the holes, caused by the frictionof the cord. This observationdoes not accordwithany but neithercan it determineif theyare better proposalto view themas spindlewhorls,106 or as necklacecomponents.108 seen as dressaccessories107 The patternof distribution extendsevenlyacross the northernand centralportionsof the Mansion,and beyond it to theNorth:all verymuchat random.109 Only in thecase of a LM floor Room Β PLATE on in can 7: an Ilia 6 and anythingremotelymore pair (B 218,7) the When on viewed a be essentiallyLM III contextsof largerscale, significant pictured.110 and our groupis quite in accordancewiththe chronologyestablishedforthe Mainland,111 are the soft stone 'buttons' from in Crete itself. Unless numerous instances paralleled in can it otherwise an Crete, only be totallyperishableequivalent(e.g. wood) replacing concluded that in the fourteenthcenturyB.C. therewas a change of fashionin dressor ornamentin Crete- one assumesas a resultof Mainlandinfluence,whereclay equivalents are knownfromLH I onwards. Miscellaneousitems Rock crystalinlay Distinctfromthe vases, thereexist raw unworkedcrystals,pieces brokenin the course of beingworked,and a seriesof inlaysegments.Up to elevenbrokencrystalsare represented (of severaldegreesof translucencyand colouring): the majorityoriginallyno largerthan 7 cmsin height,thoughone achievesdouble the size. Two more illustrateworkingpracticesin the formof saw cuts, with a greypowder (?emery)embeddedin one. Nearlyall of theseare concentratedon thenorthernand central areasof theMansion,112 in a rangeof contextslargelywithinLM II to sub Minoan. is thecase fortheinlaypieces (PLATE 219,17): theseare mostlylocated Verydifferent in Room Ρ (Ρ 40), withone fromRoom L (L 158) - all fromLM II deposits.The factthat theyall come fromcontextsnear the floor mightsuggestthat theirsource(s) could have been storedin Room Ρ itself- perhapson a shelfon the wall.The set is made up of three plaque fragments (L 158, Ρ 40: PLATE 219,17 left),more or less flatand once rectangular in shape; a plano-convex'lens' (P 40: PLATE 219,17 bottomright),and two rathermore three-dimensional pieces resemblingan ear (P 40: PLATE 219,17 top right)and an eye PLATE 40: 219,17 centreright).None is largerthan 3.5 cmsin length,and all are badly (P flawedinternally, if not chippedand brokentoo. Whilsttheplaques and the 'lens' willhave

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been most effectivewhen attachedto a flatbacking- as on a gamingboard or an elaborate theothertwo mighthave belongedto some compositestonevase.114 piece of furniture,113 The abilityto shape rock crystal115 firstcame withinthe scope of the Minoan artisan withthe introductionof emeryinto his tool kit: thisseems to have occurredsome timein the firstPalace period.116Inlay work utilizingthe stone has come fromMM III and later contexts at Knossos,117whilst both completevases and parts thereofwere produced at muchthesame time(MM III- LM I).118 Weight It is unfortunatethatthe 'sling-stone'or amygdaloidshapedobject,H 251 (PLATE 219,7), comes froma mixeddeposit,and can onlybe assumedto belongto theMansionmaterial.119 Its shape and weight(10.2 gms.) proclaimit as belongingto the Minoan systemof weights based upon a 'mina' of some 493 gms.,dividedinto subsidiaryunitsof 60-65 gms.(an ^ of the originalmina).120Ours is thusa fraction,3, of thissubsidiaryunit - or ^ of themina itself. There are a numberof parallelsfromthe Knossos area - most of a comparabledate and variegatedcolour(LM II- Ilia), and showinga preferenceforstonesof an interesting ation. A set fromKatsamba (Tomb H)121 has two equivalentto that fromthe Mansion as well as one at γζ (a bit heavyat 5.7 (10.2, 10.5 gms.,of gypsumand jasper respectively), gms.)and anotherat | (48.9 gms.)of thesub-unit.122 Gamingpieces The classificationof the followingobjects as countersor gamingpieces is a somewhat arbitraryone, and thereis certainlyno other significantcommongroundbetweenthem. L 159 (PLATE 219,11), a sphereof limestone,would havehad eitherto havebeen rolled,or used with a board equipped with hollows.123The othertwo - a disc of obsidian,NC 30 (PLATE 219,3), and a triangularpiece of steatitewith a meaninglessscratchedpattern, Misc. 36 (PLATE 219,6) - are more suited to a game played on a flatboard.124The first comes froman LM II context,theothersare later- all are a littledamaged. Bead or sealstoneblank C 27, (PLATE 219,22), is a solitaryobject and likelyto be out of contextin theUnexplored Mansion,forthereare no othersignsof stone workingtakingplace therein.In its size and shape it fitsneatlyinto the 'flat cylinder'class,125whichwas a relativelyuncommonform manufactured mostlyin the Second Palatial and laterMycenaeandominatederas.As a rule are the favouredstone, thoughserpentinesmay be employedtoo.126Occasional quartzes otherspecimensshow tracesof theabradedfacets,incompletelyremovedin the finalstages of preparation. IVORY AND BONE A highproportionof the ivoryfragments, whichoutnumberthose of bone heavily,bears to witnessto the firesthat accompaniedthe LM II destruction:127 theyare burntblue-grey of and under are and have the effects soft and black,128 friable, fallingmasonry disintegrated the passage of time.Naturallythesemisfortunes have made a fullappreciationof the finds thatmuch harderto achieve.As a result,it is proposed to arrangethe materialinto broad a pommel typologicalcategories:socketedand peggeditems(includingknobs,attachments,

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and a 'button'); plaques and inlaypieces; rods/pins;and sundryobjects.The bone tools - a scatteredgroup,yieldingmorepotentialthan actual evidenceof use - are takenseparately at theend. Socketedand peggedobjects Lentοids The emphasizeddome, with its higherdegree of polish is surelythat side of the object meant to be viewed. Accordingly,it follows that the drilledholes on the reverseare intendedto take pegs to fastenit to a backing.The fourexamplesfromrelatively highup in the fillof Room M, are all close in size (diameterof just over2 cms,depthover 1), but do of peggingholes. Some, M 71, 88 and 207 (PLATES 220,3; not sharethe same arrangement 4 and 5 spots on a dice, whilstone, M 206 (PLATE have them ordered the as 230,12), Y four in No also acted as a guide has a pattern.129 doubt thesevariousarrangements 220,4), to theirpositions.Some piece of furniture their source.130 itself as suggests Knob terminals Thoughindividuallyratherat variancein theirdetails,thisgroupof itemssharesthe feature of a centralsocket,allowingthe object to be slottedonto some tangor projection.One is essentiallyspherical,Ρ 68 (PLATES 220,7; 230,3) - its interiorremovedby a cutting/ chippingaction (blade or chisel), with two opposed and diagonallyslantingdrillholes to enable it to be lockedintoposition.Two moreare but fragments from,perhaps,a sphereset on a shortstem- M 208 and 209 (PLATES 220,6 and 8; 230,2), whichmightresemblethe finalpiece - M 107 (PLATES 220,9; 230,9). This is shaped like a buttonmushroom,its fromitspostulatedlargerparallels,whoseinteriors socketdrilled.In thislast detail,it differs werechiselledout. The substantially completeterminals(M 107, Ρ 68) measurec. 2.5 cmsin in c. thus are rathersmallerthan the fragments indicatethe and 2 diameter, height cms, otherswould have been. All, except Ρ 68 fromRoom P, were foundat variousplaces in Room M. They do not, of themselves, readilysuggesttheirsource- handlepartsforknives or daggers,or furniture are two possibilities.131 attachments Pommel About this item, thereis no doubt. Found near the floor in Room M, shatteredinto a myriadbits,its size proclaimsit to be derivedfroma sword (diameteraverages8.6 cms) M 64 (PLATES 220,1 and 2; 230,l).132 'Button' There is a strongresemblancebetweenthisΡ 30, (PLATES 220,10; 230,11), and Misc. 32, of serpentine,thoughthe latteris later.Misc. 32 was suggestedto have come froma neckit could have been fixedto a backingby lace, and the same mightapplyhere.Alternatively, an ornamental nail or peg.133 Few in numberthoughthisgroupis, it yet providesa typicalsamplefromwhichsome generalobservationsmay be reached. First,it is clear that these ivoryproductsare on a small scale: seldom completein themselves,they tend to be embellishments added to a of for the and substance. the aesthetic Thus, largerframework, employedmostly qualities attachmentsand 'button' are onlypartsof a sword,a knife, pommels,terminals,?furniture ?a footstooland perhapsa necklace,and all are - in essence - ornamentalratherthan

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practical,meant to reflectno doubt on the statusof theirowner,in a way thatprecious stonesand otherluxurymaterialsdo too. There was plentyof ivoryavailableto thepalace workshopsof theLate BronzeAge,134 to discoverthatparallels and wide use was made of it. It is, accordingly,a triflesurprising for almost everyobject in the Mansion are not readilyattainable.Whilsta matchforthe and thelentoids swordpommelcan be easilymade, one cannotbe forthe smallerterminals, are but scarcelyrepresented on theMainland(not at all in Crete). Plaques and inlaypieces To thissectionbelong the majorityof theMansion'smaterial,includinga numberof carved items.Most are likelyto have been intendedforinlay - as the existenceof peggingholes and a habit of singlingout one face for any decorativeschemes demonstrates.Some decoratedon both faces are moresuitedto a free-standing position,but theseare extremely rare.Despite theprevalenceof inlays,thereare fewwithguidemarks. Plaques Both plain (D 15, H 110, M 89, 216 and 220 - PLATES 220,11; 221,7) and carved(P 1 PLATE 221,12) rectangularplaques survive- thoughlargelyin a muchdamagedcondition. The undecoratedexamplesare markedonlyby abrasionand polishingscratches,135 acquired whilstΡ 1 carriesoccasionaltracesof knife/ duringthe latterstagesof shapingand finishing, chisel workingon its design.Peggingholes, put in by a drill,eithercut rightthroughor penetrateto roughlyhalf the depth of the plaque.136A much more elaboratepiece, M 83 (PLATE 220,12), was shapedratherlike a dog's biscuitwhencomplete:a longshaftexpandleft action (knifework)is evidentfromthechatter-marks inginto roundedends.A whittling of the surface executed but was otherwise the behind, carefully sufficiently grooving upper to leave no firmclues. The reverseside carriesan undercutmortise,enablingtheinlayto be are a dozen or so slotted into position on its ground.137More resistantto interpretation Ρ - PLATE M Room D on and its an back 12 19, 217-219, objectsresembling elongated (L a underside and finished or holes argue for its roughly paired pegging 220,11). Single inclusionwithinthiscategory,but parallelsare lackingfora morepreciseunderstanding. Crescentsand circles Η 13 apart, these (M 138, Ρ 4-5, Misc. 40 - PLATES 215,3 and 4; 221,13, and 15-18) as theyall displaytherequired could well belongto complicatedinlaid itemsof furniture, Ρ 4 (PLATES 215,3; 221,17) lower one. and a of a carved plain dichotomy upper surface, alone was undeniablyfixed to a base - by an undercutmortise,but the othersare too markscan be detectedhere to carryanyevidenceon thesematters.Knife/chisel fragmentary and there.M 138 mightbe partof a pyxislid - PLATE 221,18.138 H 13 (PLATE 221,14), on the otherhand, musthave stood free- as only thencould both sides have been seen. The taperingdouble crescenticoutline,and the engravedlines both suggestpartof an open wing- froma birdor a griffin perhaps.Threedimensional,but smallscale,statuettesof ivoryare quite commonin the Second Palace Period.139 Domed buttons With over forty-five buttonsrecovered,these become the most numeroussinglebody of ivories in the Mansion - L 28, 34, 38, M 4, 14, 16, 25, 31, 210-215 (PLATES 220,5; 230,13 and 14). From theirsmall size (0.8- 1.2 cms in diameter,0.4-0.7 in height),their

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roughbases and concentrationin the area of Room M, it can be safelyinferredthat they representinlaysfroma singlesort of object, each sunkinto its own socketleavingonlythe polisheddome visible.140 They would presenta studdedeffect,perhapsset offagainsta dark wood.141 use of ivoryas a componentin a greaterwholeis mostmarked. Again,the characteristic in for Incorporation "masterpieces"probably contributes,however,to theirsingularity, whilstgeneralparallelsto all the above may be found,more specificones are harderto locate and evenimpossibleat times.Broadlyspeaking,all are typicalMM- LM products. Rods Not only rods are here considered,but also some of the connectingdevices by whicha frameworkof them mightbe built up. The same aids to constructioncan, however,be employedto providethenecessarysupportforsheetsof plain or inlaidwork,and it is in this light,rather,thata particulargroupof rod-likepieces shouldbe interpreted. rods Free-standing These itemsmay be recognizedby the way theyare intendedto be viewedfromany angle, as opposed to the inlay pieces that have but one intendedviewpoint.Two rods with a quatrefoilsectionillustratethepointfully,H 35, 60 - (PLATES 221,3 and 4; 230,4 and 5). One, H 60, has its groovesincompletelyworked - and tracesof a knifeor chisel can be detected.142 Whetherthejointingdevicesbelongmore with the above items,or withthat discussed next, is arguable.Since thereis no substantialhint as to what theymightbe combinedto form,the questionis ultimatelyunanswerable.The most developed,M 28 (PLATE 230,6), allows joins in two directionsto meet at a rightangle: it is a cornerblock, perhapsfor a small box. Similar,but with holes permittinga join in one directiononly are M 137 and M 221 (PLATE 221,5 and 6 respectively).Finallyin NP 11 (PLATE 230,7), theremightbe seen a device to act as a framearoundan inlaidsurface:the flange,by overlappingtheedges of the surface,would act muchas a modernpictureframeholds in its glass.Both pegs and a wereemployedto hold it firmin position. mortise/tenon Lastly thereare a verynumerousgroup of inlay pieces in the formof a rod - L 19, M 222 (PLATE 221,1). They oftentaper,and theirupper surfaceis givenalternativetreatments - most often left plain, or lightlyhollowed out.143Though most are burntand nonethelesspieces up to 3 cms long are preserved,measuringtoo some 0.5 fragmentary, wide and 0.3 thick.Withthemmay be takensome dozens of smallrod-likefragments from many contexts- up to a few millimetresin lengthonly, and utterlydevoid of any distinguishingfeatures.Some are, no doubt, derivedfromthe plain-toppedsort mentioned above,yetotherswillbelongto disintegrated plaques. Pins

The collectionof itemsunderthisheadingis a somewhatbroad one, as in mostinstancesthe objects are incompleteand thus theiridentificationas, say, a pin ratherthan a needle or shankcannot be asserted.Witha singleexceptionH 37 (PLATE 222,2), theyare all LM III or laterin date - Β 9; C 18; H 257, 258; NC 32; Misc. 44 and 45 - PLATES 221,20; 222,6 and 230,8. Bone and ivoryare equallyrepresented, and thereseemsno difference in general for either substance: a swollen in to the contrast appearance plain head, slightly tapering shaft.In Β 9 (PLATES 221,20; 230,8), however,the provisionof a 'socket' at the tip, as

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well as cross-pegging holes, arguesthatsomethingwas locked into positionthere:conceiva this was metal ably point,makingthecompleteobject an awl.144 of this Objects genericsortare quite commonthroughouttheBronzeAge.145 Miscellaneousitems Toggle These are so designatedby theirclose resemblanceto moderncoat buttonsof thatname, and indeed theirsize is comparabletoo (up to 4 cms in length)- H 18, J/K5 (PLATES 221,8 and 9; 230,10). Though they may not have been intendedforcloaks or any such cloaks,beltsor baldrics,of whichthe clothing,theirbasic shape is mostsuitedforfastening Minoansand Mycenaeansmade use.146Nevera commonfind,thereis onlyone parallel(in gold) fromCrete,and feware knownevenoutsidetheisland.147The Mansionexamplesdate to LM II. Comb A self-explanatory object, thecomb musthave been as commonplacean itemin theMinoan worldas in any sectorof humanity.Manywereno doubtmade of wood and haveperished, but nonethelessa fairrangeof typesof ivory/bonesurviveto cover theentireBronzeAge, withespecial emphasison LM II-IIIa.148 Our LM II specimen,H 113 (PLATE 221,2), lacks the decorationof manyof the others,but makesup forthat in the stronglikelihoodof its beingsuppliedwitha handle- not a commonfeature. Lid Though again an item whose appearanceis selfevident,the Mansionexample (Misc. 41 how small sectionsof PLATE 221,19) providesa particularpoint of interestin illustrating whole - withoutthe a make to and bone could be composite larger together pieced ivory presenceof any backingmaterial.Misc. 41 was cut to shape by blade and saw, and then channelledalong one edge to permita tongueand groovejoint withits neighbour.This was thenreinforcedby a peg run diagonallythroughboth pieces at thepointofjunctionitself. The outsideedge was bevelledto ensurea snugfitinto thebody of the container,and two Its contextrunsup to LM Illb. drilledholes could have accommodateda hinge.149 Sundry An 'ear' or perhapsa polishingtool - H 61 (PLATE 221,10), and a columnarantifix,L 34b to parallel:both date to (PLATE 221,11), are includedhere. Both are brokenand difficult LMII. Workedbone tools The most elaborateformrepresentedare two bone spatulae- Misc. 43 and NP 12 (PLATE longbones: a sliverof 222,4). Both are fashionedin much thesame way from?horse/cattle takenof the 'hollow' from the cut is source, being advantage away rectangular proportions bone interiorto providea naturalbowl at one end. Excess bone maybe paredand whittled away by a blade, or sawnoff.Shapingor use has leftscratchmarksall overtheimplements, but forthemostpartthesurfacehas a highlypolishedfinish.150 This categoryof find,however,is more commonlyrepresentedby points - or more accuratelypieces of bone suitable to being utilized as such, as very few carrytraces of

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damageincurredin working- C 19; Ε 12; Η 82 and 100; Misc. 42; Rooms C and L (PLATE 222,7 and 8). Included are rib,jaw and long bone splintersfrombird, fishand sundry animals.Since most were less than 20 cms in lengthoriginally,theywould not have been suitedto particularly heavyduties. Otherfindsof bone fromwithinthe Mansionshow theeffectsof workupon them,and are not themselvestools.151Some are offcuts, detachedby saw or blade, another(a cattle rib) carriesbutcherymarks- Room L (PLATE 222,1), and so on. Most unusualis apiece (sawn) of apparentlyfossilizedbone (S. Sector) - probablycollectedqua stonethanbone. The use of bone to fashiontools is a commonheritagein all culturesfroman earlier stage in mankind'sevolution.The sorts of use it was tailoredto fit in the Mansion are and can be readilyparalleledin Crete and elsewhere(even if exact absolutelytypical,152 formsdiffer).It is, thus,odd to findthatin factverylittlein theway of indisputabletools were recoveredfromthe LM II phase - withits clear industrialactivities.Ratherit is the LM Ilia- b depositsthathaveprovidedthe evidence:mostprobablydomesticin nature. Withthe exceptionof the comb,thepinsand,perhaps,theswordpommel,all theivory (and some bone) productslocated in theUnexploredMansionweredesignedas partof some largermultifacetedwhole.Seldom weretheyexpectedto standin isolation.This beingso, it can be appreciatedthatpreciseworkwas the hallmarkof the craft:tracesof thisconcern can be located in theevidenceof saw and blade in shapingby cutting,in abrasionand finally polishingto providea close fitand attractiveappearance.Fairlycarefulpositioningof the drillholes is requiredin pegging.A furtherconsequenceof the piecemealapproachof the craftlies in the need to developeffectiveand discretemeans of fixingthe componentsto theirgrounds.Peggingis one of thecommonestsolutions- a smallcylinder,shapedusually to a slighttaper,would be tapped home into a drilledhole. More complex is theundercut mortise- designedto slip onto a dovetail-like tenon:normallycut out by a chisel,at times withaid froma drill,it mayitselfbe surroundedby a collar- Ρ 4 (PLATES 215,3; 221,17). Gluesmusthavebeen widelyused - the abrasionstriations providinggood keying. Exact location of inlayor componentpartwillnaturallyin turnrequirethata piece and the positionit is intendedto fillbe easilymatched.The solutionis to incisethe same guidemarkson both - only two have survivedhere, a cross and a row of fourdashes.153The patterningof the drilledholes on the lentoidswould have acted in the same manner,if required. The concentrationof the ivorymaterialon Room M, withoccasionalspillsintoRooms L P, and even H, when takenwiththeirdistribution generallythroughouttheentiredepth of Room M can be most sensiblyinterpretedas indicatingthat some piece(s) of inlaid furniture fellthroughfromthe upper storeyin the course of the firedestruction in LM II. Most of the pieces referred to belongto thoseclassesintendedto be attachedto some other object,and the presenceof the occasional deviceused to join one to anotherenhancesthis impression.Closer definitionof the originalform(s)has not provenpossible.Togetherwith thesewere'kept' a pommel,and perhapsvariousknob terminalsof knives/daggers, as well as morepersonalobjectssuchas a comb. In starkcontrast,virtuallyno ivoryobjectswereavailableto the LM III occupantsof the northernend of the Mansion,who had to make do witha fewpaltrypins - as likelyto be fashionedfrombone as itsmoreexoticrelation. The fairlystandardrangein object typeof theivorieshas been commentedon at sundry points in the discussion.The greatestrange of parallels is most readily available from contextsof the Second Palace Period - theworkshopdebrisfroman LM Ib destructionby

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the Royal Road, Knossos in particularhas a greatdeal of materialin commonwiththat fromthe Mansion.154Clearlythe rangeand qualityof productswere stillopen to thenext fewgenerations- but it is not possible to determinewhethertheywereacquiredas newlymade pieces or as heirlooms.The lack of itemsof value afterLM II in theMansionseemsto be below even the somewhatreduced output (afterLMIIIa1) in Crete,155and probably reflectsthe changedand relativelyunimportantstatusof the buildingand its occupantsat thisstage. SHELL Though less than half of the shell corpus can be thoughtof as havingbeen 'used' in the Mansion,yet for the sake of completenessand in orderto offera comparisonwithother sites,the whole has been kept togetherherefordiscussion.AppendixΒ breaksthematerial down by Room, shell type and date (LM II/post-LMII). From this,it can rapidlybe ascertained that even thoughonly a handfulbelong to the latercontexts,156 theynonetheless includesomeinteresting pieces.157 Sixteen marine invertebrategenera and species have been identified,coveringfour classes - Gasteropoda(9), Bivalvia (4), Scaphopoda (1) and Echinodermata(I).158 They types,all relativelyor evenveryabundantand representa standardrangeof Mediterranean for the most part, with a preferencefor sandy inhabitingshallow ('inter-tidal') waters bottoms.159They could, thus, have been gatheredby people wading about, or picked up as shells fromthe beaches.160Three separatemotivesunderliethe collectionof these creatures- a desirefordecorativeobjects,foredibles,and probablyforreligiouspurposes. Amongstthe firstwould be placed Columbella,the two Conus species and Dentalium:the firstbeing gatheredin all likelihoodfromspecimenswashed ashore. The Spondylusand Astraea may also belong to the same category.On the other hand, Charonia,Donax, Murex,Thais, Patella,Sea urchinand Tapes can all be eaten,thoughMurexand Glycimeris, is Thais may also yield a purple-reddye,161and one Charoniafoundin the Mediterranean Mino ans.162 to the of an or Conch shell Triton' the famed object religioussignificance Potentiallyedible molluscsare to be seen in Astraea,Spondylusand Tonna thoughonce left There is Minoan in has a the last only Arculariareligiouspractices.163 place again apparentlyinedible,and thuspresumablydecorative. Of the items frompost-LMII contexts,threehave drawnattentionbecause of their inherentsuitabilityas ornaments- otherthanC 17 (PLATE 222,9: top right),an unknown shell type,apparentlypart of a fingerringor similarpiece ofjewellery.Pieces fromRooms C/D (PLATE 222,9: left),both Glycimeris,are piercedat the hingein such a manneras to Parallelexploitationin LM II timescan be arguedforthe make themsuitablependants.164 and conceivablyfor the Conus Dentalium (Room H - PLATE 222,9: bottom right),165 shells too (13 in toto, with a dozen perforated).These last, however,do presenta slight problem.There can be no doubt that the perforation(achievedby abrasionon the labial side, or by knockingthe tip off) mustbe consideredas a deliberateact - PLATE 222,9: centre(fromRoom H). The questionis forwhatpurpose?The mostobvious,and fairlywell paralleled,suggestionis thattheshellswereso treatedin orderto be strungas a necklace.166 in achievingthis.Anotherpotentialexplanation I have foundno insurmountable difficulty as them in be gamingpieces.167Eitherwould help to accountforthe might sought viewing of Conus the specimensin the SW area of the building(Rooms M and H in clustering be imaginedas havingfallenfromsome containerin an upper if could particular), they

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room.168Astraeais also representedby an operculum(used to seal themouthof the shell). D.S. Reese observesthat'it was probablyused as a personalornament,as these"cat's eyes" or "occhio de Santa Lucia" are oftenused today'. For therestof thecorpus(withpossible religiousassociationstoo in the case of Charoniaand Tonna), thewide rangeof speciesand in the Mansionmay suggestno morethanrandomintroductions equally broad distribution as componentsof mealstakenthere.169 Seashellshave since the earliesttimesprovidedforthe Minoansa source of food,170of The Unexplored forartists171 and acted as religioussymbols.173 and craftsmen,172 inspiration Mansionexamplesdo not add to thepictureas alreadyunderstood,but merelyunderlineit. LOOMWEIGHTS The productionof woollen fabrics(and no doubt others too) was highlyorganizedin It is Minoan Crete,174and may have providedthe island witha major tradingresource.175 thatevenin a buildingobviouslyengagedin workingmetals,thecraftnext therefore, fitting, most widelyrepresentedshould be weavingon theloom. Giventhehighlyperishablenature of almostall theappurtenancesof thiscraft,we have to relyexclusivelyon theloomweights to giveus thisimpression.Over 150 are knownfromthe Mansion,withbut one significant - Ν 31, 94 (plus 2?) fromRoom N, a storagecupboardunderthe stairsin the concentration southernrange of rooms. It dates to LM II. Much more modestgroupsof the same date werelocated in Rooms L (9) and Η (23). 176It is proposedto examinetheRoom Ν corpus in greaterdetail,as beinggenerallytypicalof themajorityof thesefinds. Room Ν The clay weightsherecompriseonlythespherical(or pomegranate)form,whichcan be subdividedon the criteriaof the presenceand numberof its externalgrooves,and also somewhat by its weight.Three cylindricalstone equivalentsare includedin this account. For a selectionsee PLATES 223a; 231,1-8. Those lackinggroovesaltogetherare the most numerous(39, plus 2+ oddities).Their fabricis a beige-redfiredclay, withinclusionsof grog,a crushedwhitemarble-likestone, schistand otherparticlesof greyand black stones.Some show signsof burningfromthe firesaccompanyingthe destructions hereabouts.Thoughmost are, by definition,approximatelyspherical,yet a numberhave slightlyflattenedsides and acquire a more elongated profileas a result.Five of variousshapesand sizes have a crossincisedon them- forreasons unknownto me.177Anotherhas a band of slashesaroundone end of thecentralhole. Even if exact boundariescannot be drawn,thereyet seem to exist threeor fourbroad groupsthe smallestmeasuresup to 6 cms in diameter,weighingabout 200 gms.; the next is but a fractionlarger,and averages250 gms.: the two should perhapsbe combined.Above these are a numberwitha diameterreaching7.5 cms,and a weightof 350-450 gms.Finallya few attain 10 cms acrossand up to 750 gms.in weight.Throughoutthe centralsuspensionholes are 0.5-2.0 cmswide. The specimenswith fourexternalgrooves(26) recall in fabric,size and weightsthe above group.The groovesare usually arrangedso as to quarterthe sphereand varyfrom merescratchesto channelscarefullymodelled (up to 0.5 cmswide,and 0.4 deep). It would appear that most grooves were painted with the same red-brown-black firingiron-based were on that fineware the used and same treatment is often pigments contemporary pottery, extendedto theinteriorof thesuspensionhole. One loomweighthas an incisedcrosson it.

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In additionto the above, thereare loomweightswiththreegrooves(13); withtwo (2); number.As a rule,all the multiples(fiveand ten grooves- 1 of each) and an indeterminate hole in wear the and the oftenabradedcondition show of around weights signs suspension of the paints.The threestone cylinders- two of serpentine,one of breccia- are roughly equivalentin size and weightto thesmallerclay weights(up to 250 gms.).Theirsurfacesare evident. dullypolished,withthesignsof wearat thesuspensionhole particularly The otherLM II deposits Scatteredas theseare throughoutthe southernand centralareas,178the 40 or so examples are more variedin type- see generallyPLATES 223e; 231,9 and 10. The sphericalform remainsthe dominantone (30+), but hemispheres(1) and cylinders/reels (3) also put in an grittedred-brown appearance.Fabricstoo increasein rangeto includegrittedgreeny-white, and pale beige clays. The flaky quality in some indicates a lower firingtemperature. Amongstthe sphericalforms,those withoutgroovesare the most numerous,followedby four,three,two and one groovedexamples.The usual range of odditiesexists: multiple grooved(seven to ten channels) and one withgroovesresemblingthe patternon a tennis ball - L 164 (PLATES 223e; 231,9). Post-LMII deposits in thenorthern distribution encountered,and withoutsignificant Though farless frequently or in areas of the Mansion,179thereis no substantialdifference type proportionalrepresentation between these and earlierloomweights- see generallyPLATES 223e; 231,11-15. The sphericalformhas some 8 examplesfromall classes;but cylinders/reels (4), biconical to other their bear witness types in use apex (3) (1) and flat ovoid discs pierced at on PLATES 57 PLATE and Misc. Room D 17 on 223e and 15; 231,14 C, (respectively: are too. Fabrics variable on PLATES Room C NC and and 33 36 223e; 231,11). 231,13; and from unbaked in or so a dozen of An interesting extensionto the range typescomes pieces neverexceed 7 cms in length,and indeed theirexact clay discs or spheres:the fragments class.181 size and numberis unknown.180 They may evenderivefromthecylinder/reel We have seen that the Room Ν collection of loomweightsis the fullest- and even thoughit cannotbe shownwherethe loom was intendedto stand,one or two speculations mightbe made on themannerof its workingon the assumptionthattheRoom Ν groupis a the factthatthethreemain more or less completeset intendedforone loom. Regrettably, x 3 forthose withoutgrooves, divisions(by the numberof grooves)are multiplesof 13 x 2 forthose withfour,χ 1 for those withthree(withsome 13 sundryshapesand sizes left over),mustprobablybe takenas a coincidence,as when theseputativegroupsare divided themselveson the criterionof weight,no sensiblepatternemerges.In fact,therangewithin wide to make it unlikelythat an exact balance was ever each weightgroup is sufficiently one groupof mightobserveis that the smallest/lightest necessaryon the loom. All that of a number from which other two numerous as the possible weightsis as put together on the loom mightbe made up. On balance,all thatwas probablysoughtwas arrangements fordifferent tensionsin thewarps. in arranging flexibility For the rest of the LM II groups,all except two fromRoom M are foundsufficiently high off the floorto suggestthattheyhad fallenfroman upper storey- and indeed,the positioningof the looms therewould make more sense thanin the relativegloom of the basementareas. For the post-LMII groups,thereis nothingthat can be usefullydeduced fromtheirdistribution. Theirrelativevarietyin type,however,could indicatea lessuniform

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and regulatedapproachto the craftthan before- somethingthatwould be in accordwith thelikelydisappearanceof thepalace-orientated way of lifein operationbefore. Beforeleavingthis aspect of the subject, a few words on the workingof the upright loom will not come amiss.On the evidenceof thestoneweightsin particular(the direction of the wear at the suspensionhole edges), the loomweightswere slungso thatthishole lay on thehorizontalplane. In thiscase, thegroovesmightbe used forpositioninga crossrod to controlthe movementof the weightswhen in use.182The practicalpurposein paintingthe insideof the suspensionhole (to preventyarnsfromsnaggingwhenbeingthreadedthrough) in size and The difference fromany intendedforthegrooves.183 will thenbe verydifferent on and different be the also allows tensions to presumablyregulatesthe warps put weight numberof groupsof yarnsthatcan be allocatedto each loomweight. The acme of the use of the spherical(plain and grooved)loomweightwould seemto be MM III- LM III, and comparablegroupsare readilyavailablefromthisperiod.184It seems reasonableto suppose that those formsare the directdescendantsof the plain spherical The stone cylinder,thoughnevercommon,also weightsknownto exist since EM times.185 seemsto be a recognizedsub-speciesin thesameperiod(MM III- LM III).186In contrast,the timesfollowingthebreakdownof thepalatialsystemin Cretesaw theriseof a morevariable thoughby LM IIIc a degreeof preferenceforthe approachwithgenerallylighterweights,187 forms had been established.188 cylindrical/reel VARIOUS OBJECTS OF CLAY In theirrangeof shapesand types,thereis a markedcorrespondence betweentheseclay and some previouslydiscussedstone items.Most here belong to what mightbe broadlytermed and the like. A handfulof less 'personal' classes of objects: beads, pierced 'discs'/buttons are small disc-lids, also presentedhere.Unlikethe clearlyassignablepieces,thoughincluding stone examples,the clay ones are moreunrelievedlyconcentratedin post- LM II contexts As such, (and even post-Minoan,as a resultno doubt of pit diggingand such activities).189 of the building.Again,theywould they are naturallyconcentratedon the northernend seemto be accidentallossesincurredin thebustleof dailylife. Personalornamentsand dressaccoutrements These are made up of several beads and a biconical pendant for the firstdivision,and pierceddiscs (reusedmaterialforthemostpart) and custom-made'buttons'forthesecond. Of course,the pierceddiscs at least mightequally be consideredas clumsynecklacebeads. One button(H 42) came fromLM II contexts(Room H, upperlevels). Beads and pendants The beads are three in number (A 10, CorridorL, Misc. 66 - PLATES 224,15-17; 232,10) - all roughlyspherical,thoughpartlydamaged in the case of the lattertwo by exposure to heat. As a resultof this,the fabricsof thesehave been alteredto a reduced grey- but it is likely that they,as well as the first,were originallyred in colour. The pendant (NP 17 - PLATES 224,13; 232,13), made of a beige-brownfine fabric,was modelled by hand to give it a somewhatunequal appearance- its lowerportionis much heavierthanthe top.190All are quite suitedto inclusionin a necklace.191 Clay beads occur intermittently throughoutthe Bronze Age in Crete,192but it is not until after LM II- Ilia that they appear to have attained any (relatively)significant

