Knossos: From Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion II. Text & Plates

KNOSSOS FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY Excavationsat theUnexploredMansionII TEXT BY L. H. SACKETT WITH K. BRANIGAN P. J. CALLAGHAN H. W. and E. A. CATLING J. N. COLDSTREAM R. A. HIGGINS M. R. POPHAM J. PRICE M. J. PRICE G. B. WAYWELL and others

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1992

© The BritishSchool ofArchaeologyat Athens and individualauthors1992 ISBN 0 0904887 081

Typesetby Oxbow Books at OxfordUniversity ComputingService Printedin GreatBritainat theAlden Press,Oxford

Contents Preface Introduction: Nomenclature,Abbreviations Layout,Stratigraphy, 1. Excavationand Architecture by L.H. SackettwithJ.E. Jones 2. Sub-MinoanPotteryby M.R. Popham 3. EarlyHellenicPotterybyJ.N. Coldstream 4. Archaicto HellenisticPotteryby PJ. Callaghan 5. StampedAmphorahandles,SigillataStampsand Graffiti by L.H. Sackett withV. Grace and others 6. Roman Potteryby L.H. Sackett 7. The Lamps by H.W. and E.A. Catling 8. The Coins by MJ. Price 9. PlasterSculpturesby G.B. Waywell 10. TerracottaFigurinesand OtherObjects by R.A. Higgins 11. Metal Objects and MetallurgicalDebris by K. Branigan 12. Objectsin Bone and Bone Workingby L.H. Sackett 13. OtherFindsin Stone,Clay and Faience by L.H. SackettwithJane Cocking and others 14. Glass Vesselsand OtherObjects byJ. Price 15. Summaryand Conclusions

Page vii xi 1 59 67 89 137 147 257 323 333 351 363 379 391 415 463

NOTES to Sections1-15

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Appendices 1. The AnimalBones by O. Bedwin 2. Recentand FossilMarine Invertebrates by D.S Reese 3. A Note on the Roman Pigmentsby R.E. Jones

491 493 497

Preface The excavationsitewas chosen,in consultation withMervynPopham,primarily witha viewto the area of the Minoan whose east facade had uncovering complete 'UnexploredMansion', beenrevealedbyEvans and remainedopenat thewestsideoftheLittlePalace excavation.The Minoan Mansion has dimensionsof 14.5x 24.5m.,but the total area excavatedin the four main seasonsmeasured16m.in width,based on a good estimateofthewidthofthe Minoan building,and 3 1.5-33.5m. in length,to includeat thenorthend thefullextentoftheRoman NorthHouse. This buildinghad alreadybeen revealedin outlineby Germanexcavationsof 1942 and was boundedat thenorthby a strongstone-built aqueduct,whichis on a different from the Minoan This a formed convenientnorthern limitto the alignment building. aqueduct excavation. It was recognisedfromthe startthatextensivepost-Minoanremainsoverlaythe Minoan on the later historyof Knossos. The buildingand could give importantnew information of soil on the east side of this where numerouswall stubswere visible overlay slopingsite, from a cut in measured to 6.0 metres section, protruding up depthfromsurfaceto Minoan floor and alreadypromiseduseful,ifcomplicatedstratigraphy. As yetno detailedinformation was available on Classical, Hellenisticor Roman settlementin this part of Knossos, and littlehad beenpublishedfromanypartofthepost-Minoantown.Thus, though comparatively limitedby principleschieflyto do withMinoan architecture, theexcavationwas undertaken withhighexpectationsof usefulstratigraphical and this results, hope has been fulfiled by a series of finds numerous destruction and other from almost good including deposits every periodfromSub-Minoan to the early3rd centuryA.D. The workwas initiatedby MervynPopham,thenAssistantDirectoroftheBritishSchoolat Athenswiththestrongand activesupportoftheDirector,A.H.S. Megaw, and oftheSchool's Managing Committee,and proceeded during the summersof 1967-8 and 1971-3, with workin 1977.The post-Minoanworkcame underthedirectionofL.H. Sackett, supplementary assistedin 1967 by Gerald Cadogan, thenMacmillan Student,and in 1971 byJ. EllisJones. devotedto Minoan work,in 1968and 1972-3, MervynPophamdirectedtheseasonsprimarily theresultsofwhichare now publishedin twovolumesas 'The Minoan UnexploredMansion' (henceforth MUM), and has contributedthesectionon Sub-Minoanpotteryto thisvolume. He also carriedout the supplementary workin 1977 in a southextensionover the 'South Platform'whoseresultsincludedsubstantialRoman remains.His advice and expertisehave been invaluablethroughout. Also gratefully acknowledgedare the skilland patienceofKen architect and MacFadzean, surveyorduringthefourmainseasons,and ofDavid Smythwho succeededhimin 1977,and workedduringthefollowing yearsofstudyin drawingup thefinal revisionsofall plans and sections,and adding a numberof new ones,as needed. Special thanksare due to StylianosAlexiou,Ephor ofAntiquitiesat Heraklionduringthe and encouragement, as also to his excavation,bothforofficial supportand forpersonalinterest Lebesis. A.H.S. as Director of the British not successor,Angeliki Megaw School, onlyhelped initiatetheproject,butgavevaluableadviceand administrative helpin thefirst year.In thishe was followedby P.M. Fraserand by H.W. Catlingwho providedeveryfacilityforstudyand vii

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who withElizabethCatlinghas undertakenan importantsectionof the publicationhimself. to thepublicationNicolasColdstreamand PeterCallaghan Amongothermajorcontributors with materialfromsome have shown particularpatience and long-termindustriousness and scatteredstratigraphical contexts.PeterCallaghanworkedduringmanyyearsat difficult Knossos,sorting,mendingand drawingmaterialfromnumerous,sometimesquite scrappy whichhas enabledhimto drawsome deposits,and makingsenseofcomplicatedstratigraphy, the Hellenistic and conclusions for period.I also owe a particulardebt to important original in the initialstagesof studyingthe a time at Knossos who deal of John Hayes spent great Roman pottery, and has continuedto givehelpin thisspecialistfield.Withouthim,thewhole would have been much and architecture the Roman stratigraphy processof understanding more laboriousand time consuming.Ellis Jones devoted a long summerto studyingand writingup a particularlymassiveRoman deposit (Deposit D4), and he has contributed to thesectionon Roman housesand frescoes. substantially Othermajorcontributors to thepublication,KeithBranigan,Hectorand ElizabethCatling, Martin Price,JenniferPrice (followingPamela Rumball-Rogers)and Reynold Higgins, worked have Geoffrey Waywell patientlywiththeirmaterial,and somehave made necessary a revision too toJane Cockingforundertaking overan extendedperiod.I am grateful revisions and a discussionofthismaterial(Section13); also to Harriet ofthecatalogueofloomweights Watrous for reading over the section on stone objects, and for making suggestionsfor improvement. RichardJones,BedwinOwen, David Reese and ShelaghWall have each made specialistor technicalcontributions. is made in theprefaceto theplates volumeto themanypeople who in Acknowledgement whichaccompany some350 pagesofillustrations or helpedputtogether drawing photography thistext. werethemembersoftheexcavationstaffin thesuccessiveyearsat Knossos: The following Gerald Cadogan (1967), ChrisBottomley(1967), J. EllisJones (1967, Excavation supervisors 1971, 1973), Roger Howell, Elizabethand Geoffrey Waywell(1967, 1971), CressidaRidley Smith Ken Wardle (1971), Richard Heyhoe (1971), Katie (1967), Jill Carington (1967), Ian Sanders Kerrin (1971), AndrewStewart(1971), John Hope (1971), Heywood (1971), staffOliver Dickinson (1967), John Younger (1971), Tony Spawforth(1973). Apotheke Bird (1971), Janet Blaker (1971), Susan White Sherwin Susan (1967), Raymond (1967), Miranda Buchanan (1971), Paul Cartledge(1971), PenelopeMountjoy(1971), Sarah Paton Ian Buist (1967), Lawrence (1971), Angela Wales (1971), Renee Jones (1973). Assistants Churchill(1967), StuartThorne (1967), Olivia Johnstone(1971), Mark Magowan (1971), CharlesCoolidge (1973), David Erhart(1973). In additionmanyof thosewho workedprimarilyon the Minoan excavationin the 1968, are acknowledgedin theprefaceto theMUM 1972and 1977seasonsand whosecontributions to time considerable also devoted volume, post-Minoanworkin thoseyears. Becausea basicpurposeoftheexcavationwas tofreethearea above theMinoan buildingfor subsequentexcavation, the work itselfdemanded a wide range of skills,fromcareful cleaningto theheavytaskofremovingsubstantialmassesofRoman masonry. stratigraphical carriedout underthesupervisionofAntoniZidianakis These taskswereably and efficiently who began as foremanin 1967,and who gatheredan experiencedand varied team ofup to and toughness. as remarkablefortheirskilland devotionas fortheirstrength sixteenworkmen, withhis wife Petro of later and the excavation the Petrakis, along years study Throughout now of the area in confined the first the and restored mended finds, building Eleni, cleaned,

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used as the Taverna annexe, and later in the more expansive conditionsof the new Museum. Stratigraphical Sincethiswas a School excavation,thecostofthefieldworkand ofmuchofthesubsequent studywas borneby theCommitteeoftheBritishSchoolat Athens,withgrantsfromtheSeager Fund, theEvans Fund and theBritishAcademy.In recentyearsgenerousstudygrantsfrom theDillon Fund ofGrotonSchool,Massachusetts, and fromHunterLewis,have enabledme to in considerable of time and to Crete, spend lengths completethestudyoftheRoman pottery and otherfindsthere,and later to writeup the excavationreportand to do the necessary editorialwork. Previously publishedaccountsoftheexcavationsincludepreliminary reportsin Archaeological in for as well as short notices the Bulletin relevant issues of de Correspondance Reports 1972-3, An and Deltion. account of the House of the Diamond Frescoeswith Hellénique Archaiologikon illustrations in colour appeared in Archaeology32 (2) 1979 pp. 18-27. A studyof the debrisby E. Photos,SJ. Filippakisand C J. Salterwas presentedin theBritish metallurgical MuseumOccasional Paper No. 48 for1985,pp. 187-197.An Orientalizingdepositofpottery was publishedin the AnnualoftheBritishSchoolat Athens 73, 1978, pp. 49-80. A numberof individualobjectshave also beenillustratedand discussedelsewhere:theMagenta Ware flask i 1975 p. 27; the lead-glazed cup A2,32 (see catalogue (TC55) in BritishMuseumYearbook Roman and some terra entry); sigillataware forms,selectedbyJ.W. Hayes as typeexamples, B Form 60). e.g. D3,3 (E sig L.H. Sackett BritishSchool at Athens

Introduction The Course of the Excavations and their Layout New trencheswerelaid out at thesurfacelevelduringthe twomain seasonsdevotedto postMinoan work,1967 and 1971,withan additionalsouthextensionin 1977. Excavationofthenorthhalfofthesitewas startedin 1967,and completedin 1968whenthe Minoan workbegan. Since somewall linesoftheNorthHouse had alreadybeen revealedby theGermanexcavationof 1942,whichhad reacheda depthofabout 1.50m.,it was decided afterpreliminary cleaningto excavateas faras possibleby rooms,ratherthanby a formalgrid oftrenches. Thus thefirstareasexcavatedwereNorthHouse,Rooms I- V (see thetrenchplan, plate 1). Room V was dividedintonorthand southsectors,and comprisedwhatlaterbecame forthearea ofthe RoomsV and VI (thenumberVI havingbeen reservedduringfield-work street). A broad stripacrossthesouthside showedno surfacewalls,and the area was accordingly VII (or SE) at thesoutheast,VIII (or SW) at thesouthwestand dividedintothreetrenches, IX (or SA) at thesmallcentralsoutharea (plate 1). When wall featureswerereached,the centralstreet(VI) tookup muchofthearea SA, whileTrenchVII coveredmuchoftheEast House, and Trench VIII most of the NorthHouse southernyard ('Room' VII). All the originaltrenchareas (I-IX) continuedin use throughoutthe excavationof the lower (preRoman) levels,afterthe removalof thelaterwall features. The northsectorwas completeddownto theMinoan levelsin theperiodsJune 19 -July 25 1967,and May 23 -June 5 1968.There followeda periodwhenattentionwas divertedaway fromKnossosto urgentworkin the Lefkandicemeteries(1969-70), begunin Spring1968. The southhalfofthesitewas excavatedin 1971.Aftertheremovalby machineofa metreof topsoiland wash levels,as theyhad been recordedin the 1967 section(SectionC, no. 1), a simplegrid of six trenches(X-XV), measuring6 x 4.50m., was laid out in an area which eventuallymeasured16m.fromnorthtosouthand 14m.fromeasttowest.Workin 1971lasted fromJune9 toJuly26, withfinalcleaningin 1972 fromJune 18-23. In 1973 a season was devotedto the excavationof outstandingwells. Well 5 (Classical, due to collapse)wereexcavatedbyTony abortive),and Well 14 (3rdcenturyB.C., unfinished Well 8a B.C. unfinished due to (6th Spawforth; collapse) was excavated by Nicolas a withfinalfillofHadrianicdate, set Well cistern of Hellenistic construction Coldstream; 12, an was excavated above directly Orientalizingwell, by Hugh Sackettand JohnEllisJones. in 1977 extended the excavation at the southwestcornerof the Finally, MervynPopham for Minoan tests walls of outside the the Minoan excavation,primarily building,(see plate 1 forthelocationand area). An importantresultofthisworkwas therecoveryofthesouthwing (Room IV) of the House ofDiamond Frescoes. Stratigraphy: the location and value of drawn sections The slopingcharacterofthesiteand itsintensiveoccupationovera longperiodhave resulted in a stratigraphy thatis bothcomplexand informative. Whilein places2nd centuryA.D. walls xi

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were foundeddirectlyon the Minoan building (House of Diamond Frescoes),in others sequences of Dark Age (Trenches III, XIII, XIV), Classical (Trenches I, XII, XIII), Hellenistic(TrenchesVII, XII, XIII, XIV) and 1stcenturyA.D. Roman (TrenchesX, XI, XIII, XIV) were found. In general, though, the earlier periods were more scantily represented, exceptby pits,and theRoman had richerdeposits. It happenedthatthenatureofthenorthern halfofthesitewas radicallydifferent fromthat ofthesouthernhalf(as was also trueoftheMinoan periods).Northofthestreet,whichmarks thecentraldividingline,was founda usefulsequenceof the 2nd-3rdcenturiesA.D., in and below the NorthHouse. Beneath this,scanty1stA.D. remainsoverlaya moresubstantial sequenceofClassicaland Hellenistic,and a seriesofEarly Iron Age and laterpitsand wash levels.These are recordedstratigraphically in themajoreast-westsectionsSectionsC and D, withthesupplementary SectionF (plates 8, 9 and 12; locationon plate 1, trenchplan). At SectionD, a centralbaulk was leftrunningfromeast to westacrossthe NorthHouse, Rooms I, V and IV, and was maintainedthroughout theexcavationofearlierlevelsbelow.A north-south sectionoriginallyleftacrossRooms II, V and VI, and recordedin corresponding 1967-8, was later abandoned as more divisivethan informative. However,at SectionF a orientation,and temporarybaulk was leftat rightangles across the street,on a different overHellenistichere.This shows providesa usefulrecordofthe 1stand 2nd A.D. construction the relativepositionof the followingdepositsat thisspot: Classical (H7), Early Hellenistic (HI 3), Neronian(Nl), Hadrianic (Dl-2) and Severan(S2). The centraleast-westSectionC (plate 8), drawnat theend ofthe 1967 and 1968 seasons,cut acrossthestreetat an oblique angle,recording partofthenorthsector(at west)and partofthesouthsector,notablytheEast House and itsHellenisticpredecessorat the east. SouthofthestreettheHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas theonlymajorlate Roman building. It was howeverisolatedbothin plan and stratigraphically fromtherestoftheexcavation,since itsfoundations cut rightdown to theMinoan, and wereterracedback throughand removed almostall tracesoftheintermediate contextis quitesimple,in periods.Hence itsstratigraphical thatitprovidesa terminus antequern forall associatedlevelsand structures excepttheupperwash levels(see SectionsA, B, E and E'). The majorpartofthesouthsectorprovideda richsequence of 1stA.D. Roman deposits,conveniently to the latersequenceof the north complementary sector,an importantbut complexand, in places,scantClassicaland Hellenisticsequence,and some Early Iron Age occupation levels, pits and even wall traces. These are recorded in SectionsA, B, E and E'. A numberofpits,in bothnorthand southsectors, stratigraphically whichdo notappear in anysection,are recordedsolelyon thepitplan,plate 5. Otherspecial sectionsare providedforWell 12 (Roman cistern)at plate 12b,thecistsoak-awaybeneaththe paved streetsurfaceat plate 12c, and a pit sequence northof the streetat the westside (SectionJ at plate 14, showingDepositsH 18, H27, FI and Tl). The Excavation Reference System and the Recording of Proveniences As faras possible,proveniences forall classesofobjectsare givennotationswhichreferto dated unitsor otherspecificfeatures(e.g. DepositH 13,NorthHouse,Well 14, deposits,architectural weremarkedwiththeoriginal Pit 31). Most objects,includingthebulkoftheRoman pottery, were selected for excavationlevel numbers;many cataloguingduringexcavationand were markedwith site, year and serial number,a P- numberbeing reservedforpottery(e.g. UM/67/P35fora vase,but UM/71/502fora bronzenail). These numbersare includedin the do not have originalexcavationnumbers,theyhave catalogue.When publishedfragments

INTRODUCTION

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to each deposita listis given beenmarkedwiththepublishednumberonly.In theintroduction ofitsoriginaltrenchand levelnumbers(oftenmultipleforan individualdeposit)so thatcross reference can easilybe made froma publisheddepositto the objectsthemselves, including Museum. unpublishedsherdmaterialboxed in the Stratigraphical fromall over the Again,numerousobjectsofinterestcame froma varietyofproveniences In site,whichlie outsideor betweensuch contexts,and have not ratedseparatetreatment. thesecases the originalexcavationnotationis given,togetherwiththe date assignedto the or no notationat all (whichcould ratherthanan unacceptablylongverbaldescription pottery, "X 2 #2021"standsfor otherwise an unstratified or context). Examples: unsatisfactory imply TrenchX, level2, basket#2021;"I(S) #0858Wall cac' content"standsforTrenchI, southern half,basket#0858,removalofwall 'ac' of thesenotations,whichare also markedon the objects,there To clarifythe significance followsa briefaccountof thelabellingsystemused in thefield. Trenchesare as follows(see plan at plate 1): (in 1967) I(N) and (S), II, III, IV (N) and (S), V(N) and (S), VI (street),VII (theSE area), VIII (theSW area), IX (thesmallcentralSouth area or SA); (in 1971) X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV (originallywrittenin arabic letters). Excavated levelsweregivenarabic numbers(writtenin a triangle,followingBritishSchool with#.These practice),and each zembilor baskethad itsown serialnumber,hereidentified numberover 3,000 and are listedin a 53 page levelsindex,available in the Stratigraphical datesforeach. Wellsweregiventhenumberofthe Museumat Knossos,withsuggestedpottery trenchwheretheywerefound(so Well 5 or Well 12); wheremorethanone wellwas foundin a singletrench,letterswereadded (so Wells8a and 8b). Walls weredenotedalphabetically,in and ran fromWall 'a' to Wall 'gd', forming theordertheyappearedas excavationprogressed, a seriesof186wallsin all. Pitswerenumberedseriallywithineach trench,withan appropriate level number,but are hererenumberedby locationfromsouthto north(plate 5 withkey). All findspublishedin thisvolumeare denotedby a letter,whichmayrefereitherto a deposit (e.g. H 16,for2nd B.C. Hellenistic,Nl forNeronian,D4 forHadrianic) or to material(e.g. C forcoin, L forlamp, M formetal). For conveniencetheseabbreviationsare listedhere in alphabeticalorder: Catalogue Identification Code

A 1-2 Bl-2 C Cl-2 D 1-6 E Fl-2 G GA-GH H 1-35 IG J K L M Nl-3 P Rl-3

Augustandeposits(includingpre-colonial) Tiberiandeposits Coins Claudian deposits(mid 1stA.D.) Hadrianicdeposits Objects in bone Flavian deposits(late 1stA.D.) Glass Geometricand Orientalizingdeposits Protogeometric, Archaic,Classical and Hellenisticdeposits NorthItalian GreyWare Clay tiles Objects in clay Lamps Metal objects Neroniandeposits Plastersculptures Aurelian/Antonine deposits(later2nd A.D.)

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Objectsin stone 3rd A.D.) Severandeposits(late 2nd/early Trajanic deposits Terracottafigurines 3rd A.D. and later) Upper levelspotterydeposits(late 2nd/early Faience and spindlewhorlsetc. Clay loomweights Stampedamphorahandlesand graffiti Sigillatastamps

S S 1-2 Tl-3 TC U V W X Y

ABBREVIATIONS The followingabbreviationsoccurin catalogueentries: D H Th

= diameter = height = thickness

fr(s). = fragment(s) = circa c. c }

Wt L max près est ext

= = = = = =

bg bf rf rs us

W

= width

weight length maximum preserved estimated extant

centi=CentUry = = = = =

black glaze black figure red figure red slip unstratified

Measurementsare in centimetres exceptwhereotherwiseindicated. are givenat thebeginningof thenotesforeach to bibliographicalreferences Abbreviations Section.