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and laterstillat Karphi.195 popularity.193 Examples turnup in necklacesfromArmenoi,194 As such, the Mansionpieces add to the generalrecordof a class of object thatwenton to achievegreatersuccessin theearlyIron Age.196 Pierceddiscsand 'buttons' The firstand more numerous(13 - PLATES 224,6,7,9 and 10; 232,11,12 and 14) component of thisgroupconsistsof cut-downkylixstems(withbut two clear exceptions,being more deliberateproductions- D 22, Misc. 6 1).197Theirfabricis thusnaturallyfine,largely free of any inclusions,and a pinky-beigeto pale red-brownin colour. The surfacewas polished,as is normallythe case withsuch vases. The act of cuttingup thestems(done by blade or saw) has led to a certainamount of chippingat theiredges. The custom-made pieces have also been paintedby a brush(D 22, Misc. 61 - PLATES 224,11 and 8; 232,15 and 17: respectively). It seemsindisputablethat the discs so producedwere intendedto be threadedonto or attachedto somethingelse:198the hollow stemof the kylixprovidinga ready-madesocket. Less clear,though,is theirintendedpurpose: theycould have been used forbeads (albeita little on the large side - measuring2.5 to 3.5 cms in diameter);or perhapsbetteryet as spindle-whorls,for at 6- 14gms. in weight they are heavier than the conical stone and have a largerhole (at 0.6- 0.8 cms across) more suitedto takinga distaff 'buttons',199 point. If, though,theywere merelybuttons,thentheymusthave been held in positionby passinga thongthroughthemand knottingit at eitherside to preventmovement. The so-called 'buttons' proper consist of a painted sub-rectangular plaque (H 42 PLATES 224,2; 232,2), witha bevelled'upper' surfaceand a centralhole; and of a polished cone (B 11 - PLATE 224,19), piercedvertically.In effect,thislast resemblescloselythe If correctlyidentified,theywill need to have been fixedto stone 'button' equivalents.200 in thelast paragraph. described thegarmentin themanner of their identity,it is clear that the objects as objects are Leaving aside the questions Minoan well establishedwithin the repertoireof ceramicproductsfromEM throughto LM,201and thattheMansionpieces merelyadd to theknowncorpus. Miscellaneousitems of such minorimportancethatI do no morethanto listthemwithsuch These are, frankly, commentas is possible. From LM II contextscome a small ball of kouskouras(M 226 PLATE 224,12), perhapsa gamingpiece; and a circularlid fora vessel (H 233 - PLATES 224,1; 232,1), paintedbrown-black.A similar,but unpainted,versionwas retrievedfroma LM Ilia layer(G 5 - PLATE 224,5). Of a like or laterdate are a smallcirculardisc (C 25 PLATE 224,4), perhapsa counter;a piercedovoid object (Misc. 65 - PLATE 224,14), part of a weightmaybe; and lastly a pyramidalcone with a smoothedbase (C 24 - PLATE 224,18), conceivablya polishingtool. FAIENCE AND GLASS OBJECTS beads of a moreglassy Three categoriesof objects are discussedhere: beads of faience/frit, are The two first faience vessels. of and related,and are the clearly fragments appearance, sort of casual losses that have been exemplifiedby theirstone and clay equivalents.The beads are found in both LM II and post-LMII deposits,whilstthe 'true' glassy-faience to thelaterperiod.This last pattern faienceones are, withthe exceptionof Ε 14, restricted

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is but an accident of chance and discoveryas faiencebeads are known throughoutthe Late Bronze Age in Crete.202On the otherhand, the verysmall size of the vesselpieces each seeminglyderivedfroma different vase, would indicatethat thismaterialwas introduced fortuitously and does not representfurnishings presentin the Mansionat its LM II destruction.Most of theircontextsare MM- LM II, whichis consistentwiththishypothesis, and also matchesthebroadrangeof themanufacture and use of suchvesselsin Crete.203 Faiencebeads Withthe exceptionof D 18 (PLATE 225,11),204the beads (10 in toto)205are all approximatelyspherical,and pierced by a centralstringhole(cf. A 9, NC 38 - PLATES 232,18; to 225,17: respectively).Their surfacecolouringsvaryfromoff-white throughpearly-grey Ε four NP with blue and and 14 PLATES Misc. 50; 14; beige-brown, specimens(B 12 225,9 and 10; 232,20). One of these,NP 14, beingbroken,revealsa homogenouscolouring and texture:thisfeaturearguesfora compositionof fritforall theblue beads - in thiscase almostcertainly'Egyptianblue'.206The otherstendtowardsa powderyand porousinterior, surroundedby a 'shell' - oftenof a slightlydarkercolour,but not appreciably'glazed'. The size of the beads (around 1 cm in diameter)would make themideally suited to a necklace or bracelet.Overall,the emphasison theircontextsis to LM Ilia and Illb - as a resultthey naturallycome fromthenorthern regionof theMansion. Glassyfaiencebeads The main distinguishing criterionbetween this and the previousclass of bead207is in the presenceof a lustrousqualityto thecore materials,and a tendencyto a dimpledand glossy exteriorsurface.208 It is quite likely,however,that thisdifference is merelythe fortuitous resultof an increaseddegreeof vitrification in an Ordinary'faiencebead. As well as the sphericalvariety(5 in toto: A 6a; Η 24, 98; Misc. 47 and 49 - PLATES 225,7,8,13,15 and 16; 232,3,19, and 21),209thereexist a biconical form,M 69 (PLATES 225,6; 232,6); a stemmed'button',A 6b (PLATES 225,14; 232,27), comparableto the stone examples(see above); and a mouldedplaque, NC 39 (PLATES 225,12; 232,30). These last two itemsshoulddate to LM Ilia- b, thoughthecontextincludeslatermaterial,beinga pit. As a generalrule, the cores of the beads are now a verypale blue to grey,decayed patches showingyellow and the fabricfriableto the touch. Over this lies a thin glossy 'skin' - also much alteredby chemicalaction in the soil, untilit frequently flakesaway to leave behinda dimpledsurfacereminiscent of thatof a golfball. The fabricsof the 'button' and the plaque bead recall more stronglystill the true blue to greeny-blueglass beads utilized in theirhundredsto providea counterpartto the equally widelydistributedsheet these two Mansionpieces are atypical: forthe 'button', gold equivalents.210 Interestingly, I have no parallel; and the 'double ivy' reliefplaque bead has its motifsmore usually thanside by side. arranged'nose-to-taiP Faiencevessels - none morethan6 cmsin length,and But a handfulof scatteredfragments are involved211 fromdifferent vessels:rimand body sherdsall. Like thebeads, theyconsistof two components:a core (porousand powderygenerally;some firmer)thatvariesin colourand texture. Over thislies one, or even two, 'skins': singlelayersare now whiteor brown-black, doubles a combinationof both. In one instance,NP 10 (PLATE 225,2), the outerlayerhas been

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moulded into a row of low-reliefcrescents.For the rest,C 26; H 238 and 237 (PLATE 225,4,1 and 3,5: respectively),linear designsare (?)painted on in a darkbrown-blackor material. greeny-grey PERISHABLE MATERIALS Articlesof threedifferent substances,now in a veryimperfectcondition,are collectedhere underthisgeneralheading:some fragments of wood; an impressionleftby a piece of cloth on clay, and a shortpiece of fairlylightcalibrerope. All, except the cloth,date to LM II. Individuallythey are of little importance,and certainlydo not yield any insightinto the Mansion's workings.However,these deficienciesare outweighedby the extremerarityof any such objectsin the archaeologicalrecord. The wood fragments, L 168 and M 134 (PLATE 223d and c: respectively), damagedby fireand heat, have disintegrated and fallenaway fromlargerpieces - thus theiroriginal shape and purposeare obscured.It does seem,though,thatboth are partsof plaques (sawn to shape) and equipped with flangesand holes for fittingthem into position.212These features,and indeed theirlocation too, recallstronglythe natureof the ivoryfinds- and therebyserveto underlinethecommonapproachsharedby workersin eithersubstance. Concerningthe rope and fabricimpressions,Ρ 156 and Η 256 (PLATE 222,3 and 5: respectively),there is really nothingto be detailed beyond the fact of theirexistence. Roughlysimilarcalibrerope has been foundrecentlyat Thera,whereit had been utilizedin The textileimpression(alone potentiallypost-LMII in date here) furniture construction.213 seemsa simpleweave,thoughtheyarnmaterialcannotnow be guessedat. The clay,pressed 214 againstthefabric, driedin positionand was accidentallybaked by the firesthatprobably destroyedtheclothitself. LINEAR Β TABLET The discoveryof a fragment of a 'palm-leaftablet,Misc. 67a (PLATES 223b; 232,28) in the Mansion givesus the example furthestafield yet fromthe variousPalace archives.Those physicallynearest to it are some 15 (often merelyfragments)fromthe adjacent Little Palace215- and it is not at all impossiblethat the Mansion fragment mightbelongwith our have no to and relevance thus these, purpose. Regrettably,the Mansion tablet is not from any usefullyrestrictedarchaeological context: one piece (72/1) comes fromthe centralarea of theMansion,the otherfromover the NE corner- both in mixed contexts,datingup to Sub-Minoan,and later.Since thisis the position,it is definitely theevidencetoo farto tryand tie the tabletfragment stretching known or to firmly any activity suspectedto have been carriedout here in the life of the building. However,the tabletqua tabletdeservesconsideration.The remarksthatfolloware taken fromthestudiesof Dr. J. Killen.216He observesthatthepiece comes fromthelefthand end of a tabletof typicalproportions,and reads ] te-jaf. It is, however,arguablethat the right end also coincideswiththeend of thewordtoo. Whilstthescribalhand cannotbe identified it cannoteitherbe categorically diagnosticto permitthis),217 (thesignsnotbeingsufficiently of our piece, denied that a palatial sourceis out of the question.As to the interpretation one has to treadcarefully.It is reasonableto arguethat ] te-ja[ is partof thefirstwordon the tablet,and if ours is in fact ] te-ja,thenthe onlyknownparallelsat Knossos of suchan

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endingin such a position would have been in tabletsdescribinggroupsof women textile workers.218 At thispoint,I would like to referback to the Little Palace tablets(see above Killen concludes that caution should be exercisedthoughon this point,as at footnote). othersitestermsendingin ] te-jaincludefemalepersonalnames,place namesand adjectives of material.219 CLAY POTTER'S WHEEL A strikingfine,Ρ 74 (PLATE 226), in a building,whichotherwisehas shownno connection withthe pottingindustry, thepotter'swheelmayin factby LM II timeshave been reusedBe thatas it may,it is yetworthexaminperhapsdoingdutyas a vessellid or evenstand.220 ationforwhatit mayrevealabout suchobjects.221 This particularform of the potter's wheel, the most advanced known to have been seemsto have been designedin the FirstPalatialphase223 developedin Bronze Age Crete,222 (albeit in a simplerform),and to have continuedin use up to at least LM Illb, and no doubt beyond.224The Mansion exampleincludesall the typicalfeaturesof the class, save one the rounded edge is more usually equipped with diagonal grooves/flutings to enhance a secure grip.The flat upper surfaceis where the pots were thrownand worked - either directlyonto the wheel,or perhapsonto a (Pwooden) disc affixedto its centreby clay: one mustnote in connectionwiththis the abradedconditionoverthemiddle12 cms or so. The collarand pivotsocketare partof themechanismsformountingthewheelonto itsrevolving shaft:the top of the axle was insertedinto the pivotsocketon theundersideof thewheel, and the two held togetherby a clay packing. The internalslashingsof the socket are designedto ensurea firmgripforthe clay (by keying),and it is arguablein thisinstancethat the holes piercingthe collar mighthave containedcross-pinsto further increasethe security of the join.225In addition,a wheel supportwas also required:226consistingof a disc set aroundone end of an open cylinder.This would have slottedoverthe top of the axle shaft in such a mannerthat its disc could be attached (by clay again) to the collar-topof the wheel itself.Hence, again,the keyingmarksput on by incisiononto the collar's top. The expanded and projectingrim,combinedwith the concave profileof the undersideall act towardsthe creationof a fly-wheel effectonce thewheelis in motion- increasingthe time of its revolution,and smoothnesstoo. In case all thistechnicalknow-howwas not effective in producinggood wares,thenthe presenceof sundryreligioussymbolsmightbe expected to correctthe matter- here two double axes and a foliatebranch.The pair of holes by the rimmusthave been intendedto take a strongthong,by whichthewheelcould be hungup whennot in use.227 For a roughapproximationof how suchwheelsprobablylooked whenin use, reference to Egyptiantombsceneswillproveinvaluable.228

METALS(OTHERTHANBRONZE) Aftercopper/bronze, the metatmost frequentlyencounteredwas lead (23 catalogued,and over a dozen not), with some pieces of gold (10) and silver(5) makingup the total. The whole question of the workingof metal in the Mansion has, of course, been dealt with most completelyin the considerationof the bronzes,and I here limitmyselfto littlemore thana simplecommentary. The gold, silverand the majorityof the lead come fromLM II and seem to have been located in the upper storeys.A fewlead itemsbelong to contexts, LM III deposits.

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Gold or so raggedsnippetsof leaf,the onlyotherobject recoveredwas Otherthana half-dozen229 It is a small granule,230 L 166b (PLATE 232,9), caughtup in some scrap silverfragments. or were associated.231 leaf originally granule impossibleto knowwithwhatthe Silver Fragmentsof sheetin M 84 and in L 166a (PLATES 224,20; 232,9) - some 'stuck'to gold Most is debrisfrom leaf and a gold granule- constituteour onlyexamplesof thismetal.232 some workingprocess.That the workingof silverand gold was carriedout at least intermittentlyin the Mansion duringLM II times can be proven firstfromthe presenceof a and secondlyfromthe discovery gold-silver alloy (with 10-15% of copper)in a crucible,233 of pieces of 'pure' lithargescatteredabout the basementarea (remnantsof the cupellation of silver/lead ores). The wealth of objects in gold (and silvertoo?) fromthe LM II- Ilia period is most revealedin the tombsat Phourni,Archanes,and againin theWarriorGravesof dramatically commenthere. It needsno further Knossos and Phaestos.234 Lead With this metal, thereis more scope forconsideration- even thoughthe majorityof the finds (LM II almost to exclusion) are of themselvesrelativelyuninstructive lumps,sheet do not and often runs and melted display any thoughthey verycorroded, fragments clusterswithinrooms. significant Of theless importantpieces in LM II deposits(Rooms H, L, Μ, Ν and P),235fewmeasure and above 4 cms: corrodedlumps of a vaguelybar-shape(Privets),rods, sheet fragments L 47 L a Room comes From (PLATE crescent-loopedearring, stripscomprisethe tally. 232,8, ?a stylizedbull's head), cast to shape and no doubt a cheapervarianton the more elaborate equivalentsin gold of this period.236Room Ν yielded a folded piece of sheet, Ν 29 (PLATE 224,21),237 and Room Ρ a perforatedsheet disc, Ρ 27 (PLATE 224,22), foldedin half.238 Common to both pre-and post-LMII levelsare the typicaldisc weights.That one from an area to the south of the Mansion,Misc. 52 (MM III- LM la), weighs82.5 gms.;theother is 63.5 gms.,Misc. 51 (PLATE 224,23; Room A in an LM Ilia2- b context):bothhave the lightlyconcave surfacesresultingfromshrinkageof the metal on cooling afterthe cast, in whilstthe latterhas a shallowdot sunk into one face. There is absolutelyno difficulty and several sub-unit scholars, proposedby slottingMisc. 51 into the 60- 65 gms. Minoan most recentlystudiedby Petruso239- the single'dot' likewiseis typicalof theseunits,as referenceto the Kadmos articleshows (even if the Akrotiriinstancesbelong to weightsof 23.2 and 234.5 gms.).The otherweightis equivalentto a fractionof 4: 3 of thesub-unitThera.240 in linewithothersof 1 : 3 and 2 : 3 alreadyknownfromAkrotiri, and of bent sheet fragments II contexts also the provide examples Finally post-LM NC 40 and 53 Misc. (PLATE 224,25) respectively:theyare open-castbars, (PLATE 224,24) and merelyreflectthecontinueduse of no more meaningfulthan theirLM II counterparts, lead for a number of small-scalepurposes (unless, indeed, they are disturbedLM II specimens!). Apart fromthe objects - finished,if distortedby the firesaccompanyingthe destructions, there is a separate body of materialwhich demonstratesmore clearly still the utilizationand workingof lead and silverin the LM II period of occupation.I referto the

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This is foundin presenceof 'pure' litharge- a by-productin the cupellationof silver.241 LM II small in from Ν contexts Rooms and Ρ - thatis M, L, relatively quantities only scatteredgenerallyover the southernrange of rooms, no doubt as debristroddenunderfoot.242Otherthanthe purelylead objects,however,thereis no sure evidenceeitherfrom the cruciblecontentsor fromthe analysisof the copper/bronzeitemsthatlead formedan appreciablepartin thebronze-working techniquespractisedin theMansion.243 We are leftwiththe recentwork of Drs. N. Gale and Z. St^s-Gale,concernedwithleadisotope analysis:designedto assignsourcesto lead and silverarticlesby a processof 'fingerprinting'.This is not the place to elaborateon theirwork,and I but observethat several pieces from the Mansion have been studied, and that the resultsto date lead them to conclude that the Lavrionregionin Atticasuppliedmostof the oresfromwhichthemetals in theMansionwereextracted. (lead/silver) APPENDIX A - STONE TOOL DISTRIBUTION Room A: Whetstone1. Room B: Whetstone(grooved)2. Room C: 1; Whetstone(grooved)1. Grinder-pounder Room D: 1; Whetstone1; Quern 1. Grinder-pounder Room E: 1. Polisher/Grin der-pounder NorthRooms generally: Pestle1; Whetstone(grooved)2; Whetstone1. NorthCorridor: Grinder-pounder 1; Quern 1. -all post-LMII contexts,exceptthelast quernLM II (M II). LM II - Pebble. LM II - Polisher,triangular4; Pebble; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 4; Grinderpounder4; Whetstone(grooved)l;Whetstone3; Quern2; MixedTool Groups3. 3. post-LMII - Grinder-pounder LM II - Polisher,triangular1; Pebble; Polisher/Grinder-pounder Room L: 6; Grinderpounder 4; Pestle 2; Whetstone(grooved) 1; Whetstone4; Quern 3; Emery 1. 1; Grinder-pounder 3; Whetstone1; post-LMII - Polisher/Grinder-pounder Quern1. Room M: LM II - Abrasion1; Polisher,triangular 1; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 4; Grinderpounder1; Pestle 1; Whetstone5; Querns2. Room N: LM II - Abrasion1; Polisher,triangular 1; Grinder-pounder 2; Whetstone3. LM II - Polisher,triangular Room O: 1; Whetstone2. Room P. LMII - Polisher/Grinder-pounder 1; Grinder-pounder 7; Pestle 2; Whetstone (grooved)1; Whetstone2; Querns2; Emery2. Uncertaincontext: Polisher,triangular 1; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 1; Grinder-pounder 5; Quern1. Room G: Room H:

APPENDIX Β - SHELL DISTRIBUTION (LM II, unlessotherwisestated) Arculariagibbosula(Dog-Whelk) Room M 1 Astraearugosa(TurbanShell) Room L 1 Charoniarubicunda(Triton/Conch) Rooms H 1; Ν 1; O 1 Columbellarústica(Dove Shell) Room L 1

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Conusventricosus(Cone Shell) Dentaliumspp. (Tooth Shell) Donax trunculus(Butterfly Shell) Glycimeris glycimeris (Dog-cockle) Murextrunculus(Murex) lividus(Sea Urchin) Paracentrotus Patellacoerulea(Limpet) Spondylusspp. aurea (CarpetShell) Tapes/Venerupis Thais haemastoma Tonna galea (Dolium Shell) ?Monodonta

Rooms H6;L1;M3;N2 Room C 1 - post-LMII Room H 1 Room H 1 Room Ρ 1 Room C/D 2 - post-LMII Room L1;M3;N1;O1 Room H 1 Room M 1 unclear1 Room M 4 unclear1 Room Ρ 1 Room C 1 - post-LMII

MISCELLANEOUSCATALOGUEOF OTHER OBJECTSFOUNDIN UNCERTAINMINOANAND IN CONTEXTS POST-MINOAN STONETOOLS 1 Stonepebble,elongated.L. 6.4; H. 3.4; Wt.76 gm. Limestone, grey,burntblack,waterworn.?LMII L. aboveCorridor 2 Stone grinder-pounder, sphericalwith facets, PLATE 227,1. L. 6.8; W. 6; Th. 5.2; Wt.280gm. Limestoneburntgrey,threefacets.?LMII above Corridor L. 3 Stone grinder-pounder, sphericalwith facets, PLATE 208,16. L. 6.8; W. 6; Wt. 275gm.Lapis 3 facetsgivingtriangular Lacedaemonius. Irregular section;endsmuchbrokenfrompounding. 68/246. context. RoomC. Uncertain 4 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 8.7; W. 4.8; Th. 1.2; Wt. 102gm. Siltstone(crystalline), pale yellow. nowchippedat edges;2 shallow Oncerectangular, broad hollows indicate side-to-sidewhetting. 68/42.To SM.OverN. Rooms. 5 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 11;W. 10.3;Th. 1.2; Wt. 276gm. Limestone,fine-grained, grey.Once nowbrokenat edges;3 shallowbroad rectangular, hollowsindicateside-to-side whetting. 68/42.To SM. OverRoomsC/D. 6 Stonewhetstone, plaque.L. près.5.1; W. 4.1; Th. oftapering burntblack.Fragment 0.8. Limestone, block.To PG. OverN. Rooms. rectangular PLATE 209,18.L. 6.3; 7 Stonewhetstone, grooved, W. 4.3; Th. 1.1; Wt. 40 gm. Shale, grey?burnt. one cornerlost.Smoothmajorfaces, Rectangular, one with slighthollow,two with'V sectioned as fromside-to-side motion, groovesand scratching the otherwithbroader*U' profiledchanneland hole. Piercedwithcarrying somelateralscratching. context 68/205.RoomC. Uncertain 8 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 9.9; W. 4.5; Th. 1.1; Wt. 100gm. Shale, mauve.Roughlyrectangular,

on one faceas from one end lost;withdepression sideto-sidewhetting. 68/35.To Geo. RoomB. PLATE 209,12. H. 7.6; 9 Stone pestle,cylindrical, D. base 4.3; Wt. 250gm.Marble,greywithwhite veins. Rounded top; sides have slightpolished facets, some drill marks.Ends chipped,some on flatbase.72/161.?LMII, RoomP. scratches PLATE 209,17. 10 Stone pestle,expandedcylinder, H. 6; D. of shaft4.8, of base 7; Wt. 410 gm. ?Not fully Andésite,grey and coarse-grained. shaped. Flared base withbevel along one edge, withpolish;top brokenor leftrough.68/110.To Roman.RoomsC/D. STONE VASES PLATE 216,3.L. 6.2; W.5.8; 11 Stoneshellvasefrag., offsideof black.Frag,sloughed Th. 2. Serpentine, vessel.Partof bodyof tritonshellwiththesweepby low ing curves(5-6 preserved)represented ridges with small 'U'-profiledchannelat top, alternatingwith broadergrooves.68/76. MSV Type35. To SM.AreaofRoomA. 12 Stone table frag.,PLATE 216,5. L. 6.1; W. 6.8; H. 7. Chlorite,darkgreen.Cornerfrag.,chipped. workedwith?floralpattern Exterior,elaborately of arcsat thecornerand concavesides; consisting circular contains above,a squaredrim.Top surface basinwithraisedgroovedrim.SXT/77.MSFType 38. LM I andRoman. 13 Stone lid, originallycircular,PLATES 215,6; 216,4;229,8.L. 6.3; Th. 0.6; est.D. 10.6.Gypsum, softwhite.Flanged(0.7 deep);dec.inlowreliefon top, now abraded.Borderzone of a ridgeeither centralareaprobably side of a seriesof crescents; heldrosette,eachpetalmarkedby a seriesofcon-

THE OTHER FINDS to resemblance centricarcs.72/11.MSV - generic Type27C. RoomF/GinPit1. To PG. 14 Stone lid, circular,PLATE 229,4. H. 2.1 (with knob handle); D. 5.7. Serpentine,grey,burnt brown,friableand crackedby heat. No flange; roundededge. Handle,a simplecylindercurving lidsurface. upfrom Type27.I.A. UM/67/777.MSF NE region.To Classical. 15 Stonelamp,PLATES 212a; 228,1; H. 9.8; D. of top 17.2,ofbase8.5 X 7.4; Depthofshallowbasin 1.7. Limestone,mauve. Roundedmouldingon Rimexterior, insideofrim;2 opposedwickholders. 1 fine and 1 largergroove;2 pendanthandles markedofffrombody by 2 grooves.Veryworn; MSV Type24.II.A,1. chippedon base.UM/67/901. Romanlevel. 16 Stonelamp,PLATE 213e. L. 24.8;W. 10.5;H. 9.4. mauvewithwhiteflecksandoccasional Limestone, largercrystals.Split in half,base lost, generally wornand chipped.2 adjoining basins(depthup to 2.5), one shallowsup to rim, as wickholder. Pendanthandledividedofffromrimby groove; low columnfoot has verticalchannelup side. SXT/77.MSV Type24. LM I andRoman. STONEOBJECTS 17 Stone'button',conical.H. 1.2; D. 2.1. Serpentine, black.Broken.NorthArea.Post-Minoan. 18 Stone ?pommel,PLATE 218,10; 230,17. H. 5.4; D. 5.6 nearbase,ofshafthole1.8. Gabbrospeckled white,black and brown.About 2/3rdmissing. Shape closer to sphericalthan conical with NWregion.To flattened base and top. UM/68/58. lateHellenistic. PLATE 218,6;230,18.H. 4; D. at 19 Stone?pommel, base4.5, ofshaf thole1.2. Limestone, whiteveined. but originalroundand conicalshape 3/4 missing was put to secondary apparent.Afterbreaking, OverRooms use, smoothing/polishing. UM/68/36. C/D.To Classical. 20 Stone 'neolithic'axe, PLATE 218,8. H. 5.6; W. 4.8. Serpentine, black withmauvetint.Stubby edges,both variety.Polished;2 potentialworking so. 68/88.Areaof Rooms chipped,one especially C/D.To SM. 21 Stone'neolithic'axe, PLATE 230,20. H. 5.4; W. 4.6. Fine-grained stone,grey-green. Stubbyvariety. workGroundto shapewithtracesof preliminary on 'cutting' edge.68/49. ingon one side;chipping AreaofRoomsC/D.To LM IIIB and?SM. 22 Stonehammer, 'ritual',PLATE 218,9. L. 6.4; W. with 5.5, D. of shafthole2. Serpentine, grey-black off-white patches.Damagedby heat;halfmissing; roundedbulbousheadandpartofarmup to shafthole.68/80.AreaofRoomsC/D.To Geo. 23 Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.2; D. of base 1.7; of with 0.2. Serpentine,dark blue-grey stringhole brownpatches.Rounded bottomedge; chipped slightly. 68/146.Area of RoomsC/D. Uncertain context. 24 Stone 'button',conical, PLATE 218,7 bottom 0.3. centre.H. 1; D. at base 1.6; of stringhole

25

26 27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34 35

36

37 38

257

Steatite,mixed greens.Slightbevel at bottom edge; scratchedand chipped.Hole drilledfrom eitherend.68/24.AreaofRoomsC/D.To SM. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.0; D. 1.4, of stringhole 0.2. Steatite,dark blue-black.Top broken. and polishing. Tracesof facetting 68/254.NEP to Geo. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.5; D. of base 2, of stringhole0.4. Serpentine,dark mauve-black; abraded.72/7.RoomH, Pit1. To SM. slightly Stone 'button',conical,PLATE 232,25. H. 0.9; D. of base 1.3,ofstringhole 0.35. Serpentine, dark with slightgreentinge.Polishedbut grey-black originalverticalparing,and abrasivesmoothing scratchesvisible;bevelledbottomedge;chipped. 72/3.RoomsF/G.To latePG. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1; D. at base 1.8; of 0.4. Steatite,green-grey. stringhole Top broken, all chipped,scratchedand worn aroundstringNWarea.To Roman. holes.UM/68/32. Stone 'button',stemmed. H. 1.55; D. of base 2.8; of stringhole 0.4. Serpentine, greywithdarker grey and off-white patches.Abradedandchipped;some drilledfrom signsof abrasivepolishing; stringholes eitherend.UM/71/640.S. Rooms.Post-Minoan. Stone buttonor bead, waisted,PLATE 219,5. H. 0.45. Serpentine, black. 2; D. 1.9, of stringhole Half missing;scarredon exterior.UM/71. To Roman. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.5; D. 2.3 at base,of stringhole0.4. Serpentine,light to medium blue-grey tingedbrownin places.Chippedat base and roundupperstringhole. 68/37.To Geo. Over RoomB. Stone disc, pierced,PLATE 219,15. D. 2.6; Th. 0.4. Serpentine-chlorite, 0.8; D. of stringhole greygreen.Slightly ovoid,wornandchipped;2 shallow stepson one face.68/15.To Geo. OverRoomB. Stone disc,pierced,PLATE 219,20. D. 1.95, of stringhole0.4; Th. 0.35. Rock crystal;planoconvex section. Much cracked internallyand context chippedat edges.72/10.Uncertain Stone disc,pierced,PLATE 219,14. L. 1.8; Th. 0.35. Steatite,green.Very 0.6; D. of stringhole brokenfrag.68/250.To SM. OverRoomsC/D. Stonedisc,pierced,PLATE 219,16.D. 2.5 tapering to 2, of stringhole0.35; Th. O.5. SerpentineUnevenuppersurface chlorite,darkgreen-black. suggestsa fracturedconical 'button', perhaps reused.68/263.To PG. N. Platform. Stone'counter',PLATE 219,6. L. 3.3; W. 1.4; Th. 0.4-0.8. Steatite,green.Triangular, polishedand cut with abstractpatternof no clear purpose. piece.68/243.To Geo. Slightly chipped.?Gaming N. Platform. Stone bead, ovoid,PLATE 232,24. L. 1.1; D. of 0.2. Black stone.68/1. To SM. Over stringhole RoomsC/D. PLATES 219,2; 232,23.D. Stone bead, spherical, 0.25. Serpentine, 1.3, of stringhole grey.4 broad holes, groovesrunningbetweenthe 2 threading each grooveflankedby a thinner one. 68/156.To PG. AreaofRoomD.