Section 1 Excavationand Architecture (PLATES 1-41) L. H. SACKETT withJ. E.JONES and OTHERS1

The Early Periods:a SummaryofResults Introduction Sub-Minoan Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Archaic Classical and Structures The HellenisticPeriod:Stratigraphy Introduction The NorthwestSector:the Sequence in TrenchesI and II The NortheastSector:Building'al'/'ak' The CentralWest Sector The SoutheastSector:the Sequence in TrenchXII The SouthwestSector:Quarryingpitsand New Construction Summaryof the HellenisticEvidencein ChronologicalSequence The Roman Houses: Construction, Historyand Final Occupation The SouthwestHouse The SoutheastHouse The East House The House of the Diamond Frescoes The NorthHouse The Street The NorthAqueduct

Page 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 13 16 17 19 25 34 37 47 54 57

THE EARLY PERIODS: A SUMMARY OF RESULTS INTRODUCTION Whileclearindicationhas beenfoundofthepresenceofhumanactivityon thissitethroughout theEarlyIronAge,littlecan be said ofthequalityofhabitation,sinceno actualdwellingswere 1

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found,due to continuousand sometimesmassivelaterdisturbance.Indeed onlythreewalls (Walls 'bl/bk','fy'and 'gc') can be dated as earlyas the Geometricperiod.In general,our evidenceforall periodspriorto theHellenisticcomesfroma seriesofwells,pitfills,washlevels and isolatedpatchesofearthfloorwhichwereleftintactby laterbuilders. shownby thepit That one majorearlyuse ofthearea was as a stonequarryis sufficiently plate at 5. The Minoan mansion was a fine source of dressed limestone blocks.But it plan and itis shouldbe notedthatthefeatures shownat plate 5 are byno meansall contemporary, that a times see under the crossed the area from discussion likely trackway veryearly (PG? Roman Street,below),and thattherehad in factbeendwellingshere,tojudge fromthosewall and earth floorfragmentswhich do survive,and fromwells going as far back as the Orientalizingperiod. A number of pits, too, are rubbish pits showing contemporary occupation,ratherthansolelyrobbingpits. THE SUB-MINOAN PERIOD No structures or clearoccupationlevelsoftheSub-Minoanperiodwerefound.That thesehad existedon or close to the site,however,is indicatedby a substantialdepthof fillwithSubMinoan materialwhichhad accumulatedwithinthenortheast corneroftheMinoan building, a in hollow left after to floor level earlier (LM IIIC?) times(Section filling large deep robbing C no. 22; plan at plate 5, no. 51; and cf. MUM pl. 11, level 1). Althoughno occupation horizonwas found,and indeedmostexcavatedlotswerein partcorruptedbymaterialfromthe irregularGeometricpitcuttingswhichdelimitedtheentiredepositon each side,an important groupofmaterialwas collectedand is publishedin Section 2 by MervynPopham. The Context of the Sub-Minoan Deposit Re-occupationin thefinalLate Minoan phaseswithintheUnexploredMansionhad beenmost extensivein itsNE sector,and it was herethattheprincipallevelswithSub-Minoanmaterial above LM IIIC (SectionC no. 22 werefoundat depthc. 11.00-12.50m., in part stratified above no. 24) . These layersconsistedof compactgreyto brownearthinterlacedwithfine pebble strosesand thinlayersofyellowclay and seemto representthegradualfillingin of a largerobbingpit,perhapsbegunin LM IIIC, whenthe E facadeof the buildingmay have been razed to groundlevel,and continuedin Sub-Minoantimeswhenthehigherbased LM IIIB wall at theW. sideofRoom C seemsto have beenrobbedoutin itsturn(SectionC, at the as a combinationoftrodden W. sideoflevel22). The lowerlevelsherehave been interpreted earthfloorsand wash levelsin theMinoan CorridorE, as well as in Rooms C and D further north{MUM pp. 7-13); thesucceedinglayersnextabove thesewhichcontainedSub-Minoan materialseem ratherto have consistedof deliberatefillbroughtin fromoutside,since the did not have thewornappearanceofhillsidewash. pottery,thoughfragmentary, These levelswere excavatedin 1968 as VII 47, 47a and 48-9 (= VII Pit 11) in a wide surfaceovermostofthe area of thistrench,continuingformorethanone metrein depth,c: 11.00-12.50m. They had been cut fromabove by a seriesoflaterpits,primarilyGeometric, includingPits27, 32 and 47-8 (see plan at plate 5; SectionE' no. 17 cutting21a at N). This in itself,the material has meant that while much of the Sub-Minoan potteryis distinctive recoveredwas foundto be contaminatedby Geometricand later intrusions.However,the excavationofsimilarlayerscontinuedin Pit 52 deeperdowntheslopetowardstheE facadeof

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

3

theUM to depth 10.25/10.50m.(excavatedlevel = VII 51/52,Pit 12) and hereprovidedus Sub-Minoanlayer.This compriseda broaddepressionor withan apparentlyuncontaminated it ran outoverthefacadeoftheUM, butwitha betterdefined at the east where ended pit,open westernedge (see plan at plate 5, Pit 52; SectionC no. 22, lowerleft). The 'Main Deposit' to which the materialdescribedbelow (Section 2) belongs,comes fromtheexcavatedlevelVII 51, withadditionsincludingjoiningsherdsfromXII principally ofSub-Minoanmaterialon thesitewere 53 (Pit 32) and fromVII 49. Otherminoroccurrences as follows:in a mixedcontextofTrenchXIII at depthc. 12.00-12.50m.beneatha Geometric earth floornear the south section,and in associationwith the foundationsof Wall 'gc' (EG/MG), see Section A no. 17/18;and at the extremeedge of the Little Palace cutting overlyingthe Minoan NorthPlatform(SectionD level 27). This lattercontextresembleda and washlevelwhichoverlaythetopofLM 11IB pitfill,and was overlaidbya Protogeometric to us remained all that but to the further have extended well The level latersequence. east, may at 12.00m. a thin c. was strip 1.25m.wide, depth Otherobjectsfoundin associationwithSub-Minoansherds,thoughnotin contextsfreefrom a piercedclay weightWla, a bronzeknifeor saw blade M2 are thefollowing: contamination, Mil (VII 50a), incisedbuttonsKl (VII 47a), K2 (Wall bezel a bronze ring (bothVII 52), E K3-4 (V #1048,below Floor 7) and thekylixstembead K29 (VII 46). 'gc' foundations), a for Sub-Minoan This evidence presenceat the UM site,thoughlimitedto pit filland toward showingcontinuedoccupationin thevicinitythroughout perhapsstonerobbing,helps and the Early Iron Age supplementsthe fuller deposits found furtherwest at the Excavations Museum (P.M. Warrenin AR 1982-3 pp. 64-87). Stratigraphical THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

PERIOD

The North Sector Thereis evidence,albeitquite scanty,forcontinuedoccupationin theProtogeometric period. The beststratified sequencecomesin a seriesofoccupationlevelsin a narrowstripalong the edgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at itsnorthend,SectionD, nos.24-26. Here,in a sequenceof fivesuperimposed occupationlevelsabove an LM IIIB pit (levelno. 28) and Sub-minoanwash layer(levelno. 27), are twosuccessiveEPG levels,thelowera troddenearthlevel (no. 26), the ofmudbrickwall. In uppera floorofhardwhiteplaster(no. 25) runningup againsta fragment character of with sherds MPG/LPG (level no. 24) sequence above theseare gravelstroses, The sherd 8th date of beneatha yellowclay floor LG/EO sequenceis centuryB.C.). (late in 3 below. Section in more detail illustratedat plate 25d, and discussed The area is too confinedto makeit possibleto evaluate thenatureoftheoccupationhere. These are narrowstripsof floorlyingdirectlybeneaththe preservedlinesof Hellenisticand was Roman paved streetlevelshere(SectionD, nos.8, 9, 22), and forthisreasonthesuggestion The section of of a was that this earlier made roadway(AR 1972-3,63). verylong-lived part latestfloor(LG/EO) runsup againsta substantialwall (Wall {bP or thelowestcoursesofcbk', on plan at plate 2), a wall whichformsthe upper line of the later East Street,to be seen runningsouthalongtheeastedgeoftheexcavatedarea, beforeturninguphillto thesouthwest. However,thequalityoftheearlierfloorsurfacesdoes notseemveryappropriatefora roadway, and the betterdocumentedlower (or south) line of the streetseemsnot to predatethe 2nd centuryB.C., at least in its stonewall construction(see discussionof the Hellenisticperiod below).

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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE

It is betterthento leave thequestionof the natureof theseloweroccupationlevelsopen. ifnotcontinuously, in thefindsheredo indicatean activepresencesuccessively, Nonetheless, the 10th,9th and 8th centuriesB.C. The principalfindsfromthe Protogeometric period come fromthreestratigraphically isolateddeposits,GA, GB and GC, all in thenorthsectoroftheexcavation.A moredetailed contextis given below in the separatediscussionof each descriptionof theirstratigraphie but it be well to thepositionhere. summarize may deposit, These depositsrepresentoccupationdebris,but are not associatedwith any significant architectural features.DepositGA consistsofthreecompleteLPG vases foundon an isolated area ofearthfloor(possiblyeventhebottomofa pit?)whichsurvivedin a muchdisturbedarea at the northend of the excavation.Two further vases, the skyphoiGH4 and 5, the latter a stone tool a were found on similar area ofearthfloor,close by to thewest containing (S3), This had a to (plate 38d). perhapsbelonged building,now lost,whichre-useda stretchof Minoan wall stillsurviving above surfacehereat thattime(plate 38c,d; plan at plate 2, top right). The two otherdeposits,GB and GC, are pit fills,and representrubbishor redeposited destruction debris,foundin pitsoverthenorthend oftheMinoan building.DepositGB, later 9thcentury(LPG/PGB),was foundin thefillofPit44, dug intotheMinoan storeroom, Room B (MUM pl. 1), and appears to representnormaloccupationrubbish.Deposit GC, late 9th century(PGB/EGI) is perhapspartofa once largerlot,redepositedintothemassiverobbing cornerof the Minoan building. pit at the northwest The South Sector material(EPG and LPG) occurredin twoareas excavatedin 1972at ScrappyProtogeometric thetopoftheMinoan levels(MUM AreasA and B). The mostsubstantiallotsoccurredwhere theback (western)wall oftheMinoan Room H was robbed(plate 5, Pit no. 20A). Original excavationnumbersforthelargerobbingpithereare as follows:MUM A Pit 1, MUM B 13, 15, 17, 21-25, 37; XI 35, 36, 44, 56. But the area is so disturbedby later activitythat no coherentpatterncan be made out.An illustrative material exampleofisolatedProtogeometric is theLPG skyphosGH3, foundintactamongbasicallyMinoan materialbeneathan earlyMG floorat thesouthwestof thearea (see SectionE, no. 18). THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD to above. EarlyGeometricis foundonlywithPGB in Deposit GC, referred Middle Geometric The early-mid8th centuryis best representedby the fillof Pit 27 at the centreof the excavation,Deposit GD (see plan, plate 5, SectionC, no. 21). Disconnectedareas ofearth south(XV 18) are associatedbyjoiningsherds,and floor,bothnearby(VII 29) and further a and that there was substantial quitelevelarea ofoccupationherein the8thcentury suggest one a mere B.C. Two wall fragments survive, scrapbeneaththe2nd A.D. flooroftheHouse of Diamond Frescoes(no. 18 on plan at plate 5; SectionB, no. 9), theothera substantialterrace wall constructed ofre-usedMinoan blocks,at thesouthend oftheexcavatedarea (no. 10 on

EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE

5

plan at plate 5; SectionA, no. 17). This wall was robbedaway at theextremesouth,but the northtracesofpavingare earthfloorranup againstit at thesectionline,and at 2.50m.further preservedon itsdownhilleasternside,runningforabout 2.5.m. to thenorth(see periodplan plate 2). Here anotherpaved area ofuncertaindate,steppedup some40cms.,is preservedon theupper,westside,and thereappearsto have been a doorwayenteringfromthenorth.If so, thewesterndoorjamb is partofa rebuildlaid directlyon theMinoan, whichwas itselflater intothefoundationoftheSouthwestHouse. It is unsafeto associatetheadjacent incorporated hereis offoundations preservedon thenorthside (Wall 'gd'), sincethestratigraphy fragment features(Pits5-6, 8-9, 11; heartharea confusedby theoccurrenceofseveralArchaic-Classical 7; see plan at plate 5). These featuresdisturbedor removedthe evidenceforGeometric isolatedthissouthernarea offloorfroma secondsimilararea occupationhere,and effectively further north,whichis in directassociationwithPit 27 and Deposit GD (SectionE' no. 20). Bothfloorsare at depthc. 12.30-12.55m. They are linkedbyjoiningsherds.The numbersof theoriginalexcavationlevelsare thefollowing(asterisksshowjoins): VII 29, *43A, *44 (pit fill);XII 23, 24, *46 (pit fill),1972 #55,XIV 37, XV 18, MUM I Pit 1, MUM 1972 #38, MUM B 3, 11, *17, 17A. Maximumdimensionsof the totalrelatedarea are c. 14 x 5m. In additioncompactedwash levelscontainingMG materialoverlaythe westwall of the Minoan buildingas fillin the PG robbingpit (PLATE 5, Pit 20A), excavated as XI 34. Disturbedmaterialfromthisarea was also foundplaced as sealingovertheadjacentHellenistic discussionin thefollowingsection. robbingpit (plate 5, Pit 22); see further Late Geometric The later 8th centuryis best representedby the fillof Pit 41 (Deposit GE), dug into the corneroftheMinoan building(plate 5, no. 41), as a robbingpitforthesouthwall northwest here (MUM pl. 1, Room A). This pit howeveris isolated ofthesmallMinoan compartment and all associated occupation levels must have been removedby later, stratigraphically, in thisarea. Classicaland Hellenistic,construction date is a wash levelat thewestbaulk,runningfrom5 to The nearestlevelofcontemporary MG washlevels(XI 10m.to thesouth(SectionC, no. 19), excavatedas XI 25, and overlying in the 1stcenturyB.C., later was levels material both of these From extracted, probably 34). whenfirmfillwas neededto closethetop oftheadjacentHellenisticrobbingpit (plate 5, no. oftheSoutheastHouse. Hence derives 22), no doubtto providea firmbase forthefoundations a Late Geometricfillhere,above the Hellenisticand below the Roman foundations(XI 33 #2632). OtherLate Geometricmaterialoccurssporadically,oftenas residualmaterial,all overthe VIII 30, XI 22, 23, 24, 25, excavationlevels:VI 12-15belowroad surface, site,in thefollowing 42, 45, 49, 53, 54; XII 54, XIII #2721,30; XIV 34, 36, Floor III #2766,and MUM II 8, or where MUM V Room 10,4 and 5. But mostofthesecontextsare notofgreatsignificance, section. theyare, thematerialrunsa littlelater (to LG/EO) and is discussedin thefollowing THE ORIENTALIZING

PERIOD

The earlyseventhcenturyis bestrepresented by an interesting groupfoundin thefillofPit47, DepositGF, in thecentreoftheexcavatedarea (see plan at plate 5, no. 47; SectionC no. 20). This represents domesticrubbish,buttheoccupationlevelfromwhichit was dug downhas left

6

EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE

littletraceand doesnotappearin thesectionwhichcutsthroughthepit (SectionC). This level ran to thesouthsome40cms.higherthantheMG floor,but again onlya remnantappearsin Section E' (level no. 16). But theremay have been some occupationin thiscentralarea theseventhcentury, fora laterOrientalizing throughout deposit,foundonlysome8m. awayin the fillof Well 12, thoughisolatedstratigraphically due to laterconstruction, does indicate local habitationhereofsomequality(plan at plate 5, no. 30). This excellentdeposit,already discussedbelowby N. Coldstream(Section 3) in its publishedat BSA 73, 1978,49, is further relationto otherKnossiandeposits.Traces ofsimilarearthfloorswerepreservedbetweenpits at thesouthin theexcavatedlevelsXIV 34, 35, 36 (SectionA, no. 16), again lyingabove MG. Anotheroccurredin thenarrowstripbesidetheLittlePalace cuttingat thenortheast, stratified above Protogeometric and below Hellenistic(SectionD, no. 23). Here was foundan earth layersome 35-40cms.deep, overlyinga yellowclay floor,withsome pebble and ash. The occurrenceof an intermediatetroddenearth level suggestsa reasonablylong period of continuoususe.

THE ARCHAIC PERIOD A breakin thesequenceofevidenceforcontinuedoccupationat Knossoshas been notedfor muchofthe6thcenturyB.C., a periodnotenrichedby tombfinds,sincetheearlierserieshad cometo an end withtheclosingoftheold familychambertombsby thelate 7thcentury, norto be foundin thosesettlement contextswhichhave so farbeen investigated at Knossos.These factors are discussedbelowbyN. Coldstreamin relationship toDepositGG, a wellgroupwhich some a smallgroup,possiblyofa fairly towards the this is maygo way filling gap. However, wide chronologicalspread, and we must await furtherexcavationfora more convincing deposit. 5thB.C.) Apartfromthis,ourseriesofArchaicdepositsfallslatein theperiod(late 6th/early and fiveofthesixcontextsselectedby PJ. Callaghanas ofchronological value derivefrompit fills,forwe are again obligedto relymainlyon thistypeofevidence,due to a totallackofbuilt featuresdatable to thisperiod.One contextonly,Deposit HI (A), consistsof a smallarea of occupationdebrisleftintactin a muchdisturbedarea besideWell 14,towardsthesouthofthe excavation.Usefully, one elementin thisdisturbancewas thediggingofPit 8, containingthe laterArchaicdepositH3, and thusprovidingus witha clearstratigraphie sequence.The other concerned a are excavated at the west baulk of the 1977 excavationin Area pits partially pit a small rubbish-filled at the north end of the Minoan mansion XVI, DepositH1(B); pit dug HI Pit and two at the Pits 15 53; south, containingDeposit (C), largerpits (DepositH2) and 5 the at plate of For the location of see 5. these, (DepositH6). plan pits The natureofthesedeposits,all excepttwostratigraphically isolated,is describedin fuller detailin theintroductory remarksto thepotterydepositsat Section 4 below. OtherArchaicmaterialoccurredsporadicallyin a fairlywidescatteroverthesite,in mixed depositsor residualin Classicaland latercontexts.The originalexcavationnumbersofthese contextsare as follows:I(S) 33; I(N) 24; III(E) #1080b,East Street,troddenlayerwithwall cbk'upper courses;V #0605walls 'an' and cj' content;VI 7 #0909,8 #0697,12-13; VII 31 #0734;IX Pit 5 #0910;XI 51; XII 27-29 (mixedfill);XIII #2716;XIV 32-3, 46-9 and 51; MUM D 1A. These contextsincludePits6, 9, 11-12 and 24, whichcan be foundalong with thosefromwhichmaterialis published(Pits 5, 8, 15 and 53), on plan at plate 5.

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

7

Miscellaneousfindsfromsuch contextsare includedwith Classical materialat 'Deposit' Hll. Since manyof thesepits,especiallythosein the southsector,appear to have been dug to maybe formedthata fairlyevenoccupationlevelonce existed disposeofrubbish,a hypothesis thereduringthe Archaic period at a littleover 13.00m,the groundlevel fromwhich the diggingwas made (12.90m.forPit 5, 13.25m.forPit 15). This would have runsome 50cms. higherthantheMG earthfloorrecordedin thisarea (c. 12.30-12.55m.), and could have run up againstthe naturalrockledge whereit risesat the westside of the cuttingforthe deeply terracedMinoan building (Section A, west side, at c. 13.40m.). But thereis insufficient the contoursof the originalArchaicgroundlevel,and evidenceto enable one to reconstruct littlebeyondthedomesticpotteryto indicatethe characterofoccupation. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The natureoftheevidencefortheClassicalperiodis similarto thatfortheprecedingstage.Of six Classical contextschosenfortheirstratigraphical value, fourconsistof pit or well fills (DepositsH5-6, 8, 10), whilethe othertwo representsuperimposedoccupationfloorsin the northsectorof the site (H7 and 9). Here, in Trench I, althoughno built structuresare identifiable,therewas at this time a fairlyextensivelevelled area, and a stratigraphical sequencecan be establishedrelatingsuccessiveearthfloors(H7 and 9) to pit fill(H8) and to bothHellenisticfloorsand a 3rd centuryB.C. well (Well 1 containingDeposit laterfeatures, at SectionD, nos. 11-16. H14). This sequenceis shownstratigraphically Our Classicaldeposits(H5-10) rangefromthelate 5thcenturyto theend ofthe4thcentury B.C. (H9 beingvirtually earlyHellenistic),butearlier5thcenturymaterialcontainedin Well 5 (DepositH6) does indicateearlyClassical occupationin the adjacent area (see discussionof thatdeposit).Additional5th centurymaterialwas foundin some of the less well stratified - see HI 1,2-5, and thelistofsuch Classical contextsbelow. contexts, AssociatedwiththeoccupationdepositsH7 (c. 410-360 B.C.) and H9 (later4th B.C.) are at the ofwallingwhichrunfromnorthto south,wall cbk'on earlierfoundations twostretches streetline to theeast,and V whichhad a longhistoryoflaterrebuilding,to thewest(plan at area at the the plate 2). Possiblysomeof the otherwall stubssurvivingin theintermediate remainsto limitoftheexcavationmayhave beenassociated;butthereare insufficient northern otherthanto say thatan extendedperiodofdomestic warrantany attemptat reconstruction, occupationseemslikelyin thearea. Though theClassicalwellwas abortive,and neverin fact used,it too mustindicatelocal habitationand thedesireto avoid watercarrying;and indeed anotherwell was in use onlysome 6.0m. away duringthe nextcentury(Well 1). corneroftheUM (thecomplexof Pit fillsincludepartofa massivedepositat thenorthwest Pits57 and 60) containingDepositH8 ofc. 375-350 B.C. ApparentlyPit57 (alongwithPit45) cut throughand partiallyoverlaythe earlierClassical occupationlayerhere (H7), but had becomecompactedand thegroundlevelledrightacrosstheexcavationsiteto thewestby the timewhenthelaterClassical occupationlevel (H9) was laid down. Thus theClassicalsequencein TrenchI consistsof (i) earthfloor(I(S) 33) withevidenceof 4thB.C. occupation(DepositH7), (ii) thediggingofa pit at thewest(Pit 57) late 5th/early cuttingthroughthisfloorand thenbeingrefilledwithmaterialof c. 375-300 B.C. (Deposit H8), (iii) thelayingofa new earthfloorabove boththese(I(S) 31) whoseuse continuesto c. 300 B.C. (DepositH9). Therefollowsa latersequencein which(iv) Well 1 (late 3rdB.C.) cuts

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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE

south (I(S) 26), and (v) was later througha continuationof thisoccupationlayerfurther overlaidby packingmaterialincludingmuchcut kouskouras(I(S) 24) for(vi) a further earth floor(I(S) 23 'floor4') oflaterHellenisticdate. For discussionofthecontinuing latersequence, betterrepresentedfurthernorth,in Trench I(N), see under Hellenistic(Deposits H34-6) below. Pit fillsin otherareas do not fitthe stratigraphical sequence in thisusefulway: Pit 23 to the south is see isolated, plan at plate 5, no. 23, thoughit can (DepositH5) comparatively be associated,along withPit 16 (DepositH 10) withthegeneralArchaic/Classical occupation horizonin thissector,- see discussionabove in connectionwiththeArchaicperiod.Othernear ofthissectorare Pits4, 17 and 24, alongwitha fragment features offloor,and a contemporary fill hearth with ash plates at 5 no. at plate view 2, 7; clay-built (plan 25b). Again domestic herefromtheArchaic occupation,cookingand thedisposalofrubbish,is indicated,continuing definition is possible. throughthe Classicalperiod,but no further Wall fragments whichcan be dated to theClassicalperiodare also foundin thecentraleast sector(TrenchesVII and XII). These are listedhere, but in view of the quite intensive Hellenisticoccupationwhichfollowedon, are best discussedbelow in relationto this.The is complicated;thewallsare scrappyand somemayhave beenno morethansmall stratigraphy terracewalls,so thatno conclusionmaybe drawnbeyondstatingthebare possibility thatthe Hellenistichouses which were terracedup the slope here, may have had some Classical The wall fragments in questionare 'be', 'bd', 'be', 'bm' (plan at plate 2, Sections predecessors. C and F), 'fg5and 'fu' (plan at plate 13 withSectionG). fromClassical contextsconfirmthe impressionthat the site was Sixtysevenloomweights used forlocal domesticactivities,includingweaving,as do some eleventerracottafigurines (TC15-25) and a numberofmetalobjects,includingsomesimpleweapons (M28), toolsand otherimplements (M31, 38, 46, 53, 57, 80, 83, 89) and personalobjects(M48, 50, 86). Justone of furnaceliningsuggeststhatmetal-working, betterdocumentedin laterperiods, fragment was alreadya local industrysomewherein the area. In summary, evidenceforClassicaloccupationis foundall overthesite,bestpreservedin a sectors;only stratigraphical sequenceat thenorth,butalso foundin thesouthand east-central are possibleas to theoriginalnatureand qualityofthisoccupation. verytentativesuggestions

THE HELLENISTIC

PERIOD: STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION A muchfullerrecordoftheHellenisticperiodat thissitewas recovered,eventhoughhere,too, severedisturbanceby Roman buildershas made the evidencediscontinuousand thus the and complex.A sequenceof26 dated pottery farmoredifficult depositshas processofrecovery beenselectedby P. J. Callaghan to illustratethisperiod,as comparedwithtenfortheArchaic floordeposits,floorpacking,fillsand and Classicalcombined,and ofthesesome 18 represent wall features,while the othersix comprisetwo wellsand fourpits.Many of thesedeposits, seriesat linksin one ofseveralcloselystudiedstratigraphical includingwellsand pits,constitute a numberoflocationswithintheexcavatedarea, and manycan be relatedto a builtstructure, Hellenisticcontextshas enabledP. J. Callaghan This sequenceofstratified albeitfragmentary. the most to establisha datable typeseriesforthe local Hellenisticpottery,and constitutes studies. Hellenistic the UM excavation to of contribution significant

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

9

A shortlistofthesedepositsin chronological ordercan be foundplaced withthestudyofthe in 4 Section but it be well to list here topographicallytheirvarious below, may pottery locations within the excavation, before proceeding to discuss building remains and contextsin moredetail. The principallocationsare as follows(see plans at stratigraphical plates 1, 2 and 5): (i) TrenchesI(N) and II, overlyingor cuttingthe Classical occupationlevels here and beneath the Roman North House court and Room II: Deposits H33-36 (1st B.C., Hellenistic)and H14 (3rd B.C. well). Trench VII, at theeast edge oftheexcavationin building'ak/al'whichwas constructed (ii) overearlierHellenisticand Classicalterracewalls and beneaththeRoman East House: Deposit H13 (3rd B.C.) Trench VIII at thecentralwestsector,withoccupationdebrisand pit fillsclose above (iii) disturbedMinoan fill,in a 2nd B.C. terracedarea beneaththeRoman NorthHouse yard: DepositsH15-16 (1st half2nd B.C.), H18 (2nd B.C.) and H37 (1stB.C.) (iv) TrenchXII at the east edge in a buildingof severalconstruction phases,situatedover Classicalterracewallsand beneaththeRoman SoutheastHouse: a sequenceofdeposits, H 19-27, runningfrom3rd to 1stcenturiesB.C. XI and XIII. A seriesofpitfillsand occupationlayersin thesouthwest sectorof Trenches (v) theexcavation;theseincludedrobbingpitsdug intoMinoan levelsand earlyoccupation levelsbeneaththeRoman Southwestand SoutheastHouses,in somecasesassociatedwith theirlowestcoursesor foundations. A description is givenhereoftheselocal contextsand thestratigraphie sequencesinvolved, on thesiteduringthe followedby a briefchronologicalsummaryoftheoveralldevelopments 3rd to 1stcenturiesB.C.

THE NORTHWEST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCHES I AND II in thisarea. The wall fragments Littlecan be said ofthesurvivingstructures ofTrenchI(S), shownon plan at plate 2 withviewsat plate 35d,e (Wallsaa-ab, am-an, au-av and bn-bo), belongin thelate Hellenisticto earlyRoman period,but are in a disturbedcontextand not associatedwithany satisfactory potterydeposits.Althoughscrappy,theydo fitthepatternof evidencefora continuity ofoccupationthroughtheHellenisticperiod,whichis providedbythe stratigraphie sequenceelsewherein TrenchesI- II. the Following 4thB.C. sequencein TrenchI(S) was a phase to whichWell 1 (1sthalf3rd Later B.C.) belonged,but ofwhichno tracesurviveson thegrounddue to laterconstruction. buildersmusthave terracedthegroundback here,removingwelltopand associatedfloorsand buildings.A possiblereasonforthismaybe foundin thetracesofa 3rdB.C. destruction byfire, indicatedby a quantityofburntmaterialcontainedin thewell fill(Deposit H 14). Afterthe abandonmentand fillingin ofthewell,stonepackingwas placed overtheresulting hollowto 1 the new earth floors which D followed nos. are support (Section 1-13). These,however, better and have useful associated a little further to thenorth(excavation preserved deposits(H33-36) nos: TrenchI(N) 15, 18 and pit 5; II 7 #0146,7a #0299,8). DepositH33, thefloordepositat II 7 withassociatedpacking,cannotbe associatedwithany builtstructure, sinceit was cut on all sides by later,Roman, foundationtrenches.Deposits H34- 6 show a sequenceoffloorpacking,floordepositand laterpit fillwhichbelongto the

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

latest Hellenisticon the site, down to the 3rd quarter of the 1st centuryB.C., again associatedwithsurviving builtstructures. The latedatingofthefloor notdirectly unfortunately is on floor of a confirmed the the by post-Metellancoin,C73 (37-31 deposit(H35) presence which down to the us B.C.), brings virtually Augustanperiod.It is possiblethatthepatternof in from late Hellenistic continuity buildingplans throughearlyRoman, whichwe findin the southsectoroftheUM site,also obtainedhere,but extensive2nd A.D. Roman construction has disturbedall relevantremains,leavingonlya seriesofwall stubsat thenorthside (plates 2, 35c).

THE NORTHEAST SECTOR (TRENCH VII): BUILDING 'al'/'ak' Planat plate 2, SectionF. Two wallssetat rightanglesneartheeasternedgeoftheexcavationare all thatsurviveofa 3rd B.C. building,whichhad beenterracedbackintothehillsidehere.Wall 'al', thelonger century stretchrunningalong thecontourapproximately NE-SW was preservedc. 40-60cms.highin smallstoneconstruction. It was foundedcloseovera nearlyparallelClassicalwall ('be') and was backed close againstthe survivingtop ofa massiveMinoan wall on its upper,westside (SectionF nos. Il, 16, 20), so thatit formedone ofa seriesofsuccessiveterracewalls which appear to fanout at different periodsas theysupportthechangingline of the trackwayand later streetabove (plate 39a, b). The returnwall (cak5)stood ratherhigher(up to eight courses)butwas preservedrunningfora stretchofonlyabout 3.5m.,beforebeingcutshortat the scarp of the LittlePalace cutting.The two walls protecteda triangulararea of trodden earthfloor,on whichwas foundthefloordepositHI 3 (late 3rdB.C.) The roomofwhichthis formeda part seems to have been substantial(7 x 3.5m. preserved)but an insufficient proportionremainsto makerestoration possible.The potterydepositgivesno indicationofa functionotherthan domestic,but the discoveryhere of a homogeneousgroup of furnace bottomsfroma smithing metalworkin the foundry(M167- 174) does indicatecontemporary No metallurgical installation or otherindicationofthisindustry was foundwithinthis vicinity. buildinghowever,and thismaterialmay have been introducedfromelsewhere,thoughit is hardto see whyit wouldhave been transported anygreatdistance.Verysimilarmaterialfrom later periods (Section 11 below, nos. M551-600) adds supportto the hypothesisthat the metallurgical processeswerebeingcarriedout in theimmediatevicinity. It is not possibleto connectBuilding'al'/'ak' stratigraphically with any other.Though approximatelycontemporarywith the nearly adjacent Trench XII HellenisticPhase I building (the Tm' complex discussedbelow), thereis no structuralconnectionand the intermediate is unclear.The one directphysicalconnection,Wall 'be', whichis stratigraphy overriddenby 'ak' and evidentlycut and overriddenby 'bh'/'fm',seemsto be earlierthan eitherbuilding.

THE CENTRAL WEST SECTOR (TRENCH VIII) Planat plate 5 (Pits39-40,43). Sectionat plate 14b. werefoundin thisarea, but rathera seriesofpits(dated 2nd B.C., 2nd quarter) No structures cuttingthroughan earlierHellenisticoccupationlevel (VIII 33 withDepositH 15,dated 2nd

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

11

B.C., 1stquarter)and into a seriesof earlierpits (Pit 38, Classical; Pits41, 44, Geometric). Stratified above theprimaryfillofPit 39 was latermaterial(DepositH37, dated 1stB.C., 3rd a secondaryfill. quarter)constituting The occupationlayer containingDeposit H 15 consistedof a deep accumulationof dark earthoverlying a floorcomposedofwhitishclaywithstones,at depthc. 13.50m. sherd-packed no. it was tracedonlyin theirregularareas at thewestsideofTrenchVIII (see SectionC, 14); whichweremissedby theseriesoflaterpits.Thus it cannotbe associatedwithany building. in the However,in generaltermsitmaybe connectedwithfairlywidespread2ndB.C. activities Minoan southeastand southwest sectors,whichincludestonequarryingfromthe building,the NE-SW the line of the construction ofa massivestoneterracewall running trackwayand along south side laterstreethere,and a subsequentbuildingprogrammeon itslower, (see discussion of thesoutheastand southwestsectorsbelow). Whetherthe laterHellenisticpit diggerswho workedin thisarea (Pits 39-40, 43) had as theirpurpose the extractionof Minoan blocks is uncertain.The northwestcornerof the but thisarea may Minoan buildinghad alreadybeen robbedout, virtuallyto foundations, thepitsactuallycut intoearlier have seemedpotentially productive.Whatevertheintention, Geometricto Classicalpitfill(Pits38, 41, 44), and forsuccessful quarryingtheworkersturned workdating south(at Pits1,2, and 22). Traces ofthequarrymen's to Minoan masonryfurther B.C. wereleftin a strosisofmasons'stonechips,shownat SectionC, no. to themid2nd century 13. rubbishbut some evidenceforthequalityofthe The pitswererefilledwithcontemporary Hellenisticoccupationwas also providedby the 2nd B.C. depositsof Pits 39-40 and 43 destruction material(see discussionof the pottery (primaryfill)whichincludedre-deposited groupsin Section 4 below). Much laterHellenisticmaterial(DepositH37 in Pit 39, dated 1st above the2nd B.C. materialofPit 39 in a layerofgrey B.C., 3rdquarter)was foundstratified deliberatelevelling a secondaryfill.It mayconstitute earthwithcookingwares,and constitutes due to settlingoftheearlierpitfill,and thisevidentlyimpliescontemporary occupationin the area. It was sealed by an earlyRoman occupationlevelshowingAugustanbuild-upbeneath an earth floorwith Tiberian destructiondeposit (Bl). Althoughno trace of architectural survivedforeitherof theseperiods,due to later buildingactivities,the sequence structures seen elsewhereon thesite. seemsto fitthe patternof 1stB.C. /IstA.D. continuity THE SOUTHEAST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCH XII (EAST) Tm'and 'fF/Te'. Planand sectionat plate 13. Two phasesofconstruction, Building complexes As notedabove therewas a broadlylevelledarea herein the Geometricperiod,and thereis evidenceforlateroccupationin theOrientalizingperiod(at Well 12) and theClassicalperiod deposits (Walls cfg'and Tu'). Subsequentactivitieslefta complexseriesof small stratified an important B.C., whichconstitute rangingfromthe3rdto the1stcenturies sequence,studied by P. J. Callaghan and describedin greaterdetailin connectionwiththepotterycontextsin Section 4 below. The summarygiven here is based on thisstudy.The potterygroupsin questionare DepositsH 19-27. Potterydepositson the Roman courtyardfloorabove were principally2nd A.D. (see Deposit D5). The wallswhichsurvivefromtheClassicalperiod(Tg' and Tu') are notsufficient to enable one to assessthe natureof the buildingsto which theybelonged,althoughone (Tu') does preservepartofa returnwall runningwestat rightangles (see plan at plate 13); therewas

12

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

howeversufficient disturbedClassicalmaterialin thefillfoundbehindtheHellenisticterrace wall 'fm'(SectionG no. 14) and in thefabricofthewallsto suggestthattherehad been local occupationat that time.These walls, then,may have belongedto houses of the Classical period,builthereon theeasternfacingslopes.Theywillhave beenrazedto belowtheiroriginal floorlevel,whentheHellenisticPhase I buildingswereconstructed. Building Phase I, the cfm5complex A numberofwall fragments survivefromthefirstHellenisticphasewithassociatedfloorlevels. The principalwall Tm' is a strongly builtterracewall runningnorth-south and is preserved somesevencourseshighin smallstonemasonry(plan at plate 13, SectionG no. 13); it has a returnwall 'fn'at thenorthend whichformsan anglegreaterthan90%, butis preservedonly fora stretchofc. 1.5m.Two otherconnectingwalls on theeast side are almostentirelylost, truncatedby the LittlePalace cutting,althoughsufficient remainsof 'fv' and 'fn' to showa constructed the for internal tightly 'dog-leg',possibly support steps.Two otherwall fragments ofthisphaseare founda littledistanceup theslope ('ffi'and 'fi"),one runningcloselyparallel, theseconda littleout ofline,and theseconstitute all thesurvivingstructures. SectionG showsno floorlevel survivingon the west,uphillside of Wall 'fm',due to the construction whichtookplace therein thesecondHellenisticphase; but a littlefurther north tracesoffloorwerefoundbetweenWalls 'fm'and 'fh',- possiblypartofan open area. Deposit theoccupationmaterialfromabove thisfloor,and a date runningdownto 175 H22 represents B.C. is suggested.Fragmentsofotherfloorlevelssurvive,some50cms.lower,on theeast side themainperiodof (SectionG nos. 11 and 12), thesecondofthesea cobbledfloorrepresenting The found sealed beneath this floor occupation. pottery (Deposit H21) givesa construction date forthebuildingphase in thelastquarterofthe3rd centuryB.C. This fitswiththelatest evidencefromthe terracefillbehindWall 'fm' and fromthe fabricof the walls themselves (DepositH20). Thus we have a first butyieldingsufficient buildingphase,notwellpreservedarchitecturally evidence to show construction in the years following225 B.C., followedby a period of oftheseremainsis that occupationreachingto about 175 B.C., and thenaturalinterpretation houses terraced into a which linked thehigherplatform theyrepresent gentleeast-facing slope of theUM area withthelowerlevel thenexistingover the LittlePalace. Building Phase II, the 'fF/'fe'complex In a laterphaseofbuildingWall 'fm'was levelled,newfillwas laid down,Walls'fF,'fe','fj'and different werebuilton a slightly 'fs'/'fr' alignment(plan at plate 13) and Wall 'fF replaced 'fm'as a terracewall whosefloorson itswestside weresome50cms.higherthanthoseon the east (SectionG, no. 7). Floorson theeast,downhill,sideare nowshownpreservedrunningeast fora greaterlengthbeforetheyare lostto theLittlePalace cutting,due to thefactthat'fFis set backa littlefurther west(SectionG nos.5-6). On theotherhandlater(Augustan)robbingand downto foundation on thewest,uphill,sideremovedthePhase II structures newconstruction levelat leastto thesouthofWall 'fe',thearea recordedat SectionG (SectionG nos.3.) Pottery flooron thenorthside ofWall 'fe'is publishedas froma betterpreservedarea withsurviving ofthePhase II complexis while material from the packingfillsand construction DepositH25, that the occupationof this It is Section nos. at H24 G, 8-10). suggested (see given Deposit B.C. into the 1st lasted down century phase

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

13

An importantfeatureof thisarea is the cement-lined bottlecisternat Well 12, described below in connectionwith the Roman Southeast House. Constructeddirectlyover the Orientalizingwell (Well 12 proper),it was foundchokedwith2nd centuryA.D. material whichcontinuedin (DepositD4), but thereis evidencethatit was a Hellenisticconstruction, in use throughthe 1stcenturyA.D. The potteryevidenceforthisis given DepositsH23 and H26-7, whichare associatedwitha seriesofstructural stages changesmadeduringthedifferent ofuse and re-useof the cistern.A photographicrecordof thesestagesis givenat plate 29. The cisterncap is alignedwitha Phase II wall (cff)whereasthe precedingPhase I wall nowabandonedforsome500 years;possibly ('fm')ranpartiallyovertheold disusedwell-shaft, at subsidenceoftheOrientalizingfillmay have proveda problemforthe Phase I structures, to cement-lined any rate its re-opening,sealingoffat depth 7m. and conversionfromwell bottlecisternseemsto have occurredsoon afterthelevellingof the Phase I building. The earliestarrangementat the cisternhead included the capstone,a small tile drain the upper stone-builtshaftat the north,and a flagstonefloorlaid down on the penetrating northside (plate 29a). The flagstonefloorpartiallyoverlaythe stumpof the Phase I wall is derivedDeposit H23. ('fm') and fromthisfloorand the earthbeneaththeflagstones In a secondstructural phase thiswashingarea was plasteredover.The flagstonefloorwas coveredby a good plasterlayerwhichturnedup in a continuoussurfacewiththeeast faceof Wall ;ffand also coateda smallbasinintowhichwaterwas directedby a raisedkerb(plates 12b nos. 2-3; 29b). The laterHellenisticpotterydepositH26 (2nd B.C.) was foundin this plasterbasin. A finalphaseofuse was markedby thelevellingofthiswashingarea and by thefillingin of thebasin.The fillwas closedby theplacingofa serratedmillstone(S36) overit. In additiona stonedrain ran out to the east, althoughthisis mostlylost to the LittlePalace cutting(for millstone and drain,see plate 29c,d). DepositH27 is derivedfromthelatestHellenisticphase of use (1st B.C.), and was foundon this floorlevel sealed beneath the later, Augustan, above. ofthe SoutheastHouse immediately foundations A probableconnectionofthisarea withcontemporary buildings(2nd and 1stB.C.) seton a widelevelledarea to thewestand ofgenerousplan,is indicatedbyjoiningsherdsfromDeposits H26 (here) and H30 (at the west). This is discussedbothin connectionwiththe Hellenistic oftheRoman Southeast sectorbelow,and also withthepre-Augustanfoundations southwest in dotted ofthebuildingplan is represented (and Southwest)Houses;a possiblereconstruction the Phase II walls 'ff and 'fj' (as shownat plate 13). linesat plate 2, incorporating In summary, thescrappyand complexremainsofthisarea have provideda usefulsequence B.C. They mayperhapsbe seen ofHellenisticdepositsrunningfromthe3rdto the 1stcenturies terraced as smallstructures as derivingfromhouses,beginningliketheirClassicalpredecessors into intothehillsideslope,butby theend ofthe2nd centuryB.C. mayhave beenincorporated a widernewplan whichcoveredall thelevelledgroundon theupper,west,side.By thistimea water cisternat Well 12, whichno doubt centralfeatureof the area was the cement-lined needed theextensivecatchmentarea thusprovidedto replenishitswatersupply.

THE SOUTHWEST SECTOR (TRENCHES X/XI AND XIII) Pits1-3 and 22 (on planat plate 5); bya periodofmajorconstruction. Quarrying pitsfollowed shownin dottedlineson planat plate 2. Pottery Walls'el', 'em','fa','fb','fc'and others Deposits HI 7 and 28-32.

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EXCAVATIONAND ARCHITECTURE

Quarrying pits Stone robbing took place on a large scale in this sector during the 2nd centuryB.C. and potteryfindsestablishthefollowing a smaller Stratigraphy sequence:Pit 3 was dug first, pitcontainingpotteryofc. 175-150B.C. (DepositHI 7); it was cut by Pit 1, whichcontained mid2nd B.C. pottery(alongwithearliermaterial)and whichmaybe linkedbyjoiningsherds withboth Pit 2 and Pit 22 (Deposit H28). OverlyingPit 22 are laterHellenistic(1st B.C.) occupationlevels,- DepositH29, floorpacking,and H30, floor- whichin turnconnectwith thelatestfloors(DepositH26) in theBuilding'ff/'fe'complexto the east alreadydiscussed. 1stB.C. OverlyingPits 1 and 2 are otherlate Hellenisticoccupationlevelsand fragmentary - DepositsH29, floor structures and from floors and structures. H32 packing, The pitsconcernedrobbedout thedressedrectangularblocksofone columnoftheMinoan pillarroom,and massiveblocksoftheexteriorterracewall on thewestside,verypossiblyalso partsoftheinternaland upperstorywalls.It seemsprobablethatone use fortheseblockswas in the construction of the streetterracewall, 'el', whosefoundationsused just such massive blocks (plan at plate 2; SectionC no. 7, foundations),plate 30e showstheirline resting directlyon the survivingMinoan west wall, beside Pit 22. An early 2nd centuryB.C. occupationlevelto thenorthand westofthiswall was describedabove in connectionwiththe centralwestsector(see DepositH 15,200-175 B.C.) alongwithanotherseriesofearly/mid 2nd B.C. pits(Pits39-40,43, DepositH 16). These add to thepictureofconsiderableactivityalong thewestside oftheUM siteduringtheearlyto mid 2nd centuryB.C., but cannotbe related withany greaterprecisionto thesubsequentbuildingprogramme. Late Hellenistic Construction The major terracewall ('el') referred to above providedstrongfoundations forthe trackor streetwhich ran obliquely uphill across the site, a line which was to remain essentially unchanged,throughvariousphases of rebuilding,forsome 300 years (see discussionof the Roman streetbelow). A numberof walls, essentiallyRoman but apparentlyon an earlier Hellenisticplan,abuttagainstthiswall on itslower,southside.These are shownin dottedline at plate 2. In twoareas Hellenisticpotterydepositsand relatedfragmentary have structures beenrecovered, and theseare discussedin thissection;elsewheretheevidenceis culledfromthe detailedexaminationof the Roman foundations(see discussionof Southwestand Southeast Housesbelow).Butalthoughtheevidencethuscollectedis discontinuous and fragmentary, itis ofsomeimportanceforour understanding ofurbandevelopmentat Knossos,sinceit leads to theconclusionthatbasicproperty lineswerelaid outand houseplanningwas developedduring the 2nd centuryB.C. in thisarea, and that theseremainedin theiressentialsunchanged untilthe major rebuilding throughvariousvicissitudes(includingearthquakedestructions) of with the construction of theHouse oftheDiamond the later 2nd centuryA.D., programme Frescoes. The firstarea wherelate Hellenisticdepositsoccurredis at thewesternend oftheSoutheast House (at TrenchX/XI), probablypartofthesame buildingwhichalso coveredthevarious featuresofTrenchXII describedabove. In the triangulararea whichlaterformedthewest oftheRoman SoutheastHouse (plan at plate 17a,viewat plate 30f)was founda workroom level of earthpacking (XI 30) whichcoveredthe mid 2nd B.C. robbingpit (Pit 22) and supporteda late Hellenisticearth floor(XI 27). Potterygroupsderivingfromthese two contextsare DepositsH29 (packing)and H30 (floor).These bringus downintothe1stcentury