258

THE OTHER FINDS

39 Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.7; D. 1.9, of stringhole 0.3. Blackand greeny -whitespeckledstone. Rounded base edges. UM/68/120.To Classical. NorthAreas. IVORY/BONEOBJECTS 40 Ivory?disc,PLATES 215,4; 221,16. L. 4.5; W. 2.2; Th. O.4. Burntbrown-black. Frag.only.Once polishedapartfrombase (toolmarks).Upperface carvedin relief:3 sweepingand taperingdevices (likehorns)act as border,withinwhicha seriesof linear cuts; the remainsof an undetermined To Roman.S. sector. scheme.UM/72/765. 41 Bone lid,PLATE 221,19.L. 3.3; W. 1.8;Th. 0.25. of ?compositelid; polished. Rectangular segment Exterior edgesbevelledto fitto bodyofbox.Top decoratedwithpair incisedlines.Undersidehas traces of blade work. 2 holes drilledon one exterior edgeforhandleorhinge.Oppositeinterior edge has V-shapedgroovefor a tongue/groove by diagonallydrilledpeg hole joint, reinforced (D. 0.1). Crudesaw workon interioredge and exterior it was brokenup foritsmaterial. suggests 72/39.To LM IIIB. S. Area. PLATE 222,7bottomleft.L. 4.5; 42 Boneawl/point, W. 1.6; Th. O.9. Bonefromlongbone.Bluntpoint withno signsof working.68/74. Room C. Uncertaincontext. 43 Bone spatula,PLATE 222,4 left.L. 9.3; W. 1.3; Th. O.5. From mammalianlong bone (?horse/ at cattle). Highlypolishedbut chipped/broken Bowl of spoonhas bothends.Shapingscratches. roundedprofile, and opportunity takenof natural to enhanceit. 68/151. hollowof bone's interior ToGeo. RoomJ/K. 44 Ivory'pin',PLATE 222,6topright.L. 3.3; circular shankonly.68/194.Room sectionD. 0.3. Broken, context. C. Uncertain 45 Bone 'pin', PLATE 222,6 bottomcentre.L. 5.9; W. 0.2-0.75. Frommammalian longbone. Head and tip missing. Polished,thoughsurfacechipped and pitted.Circularin sectionat tip,broadening above.68/140.NEP.To Geo. to thinrectangle FAIENCE/GLASS PLATE 232,22.D. 1.8,of 46 Faiencebead,spherical, coreand beige,slightly 0.5. Grey-white stringhole glazedexterior. 68/2.OverRoomsC/D.To SM. 47 Glassy faience bead, flattenedsphere,PLATE 0.4. 225,13; 232,21. H. 0.8; D. 1.5, of stringhole Exteriorpearly grey, over yellow-white core, blotchedwith lighterspots. 68/53. Poriginally OverRoomD. To LM IIIB with?SM. butin D. 1.0, originally, 48 Faiencebead,spherical. LM II. condition. crushed 68/236.NEP.Disturbed PLATE 49 Glassyfaiencebead, depressed-spherical, 0.3; H. O.6. 225,16; 232,19. D. 1, of stringhole Surfacewhite;core natureand colourunknown. context. 68/195.RoomJ/K.Uncertain

50 Faiencebead, spherical. 0.1. D. 0.6, of stringhole Blue, matt surface.Depressedshape. 68/213. AreaRoomB/E.Uncertain context. LEAD 51 Lead weight, disc,PLATE 224,23.D. 2.8; Th. 0.9; Wt. 63.5gm. Good condition.Slightlyconcave faces,with shallowdepressionin one (D. 0.4). 68/199.RoomA. ?LMΠΙΑ 2-Β. circular. D. 3.6; Th. 0.9; Wt.82.5gm. 52 Lead weight, Goodcondition. concavesurfaces. Lightly SXT/77. S. Platform, Test3. MMΠΙ/LMIA. 53 Lead sheet,PLATE 224,24. L. 5.1; W. 4.5; Th. 0.1-0.3. Crackedandwrinkled. Frag,bentto form approx.right angle.68/200.To Geo. LOOMWEIGHTS 54 Loomweight, PLATES 223e bottom cylindrical, 0.8; Wt. left;231,12.H. 7; W.8.4; D. ofstringhole 350 gm.Red clay withinclusions. Halfpreserved. Red paintwithinstringhole. 68/58.Room B. To Geo. 55 Loomweight, spherical.H. 4.1; D. 5.5, of stringhole 1.5; Wt.275gm.Greytopink-buff clay,some inclusions.Friable,brokenand part lost. 68/25. RoomB. To Geo. H. 3; D. 6.5; Wt.70gm. 56 Loomweight, cylindrical. Off-white crumblywithtracesof discolouration from fire.Notwellmodelled.68. RoomB. To Geo. 57 Loomweight, biconical,PLATES 223e top 2nd 0.5; right;231,13. H. 3.5; D. 5.3, of stringhole Wt.75 gm.Red-brown clay.68/190.Wellin Room J.To Geo. CLAY 58 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,9;232,14.D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.4; Th. 0.75; Wt.6gm. Beige-pink fineclay. Shapingmarksby blade.68/47.Rooms C/D.To SM. 59 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,7;232,11. D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.7; Th. 1.75; Wt.9 cm.Beige-brown fineclay; burnton one side.Abraded,withslight and blademarks,?fromconversion from facetting kylixstem.68/77.RoomsC/D.To Geo. 60 Claydisc,pierced.D. 2, of stringhole 0.6; Th. 1.5. fineclay,slightinclusions. Smeared Beige-orange as a disc. clay at edge suggestsmanufactured 68/133.NEP.ToGeo. 61 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,8;232,17.D. 2.5, of stringhole 0.6; Th. 1.3; Wt.7gm.Beige-brown fineclay,withred-brown to blackpaintbrushed on. Roughlymade; paint flaking.68/203. To Hellenistic. 62 Clay disc,pierced.D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.4; Th. fine clay. Marksof 0.75; Wt. 6gm. Beige-pink bladeinshaping. 68/47.AreaRoomsC/D.To SM. 63 Number withdrawn.

THE OTHER FINDS 64a Clay disc,pierced,PLATES 224,10; 232,16. D. 0.6; Th. 1.1; Wt.14gm.Yellow3.3, of stringhole beige semifineclay, with smalldarkinclusions. Abradedand worn;cut down fromkylixstem. 68/34.RoomB. To Geo. PLATE 224,14.H. 3.5; W. 4.7; Th. 65 Clay ?weight, 1.7. Beigeclay, burntgreyat top; fine.Bottom lost.68/33.RoomB. To Geo. portion PLATE 224,16.H. 2; D. 2.2, 66 Claybead,spherical, of stringhole 0.5. Fine greyclay;burnt;halflost. 68/3.RoomA. To Hellenistic.

259

67a Frag, of Linear Β clay tablet,PLATE 223b; ofbaked/ 232,28.L. 3.6; W. 2.8; Th. 1.3. 2 frags, burntred-brown clay tablet,brokenat each end of 'palm-leafshape.Face withsigns, but originally flat;backslightly curved;edgesrounded.Thesigns are all incisedbyshortsimplestrokes. 72/1+ UM/ 68/56.RoomsF/GandRoomD. To SM.

Section9 Summaryand Conclusions M. R. POPHAM The evidencerecoveredfromthe excavationof the Mansionhas now been set out in detail. It remainsto attemptto reconstructthe historyof thebuildingin broaderoutline,fromits construction to itsabandonment,a periodof some threehundredyears. We may be sure thatit was built aftertheLittlePalace whichit adjoins,and thatit was had to be made to the an afterthought and not part of the originalplan sincemodifications LittlePalace to accommodatethe Mansionand to uniteit withthe earlierbuilding.For it is clear that at this stage the Little Palace and the Mansion had some unifiedpurpose: the constructionof the link between them in the formof a bridgeand the effortmade to orientationand appearanceof the two buildingsshowsthis.2 harmonisethe different The reasonforthe additionof the Mansionand the purposeit was meantto servehave been obscuredby subsequentevents;but a cultroom,storageareasand livingquartersseem to havebeen intended,all of whichwerealreadyamplyprovidedforin the LittlePalace. So, the Mansionmay have had no otherpurposebeyond that of an overflowfroman overfull fora particularmember LittlePalace, or to providean indépendantbut linkedestablishment of thefamilyor an officialservingit. Whateverpreviousbuildingmighthave existedon the site was erased.3A deep cutting was made into the hillsideto the west and a foundationplatformbuiltup facingtheLittle Palace to theeast,to providea largelevelarea forthenew Mansion.Evidenceforthe date of its constructionis extensiveand consistent,and comes fromtestsbelow floors,the fillof its raisedfoundationsand fromthat of the W. Platformwhichwas erectedat thesame timeor soon after;and to these may be added the earliestdepositsagainstthe south wall of the building:thesecontainpotterywhichis close to the MM III phase, but whichmaywell be an earlystageof LM LA.4 However,the Mansionwas not completedthen. For some reason,its constructionwas haltedbeforethe floorsin some roomshad been levelledand paved,and beforea probable temporarystaircasehad been replaced.5How near it was to completioncannot now be determinedin any detail.But, almostcertainlyit was fullyroofed,two of theroomsin the N. sectorwere practicallyfinishedand some partof theupperfloorhad been frescoed.It is likelythattheinfantburialshad alreadybeen made below the floors.6 Most of the workstillunfinishedmay have been on the groundfloorwhichis all that survivestoday: thispart remainedunoccupiedforsome fiftyyearsor so, untilLM II, when earthfloorswere laid in the unfinishedareas. It may have been in the course of thiswork thata firebroke out, whichwas not disastrousbut largeenoughto leave a depositof ash in severalrooms7and may even have damagedpartsof theupperstructure especiallyoverthe east end of thePillarHall. At least,thisseemsthemostlikelycause forthepresenceof some 261

262

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

largeblocks leftin the Hall duringthe finalstageof its occupation: otherdebristherewas clearedand heaped up behindflimsyretainingwalls.8Probablyat thisstage,too, thestairway, G, east of the Hall was damaged since one of its treadswas incorporatedin these - intended,it would seem,as a retainingwalls.9 For a roomof such excellentconstruction, PillarCrypt,- the pictureat thisstagemusthave appearedverysordid,but worsewas to followwhen a clay fireplacewas builtup againstone of thepillars.Some of theashesfrom it were then thrownin a heap againstthe west wall, wherea doorwayhad alreadybeen blocked,and therestwas allowedto accumulateon thefloor.10 Whathappenedin the N. sectorin LM II, apartfroma fewdetails,we cannottell,since the evidencewas mostlyremovedsubsequently.The cistsin the floorsseem to have been filledwiththe stone chippingsand earthlyingaround,and theunfinishedfloorin Room D was levelled.11Perhapsthisroomwas used as a workroom,fora windowwas cut throughits northwall and a layerof ash accumulatedin theadjoiningN. Corridor.12 South of the Pillar Hall, entryto the servicecorridor(L) fromthe LittlePalace was blockedby thebuildingof a wall whichleftonlyone room (Q) in thissectoraccessiblefrom that direction,and it containednothingto indicatehow, if at all, it was used. The other rooms,which may have requiredsome patchingup afterthe minorfire,were utilisedas storerooms;grainand perhapswine in Room P, whilethe others,and probablythe corridor too, containedtablewaresand cookingpots. We have conjectured,forvariousreasons,thatthearchitectural layoutof theupperfloor there was possiblya meansof and that lower of the with that rooms, correspondedclosely access at thatlevel fromthe west.13Hardlyanythingremainsof thisupperfloorbut much of its contentsfellinto the rooms below. And the picturetheypresentis a confusingone. Storagevessels,a pithos,two Palace Style vases, clay basketsand a hoard of bronzesare among the objects which fell into Room M; crystaland ivoryinlays,copper stripsand furtherbronzescame downinto Room Ρ and the adjacentCorridorL; a Palace Stylejar and much of the finestpotterytogetherwithmore bronzesand ivorieswere in the fillof the PillarHall, togetherwith a clay rhyton,large alabastronand the statuetteof a goddess, which suggesta domesticshrineon the room above. And, distributedevenlyovermost of the area was a considerablenumberof crucibles.These, thecopperstripsand whatappears to be scrapmetal stronglypoint to bronzemeltingas one of the activitiesin theMansion: takingplace?13The upper but, if so, whereare themoulds,and wherewas themetalworking and the PillarHall, a strong was sufficient even if there floorhardlyseemspossible, space, bare of any object to suggestto candidatewithits fireplaceand ash deposits,was singularly was goingon near the Mansion,if not what purpose it was beingput. That metalworking The been connectedwiththisactivity.14 have could shrine and the in is actually it, certain, massesof finepottery,some of it of outstandingquality,and the cookingpots,show that people of some quality were actuallylivingand eatingin the Mansion,but, beyond that, littleis clear. Such was the position,as far as we can reconstructit, when the Mansionwas burnt down. The firewas particularlyfiercein the SW, but clearlyit had spreaddestructively beams throughoutmuch of the building.It had consumedthe ceilingjoists and supporting of the upper floorand most of the buildingmusthave fallenin. It is likelythat thenorth part was less damaged,whichled to its reoccupation.Elsewhere,no attemptwas made to clear out the debristhoughtheruinsmayhave been levelled.Except overthePillarHall and north of it, post-Minoanconstructionhas removed all indication of any subsequent occupationwhichtheremayhavebeen at a higherlevel.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

263

From thispoint on, we have to relyon the N. sectorof the buildingforour evidence, and it is inevitably patchysincemuchof thisregionwas occupiedcontinuouslyforthenext 200 yearsor so. As remarkedabove, it is likelythat thispartwas less severelydamagedby the fire;at least, a smallLM II destructiondepositat the end of CorridorΕ is all thatwas not clearedout.15The upper roomswere almostcertainlyinhabitable,and the smallpatch of surviving pebble floorwithLM ΠΙΑ 1 pottery,over the PillarHall, could have been part of a courtyardfor them; and possibly,too, a means of access to them,since no stairway survivedin use and thereis no indicationthata new one was built.16 The N. Corridorcould have providedaccess to the lower rooms,throughRoom A or throughthe 'window' of Room D if thiswas not alreadywalled up. Both means,however, were shortlyto be closed when buildingdebris,withLM IIIA 1 pottery,fellor was tipped, intotheCorridor.17 roomsof theMansionat this Clearlysome structural damagewas caused to thesurviving time. It could have been part of the more generalpictureof destructionat Knossos;18 fromthe LM II firedestruction mayhave brought equally possible,damageto the structure about a partialcollapse,or requiredrepairswhichentailedremovalof the floorslabs on the upper storeywhichwere throwninto the Corridorbelow. From thenon, theCorridorwas closed. Otherrepairstook place in Room D wherethe floorwas relaidor restored,and the 'window'walledup, ifin factit was stillopen. Not long afterwardsin LM IIIA 2, the end of the interiorcorridor(E) was sealed off, perhapsdue to some collapse of the N. wall of thePillarHall, and, forno obviousreason,a pit in thefloorof Room C was dug or at least filledin.19 By the end, the part of the Mansionstillstandingmusthave seemedlittlemorethana poor ruinof its formerself.No morethanthreeof thelowerroomswereinhabitedand one some doorshad been of those only partially.Floors were of earthand wallsmud-plastered: There is no longer Room D. in in and a hearth was use walledup and othersopened, clay the buildingwas or from what direction of a outside entry, any indication possible it is fromthere survived since floor structure still approached.It is likelythatsome upper seem to have and an vase inscribedstirrup that the figurineof a goddess,an animal vase LM in IIIB.20 The falleninto the lower rooms,when the Mansion was finallyabandoned in a the unstable cause of the abandonmentis uncertain.There may have been collapse of or it may reflectthe disturbancewhichaffectedotherparts Knossos,including structure, the adjacent Little Palace and the reoccupiedparts of the main Palace.21Thereafter,the Mansionwas desertedand fellinto ruinsand so remaineduntilpeople startedusingit as a stonequarry. Evidenceforthearrivalof Mycenaeansat Knossos at thebeginningof LM II, in theform of Mainlandcustomswithan accompanyingmilitarycontingent,seems to me compelling, and it becomes overwhelming if you believe that the recordsof thePalace werebeingkept in MycenaeanGreekwhenit was destroyedearlyin LM IIIA, some fiftyyearslater. Finds from the Mansion have confirmedthe introductionof Mycenaean featuresin LM II and, whateverthe difficulties of reconstructing in detailhow the Mansionwas being in the manufactureof weapons, was involved it is a reasonable deduction that it utilised, of Knossos at thisperiod.It is equallyclear,- and the whichare one of the characteristics contentsof the Mansionconfirmthis too - thatmuchremainstraditionally Minoan;thisis obvious in religiouspractices.22 especially There seems to be some progressionin the next phase, LM IIIA 1, when further

264

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

are Mycenaeanfeaturesare introducedat the same timethatmore Minoan characteristics a and the local And there intensive interis close adopted by Mycenaeans.23 beyond this, change betweenCrete and the Mainland in which the Mainland appears to have received more thanit gave.It is possible,too, thatit was at thisstage that the LinearΒ scriptwas created and the Minoan systemof recordsand accountswas takenover by the Mainland rulersof Knossos, thoughthe absenceto-dateof evidenceforits existencein LM II is by no meansconclusive.24 None of this givesany indicationof a reason for the destructionof Knossos, which followed,and the consequenteclipse of its power and influence.Its recordssuggestthat a considerablearsenalhad been amassedbut, whetherwithsome aggressive intentor to meet someunspecifiedthreatwhichmaterialised, we do not know. if Withso much at presentunclear,we can only suggestthat the LM II disturbances, such theyare,mightrepresenta firstattemptagainstthemilitarypowerof Knossos.If so, it reachedthe heartof the capital but mustbe assumedto have failed,unlessit was followed or obviouschange by a take-overby otherMycenaeanswhichhas leftno signof interruption in what appears archaeologicallyto be an even and unbrokensequence up to the final catastrophe. We may end by asking how far the historyof the Mansion reflectsthe historyof Knossos as a whole. We have alreadyspokenboth of the finalabandonmentof theMansion with its possiblymore generalimplications,and of the damagecaused to the buildingin LM IIIA 1 which could be an offshootof the roughlycontemporarydestructionof the Palace and othermansions. Its originalplanningand constructionwere surely part of that immensebuilding programmewhich characterisedEvans' "New Era" and resultedin the remodellingof the Palace and in the erectionof the finehouses on its bordersand in the city,includingthe South House, theHouse of the Frescoes,the Royal Villa and the LittlePalace.25 The interruption of theMansion'sconstruction mayhave been caused by theearthquake of LM IA whichdamagedthe Palace and destroyedsome of thehouses,and whichmust,in turn,have led to a demandforbuildinglabourto repairand reconstruct.26 But, the major eventin the historyof the Mansionwas its destruction by firein LM II. Whetherthiseventhas more generalimplicationsis themainquestionwhichtheexcavation has raised. Some time ago, when publishingthe destructionpotteryof the earlyLM IIIA phase at Knossos, the author tentativelysuggestedthat the Palace mighthave suffered earlier damage, in LM II, which required some considerablerepairs.27Since then, the excavationof theMansionand thepublicationof a destructiondepositfromMallia,containing potteryidenticalwith that fromthe Mansion,have suggestedthe possibilityof some disruptionin CentralCrete at that time. However,coincidencewas an equally probable explanation.28 More recently,however,excavationby ProfessorWarrenat a site some 70 metreswest of the Mansion has uncoveredparts of two other buildingsdestroyedby firein LM II.29 Althoughthese and the Mansion could have been involvedin a local, accidentalfire,the combined evidence has, I think,tipped the balance in favourof deliberatedestruction, althoughit must be noted that thereis no evidence that the Little Palace was similarly effected.30 That buildingseemsto have been untouchedat thistimethoughwe maywonder if some of the modificationmade to it do not belong to this timeratherthanto itspartial reoccupationaftera destructionin earlyLM IIIA.31 If the LM II firesweredeliberate,their of the historyof Crete at thisstageis of considerable significancefor any reconstruction can as yetbe onlysurmise. importance,thoughanyinterpretation

Notes

SECTION 1.

The Excavation

1. The accountsof Evansare to be foundin TDK 78-9 withPlateVII (thebetterplan), andPM II 542-46 withFigs.318 (plan)and 347. Add Boardman, On theKnossosTablets64. forEvans's 2. The latteroperation,on our 'South Platform', providedthe illustration here ofwhicharereproduced 'wager'systemof work(PM II Fig.45), twofurther photographs as PLATES 16a and 17a. Thesealso showwherethetestsweremade.The wallson theS. Platbeenremovedand form,not on theplans,can be seento forman angle;theyhadsubsequently led us to a futilesearchforanotherMinoanbuildingthere;theyturnedout to havebeenpart of a Romanhouse. The locationof thetestsbehindtheMansion'sfacadecan be seenfromthesamephotoOne was madebeneaththefloorof the graphswhichshowwheretheworkmenare standing. anduncovered theE. doorjambof our Romanroom,whichEvanssayswas frescoed, overlying L. The other Room Q; it thenpenetrated thefloorof thatroomand of theadjacentCorridor was madeintothefillof the SouthCorridorand extendedintotheS. partof RoomQ. Weof bareof finds. courselocatedthesetestsin ourexcavationandlearntthatRoomQ was singularly 3. Full and usefulreferences are givenin Hood and Smyth,KnossosSurveyp. 48 under is incorrectly titledEvans'steston Section1, PLATE 9. site185. The tunnelin theN. Corridor 4. At the timeof excavation,theN. sectorwas dividedintoAreas;1 = RoomsC and D; 2 = Room Β and CorridorE(West);3 = N. Corridor;4 = Room A and StaircaseJ/K;5 = N. Platform(East); 6 = N. Platform(West).These rooms duringexcavationwere differently was A was Room 1, Β = 5, C = 7, D = 8, E(West)= 6,J/K= 2, and theN. Corridor designated; calledGrandCorridor. The centraland S. sectorswerealso dividedintoAreas;AreaA = RoomΗ westof Section line 8 (PLATE 2); Β = Room Η east of thisline plus F and G; C = RoomsΝ, Ο, Ρ and Q; D = L and M. Theseroomstoo weredifferently designatedduringexcavation;Η was Pillar Crypt(P/C); L was Corridor32; M = Room 21, Ν = 31, Ο = 30, Ρ = 29, Q = 27 and the wascalledRamp27 (andin 1977,S. Ext). S. Corridor Theseoriginalareas,roomnumbersand namesappearin the dignotebooks,plansand on on thecataloguecards.The originalcataloguenumbersgivento pots and objects,and written them,are cited at the end of each entryin the Room Cataloguesin thisaccount.Wherean givena cataloguenumber,its excavationnumberis sometimes objectwas not subsequently citedin theform"SF number". XXXII (1979) 18-27 fora preliminary 5. See Archaeology report. can be seenin thecase of RoomM wherethe of thisassumption 6. Proofof thecorrectness earliersherdsdid mendup intopotsor largepartsof them.The authorcannotagreewiththose foundshouldbe published;timeandcostwillnotallowthisandsuch who hold thateverything detailsare recordedin the Some further an approachcan be consideredeven unintelligent. forthosescholarswhomightrequirethem. note-books pottery 7. PLATES 107c- d and 126-7, discussedin the potterysectionunderLM IIIB. The is theearlieststageof LM IIIC, butifso it is notstylistically existsthatthismaterial possibility IIIB. from latest the at distinguishablepresent 8. Section2 (PLATE 10a) levels11 and 16. 9. PLATES 115,9-11 and 180, 7-12. 10. Detailedat the end of the room catalogueand discussedin thepotterysectionunder LM IIIA 2. 11. Thispit shouldnot be confusedwiththeLM IIIA 2 Pit 8 in RoomC. It also contained flutedblock,PLATE 4 Id. thebrokengypsum wasfoundin of thepyxislid at PLATE 116d fromtheN. Corridor 12. A joiningfragment thisdebrisbelowthefloor. 265

266

SECTION 1.

THE EXCAVATION

13. The level numbers included in the photographsare the digginglevels and not those of Section 3. 14. There was no wear visiblewhatsoeveron the stairtreadswhich,despite the usual damage by damp caused to gypsum,had veryclean edges. 15. No otherstairwayin the Mansion had similarstairtreads. 16. For an additional overallview of the hall see AR 1972-3, 54 Fig. 13. For the numbering and cataloguing of blocks with features,the hall was divided into quartersthroughthe mid point; these quarterswere called, NE = 22, SE = 23, SW = 24, NW = 25. A select catalogue of these blocks is given at the end of the architecturaldiscussionin Section 2 whichalso considers in greaterdetail the architectureof the hall. Dimensions of the fallenblocks in the SW area, ie S. of the main E- W section line, were recorded. Taking 2/3rdsof theirmaximumdimensions as a workinghypothesisfor theircubic volume, this amounted to just over 2.5 cubic metres. Allowing for two courses of the upper wall remainingin situ, and assumingthe width of the upper W. wall to have been about 1 metre,the volume of the recordedblocks fitsclosely with a fall fromthe upper room of about the same heightas thatof the lower hall. 17. No carbon was present in the space between the lower wall and the canted blocks of the upper wall, only seeped earth. 18. See PLATE 122 forthe potteryand PLATE 13, Section 6 level 9, in which the earthwas verydark and ashy,quite unlike the usual yellow clayeyMinoan fill. 19. Section 5 (PLATE 12) level 19. The cross-hatchedarea on the plan at FIG. 1 was ashy as thougha firehad been lightedthere. 20. I owe this suggestion to Mr. L.H. Sackett. This yard might have supplied the much needed access to the N. sector,especiallyafterthe N. Corridorhad been blocked with debris. 21. Taking the top of the lower W. wall as our datum, the plans correspondapproximately to the followingcourses of thatwall; FIG. 1 fromsurfaceto the bottom of the 1st course, FIG. 2 fromthe bottom of the 1st course to the middle of the 2nd course, FIG. 3 fromthe middle of the 2nd course to the bottom of the 3rd course, FIG. 4 fromthe bottom of the 3rd course to near floor, FIG. 5 latest floor and below. It will be seen, however,thatstones are occasionally repeatedfromone plan to its successor. 22. Vases, large parts of which were found in the NW area, frequentlywithjoining sherds from near the N. wall, just E. of the doorway, include H 10, 135-8, 146, 167, 174, 177-8, 180-2, 189-190. H 138 has joining sherds from Staircase J/K in the account of which are mentionedfurtherjoins between the two areas. 23. These include H 67, 70, 130-2, 139, 165, 184 and 189. 24. These bones are discussedin the appendix on the animal bones. 25. These include H 176 and 191. 26. The hearth,on removal,was found to consistof a thicklayerof mud plasterapplied over a core of stones. 27. Building blocks had also been incorporatedinto the SE retainingwall, and threefaced blocks in the NW wall. The blocking wall of the N. doorway contains a gypsumdoor jamb, while the uprightblock between the NE pier and the E. wall had dimensionsidenticalto those of the 3rd course of the N. wall (and was in factreplaced thereand leftby us). Clearlya great deal of buildingmaterialwas available. Could it be that the constructionof the Ε end of the hall was nevercompleted and that these blocks were lyingaround forthatpurpose? 28. A marked layer of charcoal was also found under the NW and SW divisionwalls and under the hearth. A similarlevel was traced in the S. region up to the S. wall, runningover its projectingfoundation course; it was thought at the time to be the burntremainsof a raised wooden floor. 29. Sherdsformingpart of vases Η 180, Η 181, Η 183, Η 192 and H 143. 30. Sherds fromthe lower levels in the entrancefromJ to K, underthe ash level (level 17), joined others from Room Η to form the cup Η 138 (PLATE 50g). The joining sherdsfrom Room Η appear to belong to the evidence there for an earlier damage in LM II, Section 4, PLATE 12, bottom of level 8. 31. Cross-hatchedon the plan at FIG. 8. In the plans at PLATE 8 and FIG. 7, the gypsum blocks are given a lightdotted fill,mudbricksa heavierdotted filland areas of carbon are crosshatched. In Figs. 6 and 8 gypsumblocks are giventhe usual half-moonfill. 32. PLATE 42e.

SECTION 1.

THE EXCAVATION

267

33. The frescofragmentsand theirlocation are discussedin Section 3 on the frescoes. 34. These vases are included in the plans and catalogue of Room H. 35. PLATE 88c, and see the room catalogue below. 36. Furtherdiscussedin Appendix 3 on the human remains. 37. Furtherdiscussedin Appendix 3 on the human remains. 38. Possibly the plaster was betterpreservedat this depth havingbeen in partprotectedby the raised wooden floor (ifit existed). 39. Bases, M 171 and 121 (PLATES 101b and e). On the other hand, the large decorated jars, M 21 and M 76, were restoredfromfragmentsdistributedthroughoutthe variouslevels of the fillbut none is recordedas havingbeen found at floorlevel. 40. M 99 and 110, and parts of the clay chest L 29 + H 192. 41. Two slabs of limestonein the S. part of the room were,however,thoughtat the time of excavation to be parts of paving slabs. A hollow left in the fill by a partly burnt beam, presumablyone of those whichhad supportedthe ceiling,in the SW of the room, is recordedas beinground in sectionwitha diameterof about 12 cm. 42. This block and a conjecturalrestorationof the stairwayare discussedin the architectural section. state few of these could be plotted but they can be 43. Because of theirvery fragmentary identifiedin the unplottedfindswheretheyare stated to come from*W.side to S.' 44. Those plotted and ones unplottedand said to come 'fromSW.'. 45. Discussed in the sectionson the frescoesand on the architecture. 46. Discussed and identifiedin Appendix 1 on the plant remains. 47. PLATE 88d-e. 48. Identifiedin Appendix 2 on the animal bones. 49. A modern soup ladle and a riflecartridgecase were found in the tunnel,the formera potentialexcavation tool. 50. There was a superficiallevel in some areas above the destructionmaterialcontaininglater LM ΠΙΑ and IIIB sherds. 51. The blob cup, NC 16, is the possible exception; it is discussed under cups in the LM II pottery section. It was reconstructedfromsherdsfound in the window into Room D. Other sherds,however,fromthe same window were LM ΠΙΑ 1, includingparts of the kylixNC 1 and of the Palace Stylejar, PLATE 1 17c. 52. See previousnote. 53. In this region alone were there a quantity of LM ΠΙΑ sherdsprobably extendinginto LM IIIB. 54. Discussed and compared in Section 4 under LM IIIB pottery.The pits could have served the occupants of the Little Palace. 55. Described in PM II 93-6 and illustratedat Fig. 45. Evans makes no mentionof a building on the platformbut Mackenzie apparentlythought it to be LM III, Boardman, On the Knossos Tablets 64, his Fig. 12 feature14. 56. To be included in the final report by L.H. Sackett of the post-Minoan finds. For a preliminaryaccount, see ArchaeologyXXXII (1979) 18-27. 57. A small shallow test behind the retainingwall of the platform,whereit jogs southwards (PLATE 17c) produced some LM II sherds;therewere no obvious signsof burning. The circle of broken gypsum slabs immediatelyN. of the secondary (hatched) wall on PLATE 4a, was found to be the covering of a small pit which roused our expectations of a hoard but proved to be emptyof all but earth. 58. Test 2, 3 m long, along the baulk, and 1.4 m wide, its W. cornerbeing 2.5 m fromthe W. wall of the Roman room, dug to a depth of 1 m; Test 3 to a depth of 60 cm. 59. Unlike the N. Platform,the fill contained no chips of kouskouras,so it may predate the cuttingforthe constructionof the Mansion. 60. We somewhatrestoredthe damaged corner of the platform;compare PLATES 15b and 17b.

268

SECTION 2.

SECTION 2.

THE ARCHITECTURE

The Architecture

1. A suggested inwiththeexcavation variousideasanddetails report, layout,themarrying werecontributed especiallyon the upper storeyand the photographs by MervynPopham. Ken McFadzeanwas thearchitect and to himare nearlyall theexcavations, presentthroughout due the detailedplans, most of the elevations,the catalogueof fallenblocksand various on specificpointsmade in his daybook.The textis essentially theworkof David observations Smythwho duringseveralstudyseasonsat Knossosaftertheexcavationread thenotebooks, learnteverydetailof thebuilding, ofthevariousarchaeological theintricacies mastered phases, and and listenedwithimmense preparedadditional patienceto suggestions plansand elevations, madeduring ofhistext.(MRP) criticisms severalstagesof thepreparation 2. PM II 542. 3. Onlyone "masons'mark"is now apparenthere(a "box" signon theblockat theN. corner),thoughEvans observedthat"the blocksshow double-axesigns"(PM II 545): these ofexposureto theelements. mayhavebeenerodedduringthehalfcentury 4. No otherMinoanbuildingappearsto possessthisfeature, apartpossiblyfromHouseC at fromthefifth, as notedby Tylissoswherethe sixthcourseof thesouthwallis stepped-back Shaw,Techniques101. 5. This S. Platformwas partlyexcavatedby Evans and walls foundby him appearon demolishedthem. photographstakenat the time (PLATES 16 and 17a); he subsequently Gleaningof the platformin 1977 revealedthatthesereallywerepartof a Romanstructure immediately overlying scantyremainsof a Minoanbuilding. ofa cross-wall foundhere,see theexcavationaccountof theS. Corridor. 6. Fordescription 7. Furthermore thisshowshow the shallowercoursesof the E. facademighthavebeen married-in withthe thickerones of the northfacadeat the NE cornerof thebuilding.The elevationof the top of thehighestpreserved courseon theeast (11.05m) is closeto thetopof thefoundation courseon thenorth(1 1.08m). The nexttwocourseson theeast (carriedround fromthesouthfacade)are 31cm and 34 cm, totalling65 cm whichis theheightof thelower course on the north.However,some problemremainsin thatthe next courseon the east (againcarriedroundfromthe south)is 48 cm whichfallsshortby 17 cm of thelevelof the courseoftheN. facade(65 cmin height). upperpreserved 8. A similargap existsbetweentheW. wall of theLittlePalaceand theedgeof thepaving ofthepassageseparating thatbuildingfromtheNE Platform. wasfoundto containa fillof LM ΠΙΑ 1 potteryand 9. Duringtheexcavationthisaperture to havebeenblockedon theinsideduringLM III: fordetails,see theexcavationaccount. 10. Evans'plan showedseveralblockslyingacrosstheE. endof theN. Corridor:thesewere foundstillin positionduringthepresentexcavationand wereremovedto exposethepaving slabsbeneath. at 11. An E- W wall acrossthiscourt,clearlyvisiblein thephotograph byEvansreproduced PLATE 19c,was removedby himthoughno indicationof its existenceis givenin hisplanor account. ofthiswillbe foundin theexcavationaccount. discussion 12. Further 13. The top of the preservedcopingstonesis at 12.91m and theupperfloorlevelof the to RoomM). of theentrance Mansionwasat about13m (as notedin thedescription 14.PM II 543. 15. Not shownon Evans'planinPM II Fig.318 butmentioned byhimon page545 as being Roman. the FetishShrinein theLittlePalace.The floor 16. As calculatedfromhis sectionthrough level of the anteroomto the Shrineis at 7.45m in relationto the datumadoptedforthe Mansion.Addingto thistheheightof 3.27m (as shownon Evans'sectionin TDA 60-61 and Figs.74 and 75), thefirstfloorof theLittlePalacewouldhavean elevationof 10.72m. 17. The top of the highestpreservedstonein the wall at the W. end of CorridorL is at kouskourasbedrockin theunexcavated 13.03m and theundisturbed face,about 1 m westof thisstone,is at 13.17m. lowerdownin thisblockingwall,had a tridentsigncut 18. One largestone,incorporated intoit.

SECTION2.