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

15

B.C., and can be associatedwiththeterracewall cePat thewestand witha partitionwall ('es') at the east, thoughthe southerndividingline ('eo') may be a laterfoundation.Wall 'eo' is shownat plate 30d withre-usedolive pressbuilt-in,and again withits foundationcourses 'fq' (noton plan), restingon thisfloorat plate 30e; thislatterviewalso showsa wall fragment in mid cut Pit the of an earlier Hellenistic thesoleremnant 2nd centuryB.C. phasehere, by 22 a was well sealed stone This whole by heavy packingthrown sequence (plate 30e at topright). fill to further of the in forthesucceedingRoman floors, settling pit and consequent possiblydue in floor thisarea withthatin of the late Hellenistic subsidence(plate 39f). The connection a slenderlink,but sherds form to above;joining TrenchXII (DepositH27) has been referred thata widelevelledarea withunifiedbuildingplan alreadyexistedhere add to theimpression at thistime. and occupationwerefoundis at The secondarea wheretracesoflate Hellenisticstructures thewestsideofTrenchXIII, associatedwithWalls ceP,'em', 'da' and 'fa' to 'fc'.Althoughless exiguous than those of the contextjust described,the remainsare still slightand the recordedat plate tentative.A plan is givenat plate 2, and thestratigraphy interpretation 14a, SectionH (forwhosepreciselocation,see plate 1). The potteryevidencefromthisarea is a 1stB.C. Hellenisticsequenceprecedingtheearly assembledat DepositH32, and it illustrates Roman occupationof the SouthwestHouse area. Runningoverthemid 2nd B.C. robbingpitsin thisarea (Pit 2, DepositH28) was founda cobbled floor(SectionH no. 16), whichran up againstthe lowestcoursesof Wall 'da' (the This SouthwestHouse northwall), and evidently belongedto a pre-Roman1stB.C. courtyard. floorsbeneaththeSouthwestHouse (SectionA nos. 12, 12a) and tracesofothercontemporary combineto show thatthismajorwall line was pre-Roman.It may be suggestedthatit, too, on thestrong belongsto a majorlate 2nd or early1stB.C. plan ofurbanrenewalherefollowing ofthestreetat thewest(on to whichit abutted),a plan on broad alignment stoneconstruction walls of the SoutheastHouse. withthecontemporary insidethe remainsare poordue tointensive The structural Augustanand laterre-occupation SouthwestHouse,and to razingfollowedbyabandonmentin thearea on itsnorthside,leaving a rectangular structure enclosedbyWalls 'da', 'fa', These remainsconstitute onlyfoundations. 'fc' and 'el' (plan at plate 2; view at plate 26b, d), which containeda small clay-lined or tank(?) at the southeast,cobbled area at thesouthwest,thena centralclay compartment partitionwall ('em') withplasterfaceand an area ofearthflooron thenorthside,withraised in thecorneradjacentto theclay-lined'tank'.Takingintoconsideration mud-brick platform in theuppervillageofKnossos,interpreted as thedetailsofa betterpreservedsimilarstructure a Hellenisticwineryby J. CaringtonSmith (AR 1976-7, 61 and fig. 106), it is tentatively Agricultural productionof suggestedthatthisinstallationmayhave servedthesame function. thisnatureis likelyto have been an unchangingoccupationofKnossians. In summary,this southwestarea of the site preservesevidence for early Hellenistic sequencebeginsin the occupationonlyin residualmaterial(e.g. in pitfills),and thestratified B.C. witha seriesoflargerobbingpitsforbuildingmaterial.An extensivebuilding 2ndcentury ofthe plan follows,probablylaterin the2nd centuryB.C., includingthemassivefoundations centralstreetline. Traces of continuingoccupation,both floorsand fragmentary structures takeus on throughthe 1stcenturyB.C., and it is suggested,albeiton fragmentary evidence, linesseenin theRoman buildingsgo back to an original2nd century thatthatmainproperty B.C. development.

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SUMMARY OF THE HELLENISTIC EVIDENCE IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE The 3rd Century B.C. The earlierHellenisticphase fareda littlebetterthan the precedingperiodsin termsof Partsoftwobuildingswerepreservedon theeasternslopesat Trenches preservedstructures. VII and XII, Building'ak'/'aP to the northand the 'fm'complexto the south,the former at around the same time(4th quarter). destroyedlate in the century,the latterconstructed That occupationextendedmorewidelyovertheexcavatedarea, however,is indicatedby the materialin pitfillsand especiallyin twowells,Well 14 to thesouth,and presenceof3rdcentury halfcentury, thatofWell 1 Well 1 to thenorth.The fillofWell 14 showsoccupationin thefirst in thesecondhalf,thoughneitherwas fullyexcavateddown to its primarydeposit. The 2nd Century B.C. changestookplace in thesoutheastbuildingsat Trench Duringthiscenturymajorstructural ended by c. 175 B.C., and thelaterbuilding XII, whereoccupationof the earlierstructures bottlecisternat alignmentand now incorporateda cement-lined phase was seton a different of a here may have formedpart Well 12. The new structures major buildingdevelopment a seriesoflarge whicheventuallycoveredmostofthesouthernhalfoftheexcavation,following of the the west side area, and the quarryingpitsdug in theearlyto mid2nd centuryB.C. along A in later 2nd the date terracingup of the centralstreetline in heavy stoneconstruction. an line of earlier the centuryB.C. is suggestedforthisbuildingactivity.The streetfollowed Wall cbk' further and ofBuilding'al'/'ak' as shownforinstanceby theorientation trackway, above foundationlevelis lostto laterRoman north,and althoughitsHellenisticconstruction small patchesof earlystonecobblingdo survivein places wheretheyservedto re-building, supporta Roman wall (plate 39b-d). The 1st Century B.C. is suggestedby 1stB.C. occupationlevelsbylaterinhabitants Clearanceofsomelate 2nd/early materialfoundin themixedfillofPit65, whichincludedstampedamphorahandlesofthisdate (seeSection 5 below).No good floordepositsoftheperiodare found.But midand 3rdquarter contextsin north,centraland south 1stB.C. occupationlevelsare found,in small,fragmentary sectors.They are in buildingssome of whosewalls can be tracedback to the late 2nd B.C. buildingprogramme.It is suggestedthat thesebuildingscontinuedin use aftertheseearly a following periodsofoccupation,and thattheywererepairedand repeatedlyreconstructed in theearlyRoman period.The intensivelateroccupationaccountsfor seriesofdestructions is gained thatfarfromsuffering thescantynatureofthe 1stB.C. remains,but theimpression theKnossosofourarea showsa this at renewal urban followed destruction time, by widespread same buildingswiththesame of the 1st the of century through occupation pattern continuing lines. property

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

THE ROMAN HOUSES: CONSTRUCTION, OCCUPATION

17

HISTORY AND FINAL

Introductory The SouthwestHouse The 1stcenturyB.C. (Late Hellenisticand Early Augustan) The Claudian Period The SeveranPeriod HistoricalSummary The SoutheastHouse The HellenisticPrecursorto the SoutheastHouse Roman Phase I Roman Phase II The BottleCistern HistoricalSummary The East House Layout and construction The DestructionFills Function Chronology The House of the Diamond Frescoes Plan Size Construction Walls Floors Frescoes Occupationand History Dating Evidence The NorthHouse The NorthHouse: FirstBuildingPhase Late Roman Phase The Street The Pre-RomanStreet The Roman Paved Street The Late Roman Phase The NorthAqueduct

Page 17 19

25

34

37

47 54

57

INTRODUCTORY The steep slope of the groundwas a determiningfactor,in two importantways, forthe on thissiteand forthestateoftheremainsas we find construction characterofarchitectural and intothehill,cuttingaway earlierstructures often terraced were them:first, very buildings fill(as forinstancewiththe House of Diamond Frescoes);and second,buildingsat a single

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levels(as forinstancewiththeNorthHouse). periodmayhave floorsterracedup at different Thus difficulties in arise inevitably interpreting buildingsoftwolevels,and theirrelationship withthe naturalslope of the associatedsiltlevels. It should also be noted that the area of excavationwas determinedby Minoan factors, specifically by an educatedguessas to thewidthoftheMinoan building,a factornotrelevant to thelimitsofHellenisticor Roman buildingssincetherewas no continuity in architectural at Knossos. For this reason we are here with of history dealing fragments houses,someofwhich in continue the unexcavated areas to south or west, north,or indeedhave been removed may earlier excavation on the east side. by Thus the interpretationand presentationof architecturalunits here is inevitably ofsub-units is sometimes forsometimes noteven suppositious;eventhedescription incomplete, rooms are available. complete One exceptionto thisgeneralisation is at thenorthern limitoftheexcavation,wheretheline oftheacqueductwall was takenas theboundary,a wall whichservedas theouterwall ofthe NorthHouse. Anotherhelpfulfactoris thepresenceofa paved streetrunningacrossthecentreofthearea. This startsfromthe northeastcorner,thenextendsalong part of the east edge untilit (or a branchroad) turnsobliquelyto the southwest.Here at the westernlimitit beginsto veer southwards.This road performs a double service:firstas a line of communicationbetween discreteareas, but second as a clear dividingline betweenhouses.On the northside is the architectural to here as the NorthHouse; on the southside are buildings complexreferred referred to as the Southwest,the Southeastand the East Houses. The streetseemsto have had a verylonghistory. in stoneappears The earliestconstruction to be Hellenistic(2nd century at the earlier at the east. But theremarkably west,perhaps B.C.) state of of the Minoan remains themselves under the line of thestreetmay superior preservation that an much the same line there was earlier which was suggest along trackway respectedby thosewhoat different periodsdug pitson eithersideofit toextractbuildingmaterial.Thus itis alongthislinethattheMinoan wallsstandto theirmaximumpreservedheights(see plate 39a lowercentre;39b stoneat left;39e Hellenisticbuild directlyon Minoan; forfullerdiscussion, see below underThe Street). Sincethestreetis pre-Romanin itslayout,and showsan obliqueand somewhatmeandering plan,it seemsclearthatin thisarea ofKnossosno attemptwas made to forma newtownplan or to redevelop,forinstanceon a gridsystem.So, too,theplansoflivingunitson eithersideof thestreetare likelynotto be regularin formation, but to have grownup on an cad hoc' basis, an earlier Greek following pattern. influence on architectural layout,itis Althoughthestreetdid have thisslightpredetermining noticeablethatnoneofthewallsoftheadjacenthouseunitson eithersiderunat rightanglesto thestreet.This is no doubt the resultof a compromisebetweenthedemandsof a sitewhich direction whichrunsup in a southwest slopesdownto theeastand theobliquelineofthestreet, acrossthe area. north-south Generallyon the northside of the streetwall linesrun on an approximately more main but the of the with street, liningup orientation, closely leg forming oblique angles withthedirectionofthenortheast leg ofthestreet.But on thesouthsideofthestreetthemain east-west, oblique angleswiththestreet. again forming dividinglinesrun approximately These factorsalso cause thesub-units(or individualrooms)to be oftrapezoidalshape,even whenseparatedfromthestreetline (e.g. in the SoutheastHouse courtyard,and East House Room III).

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

19

ofthe A further to theconnectiveand dividingfunctions pointcan be made withreference at seems to have varied of the street and character that the street,namely private public in the Hellenistic or earth surface a cobbled different simple periods.Originallyhaving partly and earlierperiods,it developedin itsmain Roman period(the 1stcenturyA.D.) as a paved and fordrainageforthehouses street,and also servedat thistimebothas a publicthoroughfare on eitherside. There was at thistimea drainageoutletfroman unexcavatedhouse at the a soak-away emittedthrougha culvertintoa gulleyon thenorthside,and similarly northwest belowthepavingwhichserveda houseon theoppositeside ofthestreet(Claudian). But at a because at both laterperiodthestreetseemsto have ceased to serveas a public throughway with thresholds for walls were found section of the excavated ends doorways,which blocking had become of the street that indicates privatepassages,presumablyservingthe lengths houses (plate 4). adjacent This suggeststhatsomechangetookplace in thenatureof theoccupationwithinthearea excavated,and theadjacentarea,duringtheRoman period.In thelatestagethepavingstones ofthestreetwereburiedand thesurfaceofthenowinterrupted passagewaywas once again of troddenearth. unitsre-usedand builtup earlierones,usingthemas foundations, Some ofthearchitectural ofbasic linesoflayoutin housesas well as in theline of the whichindicatessomecontinuity of thoseearlierhouses. make foreasy definition not streetitself,thoughthisdoes necessarily can givea muchfuller which follows of houses discussion So it followsthatthearchitectural thanis possible which are better houses of the Roman account and moresatisfactory preserved, and earlier in thecase of theirHellenistic predecessors. A secondreasonforthisis thatin theRoman periodverygeneroususe was made ofstonefor ofupperstories,the buildingmaterial.Though mudbrickwas oftenused in the construction in stone. Furthermore built comparativelylittlestone-robbing groundfloorwas generally wallssurvived in and were occurredhereafterthehouses abandoned, manyplacesstone-built three metres. almost to one to two metres,occasionally standingup to a heightoffrom of the late of theinterpretation factoraffecting One further phase occupationin the north had been uncoveredby Germanmilitary structures there halfofthesiteis thattheuppermost in betweenthenand the since 24 yearsintervening excavationin 1943 and leftexposed then; erosion have suffered some remains the 1967 excavationstheexposed (forinstanceofthe may in the area becamecoveredto or downhill latestearthfloorson theeast side),although general A column base and stubsof from the hillside above. silt washed down varyingdepthsby new in wall remained view.

THE SOUTHWEST HOUSE A and H; plates 26c-e,27a-f. See plansat plate 15,Sections The buildingdefinedas the SouthwestHouse lies in the extremesouthwestcornerof the excavatedarea. It comprisesa rangeof threerooms,orientedeast to west,preservedhighin stoneconstruction at thewest,but robbedand erodedto foundationlevelat theeast. Outside tracesofan almosttotallyrazed thisbuildingon thenorthsideliesan openarea,withsurviving on itswestside,adjacentto thestreetterracewall (see periodplan at plate 3). For structure conveniencetheseremains,devoid of contents,but probablyassociatedin an originalplan (now lost) are also includedin thediscussionof the SouthwestHouse. or perhapswith The SouthwestHouse plot appears to have been occupied continuously,

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shortinterruptions, fromthelate Hellenisticto theSeveranperiods,and is mostconveniently discussedunderthreeseparateheadings,the 1stB.C. (late Hellenisticto Augustan),mid 1st A.D. (Claudian), and early3rdA.D. (Severan)- thoseperiodsforwhichthemostsubstantial evidenceis available,due to destructions and finalabandonment. The 1st Century B.C. (Late Hellenistic and Early Augustan) plates 3, 15, 27c-f. Layoutand Construction

Fromthefirstmainperiodofitsoccupationwe have theremainsofthreeroomsrunningalong thesouthernlimitoftheexcavation,fromthecentreto thewestside (plate 15a RoomsI- III) . None is fullyrevealedby excavation,but a good estimatecan be givenforthedimensionsof Rooms I and II, and one measurementforRoom III. The poorlypreservedremainsof roomsin theadjacentspace to the north,thoughnot certainlyconnected,are contemporary consideredalong withthe SouthwestHouse of thisperiod. Rooms I- III have a commonnorthwall, 60cms.thickand survivingto a lengthof9.20m. beforebeingerodedaway at theeast.This is wellpreservedin stoneat thewestto a heightof 2m. (includingprobable later rebuild), but robbed to foundationfurthereast, where abandonmentin theAugustanperiodwas final.RoomsI- III also sharedthesamesouthwall2 and thushave a commonlength,or north-south dimension,ofc. 4.10m. ROOM I By the Augustanperiod Room I had stronglybuilt stone walls which were preservedto a good heighton all sidesand whichcontinuedin use in laterperiods.The room measures4.10m. fromnorthto southand probablyalso about 4.10m. fromeast to west.The westside has not yet been revealedby excavation,but the house musthave been builtup this againsttheroad terracewall here.If one extendstheknownlineofthiswall southwards, excavated of the room the east-west dimension suggested(the portion givesapproximately measuresonly3.70m.fromeast to west.).An originaldoorwayon theeast side, 1.10m.wide, was foundblocked,so thatby theend oftheAugustanphase Rooms I and II wereno longer interconnected at groundlevel. ROOM II is a smallerunit,measuring4.10 x 2.35/2.40m. It has thesame buildas Room I on north,southand westsides,althoughitsnorthwall was robbedto foundationlevelin the northeastcorner.At thispointa small stonewithpivothole was foundbeside a stretchof beddingstoneswhichhad been laid verylevel.These suggestthata thresholdslab had been removedfromhere.Thus theroomwouldhave been enteredfromtheopen area to thenorth. of it was constructed The partitionwall withRoom III at theeastsideis comparatively flimsy: mud brickc. 25cms. thick,on a slightlywiderstonesocle (c. 35cms. thick).The socle was of small stonesto a heightof c. 60cms. but about halfconsistedof below-floor constructed foundations, (see SectionA, no. 12 at centre). ROOM III was ofthesamelength,4.10m.fromnorthto south,but thewidth(east-west)is unknowndue to earlyrobbing,erosionand finallycuttingaway by the House of Diamond Frescoeson theeast,downhillside.The entrancemayhave been on theeastside (nowlost)or cornernext to the doorwayof Room II, whereone at the north,possiblyat the northwest ofthewall perhaps the stone set at rightanglesthrough mainlymudbrickconstruction regular I in Rooms and better of as a The floor was II, earth, preservednearthe represents doorjamb. a small south (SectionE, bottomof no. 8). Interestingly wall at the north,eroded further north side was of room on the floor outside the of superiorquality,with segment contemporary

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

21

a welllaid layeroforangeclay,thussuggesting thattherewas eitheranotherroomon thisside, or at least a coveredportico. The finaloccupationand abandonmentofRoomsII and III is datedbymaterialofthelater 1stcentury B.C. Augustanperiod,contemporary withthedestruction depositfoundin Room I. At thetimeofthisAugustandestruction, then,Room I was cutofffromRoomsII and III by theblockingoftheoriginaldoorway,Room II was probablyenteredfroman open area to the northand Room III enteredeitherfromnorthor east. Thus it cannotbe shownthat they formedpartofone unitat thisperiod,at leaston thegroundfloorlevel.That theseroomshad originallyformeda singleunit,however,is clear fromthe primaryplan in whichall three roomshad thesame strongouterwall on thenorthside,Rooms I and II wereinterconnected, and Rooms II and III, dividedonlyby a lightpartitionwall,maybothhave openedontothe sincethefinaldestruction deposit layoutshouldbe pre-Augustan, space at thenorth.This first ofthisphase (DepositAl) whichrunsup againstthe blockingwall in Room I, is itselfto be dated earlyin theAugustanperiod. in detailtheevidencefora pre-Augustan At thispointit maybe worthreviewing occupation of thishouse plot: and Structural B.C. The Evidence for Pre-Augustan ChangesDuringthe1st Century Occupation

date and the The followingfactorsmustbe consideredin any discussionof the construction earliestphase ofuse of the SouthwestHouse. overtheloosefilloflate Hellenisticrobbingpits(Pits1-4, First,thebuildingwas constructed cornerof on plan at plate 5, SectionA, no. 15) whichhad been dug downintothesouthwest theMinoan building,and it mustpostdatethese.The latestmaterialfromthesepitsis mid to late 2nd B.C. (Deposit H28). Second,a firstperiodofuse ofthenorthwall is indicatedby a late Hellenisticcobbledfloor runningup againstitsouterfaceon thenorthside (SectionH, no. 14). This northwall ofRoom I (Wall 'da') is verydeeplyfounded.Its northeastcornerstone restsdirectlyon the Minoan (see building(Minoan Room M, eastwall) and is setamongdisturbedDark Age construction plan at plate 2 withwall complexincludingwalls'ga' and 'gc'). The cobbledfloor,perhapsto be interpreted as theyardofa late Hellenisticwinery(see Deposit H32) seals Pit 2 and runs beneathan AugustanflooroutsideRoom I to thenorth,at a depthsome25cms.lower.Thus thenorthwall,themajorlineon whichthebuildingwas oriented,was alreadybuiltand in use duringa phase precedingtheearlyAugustanperiod. ofat leastpartof Third,tracesofan early1stB.C. occupationlevelpre-datetheconstruction thebuilding(SectionA no. 12; SectionE, no. 12). This early1stB.C. flooris notfoundin direct withthewall foundations ofRoom I, but was cut througha littlefurther east by relationship thefoundationtrenchforthepartitionwall ofRooms II and III (SectionA, no. 12). It may also have runup againstthelowestcourseofthenorthwall ofRoom III, herepartlycomposed ofmudbrick(SectionE, nos. 12 and 9). It seemsquitepossiblethatit originallyalso ran to the westbeneathRoom I eastwall,and perhapsevenovertherobbingpits,butsubsidenceintothe softfillherepreventscertainty. However,a minimalconclusionfromthisevidence,takenwith thesecondpointabove,is thattherewas widespreadearlier1stB.C. occupationhereon a flat, levelledarea ofgenerousproportions, consideringthe slopingnatureof the site;it may well have been based on an expansivenew architectural layoutofthelate 2nd or early1stcentury if we take the area of the Southeast House also intoaccount,and thislayout B.C., neighbouring seemsto have been inheritedin its essentialsby the Romans. Fourth,thepartitionwall ofRooms I and II is builtwithfoundations restingon an earth

22

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

level (SectionA, bottomoflevelno. 11) whichlies some 10-20cms.below thefinalAugustan ofthiswallin itsfirst floorofRoom I (SectionA, no. 9). The construction phase,whenthedoor in to the stone socleofthenarrower was in use,is ofsmallstonescarefully similar set,quite style III plate wall II further lower six coursesto leftof Rooms and east 26e (see dividing parallel and plate then be blocking, 26c); theymay contemporary. Fifth,theblockingwall in thedoorwaylies on a slightaccumulationofearth(10-20cms.) above thisprimaryfloor.This suggeststhata shorttimehad elapsed afterthefirstbuild and beforeit becamenecessaryto reconstruct thewall and closeoffthedoor,fortheblockingwas of a this wall was originallyconstructed ofmud brickon a stone rebuild. major part Perhaps socleliketheeastwall ofRoom II and thenorthwall ofRoom III. At anyrate,therebuildwas a stronger in masonryofmediumand largere-usedblocks,ofone piece stonereconstruction withthedoor blocking(plate 26e, uppercoursesat centreand left)and now appropriatefor an outsidewall. It was againstthisrebuildthattheAugustandeposit(Al) ofRoom I fell. Thus a reconstruction oftheearlyhistoryof the SouthwestHouse includesan earlyuse at least of the northwall of Room I, forwhicha foundationdate of the late 2nd or early 1st for B.C. maybe suggested. Thiswouldfittheprobablepatternofbuildingconstruction century The which the Southwest House faced discussion of Street theterracedroad on to below) (see and forthe neighbouring house plots to the north.Traces of early 1stB.C. floorsbeneath Rooms II and III, thoughnot clearlyassociatedwiththe survivingwalls,show thatearlier occupationexistedhere;but theypredatethe buildingas we have it. Then the east wall of Room II was built,itsfoundation dug down throughan early1stB.C. floor,and a newearth floorlaid c. 25 cms.higher.It is suggestedthatitswestwall was builtat thesametimeorshortly to divideoffRooms I and II, but leavingan interconnecting afterwards, doorway.This was a of the new floor level. No thickerwall whosefoundations restedon top greattimecould have due to an earthtremoror to became necessary, perhaps elapsedbeforeanotherreconstruction the final involved the rebuild of structural weakness.This strong uppercoursesin stone change I and it the form used and thedoorblockingwhichclosedoffRoom duringtheAugustan gave at a Again, littletimecould have elapsed before major destruction, periodand thereafter. of Rooms ended the about thebeginningofthelastquarterofthe 1stcenturyB.C., occupation wallswhichranintothe II and III; afterthisonlyRoom I continuedin use. That theeast-west whiletheinternalnorth-south partitionwallswhichranalong slopeshouldhave a longhistory, withtherecurring needrebuildingis consistent thelineoftheslopeshouldcontinually pattern of and ofthevulnerability ofgood resistanceto seismicshockofwallsoftheformer orientation, in Frescoes the House of Diamond instance thelatter.This patternis repeatedelsewhere,for and theNorthHouse. In summary,then,an earlyphase of buildingand occupationnow basicallylost,major construction (partlyusinglate Hellenisticwalling),earthaccumulationon thefloor,rebuild and finaldestruction mustall have takenplace duringthe 1stcenturyB.C., or at leastafterthe B.C. robbingpitsand beforetheAugustanperiodwas faradvanced. of the mid 2nd sealing or thequalityofthisbuildingwas in itsearliestphase, We cannotbe surewhatthefunction since so few tracesremain.It is a fairpresumption, however,that here was an ordinary in side of the from the south entered residential street,one comparableto itssuccessors house, the Roman period,and to thosewhich have leftslightlyless exiguoustracesbeneath the thepoorremainsfoundin theadjacent SoutheastHouse a littleto theeast. If we mayidentify at itwouldbe possibleto reconstruct of a then as to the north winery, (DepositH32) part space and tosee thehouseholdas quitesimilarto leastone oftheoccupants'activitiesas agricultural, severalof thoseoccupyingthenearbymodernvillage.