THE ARCHITECTURE

269

19. See Appendix B.I for furtherdescriptionof these cists, particularlythe unexplained skew of the centraldepressionin each. 20. See Appendix B.3 fordetails of constructionof thishearthand of its possible function. 21. Compare the bench at Myrtos,Pyrgosin Cadogan, Palaces of Minoan Crete plate 47 = AR 1971-2, 25 Fig. 41, and similarones at Phaestos. 22. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof Staircase G. 23. It is possible that one pit in the floor, at least, had been deliberatelydug to accommodate the proposed cists which had not, however, been set therein before the firstLM II destructionoccurred: in some instances the pits contained a layer of burnt wood fromthe ensuingfire. 24. Of these 57 marks,33 were on the W. wall, 13 on the N., 6 on the E. and 5 on the S. Details are givenin Appendix B.4, togetherwithsimilarmarksfound elsewherein the building. 25. See Appendix B.3 fordetails of constructionof thisoven and of its possible function. 26. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof StaircaseK. 27. This slab was givenArchitect'sNumber 30.16. See Appendix C for its dimensionsand description. 28. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof StaircaseO. 29. This limestone block, with gypsumpacking set in lime plaster in the slot, was given Architect'sNumber21.14. See Appendix C forits dimensionsand description. 30. Situated above Room Q was the late Roman "House of the Diamond Frescoes", two rooms of whichwere excavated by Evans who then dug a trialthroughthe floor of the northern room, penetratingdown to the flooringof pink plaster with pebbles of Room Q and largely clearing the contents of this room: even so, fromwhat he left unexcavated, it seems to have been singularlyempty. (PM II 546, Sacke«, AR 1972-73, 69 and Archaeology 32 (1979) 18f). 31. These two blocks were given Architect'sNumbers 24.21 and 25.17. See Appendix C fortheirdimensionsand descriptions. 32. This block was givenArchitect'sNumber 25.06. See Appendix C forits dimensionsand description. 33. The elevation of the ceiling of the upper storey would have been about 14.75 m, assumingthat the figuresfor its floor level (at 13 m) and for the five suggestedcourses of the W. wall are accepted). 34. The northernpart of this partitionwall was removed duringexcavation and later,after the north-westpillar had been restoredin plastered concrete blocks, was replaced in what was calculated to have been its originalposition, set on a concrete slab representingthe original wooden beam (PLATE 31a). 35. These two pieces of gypsumcolumns were givenArchitect'sNumbers 25.12 and 22.19 respectively.See Appendix C for theirdimensionsand descriptions. 36. See footnote 29. 37. For existence of the gypsum slabs, see the excavation account. Two of the limestone flags were given Architect'sNumbers 24.26 and 25.30. See Appendix C for theirdimensions and descriptions. 38. For a possible wooden floor in an LM IA house at Akrotiri,see Thera V plate 46b, and at Ayia Varvara,BCH 1966, 560. 39. Techniques 207. 40. PM II 328. 41. PM II 525. 42. There was a possible fireplacein the Little Palace; see OKT 62 and PM II 20 note 1. 43. Techniques 109 ff. 44. PM II 545.

SECTION 3.

The Frescoes

Thanks are due to the site's excavator,M.R. Popham, forpermissionto undertakethisstudy; to the Canada Council (S73-0170 and S75-0648) and the Universityof WesternOntario,forfinancialsupportwhichmade possible also scientificanalyses of five fresco samples from this site (BSA 72, 1977, 121 ff.: nos. 88-90,

270

SECTION3.

THE FRESCOES

95, 98); and to my dear wife,Ollie, who gladlysharedthe labour of cleaning,conservingand recordingthis material in the MUM 1972 Fresco Notebook. And to the formerEphor of Crete, Dr. Stylianos Alexiou, and his assistant,Miss A. Lembessis, for facilitatingstudy in the Herakleion Museum. Photographswere takenby the author. This report has been prepared in conjunction with other studies nearingcompletion of the Minoan town house frescoes from Knossos (Town Houses I and II) for the BSA annual. Where possible, Catalogue referencesto these studies as also to the writer'sunpublisheddoctoral dissertation,especially on mattersof dating,are included. The followingadditional abbreviationshave been used: Duncan Mackenzie/Daybook [of the Knossos palace excavations] DM/DB Thesis1975 M.A.S. Cameron, A General Study of Minoan Frescoes, with particularreferenceto unpublishedpaintingsfrom Knossos, (unpublisheddoctoral dissertation,Universityof Newcastle-upon-Tyne,1975). Town Houses Under preparation: "The Wall PaintingsfromMinoan Town Houses at Knossos", in a two-partstudyforsubmissionto the BSA Annual: PartI: UnpublishedFrescoes fromPost-warBritishExcavations; Part II: Frescoes fromEarlier Britishand Post-warGreek Excavations,in collaboration withMrs.M.C. Shaw. Museums or sites: HH (Hogarth's Houses); HM (Herakleion Museum); HOF (House of the Frescoes, Knossos); MUM (Minoan Unexplored Mansion); RR/N (Royal Road/North);RT (Road Trials). 1. Cf. largelyplain plastersin the West Magazines, Room of the Cists and Temple Repository at Knossos: BSA VI, 1899-1900, 20; PM I, 452, Fig. 325; PM IV, 648-650, Fig. 634; BSA IX, 1902-3, 39. Red-paintedstoreroomswere also common; but unpaintedplasterswould reflect more light, and appear cleaner and cooler. Limited coloured bands, as in the West Magazines,would detractlittlein theserespects. 2. The debris in Room P, as in other rooms, contained monochrome plaster pieces, in black, grey,plain white, terracotta,salmon, blue, and esp. red, which possibly were 'wall-fill' and not part of this building's decoration. Such pieces seem reasonablyidentifiableby their insignificantsize, theirwholly disconnected,randomlydistributedand clearlydisparatenature. They are commonly weathered, with surfacesabraded and all ancient edges 'rub-worn'and dirty, and usually lacking once-adheringmud backing-plastersas also clean-lookingancient breakages at the plaster's edges. (That is more a featureof collapsed frescoeslyingessentially undisturbedin their deposits: e.g. the floral fresco in Room P). By theirnature,singlyand because theiridentifiart-historically collectivelythe pieces in question are very uninformative cation in a mural,archaeologicalposition, extent and estimable architecturalplace are beyond reasonable interpretationor conjecture; and theirchief value now may be as datably stratified samples for controlled scientific analyses. Pictorial and decorative scraps may on similar grounds be suspected as 'building-fill'(cf. Pylos II, 32 and 224) as stylisticand technical considerationsin theircases may more certainlycorroborate. 3. With Popham, AR 1972-3, 51; contra J.W. Graham, AJA 79, 1975, 144 η. 14 who unacceptablyrefersour floralcompositionto a room above Room H. 4. Cf. preferredMM III to LM IA border-stripeschemes as typifiedby the Monkey Frieze fromAkrotiri(Thera V, Col. PL D) and that fromKnossos (PM II, PL II, Suppl. PL XX); and PM III, Col. Pis. XVI, XVIII and XXI. The present scheme is closer to a clumsiergroupingof stripesfound in the Room of the Ladies at Akrotiriin choice of mostly 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 ratiosin broaderbands' widths (Thera V, PL E). The presentcolour-sequence,however,is exceptional. 5. E.g. the frescoescited in note 4, and the Taureador,Campstool and Caravanseraifrescoes fromKnossos. Similarlyblack dado and wainscot bands are so used in MM III to at least LM II frescoes (e.g. PM II, 723, Fig. 450), as commonly in LM/LH vase paintingwhich utilisesthe generalborderand registerarrangementof the frescoes(e.g. PM IV, 262- 372, passim). 6.PM II, 469-472, Figs. 276a and 279. In nature,with 7 to 12 red petals, an innerwhite ring and central grey-black 'disk': Niki A. Goulandris and Constantine N. Goulimis, Wild Flowers of Greece (1968) 16 withCol. PL Some species are usefulmedicinallyor are poisonous (Enc. Britannica,1975, 1, 367).

SECTION3.

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271

7. Cf. contour accentuation (in green on lily bud, HOF: PM Π, 455, Fig. 266C, and in red on crocus petals, Palaikastro:PKU 148, Fig. 130; respectivelyMM IIIB/LM IA and LM I). 8. Cf. 'hybrids'notably in MM IIIB/LM IA and LM I paintingsfromHOF {PM II, 446 ff., Col. PI. X and Figs. 266D, 275 A, C, K, and J = Europa 53, Fig. 3; add ibid. 55, Fig. 4) and fromH. Tríada {Mon. Ant. XIII, 1903, 55 ff.pls. VII- IX). And less inventively,chieflywith 'waz' fillingsand reed stems,afterLM IB (e.g. Knossos Throne Room frescoes). 9. As the artist's decorative alternationof red and blue flowerson these pieces suggests: cf. esp. HOF 'ivy' and 'mallow' representations{PM II, 446, Col. PL X and Fig. 275D = BSA 63, 1968, 10 f., Fig. 5, nos. 34-35). After LM I, this artisticconvention seems disused in naturescenes (v. note 21). 10. TheraVII, 14 and PI. 15a-b. 11. PM II, 446 ff.,Col. Pis. X-XI. 12. In the latterpieces, the blurred (? undulating)orangeareas may have turnedthatcolour fromproximityto fire: they are in any case a lighterhue and lack any black definitionline, in contrast to nos. 44-45. One fragmentof this second dado series occurred in the undisturbed burntLM II fill of the staircaseJ, indicatingthispaintingwas ruinedlong beforeit reached its chiefdeposit,in Room A, in LM IIIB. 13. AR 1972-3, 52 ff. and 61 (Addendum), emphasisingthe Crypt's "squalid state" and "retainingwalls .... to hold back piles of debris" in its finaldays. 14. Op. cit. 52 rules out a plastered floor in the Crypt itself which "had not even been properlylevelled". 15. SF 293, 295, 298, fromlevels 1,3, 6-8. 16. Cat. no. 69, for MM III refs.MM IIIB/LM IA: HOF {BSA 63, 1968, 14, no. 47); LM IA: H. Tríada, Room 14 {Mon. Ant. XIII, 1903, pls. VII and IX); perhaps Pseira, unpublished fragment(inf. courtesyof Prof.J.W. Graham). The scheme wanes or disappears in the Cretan LM Π- ΠΙΑ fresco record (v. n. 17). But Mycenaean paintersimitatedwooden beams (rather than wood panelling) in a derivativeconventionalmanner: e.g. TirynsII, pl. VIII, LH IIIB; cf. Pylos II, 162-178, forfurtherdiscussionand references. 17. Cf. Evans's discussion of painted imitations of white-spottedliparite {PM I, 180); WolfgangSchiering,'Steine und Malerei in der minoischenKunst', JDAI 75, 1960, 17 ff.,and remarksin Funde auf Kreta 1976, 164 ff. By MM III such dado decoration was widespread; but Minoan imitationsof woodwork were always superiorartisticallyto those of mottled or veined stonework, in this author's view. Cf. Pylos II, loc. cit. for discussion of Mycenaean examples. In the LM Π- ΠΙΑ 1 palace at Knossos, a vogue for painted imitations of stone dadoes and texturesevidentlyreplaced earlier interestin imitative'wood-panel' dadoes with black 'wainscot' bands. 18. Pace C.F. Hawke Smith, 'The Knossos Frescoes: A Revised Chronology' {BSA 71, 1976, 65 ff.) citingapprovinglyMabel L. Lang's Pylos II on the dangersof stylisticdatingof Aegean frescoes in general (op. cit. 65). That Lang claims that "a clear LH IIIB date for most of the Pylos plastersmakes necessarya complete restudyof Minoan- Mycenaean painting" {Pylos II, 221), admittinga 'bias' against stylisticdating as chronologicallydeterminative(ibid., 227; sustained on pp. 6 and 221-224), evidently leaves Hawke Smith untroubled. But as L.R. Palmer, citing F.T. Wainwright,has aptly remarked: ". . . an obsession or blind spot may . . . colour the whole of a report" (OKT, xi). Indeed, stylisticdatingcriteriavalidlyfounded should no more be withheld or 'kept distant' (Smith op. cit. 66) from the study of Aegean frescoes than from the study of any other ancient body of artisticmaterial,say, Greek Red or Black Figurevases. For this and other serious reasons, Hawke Smith's proposed 'revisedchronology' fails in its laudable goal and presentsinstead confusedconclusions and numerousmisdatingsof individual Knossian frescoes. Disastrouslyso, in relation to the frescoesfromthe North West Portico Heaps (allegedly c. 1400 B.C.: op. cit. 76): those heaps included fragments,some even joining, of the Procession, Shield, Palanquin, Bull and Chariot, and Spiral (Domestic Quarters) frescoseries,attributedby Hawke Smith (p. 70 ff.) to a subsequent redecorationof the palace in its 'final period (1400-1375)' (i.e. LM ΠΙΑ 1); while conversely,the Camp-Stool Fresco attributedto LM II by Hawke Smith (op. cit. 74 f.) evidentlydepicts a LM ΠΙΑ kylix (Mackeprang,AJA 42, 1938, 546; PM IV, 383 ff., Figs. 323-324 and Col. PI. XXXIA; cf. Furumark,Analysis, Fig. 16, nos. 256 and 265). But thispainting,too, had a joining fragment

272

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discovered in the North West Portico Heaps (drawn in AE/NB 1900, opp. p. 12, but labelled 'grasses'= the join in Kretika Chronika IH', 1964, 38 ff.), which circumstancealone might suggestthe Portico heaps were deposited in LM ΠΙΑ or later- as indeed Evans and Mackenzie thoughton stratigraphicalgrounds (PM III, 37 n. 1, and DM/DB 16, 21, 26 May 1900, inked copy). These points alone underminethe Revisedchronology'offered. 19. By contrast,LM II or LM ΠΙΑ 1 'nature' or pictoriallyrelated scenes (e.g. in thisview, the Throne Room, 'Argonaut' and SaffronGathererfrescoes) characteristicallyemphasise the horizontal arrangementof undulating background and rockwork bands, the latter now invariablygathered along upper and/or lower parts of the pictorial space which leaves the centralpictorial area freerfor the principalmotifs- animals (or humans in other stylistically related compositions: e.g. the Bull and Chariot fresco): these motifs thus acquire greater compositional emphasis than their counterpartsplay in MM III to LM I frescoes where 'landscape' and creatures are much more integratedpictorially. A 'tectonic' compositional structure;heavy black contoursand linearisationof innerdetails;flat 'unpenetrated'wall-space; a more stolidlydecorativeuse of colour; ponderous addition of white-speckling,'spot-by-spot', instead of quickly and casually 'flicked' or splashed on; and a certain'freezing'of movementin the more controlledpositioningof principalsubject matter,are among the numerousfeatures which stylisticallycharacterisesuch paintingsas both 'works of a period' (viz. LM II or ΠΙΑ 1) and later than theirMM III to LM I precursors. Mention should be made thatfurtherfragmentsattributableto the SaffronGathererfresco series have been identified,ascribed to the provenance"Demon Seals # Shield and Spirals" and possibly part of the LM ΠΙΑ 1 deposit of frescoes,seals and potteryfound there(v. Popham, SMA XII, 22-26: pottery); which, if so, raises the question whetherthe betterknown Saffron Gathererfragmentsmay have been part of the debriscleared fromdifferent parts of the palace into the extensive LM ΠΙΑ 2-Β North ThreshingFloor (North West Portico) frescoheaps ? (Thesis 1975, 1, 693-5, and 460-2, pace PM I, 265 withn. 1: MM II). 20. Contrast, e.g. the 'intarsia' borders of the Taureador Fresco (PM III, 213, Fig. 144: KFA, pl. IX), withwhitespots added 'spot-by-spot'(note 19 here). 21. The 'colour-alternation'conventionseems disused in later 'nature' scenes,but continues with naturalisticmotifsused as subordinatedecorationin a compositionor its principalsubject matter: e.g. in decorativebordersto pictorial scenes, as the argonautsand 'ivy-chains'in Pylos II, Col. PI. R = 4 F nws, 1 F 2; TirynsII, Col. PL VIII, XII matchingunpublishedLH IIIB 1 decoration, House of the Sphinxes, Mycenae; Thebes, AAA, ΑΙ, 1968, Col. PI. 11, 16), all LH IIIB 1; 'emblematically'on a 8-shield,Mycenae: G. Mylonas,Mycenae and theMycenaean Age, 1966, pl. 24. The earliestMinoan use of this convention,for principalfloral subjects in 'nature' scenes, is attested in unpublished MM ΠΙΑ frescoes from Knossos (Thesis 1975, II, pl. 108, RR/N Reed Fresco, restoredin Slide 31). 22. Cf. the flux of mergingrockworkcolours in the MM ΠΙΑ RR/N MyrtleFresco (Kadmos VII, 1968, 99), a precursorof sketchierbrushworkfor rockwork in HOF frescoes (add the scattered'nestingmaterials'there,too: BSA 63, 1968, 5, no. 5 with Fig. 1C, and nos. 23-26, Col. PI. B4-5 and pl. 4, 2-4, and unpublishedpieces in HM 191 Epsilon XXI (North)); and the 'miniaturetrees' from Prasa, MM IIIB/LM IA (BSA 71, 1976, 7 with n. 20 and pl. 3c: N.B. pl. 3a reproducedupside-down). 23. Even no. 48, the unpainted plaster hearth from Room D, may predate its context. Only 11 rim fragmentssurvivedin the disturbedlevels where it was found: yet nearly all from fragmentswere found of a shatteredand widely scatteredinscribedLM IIIB stirrup-jar, the same room and series of levels (Kadmos VIII, 1969, 43 ff.). No. 48 could be earlierdebris than thejar.

SECTION4. ThePottery 1. Below they are indecisivelyclassifiedas MM IIIB/LM IA, as too is the earliestfillin the S. Corridor,but this evidence should be combined with the contents of the firstfloorswithin the Mansion, PLATE 139 a and c, and the fill under StairwayO, both of which contain more advanced featuresand are more definitelyLM IA. Both contain reed patternand for the cup in PLATE 139a compare the LM IA deposit,BSA 72 (1977) Plate 30e-f. fragments

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2. There are no other distinctiveLM IB sherdspresentbut until the fullrangeof thisstage at Knossos has been defined,some uncertaintymustremain. 3. GypsadhesWell,PM ii 549 Fig. 349k. 4. Somewhat resembling in style fragmentsfrom the Gysadhes Well, PM i 347, later ascribed in PM ii 549 note 1 to MM IIIA but there stated to occur with fragmentsof lilyjars resemblingthose fromthe Lily Vase Deposit which are ascribed to MM MB. 5. See full descriptionof similarcups in BSA 72 (1977) 193. 6. PLATE 140a and the matureLM IA deposit in BSA 72 (1977) Plate 3 Id. 7. Neck with foliate band in S. Platformfill,PLATE 137c; with solid discs PLATE 146b but withoutcontext and possibly later. 8. E.g. PLATES 139b and 140b. 9. BSA 72 (1977) Plate 30d. 10. To which the GysadhesWelladds reed decoration,BSA 62 (1967) Plate 76f. 11. E.g. loc cit Plate 76d. 12. Loc cit Plate 76e and AR 1980-1, 74 Fig. 5. 13. For thispaintersee loc cit 341 with Fig. 2, 7 and Plate 79d. 14. Restrictedrangecommentedon in loc cit 339. 15. BSA 72 (1977) 190-5. 16. Op cit 193-4. 1 7. Pelon, Mallia, Maisons III 69. 18.PMÜ549 Fig. 349 and BSA 72 (1977) 194-5. 19. A furthermost valuable supplementarycollection of vases has been published preliminarilyby A. Lebesi in Praktika 1967 195-209 from a tomb at Poros. Unfortunatelythe stratigraphy,while helpingto distinguishMM IIIA, does not assist in the subsequentMM IIIB and LM I A problemraisedhere. Much the same is true of Catling'spublication of houses on the Acropolis at Knossos, BSA 74 (1979) 1 ff. in which thereare few cups to help in the later deposits and where the final stagemay be earlyLM IB ratherthan LM IA. 20. Mallia Maisons III 112f. Gravesat Knossos, especiallythe 'warrior'burialsat the Hospital site and Ayios Ioannis. To these should now be added occupation deposits, Warren,AR 1982-3 63-9, published afterthisaccount had been written. 21. Popham, DPK 79-81 zxvdAJA79 (1975) 372-4. 22. PLATE 98. 23. Room H. PLATES 96-7; Room D, PLATES 11 1-1 12a. 24. N. Corridor,PLATE 119c and 120c-d; N. Platform,PLATE 125. 25. PLATE 124. 26. There are some 50 registeredmonochrome/plaincups (excluding the common conical cup) compared with about 25 kylikes.The decorated cup is curiouslyabsent so farfromLM II burials.See note 60 forcomparativenumbersof decorated cups and kylikes. 27. Eg. PLATE 172, 1-6. 28. For the handle of one, withits apparentlyearly 'leaf pattern,see PLATE 157c. 29. The intact vases are illustratedat PLATES 50-1 and 147-8. Motives are at PLATES 164-7. Festoon, motives 13 and 17, to which add motives 8, 16 and 18 from sherds at PLATES 89a, 90a bottom and 96 bottom; Network, motives 70 and 74 with PLATE 98c; version from PLATE 90a top; Iris Alternatingscroll, motives 24, and 27 the disk-with-tail zig-zag,motives 2, 4 and 5 with PLATES 90b, 120a bottom, 89d and PLATE 104c; Reed, motive 41 with PLATE 50c; Row of flowers,motives 44 and 53 with PLATE 125d, and add motives 29, 30, 45 and 52 from PLATES 89d, 90a middle row 1st, 120 1st, and 89f (a miniature); Floral hooks, motive 63 with PLATES 50e and 90a top; Trellis,motive 79 with PLATE 89c, Mottle (withreed), motive 90 with PLATE 51a. Two decorated cups are illustrated fromMallia, one with alternatingscroll Mallia Maisons II Plate XLV, 5 and anotherwithfloral hooks Mallia Maisons III Plate XIX, 5. 30. Floral sprays,motives46, 48-9 withPLATES 111 Fig. 169 bottom,and 90b. 31. PLATE 80 middle row, 3rd. There is part of a 3rd cup from Room H, not illustrated. For Mycenaean parallels see FS 219 and E. French, BSA 59 (1964) 249, discussion under Shallow Cup.

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32. On 'ogival cups' see forexample BSA 65 (1970) 22. 33. 'Familiaritybreeds contempt', so that, like the plain conical cup, surprisingly few have been published or are exhibited.See, however,BSA 72 (1977) 194 and Plate 30a and d, and the discussionbelow of the LM IA potteryfromthe Mansion where,despitenumeroussherds,only one vase was sufficientlywhole to be restored and its decoration is untypicallyclumsy and heavy, PLATE 131i. But, for a fine LM IB example see AR 1980-1, 89 Fig. 53. An unusual cup with solid-paintedinterior,perhaps LM II, is published in BSA 72 (1977) 186 and Plate 26e. The reed cup, to judge from publications, appears to be remarkablyrare outside the Knossos area, and yet more rarelyexportedabroad. 34. Discussed in PM iii 278. For some fineLM IB examples see AR 1980-1 Figs. 27-8. An LM II stemmedcup from the Kephala Tholos is published in BSA 72 (1977) 187 Fig. lc and discussedp. 186. 35. There are 5 such cups registered,M 157, Ν 50, Ν 52, Ν 55 and H 149. 36. Notice was firstdrawn to this type of decorationat Palaikastrowhereit occurredin the post-LM IB reoccupation in LM III, PKU 85 and 111, and BSA 60 (1970) 232. As a method of decoration for kylikesit survivedthereinto LM IIIC, BSA 60 (1965) 283 and Fig. 15 P22. On cups it recurrs(? as a survival)at Knossos in SM and later. See also BSA 67 (1972) 67. 37. The cup at PLATE 172,8 is placed with the LM ΠΙΑ 1 deposits and it is likelyto belong theresince it was found in the contemporaryfill of the window of Room D. However,it has the normal LM II cup shape and mightbe a hangoveralthoughno instancewas recordedin the Mansion's LM II deposits. 38. For LM IA see PLATE 141, 15-6, the rims of whichwere dipped in paint,not painted with the brush. 39. The taller cup, with both sides dipped in paint at PLATE 80b middle row, last, was found in the parapet adjacent to the S. door into Room H, and like the conical cups withit is likelyto belong to the LM IA construction. 40. There are 25 registeredvases of the 'normal' type and 20 of the 'ogival' version,many of both havingbeen storedin Room P. 41. In the case of Room H bases were counted and 1,079 recorded. A full zembil (basket) of otherfragmentswas rejected. In L, 16; in M 1 7, in Ν 16 and in Ρ 20. 42. One in CorridorL and anotherin Room Ρ had tracesof red in the bottom. 43. One retainedcup fromCorridorL has a hole at the rim; bases with holes are recorded fromRoom H, togetherwithmentionof burningon rims. 44. See note 39 above. 45. Withsome doubt about more monochromecups which may have lost theirpaint, they include M 126, M 142, M 126, L 104 and Ν 9, PLATE 80a plus the odditiesmentionedbelow. 46. BSA 6 (1899-1900) 73 Fig. 14, whereits paint is describedas 'Kamares'. 47. Above under LMIB and in the excavation account of Room M. 48. The 'C spirals,with theirheavy tangents,on M 158 at PLATE 100c-d bear a veryclose resemblanceto a cup fromPoros (Lebesi, Praktika 1967 Plate 182b, top right)which is close to ours, too, in its shape and banding.Perhapsour cup should have been restoredwith a similar strap handle; two such handles are attested on other cup fragmentswith similardecoration, a wide contextfrom?MM IIIB to LM IB. PLATE lOOe. The Poros cup has, unfortunately, 49. There are 14 registeredcups as compared with 13 bowls; addinglargefragmentsdoes not change the picture,about 20 cups and 19 bowls. 50. The whole vases are at PLATES 52-3, 92d, 148, 5-8 and 156, 13-4. Alternatingscrolls, motivesat PLATES 164-7, nos. 22 and 26 and add sherdsat PLATE 90a top; reed, motives38 and 43 and PLATE 89j; festoons,motives12 and 14 and PLATE 90a bottom. 51. Row of iris buds, motives 21 and 32-5 and PLATES 39k and 90a middle row. The variationsare clear on PLATE 90, the 1st sherdbeing a cup, the restbowls. 52. Network,motive 73, runningspirals,omitted fromthe motives,PLATE 33a; 'S' chain, motives 85-6; wavy lines, motive 87; iris flower,omitted from the motives, PLATE 52e, perhapsby the same hand as thejug at PLATE 152, 5, an equally imaginativevase. 53. As seen on the contemporarybowl, Mallia Maisons III plate XVII, 2, a deposit which versionsof the 'row of irisbuds', also contained two otherLM II bowls decorated with differing loc cit 1 and 3.

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275

54. Eg. Nirou Chani, AE 1922, 22 Fig. 19 and Tylissos,AE 1912, 207 Fig. 12 but seemingly always witha ledged rimand perhapssomewhatlarger. 55. Kanta, The LM HI Period Plate 13,2 appears to be such an instance, however, at Phoenikia. 56. Eg. PLATE 175, 13. See discussionunderLM ΠΙΑ 2 bowls below. 57. For blob decorationand discussion,see under Blob Cups above. 58. BSA 65 (1970) 224 and Fig. 15, NP 5-7. 59. For a generaldiscussion of the Minoan kylix,see the author's article in BSA 65 (1969) 299f. In Crete thereis some advantage in keeping the termgoblet for the tall-footedcup, eg. PLATE 156, 10, though it is firmlyestablished on the Mainland for Mycenaean Ephyraean vases and the contemporaryplain versions. There, the name kylix is reservedfor the later, taller-stemmed shape but, since the functionis the same and distinctionespeciallyin the plain Cretanversionsomewhatarbitrary,I have used the termkylixthroughout.See also note 26. 60. About 53 whole, or largelyso, decorated kylikescompared with around 22 decorated cups. Some 37 one-handledplain/monochromecups compared with about 34 kylikes.To the cups could be added at least 27 monochrome ones without handle, not to mention the numeroususual conical plain ones. 61. For a discussionof Mainland 'Ephyraean' see Wace, BSA 51 (1965) 123-7, and a forthcomingarticlein BSA by P. Mountjoy. 62. PLATE 157 for the exceptions. 63. PLATES 57h, 58 a-i, 91a and c-e, 125b and 169b. 64. PLATE 9 le. 65. PLATE 56g. 66. Motive 111 PLATE 99a, 112 PLATE 55b. 67. Motive 108 fromH 153 (not illustrated),107 PLATE 150, 3. 68. Motive 115 PLATE 56g, 110 PLATE 55a, 111 PLATE 99a, 107 PLATES 55c and 150, 4. Anotherversion,motive 109, with its stamen hanginglike a tassel on the end of a long cord, appears on a group of fragmentary kylikesfromRoom M which were clearlypainted by the same hand, PLATES 151, 3 and 100a-b. See also PLATE 190d. 69. PLATE 56a- c; forfragmentssee PLATES 91a top row and b, 99b and 169a. 70. 105 PLATE 92c, 113 PLATE 56d, 114 PLATE 55d. The 'sacral ivy' motive resembles FM 12y. 71. PLATE 169b 3rd row. 72. Argonaut,PLATES 183g, 97a bottom, 119a bottom, 119c top, 125b first,169b 3rd rom,last; rosette,PLATES 169a 2nd row, 91a 3rd row, 91d 1st row, last, 125b 4th row. 73. PLATE 119a bottom, 2nd sherd. 74. For a complete example, see Warren,AR 1982-3 68, Fig. 13; also PM iv Fig. 307b-c: sherds,PLATE 94b 3rd row, 1st, 169 1st row, last, 120 3rd row, 1st. 75. PLATES 54a-e, 151, 4, 91a last, and 96b. 76. Framed; alternatingspray PLATE 54d, spiralsPLATES 56f = 149,4, 91a 3rd row 1st, and 97a bottom. Free field;alternatingsprayPLATE 56a = 149, 5, spiralsPLATE 104d first. 77. Loops, PLATES 55g and 151, 1-2, foliateband PLATE 158,5. 78. PLATE 120a bottom,if LM II. 79. PLATE 91a centre. 80. PLATES 169d top and 97b bottom,if kylikes.For a complete vase, see PM iv Fig. 965i. 81. PLATES 169a 3rd row 2nd, 169b last, 91c bottom, 97a 2nd row and below, 112b 3rd and 4th rows, 124c 1st. 82. PLATES 57f and 104c. 83. BSA 73 (1978) 182 and Plates 24-5. 84. Iris cross; Knossos, BSA 76 (1981) Plate 58b, FM iv Fig. 301n; Katsambas Plate 4a (with a star on either side); Mallia Maisons II Plates LXVIIIe and XLV, 5, Maisons III Plate XXI, 2f-g; Ayia Triadha (?) Kanta, LM IIIB Period Plate 41, 1; Chania, ADelt Chron. 23 (1968) Plate 375a. Floral spray and derivatives;Knossos, BSA 47 (1954) Plate 55b, BSA 64 (1969) Plate 64a and BSA 76 (1981) Plate 58c; Katsambas Plate 14 gamma,Kommos, Hesperia 46 (1977) Plate 52a first;Chania,ADelt Chron. Plate 375 bottom (wronglyinverted).

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Rosette; Knossos, PM iv Figs. 301w, 302a and 206g, BSA 62 (1967) Plate 82c; Mallia Maisons I Plate LXVIIIe-f, Maisons III Plate XXI, 2e. Clover leaf; Knossos, AR (1978-9) 37 Fig. 49; S. Hood, The Minoans Plate 14 (a very elaborate versionand see PLATE 112a, 2nd row, first);Mallia Maisons III Plate XVIII, 1-2. Octopus; Knossos, PM iv Fig. 302b and BSA 73 (1978) Plate 23a and c. Argonaut;Knossos, BSA 73 (1978) Plate 23b-d; Katsambas Plate 4b; Ayia Triadha (?), Kanta, LM MB Period Plate 41, 1 last (with doubts). Circumcurrent; Iris zig-zag,Knossos BSA 47 (1954) 363 Fig. 9.2. Droplets; Mallia Nécropoles II Plate XLVIIIE, Chania, ADelt Chron. 23 (1968) Plate 3 75b (with 'S' row beneath). Abbreviated; Knossos, PendleburyAC Plate XXXV, 2 bottom 4th vase, Mallia Maisons III Plate XVI, 4-5. Surface mottle; Mallia Maisons III Plate XVII, 6. Uncertain;Phaestos,Annuario XXIX-XXX (1967-8) 140 Fig. 92b top and Fig. 93b, 2nd row, last. 85. Approximately34 whole and fragmentary plain/monochromekylikescompared with about 53 decorated. Comparativefiguresfor one and two-handledversionsare uncertainwhen where certaintywas possible, we have 8 one-handled,all plain, as against 2 twofragmentary; handled plain and 7 monochrome.Most of the fairlyintactones are shown at PLATE 83. Type vases are illustratedat PLATES 82 and 160. 86. For LM ΠΙΑ plain jugs, see PrΤ 514, Fig. 118, la, Katsambas Plate 16 gamma and BSA 69 (1974) 204, Fig. 7 and 207, Fig. 9 and references.They are oftenin fineware whereasthose in the Mansion are closer to Oatmeal' fabric. Unusual monochromejugs from Room M are discussedat the end of thissection as hangovers. 87. Approximatefigures,includinglargefragmentsand miniatures,are 31 : 15 : 8. 88. Reed, motives 40 and 42, and add sherdsat PLATES 93a 2nd row, 98, 99g and 104e; spirals,motive 66 with PLATES 93a, 98a and 104a; alternatingsprays,motives20, 21 and 23, with PLATE 93a and e; network,omitted frommotives,PLATE 152, 4; trellis,motive 80. See also miniaturesat PLATE 39j- k, m- n. 89. Eg. PLATE 98a. 90. Iris zig-zag, ivy leaf chain, leaf chain, iris row on PLATE 93a and motives 3 and 58; festoon, omitted from motives, PLATE 61a; double foliate band (unusual type) motive 64, PLATE 170a top; elaborate floralspray,omittedfrommotives,PLATE 170c. 91. Eg. PLATES 152, 1 and 60b. 92. To these may be added the vase at PLATES 92f and 153, 5 if correctlyrestoredin drawing;its 'libation' hole in the base raises some doubt. 93. Apart from whole vases, the following may be added, reed, PLATE 93e; festoon, motive 11 and PLATE 93a top; lily, motive 54; ivy chain, motive 59 and PLATE 99d; spirals, motive 68 and PLATES 93 top, 104d top and 112 bottom, if LM II; argonaut?, PLATE 113a-c; iris chain, PLATE 59o; quatrefoil,motive 84, PLATE 170a bottom; foliate chain, PLATE 111c. 94. Apartfromwhole vases,reed, PLATE 104c top left. 95. See note 86 above. 96. Katsambas Plate 20. 97. Op cit Plate 22. 98. Op cit Plate 4 gamma.BSA 47 (1952) 266 Fig. 10, III 2. 99. BSA 47 (1952) 268 Fig. 11, III 3, Katsambas Plate 4d. For othermotives,see BSA 51 (1956) 69 Fig. 1,3-4. 100. PLATE 99d, and Mallia Maisons III Plate XVIII, 5 and AR 1978-9, Fig. 55. 101. The disks and dots on the shoulder, and the type of lily sprayssuggestit should be ascribedto LM II. 102. Zervos, L'Art de la Crête,Plate 556 (Ayia Triadha and,4£ 1939-41, Plate 2, 1, bottom 1st (Sklavokambas). The shape is differentin that it is an amphora but the body is similarly slender. 103. Eg. PKU 103, AR 1980-1, 83-4 and Fig. 35 and BSA 74 (1979) 51, v. 258 with references. 104. The decorationpainted red has been dotted in the drawing. 105. Eg. PrT 513, Fig. 117, 5a, TDA 47, Fig. 62 and, in plain ware, BSA 69 (1974) 207, Fig. 9,4:5. 106. DPK 78.

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277

107. It is well represented in the 'Warrior Graves' at Knossos and in the contemporary LM II tombs at Karsambas. 108. DPK 71f and Plate 4-6. 109. DPK Plate 4d. 110. The jar has lost its spout but, from the break, seems to have had a vertical one, similar to that on some LM I jars, egPKU Plate XXIIa. 111. PLATES 96d, 97d, 111c and, unstratified, 169c and 170b. 112. BSA 47 (1952) 263, Fig. 9 I, 5, adding spirals to the Mansion's range of scale, reed, fronds and ivy chain decoration. 113. LM examples have been collected and discussed by Y. Tsedakis in BSA 66 (1971) 365f, where these features will be found. The example from the Mansion, with D. of more than 28 cm, is of hard-baked red-brown fine clay covered with a light brown lustrous slip; the very fugative paint varies from red to black. See also DPK p. 76 and Annuario LV (1977) Fig. 15 for an MM example. 114. Karphi, £5,4 55 (1960) 18 and to a lesser extent in LM III Palaikastro. 115. Birds, see DPK 77, to which add now ADelt 25 (1970) Plate 410 and ADelt 24 (1969) Plate 443e. 116. The main difference is in the size of the stem; it is the largest which are perforated, Ρ 127 and Ρ 128. Lip diameters vary little, between 14 and 13 cm. The fragmentary example from Room Η has a decoration of tricurved festoons and arcs and a monochrome interior; its small stem is not perforated. To them should be added fragments of another without datable context, PLATE 169a bottom right. 117. I am grateful to S. Macgillavry for the suggestion: a modern wooden cheese plate with cover would be analogous. 118. DPK 102 Fig. 8, 13 and Plate lOd. 119. See DPK 77. 120. FS 83 andFS 32. 121. For size, compare TDA 16 Fig. 23, and remarks in DPK 77. 122. Pseira Fig. 12 and Warren, AR 1980-1 267 Fig. 29a-b. For MM see Levi Festos 1, Fig. 731. 123. Antiquity 1980 267, Figs. 1-2; on its date, AJA 68 (1964) 350 and DPK 76 (Craters). 124. Their fabric and similarity in appearance make them difficult to restore, to which we may no doubt add some indifference through familiarity. Gournia, Palaikastro and Karphi remain the most fully illustrated LM sites in this respect, to which we may add more recent publications of Mallia and Knossos. A useful preliminary report on 'Cooking Vessels from Minoan Kommos' has been published by P.P. Betancout, Occasional Paper 7 of the Institute of Archaeology, University of California which deals principally with the tripod cooking pots, cooking dishes and trays. 125. EM II, Myrtos 125, LM IIIC, Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 285 and Fig. 17, and Karphi, BSA 55 (1960) 7. For examples of intermediate LM I types, Palaikastro, PKU 64 Form 5 and BSA 65 (1970) 224 and Fig. 17-18 (LM IB); Gournia Plate II, 72; Mallia Maisons I Plate XXXL, 5; Thera I 28, Fig. 36; II 23, Fig. 14; IV Plate 101. One from Knossos (?LM IIIB) is much more globular, BSA 53-4 (1958-9) 190 Fig. 6, 12 and Plate 46a. See also, Betancourt, note 124 above, for Kommos. 126. From Room M; see at end of that room's catalogue. Most in the Mansion have somewhat bellying sides, though one is straight sided (L 48 not illustrated). The globular form may be both earlier (MMIII/LM IA) and later (LMIIIC). 127. Cf. Gournia Plate II, 64. 128. EM II, Myrtos 111, LMIIIC Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 286, 16, Karphi BSA 55 10. (1960) 129. BSA 74 (1979) 50 Fig. 36, 253 from Knossos though different in shape may be related. The Mycenaean equivalent was used in the same way, Lefkandi PrelReport Fig. 31 (LM IIIC). 130. LM IA, Thera VI Plate 5a (somewhat different); LM IIIA, Katsambas Plate 17b; Knossos LM IIIB (but perhaps earlier) LDPK 19 Fig. 4; Palaikastro (LM IIIC), BSA 60 (1965) 296, Ρ 16 (but squatter). 131. LDPK 19 Fig. 5.

278

SECTION4.

THE POTTERY

132. A frequentshape, cf. PKU 65 Form 12 and BSA 65 (1970) 224 (LM IB). 133. Studi Micenei XXI 123f and Plate 1, 8 forveryclose parallel. 134. H 56, H 67, H 70, M 104 and PLATES 111 and 87a. 135. BSA 57 (1952) 271 Fig. 13; Its dimensions,H. 40 and D. 28 fall withinthose cited. Its decorationis badly effacedand it could be thatits motivehad fillornament. 136. LM III(?B) from the Makritikhoskitchen,BSA 52-3 (1958-9) 189, Fig. 5, 3. Reed sprays on a very similar shape exist in the LM IB deposits at Nirou Chani, but in multiple groups and in a deeper shoulder zone, Ε A 1922 18, Fig. 15, and yet earlierin LM IA on Thera, Thera IV Plate 66b. Both Thera, and Gournia (LM IB?), attest the use of individualmotives, palm and pendent crocus, on amphoras,Thera II p. 38 and Gournia,Plate VII, 22. 137. Three in Room Ρ, Ρ 121, Ρ 122, and Ρ 123; fourrestoredvases, M 49, M 66, M 72 and M 118, withparts of at least two otherswithheavyretortedspirals,in Room M. 138. M 118 with H. 38.8; the restvarybetween H. 38.8 to 46, and max. D. 31 to 35 cm. 139. An interruptionpresumably to allow the clay of the base to dry somewhat before adding more weightabove; they may have been bound, too, withcloth or rope to help prevent sagging. 140. Reed sprays,PLATE 73c-d; retortedspirals,PLATES 73a-b and 74a. That at PLATE 74b- c has geometricisedversionof alternatingspraysor maybejust tailed spirals,and the other at PLATE 74e apparentlyhas palms on the back and perhaps on the frontas well. 141. The existence of early dark-on-light jars has been attested for some time by the example fromMinetel Beida, PM IV 777, Fig. 756c, which should be LM II or earlyIIIA. For a recent discussion of laterjars, see Catling and others,BSA 75 (1980) 49f with a bias towards LM/LHIIIB, and add Haskell, BSA 76 (1981) 225f. Add to the examples from the Mansion thatat PLATE 178b top, withoutdatable context. 142. Could it be that the manufacturingcentre(s) forvesselsof thiskind had been dislocated in the LM IB disturbances,so that survivingold jars were pressedinto serviceuntilproduction was restarted? 143. Thera, but considerablymore baggy Thera III Plates 52, 1-4 and Fig. 40, 1. Knossos, S. House, an exact parallel to M 66, PM ii 381 Fig. 213, considered LM IA by Evans but perhaps LM IB, see DPK 59. Knossos, LM IA?, BSA 74 (1979) 54 Fig. 38, 264-5, one more slender, the other more baggy than ours. Knossos, LM IB, WarrenAR 1980-1 82, Fig. 25, markedlypiriformand looking somewhat more 'advanced' than some in the Mansion. Gournia, LMIB?, with reed, like PLATE 73c, Gournia PLATE VII, 24. Ayia Trianda, LMIB, Annuario LV (1977) Fig. 82. 144. LM IIIA 1, BSA 69 (1974) Plate 34a; probably early LM IIIA 2, Katsambas PLATE 25b and Alexiou, AE 1970 7 Fig. 6. 145. The capacities are based on calculations taken from 1:1 drawings,using volumes of multipletruncatedcones. 146. PM ii 645 gives average heightas 1.30 metres;PM ii 648 givescubic contentsof normal type as 185 litres. 147. For discussion of the storage capacity of the Mansion see G. Jones, Appendix on the plant remains. 148. P. Warren.Myrtos 107. 149. Popham. Kadmos 15. 102ff. 150. C/Phaistos example publishedin PM iv 640, Fig. 627. (LM IB Pithos). 151. Hood, AR 1958 18-19. 152.PMiv644 Fig. 632. 153.PMÍÍ628 Fig. 392.2. 154. PMÜ622. 155. P. Warren,AR 1980-81 Fig. 23. 156. P. Warren,Λ/? 1980-81 Fig. 21. 157. Sackett and Popham, BSA 65 (1970) Fig. 16 (NP 65). 158. Palaikastro,PXC/98. 159.PMiv641 Fig. 629. 160. Etudes CretoisesIV pi XIII but dated in E.C. XVI 107 (LMl-LMIIIa). 161. Popham. Kadmos 15 105.

SECTION4.

THE POTTERY

279

162. For the author's earlier views on the distinctionbetween LM IB and LM II, and between LM II and early LM ΠΙΑ, see AJA 68 (1964) 349-354, DPK 79-88, BSA 62 (1967) 339-345 (some details of which now need modifyingin the lightof the Mansion's finds)and BSA 79 (1975) 372-4. For chronology,see BSA 69 (1974) 255 with references,basically unchangedsince Furumark'sstudy.New LM IB at Knossos, Warren^/? 1980-1, 75-89; LM II at Mallia, Pelon, Mallia Maisons III. 163. Discussed most recentlyin BSA 75 (1980) 165-6, to be supplementedby comparative material cited above in the detailed discussions,and generallysupported by new findsfrom Kommos. 164. DPK 63-81 and BSA 62 (1967)343-5. 165. E.g. compare the cups on PLATES 147 and 156, 1 (LM II) with 172, 1-6 (LM IIIA 1). 166. E.g. PLATES 165, 8-9 and 160, 7-9. 167. Theirexistencein LM IIIA 1 is assured by, forexample, Sellopoulo T.4, BSA 69 (1974) 206-10, wherenote 10 is incorrect.They are absent in the Mansion's LM II deposits. 168. From the fill of the robbing trenchover the S. wall, PLATE 14 level 7, the contentsof whichwere mostlyLM II, to whichperiod it could, of course,belong. 169. The differenceis much more obvious in Sellopoulo T. 4, BSA 69 (1974) Figs. 7 and 9, so we may be in part dealingwith LM II hangoversor admixture. 170. FS 267; the fabrictoo is somewhatunusual. 171. See my remarksin BSA 64 (1969) 301-2. 172. An account of the stratigraphyof these areas will be found above in the sections on theirexcavation. 173. An outline and statisticson Pits 10+11, apart fromthat givenin the main account, may be useful despite the imperfectnature of the deposit. It comprised some 12 zembils of fragmentarysherds. About 80% was undecorated and of that about 80% coarse with a high proportion of kitchenware; the remaining20% was fine plain ware belongingto conical cups (40 bases), champagnecups (42 feet), kylikes(13 stems) and shallow bowls (33 bases). Of the 20% decorated ware, nearly all belonged to cups and included 12 outlined handles; about half the sherdswith bands were of the new versionwith thickouter bands; on bases the base band had an additional line above it on the majorityof examples. Over a half of the cup sherds were so small that decorative motives were uncertain. Of kylikes, there were 5 roll handles, solid painted apart froma reservedV at thejunction with the rim,and 3 banded kylix one of Chaniot fabric. stem/feet, 174. This will be to some extent made good by the preliminaryaccount of a LM IIIA 2 deposit to be published in AR 1982-3, of which ProfessorWarrenkindlysent me advanced proofs. 175. Panalled patternswith zig-zagfill are fairlycommon but have not been included in the motivessince theircomplete designwas uncertain. 176. A fragmentary cup of this shape withring-footand decorativezone of 'N' pattern(not illustrated)has a spiral on the interiorbut its context is uncertain.The shape and its probable Mycenaean originare discussedin DPK 69. 177. The sherdsat PLATE 183b-c, right,are clearlyby the same painter;the bottom sherd is froma kylixapparentlydecorated outside withhornsof consecration. 178. The flowersare of an early type and it may be that the systemof using a thick band border with thin borderinglines is an early featuretoo. Religious motives - horns of consecration and the double axe - may have enjoyed a renewedpopularity.The shape could well be borrowed from the Mycenaean repetoire,FS 304, the stemmedbowl, and resemblesan early LH IIIA 2 versionin its short,'humped' foot,BSA 60 (1965) 167 Fig. 4, 8. 179. Discussed by the authorin BSA 69 (1974) 210 with Fig. 9. 180. An outline discussion of the development of kylikes and of the champagne cup has been givenby the authorin BSA 64 (1969) 299-304. 181. One such archedfoot and banded stem are of typicalChaniot fabric.Anotherrimsherd of identicalfabricmay be part of the same vase, PLATE 122b, 3rd row, 2nd sherd. 182. BSA 64 (1969)301 Fig. 4. 183. See also BSA 65 (1970) 191-2 and referencescited there. 184. Cf BSA 65 (1970) 233 Fig. 22, 10, LM IIIA fromPalaikastro.

280

SECTION5.

THE SEALS AND SEALING

185. See below forreferenceto itspublication and forthe association of a fragmentary kylix withwhorl-shelldecorationwhichhelps confirmthe LM IIIB date of the deposit. 186. BSA 65 (1970) 195-202 to whichreferenceshould be made forfullerdiscussion. 187. See BSA 64 (1969) 299-304 for a discussion of the developmentof the kylixand for other decorated examples. See Kastelli Fig. 14, 12 for conical type and Plate 8,10 forshallow, rounded version. 188. Kadmos VIII (1969) 43-5. 190. Seenöte 185 above. 191. Illustratedin AR 1972-3 60, Fig. 44 left. Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 289, Fig. 10a; Kritsa,BSA 62 (1967) Plate 89b. 192. LM II: L 136 and unnumberedbowl fragmentsmentioned at the end of the Room Ν catalogue; ogival canopy, FM 13, whateverits derivationis a strongMycenaean preference; dotted scales with swastikafill,FM 48, may be the same and is not infrequent,cf. Kythera298 withillustrationsand the forthcomingpublicationof the Kea LM IB/LH II deposits. LM IIIA 1: H 40 on fabricand shape, FS 267. LM IIIB: PLATE 123d witha sherdof a Zygourieskylixand ?kalathoswithwhorlshell decoration on the interior.Dr. E. Frenchhas kindlyinformedme she knows of no parallel to the latter. It is unfortunatethat the Minoan sherdsfound in the same context are so few and mixed, since this would have supplied a much needed synchronism between the two regions. 193. Dr. R. Jones, who will be publishingthe resultsof variousclay analysesincludingones fromthe Mansion, has informedme that its chemical composition is indistinguishable(except in Na) fromthat of a contemporarygroup of Knossian vases, a resultnot to be expected of a Cycladic import. 194. Up to the end of LM IIIA 1 it is Knossos which is exportingand influencingW. Crete and elsewhere on the island, so imports earlier than LM IIIA 2 are not to be expected. It is interesting,however, that a reverse direction of exchange should have happened so quickly afterwards. A furtherstirrupjar sherd (PLATE 109c, 3rd on bottom row), though in a mixed level could well belong to its basic LM IIIB context. 195. See remarksof Tsedakis, BCH xciii (1969) 412 n. 1; Popham, BSA 65 (1970) 202; Kanta, The LM III Period 289.

SECTION 5.

The seals and sealing

I would like to thank M.R. Popham for invitingme to study this materialand preparingthe photographs; J. Sakellarakis and the staffof Heraklion Museum for facilitiesto study it; I. Pini for advice and for the photographson PLATE 190b and c; and Jean Bees for amending and adding to the drawingsmade by Susan Bird. 1. eg. by Kenna, CS 365-89 or CMS VII 197-8 which he called LH (sic Helladic!) IIIC; and by Boardman,GGFR 59-60, pls. 190-193 and 199-200. 2. eg. HM 1968 froman LM IB context, Royal Road excavations,Knossos. 3. eg. Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 98, Fig. 66, no. 45 and 118, Figs. 120-1, nos. 104-5; JHS 22 (1902) 76ff.,no. 109, pl. IX. 4. eg. CMS V 182, haematitelentoid;CMS XIII 22, amethystamygdaloid;cf. our 10. 5. BSA 74 (1979) 274 ff.;CMS BeiheftI Iff. 6. eg. CMS I 13, Mycenae Shaft Grave III; CMS I 221, 234, 250, 254-5, 260, Vapheio tholos. 7. eg. CMS XIII 124, CMCG 275. 8. eg. CMS V 247, 250, 258, 272. 9. GGFR 48. 10. eg. CMS V 193. 11. eg. CMS X 277; CMCG 185. 12. HM 1659 = BSA 47 (1952) 275, Fig. 16, no. 111:23, pl. 54; HM 1966; CMS I 206 respectively.

SECTION5.

THE SEALS AND SEALING

281

13. HM 1713=55^ 51 (1956) 93f., Fig. 5, no. 3, pl. 14; Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 97, Fig. 63, no. 42; I.A. Papapostolou, Ta Sphragismataton Chanion (Athens, 1977) 56ff.,nos. 13-14, pls. 1, 24, 25 - respectively. 14. CMS I 143, Mycenae chambertomb 515 (LH II). 15. CMS V 191 ;CMCG 185. 16. HM 2116; CMS I 8 - respectively. 17. CMS VII p. 187, referring to nos. 151-3. 18. eg. CMS V 745, Pteleon (LH IIIA2); CMS I 387, Menidi tholos (LH IIIB). 19. eg. CMS V 437-8, Nichoriatholos (LH IIIA2 - Bl). 20. eg. CMS I 212, Prosymna tomb 13 (LH IIIA2); CMS V 730, Mega-Monastiritomb gamma (LH ΠΙΑ - Β). 21. BibO SI (1974) 309ff. 22. Papapostolou, op. cit. (fn. 13) 66f., no. 23, pls. 4, 34, 35 and no. 24, pls. 2, 34, 35; CMS II2 16 - respectively. 23. CMS II2 36, 57, 211 - respectively. 24. BSA 28 (1926-7) 276ff.; cf. A. Furumark,Mycenaean Pottery (Stockholm, 1972) 161-5; G. Walberg,Kamares (Uppsala, 1976) 124. 25. Kenna, CS p. 45, Figs. 78-81; Festschriftfür FriedrichMatz (Mainz, 1962) 5ff.; cf. TUAS 6 (1981) 2ff. 26. PM IV 216ff.,Fig. 167a/b and 489, Fig. 419 bis. 27. eg. CS 142; CMS VIII 103; CMS II5 299-300, sealingsfromPhaistos (MM IIB), probably impressedby signets. 28. eg. CMS VIII 115; HM 1623 = CMS II2 48, lion, Prophètes Elias tomb 5 (MM II - III); HM 621 = CMS II2 213, boar, Knossos. 29. HM sealing 180, bearing impressionsof three differentseals of this kind, Hieroglyph deposit, Knossos (MM III), = PM I 272, Fig. 201 and 276, Fig. 206; also AGDS II 13 which, pace Boardman,/j/andGems (London, 1963) 126, no. F21, is a MM III black steatitediscoid. 30. HM 1660, turquoise stone, calf or bull, Geometric tomb near Knossos; CS 206, black steatite,calf, Mirabello; CMS IV 168, black steatite,bull, Knossos; HM 1410, steatite,Knossos; CMS I Suppl. 151; HM sealing61, Zakro (LM IB), impressedby a small circularseal, perhapsan earlierdiscoid, bearinglion's head in profile(cf. HM 1623, fn. 28 above). 31. eg. CMS Us 51, impressedby circularseal - disc, button or signet;34 by rectangular flattenedcylinder(cf. CMCG 144; AGDS I 19). 32. CMS II2 51, disc; 55, three-sidedprism;64, signet. 33. CMS II2 38; 15; 253; CMS V 483 - respectively. 34. CMS II ! 257; 164; 334 - respectively. 35. eg. CMS II2 55, ProphètesElias (MM II - III); 268, Mirabello; 294, unknown provenience; CMS I Suppl. 108, unknownprovenience. 36. CMS X 21; CMCG 126 - respectively. 37. P.M. Warren,Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge,1959) 127f. 38. see also CMS X p. 19. 39. eg. CMS V 163 and 171, Kokkalata and Lakkithra (Kephallenia); 217, Brauron; 229, Chalkis; 373-5 and 412, Medeon (Phocis); 617, Kladeos (Elis); 737, 739 and 742, Mega Monastiri(Thessaly); X 206-8, unknownprovenience. 40. CMS V 271, 277-8 and othersunpublished;CS 361. 41. eg. CMS I 300; I Suppl. 29; V 591-2, 620 and 630. 42. CMS II2 65 and 68. 43. CMS Πχ 432; II2 246; 128; 148 - respectively. 44. see also CMS Xp. 19. 45. Warren,op. cit (fn. 37) 138ff.; CMS X p. 19f.; GGFR 15f.; P. Yule, Early CretanSeals (Mainz, 1980) 198. 46. cf. CMS X p. 289, nos. 66 and 67 respectively. 47. cf. CMS X p. 288, nos. 242, 203 and 236 respectively. 48. cf. CMS X p. 290f., nos. 84 and 318 respectively. 49. eg. CMCG 396-8, p. 81f.; Kenna, The Cretan TalismanicStone in the Late Minoan Age (Lund, 1969) pl. 6. 50. PM 1673, Fig. 492c.

282

SECTION6.

TERRACOTTAFIGURINES

51. CMS VIII 152; CMS X 102; cf. our 12. 52. AAA 11 (1978) 61ff. 53. eg. CMS VII 63; CMS II2 16, room beta, Kamilaritholos (MM ΠΙΑ). 54. cf. (thoughwithout the stalk-likefeature) CS 275-6; BM (Egyptian Dept.) 23161; HM 772, Mochlos (LM I?); HM 1953, Field of Terracottas,Knossos (LM I?) - all amygdaloidswith concave-facetedbacks; HM 336 - three-sidedprismwith amygdaloid-shapedfaces. For LM I sealingsfromChania impressedby two seals bearingthe same motif,see fn. 22 above. 55. HM 197 = Gournia 54, App. Β. Fig. 30:2; CMS I 270, Rutsi tholos; CMS V 677, Kalamaki (Thebes) tomb 7. 56. CMS VII 71; VIII 152; X 102; CS 234; HM 1736 = £5,4 53-4 (1958-9) 245, no. 11:4, pl. 62, Gypsades tomb 2. 57. Papapostolou, op. cit. (fn. 13) 63f., no. 20, pls. 2, 30, 31 and no. 21, pls. 2, 32, 33; HM sealing552 = ASAA 8-9 (1925-6) 93, Figs. 53-4, nos. 29-30 -respectively. 58. CS 302 =PM IV 1018, Fig. 996; HM sealing 530=^S^^l 8-9 (1925-6) 95, Fig. 58, no. 35 - respectively. 59.JHS 24 (1904) 323f., Fig. lc. 60. sic Evans,PM III 148ff. 61. PM I 703, Fig. 529 and IV 490, Fig. 420; HM ring 989 = Archaeology 20 (1967) 280, Fig. 13 - respectively.

SECTION 6.

Terracottafigurines

1. To be publishedshortly. 2. Evans, PM i, 175. Pendlebury,AC, 107. M.P. Nilsson,The Minoan-MycenaeanReligion, 2nded. (Lund, 1950) xxiii, 192. S. Alexiou, Minoan Civilisation(Heraklion,1973) 86. Melanges Charles Picard, ii, 837, Fig. 3 (Poros). AE 1912, 229, Fig. 37; Études Cretoises iii, 104 (Tylissos).A Delt xiii (1930-31), 159 (Vorou). 3. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 19, top. 4. Études Cretoisesiii, pl. XXXIX: Zervos,Crete, Fig. 226. 5. Études Cretoises,ii, 59. AE 1937, pt. 1, 83. 6. No. 22 in the forthcomingpublication. l.Annuario. 1963-4, 12, Fig. 7. S.KrKhr. xii (1958), 179ff. 9. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 15. 10. ibid, pl. 17. 11. Palazzo di Festos, ii, 114, Fig. 62. 12. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 132, top. 13. ibid, pl. 132, bottom. 14. ibid, pls. 128-31. 15. ibid, pls. 135-7. 16. No. 10505. HeraklionMuseum Guide (1968), 85; otherwiseunpublished. 17. Robinson Festschrift,i, pl. 4. 18. Boardman,CretanCollection,pl. 21, nos. 261 and 265. 19. cf. BSA lv (1960), pls. 7-10. 20. Buchholz-Karageorghis, 380, no. 1250. 21. Annuariovi-vii (1923-4), 135, Fig. 57. Annuario xiii-xiv (1930-31), 295, Fig. 39. 22. cf. Archaeologyxviii (1965), 118, Fig. 9, fromTell Nagiba (1750-1550). 23. Annuariovi-vii (1923-4), 197, Fig. 120. 24.ClRh. i, 63, Fig. 44. 25. To be published shortly. 26. Pseira: Seager,Pseira 23, Fig. 7 and 31, pl. 9. Pachyammos:BrooklynMuseum Quarterly, xii (1935), 1 15. Vasiliki: unpublished.HeraklionMuseum no. 6850. Thera: PAE 1969, pl. 232. 27. Phaestos: Palazzo di Festos i, 374, Fig. 225. Palaikastro: BSA xi (1904-5), 287. Gournia: Gournia,Colour PI. I, left. 28. Zervos,Crète, Figs. 516-7.

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

283

29. cf. ibid, Figs. 284-9 passim. 30. See C. Laviosa, Annuario xlvii-xlviii,(1969-70) 7ff. 31. ibid., 27, Fig. 26. 32. BSA lxii (1967), pl. 76e. Pendlebury,AC 246, Fig. 43. 33. Furumark,MP414, Fig. 72. 34. BSA lxvi (1971), 116, 131, 139. ,4 Belt. Chr. xxiv (1969), pl. 435. 35. BSA lxvi (1971), pl. 16. 36. BSA lxvi (1971), 151ff.

SECTION 7. The Bronzes 1. We are gratefulto Mr. M.R. Popham for his generousinvitationto undertakethe study and publication of the copper and bronze objects from the Unexplored Mansion. We were assisted in the Herakleion Museum by Miss A. Lembessis and Dr. Y. Sakellarakis.Dr. D. Evely providedvaluable informationconcerningthe materialfound in 1968. HWC and Ε AC are jointly responsiblefor the catalogue, Ε AC for the drawings,HWC for the commentary.The photographswere taken by Dr. C.B. Mee. In the catalogue entriesthe followingterminologyhas been used: SCRAP While much of the materialcategorizedhad been brokenup deliberatelyand is in a real sense scrap, the pieces remain identifiable,and have been described by categories. But much remains whose original form and function can hardly be guessed, which is labelled as scrap. This is material deliberatelybroken up, presumablyfor remelting.Occasional suggestionsof identity are to be treated with caution. The majority of pieces were part of sheet metal objects - vessels,saws, facings. WASTE describes identifiable objects, frequently complete in themselves,seen as the byproducts of the castingprocess, includingthe jets, risers,fragmentsof web thatadhered to the new castingwhen freshlytaken fromthe mould, to be brokenoffby the founderand kept for remelting.Drops or lumps of spilledmetal are included. CASTING EQUIPMENT describes materials used in the preparation of the mould for use almost exclusively the metal wire used to strap the two parts of a two-piecemould together ('Mould Wire') and the cruciblesin which the metal was melted and preparedforpouringinto the mould. The description 'bronze' has been used as a convention when the object has not been analysed. Objects analysed can be distinguishedby the resultof theiranalysisbeingincluded in the catalogue entry. The results have been published by the author and Dr. R.E. Jones in Archaeometry19 (1977) 57-66. Subsequent analyses by Dr. N. Gale have not been published as yet and it has not been possible to take account of his resultsin thisaccount. 2. From Knossos - PM ii, 627ff; Hagia Triadha - referencesin PZ 37 (1959), 32-34; Tylissos- Hazzidakis, Tylissos (Paris,1921), 54f; Zakro - Zakro 80 and Fig. 39. 3. Gournia pl. iv. I do not regardthe meltinghoards encounteredratherlater on the mainland and in Cyprus - Thesauri,passim; CBMW 278- 291; Alasia I 381-432 - as comparable to this highlyspecialized complex. Rathernearerin type,perhaps,is the late thirteenth- early twelfthcentury complex of metalwork and other objects found with the Cape Gelydonia ship - G.F. Bass, Cape Gelydonia: A Bronze Age Shipwreck,Philadelphia,1967 - thoughthis, too, seems more akin to the meltinghoards than our workshop.G.F. Bass, however,was of the opinion that the ship carried an itinerantbronzesmithand the greaterpart of his workshop equipment and raw materials.Thanks chieflyto the differencein date, no doubt, thereis very little overlap between the contents of the Unexplored Mansion workshopand the cargo of the Cape Gelydonia ship. 4. Knossos - Zapher Papoura Tombs 14 and 36 - PTK 34-45, 51-59; Knossos: Sellopoulo Tombs 3 and 4 - BSA 69, (1974), 196-257; Arkhanes- tholos tomb - PZ 45, 152-3; Arkhanes - Grave Enclosure - AAA 5 (1972), 399ff; Phaistos, Tombe dei Nobili Tomb 8 - Mon Ant 14, 533-4; Chania, Tomb behind the Lawcourts - Forschungenauf Kreta, 1942 (Berlin,1951), 73f. 5. For examples of which note the so-called FoundryHoard at Enkomi - CBMW 278-281 and refs.

284

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

6. Some such explanation mightbe looked for in the lightof the bizarreconditionsunder which smithswere apparentlyexpected to work at Pylos - Documents 2, 351-360; see J.T. Hooker, Linear B. An Introduction (Bristol, 1980), 107ff, with references.L.R. Palmer, Mycenaean Greek Texts (Oxford,1963), 279-287. 7. Enkomi^ Foundry Hoard, d 23 - CBMW 162-63 and pl. 25:e; Enkomi, Cachette de Fondeur aux Epées - d 24 - Alasia I, 411, 419-421; 368, Fig. 1; 378, Fig. 9; 418, Fig. 22; Enkomi - Tresorde Bronzes - En komi-Alasia 44, no. 35 and Fig. 3:35; CBMW 163, 2 and pi 25f; Enkomi,MiniatureHoard - Enkomilll, pi 172:6;CBMW 163 and pl. 25d. 8. BSA 69, 242-45. 9. See PAE 1970, 189, PI. 290b = Thera IV, 39, PI 92b. 10. See BSA 69, 248, no. 1 = BKMK 126, no 123. ll.Zakro - PAE 1966, 146f, Fig. 2, pi 131; Zakro 216, fig on ρ 219; Vaphio - AE 1889, 145, 159, pi 8:10, 10a = BKMK 305, no 468 and pi 56; Thera, PAE 1971, 209, pi 291 = Thera V 22, pi 35a, 76. 12. On jugs fromKnossos, Thera and Mycenae - see BKMK pi 31-33; forthe Zakro brazier, refsquoted n. 1 1 above. 13. d BKMK 208-209. 14. C£MW 94 and refs. 15. See 'Abbreviations'. 16. The author made a closer study of the mainland material than was possible for the Cretan. 17. Matthäus,with only a briefnotice of this piece in BSA 69, 249, to go on, assignedit to his VariantE, a distinguishing featureof which is that the rimis separatelycast and attached. 18. Piaton in PAE 1966, 148-49 and Fig. 2, pi 131. 19. AE 1889, 159 and pi 8:10 and 10a = BKMK no 468. 20. Marinatos,PAE 1971, 209 and pi 291 = BKMK no 469. 21. ^4^ 1889, 158 and pi 8,8; detailed drawing,Marinatosin BSA 37 (for 1936-37), 188 Fig. 2. 22. loc. cit. 23. BKMK, 305 24. Two examples fromKnossos - BSA 62, pi 80a (Royal Road); AR 1972-73, 56, Fig. 19 (Unexplored Mansion) and two from the mainland - ChT at Mycenae, pi III, 2 and Kreta, Thera. . . Hellas, pi 254, top, fromRutsi - sufficeto make the point. 25. See, for instance, the unpublished thesis of E.N. Davis, The Vaphio cups and Aegean gold and silver work (1973) and R. Laffineur,Les vases en métal précieux à l'époque mycénienne,Göteborg,1977. 26. See, eg, A. Sakellariou,Antike Kunst 17 (1974) 3-20. 27. RT, frontispieceand pis ix- xi. 28. SG 148, no 855 and pi 134; Kreta, Thera. . . Hellas, pi 217. From CircleA, GraveV. 29. BKMK nos 311, 319, 322, 331 and 337. 30. CBMW 185-86. 31. BSA 69, 238, nos 37, 38, Fig. 24 and ρ 251. 32. CBMW 162-63 and pi 25e. 33. TheraV, pi 56a. 34. C.F.A. Schaeffer,UgariticaI, Paris, 1939, 44 and Fig. 33. 35. Mochlos 62 and Fig. 26, right. 36. Katsambas 46 and pi 8 B, centre= BKMK no 414. 37. BKMK nos 417-18 withrefs. 38. BKMK no 416. 39. BKMK p' 31. 40. AE 1889, pi 8, 6. 41. See BKMK 301-302. 42. BSA 69, 233, no 24 and Fig. 21. 43. BKMK Form 32. 44. Circle Β, 172, Ν 309 and pi 151a, b. Matthäus - BKMK no 321 - describesthe ringas lead. 45. BKMK no 322.