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE The AugustanPeriod(to thelast quarterof the1st century B.C.)

23

The earlyhistoryof the building,withits variousstructuralchangesduringthe 1stcentury of and someinterpretation B.C., has beenoutlinedabove. It remainstogivea fullerdescription In thisAugustanphaseRoom I was destruction. as itexistedat thetimeofitsfirst thestructure an isolatedunit;theearlierconnecting doorat theeastwas permanently blocked,and thefloor levelwas muchlower(byc. 2m.) thantheadjacentstreetlevelon thewestside.So we maybest thisas a basementroomenteredby woodenstairor ladder. It seemslikelythatthis interpret room formedpart of a house enteredfromthe streetat the next floorlevel, and that it functionedas a kitchenstoreroomor wine cellar (see discussionof Deposit Al). Room II Each certainty). openedto thenorth,and Room ìli mayhave done thesame (erosionprevents room had an earth flooron which early Augustanmaterialwas found.This was in an destruction levelin thecase ofRoom I (plate 27c-d), butin one partlydisturbed undisturbed on thenorthside.By in RoomsII and III sincetheseweresoonafterrobbedout to foundations contrastthe roomsin the adjacent area to the northwere totallystrippedand nothing remainedon thefloors.The onlypartoftheSouthwestHouse or theadjacentbuildingat the northto be re-occupiedduringthe 1stcenturyA.D. was Room I; overtheotherareas a buildup ofAugustandebrisofvaryingdepthaccumulatedto be buriedin turnby similarlater 1st A.D. material(see SectionA, no. 10, SectionH, nos. 3-9). Thus the SouthwestHouse (as so farexcavated) comprisedonly Room I afterthe early Augustanperiod,fortheotherroomswereabandoned,dismantledand coveredin at thistime. of theiruse duringthe Augustan This circumstancemay be relevantto an interpretation a singleunitabove was an and to the as to whether there upperstoryforming period, question was an upperstoryabove Room I, sincepart RoomsI, II and III at thattime.Therecertainly fillhad fallenfromabove (plate 27c), and thisroommusthave servedas a ofthedestruction basement.However,therewas no traceofupperstoreyfallin Room II, and quite possiblythe to divideRooms I and II was intendedas an outside builtwall recentlyconstructed strongly II a and Room was either wall, separateunitor a lessvalued workroomenteredfromoutside Found on the floorof -one moreeasilysacrificedand razed afterthe Augustandestruction. Room II weremarblepestleand mortar(plate 27e) and setin a hollowin thefloora crushed amphora(A2, 97; plate 27f).A considerablearea ofash foundon thewestside oftheroom whichhad beenlitcloseup againstthewestwall (see appearstobe theremainsofa fire,or fires, plate at Since no could have been used insidesucha smallroomduringthe 3). fireplace plan thenotionthat lifeofthebuildingespeciallyiftherewerean upperstorey,thisseemsto confirm thiswas a partlyopenworkarea. Alternatively thefireplacemightbelongto an intervaloftime afterthe Augustandestructionbut beforethe subsequentaccumulationof contemporary (Augustan)rubbishlayersover thiswholearea. Room III will have been associatedwithRoom II, but is too poorlypreservedto make discussionofitsplan or possibleupperstoryfruitful. The principalcontentswerea depositof nineteenloomweights, whichcould equallywellderivefromweavingoperationsupstairsor at thegroundlevel.The loomweights clusteralong thewestwall oftheroom(see nos. 27-30 on plate at but have fallentherefromabove. The scantremainsofan L15a), theymay plan in structure mudbrick a little to the east of them,(no. 31 on the plan) do not in shaped themselves constitute theconvincing remainsofa loomstandas was firstthought.Indeed,ifwe are torestorea doorwayat thispoint,theyare morelikelytohave formedpartofan insidestep. Littleevidenceremainsforthedecorationor otherinteriorfurnishings oftheserooms.The mud brickdividingwall of Rooms II/III and othersin the buildingsto the northwere undoubtedlyplastered.In therazed roomsto thenorthofthisbuildingtwoclay or pisé walls

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

werefoundwithplasterfacepreservedon bothsides,one a strongwall (60 cms.thick)running to thenorthfromRoom I, and anotherveryflimsy one (10-15 cms.thick)runningwestfrom thisat rightangles(seeplan at plate 3; SectionH, no. 10;plate 26b). We have one roomhere, withplasterfacepreservedon threesides, measuring2.80 north-south by c. 3.0m. east-west, and a good troddenclay floor.The adjacentroomto the northhad a well laid floorofpink found plaster,and one ofitswallsused Pompeianredin itsdecoration,as shownby fragments in positionon thewestwall (theterracewall forthestreet;see SectionH, no. 11 forfloorand scatteredin the fill this was one colour wall). To judge fromnumerousotherfragments used also on other walls of this commonly period. The Claudian Period Afterthelate 1stB.C. destruction onlyRoom I continuedin use, and theareas to northand westwereallowedto siltup, or deliberatelyused as dumpsfordestruction debris(SectionA, no. 10; SectionH, no. 8). Perhapssomecleaningtookplace insideRoom I, but notenoughto disturbtheAugustandestruction depositwhichremainedintacttoa depthof10-30cms.on the floorand whichbecametroddendownbeneatha scatteroftilefragments. The roomcontinued in use, bringinga gradual accumulationof moreearthlayerscontaininglate Augustanand Tiberiansherds(excavatedas levelsXIII 35, 36 at depthc. 13.95-14.10;see SectionA, no. 9, ofthepottery date is providedbytheoccurrenceofthecoinC114 (Agrippa top). Confirmation and Octavia) in level XIII 36. At depthc. 14.10a newclayfloorwas laid, perhapstowardstheend ofthe 1stquarterofthe 1stcenturyA.D. Afterthisa further periodof continueduse had alreadydepositedanother buildup ofsome 10-20cms.,whena secondmajordestruction broughtthebuildingto ruinin themid 1stcenturyA.D. Again an earthquakehas been suggestedas thecause (see discussion ofDepositCl). This depositlay some60-70cms.deep overall theroom,and again included upperfloorcollapse.Partoftheeastwall was foundtiltedat an anglewhereit had slippedand come to restagainsttheloose fillof theinteriorof theroom (SectionA, no. 8). It is notclearhowmuchofthestonebuildofRoom I was added duringthe1sthalfofthe1st centuryA.D., sincethebuild is quite homogeneousall theway up fromtheblockingand the ofsmall oftheAugustanperiod.It showsthesame mixedconstruction earlierreconstruction stonesand largere-usedashlarblocks(plates 26e, 27a, d). It is worthnoting,however,that thereis a considerablespreadofmasons'stonechipsoutsidethebuildingto theeast,lyingon top of the redepositedAugustandebrisand associatedwithearly 1stA.D. (post-Augustan sherds(SectionA, at topoflevelno. 10). So we mayinferthattherewas a rebuild destruction) at thesame timethatthenew floorwas laid, or about 25 A.D. Littlecan be said of the succeedingperiodsin termsof architectural change. Some slight in association survives different traceofa rebuildoftheeastwall ofRoom I, on a slightly line, witha relaidflooroftheend ofthe 1stcenturyA.D. (SectionA, floorat thebottomoflevelno. 6), but thereafter onlyaccumulatedsiltof the 2nd centuryA.D. The Severan Period PLATE 15c.

Onlya smallpartofthishouseat itslatestperiodofre-usesurviveswithintheexcavatedarea. A sectionofpoor plasterfloorwas preservedat theupper,west,side at depth 15.60m.(or only stretch ofthenorthand southwalls, some70cms.belowsurface)alongwitha smallprotruding

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

25

preservedc. 30cms.above floorlevel.Both floorand wall wereerodedaway at the east side wheretheslope droppedaway. New is the use ofsquare,diagonallyincisedbuildingtiles,of whichnumberswerefoundin thefilloverthefloor;twowereapparentlysetin lineat thesouth edge of thefloor,perhapsas patchingor protectionforthe plastersurfacehere (plates 15c, 27b). roomsofthisor an adjacenthouseon the It is probablethattherewereothercontemporary remainssurvive.There is onlya secondsunkamphorabase, northside,but no architectural parallelto no. U132 in theSouthwestHouse, probablyalso setcentrallyin thefloorofa room (see plan at plate 4), along withtracesofearthfloorsbothin theadjacentarea and in other to thenortheast. These containeddepositsofpotteryin TrenchesVII, VIII and placesfurther IX whichare discussedas Deposit S2 (see also SectionC, level no. 2). fromthe level above the floor(XIII 3 and 29) are Severan,and The potteryfragments belongwiththis'Deposit'or group.Butitis likelythattheremainsofthebuildingcontinuedto be accessibleforsomelengthoftime,sincetwo4thcenturyA.D. coins(C174 and C190) were foundclose above thefloorlevel,and theearthlayernextabove (XIII 2 and 28) contained potteryofthe 3rd and 4th centuriesA.D. Historical Summary The first periodforwhichwe have substantialevidenceforoccupationin theSouthwestHouse are earlier.This is themid to late 1stcenturyB.C., thoughpartsofthebuildingconstruction changesand one periodis one ofcontinuousoccupationand is markedby internalstructural butit came to an end in a severedestruction, majorreconstruction, quitepossiblycausedbyan is quite earlyin theAugustanperiod(see earthtremor.The potterydate forthisdestruction discussionofDepositAl). The materialfromthisdepositis homogeneouswiththatfoundin a debrisredepositedabove theabandonedAugustanfloorsofRooms widespreadofdestruction II and III and theadjacentareas to thenorth(see DepositA2), so it evidentlywas partofa widerdestruction. To be notedalso is a Magenta Ware flask(TC55) foundin theAugustan destruction depositofRoom I and derivingfromCampania, and so possiblyto be associated withearlysettlersfromthisregion. Whoeverit was thathad reconstructed thisbuilding,theselatestoccupantsdid notenjoyits use fora longperiod.Afterthedestruction thewholearea was abandonedexceptforRoom I. Here earthfloorsaccumulatedabove thedestruction debrisduringthesucceedinghalfcentury, in anothermajordestruction in themid 1stcenturyA.D., perhapsalso due to an terminating earthquake.This second destructiondeposit fromRoom I ('Claudian' Deposit Cl) is a substantialone. Like theearlierdeposit,it too is homogeneouswitha spreadofcontemporary destruction materialredepositedin the surrounding area and stratified above the earlier1st A.D. layers. Againfloorsin Room I wererelaidand occupationcontinued,leavingtracesofintermediate untilabandonmentin the late 2nd or early 3rd centuryA.D. (see Severan reconstruction, Deposit S2). This is thedate suggestedforthegeneralabandonmentof thesiteas a whole. THE SOUTHEAST HOUSE Forplansseeplates 13 and 17,forgeneralviewsplates 26a and 28a. The buildingcomplexfoundin TrenchesX-XII in 1971at thecentreand eastpartofthesiteis

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

namedtheSoutheastHouse. As preservedit consistsofa largecourtyardwithcistern, stepped entrancefromthe street,and roomor coveredarea at the westbacked up againstthe road terracewall. There may have been otherroomsfronting on to thecourtyardat theeast and southsides.Nothingsurvivesat theeast,wheretheLittlePalace cuttingextendedas faras the east wall of the courtyard.Beyondthe courtyardto the souththe laterHouse of Diamond Frescoesreplacedany structures whichmayhave stoodalong theeast halfofthesouthfront, whileadjacentto thewesthalfthereappearsto have been an open area, withotherrooms(at leastin an earlyphase) backedup againsttheroad terrace.A doorwayat thesouthwest corner may have communicatedwiththisarea, whereonlyverypoorlypreservedremainssurvived (see discussionin connectionwiththe SouthwestHouse, Augustanphase). Two architecturalphases can be distinguished in the Roman period,the firstof which appears to have re-usedin parta late Hellenisticstructure. The Hellenistic Precursor to the Southeast House The complex early historyof the easternhalf of this house plot, where a successionof Classical and Hellenisticstructuressurvivedon what had previouslybeen a fragmentary These buildingsservedto Sector). slopinghillside,is discussedabove (see theHellenisticSoutheast level up thegroundhereand so to providea flatspace measuring5-6m. northto southand 10-11.50m.east to west,muchofwhichbecamea flagstone feature courtyard.One important survivedto linkthe HellenisticPhase II building(plate 13, wall complex'ff-Te5)withthe Roman Phase I building,and thiswas the bottlecistern(named 'Well 12') in thesoutheast cornerof theyard.This cisternwas a valuable amenityand once constructed seemsto have been kept in continuoususe throughthe late Hellenisticinto the Roman period.There is evidenceforcontinuedoccupationin thecourtarea intothe1stcentury B.C. (levelsXII 19,20, beneaththepavingofthefirst Roman floor,see DepositH25). The majorboundarywall at the northwas deeplyfoundedand had a first periodofuse,markedbya lateHellenisticoccupation and disturbedone,runningup againstthenorthface,beneatha layer,albeitan unsatisfactory Neronianfloor(see SectionE', nos. 11 and 15).3 Similarevidencecomesfromthe otherend of the house plot beneatha small triangular room,wherea 2nd centuryB.C. robbingpit (Pit 22) had beencoveredwithstonepackingand an earthfloorlaid downabove this,at about thelate 2nd/early1stcenturyB.C. (levelsXI 27 and 30; DepositsH29 and 30). This occupationlayerextendedup to theboundarywall ofthe houseplotat thestreetto thewest.This maysuggestthatthiswholearea was occupiedin the late 2nd and early1stcenturyB.C., withperhapsa houseplotofsimilarplan to thatofthefirst Roman phase.The excavatedstructure, however,is a late 1stB.C. and 1stA.D. buildingsome and it is moreconvenientto include ofwhoseelementsderivedfroma Hellenisticpredecessor, in a the section which follows. discussionof possibleoriginallayout Roman Phase I

Plan at plate 17a; view at plate 28a-b.

Layout, Construction and First Occupation orientedon The centralfeatureofthebuildingin thisphaseis thelarge,partlypaved courtyard an enclosed an east-westaxis and enteredfromthestreetat thenorthwest, triangular having space at thewest,possiblya workingor cookingarea, and thewell-headofthebottlecisternin

EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

27

the southeastcorner.The positionof the cisternis of some importancein consideringthe originallayoutand extentof thishouse plot. Originallyconstructedoutsidethe Hellenistic into adjacentto theeastfaceofwall 'ff,it was laterincorporated building,thatis immediately This wall was built limit of the which the east of the new cross wall formed theline courtyard. overthetopofthe2nd centuryB.C. plasteredwashingarea withitsoval sump,whichhad been associatedwiththe cisternin its earlierphase,4and abuttedagainstthe northside of a now well-head. raisedand refurbished Fromitspositionin relationto each ofthesuccessivewalls,theHellenisticWall 'ff and the itis clearthatthecisternwas accessibleto thoseapproaching eastwalloftheRoman courtyard, todrawwaterfromoutsidethecourtyardat itseastside.Thus,it seemsto have servedboththe area to itswest,heredesignatedtheSoutheastHouse, and also anotherarea (now lost) to the east,whichmay have been partof thesame buildingcomplex.If it was a separateunit,the watersupplywillhave been a sharedamenitybetweenneighbours.In eithercase therewas a connectedarea to thesoutheast,possiblywithone or morerangesofroomson thesouthor the east sides,or both. The East House, adjacent to the north,could also have been connected on the east side,but is treatedas a separateunit,due to thelack of any surviving indirectly connection,and to itsverydifferent history. date forthefirstRoman buildingphase is close to, perhapsthesame as, The construction thatoftheSouthwestHouse: later 1stB.C. or earlyAugustan,but withsomere-useofearlier wallingor wall lines.The evidenceforthisis as follows:thelatestsherdsfrombeneaththestone pavingslabs (at SectionG, levelno. 2, = XII 18) belongto the 1stcenturyB.C., as do those cornerofthecourtyard. cistern'eq' at thenorthwest foundin thebuildofthesmallrectangular to above and were referred and its The nextlevelsbelowthecourtpaving packing(XII 19,20) B.C. Sherdsfrom in the to 1st an of late 2nd early century represent earlierphase occupation of date and are discussion the firstoccupationlevelsof the court occupation Augustan(see period,in the 1stcenturyB.C., the Hellenistic below). At some timeduringthe intervening wererobbedout (SectionG, no. 3) and the Phase II wallsbeneaththeeastendofthecourtyard of materialre-usedin a newbuildingphase. Such re-useoflargeblockswas also characteristic In the walls of both the same way the earlyAugustanbuild of the SouthwestHouse. major housesseem to have used earlierlines.The survivingremainsof the long southwall of the courtyardhave thesame orientationas thenorthwall oftheSouthwestHouse, probablyfirst in the later2nd or early 1stcenturyB.C. Howeverthiscourtyardwall was too constructed and indeedfor evidenceforearlyconstruction, badly preservedto provideany stratigraphie in muchofitslengthcan onlybe restored plan withdottedlines(plate 2), whereno physical remainssurvivedat all on theground.The northwall ofthe courtyard, however,was much betterpreservedand appearsto have beena rebuildon a previousHellenisticline,as indicated above. Since the Southeastand SouthwestHouses were built at about the same timein the 1st it is worth centuryB.C., and both seem to depend on an earlierplan fortheirorientation, a the of this area as whole. At the time of construction there was considering layout probablya x a considerable flat area at least 16 laid out on here, 12m., very rectangularplan which includedthesetwo house plotsand thatof the fragmentary roomsbetweenat thewest.The orientationof thesethreeunitsis the same. The majorwalls are of about thesame strength, 60-65cms.thick,and thefloorlevelsare approximately thesame.5Thus it seemsprobablethat thearea was laid out systematically at thesame time,whetheras one or morehouseplots.It is unfortunate thatthesurviving wallsare so fragmentary, especiallyin thecriticalcentralarea, whichincludesthesouthsideoftheSoutheastHouse, muchofthenorthwall oftheSouthwest

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House and theeastfront oftheintermediate building.In particulartheevidenceforconnecting is weak. no floor Furthermore, doorways very depositsofthefirstRoman periodwerefound outside the SouthwestHouse much of which was abandoned at that time,whereas the SoutheastHouse continuedin use. These factors, and thecloselimitsoftheexcavationat south and east,makeit impossibleto be sureifand how thebuildingsmighthave beenlinkedin the 1stcenturiesB.C. /A.D. and a fortiori it is even moredifficult to restorein plan a putativepreRoman phaseofthelate 2nd/early 1stcenturyB.C. The outlinefora possiblereconstruction of in such a buildingis represented lines plate dotted 2. by The use of the courtyardfloorwas marked,particularly in areas lackingpavingslabs,by successivetroddenlayersofclayand ash,notproductivein findsnoreasilyseparatedfromone anotherin digging,but bestdistinguished duringexcavationin thecarefulremovalofa small north-south baulklefttemporarily acrossthecentreofthetrench.Sherdcontentin thelowest layerwas late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. (XI 14 #2265-6,baulk23), and above thislater1stA.D. (XI baulk 16). In additionone coin of the earlyempire(C140 Crassus)was foundnear the entranceat the northwest, troddeninto thefloorbuild-up(levelXI 19, see discussionof the courtyardbelow). The Buildings and Other Features and The first Roman phaseoftheSoutheastHouse, then,maybe assigneddatesofconstruction B.C. and A.D. withpartialre-useofearlierfeatures. The use whichfallwithinthe 1stcenturies featuresofthebuildingduringthisfirstphase maybe enumeratedas thefollowing significant withstepsdownfromthe which will be describedin order:1. a smalltriangularentryway, six, streetat thenorth;2. thecentralcourtyard;3. a workarea at thewestside ofthecourtwith floorbasin or mixingbowl sunkinto the earthfloor;4. a square stone-builtcisternin the northwest corner,connectedwiththe drainagesystemof the street;5. the small triangular workroom at thewest;and 6. thebottlecistern('Well 12') at thesoutheastcorneroftheyard this see Roman Phase II, to whichits contentsbelong). (for 1. Theentrance way A smalltriangulararea at thenorthwest containsan upperstepat 13.97and a bottomstepat 13.64.There mayhave been an intermediate step,6now lost,or possiblyjust a cobbledramp is In the first build there the two. likelyto have been an outerthresholdon thestreet linking was where the found eroded,sincethedrainlevelhereis 14.16,or 19cms.higher front, paving and the streetpavingwill have been 10-20cms.higher than the top stepor innerthreshold, thanthis.In itsoriginalconceptthissmallentrancecouldhave beenlikethatofmodernvillage housesnearby,a welcomingapproachadornedwithvineor pottedplants,butwe mayimagine thatit was allowedto rundown,pavingeroded,stepsrobbed,and finallytakenout ofuse,for further west.These changestookplace thedoorwas blockedand a newentrancebuiltslightly which 1stA.D. destructions with the well be connected and could the 1st centuryA.D., during befelltheSouthwestand East Houses (theneighbourson each side), althoughno comparable destruction depositwas foundin thisarea. 2. Thecourtyard The main architecturalelementof the SoutheastHouse unit, as surviving,is the large measuringc. 7.90m.fromeastto westwalls,and 5.0-5.70 fromnorthto courtyard, rectangular offoundation, south.The southwall survivesonlyin isolatedstretches beingin placespreserved

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

29

but itsoriginallinecan be tracedfromthewest intothePhase II rebuilding, forincorporation end to a pointsome2m. shortofthewell-head.It runsapproximately parallelto thenorthwall and to themajornorthand southwalls ofthe SouthwestHouse, 5.75m. distantto thesouth. The wallswhichsurviveon theothersidesare ofmediumlimestonebuild,withfairlyregular coursing,except where an occasional larger re-used block was incorporated,thickness 60-65cms.Examplesofre-usedblocksare a mouldedbase laid flatin theeast wall besidethe well-head(plates 17a and 29e), an olive press(S35b) builtinto the southwall of the west levelledand room,and longblocksmidwayalong thenorthwall. The courtyardwas carefully wellpaved. At itseastend thefloorlevel,at 13.15-13.20,was almostflushwiththeflatsurface ofthewell-head(now providedwitha raisedcementsurround,SectionG, no. 1, plate 29e), westat depth13.17,lie at about thesame level (SectionE, some4.75m.further and flagstones no. 11). The pavingwas best preservedin the northcentralarea, wherea numberof large survivedagainstthe northwall, and in a large area at thenortheastcornerwhere flagstones smallerslabshad been used.Elsewherethestoneswereonlysporadicand thefloorconsistedof successivetroddenlayersof clay and ash. Stone paving had originallycovered the entire easternhalfoftheyard,but therehad probablyalwaysbeen a simpleearthsurfaceat thewest levelwiththetopofa sunkenbasinat c. 13.20,butrosein the end.Here thefloorwas originally courseoftimeto c. 13.50 near thesteppedentrance(bottomstep 13.64). A successionoffloor a build-upofthedetritus layershere (excavatedas XI 19, 29 and 31 in sequence) represents arisingfroma period of continuoususe during this firstphase of occupation.These are describedin associationwiththewestsectorfloorsin thefollowingsection. 3. The westsectorof thecourt

Partofthewestsectoroftheyard,thoughnotseparatedoff,seemsto have servedas a working area and may have been roofedover to forma portico.The main featureofinterestwas an ovoidbasin,measuring49-44cms.in diameterat thepreservedtopand 33cms.in depth.It was oftile foundsetintotheearliestfloorlevel (XI 31), at depthc. 13.20m,and was constructed encasedin cementand beddedunderneathon smallstones.The cementsurfacewas fragments materialpacked with gritor coarse sand, with a wall thicknessof rough,of grey-brown 1.5-4.0cms.Originallyit maywellhave stoodmuchhigher,and have servedas mixingbowlor watercontainer.7 The sequenceoffloorlevelswas as follows: Level XI 31, dated by a decoratedjar (71/P184)to pre-Augustan1stB.C., consistedofa hard troddenearthlayerwithsomestonesand sherdslyingflat;on it werefoundhammerstone, dog one stamped(W49), clay disc bead (K33) (uncat.), twodisc loomweights, figurine fragment and clay sealing(K68). Level XI 29, a similarhard packed earth floor,withsome 5-10cms. build-upbeneathits and a pyramidalloomweight. two disc loomweights surface,containedhammerstone, and Level XI 19 was a hard troddenearthlayerwithpatchesofyellowclay, tilefragments carbonflecks,withtop surfaceat c. 13.50,oversome25cms.ofbuild-up.This levelcontained and threepyramidal,a stonetool,carnelianringstone Augustansherds,threediscloomweights (S89), bronzehook (uncat.) and a coin of theearlyempire(C140, Crassus). At thisfirst stagein thelifeofthecourtyardthereseemsto have been a doorwayin thewest wall leading out into the small triangularcompartmenton that side. One door jamb is preservedat the southside of flat-beddedstoneswhichresemblea threshold(or threshold ofa rectangularcistern destroyedby theconstruction bedding).The northjamb was evidently in time later the same at some here, buildingphase.

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4. The westroom

The small triangularroom at the west had as its main featurea small hearthor oven of rectangularform.This was builtin theangleofthewestwall and thestreetterracewall, and had a smallclay surround(plan at plate 17; viewat plate 28b). Therewas a troddenearth floor.The roomseemsto have beena workingor cookingarea, perhapsopen to theskyor only in mudbrick herewas comparatively or pisé, weak,presumably partlyroofed.The construction and perhapstheroomwas partlyopen to thesouth.If therehad beena finestonewallherein a previousperiod,as thegenerousoverallplan argues,it musthave been quarriedout earlier, sinceapartfroma highwall stubat thewestwhichaffordedprotectionto thefireplace, little butthelinewas leftin theAugustanperiod.Earthfloor,oven,stonewall stuband foundations werewidelycoveredbya fillofgreyearth,fallenmudbrick,tileand stones(levelsXI 14-18,all Augustan).Nearbyon theearthfloorof theadjacentarea to thesouth,whichwas probably connected(and was excavatedas one unit,beingcoveredwiththe same fill),was foundan the earlyRoman coin dated 39 B.C. or later(C83, Lollius;on plan at plate 3); thisconfirms the evidence. chronology suggestedby pottery 5. Therectangular cistern This was preservedsome eleven coursesdeep, and was part of a water systemwhichwas connectedto thestreetbya culvertrunningnortheast insidetheporchwall and thenchanneled underthe streetwall, directlyinto the verysimilarcisternor soak-awaybeneaththe street paving (see discussionof the streetbelow). The house cistern(given the notation4eq') measured80cms. square internally, and was preservedto a depth of c. 1.30m.,so that its bottomat 12.30was virtually levelwiththatofthestreetsoak-away(see sectionat plate 12c). The construction toowas similar,withverticalinternalfacingofwelllaid coursesoffairlysmall stoneslevelledup withclay.It mayhavefunctioned as a waterclosetat theendoftheyard;ifso no doubt thedrainrunningthroughtheentrancewouldhave been covered.As notedabove, thecisternpostdatesthefirstconstruction of the courtyardwestwall and itsdoorway,but it was itselfalreadyout ofuse and builtoverby a clayovenin thesecondphaseofthecourtyard. and thefill,whereas The periodofuse is givenby mid-late1stB.C. sherdsin theconstruction thelaterstepsand clay oven builtabove are associatedwithearly1stA.D. sherds.The street soak-awayhowevercontinuedin use longer,and was foundcloggedwithmaterialofClaudian date (see remarksunderDeposit C2). cistern 6. Thebottle (Well 12) For thisfeature,whichseemsto have continuedin use overa longperiod,see discussionunder Roman Phase II. Roman Phase II Planat plate 17b,viewsat plates 28c-e,29e. ofa newsteppedporchat thewest,a The principalfeaturesofthisphase are theconstruction These combineto forma new,larger walls.8 two new and lined oven beside this, dividing clay to restrict the but entrance room, courtyard littlemorethanhalfitsoriginalsize. rectangular Here levelsof silthad accumulated,the pavingstoneswerenow buriedand the yardhad a continuedin use,and was providedwitha plainearthfloor.The bottlecisternat thesouthwest ofstonesand tilesseton edge (plate 29e), partsurviving waterchannelconstructed makeshift

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

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on theextremesouthedge,but partremovedby thedeep foundationtrenchfortheHouse of Diamond Frescoes.This mayhave broughtwaterfromroofingat thesouthside,and a small buttress wall surviving herecouldbe interpreted as roofsupport(perhapsfora portico?)butall else is losthere. To the southwestthereseemsto have been an open area. In the early 1stcenturyA.D. a south (see pebbledfloorcoveredthe buriedremainsof the earlyAugustanbuildingsfurther the 1st A.D. successive SectionH, level 7), to be graduallyburiedduring layersof century by the until at the end of earthaccumulationwithredepositeddestruction material, centurythe groundhad risensome 1.70m.almostup to thelevelofthepaved street(SectionH, levels3 to 6). At the triangularroomon thewestside,floor,walls,hearthand cisternwerenow buried. The earthfloorslopedup moresteeplyto thewestthanbefore,and a new flightofstepswas builtgivingaccess to the street.These builtstepsare clearlypreservedand give a riseof c. 90cms.fromearthfloorto streetpaving,in fiveintervalsofnearly20cms.each.9 Signsofwear on thesestepssuggestthattheywerein use forsomeconsiderabletime.Severalsmallstructural alterationstookplace hereduringthisphase, as evidencedby theexistenceof two successive swivelholesforthedoor,thefirstsetback intothelineofthestreetwall,thesecondout on the surviving topstepitself(plates 28c, 17b); thelineofsmallstonesshownon plan runningacross thetopstepseemslikelyto be a lateradditionplaced thereaftertheremovalofa fineroriginal threshold. The stepswereconstructed partlyoverthemasonryofthesquarecisternceq',which had been filledin and was now coveredby a clay builtoven,lined withtiles.The oven was foundfilledwithand surroundedbywhitish-grey ash. Fragmentsofplain whiteplaster,fallen ontotheearthfloorsuggestthatthemainbuildherewas of amongmudbrickand tilefragments mudbrick,plasteredand protectedwithwhitewash. Sherdevidenceindicatesthatthelifeoftheentranceroomin itssecondformcoveredthemid to late 1stcenturyA.D. The floorlevelat thebottomofthesteps,contemporary withtheearly use of the oven, containedmid 1stA.D. sherds(level XI 10). But the roomitself,the new dividingwall at thesouth,thestepsand theovenwerecoveredby a deep layeroffillwithtiles, buildingrubbleand potteryofTrajanic date (levelsXI 5-9), plate 28e. The Bottle Cistern

(Well

12)

Viewsat plate 29, Sectionat plate 12b. The well-headwas discoveredin 1971 at the timeoftheexcavationoftheRoman courtyard, and subsequentinvestigationdemonstratedits connectionalso with earlier, Hellenistic but thecontentswerenotcleareduntilthespringof 1973,aftertheuppershafthad structures, beenremoveddownto theleveloftheLate Minoan floor.l° The following accountis based on a reportoriginallypreparedforseparatepublicationbyJ. EllisJones,who helped withthe excavationand at the same timeundertookthe studyof the verylarge quantityof pottery 1 derivingfromthefill(Deposit D4).1 Excavation

Excavationofthecisternwas carriedoutin threestages.Its existencewas first revealedin 1971 in theRoman levelsofTrenchXII almostbyaccident,whenthethickcrustofearthwhichhad formedoveritsmouthcollapsedintotheopen shaftand revealedthecapstone.In thisseason the capstoneand uppermostpart of the shaftwereexaminedand removed;as the shaftwas hollowforsomewaydown,workinvolveddemolitionratherthanclearanceoffill,and material

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collectedderivedprincipallyfromthe fabricand the construction pit of the shaft.In 1972 a secondsectionoftheshaftwas dismantledand itsfillcleared,down to theMinoan floorlevel. These twostageshad removedtheuppertwo-thirds or so oftheshaft,2.86m.ofit as measured downfromthecapstone.A further toclearthat shortseasonofexcavationin May 1973sufficed a chamber of the level and wider shaft which remained below Minoan floor part plaster-lined in intowhichitopenedoutfurther fill was excavated a of 4.35m. The total further down, depth XII The interior of 50cms. a was noted 57 to levels where 65). arbitrary (levels change except was cleared to the floor,all but fora columnof earthleftin the northwest quadrantof the to a of c. its side to buttress chamber, 1.25m., height againstpossiblecollapse;forit was found whereas the well the adhered to that, shaft,it fellaway in largepatchesfromthe plasterlining roof of the chamber and out-sloping broughtlumpsofkouskouraswithit. The fillconsistedof brownclayishearthwithstones,tiles,plasterand otherbuildingand occupationdebris,the earthbecomingwhiteror grey-brown siltnearerto thebottom.Potterywas foundin quantities bothin upperand lowerlevels,thoughmostcamefromthelowestmetreoffill.12 It appearedto be a homogeneous, and basicallyone periodfilland theceramicdate placesitclearlyin thefirst thirdof the 2nd centuryA.D. forconveniencereferredto as the 'Hadrianic' period (see discussionunderDepositD4). Since the contentswere purelyRoman, but therehad alreadybeen indicationsof earlier (Hellenistic)phasesofuse,a testwas cutthroughthecistern'splasterfloor,and thisrevealedan unsurfacedwell-shaft directlyunder that of the cistern,going on deep down throughthe was also clearedout to itsfulldepth.Thus thefeature kouskourasrock.This lowerwell-shaft a wellhad beendug,rightdown denotedas Well 12 showedtwoobviousstructural phases:first to theancientwaterlevel,usedforsometimeand refilled; later,theupperpartoftheshafthad beenre-used,re-fashioned, extendedout at thesidesand linedwithwater-proof plasterso as to which had more than one make a bottle-shaped one indeed cistern, clearly periodofuse. Construction

The capstonewas a large square slab, 0.92 x 0.97m. in lengthand breadthand 0.25m. in height,havingin its centrea square opening,0.40 x 0.40m. in size, withslightlyrounded indentationcut at the top (plate 29a-b). The corners,each of which had a finger-sized a openingwasjust largeenoughto admit bucketor similarsizedvesselintotheshaftwhilethe indentations could have been cut to securea frameand lid overthemouthor to raiseoverit a fora winchor otherliftingapparatus.The surfaceof the stonebore two grooves framework extendingfromtheopeningto theouteredge - on theeast side,a verynarrowstraight-sided withthenarrow groove,and on thenortha deeperand broaderrunnel,ratherfunnel-shaped the outer to the outside. and the wider end to the opening edgesof the capstone, Along top in moulded ran a low kerb on two there sides, plaster(plate 29b,d). Plasterwas surviving only usedalso on thesidesofthecapstoneand in a neatpackingofstones,0.25m.deep,underneath it; incorporatedin thelatter,undertheline ofthewiderrunneljust noted,was an upturned covertileofroundedLaconian typewhichextendedrightthroughfromtheouteredgeintothe shaftand was probablyset thereas a drain to let in thewaterwhichwas to be storedin the cistern(plate 29a). round Belowthecapstonetheshaftwas seento be quitenarrow,ovoidratherthanperfectly witha largerdiameterof0.6m. It was lined withpinkhydraulicplasterc. 5cms. thick,laid against the neatlyfittedsmall stonesof the shaftlining.The round to ovoid sectionwas maintained,but theshaftgraduallywidenedall theway down,so thatat 4.0m. belowthetop ofthecapstone,it measured1.0m.in diameter.Belowthat,thesidesslopedaway moresharply

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33

and theshaftopenedout intoa roundchamber,verynearly3.0m.in diameter,withthelower walls curvingin to a floorwhichwas nearlyflat,dippingonlyslightlyin to the centre.The maximumdepthofthecisternfromthesurfaceofthecapstoneto thecentreofthefloorwas c. a bottleshapecloselyresembling that 7.25m.Its formwas one commonamongancientcisterns, of a modernconical flask.*3 The interiorwas lined throughoutwiththe same pink cement notedat thetop oftheshaft;ofvaryingthickness(5-8cms.),it had been applied to stonework kouskourasof the natural subsoil; large higherup, and lower down to the grey-yellow from theslopingroofofthechamberduring fell still with some kouskouras adhering fragments excavation.The totalcapacityofthecisterncan be calculatedas veryroughly2,800gallonsor 12,600litres. Use and history

ofthewellcomplexas a whole,givingthe Firstit maybe convenientto summarisethehistory threeperiodsofuse: (1) a deep dates assignedto the associatedpottery.We may distinguish in theArchaicperiod(late 7thcenturyB.C.), and from welldug,used,abandonedand refilled whichthematerialhas alreadybeenpublished(BSA 73 1978,49); (2) a cisternfashionedoutof in the2nd centuryB.C., and to be relatedto DepositH23 (construction therefilledwell-shaft and secondphaseofuse,late c. 175-150 and first B.C.) and DepositH26 (reconstruction phase, at re-used same cistern cleaned 1stB.C.); (3) the out, (withonlyminormodifications 2nd/early in the and refilled and abandoned the verytop to the well-headand its surrounds), again Roman imperialperiod (see Deposit D4, early2nd centuryA.D.). The Hellenisticand Roman use ofthecisternmayhave been continuous.Hellenisticsherds and thatofthecistern,and by wereconspicuousby theirabsencefromthefillofthewell-shaft basins and channelsadjacent to the theirpresencein the fillof thoseexternalplaster-lined formedpart whichhad (althoughreplacedand overlainbysecondarystructures) cistern-head, forthestorage,use and disposalofrainwiththecisternofthesame,and original,arrangement of the cistern,their water;theirpresencethereguaranteesan earlydate forthe construction and refurbished for absencefromthecisternitselfonlythatit had beencleanedout thoroughly lateruse. The same consideration periods(1stB.C./1stA.D.) for appliesto thoseintervening whichthereis ampleevidenceforcontinuedoccupationin thearea, butnonefromthefillofthe cisternitself.As theRoman fillwas fairlyhomogeneousin character,and belongedwithinthe first thirdofthe2ndcentury A.D., theevidencepointstoa finalcleaning,re-useand refillat the *4 join withothersfromthefinalRoman beginningofthisperiod. Some sherdsfromthecistern depositsin thecourtyard(DepositD5), providingevidencethatcisternand yardwentout of use at about the same time.Both were abandoned and buriedat about the timewhen the House ofDiamond Frescoeswas constructed. neighbouring Historical Summary The SoutheastHouse plotseemsto have been laid out in generalplan, perhapsin conjunction withthe SouthwestHouse and the intermediate buildings,in the 2nd centuryB.C. A clear terminus is at the west end the postquern provided by deep 2nd B.C. robbingpit (Pit 22, Deposit to be associated with the first H28). Probably building is evidence for late Hellenistic construction bothto theeastat thecisterncomplex(DepositH26, levelXII 26) and to thewest of the two beneaththe triangularroom (Deposit H29, level XI 30). The interconnection is shown sherds. There follow scant traces of by joining deposits pre-Augustan 1st B.C.

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

occupation beneath the Roman floors,Deposit H27 (level XII 25) at the east, and Deposit H30 (level XI 27) and level XI 31 at the west. The paved court and associated buildings as we have them seem to be basically of later 1st B.C. (Augustan) build, re-usingearlierwall lines,although one earlier earth floor(the firstin a seriesof three) was foundat the west side of the court,and indicates continuityin that working area during the 1st century B.C. Continued occupation through the 1st century A.D. is indicated by the sherd material which accumulated in a deep build-up at the west,whereas the east end was kept comparativelyclean and level, presumablyto ensure continued access to the bottle cistern.Structural alterations to the west end took place around the middle of the 1st centuryA.D. and lifeand work continued here until about the end of the century,when that area was abandoned. The western part of the building was found covered with material of Trajanic date, whereas above the courtyardfloorfurthereast and fillingthe bottle cisternwas found a mass of redepositeddestructionmaterial of Hadrianic date. Thus, at about the time of the firstdestructionof the North House across the street,thisarea too suffereddamage and was finallyabandoned. Rebuilding took place at the North House, and new constructionon the adjacent plot to the south (the House of the Diamond Frescoes), but no later structureswere found above the Southeast House itself.

THE EAST HOUSE Plan at plates 3, 16b; viewsat plate 31; SectionsC and F.

Layout and Construction The East House is a buildingin the east centralarea of the excavationand consistsof two on theveryedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting. completerooms,and partsoftwootherspreserved The greaterpart of the buildingwas excavatedin 1967 (Trench VII) and the remaining portioncompletedin 1971 (TrenchXII); it is cut by thecentraleast-westsection(SectionC). sidethehouseis delimitedbytheobliquelineofthestreetterracewall,on the On thenorthwest south by the line of the SoutheastHouse, while on the east it was cut away by Evans' excavation(plate 31c). The internaldividingwalls are orientedapproximatelyeast-west, parallel with the line of the south wall. Thus we have an approximatelytriangulararea containingtwotrapezoidalrooms,and thediagonallycuthalvesoftwoothers.The roomswere Room I withRooms II and III, and Room II also withthearea to thenorth, interconnected, buta changeduringthelifeofthebuildingcausedthedoorwaybetweenRoomsI and III to be blocked,thusmakingthecornerroomlessaccessible.Afterthedoorwaywas blockedtheonly entranceintoRoom I was fromthenorthside,passingthroughRoom II. The doorwayleading intoRoom II fromthenorthis notwellpreserved;but althoughwe have no threshold block, stretchofwallingheredoes indicatethat thesurvivalofa doorsocketat theextremenortheast therewas an entrance. theoverallplan, Fromthesurviving portionofthebuildingit is notpossibleto reconstruct norto estimateitsoriginalsize. The principalmeansofaccessmayhave been fromthestreet east. Evidenceforthisis now lost,as is thatfora level above, or froma lowerlevel further SoutheastHouse, of which littlemore than a with the connection neighbouring possible We can say thattheroomslie at thewesternedgeofthebuildingand was preserved. courtyard that theyprobablyopened out onto more spacious unitsfurthereast. The natureof their and workrooms. contentsshowsthattheywerestorerooms

ANDARCHITECTURE EXCAVATION

35

in stonetoa maximumoflm. high.Two, The wallsofthesurviving structure werepreserved thesouthwall and thewestwall ofRoom III, are thicker(ôO-ôScrns.)and betterbuilt;these an originalbuildofa higherqualitythanwas maintainedin are bondedand seemto represent theflimsier and thinnerpartitionwalls at northand southsidesofRoom II. In the original build at least one doorway,thatconnectingRooms I and III, was providedwitha finecut blockand doorjambs(plate 31b). A studyoftheSoutheastHouse has suggestedthat threshold theEast House southwall,was ofAugustanbuildon late itsnorthwall,whichalso constitutes Hellenisticfoundations.Since the west wall of Room III is bonded in, it should be at leastwiththemain (Augustan)build.Howeverno traceofoccupationlevels contemporary, as earlyas Augustanwerefoundin theEast House. Close beneaththefinalfloors,whichwere Neronian,were foundthe scant remainsof a Hellenisticbuilding,withdestructiondeposit oftheEast House, tojudge partlypreserved(DepositH 13), but disturbedby theconstruction coins sherds and of Hellenistic occurrence the (C20, 90, 91, 97) in the fabricof the East by House walls,and byothersfoundin thefill(C3, 40, 48, 59, 64, 84). Threeotherconsiderations usingsomeAugustan suggestthatthebuildingas we have it is a post-Augustanreconstruction walls. First,the subsidiarywalls (Room II northwall, Room I northand westwalls) abutt be laterthantheAugustanlinesalreadymentionedand also later onto,and shouldtherefore thanthestreetterracewall,whichseemsto have been builtin theearly1stcenturyA.D. (see discussionoftheStreet).Secondly,therewas no buildup ofearthfloorsfromtheintermediate periodsduringthelifeofthebuilding(the 1sthalfofthe 1stcenturyA.D.), as therewas in the SouthwestHouse (Room I). This would suggesta major clean-up or a new phase of reconstruction duringthisperiod.Thirdly,the closureof the connectingdoorwaybetween III I and Rooms blockingwall showsthatsome replanningdid take place. by a stone-built ofmudbrick, someofwhich ofthewallswereconstructed courses In thefinalbuildtheupper of in the roof. fill fallen over was foundin the whereit had Fragments whiteplaster collapsed in thefill, and otherfragments in the south wall of Room III, backingwerefound positionon an floor above we should reconstruct colouredred,pinkand blue. From thisevidence upper above Rooms fill that such a floor also extended was no evidence from the Room III, butthere I and II. The roofwas of Laconian tiles,patched or sealed with white plaster,and apparently 15 weighteddown in places by largeflatstones,whichlay among the tilefall. The Destruction Fills The East House was destroyedviolently, perhapsby earthquake,whenits tileroofand mud brickwallingcollapsedand sealed overthecontentsofitsrooms.The destruction depositwas foundintacton a yellowclay floorat depth 12.95-13.35m. (slopingup to thewest),withthe rooftileslyingthicklyoverit (plate 31a, c-d). The lowerfillconsistedofloose brownearthamongthetiles,changingto a loose greyashy beneath.In Room I therewas an area oforange-redmudbrickin the southwest consistency elsewhere dark earthdown to a fineyellowclay floor,withsome ash. The amphora corner, no. on 12 base, plan, containeda pure greyashysubstance,whosepurposeis not clear (see discussionin thefollowing section).In Room II therewas a spreadofpale greyash overmuch of the floor,thicklyconcentratedin a patch near the northeastcorner,and withina semicircular featureofwhiteclay,evidentlya poorlyconstructed hearth,on theeastsideofthe room.Thoughtherewereflecksofcarbontroddenintotheclayfloorofthisroomduringitsuse, therewereno instancesofcharredwood on thefloorto suggestdestruction byfire,nortracesof