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

285

46. Eg BKMK nos 1,2,6,9,27, 192, 196,208,218,220,294. 47. AJA 67 (1963) 133. 48. BSA 69, 229, no 3 and Fig. 16. 49. 4M 67, 132-33, 149-150. 50. BSA 51 (1956) 8 Iff,especially Fig. 3 and pi 15. 51. op cit Fig. 3, nos 6 and 7 and ρ 98. 52. BSA 47 (1952), 243-277. 53. PPS 21 (1955) 174-197, where such knivesformher classes 3a and 3b; the matteris discussed furtherby her in BSA 53-54, 232-33; see also BSA 63, 95 no 10, Fig. 3 and pi 23g, withρ 107. 54. I am aware of Olaf Höckmann's studyof Minoan/Mycenaeanspears - 'Lanze und Speer im spätminoischen und mykenischenGriechenland', in Jd Römisch-GermanischenZentralmuseumsMainz 27, (1980), 13-158, an expanded versionof his 'Lanze und Speer', ChapterX in Arch Homérica: Kriegswesen 2, Ε 275-319. Also R.A.J. Avila, Bronzene Lanzen- und PfeilspitzendergriechischenSpätbronzezeit (= PrähistorischeBronzefundeV, 1) Munich,1983. It is a testimonyto the obstinacy of the spearheads of the Aegean Bronze Age in resisting wholly convincingclassificationthatnone of the threeUnexploredMansion weapons obviously fitsinto the schemesof eitherHöckmann or Avila. 55. BSA 47,270, Fig. 12 and pi 53; see CBMW 122-23; BSA 63, 105;BSA 69,244. 56. BSA 51, 91, Fig. 4. 57. loc cit no 12. 58. BSA 47, 245-246, 262, Fig. 8. 59.PTKFig. 113. 60. BSA 63, 105-07. 61. BSA 47, 271-72, Fig. 12 and pi 53b, top left. 62. Jdl 77 (1962) 11, Fig. 7; 19, Fig. 12,nosn-r. 63. op cit 26. 64. PPS 21, 175, Evans,Ρ ΤΚ 69, givesthe lengthas 34. 65. PPS 21, 188-190; thislistswell over 70 items. 66. As A. Hardinghas pointed out -PPS 41 (1975) 195ff- knivesare easily transportable, and it is surprisingto find how few Aegean kniveshave been reportedbeyond the main area in which theywere made and used. He quotes fourexamples found in Italy. 67. Hoard in the basementof a house SE of the S House - PM ii, Fig. 394, 5. Le Palais de Mallia i, 104, Figs. 137-38; Outils,no 2900. 68. van Effenterre, to ten saws fromZakro. 69. Zakro, 106, Fig. 55; 110, Fig. 58; Techniques 55, η 4, referring 70. Gourniapi iv, 3. 71. Outils 2899 and 2904. 72. Techniques 55-69, Figs. 43-46, 58-60. See also Palais de Mallia i, 104; Wells in Expedition 16, pt 4 (1974), 2-8. 7S.Prosymna 346, Fig. 244, 1 (LH IIIA - B); Alt Ithaka 1, 209, Fig. 69, 2, (apparently MH). See also Aegean Metalwork,26 and 168, no. 708. 74. A piece of scrap metal - publication forthcoming. 75. Zur Herkunftder kretischenDoppelaxt, Munich, 1959. 76. cf CBMW 91-92 and pl 8. 77. On double-axes,see also Thesauri134-35, and Hardingin PPS 41, 190-93. 78. Outils i, 88-89, ii, 38-39 withpl ix and lv: 2 and 5 79. AE 1906, 133-35, pl VII 3 = PM i, 194, Fig. 141 A; Outils ii, 318 no 718. 80. Aegean Metalwork 25, Type III, 169-170 and pis 14 and 15 has somewhatblurredthe issue of this class of chisel's developmentand chronologyby enmeshingit among the developmentof less specialisedtools. 81. eg Gournia pl iv, 9, 10 and 1 1; PKU pl xxv ?;Palais de Mallia i 103 Fig. 130; PM ii 629 Fig. 392, 12. 82. PTK Fig. 49, fromthe 'Carpenter'sTomb'. 83. SG 223, pl xcviiiand Fig. 57, nos 424, 438 and 773. 84. Thesauri Figs. 23ff and pis 9-10, Mycenae, Tsountas Hoard; 54, no 9 and Fig. 115, Mycenae, Mylonas Hoard, 48 no 9 and Fig. 96, Mycenae,Poros Wall Hoard; 68-69, nos 6a, b, Figs. 128-29 and pl 20g, AthensAkropolisHoard.

286

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

85. Akrotiri,Thera - Thera VII, pi 52e; Kos - Asclepieion,Annuario 50-51 (1975), 255, no 2, Figs. 200, 201, Seragliosettlement,op cit 276-77, Fig. 234, right. 86. Techniques 70-73, with Fig. 47. 87. Outils i, 86-87. 88. Outils ii, 36-37; Aegean Metalwork 169-170. 89. Mallia Palace - Etudes Cretoisesiv, 42 and pi xxiif,Mallia, House delta beta, Etudes Cretoisesix, 60 no 2261; Gournia pi iv, 15-16; PKU pi XXVO. 90. CBMW 95 withreferences. 91. Thesauri45f, Figs. 79-83, possibly fromthe Tsountas Mycenae Hoard; 48, Figs. 9798 and pi 16d, Mycenae Poros Wall Hoard; 60, no 6, Fig. 135 and pi 21e, Athens Akropolis Hoard. 92. Outils i, 46-47; ii, 10-11 and pi 11. 93. Techniques, 69-70 with Figs. 36 and 48. A diagramin Palais de Mallia i, 106, Fig. 142 illustratesone modus operandi forsuch a drill. 94. Gournia pi iv, 12-14; Festos ii, 394 no 40 and Fig. 237f; Unpublished Objects pi XXVQ. 95. Thesauripi 1 7 no IX. 96. BSA 48, pi 2c second fromright;BSA 49, 292 no 418; Thesaun 48, 8d. 97. Spyropoulosin AAA 3 (1970) 264, no 18 and Fig. 3; Thesaun 221 and pi 35a. 98. CBMW 96-97 with Fig. 10 and pi IX; I am now less sure whethermy Type b drills were correctlyidentified. 99. Six are mentionedPKU 119, Ν (called 'stilettos'); one, 1 19.5, is figuredop cit pi XXV; the Gourniaawl - Gourniapi iv, 17 - is 16.7 long. 100. Thesauri37-38, no 12, Figs. 63-71 and pi 13i. 101. Enkomi ii, 623 no 1654 withpi 153 no 12. 102. BSA 69,228 Fig. 17. 103. Knossos, Hospital Tomb II, 4 and III, 14 - BSA 47, 267 and 271, with Fig. 12. 104. BSA 47 , 265 and Fig. 12 - similartweezerswere found in Mavro Spelio Tomb V BSA 28, 257 no 4 and Fig. 38. 105. Annuario xiii- xiv, 274 and Fig. 19. 106. CBMW 229 and references;Thesauri113-116. 107. Thesauri38-40, Figs. 72-76 and pi 14. 108. R.E.Jones and H.W. Catling,Archaeometry19 (1977) 57-66. 109. CBMW 105, withreferences. 110. Aegean Metalwork30 and 173-74. 111. Aegean Metalwork29, 173 and pi 15. 112. Gourniapi iv, 45 and 47. 113. Mallia Maisons ii, 146 and pi LI.3, describedas 'clous'. 114. Festos ii, 373 and Fig. 239, left;Gourniapi iv no 25, 1 10. 115. Gournia,pi iii, 54 and 62. 116. SG pi 162. 117. An exception is the pair fromMallia - Etudes Cretoisesv, 19, wherethe largestrivetis only 2.6 to our 3.2. 118. BKMK plates,passim. 119. BSA 51, 81-99, especially 86 and 99, no 22, with Figs. 1 and 3, pi 16b. 120. PM ii 382-84, PM iv, 993-95; Graham,Palaces of Crete, 175-79 and Fig. 112. 121. EgPTK Fig. 35a fromthe Tomb of the Tripod Hearth. 122. Alasia I, 411, no 12 and 378, Fig. 9. 123. PM 124. Zakro 147, Fig. 90, now exhibited in the Zakro room of the HerakleionMuseum,HM 2611-2612. 125. Thesauri74f, Fig. 139 and pi 23g, 110-111. 126. Hood, BSA 51, 96-97 and references;Sanders,BSA 53-54, 234-35; Catling,BSA 63, 107-108. 121 . Prosymna332Î. 128. Well illustrated by an example from Stamnae Pediados, Tomb E.ll (Herakleion Museum).

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

287

129. Razor with plain butt - Prosymna Fig. 604, fromTomb XXVI; razor withlong tangCircle Β pi 100 a and b, Mycenae Circle B, Tomb Iota; razor with shorttang ('cruciform')PTK Fig. 78, fromTomb 64. 130. BSA 53-54, 234-35. 131. BSA 51, 98 with Fig. 4 and pi 15a, top centre. 132. CBMW 229 and pi 40g. 133. EgPKU pi XXVU; Gourniapi iv, 30. 134. On these, see Branigan,Bronze Workingin Early Bronze Age Crete, Lund, 1968, ρ 32 and 36-38. 135. BSA 28, 268 and Fig. 38, fromMavro Spelio Tomb IX; BSA 47, 277 and Fig. 18, from Tomb V, 10. 136. CretanCollection,45-46, nos 210-216 and pi XV. 137. Aegean Metalwork33, 176-77, nos 1442-1453. 138. Mallia Maisons ii, pi 29, Β 3 and 51, 2. 139. CretanCollection, 8. 140. Op cit 12, nos 24-31 and pis IV-V. 141. AJ. Evans in PM Index sv figurines'; W. Lamb, GreekBronzes, London, 1929; Cretan Collection 6-9, with references.Davaras, 'Trois bronzes minoens de Skoteino' in BCH 93 (1969) 620-650; the same, 'Chalkini Minoïki Latreis tis Sullogis Metaxa' in AE 1977 (1979) 109-127. 142. L 109, L 137, L 124, H 15, H 90, H 199, O 3 and Ν 76. 143. Such moulds as Gourniapl. iii. 144. Possiblyfromsaws, M 70 and M 97; possiblyfromvesselsM 1,M18,M23,M39,M51, M 106, M 127, M 131, M 182, H 39. 145. M 185, M 5, M 22, M 130, M 113, M 186,M 86, M 10, M 132, M 7, Ν 129, M 2, M 187, M 92a, M 189, M 190, L 20, L 27, L 25, L 13, L 67, H 200, H 201, H 202, H 87, H 73, H 203, H 76, Ρ 131, Ρ 134 and Ν 77. 146. L 139, L 140, H 29 and Ρ 12. 147. Gourniapl. iii, 27. 148. Eg. the Gourniamould, Gourniapl. iii. 149. M 194, L 145, L 93, L 30, L 146, L 29, L 31, L 17, L 147, L 148, H 43, H 102, H 208 and Ρ 62. 150. See Archaeometry19 (1977) 61. 151. M 192, M 193, L 142, L 143, H 9, H 47, H 206, Ρ 135, Ρ 29, Ν 65, Ν 66, Ν 67 and Ν 68. 152. Η 94, Η 95, Η 64, and Ν 79. 153. L 144, Η 207, Ο 4 and O 5 Ν 26. 154. CretanCollection 11, no. 14 and pl. II; op cit 12, no. 35 and pl. VII. 155. CBMW 276 and pi 5 If. There were jets in the Cape Gelydonia cargo - Bass, Cape Gelydonia 114-116 and Fig. 127, Β 229-234. 156. L 73, L 141, Η 204, Η 12, Η 2, Η 205, Ν 10 and N 32. 157. Complete, M 195, M 196, H 92, H 68, H 209, Ρ 66, P. 67 and Mise. 4; frags.,L 149, L 52, Mise. 5-8. 158. Hesperia 21 (1962) 277 and pi 98. 159. A Historyof Metallurgy, London, 1976, 20, Fig. 13L and 18, Fig. 11. 160. Aegean Metalwork,69-71 and 203 nos C1-C22. 161. Thermi157 and references. 162. In P. Mountjoy,Four Early Mycenaean Wells(Mise Graeca Fasc 4) 80-85. 163. Enkomi ii, 731, no 904; 737, no 1195, pi 174. 164. Eg Gournia pi iii, 62 (?nail or staple, ratherthan billet); largerbillets,of course, will have been cast in the composite mould, ibid no 67. 165. Zur Herkunftder kretischenDoppelaxt, 7-8. 166. Op cit, 37-38. 167. Thesauri,passim. 168. For this pin type see CBMW 71, referringto GreekPins 133f and Âstr'ôm,The Middle

288

SECTION 7.

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Cypriot Bronze Age, Lund, 1957 201 and 250f (= SCE IV, pt). The pin was particularly popular in Cyprus in the transitionalperiod between MC III and LC I - cf eg Karageorghis, Nouveaux Documents pour l'Étude du Bronze Recent à Chypre,Paris 1965, ρ 52 and references.

SECTION 8. The otherfinds 1. In this and the followingdiscursivesections, the same abbreviationsforsize and weight are retained as have been used in the catalogues. Illustrationsinvolvingpatternedpieces were drawnby the skilledhand of Sue Bird. In preparingthe catalogue entries,I wish to acknowledge the expert help of I.K. Whitbread,Science Officerof the Fitch Laboratory (Petrology)at the BSA, on matters of identificationof stone type; and generallytoo that of Harriet Blitzer Watrous,whose deep practical expertiseand experience helped me gain a perspectiveon these objects: cf. her Ground Stone Implementsat Gournia, Temple UniversityAegean Symposium 4 (1979) 46ff. 2. Excluding such items as pumice, obsidian and the 'neolithic' axes: all of which were put to a practicaluse. 3. Such 'damage' can be broadly divided into polishing, and chipping/abradingfrom actions. No opportunityhas presenteditselfto engage in large scale experpounding-grinding imentsto determinewhat tasks cause what kind of damage. 4. For example, was a stone now displayinga prominentgloss chosen for that quality to act as a polisher,or did it acquire the same as a resultof beingused forpolishing?Certaintyis not always possible. 5. Eight from LMII contexts;? 1 fromlater ones. Compare Hawes, Gournia 32.12, pl. Ill (datingMMIII- LMI) - fromthe Hill House, a buildingof rank,but no closer contextsgiven. 6. Over 10 from sundry LMII levels; with others in mixed tool groups from Room H 222, (H 228): indeed the majorityare fromthisroom. Cf. Hawes, Gournia 32.3, pl. Ill (dating MMIII- LMI) - of unknowncontext and uncertainuse therefore. 7. Seven from LMII layers, ?2 later. 'Palettes': Xanthoudides, VTM passim, e.g. pl. xxi, xxxviii (?cosmetic purposes) in various Mesara tholoi (EM- MMII); Hazzidakis, VMT 98.1, pl. xxviii.wfromTylissos (MMIII- LMI); and Hawes, Gournia 32.56, pl. Ill forgrindingcolours (MMIII-LMI). Ovoid disc: Warren,Myrtos 234.192, Fig. 102 (EMU). Humped form: Warren, BSA 60 (1965) Group Ha, 312.71 & 72, Fig. 24 and pl. 80a (LMIII) at Palaikastro. 8. Eight fromLMII contexts, ?1 froma later. Cf. Hawes, Gournia 32.24, pl. Ill, which is close to L 18 (MMIII-LMI). 9. Seventeen from LMII debris; 9 from later periods; 5 of uncertaindate. A good set of comparanda are available from: Warren,Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 307ff,Fig. 24, pls. 80a, b (MM-LMIII); Warren,Myrtos spherical with facets, Group Ib and lib, 234.184; spherical, Group la, 233.180-181; ovoid, Group Vb, 234; rod, Group IV, 233.182 - (all EMU), and cf. 307, ftnt. 100 for others listed from Tylissos, Trapeza and Mallia; Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 125.575, pl. xxx.3 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). 10. Five belong to LMII levels, 1 fromlater. Cylindrical:Pernier,Festos I 235, Fig. 112 close to M 4 (MMII); Hawes, Gournia 32.14-16, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Warren,Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 314.104, Fig. 21 (LMIb); Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 124ff., 256 and 610, pl. xxx.i (LMIIIc- Sub Minoan). Expanded Cylindrical:Chevallier,Mallia, E.C. xx 125, pl. xxxviii.5 (MMI); Hawes, Gournia 32.27, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 124ff.,339 and 579, pl. xxx.i (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). tool. 1 1. M 197 mightconceivablybe a workingblock ratherthan a polishing-pounding 12. Nine of LMII date, ?4 later. None are complete. Cf. Warren,Myrtos 224ff. (EMU); Hawes, Gournia 32.50, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Warren,Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 314.106 (LMIb). 13. For such a case, compare Shaw, He speria 46 (1977) 218 (LMI-III). 14. Three grooved, 6 plaques, 7 thin plates (with 7 undetermined)in LMII levels; 5 grooved and 3 plaque-formsare later: to which study of the Trench Note Books could add a few more of the 'potential' classes fromall periods. Though I can findno Minoan parallelsfor the grooved

SECTION8.

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289

forms,thereexist,plaques: Warren,Myrtos 236.202, Fig. 103 (EMU); Hawes, Gournia 32.2931, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Pendlebury,Karphi,BSA 38 (1937-38) 125, pl. xxx.3 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan); and thinplates: Chevallier,Mallia,E.C. xx 126, pl. xxxix.2 (MMI). 15. The firstpoint at which this may occur is, of course, duringthe excavation itself,when the objects may not be recognized for what they are - and here it should be rememberedthat the LMII levels of the Unexplored Mansion are marked by a massive stone collapse fromits upper storeys,as well as being riddled by subsequent robbing. Both factors will scatter the material and therebyhinderits retrieval.The second stage of loss occurs with the element of 'choice' that may impel the excavators to reject certainitems. The affairis not, however,as one-sidedas this mightsuggest.For whilst some tools have no doubt escaped detection,others have probably been added. This contrarysituation arises fromthe habit of packingwalls with rubble (particularlyhere - giventhe amount of tumbledwall debrisinvolvedin thissite): tools of all sorts (includingobsidian) are bound to find theirway into walls of such construction, fromwhich theycan re-emergein theiroverthrow,withoutthe excavatorbeing any the wiser. 16. Consult the individualroom accounts, wherethe difficultiesattendantin locatingproper floorsand datable horizonsare mournfullynoted. 17. Close nearby,and slightlylower in the fill,are the two othermixed tool groups (H 222, 228) mentionedpreviouslyin footnote6. 18. Cf. Warren,Myrtos 228.141-142 (EMU); but compare too, Catling, BSA 74 (1979) 61. S 34, Fig. 42 (LMI); and Hawes, Gournia 32.32-33, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI), where it is suggestedthat theyare hammers.Perhapsone is to envisagethemas beingheld in a forkedgrip, the two depressionsacting as some kind of locating socket. This would at least tally with the mentions the 'spindle-stand'identifimarks of pounding seen on mine. Dr. J. Carington-Smith cation at Myrtosas plausible, but has no otherexamples: I thankher forpermissionto include this and subsequent comments drawn from her unpublishedthesis - 'Spinning,Weavingand Textile Manufacturein PrehistoricGreece' (Hobart, Tasmania 1975). Cf. Hall, Vrokastro121, fromthe settlementand of Geometricdate. 19. One should note too the serpentinelamp (L 94) coated on the interiorwith a similar looking substance: the two are not linked stratigraphically.Specular haematite lumps are recorded from Rooms M and G/H - which is an interestingcoincidence that could argue for the powders being derived from that substance. Analysiswill be attempted- but since both ochre and haematite are essentiallythe same mineral,I am not sure of success. Amongstthe uses for red iron oxide, other than as a pigment,is its qualities as a polishing agent with metals - Wulff,The TraditionalCraftsof Persia 34, Fig. 40 (Cambridge,Massachusetts1966). 20. Consistingof 3 polishers/grinder-pounders, pestle, emery rod, pumice, and two whetstones (1 grooved). 2 emerypieces, pumice, a polisher/grinder-pounder, 21. Perhaps up to 6 grinder-pounders, a quern fragment,and 3 whetstones. metals in Room L; ivoryand precious metalsin Room M; 22. Such as ivory/crystal/precious and ivory/crystal/precious metals again in Room P. 23. In fairness,I should qualify that bald statementa little by pointingout that above the central and southern'basement' rooms of the Unexplored Mansion, and maybe amongstthem too to some degree,the workingor storage of metal was undertaken:hammerstones,abrasives and whettingtools would all be of use in such a milieu. 24. Identifiedfrom the fact that it scratches SheffieldSteel and rock-crystal,and froma visualinspectionby I.K. Whitbread. 25. The only account published to date for Crete is contained in Warren,MSV 160, with referenceto traces left on bore cores fromstone vase production (LM date), and a chip froma mixed level. 26. Recent excavations by Warren behind the StratigraphicalMuseum at Knossos have yielded many stone tools: a suitable milieu forfurtherpieces of emeryto appear in. 27. How practical is such a groove in use? Unless a short rod is placed in it, and both hands - grippingeitherend - used to bear down harder? 28. Cf. Lucas and Harris,AEMI 423ff.,which givesfurtherreferences. 29. See especiallyfootnotes5 to 14 above. 30. As footnote29. 31. Cf. passim, Platon, Praktika 1961 to date (MMIII-LMI). Othergood seriesare expected

290

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from Myrtos, Pyrgos and Kommos on the south coast, and recent British excavations at Knossos itself: cf. forKommos, Shaw, Hesperia 46-48 (1977-79), passim in the annual report of excavation. 32. Pumice (hardnessb' on Mohs' scale) has been used in a ground formin metal polishes (Encyclopedia Britannicallth editionVol. 22 645). 33. See the opinion expressed by Sakellarakis in Thera and the Aegean World,Congress, II. 2.37 6, where he observes that it was used as an abrasivein the ivoryworkshopin the House of Shields at Mycenae. More on this can be found in his Ivory and its workingin Mycenaean Times (Greekand Germantext), pages 31-2. Amongstthe otheruses thatpumice mightbe put to in the Minoan/Aegeanworld are the formationof cones for the legs of plastered offering tables (Doumas in Thera Congress77.2.376), and as a suggestedinsulatingmaterial(on roof of LMIb house at Chania - Hankey in Thera Congress77.2.340), and see too footnote35. 34. Four + only on floordeposits - Rooms L (1), Ν (several). 35. A very comprehensivereview of the distributionof pumice in Crete (from Neolithic times to the present) is presentedby Faure in Thera Congress7.422ff. He lists Mallia and its environs,Amnisos,Mirou Khani, Arkalochori,Zakro and Chania fromthe LM period, and also takes the opportunityto catalogue uses of pumice - both ancient and modern,fromwhich I mentionits alleged presence in the fabricof LMIIIb wares at Knossos (p. 423). Otherexamples of pumice as a tool can be seen at Mallia (cf. footnote 37 for reference),and at Kommos Shaw, Hesperia 46 (1977) 208 in LMIII contexts. 36. This materialis drawn fromLMII destructionlevels in the centre and southernareas of the Mansion: which only servesto underlinethe fact that the eruptionhad takenplace before the end of the LMII period, c. 1425 B.C. 37. Reported by Pichler in Thera Congress 77.2.304. The pumice in question had been investigatedby neutronactivation,and the identificationmade on the identical match of rare earths between it and the 'Minoan' pumice at Thera (which differsfrom all other Aegean pumice sources known to him). A fulleraccount is givenby Pichlerin A.A. 1980 35, the pieces comingfromRooms H and M. More analysisis promisedin the future. 38. There is no reason to argue that such pumice fell on Crete, ratherit could have washed onto the northerncoasts gradually as the sea currentsand wind carriedit fromThera. Or it mighthave been broughtby some human agency. 39. See forthcomingarticle for a breakdown by type (i.e. core, blade, flake etc.) and utilizationdamage. The materialcan also be dividedby the period of its context: 5 to pre-LMII levels, 69 to LMII, 30 fromLMIII, 6 frompost-Minoan,and 9 of uncertaindate. A room-byroom account gives A:8; B:2; C:3; D:6; H:48; L:6; M: 14; N:2; 0:5; P:5; N. Corridor:10; NE Platform: 6 ; S of building: 1, and a few unplaced. The figuresare provisional. 40. Cf. Renfrew et alii, BSA 60 (1965) 229ff. for descriptionsof the various sorts of obsidian available in the Aegean. Also Cherry,Thera Congress77.2.305 stressesthat not all Giali obsidian has white spherulitesin its matrix,some pieces are devoid of themand distinctly translucent. 41. The potential of the restwas neverignored- see laterin the discussion. 42. Seferiades,Mallia, E.C.xx 24, 109, pls. vi-vii; Crabtree,AmericanAntiquity 33 (1968) 446ff. Also in conversationwithHarrietBlitzerWatrous(a studentof the latter). 43. Surely not a verysuitable use to put obsidian to - it would be likelyto chip and break in the hand, with consequent dangerto fingers,or worse leave sherdsof glass in the substance beingstruck. 44. Crested blades are those produced on the core by removinga series of flakes fromtwo opposed directions,obtainingtherebya veiy characteristicshape and profile.Firstseriesblades are those firstremoved,often carryingtrimmingflake scars or cortex, whilstthe second series have only the scarsleftby the detachmentof previousblades. 45. I mention here one or two blades that have the occasional crescentic'bites' removed fromone side, givinga denticulatedeffect. 46. The most relevantwork to the UnexploredMansion materialwould be the D.Phil, thesis of George Diamond, who investigatedsuch mattersin relation to the obsidian fromNeolithic Knossos. To this may be added Wilmsen,A.Ant. 33 (1968) 156ff.;Semenov,PrehistoricTechnology 111 (more to do with flintthan obsidian); and Kantman,BSPF 68 (1971) 200ff. A

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good review of the position of microwear studies may be found by Keeley, W.A. 5 (1973) 323ff., with support given later by Odell, W.A. 7 (1975-6) 226ff.: both of which articles contain useful bibliographies.A recent study of specificallyCretan obsidian may be found in the Temple University Aegean Symposium3 (1978) 36ff.by N. Hartmann. 47. There is no coherentsize range as there was for the blades, rathermost flakes measure less than 2.5 cm. in length,with some attaining4.0 cm., and a thicknessof 2.0 cm. In contrast, the blades have a widthof 0.8 to 1.0 cm and a uniformthicknessof 0.15 to 0.2 cm., thoughthe crestedvarietyreach 0.7 cm. Since they are all fragments(33 in total), theiraveragelengthof 1.0 to 2.5 cm. probablyhas no significance. 48. Not, at any rate,in comparisonwith the debrisfroman unequivocal knappingoperation, which will number in the hundredsor even thousands of pieces - see WarrenAAA 5 (1972) 393 forthe EMU 'Royal Road' example at Knossos. 49. Such have been the observations of other scholars: Bosanquet, BSA Supplementary Mallia, E.C. xvii 17; and Shaw, Hesperia 46 Paper 4 (1904) 232 for Phylakopi,Van Effenterre, (1977) 211, ftnt.21. The period of maximum use is confined to pre- and firstpalatial times, though Bosanquet does suggestthat it was retained still later,perhaps in the main foragriculturalactivities. 50. Van Effenterre, Mallia, E.C. xvii 17ff., pls. xxv 3 and 4, xxvii 3; xxix. Warren,Knossos, AAA 5 (1972) 392ff.and Figs. - both belong to the EMU period. 51. Cf. examples of vases in Warren,MS V Table 8 146ff.;and 36 Type 15 - Chalices (LMI), 86 Type 34.B1 - Rhyton (LMI); and 9 Type 35 - Shell vases (LMI); amongst others. For sealstones see Sakellarakis and Kenna, CMS IV seals 157, 166, 195, 207 - all dated by the authors to between MMIII- LMI. Lastly, note below its use for arrowheads throughoutthe Bronze Age in the Aegean. 52. Catling,BSA 74 (1979) 61 in particular. 53. Sakellarakis,Praktika1974 207ff. 54. Sakellarakis,Praktika1974 211. 55. Tsountas,DS 325. 56. Buchholz,/d/ 77 (1962) 1 ff.,and Fig. 10a. 57. Buchholz lists one such of obsidian (on 40 of his catalogue), and some 3 of flint(on 36) - all fromthe area of Knossos. 58. How one interpretsthe sole example from the Unexplored Mansion is up to the individual'spreference- loss or storage are the most likely. Manufacturecannot be totally ruled out and it is suggestive,but no more, thanin H 17 we have a stone tool reminiscentof the 'arrow-shaftstraighteners'(all of stone) collected by Buchholz, Jd I 77 (1962) 4ff., Fig. 1 albeit most of the stones are perhaps not suited forsuch work,as it involvesthe application of heat (HarrietBlitzer Watrous- personal communication).A device forsharpeningbone points or even a swage. may be a more accurate interpretation, 59. Over 300 vase fragmentswere collected, fromwhich only a score of vesselscan be firmly associated withthe Minoan occupation. 60. In the catalogue and the followingdiscussionalike, referenceis made to the corresponding type of vessel in Warren'sMinoan Stone Vases, without seekingin everyinstanceto locate exact parallels which seldom exist anyway. 61. H 89 mightbelong to a pyxis. 62. For a general review of such stands, with comparanda from several sources and an appreciation of their role in both palatial and 'domestic' milieux, cf. Warren,BSA 60 (1965) 257,313. 63. One mightcompare this to a pyramidalstand (of gypsum,and slightlylarger)fromthe House of the High Priest, Knossos - Evans, PM IV.i 209ff, Fig. 160. There Evans interprets it as a double-axe stand, but givenits position in an interiorroom, it mighthave supported a lamp. 64. Unless NC 29 had the hollow shaftof a double axe slipped over the top of the central sealstone fromthe Idean cave - Evans, pillar. Betterthoughis a parallel seen on a rock-crystal PM IV.i 210, Fig. 162. Here, in a scene of worship,stands an incurved-sidebase supportinga tapered pillar. Evans saw it as a flame on an altar. Less exactly comparable illustrationsof - Evans,PM I 160ff,Figs. 115/6. baetylscan be found on a numberof gold finger-rings

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65. Warren,Myrtos138/9 has a summarizedaccount of theseclay tubs. 66. Marinatos,AD 1927-8 7Off,pl. 1.10; and anotherfromSitea - Papadopoulos, 4th C.C. A.II413,pl. 119a. 67. Cf. a similarvase fromnear The Tomb of the Double Axes - Evans, TDA 3ff,Fig. 4. For the Egyptianoriginals- WarrenMS F 1 12. 68. Though Warrenhas no parallels forthe decorativemotifin MSV, the interlockingtrefoil can be seen in some faience inlay pieces fromthe 6th Kasella in The Long Gallery(WestWing) of the palace at Knossos (MMIII) - Evans,PM I 452, Fig. 324. 69. Rhyta, entirelyMinoan in style,but cut fromEgyptianalabaster, are known fromthe Palace of Knossos - Evans,PM Il.ii 822, Fig. 537.0. 70. Bull's head rhytaare the commonestform,and the only ones to employ chlorite. 71. Cf. Warren,MSV P.465 - the vase quoted in footnote69. 72. The bull evading the net on the Vapheio Cup has its lower ribs portrayedby two indentations- Marinatosand Hirmer,Crete and Mycenae pl. 178: this is quite probablywhat our artistsoughtto portray,but withless success. 73. One that was most often expressed in this formin the Second Palatial period (MMIIILMI). 74. Halbherr,Annuario 55 (1977) 83, Fig. 51. 75. Alexiou, Katsamba 71ff,pl. 33. 76. Marinatosand Hirmer,Creteand Mycenae pl. 178-81. 77. Also portrayedpainted onto a crystalplaque - Evans,PM III 108ff,Fig. 61. 78. Marinatosand Hirmer,Creteand Mycenae pl. 1 17 - bottom. 79. Evans,PM III 176/7. 80. Guide marks to help in positioninginlays and parts of composite wholes are knownin a number of crafts: ivory/bone - Evans, PM I 496, Fig. 354a; faience - Pernier,M. Ant. xii 96-6, Fig. 30; stone - Pernier,Festos I 415ff., and the same principleutilized by the stone vase maker is seen at Thera - Marinatos,Thera V Praktika 1971 207ff,pl. 284/5. The same Τ markis found on ivories,faienceand stone objects alike. 81. As now seems likely - Warren,AE 1979 108. Previously,opinion had assignedthemto a Syro-Palestiniansource. 82. Warren,PalaikastroBSA 60 (1965) 305ff. 83. There exist, however,two sets of evidence that do demonstratesuch processes: 6 bore cores and 2 'wedgingstones' (cf. Warren,MS V 158-60). All date frompost-LMII deposits,and thusneed have no connectionwiththe main period of occupation (PLATE 217, 8-10). 84. The lids do not seem to directlybelong to any of the existingvases. 85. For a generalappreciationof these points - Warren,MS V 186ff,and individuallyunder the variousvase types. 86. As for the stone vases, whilst there is no reason to suspect actual manufacturein the Mansion, a certainamount of debris fromsuch activitieshas foundits way inside. Certainrock crystalshave been cut by a saw, with tracesof Pemerystillvisible.Similarwork witha saw can be seen on fragmentsof serpentineand chlorite (LMII deposits), along with scratchedguidelines. In each the saw blade was less than 1 mm. in width- (PLATE 219, 23). 87. Woodworkingon a small scale is a likelytask. 88. For theirpresence in the EM/MM periods - Warren,BSA 59 (1964) 98; Myrtos 232; Xanthoudides,VTM 80, 86 and generallyPendlebury,AC 35 and 52. 89. Thus - Pendlebury,KarphiBSA 38 (193 7-38) 125, pl. xxx.2. 90. Shaw, Annuario 49 (1971) 54, 229 (Appendix F) has collected the Cretan examples, largelydatingto MMIII- LMI. 91. H 229 resembles the elongated arm of the Poros example (Lembessis, Praktika 1967 208-9, pl. 193a), whilstMisc. 22 recalls ratherthose illustratedby Shaw (Annuario49 (1971) 54, Fig. 42) fromPalaikastroand Pseira. 92. The point is made by many authors- furtherstrengthened by the existenceof a unique clay version (a rhyta),Davaras, GCA 271, 323. Theiruse by the priesthoodis, on the one hand, affirmedby Davaras, but meets withmore equivocal supportfromothers(Hood, Minoans 105; APG 174). 93. The working of metals was, of course, a primaryactivityin the Mansion: not only bronzes,but lead and preciousmetals to a lesserextentas well.