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE

burningon tilesor stones.The fillin theadjacentarea to thenorthwas quiteparallelto thatin Room II, ashyfillovera yellowclay floor(SectionF, level no. 9). In Room I was foundtheskeletonofa largedog,whichwas evidentlycaughtin thesudden destruction ofthebuildingand struckby fallentiles(plates 16b,3 Id). The following noteon theskeletonwas providedby ShelaghWall, who kindlystudiedthebonesand reconstructed thedetailsof thedrawing(no. 7 on plan). "The skeletonof a dog foundin thisdepositwas fairlycomplete.It belongedto an adult animal.The rightfemurhad a healedfracture in thecentreoftheshaft,whichwouldprobably have caused some degree of lamenessto the animal. The heightof the animal could be estimatedfrommeasurements ofthelong bonesusingfactorsgivenby Harcourt(1974).16 It would have stoodto 49.5cms.at theshoulder." Function The contentofRooms I and III showthattheywereused principallyforstorage.In Room I fourcompleteor nearcompleteamphorae(Nl,43-44, twoas Nl,45) lay on thefloor;in Room III thebase ofone was foundset uprightin a rectangularstandconstructed besidethesouth in and two others were found association with a built or wall, (Nl,51, Nl,45) compartment rackat thenorthside (see plan at plate 16b: Room I nos. 2, 4, 6, 15; Room III nos. 19, 22). Anotherfiveamphoraefromthe fillbringthe total to twelve.The presenceof a large dog, presumablya watch-dog,in Room I suggeststhatthe contentsof the roomwereconsidered worthguarding. A secondaryfunction mayhave been cooking,tojudge fromthecookpotsalso foundon the butthehearth floor(nos. 1,5, 8 and 13on plan). Room II did notcontainanystoragefacilities, or It clear whetherthe east wall indicates that it served for is not setagainstthe cooking baking. ash piled againstthesouthand westwallswas merelytheclearingsfromthehearthawaiting disposalor was to be retainedforsomepurpose.As mentionedabove, one amphorabase set intothefloorin theadjacentroom(no. 12 on plan) containeda greyashysubstancesimilarto thatfoundin quantityin Room II. 17 It couldhave beensetintothefloorwithhotash fromthe nearbyfireforuse as a warmingdevice. Suggestionscan be made concerningotherpossible 18 useas domesticorindustrial usesforcollectingfineash and thesemightincludethefollowing: in baking(as sometimestoday,bothin bread and Greekhoneycakes, an additive/adulterate suchas themelomakarona orfinikia);fortheclarifying ofwine;or as a polishingagentforcopper (withlemonjuice). of the findsfromRooms I and III, it seemslikelythatall these From the close similarity roomswere part of a singleunit and served the combinedfunctionof storageand food The blockingofthedoorwaybetweenRoomsI and III mighthave beenintended preparation. toprovidegreatersecurity forRoom I, or to protectRoom III againstsmokeor fumesfromthe of Room for the II, fireplace fireplacewas barelya metrefromtheblockeddoorway.That the roomswerestilllinkedand partofone unitis also suggestedby thefindingin Room III ofthe lid (Nl,29) whichbelongsto thering-handled cookpot(Nl,31) ofRoom I (nos. 5 and 24 on plan). Chronology As suggestedabove, two of the major walls of thisbuildingwere probablybuiltduringthe length to warrant some internal Augustan period. An occupation period of sufficient

EXCAVATION ANDARCHITECTURE

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is suggestedby theblockingwall foundin thedoorconnectingRooms I and III. restructuring The make-upofthefloorcontainedone Neroniancoin (G134 Nero/Claudius,no. 10 on plan) whilethefillwhichlay in the triangularspace northofRoom II containeda second (C133, Nero and Octavia). This evidenceis consistent withthatof the pottery(Deposit Nl), which antequern finds3rdquarter1stcenturyA.D. parallelsfromthedepositsat Pompeii.A terminus forthedestruction depositis providedbya coinofDomitian(C141) foundin cleaningaway the remainsofRoom III westwall. Above the latersiltwhichhad accumulatedoverthesurviving was later 1st A.D. at the southsidesealingthespreadofrooftiles some silt, and, century deposit there,was an early2nd centuryA.D. occupationlevel withsomewhole potsrestingon it,19 level (SectionC, no. partofa disturbedand mostlyperhapsredepositedHadrianicdestruction 5). In summary,then,we have elementsof a buildingconstructedat least in part in the cleared away Augustanperiod (like the SoutheastHouse), but whosefinalfloorseffectively level earlieroccupationlevels,since theywere laid closelyover a late 3rd B.C. destruction in 1st to a violent end the 3rd of the Its was century brought quarter (DepositH13). occupation A.D. The resultant destruction deposit(DepositNl ) was foundintactbeneathlater1stcentury A.D. silt,and partlysealed beneatha disturbedearly2nd centuryA.D. occupationlevel.This deposit along with other contemporarymaterialis describedas 'Neronian' followingthe evidenceof the coins,and it may be suggested,withsome reservation, that an earthquake recordedfor Knossos in Nero's thirteenth 67 A.D.20 was the occasion of the year destruction.

THE HOUSE OF THE DIAMOND FRESCOES at plates 21-2 and 34. B and E; viewsat plate 24b,32-3;frescoes Planat plate 20; Sections The latest house constructedon the site of the UnexploredMansion was located in the southeastcornerof the excavated area. Its existencehad been brieflynoted by Sir Arthur Evans; above thesouthend oftheashlarfacadeoftheMansion,nearthebridgebetweenit and the Little Palace, he came across the remainsof 'a Graeco-Romanhouse with tracesof decorativewall-paintings showinguprightmarbledbands of greenand red.'21He observed that the remainswere set only 'about a metrehigherthan the Minoan floorlevel.' Evans' workmenremovedmost of the structureof the house, but leftthosewesternparts which extendedback beyondthefacadeoftheMansionand thelimitsofhisexcavation.It was from on theseremainingwalls thatthishousewas named the'House of thewall-painting surviving theDiamond Frescoes'. fourwesterly roomsofa largercomplex(plate Plan The remainsfound'in situ'represented was set furthest backintothehillside,and I in northwest corner of the house that Room the 20). as foundwas definedon all foursidesbystandingwalls.Room II lay in linewiththeeastend of Room I, butonlythepartitionwall and veryshortstubsoftheadjoiningwallssurvived.Room widestripof south,preservedthewestwall,partsoftheadjacentwallsand a metreIII, further roomlocated,Room IV, was represented its itsfloor.The southernmost again by westwall, and partsofitsnorthand eastwalls.RoomsI- III, alreadymuchdisturbedbytheearlierwork, wereclearedin 1971;theirremainswererecordedand laterin 1972removedto exposepartof theMinoan building.Room IV was excavatedin twostagesin 1977;itssouthedgeliesbeyond thelimitsofthelatestexcavation.22

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Size The overall dimensions,as recovered,are 14.80m. north-south to the limitof the excavation,and 10.60m.east-westfromthebuiltend ofRoom I to theprojectionoftheeast end ofRoom IV. At leastone securemeasurement can be givenforeach room.Room I was 3.45m. north-south and 5.80-5.90m. east-west;Room II was 3.45m. north-south; Room III was 4.95m.north-south; and Room IV was 7.40m.east-west.ComparisonbetweenRoom IV and theotherssuggests thatthe4.75m.north-south ofthearea so farclearedmay measurement notbe farshortofthefullwidth.Similarlyifone wereto projectitseastwall northwards across thebuilding,Room III would be 7.0m.longeast-west, but Room II only3.50m.long,which wouldmakeit considerably smallerthanall theothers.That is one reasonforconsidering that thecomplexextendedsomeway further east,down theslope. The natureof the survivingstructurecarriessome implicationsforthe plan of the house. Room I had wallsstandingto a considerableheighton all foursides,and as highas 3m.on the fillof all west,wheretheybacked up againstthe accumulatedoccupationand destruction from Minoan to In I the drawn sections of Room periods (SectionsB and mid-empire. detail, show that the west as in thecore stood at the face and 2.70m. 2.92m. wall, preserved, E) high above theadjacentfloor(witha highpointof3.15m.at thesouthwest while itsnorth corner), and southwallswere2.74m.and 2.45m.high(2.52m.and 2.0m.at theface),and eventheeast wall stoodto a heightof 1.20m.So thefloorlay well below thecourtyardand roomlevelsof earlierRoman housessituatedto the west,and the standingwalls preservedno trace of a window.The same was trueofthewestendsofRooms III and IV thoughtheretainingwalls werenot preservedso high:a sectionacrossRoom III (SectionA) revealsthatalthoughthe westwall retainedonly1.15m.ofitsinnerfaceabove floorlevel,itssolidcorestood2.0m.high. As Evans had previously noted,thishouselay verylittleabove thesubstantialremainsofthe Minoan building,and indeedin 1971 and 1977 thewalls and floorsofRooms I, III and IV a werefoundto lie in placesdirectlyon Minoan walls. It is clear thatRoom I was effectively back into basementroom,and RoomsIII and IV wereat leastsemi-basement terraced rooms, thatothermoreopen roomsand an open courtexistedto slopingground.It is likelytherefore theeastofthem.Againit is possiblethateithera flatbalconyroofextendedoverRooms I, III and IV, or a setofupperrooms,whichcould have openeddirectlyto groundlevelto thewest; otherwisetiledroofslaid overRooms I, III and IV, even ifsomeextraheightwereallowed, would have reacheddown close to groundlevel on theuphill,westside. The walls of the house walls was solid but unpretentious. Construction The construction were of coursedrubble and re-usedbuildingstonebonded withlime mortarand included pieces of architecturaland other stone features;for example the northwall of Room I a wholecourseofsegments ofbrokenroundmillstones (plates 29e,33d), a rowof incorporated rowon theouter seven,set at 1.70m.above theflooron theinnerface,and a corresponding cornerofRoom I had been theoutersouthwest side.Again,highup in thesurviving stonework, style. by three courses of re-usedrectangularblocks set in long-and-short strengthened Otherwisetheexterioroftheouterwallsofthatroomand thewestwallsofRooms III and IV are not givena builtface,but constructed againstthe back of a terracecut into the slope, whereastheinnerfaceshad beenrenderedsmoothwitha thicklayeroflimemortarand faced with plaster.A numberof putlog holes were noted in the courseof excavationand final demolitionofthewalls,butthesewouldhave beensealedbehindtheplasteredface.Demolition forthe westand southwalls of also revealedsome verylarge blocksre-usedas foundations blocksand slabsperhapssalvagedfroma Minoan building. Room I, includingfinerectangular

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Walls The walls variedconsiderablyin thickness.In Room I thewestwall was 64-70cms. thick(72-74cms.withthe plasterface), the northwall was oô-oScrns.(62cms.withplaster as bare stonework,was only face),thesouthwall 62-66cms.thickand theeastwall,surviving 40cms.thick,but mighthave been c. 50cms.thickwithitslostplasterfaces.The westwall of Room III had an overall thicknessof 1.10-1.28m., and that of Room IV was similarat 1.10-1.20m.,whereasitseast wall was only50cms.thick. The house walls preserveclear evidence of structuraldamage and subsequentrepair, involvingalso minorchangesofplan. The southwall ofRoom I showeda verticalbreakin the stoneworkin line withthe northwest cornerof Room III (plate 33d), perhapscaused by subsidencebut moreprobablyresulting fromthesame causeswhichrequiredmajorrepairsin thelatterroom.In Room III itselfthethickwestwall revealedduringdemolitiontwodistinct phases of build (SectionA, plate 32d). It incorporatedin its lowestpart the levelledstub (50-60cms.high)ofan earlier,thinnerretainingwall, only50-56cms.thick,but neatlybuilt, and witha plasteredfaceto theroom;theearlywall had tiltedand bulgedout ofline and so was reducedto a safeheight.Repair involvedadding a new front,60cms.thick,builtwith and largerstones(includinga re-usedmouldedbase), and thencontinuing deeperfoundations at the combined withsquarishfacingstonesbackedby rubble.The earlier thickness, upwards wall had beenbondedat base withthesouthwall ofRoom I, (therepaironlybuttedagainstit theplasteredfaceoftheearlierwall was there,and cut acrossitslinehigherup). Furthermore, in line withthewestend ofRoom IV, and represented the originallayout.The rebuildhad involvednot merelythe slightreductionin lengthof Room III but also the blockingof a corner.The blockeddoorway doorwaybetweenthatroomand Room IV setat theinnermost was onlyfoundwhenRoom IV was investigated; it was 55cms.wide and had a slightly jutting westjamb witha hard mortaredface,apparentlyunpainted,but littledamagedby therubble and mortarpackingin thedoorway(plates 20, 32c, e). The blockingwas sealedwithplaster, hiddenbehindthepaintedfrescoes whichbelongedto thefinalphase ofthehouse. completely The discoveryin 1977 ofthisblockeddoorwayin thesouthwestcornercornerofRoom III raised the questionwhethera similardoorwayhad existedin the corresponding northern also blocked the same in The vertical break the south wall I might of Room corner, by repair. marktheeastjamb ofsucha doorway,or elsea deliberatebreakin thewall made to allow the intothewestend ofthesouthwall,whichwas masonryoftherepairto be mortaredforstrength also a retainingwall; certainlyduringdemolitionin 1971no otherbreakin thesouthwall had been notedwhichmightcorrespondto anotherjamb. That Room I was enteredfromtheadjacentRoom III is quite clear,and indeedthereis an obviousdoorwayin itssoutheastcorner,in linewithEvans' exploratory trench.The condition of the stonework, on the east made it to measure its truewidth side, especially impossible at even or to decide whether this was the (80cms. least,perhaps 1.0m.), originalentranceor a a for narrower the of Room replacement I, ratherthanin its doorwaymidwayalong length corner. One otherdoorwayis to be considered,a door setin theeast wall ofRoom IV at c. 3.30m. along fromitsnorthend, and close to thelimitofexcavation.Large slabs forma substantial thresholdand a stepdown on theoutside,and theirwidthindicatesa doorwayup to 1.50m. wide.The evidenceis notconclusive,but theverysize ofthestonessuggeststhatherewas the intendedmain entryinto the room, and that it was an originalfeatureand not just a fortheblockednarrowdoorwayin theinnermost cornerwhichconnectedRooms replacement III and IV together.

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contrastsand someevidencefor Floors The floorsofthehouselikewiseprovideinteresting intact for examinationwas notverylarge. repair.The totalarea offloorsurfacewhichsurvived In Room I thewesthalfofthefloorwas protectedby thedeep fill,but mostoftheeasternhalf had beendug away by Evans' workmen.In Room II no real floorwas traceableat thefootof thepartitionwall betweenit and Room I. In Room III no morethan a metre-wide stripof madefloorremainedbetweenthewestwall and theslopingedgeofearlierexcavation,whilein Room IV, althoughmoreofthelevelarea oftheroomwas availableforexcavation,therewas The floorof betweentheroomsis suggestive. hardlyanytraceofa preparedfloor.The contrasts Room I seemedto be made ofa layerofpale pinkishplaster,whichwhencut through, proved existedbelow, to be ofhard troddenclaywithlargepiecesofplasterin it. No stonebottoming and thefloorin placeslay directlyon crumbledmudbrickoftheMinoan periodand elsewhere on theattenuatedpost-Minoanbutearlylayers,mostlycutaway bytheRoman builderswhen theylevelledthegroundforthishouse (SectionB, beneathno. 2, SectionE, no. 4). In Room III, thefloorlevelwas represented bya layerofflatstoneslaid againstthefootofthewallsand with the associated obviously repairof the westwall. Underneath,at 30-35cms.below the was an earlier floorof hard-packedyellow-brown stone clay whichis to be layer, packed associated with the original,narrowerwest wall (though a trenchdug for the deeper to foundations oftherepairhad cutrightthroughit). The secondarystonefloor,notdissimilar in floor a finished than a better surface for be the seemed rather to bottoming roughcobbling, of paintedplasterand mouldedcornice, itself,yetupon it in confusionlay manyfragments of whiteplaster fallenfromthe wall, pieces of tile, and, most notably,severalfragments and plates below 9 Section busts or heads unfinished (see perhaps sculpture,representing its westwall of the foot laid stone of some few IV also Room along patches 278-293). preserved its rather than floor of Room lower earlier level with the III, secondary'cobbled' (roughly earth a of defined was no well but there floor,merely layer clayish slopingtowardsthe floor), east end; and below thatvariouslengthsofearlierwallingwerefound,in places risingalmost floorlevel were up to thelevel of the bottomof thefrescoedwalls. Again,on thisill-defined ofplastersculpture,mainlyofdrapery foundmanypiecesofelaboratecorniceand fragments and outerstepofRoom IV onlysoft outsidetheeastthreshold (seeSection 9 below).Similarly, earthwas found,withouttrace of laid gravelor stoneworkwhetheras finalsurfaceor as natureof the bottomingforothermaterial.In generalthe crude and seeminglyunfinished contrastto the elaboratelyplasteredand floorsthroughoutthe house providea significant paintedwalls,and thispointis discussedbelow. Frescoes (plates 21, 33-4) The mostnotablediscoverymade in thishousewas ofthewellof preservedevidenceofitsfrescoeddecoration.In other,earlierhouseson thissite,fragments and in such but nowhere found had been wall or rarely quantities ceilingplaster painted adheringto thewall surface.In thislatestphase paintedplasterwas foundon thewallsofall in twoofthem(I, III) threeroomsreasonablywellpreserved(RoomsI, III, IV), and sufficient of the decorativescheme,and to warrantthe to make possiblea general reconstruction adoptionof the name of the House of Diamond Frescoesforthisbuilding.A preliminary ofthehouseunderthatnamehas alreadybeenpublished.23 accountwithcolouredillustrations The paintedplasterof the threeroomswill be describedin order. Room I had boththelargestarea ofpreservedwall surfaceand ofpaintedplaster'in situ', witha fairlycontinuousstriprunningalong the base of thesouth,westand northwalls and large pieces risingunbrokento head heightin some places withsmallerisolatedpatchesof colourtraceableevenat heightsof2.0-2.50m. up fromthefloor(plate 21a, b, c). Aroundthe

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room the lowerwall had been paintedwitha dado, c. 40cms. high,of alternatingpanels, narrowerpanelsofyellowmarbledwithooliticpatternsofochreblotchesand red lines,and widerpanelsmarbledwithzigzagor meanderingbandsoflighterand darkergreen.The wellpreserveddado on the westwall had an axial layoutof threeooliticpanels,the centralone 35cms.wide,theothers38cms.wide,withgreenpanels70 and 78cms.widebetweentheseand greenpanels45 and 40 cms.at thecorners.The patterncontinuedon thenorthwall,starting fromthenorthwest cornerwitha greenpanel,43cms.wide,and thenpanelsofooliticred and yellowdesign,38-40cms.wide, alternatingwithbroaderpanels,80-75cms.wide,of banded green.These widthswould have allowedfivered-on-yellow panelsand six greenpanels to fit intothenorthwall dado. The southwall also startedfromthewestcornerwitha greenpanel and thencontinuedwithalternating red-on-yellow panels,38-40cms.wide,and greenpanels, 70-74cms.wide;fourred and fivegreenpanelswouldsuitthedistancefromthecornerto the doorway.All the dado panels were edged at top and sides with narrow black lines. A continuousdarkgreenband, 6cms.wide,also edgedwithblack,separatedthedado fromthe upper zone of the decorationand fromit rose verticalgreenbands of similarwidthwhich separatedtheseriesofhighpanelson theupperwall. Here panels,78-80cms.wide,alternated withnarrowerones,only 16-18cms.across.Each of the wide panels enclosedan elongated diamondor lozenge,borderedwitha blue or blue-greenband,6cms.wide.The colourscheme of the diamondpanels was an alternationof yellowdiamondson dark red panels,and red diamondson yellow;theyellowofbothdiamondsand panelswas lightlymottledwithbrown in a different marbleeffect fromtheyellowofthedado. The narrowbandswereofpale streaks, more marbled with black lines.Each diamondtraceableon thepreservedplaster pink, heavily seemedto be centredabove a red-on-yellow panel of thedado. So theseriescan be schematically reconstructed withthreediamondpanelson thewestwall, fouron thesouth,and fiveon thenorth;thoughno plasterremainedon theeastwall,probably itsdecorationmirrored thatofthewestwall opposite(as in thereconstruction in plate 21). No was to its full but the of the diamonds singlepanel preserved height, proportions suggesta of 1.45-1. 50m. for this zone of which have been bordered height decoration, above, as may a dark band. Further small traces of were found on the below,by green up only greenplaster westand northwalls,at 2.25-2.50m. above the floor- the remainsperhapsof a continuous friezeofgreen,plainor marbledin thestyleofthegreendado panels (plate 21 reconstruction adopts a minimalheight).The next elementsof the decorationhave to be reconstructed of mouldedcornice.Above the greenfriezecame a entirelyfromnumerousfallenfragments 1 lcms. with a projectingcornice, high projectionof8cms.,withitsface'marbled'in theredof the several dado; and-yellowstyle fragments preservedalong theirupper edge the red of anotherfriezeof undefinedheight,which ended in a second cornice,6cms. in heightand and projection,and plain whitein colour (plate 22A and B). The corniceswereflat-topped retainedin placesthetrough-like or holesfortheirreedor woodensupportsused to impression fix the corniceitselfto the wall, or the shuttering againstwhich it was moulded. Several of the lower cornice were on with redand blue paint,thereddoubtless fragments spattered top fromthefriezeabove it,and someoftheuppercornicefragments had spattersofblue,which that there was a blue frieze at the of the wall and suggested verytop perhapsa blue ceiling; of blue on the floor some for that pieces plaster provided support suggestion. In Room II paintedplasterwas foundin positiononlyat thesouthwest corner,withrather moreon the west than on the southwall, and verylittleabove the dado (whichoccupied 40cms. of the preservedheightof 50-55cms.). The dado itselfwas similarto that already described(plates 2 Id, 32b-c). On the west wall, fromthe corneroutwards,was a green