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94. Parallelsto the 'mace-heads'are gatheredby Shaw (Annuario49 (1971) Appendix F.I). Evans, TDA 17-18 comments on their probable priestly function in passing. The MUM examples do not openly declare theirsacred or industrialintent,as objects of value - including the contents of a shrine- are found alongside more ordinaryones. Misc. 19, at least, fromits surfacecondition,appears to have been pressedinto some secondaryuse. 95. Since thereis a strongsuspicion that the LMII occupants of the Mansion were engaged in collectingscrap forremeltingon a grandscale (Popham,AR 1972-3, 58), it may be that the broken condition of both objects was occasioned by their removal from a damaged blade requiredforreworking. 96. Warren,BSA 60 (1965) presentsa briefexegisison pommels. Ρ 37 has close parallelsin Tomb 36 at Zafer Papoura, Knossos - one of ivory,anotherof agate: Evans,PTK 56-7, Figs. 58/9. 97. The examples from Tomb 36 at Zafer Papoura measure 4.5 to 5 cm. in diameter: smallerthan ours. 98. Its highly polished surface would make it suitable for burnishingclay - but, still, identificationas a knifehandle seems preferable. 99. Necklaces made up of beads of but one substance are quite common; viz. Archanes: Sakellarakis,AD 21 Β (2) 412 - carnelian;Isopata, Knossos: Evans,PTK 151, Fig. 130 - lapis lazuli; Kalyvia, Phaistos: Savignoni,NP HOff, Figs. 74-6 - carnelian, amethystand agate. Though one should note that these belong more to the period of the Mycenaean presence in Crete (LMII-IIIa1). 100. For an impressionof the generalrun of bead types available (in LMIb), cf. a necklace fromPalaikastro- Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 303.17, Fig. 17, pl. 79c and Colour. Spheres,discs and tubularbeads are all represented,as are peg-toppedpendants.The rangeof substancesalso as parallels those fromthe Mansion closely. This example representsa composite arrangement, opposed to those in the previous footnote. Braceletsare, of course, anotherpotentialsource see forexample, those shown on the Thera frescoes:Marinatos,Thera VII - colour plate H. 101. Good parallels exist in Crete for this object: Zakro (LMIb) Platon, Zakros 219; and at Isopata, Knossos (LMII-IIIa) Evans, PTK 153.30, Fig. 134. Platon suggeststhey might be intendedas heads for long metal pins - as seen at an earlierdate in Grave Circle A, Mycenae (Karo, SM pl. xxxi) fromGraveIII. 102. Such small objects as beads, apart frombecoming heirlooms,will also traveleasily in disturbedsoils - such as are seen at the Northernend of the Mansion. One cannot, then, be completelycertainthatsome beads did not belong to LMII deposits originally. 103. Compare footnotes99 and 100. 104. Twenty one or two buttons' are recorded: 1 froman LMII context,some dozen from post-Minoan,and the restfromLMIIIa- b. 105. For a fulleraccount of the manufacturing processesof these buttons,cf. Evely,BSA 75 (1980) 136. 106. Carington-Smith(in her thesis on Textile Manufacturein PrehistoricGreece) believes and also in the size of them to be too small - both in regardto theiroverall diameter/weight, the centralholes. 107. Iakovides,BSA 72 (1977) 113 ffsummarizesprecedingviews on the question of identification, and concludes that the available data are in favour of weights for dresses or dress accessories. 108. When strung as necklaces, there are many examples of them offered in LMIII: Savignoni,M. Ant. xiv 1 11-2, Fig. 76 is just one of a multitude. 109. Room Β has 2; Room C 2; over Rooms C/D 2; the Central and South Areas 7; the NorthArea 5 and the exteriorregionsto the northof the Mansion provide 3. 110. Though exactlywhat is not obvious. 111. The chronologiesworked out by Wace and Biegen, endorsed by Iakovides, BSA 72 (1977) 113, 115, allocate only clay specimens to LHI- III (conical/biconical), with stone equivalentsintroducedalongside them in LHIIIa; and culminatein the developmentof various shankedformsin later LHIIIa- c times. 112. 1 from Room C; 2 fromRoom D; 4 + fromthe CentralAreas; 2 fromRoom M, and 1 fromRoom P. 113. The use of rock crystalplaques as inlays is well attestedby objects fromthe Temple

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Repositories,Knossos (MMIIIb) - Evans, PM I 469ff, Figs. 337, 340. 'Lenses' are paralleledby components of the Draught Board from the same source, and again later in the Mavrospelio cemetery- Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 288, Fig. 40 vii.A.13. Such lenses are not suitable to act as magnifying glasses,as the distortionis ratherbad. 114. An inlaid crystaleye is associated with a serpentinebull's head rhytonfromthe Little Palace at Knossos - Evans,PM Il.ii 530 (LMII- Ilia1). The pupil and iriswere painted onto the hollow back of the crystal. 115. An earlierinterestis shown in an amulet fromthe Tholos tomb at Aghios Onouphrios (EM probably) - Evans, Pictographs 110, Fig. 90: this is made by fixinga crystalinto a gold leaf 'setting'.No shapingof the crystalwas undertaken. 116. Beads of crystal (shaped and plainly decorated) come from the tholoi of Porti and Plátanos - both of which have a definiteMMI- II period of use. The firstsealstonesof crystal are MMI- II too, Evans, PM I 199, 271-4; to which can be added an MMII seal workshop at Mallia, Poursat,KMS 11 Iff. 117. See footnotes113 and 114. 118. The best knownwhole vase is the Zakro rhyton(LMIb) - Platon, Zakros 139, figure. 119. A suitable context for such a weightwould be in workingout proportionsof metals to mix an alloy accurately,cf. Catlingand Jones,Archaeometry19.1, 57ff. 120. Petruso, Thera CongressII. 1 547ffoffersa usefulsummaryof knowledge- withregard primarilyto lead weights;Evans, CN 336ff gives a detailed examination of many weighttypes (up to 1906 only). 121. Alexiou, Katsamba 54, Fig. 28a. 122. The tolerance of accuracy is withinacceptable limitsforthese,but the last weightfrom the Katsamba group fallsoutside these bounds. At 28.0 gm.,it does indeed closely approximate to 5/12 of the subsidiaryunit - but such a fractionseems alien to the Minoan system,which prefersmultiplesof 3 and 4. However, the same weightis withinthe tolerancefor 2 Egyptian gold units (upper limit of 13.9 gm.): could it be used for conversionin 'Minoan/Egyptian' transactions?Evans claims (CN 349.13, Fig. 5) that a haematiteweightfromthe Palace area (12.6 gm) belongs to this same Egyptian scale. Finally, from Mavrospelio comes a lead equivalent (Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 253, Fig. 6 - Tomb III), in the company of lead disc weightsand the remainsof a pair of bronze scale pans. 123. Required is the sort of object (though on a smallerscale, and perhapsbetterin wood) generallyviewed as offeringtables/kernoi(cf. Karageorghis,4th C.C. 254ff). Note that on page 259, Karageorghismentions,with some approval, a French theory that would view some of such stone objects as boards fora 'sacred game'. This line is taken yet furtherby Van Effentere (BCH 79 (1955) 541ff) who postulatesthat a type of 'battleships'was played on them. 124. Some early equivalents (EMU) of clay fromMyrtosare published by Warren(Myrtos 217, pl. 79.E). Add to this an EMIII sealstone depicting a man engaged in a game on a chequered board, witha triangularplayingpiece (Evans,PM I 124, Fig. 93a). 125. Cf. Boardman, GGF 36 and 47; withvariousfiguresthere,and coloured plates opposite pages 38 and 48. 126. A good range of examples can be seen in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford - Kenna, Cretan Seals illustratesmany of these, with descriptionsand discussion. His 226-232 group includes some (230, 231) that stillretainscratchesfromthe abrasioncarriedout in creatingthe facets. 127. Of some 120 recognizablepieces, all but 10 (excluding the bone tools) are associated with LMII contexts. The later items are mostlypins, with an occasional (Predeposited)plaque and a lid fragmentmakingup the total. 128. Taylor, BSA 50 (1955) 248ff; Baier et alii, SC 1971 Iff - on the effectsof heat on ivory. 129. The lentoids have no parallels known to me fromCrete,and are rareeven on the Mainland. One similarto ours is displayed in Case 30 (Mycenae) in the National Museum at Athens. Cf. Poursat,BEFAR 230 bis 16.35d, pl. Ill 35/2608 whereit is called a button. Since the holes do not interconnecton the Cretan examples, they could not have been sewn into position. Anotherexample in Poursat, 151.443, pl. xlvi,443/1991 is peppered withholes - fartoo many to have all been used forpegs: could some of the lentoidshave been used as gamingcounters?

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130. A glimpseof the lost splendoursof thissortmay be caughtin the Linear Β tabletsfrom Pylos and Knossos - Ventris and Chadwick, Documents Ed. 2 339ff (Py 239, 242) and 365 (Kn. 265). From ArchanesTholos A (LMIIIa) comes a ?foot-stool- Sakellarakis,CIM i, pl. v. 131. There are no close parallels fromLM Crete,but a few somewhatsimilaritemsfromthe Mainland are held in the National Museum, Athens. Poursat,BEFAR 230 bis pl. xxxvii.345. For earlier(EM- MM) examples - Xanthoudides, VTM pl. lviii. 132. Cf. Tomb 36, Zafer Papoura - Evans, PTK 56-7, Fig. 58. Remains of others are known at Sellopoulo Tomb 4 - Catling,BSA 69 (1974) 226.2, pl. 39, Figs. 16-17; and at Sanatorium Tomb II - Hood, BSA 47 (1952) 265.11 (3), pl. 50b, Fig. 15a. All of much the same date as ours, or a littlelater. 133. The object is unlikely to be a spindle whorl, for reasons of size and weight - as mentionedabove with regardto the pierced stone 'buttons' (cf. footnote 106). So-called ivory and bone whorlsare reportedat Sphoungaras- Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete III. 2 53; and at Mallia - Deshayes and Dessenne,EC xi.73, pls. xxi 2.4, xxx 2: fromearliercontexts. 134. Best seen at Zakro - Platon, Zakros 245. The largestis said to be 70 cms. in length. 135. One shows clear signsof havingbeen sawn to shape. 136. The best comparativematerialis fromthe debrisof an ivory/boneworkshop (LMIb) by the Royal Road at Knossos (unpublished); but there exist too both relief carved plaques: Palaikastro Dawkins, PKU 125ff, Figs. 108/9 (LMIb); Archanes Sakellarakis,Archaeology 20 278 (LMIIIa); as well as ribbedand plain plaques: Mallia Demargne,EC vii 57/8, pl. lxviii (MM); Mallia Demargne,EC ix.18, pl. xlvi (MM-LM). 137. This device recalls the dovetail joint (in profile), and is probably taken froma woodworker'srepertoire.Since it is mostly contained withinthe object concerned,its sides must be cut down by a chisel first,and the restpared away. The mortiseis generally2-4 cms. in length, 1 wide, and slightlyless deep. 138. Most pyxides are carved in low relief- but one carryingan incisedpatternis recorded fromAghia Triadha: Halbherr,Annuario 55 (1977) 97, Fig. 64-5. 139. Cf. Evans, PM Il.ii 727; III 428ff; and Hood, AR 1957-1962 passim for more recent finds at the Royal Road. For wing fragmentsthat recall the general shape of ours - Poursat, BEFAR 230 bis, pl. xxxv.333 fromMycenae. 140. Were these manufacturedby shaping a rod of ivory, and then repeating,for each button, the two stages of firstgrindingand polishingto shape the domed top, and lastlysawing it off? 141. Compare the sort of stone inlay used in MMIII bridge-spoutedstone bowls - Warren, MSV 33, P. 187/8. 142. Simpler rod at Mallia - Demargne, EC vii pl. lxviii.1 (MM), but probably not freestanding. 143. A somewhat similarpiece may be seen at Phaestos: Pernier,Festos I 251, Fig. 129 (MMI- II). At the Mansion the plain pieces are roughlythree times as numerous as those with a hollowed top (7). 144. Tools that retain a bone (let alone ivory)sleeve handle in position are extremelyrare examples of bone on awls/pointsare: Phaestos Pernier,Festos I 125, Fig. 52 (EMI- Ha); Karphi Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937/8) 82.251, pl. xxxix.l (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 145. Cf. PalaikastroPopham, BSA 60 (1965) 300.10-12 (LMI-III); and Karphi Pendlebury BSA 38 (193 7-8) 127, pl. xxviii4 (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 146. The SanatoriumGrave III, Knossos example comes froma WarriorGrave (see below). The champions carried their sword and shield on baldrics - Buchholz, KW 2 Fig. 63 (for shield) and Fig. 65b (forsword). 147. An equivalent in gold is noted on Sanatorium Grave III, Knossos - Hood, BSA 47 (1952) 272.III.19, Fig. 18, pl. 54C (LMII probably). Furtherexamples on the Mainland and elsewhereare therelisted. 148. At least 15 combs are known from Crete: the earliest being one from Archanes Catling, AR 1971-2 20 (EM- MMII); with the majority LMII- III in date, e.g. Katsamba Tomb H - Alexiou, Katsamba 57, pls. 34-5 (LMIIIa). 149. Kalyvia,Phaestos - Savignoni,M.A. xiv 580/1, Fig. 35 (LMIIIa). 150. Probablya deliberatepolish, thoughbone will acquire such a finishfromsweatyhands.

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151. These few pieces (half a dozen in total) are too few to argue in favour of actual production taking place on anythingbut the most intermittentlevel. Rather they could be accidentalintroductionsinto the Mansion. 152. I would like to acknowledgethe help of Dr. O. Krzyszkowskaand SheilaghWall - who have passed expert comment on workingdamage and identificationof bone type respectively. Exact parallels to the spatulae are missingin Crete, but compare Mallia Pelon, EC xvi 68, Fig. xxvii.5d (MMIII-LMI). There are manypoints available: PalaikastroBosanquet, BSA 9 (19023) 288 (MMIII-LMI); Warren,BSA 60 (1965) 304, Fig. 18.23/4 (LMIb); Popham, BSA 65 (1970) 239.5, Fig. 24, pl. 55e (LMIb); and Karphi Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-8) 128, pl. xxviii.4 (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 153. Similarmarks exist in faience and stone in Crete, and for ivory/bone on the Mainland too - Sakellarakis,Ivory Fig. 87. 154. Cf. footnote 139 forHood's BSA reportson the Royal Road. 155. Objects of ivory made after LMII in Crete (one assumes) include the notable mirror handles, some statuettes,various inlay pieces, and objects for personal adornment- substantiallymuted afterthe elegance and richnessof the second Palace products. 156. Four only clearlybelong to post-LMII contexts. 157. Such as the 'ring' fragment(C 17), bivalve pendants (C/D), and perhaps a spondylus fragment(exact position uncertain). 158. Gasteropoda embrace Arcularia,Astraea, Charonia,Columbella,Conus, Murex,Patella, Thais and Tonna; Bivalvia Donax, Glycimeris,Spondylus and Tapes/Venerupis;Scaphopoda Dentalium; leaving the sea urchin to representΕ chinο dermata. I would like to acknowledge most heartilythe expert help givenin the field by Sheilagh Wall and D.S. Reese - the latter submittinga detailed report of types and parallelsin the Aegean. I have incorporatedpoints of his into my text (in quotes). See generallyReese on a numberof shell types: BSA 78 (1983) 353, on Conus species. Others are promised - Charonia in Kition V; Monodonta in BSA and Arculariain The Journalof MediterraneanAnthropologyand Archaeology. 159. Details underlying this brief statement are drawn in particular from Shackleton, Appendix IX of Evans and Renfrew,Excavations at Saliagos 122ff.A usefulspecies by species study is developed there. Furtherspecialized knowledgewas freelygivenby Dr. John Taylor of the Departmentof Zoology, BritishMuseum (Natural History),South Kensington,London my gratefulthanksto him also. 160. Only Charonia and Tonna mighthave had to come fromdeeper waters. 161. To extract the dye, the shell needs to be broken; but foreatingpurposes,the animal is easy enough to extractafterboiling whole. The numbersof shells involvedin the Mansion are not by themselvessufficientto suggestthat theywere used fordyeingin any way. 162. It is especially favoured as a 'ritual' stone vessel subject - with specimens of MMIII- LMI (or later) being recoveredat Knossos, Mallia, Palaikastro,Kalyvia (Phaistos) and Slavokampos: Warren,MSV 91. Otherreal shellsare used in religiouscontexts,e.g. beingblown like a trumpeton a crystalsealstone fromMount Ida - see generallyin Evans PM passim under 'Shell' in the index volume. 163. Again copied in stone - Aghia Triadha: Warren,MSV 91; also in metal from the Phaestosregion.See Evans,PM passim under 'Shell' in the index volume. 164. Bivalves are vulnerable in the area of the hinge to a hard knock, and it may be that originallythe damage was sustained as a resultof accident or in an effortto open the mollusc. (Note that two Glycimerisspecimens were collected dead - as they are water worn.) One Murex (fromRoom M) has a hole in the body whorl, and mightalso have been intended as a pendant? 165. The Dentalium is naturallyan open-ended tube - and other than cleaning,needs no preparationforthreading. 166. The National Museum at Athens has necklaces of these shells strungand on display. The Prosymna LH cemeteryshows a mixtureof complete shells,alongside those worn at the side or with the top knocked off: Biegen, Prosymna 465. Hundreds more are known from Perati: Iakovides, Perati pls. 56b, 109b, 135a, 136b. To date, worn Conus shells are less common on Crete, and perhaps post-LMIb in date. If so, they could be considered a taste developed eitherby or afterthe Mycenaeanpresencein Crete.

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167. ?Like those withlead poured into themfromPerati- Iakovides,Perati pl. 109 g. 168. Note the preponderance of ivoryinlays fromthe same area (Room M): are we faced with the remainsof an inlaid gamingboard/boxwitha set of shell counters? 169. There is a degree of differenceas to which molluscs are edible. The list I have accumulated (fromliteratureand Dr. J. Taylor) is more extensivethan that originallyproposed by D.S. Reese who includes only 'Murex, Venerupis, Glycimeris,Donax, Patella and the sea urchin'. 170. See several reports by Shackleton - in Warren,Myrtos Appendix VII; in Evans and Renfrew,Saliagos Appendix IX; and for Knossos in BSA 63 (1968) 264. These are all concernedwithsites of an earlydate (Neolithicto EBA). 171. See Evans PM - various shell types: IV 316, 318, 360; IV 104; IV 111, 316, 371; IV 369. 172. See Evans PM - variousshell types: I 498; II 369; IV 933; I 221; IV 111. 173. See above footnote 162, and from religious contexts within the Palace at Knossos alone - Evans,PM I 581 (Domestic Shrine); I 517-21 (Temple Repositories). 174. As the wealth of scholarshipon the Knossian systemof LMII- Ilia1 attests,e.g. Killen, BSA 59 (1964) Iff; BICS 13 (1966) 105ff; and CIM 1 Vol. 2 (1968) 6 3 6ff- to mentionjust some of the work of one scholarin thisfield. 175. There are, for example, representationsof probable Cretans carryingfabricsin the in the 18th DynastyEgyptiantomb of Menkheperrasonb:de Garis portrayalof tributeofferings Davies, The Tombs ofMenk., Amenmose and anotherpls. iv and v. 176. In addition, there are some 20 examples frompost-LMII Minoan contexts,and 6 from laterstill. 177. Perhapstheyare intendedas a set? 178. Room H contained 23 of them; Room J/K 1; Room L 9; Room M 2; NP 1; Room Ρ 2 and Room Q area 2; 1 fromRoom E. 179. These are particularlyscattered: Room A has 1 example; Room Β 3; Room D 2; over Rooms C/D 1; Room Η 5; Room J 1; Room J/K 2; NorthCorridor3, and the NorthernArea 12 fragmentsof uncertainsorts. 180. These were found in the NW area of the Mansion, from an undifferentiatedLMIII context. 181. Such reels, only baked, are seen in LM deposits here - e.g. Room C, D 17. Others of LMIIIc date from Crete are known at Palaikastro - Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 305, 45-50, Fig. 19. On the Mainland they are found in both baked and unbaked clay in LHIIIc - for example at Xeropolis, Lefkandi: Popham, BSA 1968 PreliminaryReport 13, Fig. 16. The identificationof these as loomweights(with the bunches of yarns tied around theirwaists) is not withoutcontest. 182. By fasteninga row of weights to a rod, all swaying motion is inhibited,thereby reducingtheamount of noise and also preventingthe yarnsfrombecomingtwistedand strained. For modern parallels to the system,compare Hoffmann,The Warp-WeightedLoom (Studia Norvegica 14 (1964)) 92, Fig. 47 in particular. 183. I wonder if the grooveswere 'painted' only as a side resultof dippingthe whole to get at the centralsuspensionhole. Did the rest of the externalcoat wear offdue to frictionin the course of employment? 184. Mallia Deshayes and Dessenne, EC xi 73, pl. xxii 2/3 (MM- LMI); Vathypetro Marinatos,Praktika 1952 594, Fig. 7 (LMIa); Knossos Catling,BSA 74 (1979) 61, Figs. 43-4 (LMIa); Archanes Sakellarakis, Praktika 1974 209, pl. 153 (LMIa); Knossos Warren,AR 1980-1 85, Fig. 42/3 (LMIb). 185. Warren,Myrtos54, Fig. 21; 221, Fig. 96. 186. Hawes, Gournia 31.7, pl. Ill (MMIII- LMI); and another fromthe House of Frescoes area, Knossos (now storedin Box 1465 in the StratigraphicalMuseum there): LMIa perhaps. 187. The flat ovoid forms(pierced at the apex) have earlierantecedentstoo, and are likely to be an alternativeformto the sphericaltype, but somewhateclipsed by thismore 'standard' product of the Palatial period: Palaikastro Eccles, BSA 40 (1939-40) 47; Zakro Platon, Archaeology 16.4 (1963) 273, Fig. (LMI). 188. If indeed loomweights.

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189. Of course, with such simple objects as an undecorated sphericalclay bead, one cannot be certain that those retrievedfromcontexts stretchingbeyond the Minoan period, mightnot actuallybe post-Minoanin date too. 190. This pendant bears a genericresemblanceto one of bronze froman LMIb context at Palaikastro- Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 303.16, Fig. 18 (righthand one). They are no doubt, in turn,related to the tear-dropand peg-toppedvarietiesthat appear in variousstones fromsuch sites as Mochlos, Trapeza, and Aghios Onouphrios (EM- early MM) and Palaikastro,Phaistos, Aghia Triadha,the Knossos area and Armenoi (MM- LM). 191 The sphericalbeads mightjust suit braceletstoo, cf. footnote 100 above. 192. As at Myrtos,Warren,Myrtos 239.230, Fig. 107 (EMU); and at Knossos, Evans, PTK 23. 2d (LMII-III). 193. Arguablyin response to the relativelack of more luxuriousitems,with the collapse of the palatial way of life. But one wonders what else the lower sectors of the community habituallywore! 194. Tzedakis,,4£ 25-27 (1970-72) B2 passim (LMIIIa-b). 195. Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 133 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). 196. For example, the more elaborate ones at Vrokastro,Hall, Vrokastro121, Fig. 73. 197. The 'cut-down' examples come from Rooms Β (2), C (4), over C/D (3), D (1), and North area (1); whilst the manufacturedones derive one apiece from Room D and the N.W. area of the Mansion. 198. Unless game counters? 199. They are perhaps not appreciably greaterin weightthan the stone equivalents (about 7 gms. on average). But in combination with the largercentralhole, this differencemay be a significantpoint in favour of identifyingthem as spindle-whorlsproper. The shape itself is reportedfromEM times onward: Warren,Myrtos 228.144, Fig. 100 (EMU); Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 55, Fig. 23.22 (MM) fromKastello; Platon,Ergon 1968 128 (LMIb) fromZakro. The habit of using cut-down kylix stems is reported too at Karphi (where they are termed 'spindle-whorls')- Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 129. 200. See footnote 111, for clay equivalents (conical/biconical)in Mainland Greece throughout the LH period. 201. See footnotes199, 200 generally. 202. Compare examples fromKnossos Hood and de Jong,BSA 47 (1952) 274.III.26, Fig. 18 (LMII). Phaistos Savignoni,M. Ant. 14 112.42, Fig. 76 (LMII-IIIa); and for a more general surveyof typesand findsplaces Foster,A F 1 15ff. 203. For an appreciation of Minoan faience vessels and containers- Foster,AF 60ff: with major groups at Knossos (the Temple Repositories, MMIIIb) and Zakro (Palace, LMIb). To these may be added more fragmentary pieces (akin in that respect to our material) fromthe Mavrospeliocemeteryat Knossos - Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 237. Tomb V.7, Figs. 9 and 47 (LMI to III). For an appreciation of aspects of the faience industryin the Near East, equivalent in time to the LBA in the Aegean - Peltenbergin Kition I (Karageorghis)Appendix 1, 105ff. 204. It lacks the stringholeentirely. 205. They are all singletons- the LMII specimens (3) derivingfromRooms Ε, Μ and NE Platform;whilst those of LMIII date (7) are fromRooms A, B, C/D, D (2), Ν. Corridor,and N. Platform.There remain 2 of uncertaindate - one fromthe North Rooms, the other from Room J/K. 206. Frit (to which the term'Egyptianblue' is by use synonomous) is an artificial,synthetic material (a copper-calcium silicate) with a crystallinestructure.Before being shaped, the materialhas already passed throughone firingprocess - it is in effecta powdered 'glass', and is no longer subject to surface migrationof the colouring agents on firing(as happens with faienceproper). Hence the homogeneityof colour and texture. 207. Some (Misc. 46 - PLATE 232, 22) could be placed in eithercategory. 208. I have used this term to indicate an intermediateform between faience and glass based on a visual judgment only. If there had been an excess of an alkaline flux in the basic mix, or of heat in the kiln,thenmore of the silica would have sintered,beginninga vitrification process. A more thorough appreciation of this substance is given by Cooney, JGS 2 (1960)

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to Egyptianmaterial.One mustnote thatthere,at least,theprocesswas 32ff,withreference deliberate andcontrolled. of LMIII fromRoomsA, C/D andJ/K 209. Two of LMII date in Room H; and singletons areas. accountofbothmetalandglassformsof 210. Higgins, GRJ(Edition2) 76ffgivesa lengthy reliefplaque beads - witha typological catalogueand sitelist.He notesthattheuse of glass in theearly15thcentury B.C. on beads (beginning in Crete)gradually increasedin popularity themarket. theMainland, B.C. theydominated untilbythe12thcentury 211. Fivepiecesfrom4 vessels:2 fromRoom H, 1 fromNP (all LMII), and a solitary fragmentoflaterdatein RoomC. members(of which examplesexist in the Unexplored 212. Other than architectural Praktika1967 and largeobjects(e.g. coffinsand biers- Lembessis, /shafts, Mansion),handles materialof thisperiod 204, pl. 184b/185;fromPoros,LMIa), theonlyinstanceofcomparable Knossos(Hood and is a wood backingto an ivorypanel,fromTomb III at the Sanatorium, deJong,£S,447 (1952) 274.III.24, Fig.17). TheraIV 24, pl. 36 - fordetails. 213. Marinatos, 214. Perhapsa simpleclay seal againsta wovencontainer.One shouldnote thattheuse of theterm'linen-weave' forthisitemdenotesthe equal warp/weftthreadratioper cm; andhas no relevanceto the actualmaterialused forthefabric.See generally, Forbes,SAT IV 183ff, parallelin Crete- also fromtheKnossos Fig. 25a. Thereis onlyone publishedcontemporary in the corrosionproductsof a area, wherea piece of 'linen'has lefta negativeimpression the bronzeswordblade: Evans,PTK (Tomb 36) 58 (LMII- Ilia). I wouldliketo acknowledge of theclothtype. aid of Dr.J. Carington-Smith in checking myfieldidentification in Olivier,Les Scribesde Cnossos 215. The tabletsfromthe LittlePalace maybe identified 24, itemM in hislistof locationsand contents,and theirtextsspeltout in Chadwick,Killen and Olivier,The KnossosTablets(4thedition)passim.The LittlePalacepieces,thoughresisting clear elucidation,show all the signsof havingto do with textiles- in the raw formof details. and textile/cloth workshop requirements sheep/goatflocks;in femaleworkers, of thisfragment 216. A fullerconsideration by Killen, (KN X 8833) is beingundertaken It includesdetailsof archaeological context, Pophamand Evely in Kadmos (forthcoming). comment. andspecialist illustration 217. All thatcan be said is thatthe hand of our piece is not thatof Scribe103, who is to in thenextfootnote. forthetabletsreferred responsible 218. These people are a-ra-ka-te-ja (spinners- Ak 5009, Lc 531), to-te-ja(Ak 611), and to' we-ra-to, Ap 618: not in thiscase standinginitiallyon the we-ra-te-ja (workers'belonging tablet). and 219. ThusPY Aa 785, Ab 388 forpersonalnames;PY Jn601, Na 923 forplace-names; PY Ta 713+ formaterials. in the southernrangeof rooms, 220. It was foundnearthefloorof Room P, a storeroom a numberoflargevessels. containing 221. A fragment (MUM/72/P.17)of anothersuch wheel was recoveredfroma broadly LMIIIa contextin the area of Rooms M and N. Thisis probablyan accidentalintroduction, fill. perhapspartof a wallinterior 222. Over30 areknownto me - fromPalaces(Phaistos,AghiaTriadha,Malliaand Knossos), villas(Vathypetro, MyrtosPyrgos Tourtoula,and Tylissos),settlements (Gournia,Palaikastro, dateMMIII-LMI. andGazi),and eventombs(Kritsa).The majority 223. Malliaprovidesmostof these- thoughmanyof thecontextsarenotgood: Demargne, EC ix 21, pl. ix. and De Santerre, EC vii61, pl. lxix.4;Pelon,EC xvi29.12,pl. xi.4; Demargne Praktika1971 290, pl. 370 (LMIIIb); MesaraLembessis, 224. Such as thosefromAnegyros, TylissosHazzidakis,TEM 75, Fig.39 bottomleft(LMIII); KnossosPopham,DPK 28/9,pl. 21e (LMIIIa/b). sincethisfeatureis very,veryrarelyseen,it maybe thattheholeshad a more 225. However, of thecollar? thefiring intent:perhapsconcernedwithfacilitating pragmatic 226. Only one certainspecimenexists in clay (Pothersof wood), fromMallia: Van EC xxii 64, pl. xi.l and 4 (FirstPalace period);and betterstillin: Hampe and Effenterre, Winter, ΓΓ117, andfigs,there.

300

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227. It may also have helped incidentallyin drainingaway watercollectingon the surfaceof the wheel in throwinga pot (suggestedby Ann Strunckof the AmericanSchool at Athens). 228. See, for example, Singer, Holmyard and Hall, HT 1 388/9, Figs. 232, 234; and Bourriau,14ff,fora complete account of such matters. 229. Pieces fromRooms L and Ρ make up the LMII material. 230. Granulationcan be seen in jewellery of this period, as at Sellopoulo Tomb 4, Popham, BSA 69 (1974) 222 J.I, Fig. llh. 231. One mightspeculate that it covered inlay elementsin a piece of furnitureor a boardgame. 232. Five fragmentscame fromthe LMII floorin Room L; 1 fromRoom M. 233. Catlingand Jones,Archaeometry19 (1977) 62. 234. The account of the most recentlyexcavated of these warriorgraves,at Sellopoulo near Knossos, will give plentifulreferencesto others of the type, Popham and Catling,BSA 69 (1974) 195ff. 235. These include some pieces fromRoom H, 3 + fromL, 9 fromM, severalfromΝ and 5 fromP. Lithargewas identifiedin Rooms L, M and N. 236. Bull's head or 'mulberry'earringsare known fromseveralroughlycontemporarysites (in gold), Mavrospelio Tomb VIIA and Β (LMI-III) - Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 261, pl. xviii. A lead earringin a domestic (LMIb) settingis reportedat Archanes - Sakellarakis, Ergon 1980, 49. 237. Sheet lead is known to have been used to line MMIII cists in the Long Corridorat Knossos - Evans,PM I 456. 238. If this is interpretedas a weight,then it will fit into the accepted deviationabout the 60-65 gms. sub-unit- in which case the centralhole may also 'double' as the equivalent of the single'dot' of Misc. 51. 239. To the work mentionedin footnote 120 and followingcan be added Petruso,Kadmos 17 (1978) 26ff,and Caskey,^/) 24 (1969) 95ff: both concernedwithlead disc weights. 240. Cf. Petruso'stables in Thera CongressI 549-51, and Kadmos 17 (1978) 35 and 38. 241. I warmlythank Dr. N. Gale, of the Departmentof Geology, Oxford University,and Dr. Z. St^s-Gale foridentification(includingXRD work) of these items,and also forpermission to quote fromtheirstill uncompleted programmeof lead-isotopeanalysis. For an indicationof the sort of work they are undertaking,cf. Miscellanea Graeca 2 (Gent 1979) - Technological Studies 1979, where theircontribution'Some Aspects of Lead and SilverMiningin the Aegean' covers the matter.Lithargeis also produced in roastingores,but not in the relativelypure form thatwe are dealingwith here. 242. Withthese 'waste' productsof cupellation,it is worthwhile mentioningthe presenceof some pieces of specular haematitefromLMII contextsin Room M, and in the area of Room H. It is just possible that this iron oxide was gatheredin errorfora galena ore, but more tempting is to see it as the deliberatelyacquired raw materialfromwhich the red powder,visibleon the stone tool (H 215) and stone lamp (L 94), was obtained by crushingand grinding. 243. The analysis work in Catling and Jones, Archaeometry19 (1977) 57ffshows only the occasional presenceof lead in a bronze, and only at the level of 1%.

SECTION 9.

Summaryand Conclusions

1. I am gratefulto Peter Warren for reading this section in draftand making helpful comments. 2. pp. 00-00. Evans ascribed the constructionof the Little Palace to the beginningof the New Era (PM II 513); he cites as evidence MM IIIB potteryof the "seismic stratum"in the make-up of walls at PM II 514, though he speaks of "the LM I builders" {PM II 520) and ascribes the pottery beneath stairs of the 'grand staircase', where a seal was found, to the "transitionalMM III- LM I epoch' (PM IV 216). As will be seen in my discussionof the pottery fromthe S. Corridor,I sympathisewithand sharehis indecision. No attemptis made here to consider the interpretationof the buildingby J.W. Grahamin AJA 79 (1975) 141 ffwhich was based principallyon the preliminary reportthoughmany other detailswere known to the author.

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3. Possible signsof an earlierbuilding; Room H (p. 20), Room Ρ (p. 78), Room Q (p. 89) and S. Corridor(p. 95). 4. See note 2 above and the discussionin Section 4 pp. 153-158. 5. Floors in Rooms D (p. 11) and H (p. 20). It would seem likelythat it was the intention to replace StairwayΟ withmore suitable steps. 6. N. Sector, Rooms Β and C with theirflooringof gypsumslabs (thoughthatin Room L may not have been completed); fresco in the room above Room P, discussed in Section 3. We must also presume that the infantburialsbelow the floorsof Rooms C and M and in the cist at the W. end of CorridorL belong to this stage. A comparable burial below the floorof a room was noted by Hogarthin the houses on Gypsadhes,BSA 6 (1899-1900) 77. 7. Evidence in Room H (p. 20), Room M (p. 55), Room Ν (p. 70) and Room Ρ (p. 78). 8. pp. 19-20. 9. p. 15. 10. p. 21. 11. Cist fillin Room C (p. 8) and levellingof Pit 8 in Room D (p. 11). 12. pp. 11 and 90. 13. Discussed by Catlingin Section 7. 14. The divine smith, Hephaestos, is but one such instance and the close relationship between religiousworshipand metalworkingis well demonstratedat Kition, eg. Karageorghis, Kition (1976) 73-76. 15. p. 13. 16. p. 18. 17. p. 90. 18. Popham, DPK 83-8, thoughthe potteryseems slightlyearlier. 19. pp. 13 and 9. 20. p. 7. 21. Popham LDPK 8-9 and BSA 65 (1970) 194-202. 22. The rhyton, basket vases, figurineand, less certainly,the clay alabstron point to traditionalreligiouspracticesin the Mansion. 23. For Mycenaean features generally at Knossos, see BSA 69 (1974) 254-7. Further featuresin LM ΠΙΑ 1 include 'burials with bronzes' and some new vase shapes and decoration. Possible adoption of Minoan featuresinclude jewellery absent fromthe LM II 'WarriorGraves' between and the re-emergenceof the decorated cup in popularity.But it is the interrelationship Knossos and the Mycenaean Mainland that is clearest and to be seen in tomb types,wooden coffins,'tinned' vases, weaponry and bronze vases, razors, mirrors,and specifictypesof vases, seals and jewellery,and, of course, the creationof the Linear Β script. 24. Linear Β must be an immediate adaption of Linear A, and, apart from the inscribed pithoidjar, Ρ 60, the latteris equally absent fromthe LM II firedestructions. 25. See note 2 above andPM IV 564-5. 26. PM IV 872. 27. DPK 60 and 67. 28. Arguedwithreferencesin AJA 79 (1975) 3 72-4. 29. Warren,preliminaryreportin AR 1982-3 63-6. 30. There is little LM II pottery in the preserved material from the Little Palace but a considerable quantity of LM IIIA, DPK 62-3. If Catling's interpretation(p. 000) that the Mansion had been deliberatelylooted is accepted, hostilityratherthan coincidence becomes yet stronger. 31. The flimsyblocking walls, change of intendeduse and architecturalmodificationsin the Mansion in LM II suggesta reappraisalof similarfeatureselsewherewhichhave been generally ascribed to the 'reoccupation' stage afterthe LM IIIA destructions.Two blocking walls were constructed at some stage outside the Little Palace (p. 00 above) and Boardman, On the Knossos Tablets p. 62, feature 14 on Fig. 12. There are also the modificationsmade to the 'Megaron' (PM II 544 and II 20 note 1) on which a familiarnote is sounded by Mackenzie's comment (quoted by Boardman), "the re-occupiershad arrangedan erection like a fireplace with a recess below like that for ashes and at any rate this constructionwith the fact of the wallingup of so many doorways indicates that in later times the room had degraded to more common use than the original one". However, extensiveLM IIIB occupation of the building seems assured,BSA 65 (1970) 194-202.

Appendix1 The LM 11 PlantRemains GLYNIS JONES The storeroomP, destroyedin LM II, containednumerousdepositsof carbonizedfruitsand seeds, whichhad clearlybeen kept in the storagejars rangedalong its walls,to the south oftenstillconoppositethe entrance.Many of thesedepositswere discreteconcentrations, tained in the jars despite theirshatteredstate; othershad spilled out onto the floor.A numberof samplesweretaken.The plantremainswereidentifiedand theresultsare givenin thetableat theend,whilesome of thematerialis illustratedin PLATE 233. Althoughmanyof the taxa representedhave been previouslyidentifiedfromCrete,the thosewhichweredeliberately presentsamplesprovidea rareopportunityfordistinguishing from those own in their and stored presentmerelyas chance right, grown(or collected) contaminantsof othertaxa. It is clear thatin all these samplesone taxonheavilypredomicultivatedor nates and so it can be assumedthat,in each case, thistaxon was deliberately collectedand thatthe othersarepresentas minorcontaminants. Thereforethe cerealswhichcan be classifiedas deliberately grownare emmer(Triticum hulled and wheat or macaroni bread barley.Twistedbarley durum) (T. aestivum/ dicoccum), Hordeum in two-row occur do not distichum,conclusivelyindicate barley grains,which the presencehere of the six-rowspecies- H. vulgäre.Two-rowbarley,also, maybe present because of the predominancein some samplesof straightgrains- a featureof all two-row but of onlyone in threesix-rowgrains.However,thisis uncertainas mostgrainsare indeterminate.Figs {Ficus carica) and the pulses,pea (Pisumsativum),grasspea (Lathyrussativus) and Celticbean ( Viciafaba) werealso storedin theirown right. Comparingthese findsto othersin Crete, we find that a reasonablypure depositof bread wheat was found at neolithicKnossos.1 Emmerhas neverbeen demonstratedfrom Crete as a pure find,althougha fewgrainswere encounteredin the neolithicbread wheat sample,grainimpressionsin potterywere found at EM Debla2 and early excavationsof palace remainsreferto pure samplesof wheat.3Six-rowhulled barleyis reportedas a pure findfroma LM I storeroomat MyrtosPyrgos4and old reportsof barleyare againcommon were from the palaces. Stored beans and peas are similarlyreported,but identifications from been claimed not workmen. has Grass the made Crete, previously pea by usually thoughit has been encounteredon themainland.5Dried figshave been noted at MM II Agia Triadha6and at LM I MyrtosPyrgos.7Lentils (Lens sp.) and bittervetch (Vicia ervilia), which occur only as minorcontaminantsin the UnexploredMansion,have been foundas Findsof graperemains(Vitissp.) purecropsat LM IMallia8 and MyrtosPyrgos9respectively. are rareon Crete,but havebeen recordedat EM II Myrtosand in thepalace of Phaistos.10 In the case of the barleyin the UnexploredMansion,the threesamples(4, 5 and 6) in whichthisgenuspredominateswere foundveryclose to one another(all in thevicinityof 303

304

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

pot 75) and so these could well representa singlestoredproductthathas been sampled threetimesratherthan threeseparatelystoredproducts.Two other species,emmerand but Celtic bean, are similarlyrepresentedby two sampleseach (1, 2 and 9, 10 respectively), in thesecases it is not possible to establishwithany degreeof certaintywhetheror not the samplesare likelyto be fromthe same storedproduct,as theexact positionof one sample in each case is unknown.The emmersample 2 is describedas comingfromthe southwest part of the room and so may have the same originas the emmersample 1 in pot 54. Similarlythereis some evidence to suggestthatboth the Celtic bean samplescome from thesouthwestpartof theroom.So it is possiblethateach storagevesselin use at thetimeof destruction containeda different taxon. whichoccuredat the it is likelythatsome are admixtures, As forthecrop contaminants, time of the destruction,from crops stored nearby (e.g. the barleyin samples 7 and 8 probablycomes fromthe neighbouring samples 4, 5 and 6) whereasothers(such as the rus bittervetch,lentilsand a Vicia/ Lathy speciesin samples7 and 8) were not foundelsewherein theroomand so seem to have been introducedbeforethedestruction. Seeds of the could not the rus contaminate which 7, Vicia/ grass pea sample heavily Lathy species, examination. electron be identified without They do microscope accurately surface-scanning not, however,belongto any of the otherspecieslistedin theTable. They are flattenedand resembleViciasativa (commonvetch) seeds, thoughtheytendto be rathermoreelongated than is usual for this species. No intact hila (attachmentscars) were preservedbut the of theseed (cf. depressionsleftby the hila extendedover about '-' of the circumference PLATE in for F. Some of are to these seeds illustrated 233. ' ^ sativa). OtherfindsfromRoom Ρ deservemention.Some plant materialin pot 69/70 included of leaf petiole and root, whichcould not be furtheridentifiedbut may be the fragments remainsof some herb or spice. A conical cup in Room Ν had similarcontentsand also containeda singleolivestone(Olea sp.) (see PLATE 233j- k). Two olivestonesand an unidentified pulse seed (broken)were also foundin the upper levels of Room Ρ and are probably LM II as well. A grainweevil (SitophilusgranariusL.), fromthe barleysample 4, was identifiedby is theresult I. G. Tyers.This is a flightless specieswhose presentcosmopolitandistribution of man movinginfestedgrain;it appears only to occur in storesand neverin the field (Tyerspers.comm.). The almostcompleteabsenceof weed seeds (just one seed of Galiumin a sampleof over 500 grasspeas) is of interest.Althoughit is theoretically possible,by carefulrogueing,to behindin the fieldat harvest or leave all weeds weed-free fields to in growcrops completely time,in practiceit is perhapsmorelikelythatweed seedshave been removedfromtheseLM crops by carefulcleaningsuch as that describedby Hillman11(1981). In order to test whethersuch samples as these result fromrigorouscleaningratherthan fromintensive it would be necessaryto samplerubbishdepositswhichare weedingor carefulharvesting, likelyto yield crop cleaningresidues.Such evidencemightalso throwlighton the typesof alone, it is crop cleaningused, e.g. sievingand hand sorting.On the presentinformation temptingto suggestthatthesecropswerein the finalstagesof processingand had been hand sorted^perhapsin addition to sieving.The presenceof quite largenumbersof chafffragments(glumebases and spikeletforks)in emmersample 1 is, however,not consistentwith such rigorouscleaning. But it is possible either that their complete removal was not considerednecessaryor that emmerspikeletswerestoredwhole (as describedby Hillman11 1981) untiljust beforefood preparationwhen theywerepounded,possiblyafterparching,

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

305

TABLE PlantRemainsfromLM II Destruction inRoomΡ Sample

1

2

3

4'

5"

6

7"

8"

9'

Triticum monococcum grains T. dicoccum grains T. dicoccum glume bases+ T. aestivum/durum grains Hordeum (hulled)* straight grains Hordeum (hulled)* twisted grains Hordeum (hulled)* indet. grains Pisum sativum seeds Lathyrus sativus seeds Vicia faba seeds V. ervilia seeds Vicia/Lathyrus seeds Lens sp. seeds Ficus carica fruits Vitis sp. seeds Galium cf. aparine seeds

3 310 97 -

-

-

-

-

-

15 __ --

?10 -

-

-

5 _____ --__ ______ -

___ ___ ___ ___ 1 -

+ forks-î-2 ' includingspikelet γ subsample

Hordeumvulgäre "*including J-subsample

150

?2 -

-

-

1

5838 48 30 569 170 --__ -

-

-

-

1

811 168 ?' _ -

1

-

1

2

10

23 5 7 1180 8 555 1 2137252 ?2 1 92 ___ 2 -

2

2--1

-

11 -

6 -

to releasethe grainfromthe chaff.If the latterwere the case thenthe spikeletsmusthave and some of the spikeletfragments been destroyedbecause the observedratio disintegrated of glumebases to grains(0.3) is less thanthatforwhole spikelets(1.0). If indeed these crops were in the finalstagesof preparationand if each taxon was, in fact,storedin a singlejar thenthismay throwlighton the functionof Room P. Both these observationswould suggestthat Room Ρ was used among otherthingsforthe storageof cropsjust prior to theirpreparationas food, i.e. thatRoom Ρ served,at least partly,as a "larder"ratherthanas a roomforlargescale,long termstorage.In thelattercase one might expect to findsemi-cleangrain,whichhad been partlysievedbut not hand sorted,and there probablywould havebeen morethanone jar of some taxa. This is because hand sorting(and even fine sieving)is a time-consuming activityand so is usually carriedout piecemeal theyear. throughout If the above hypothesisis correct,one would expect thestoragecapacityof Room Ρ to be insufficient to supply the inhabitantsof the complex to whichit belongsfora whole year. In fact, the dry storagecapacity of Room P, at the time of destruction,calculated from both the complete and fragmentary vessels found therein,was in the region of 550-600 litres,i.e. about enoughto feed two to threeindividualsforone year.Indeed at the timeof the destructionthejars were eitheremptyor containedverylittleseed,which could mean that stocks were low or that theywere not used to capacity.The size of the UnexploredMansionitselfwould suggestthatit cateredfora largernumberthanthisand, as it seemson architectural groundsto havebeen partof the LittlePalace complex,it could be that the numbersinvolvedwere much greater.The evidencefromstoragecapacityis thus consistentwith the interpretation of at least the south part of Room Ρ as a larder,and moreovertallieswiththe ceramicevidenceforpantriesin thispartof thebuilding. If this interpretation is correct,the question thenarisesof wherethe bulk storageof

306

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

in theLittle Whether seed tookplace fromwhichthelarderstockscouldbe replenished. wouldbe of Palace complexor in themainPalaceitself,thelocationof thesestorerooms a depenwas for of the Mansion unit which the Unexplored importance identifying larger dentpartat thetimeofitsdestruction.12 Appendix1 footnotes 1. Evans,BSA 63 (1968) 269 BSA 69 (1974) 341-2 2. Greig, Food in EarlyGreece15-22 3. Vickery, 4. Cadogan,AR1977-8 70-84 8 (1979) 173-189 5. See forexample, Kroll,Archaeo-Physika 18 6. Vickery, cit. op. 7. Cadogan,op. cit. 8. Vickery, op. cit.20 inMyrtos315-7 9. J. Renfrew 10. Cadogan,op. cit.andLevi,FestosI 114 11. Farming inBritish Prehistory (ed. R. J.Mercer)123-162 86 3-19 12. McEnroe, AJA (1982)

Appendix2 The AnimalBones OWEN BEDWIN A total of 4190 animalbones and teethwereidentifiedfromthe 1972 and 1973 seasons.Of these,66% (2760) came fromsealed LM II contexts,notablythe PillarHall (H); 4% were fromLM IA levels,and 5% fromLM IIIA 2 levels.The followingtable summarises the data no to has been made to and between according species; attempt distinguish goat. sheep TABLE ONE Context LMII LMIA LMIIIA2

Sheep/Goat (Caprine)

Pig

Cattle

Horse

Dog

Deer

Other

Totals

1665 60.4% 104 69.8% 117 64.0%

658 23.9% 34 22.8% 43 23.5%

330 11.9% 11 7.4% 22 12.0%

52 1.8%

17 0.6%

22 0.8%

16 0.6%

2760

1 0.5%

149 183

These figuresunderlinethe importanceof caprinesin the Late Minoan economy.Furthermore, the proportionsof the main food animalsfromtheseLM II contextsare not unlike those fromsome of the Neolithiclevels at Knossos, e.g. Early Neolithicla, c. 5780 BC, wherethe percentageswere: sheep - 64.6, pig - 20.9, and cattle 13.6.* This reflectslittle changein the practiceand techniquesof animalhusbandryin theKnossos area. Horse,dog in thebone record. (a smallcanid), and red deer,Cervuselaphus,are all poorlyrepresented The variationsbetween the figuresfor LM II levels, and those for LM IA and LM IIIA 2 levels may be of little significancebecause of the relativelysmall numbersof bones of LM IA and LM IIIA 2 date. Amongthe LM II material,a considerablenumberof bones fromthe destruction phase depositsin the PillarHall (H) and CorridorL were eithercompletelycharred,or calcined, i.e. roastedin therelativeor completeabsenceof air. Butcheringmarkswere rare;therewere 11 cases of repeatedblows acrossthe shaftof a long bone of Bos, which may indicate attemptsto joint a carcase withno regardforits anatomy. Analysisof the LM II materialshowed thatno part of the post-cranialskeletonof the threemain specieswerepresentin unexpectedlyhighor low proportions.(It was impossible to produce comparativedata forthe skullsbecause theywereso fragmented). the Similarly, materialwas subdividedaccordingto the position withinthe UnexploredMansion from 307

308

THE ANIMAL BONES

variationin the proportionsof the threemain which it came; thisproducedno significant of the corridors etc. the Mansion.One factwhichdid emergefrom rooms, species among not in percentage,but in the age rangeof thislatterexaminationwas a markeddifference, found remains in the Pillar Hall pig (H), compared with those foundelsewherein LM II in Table 2. contexts.Details are summarised TABLE TWO Mandibleandmaxilla

Metapodials

Context

Deciduous

Adult

Unfused

Fused

PillarHall OtherLM II contexts

14 2

11 6

22 8

19 29

Thus 54.5% of pig remainsfromthe PillarHall (H) were fromindividualswhichhad been killedbeforethe age of 2 years;outsidethepillarhall,theproportionwas 22.2%. Giventhe a changein slaughtering of 32.3% surelyrepresents numbersinvolved,a difference practice, notjust a statisticalfreak.The majorityof thesebones came fromlowerfloorsand debris. There were fourinteresting groupsof horsebones,also fromthe PillarHall. The firstwas condition. All the teeth were present;the a complete skull, in extremelyfragmentary had lower molars third indicatingan age at deathof betweenthree just erupted, permanent and fouryears.2The othergroupsof bones,foundwiththehead (PLATE 30b - mistakenly elementsof two forelegs,leftand right,from titled'donkey'), consistedof the articulating the radiusdown to the thirdphalange,inclusive,and one lefthindleg,fromthe tibiato the thirdphalange,inclusive.The appearanceand dimensionsof thesebones were compatible withhavingcome fromthe same animal,probablythesame individualfromwhichtheskull derived.A possible conclusionis thatthecarcaseof a horsehad been cut up into threelarge legjoints,plus thecompletehead, at the timeof the LM II destruction. Finally,in Room P, were foundthelargelycomplete,almostidentical,skeletonsof two veryyoungdogs.Manyof thebones werecharred.Both skullspossessedall theirmilkteeth, and age at deathwas less thanfourmonths. Footnotes 1. Jarman,M. R. and Jarman,H. R. 1968 'The Fauna and Economy of EarlyNeolithic Knossos;£S^4 63 (1968) 241-264. 2. Cornwall,I. W. 197'4 Bones for theArchaeologist,London.

Appendix3 The HumanSkeletons JONATHANH. MUSGRAVE These skeletonsbelongedto threefetusesand one neonate aged approximately33, 35 and 38 weeks of intrauterine life and 2 weeks of postnatallife respectively. More information about theirages is given in Table 1; and the limb bone lengthsfromwhich they were calculatedare reproducedin Table 2. Age was determinedby meansof a techniquedevised by Scheuer,Musgraveand Evans (1980). In each case it was possible to use the regression equations with the lowest standarderrorof the estimate,i.e. the ones whichofferedthe mostreliableestimate. Our techniquetakes account of sex differences and so two equationswere applied to each skeletonto determinethe 'male' age and the 'female'age. The two equationsused were: (i) Male age = + 0.1402Femur 0.0230Tibia + 0.0556Humerus+ 0.2651Radius + 0.0765Ulna + 7.4339 ± 1.67 weeks.This is ourMethodNo. 2.01. (ii) Female age = +0.1509Femur + 0.4056Tibia + 2.2947 ± 1.90 weeks. This is ourMethodNo. 3.02. The age of each fetusgivenin Table 1 is its 'menstrual'ratherthanits 'coital' age. The human gestationperiod,fromfertilisation to birthat fullterm,is thoughtto be 266 days (38 weeks). However it is virtuallyimpossibleto pinpointthe precisemomentof fertilisation. Since most women can rememberwhen theirlast menstrualperiodbeforepregnancy now regardthisas the firstday of the gestationperiod and calculate started,obstetricians the baby's developmentalage accordingly.The obstetricalgestationperiod now becomes 280 days (40 weeks). TABLE 1 Estimatedagesof thefetalandneonatalsubjectsfromtheUnexplored Mansion Burial1. RoomC, underfloorin NWofroom.(PLATE 26f) life. 38.12 ± 1.67 weeksofintrauterine Ageifmale: 37.95 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageiffemale: Burial2. RoomM, underfloor 35.13 ± 1.67 weeksofintrauterine life.(FIG. 10) Ageifmale: 34.63 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageiffemale: Burial3. Corridor L, eastend,highup in outerdoordebris(possiblynotMinoan) 33.51 ± 1.67 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageifmale: life. 32.67 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine Ageiffemale: Burial4. Corridor L, westend,in cistinfloor.(PLATE 33b) 0.55 ±1.67 weeksofpostnatallife. Ageifmale: if female: 2.30 ± 1.90 weeksofpostnatallife. Age

309

THE HUMANSKELETONS

310

TABLE 2

Lengths(in mm) of the ossifiedshaftsof the limb bones of thefetal and neonatalskeletonsfromthe Mansion Unexplored Humérus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula

Skeleton

12

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right *Us *Us

64.8 64.8 52.0 52.4 59.2 59.3 71.6 71.8 60.7 61.2 59.6 59.2

59.2 59.3 47.4 53.1 64.5 64.6 56.0 55.7 -

3

4

54.0 44.7 45.0 51.1 60.2 52.3 52.5 51.1

67.7 68.1 56.3 64.0 63.5 79.7 79.4 69.0 69.1 64.8

ofeachis given inTable1. Forthesakeofconsistency leftboneswereusedwhennumber *Us= unsided. Thecatalogue everpossible.

Acknowledgements

and meto reporton theseskeletons; I shouldliketo thankMrMervyn Pophamforinviting I when them. in 1975 studied theBritish the to Knossos for visit Academy financing

Reference

oflatefetalandperiScheuer, J. H. andEvans,S. P. 1980. "Theestimation J. L., Musgrave, AnnalsofHuman natalage fromlimbbonelengthby linearandlogarithmic regression". 257-265. Biology7, of'fetus'. NOTE: On thespelling Medical I haveadoptedthespelling'fetus'afterreadinga letterto theEditoroftheBritish in which W. D. and Hamilton theyclaimed J. Journal(BMJ,18.2.67,p. 425) byJ. Boyd it is probablymorecorrect.A. B. Cook had pointedout to themthat thatetymologically from*feo (I beget)thanfromfoveo (I the wordcould be derivedmoreconvincingly other and that words derived from speltwith'e' ratherthan *feoarecommonly cherish); 'oe' in theirstems,e.g.femina, and fecundus fetura.

THE MINOAN UNEXPLORED MANSION AT KNOSSOS PLATES BY M. R. POPHAM WITH J. BETTS M. CAMERON H. W. AND E. A. CATLING D. E. EVELY R. A. HIGGINS D. SMYTH and others

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1984

© M. R. Popham 1984

Printedin GreatBritainat theAlden Press,Oxford

CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Architecture and Excavation

vii PLATES

1-42

2. Frescoes

43~49

3. LM II PotteryfromtheMain DestructionDeposits 4. MinorLM II and theLM IIIA and B Stratified DepositsofPottery

50-104 105-127

5. MM IIIB/LM IA PotteryDeposits 6. MM IIIB/LM IA-LM IIIB Type Vases and Sherds 7. Sealstonesand Sealing

128-140

8. Clay Figurines 9. Bronzesand Clay Crucibles

191-194

10. OtherFindsofStone,Clay, Ivory,Faience and Lead 11. LM II PlantRemains Fold-outPlan

141-183 184-190 195-207 208-232 233 at end

INTRODUCTION

ofa complexexcavationpresentsproblemswhichhave notbeen Arranging theillustrations completelyresolved,but it may be helpfulto those using this volume to understandthe whichhave been made. difficulties encounteredand thedecisionsand compromises ofthe Mansion,withits Photographsand plansoftheexcavationand of thearchitecture have producedfewproblemsexceptthegeneralneed forselectivity frescoes, (no workmenand thesizeofillustrations. To those no trenchsupervisors) and foreconomy,whichhas also affected requiringmoredetailsand a range of largerphotographs,the archiveof the excavationis available at theSchool in Athens.The architectural stagesin theuse ofthe buildingare one whatis thought important aspectand,tothisend,carehas beentakenin theplanstodisentangle and thesubsequent tohavebeentheoriginaldesignoftheMansionfromitsLM II modifications whenthebuildingwas onlypartially alterationsmade in LM III afterthegreatdestruction reoccupied. ofa massofobjectsin liesin itsrecovery oftheexcavation,inotherrespects, The importance in LM II, around 1425bc, a stageknownfrom usewhenthebuildingwas burntand destroyed thereand elsewherein burialsat Knossosbut poorlyrepresented previouslyin thesettlement Crete. So, the emphasisgiven to thisphase, even at the expenseof chronologicalorder,is deliberate.My colleagueshave been asked to adopt thisemphasiswhere feasiblein their This has beeneasierin somesectionsthanin others;nearlyall themetalobjects, contributions. forinstance,werefoundin the LM II debris,but, in othercases, fewerfinds,a moreeven of classification have dictateda somewhat and the requirements chronologicaldistribution kindofpresentation. different has presentedthegreatestproblems,in itsquantity,theuneasefeltat breaking The pottery evidenceforit.As sequenceand theneedtopresentthemainstratigraphical up itschronological theimportanceofthevast LM II destruction a compromise, depositshas been recognisedby placing first,in Section 3, the photographsof the whole and restoredvases, followedby deposits, potteryfromthe same deposits.The other,much smallerstratified fragmentary rangingfromLM II to LM 11IB, have beenplaced next,in Section4, whichhas beenarranged but in the alphabeticalordergivento the rooms,followedby the areas not chronologically outsidethebuilding,theorderadoptedin theexcavationreport.Exceptionally, however,the in thethirdpart,Section5, MM IIIB/LM IA depositshavebeencollectedtogether considerable relatedtotheMansionbutwas foundoutsideindeposits sincemostofthismaterialisnotdirectly a phaselittleillustrated fromKnossosand fromelsewhere.It is,moreover, ofrefuseoriginating a consolidatedpicture.Finally,to helpthosewhomayfindall thistobe tooconfusing requiring an arrangement,and who prefer,or require,a somewhatless detailed presentationin almostentirely ofdrawings,is arranged order,thelastpart,Section6, consisting chronological in sequenceby potteryphases. ofthesectionson have been preparedby manyhands.The contributors The illustrations vii

viu

INTRODUCTION

and drawings;MarkCameronof variousobjectshave providedmostoftheirown photographs Hectorand ElizabethCatlingofthebronzes,Don Evelyoftheotherfinds,Reynold thefrescoes, and GlynisJonesoftheseeds,whileSusan Birdpreparedtheinitial Higginsoftheclayfigurines amendedand augmentedbyJohnBetts.The initial drawingsofmanyoftheseals,subsequently elevations weremadebyKen McFadzean; thesehavebeen of the the Mansion and some of plans retracedand added to by David Smyth.The excavationsectionsand photographswere and I have made thefinaltracings.Trenchsupervisors recordedby Hugh Sackettand myself plottedtheirown finds,especialmentionbeingdue to Hugh Sackettand CressidaRidley,the latterresponsiblefortheplans oftheimmensestonefallsin the PillarRoom; othersincluded and ElizabethWaywell,DyfriWilliamsand John RichardHeyhoe,Roger Howell, Geoffrey ofthepottery and someoftheprofiles and motivesweremadebymyself; Younger.Photographs the drawingswere completedby Susan Bird,Gus MacVarish, PennyMountjoyand Helen WilkinsonoftheInstituteofArchaeologyat Oxfordwho helpedconsiderablytoo on thefinal toNickPollardofthesameInstituteformuchhelpon the plansand sections.I am also grateful The photographs ofEvans'sexcavationare reproducedbykindpermission ofthe photography. DirectoroftheAshmoleanMuseum. have been cataloguedin individuallistsaccordingto the Objects,exceptfrescofragments, thenumbergivento room,corridoror area in whichtheywerefound;theletterwhichprefixes each objectindicatesitslocation,e.g. A 5 and NC 5 are thefifth objectlistedin thecontentsof Room A and oftheNorthCorridorrespectively. Wherethecontextofan objectis notclear,the findhas beengivena Misc. (miscellaneous)numberand iscataloguedat theendofthesectionin whichits categoryis considered.Exceptionally,frescofragments have theirown catalogue numbersand are listedin theirrelevantsection.The findplacesofobjectswillbe givenon Room plans,whichwillaccompanytheRoom cataloguesin theText volume. All measurements are metricand photographicscale bars are in centimetres. MERVYN POPHAM

I Plates 1-42

ARCHITECTURE AND EXCAVATION

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Plate io (a), Section 2 Description of levels: (1) Dark brown soil with layers of stone chippings (post-Minoan robbing pit). (2) Yellow hard above, loose below with some large stones,sherd and wall plaster, to possible floor(LM 11IB). (3) Soft brown with few stones (LM 11IB). (4) As 3 but with some carbon layers and bone (LM III). (5) Light brown with yellow patches and carbon to kouskouras (MM III/LM IA). (6) Yellow clayey with patches of disintegrated mudbrick and large stone fall (LM III). (7) Earth floorwith carbon (Phearth) above decayed gypsum slabs and cist (projected) (LM III). (8) Fine, ashy brown with small stone (LM IIIB-?C). (9) Yellow clayey and fairlyloose (LM IIIB-PC). (10) Dark ashy with sherd and bone (LM IIIB-?C). (11) Yellow clayey with stone fall (LM 11IB). (12) Earth floor above decayed gypsum slabs and infant burial (projected) (LM IIIB). (13) Packing around cist (projected); earth, stones and kouskouras lumps (MM III/LM IA with LM II Pintrusive). (14) Cist fill; little grey earth at bottom; above, yellow clayey, stone chippings and ash (MM III/LM IA). (15) As 10. (16) As 11. (17) Yellow clayey floor (LM IIIA and B). (18) Build-up of floor;sandy light yellow with stones and gypsum slab, much sherd (LM IIIA 1 with LM II). (20) Dark ashy (LM II). Cists projected.

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Plate io(¿), Section 7 Description of levels: (1) Red powdery earth, loose with stones, burnt and calcinated lumps, some charcoal (LM II). (2) Yellow clay floor (LM II). (3) Lower floorof pink plaster with small pebbles, above thin clay and ash. (4) Fill of earth, kouskouras chunks and sherd, above wall (projected) (MM III/LM iA). (5) As 1 but more compacted, less burnt with patches of yellow clay (LM II). (6). Above, loose grey,ashy with much charcoal and fallen gypsum paving, with admixture of 5; below, very loose and hollow with fallen stones, smashed pots and much charcoal above earth floor (LM II). (7) Black earth, burnt stones and much charcoal (LM II). (8) Sandy brown, loose with hollows (LM II). (9) As 6 (LMII). (10-11) Vertical lenses of yellow clayey alternating with grey ashy, loose soil and burnt stones; lower 11, horizontal lenses of black ash, yellow clayey and red powdery earth to floor (LM II). (12) Grey ashy above kouskouras packing (to LM II). (13) Fine, loose pink with potteryand gypsum slabs (LM II). (14) Yellow-green clayey, fallen stones, pottery,some charcoal (LM II). (15) As 13 but bright red, with 'silting' lines above carbon lines (LM II). (16) Upper, as 14 but blacker; lower, brick-reddust with broken vases, burnt stones and charcoal above clay floor (LM II). (17) Kouskouras fillwith carbon flecks,above gypsum slab. (18) Charcoal layer below clayey. (19) Fill of earth, kouskouras chunks and some sherd, with infant burial (MM III/LM IA).

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Plate 13,Section6 Descriptionoflevels: debris(post-Minoan). (1) DisturbedLM II destruction burntearth,smallstonesand charcoal(LM II). (2-3) Brick-red (4) Burntred and blacksoil,loose,somelargestones(LM II). and withfallenplaster(above L 89) and fallenvases, (5) As 4 butwithmorestone,charcoaland burnttimbers to clay floorwithsmashedpotsamid ash (LM II). BurialcistunderW. wall. (6) Slantinglayersofplasterwithyellowclay,darkgreyashywithcarbonpatches,loosered,and looseashy withcarbon (W. to E.) (LM II). (7) Patchesofmudbrick fragsabove; below,slantinglevelsofgreyashyand loosered,tolargestonefallabove withburnttimbers(LM II). floor;threshold (8) Loose red withfragsof pebble paving (just E. ofL 122), somewall plaster,and stonefallto clay floor (LMII). (9) Pits 10+ 11, greyashywithmuchsherd(LM III A 2). Blockingwall projected.

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Plate 15

Mansion'sE. façade,buttresses and S. Court (a) beforeand (b) afterexcavation.The superimposedbuildingin (a) is Roman

Plate 16

withS. Courtin mid ground(b) Mansion'sbuttresses Evans's excavation(a) ofS. Platform, and E. façade,withblockingwalls betweenLittlePalace and NE Platform

Plate 17

afterrecentexcavationand somerestoration showingwallsofRomanbuilding(b) S. Platform (a) Evans'sexcavationon S. Platform, (c) S. wall ofjog in S. Corridor

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(a-b) N. Corridor, (a) Along N. façade (b) on NE Platform, (c-d) S. face of NE Platform, (c) Blocking wall between it and Little Palace (d) position of possible steps

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