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marbled panel, 23cms. wide, a red-on-yellowoolitic panel, 38cms. wide, and another green panel, at least 46cms. wide. The south wall displayed, fromthe same corner outwards, a wide green panel, 84cms. across, and part of a red-on-yellowpanel. The panels were definedat sides and top by a black edging, 2cms. wide, with an overpainted yellow or reddish line along the top. The next element was a horizontal band, 6-7cms. wide, of dark blue-greencolour, faded or flakedin places, which sent up equally wide vertical bands to border the panels in the upper zone. One such panel was just traceable on the west wall. The panel, 73cms. wide, was of mottledochre-yellow,and preservedthe lowest part of a red diamond, correctlycentred over the red-and-yellowpanel of the dado below. One differencein the scheme was that both panel and diamond were outlined with thinred lines set in fromthe edge; another was that the dark verticalbordercame rightinto the corner,allowing no room therefora narrowerpanel. On the southwall only a fragment,at most58cms. wide and 22cms. high,remained above thedado. As on the other wall, the lowest element was the dark horizontal 6cms. band, here mostlyfaded but with the usual blue-greentraceable in places and on the vertical band risingfromit, again at the very corner. Within the dark border came a strip of red-on-yellowoolitic marbling, a second border ratherthan a solid panel, fora straightline marked the top of the lower 7-8cms. band while the marblingrose higherat the corneras fora vertical band. Within thisagain was a patch of pale indeterminate,probably faded colour. As 50cms. of the bottom edge of the oolitic border was preserved,it followsthat thisparticular panel differedin width as well as in colour scheme fromthe narrow pink marbled panels which alternated with diamond panels in Room I. Too littleplaster survivesto make it possible to reconstructthe decorative scheme of this room with any confidence. However it is worth noting that one diamond panel, 73cms. wide, and one marbled panel, c. 50cms. wide, with their dark borders, would fiton to the survivinglength of the north wall, between the corner and the doorway. Moreover, the full length of the west wall itselfcould accommodate four similar diamond panels, set with a diamond panel at its north end, just as was found at the south end, and between these three marbled panels, again with dark vertical bands as borders. Possiblyin thisroom also the wider panels had an alternatingcolour scheme of red diamond on yellow, and yellow diamond on red. Fallen fragmentssuggestedthat two cornices projected fromthe upper walls, a lower and an upper cornice of the same profileas those in Room I, the lower again with a red-on-yellow marbled face and the upper again white,but here with a pink friezebelow, edged with black at the base of the cornice, and a red friezeabove. One fragmentof upper cornice preservedthe startof a rakingcornice, as fora pediment set against the upper frieze,perhaps over a niche or some other moulded embellishment. Room IV was the thirdroom which preservedsome painted plaster, on its west and north walls, but as no great height of face had survived,very littleabove the now familiarmarbled dado was found. Here again was an alternationof red-on-yellowoolitic panels and wider green marbled panels, with their colours so vivid that the patterningseemed crude and brash. In contrast to the sequence found in Rooms I and II, here it was a red-on-yellowpanel which occupied the cornerpositionon both west and northwalls. The layout on the west wall can be reconstructedfromplasteringstill adhering to it and fromfragmentspieced togetherduring study. An oolitic panel, 49cms. wide, occupied the north end, and then came a long green panel, 90cms. wide, and another oolitic panel; furthersouth,near the limitofexcavation, was a complete oolitic panel, 39cms. wide, flankedby incompletegreen panels, one disappearing into the south baulk (plate 32b). The exposed length of the west wall (4.75m.) would accommodate foursuch oolitic panels with three green panels in between; if the green panels were all of comparable length and the sequence required another red oolitic panel in the

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southerncornerto balance thatfoundat thenorthend,thenthedado wouldsuggesta minimal lengthof5.90m.forthewestwall. The northwall also startedwitha red ooliticpanel, (oddly only 15cms.wide) at the west corner,with a long green panel next to it; thissectionof coveredtheblockeddoorwaybetweenRooms III and IV, and thatchangepartly plasterwork accountedforthe result- a totallengthof64cms.ofred-on-yellow marblingat thiscorner. in itscolourscheme,traceablein thesmallsectionof Room IV displayedotherdifferences corner.The dado panels had been edged withthin plasterabove the dado in the northwest blacklinesat sidesand top,but above themcame nota darkgreenband but a darkred band, 4cms. wide, also black edged; above that anotherhorizontalband, 4cms. wide, of white marbledwithregularoblique streaksofred,and a thirdband, ofdark green,again 4-5cms. wide and ochreedged; thethreewiththeirvariousedgingsofblack and ochreformeda zone, 16cms.high,overthedado. Above that,partofa verticalschemewas visiblein theverycorner, a verticalband,9cms.wide,on each oftheadjoiningwalls,ofwhitemarbledwithredlinesin a meanderzigzag pattern,and thena widerband, 20cms.wide or more,again on bothwalls, coloureddarkgreenor brown,and overpaintedwithpairsofthinverticalyellowlinesoutlining ofpaintedplastercame fromthefillofthisroom,someifnot thepanels.Many otherfragments all fromits walls or ceiling.A varietyof multicolouredpieces suggestedpanels, stripesor borders;e.g. parallelredlineson blue,nextto blendedgreenand ochre;greenand red bands; ooliticmarbling;and whitewithzigzag linesof black borderedon twosidesby red-on-yellow black,red and green.They presentno clear pictureofthedecorationon theupperwalls,and preserveno evidencefordiamondpanels,such as thebottomor cornerofa lozenge.A point tendingagainsta schemeclose to thatofRooms I and III is thatwhereastherethediamonds are centredoverthenarrowred-on-yellow panelsofthedado, thelocationofsucha panel in theverycornerofRoom IV makesitimprobablethattherewas a diamondpanelabove it,with thelozengepaintedpartlyon thewestand partlyon thenorthwall. But a juttingcorniceand a 2m. lengthofa othermouldingsadornedtheupperwall: 14 collectedfragments represented in the cornice of Room I but in and lower cornice, height projectionresembling flat-topped mouldedprofileitsuppercornice;theypreservedpartofa darkgreenfriezebelow,a 3m. band ooliticmarbling,and thenthe main 11cms. profiledsection,in whitewith of red-on-yellow ofanothercornicewithmouldededgingwere indistinct tracesofredmarbling.Two fragments was a heavyplasterpedimentrepresented recorded.Most impressive by 10joiningfragments withthe lowerand the rakingcornices,suggestinga pedimentat least 1.70m.wide; such a featuremighthave embellisheda doorwayin thehouse,suchas thewidedoorwayofRoom IV (plate 34c). The decorativeschemesofthefrescoedroomsare based almostentirelyon theimitationof theveneeringofwalls in panels and bands; none of the fragments preservetracesof painted floralor animalmotifs.The effectiveness ofsuchveneeringdependson scenesor offormalised thejuxtapositionofmarblesofcontrasting colourand veiningin variousgeometricpatterns, and the imitationmarblingof thishouse adopts the same principleof bold contrasts.The banded greenpanels of the dado probablyimitatedVerde antico' or 'marmorThessalicum' fromnearLarissa,whilethered-on-yellow ooliticpanelsrepresented 'gialloantico'or 'marmor Numidicum'fromChemtouin NorthAfrica.Various kindsof 'marmorscritto'or whitishor pale marbleswithveiningin a scribblepatternare seenin thepink-on-black panelsand in redon-whiteborders.The dark red diamonds,panels and bordersmay have imitatedlocal material,thedarkredstoneofMt Dikte,and it is possiblethatotherCretanmarbleswerealso simulatedbysomeofthepanelsand borders.24 Whereasin thishouseonlyimitationmarbling was used in thedado, diamondpanels,bordersand cornices,bothsimilarimitationmarbling

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and real marbleveneerswereusedin theVilla Dionysosat Knossos,a prosperousurban'villa5 situated350m.to thenorthwest.25 Fragmentsofseveralofthemarblesimitatedin thehouse 'verdeantico','gialloantico','marmorscritto',thedarkredofMt Dikteand others have been foundin Roman levelswithinthe'Unexploredmanson'site,and thatsuggeststheuse ofreal veneeringin housesmuchcloserthan theVilla Dionysosto thisarea.26 Occupation and History Thereare twoodditiesabout theHouse ofDiamondFrescoeswhichare crucialforinterpreting contrast thenatureofitsoccupationand history. One is thearchitectural oddityofthestriking thicklayersofmortar between,on theone hand,thehousewallswiththeirsolidconstruction, and plaster,theirelaboratefrescoes, cornicesand mouldings, and,on theother,thecrudefloors ofearthand plastermix,roughcobbling, or plainclay.The otheris thearchaeologicaloddity of plastersculpture,cornicesand tiles,lyingtumbledon of thediscoveryofmanyfragments thesecrudefloors,but thelack of any propersherddepositindicativeof positiveoccupation and abandonment.Thereis an inherent oddityin a builderspendingso muchtimeand trouble its sideswiththickmasonrywalls and then in excavatingso deep a house siteand revetting floors than thoseactuallyfound.When such an as no better surfaces permanent intending elaboratedecorativeschemehad been adopted fortheserooms (whichwere afterall only roomsabove roomsofa housewithpossiblyevenmoreimpressive basementor semi-basement or east of them),it would appear moreconsonantwithsuch standardsto have floorsalso of morefinished appearance,suchas smoothcement,'opus signinum',or evenmosaic.Indeed in roomsso deeplysunkinto the hillside,intendedforsocial use not storage,it semi-basement unsoundnot to providehard,sealed floors,as damp-proofas possible. would be structurally be bestexplainedon the hypothesisthatsome disruptivefactor The contrastscan therefore whenthedecorationofthewallshad beencompletedor of the course construction, interrupted musthave ofthefloorshad beenlaid. The disruption faradvanced,butbeforethefinalsurfaces beforeitwas properlyoccupiedand lived beensuchthatthebuildingwas abandoned,in effect and withthe'mod cons'thathispurseand tastes in bytheowner,at leastnotin thefullcomfort material tumbled Some of the mighthave been salvagedfromtheruin:thetile mightrequire. to far too few on the floor are representa fullroofcollapse,and probablymostof fragments themwere takenaway forre-use.The shell of the buildingwas howeverabandoned, and allowed to fillup with the soil washed in fromthe slope above, or perhapseven used for dumpingmaterial.That thisprocesswas gradualis suggestedby theconditionoftheplaster foundadheringto thewalls;it was pitted,fadedand friablehighup on thewalls,smoothand vividin colourlowerdownwheretheearthfillhad protecteditsoonest.The driftmaynothave comeintoall theroomsat an evenrate:littleactual paintedfacewas found'in situ'in Room III, and thatwas in places faded,whereasmoreofthedado survivedin Room IV, and that withparticularly brightcolours.27 is complicatedby the evidence This suggestionof a house abandoned duringconstruction thatthishouse itselfhad, at least in one part,two buildingphases;and the questionmight reasonablybe asked whetherthat in itselfdoes not of necessityimply the lapse of some an intervening 'occupation'.As noted appreciabletimebetweenthe phases and therefore wall was foundto be a ofRoom III, theouterlineofthewestretaining abovein thedescription replacementforor rathera thoroughrepairof an earlierthinnerwall whichhad tiltedand withina muchthickerwall. bulgedand thenbeen reducedto a safeheightand incorporated wall whichthebuildersfoundby That firstthinwall was by no meanssomeantique,forgotten

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chanceand builtintotheirownwall tosave timeand trouble;ratherit belongedto theprimary layoutand buildingofthehouse,forit actuallybondedintothesidewall ofRoom IV and was associatedwiththe interconnecting cornerdoorwaywhichwas blockedby the thickrepair. That thisoriginallayoutdoes not representa real occupationperiodis clear: the argument thetimefrom fromtheimpermanence ofthefloorsofRooms I and IV holdsgood throughout thelayoutofthehouseuntilitsabandonment,and theprimaryfloorofRoom III is itselfonly of troddenearthand had no real occupationdebrison it below the make-upforthe slightly highercobbledfloorwhichwas added as part of the repairworkon thewestwall. The tiltof the stumpof the primarywall suggestsa reasonforthe two stagesof build structural damage caused to a vitalretainingwall by pressurefrombehind,theresultofwater a seepage, shiftin thesoil,or probablyan earthtremor.This occurredwhenthewholehouse had beenlaid outin plan,and thewallsbuiltup to a good heightand plastered,butbeforethe walls weredecoratedand certainlybeforeany properfloorswere laid down and beforethe ratherthancontractors. The damagewas onlylocalised,the buildingwas occupiedbyresidents evenifthatmeantlosing unsoundfabricwas removedand thewall rebuiltto an extrathickness the convenienceof a connectingdoorway a littlein the lengthof Room III and sacrificing moreplasterwas laid on thewallsand betweenitand Room IV. Then workproceededfurther, in cornices were added colours and moulded (and suchadornmentmustimply painted bright thatthe walls had reachedtheirfullheightand a roofnow extendedover them).And then somethingelse occurredto interruptthisworkforever.The disruptionmay have been of a socialor politicalnaturewhichaffected thewholecommunity. But thatitwas perhapsanother which caused even more serious to the fabric ofthehouse (notnecessarily damage earthquake in thepartfoundand excavated)is suggestedbyone circumstance: thetumbleofplasterheads, cornicefragments and tileslies directlyon the bare cobblesof the higherfloorin Room III, withno intervening accumulationof soil such as mightbe expected,if the house had been abandonedwhilestructurally soundand thenonlydecayedovera longperiodoftime.Their a hintthata suddenand partialcollapseofthefabricpersuaded on the stones is directly resting thebuildersand ownersto abandon thenear-complete housewithouttryingthistimeto repair and modifythe building. So in summarythe historyof the house is seen as one long processof construction, by partialdamage, renewedwithrepairs,continueduntilnear completion,and interrupted then terminatedsuddenly, possibly by earthquake; other external factorsmay have to re-useor adapt this complicatedthesituation,sincetherewas no attemptmade thereafter plot,norindeedany further buildingover any part of thewholesite. Date For datingtheconstruction and abandonmentofthehouse(dateswhichithas beenarguedare farapart), threetypesofstylistic notsignificantly evidenceare available- thoseoftheplaster of the and of the The frescoes, sculpture, pottery. plastersculptureis discussedin detail in Section 9, and itis sufficient hereto notethatthestyleis consonantwitha date in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. The styleof the painted wall plaster,with its so-calledincrustationstyleof imitationmarblingand geometricformsexemplified in thedado and diamondpanels,is not in datable because variants of the itself, closely styleprevailedfora longtimein manypartsof the Roman empire.It is certainlynot a stylewhich findsclose parallels at Pompeii and Herculaneumwhichexemplify stylesprevalentup to 79 A.D. However,PlinytheElder who died in thatlocalityat thatdate was familiarwiththe genuineincrustation stylebased on

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marbleveneers,whichhe termed'lapide pingere',and indeedso was Vitruviusevenearlier,so the basis for the imitatorystyleborrowedfromthe East was already then established.28 Rostovtzeff noted that the incrustation stylebased on imitationmarblingbecame common fromthe1stcenturyA.D. onwards,butitis nowclearthatitsoriginsgo back to theHellenistic period.29The closestlocal parallelis the Villa Dionysosat Knossos,whereit is knownthat thereweresimilarities in thedecorativeconceptsand imitationmarbling,thoughmoredetailed comparisonsmustawait an architectural reporton thatbuilding;potteryevidencesuggests thatthefinalelaboratebuildingphase ofthevilla belongedto late in Hadrian's reignand its abandonmentto c. 160-180A.D. Parallelsforparticulartypesofmarbling,suchas theoolitic stylein variouscolourscan be cited fromItaly, fromeasternand westernprovinces,and howeverinteresting cannotbe used to fixa date fortheKnossian beyond;butsuchsimilarities, because the was Particular motifs suchas theenclosedlozengeor examples, style long-lasting. diamondmayprovidea morespecificbasisfordatingwithinthegeneralstyle,and instancesof lozengepanelscan be citedfromCatterickand LullingstoneVilla in Britain,thoughin both in thedado ratherthanuprighton theupperwall. Upright cases thelozengeis setlengthwise diamondsin blackagainstalternating panelsofredand greenwerefoundin thebathscomplex a date in thesecondhalfofthe2nd century at Virunumin Austria,a multi-period structure; A.D. was proposedforthedecorativephase based on diamondpanels.30 The thirdbasisfordatingis pottery fromthehouse.As notedabove,therewas in no roomof debris.So thehousea definite of deposit occupationpotteryon thefloor,sealed bydestruction a balancemustbe drawnbetweentheverylatestofthedatablesherdsfoundin thefabricofthe wallsand foundations, and again underthefloors,and thegeneralrangeofthesherdsfromthe those from thelowerfill. fill,particularly Mostofthesherdsfromthewallsand foundations rangedin date fromlate Hellenisticto 1st cent.A.D.; thelatestitemsincludedthefollowing: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Çandarlisaucer 71/P225,profile,d.17. FormL9. Late fabric.2nd A.D. plate 163 no. 9. Çandarli bowl,base fr.of FormHI or H2; mid 2nd-3rdA.D. Plain ware bowl,rimfr.withpie crustrim (cf.U86); 2nd-3rdA.D. Cookpots,2 rimfrs.withflatevertedrim;2nd A.D. ware.

From underthe floorof Room I, withmainlyHellenisticto 1stB.C. material,the latest sherdswere: 5. Cookpot,3 rimfrs.as no. 4 above.

In Room III, fromthelayerofstonybuild-upbetweentheearlierclay floorand thelater cobbledfloor,came 10 datable sherds,4 1stA.D. and 6 ratherlaterincluding: 6. E Sig B bowl,base fr.withsteppedfloor.Form80. Mid lst-mid2nd A.D. 7. Cookpot,ribbedwall frs.2nd A.D. ware.

The fillinsidetheroomscan be dividedintotwomainlevels:firstan upperwash (SectionB no. 1, SectionE no. 2), higherthanmostofthepreservedsectionsofwall plaster,and likelyto containat least some materialpost-datingthe abandonmentof the house; and secondlythe lowerfilloverthefloor(SectionB no. 2, SectionE no. 3), a fillwhichaccumulatedwhilethe withthe decoratedwallswerestillvisibleand whichis likelyto containmaterialcontemporary abandonmentor earlier. 3rdA.D. pieces.The Materialfromtheupperfillincludesmany2ndA.D. and late 2nd/early latest,no. 2 below,belongsto the mid 3rd centuryA.D. Included are thefollowing:

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1. Çandarli FormsHI, 2, 3 and 4, as U18a, b, U23, U25, plate 191. Mid 2nd to 3rd A.D. 2. NorthAfricanRed Slip Ware,Form8A, as Ul (plate 190), to 2nd A.D.; and Form50, as U7 (plate 190), to mid 3rd A.D. withflatevertedrim,as R2, 16 (plate 185), later2nd A.D. 3. Greyware cookpots/casseroles 4. Cookingdishfr.withrisingrim,as U65 (plate 193), late 2nd/early3rd A.D. 5. Coarse ribbedjars, as SI, 4, (plate 187), Severan.

The materialfromthelowerfillis quitesimilarto thatfromtheupperfill.Many ofthesame formsoccur,and are typeswhichare foundbothin thelater2nd and in the3rdcenturyA.D. to attributed (nos. 1,3 and 4 below). Lacking,however,are thoseformswhichcan be definitely theSeveranperiodor later(ÇandarliForm4, N.AfricanRed Slip Form50, coarseribbedjars). The followingare includedin thelowerfill: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Çandarliware,Forms2 and 3, see no. 1 above. 2nd A.D. E Sig B profileForm60. plate 163, no. 8. 100-150 A.D. Cookpotwithflatevertedrim,as R2, 10; see no. 3 above. 2nd A.D. Fryingpan rimfr.withrisingrim.2nd A.D. Large baggystoragejar, U 105, plate 196. 2nd A.D.(?)

In summary, then,thedate ofmaterialin theconstruction belongsin the2nd centuryA.D., fillis no later,whilethatofthe that of the lower ofthat century, goingup to thelaterdecades in but runsintothe3rd is similar character upperfillwhichpostdatestheabandonment, very centuryA.D. Considerationof thisevidencein conjunctionwith the suggestionmade above that this when it was abandoned,havingsuffered perhapstwo buildingwas stillunderconstruction makes it that it disasters likely belongswithinthe duringtheperiodofbuildingand decorating, last quarterof the 2nd centuryA.D. This date is consistent withthe evidencepresentedin Section 9 fortheplastersculptures, of the Villa Dionysosclose by, and withthe potterydate suggestedforthe finaldestruction whichperhapsfellvictimto thesame earthquake. THE NORTH HOUSE Plansat plates 3, 4, 19; SectionsD, F; viewsat plates 35-38. The excavatedarea is definedbythesouthfaceoftheaqueductat thenorth,12.50m.in length, by thestreetwall at theeast,measuring9m. in length,thecentralstreetat thesouth,20m. in length,and thewestbaulk at thewest,some20m. long.This givesa trapezoidalarea ofsome 180 square metres. There are twomajorbuildingphasesin thisarea, theearliercharacterised by a Hadrianic destruction the later a marked Severan Some lines of walls are commonto deposit, by deposit. boththeseperiods.Theyincludethoseoftheaqueductat thenorth,thestreetwall at eastand the otherstreetwall on the southside. In the case of the streetwalls therewas substantial rebuilding,the east wall being resetabout one wall thicknessfurtherto the west,in effect about 80cms.ofthewidthofthehouse to thestreet,but thesouthwall beingreset sacrificing further out,so thatitnowslightly slightly overlappedthefrontedgeofitspredecessor(seefuller discussionof the construction of the street). Thus the lines of theseoutsidewalls remained basicallythe same. Two otherfeaturescommonto both periodswere: (a) a centralwall, line running roughlydividingthistrapezoidalarea into two equal parts,on a north-south to the east street and a wall at to this and to the wall; parallel (b) rightangles parallel aqueduct

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ofthefirst at a distanceofsome3m.fromit.These twofeatures werepartofthebasicstructure in use a continued area at the southeast of the and house, they phase,defining trapezoidal the through laterphase. The wholeof thisarea is treatedhereas one unit:the NorthHouse. That it was a single itshistory cannotbe claimedforcertain;it is notimpossiblethatthearea dwellingthroughout mayhaveformedtwodwellingunitsat sometime,perhapsa westernand an easterndividedby thecentralnorth-south to. partitionwall alreadyreferred The North House: firstbuilding phase The NorthHouse in its firstphase was a substantialand spaciousproperty.It occupiedthe wholeofthelarge,roughlytrapezoidalarea ofsome 180sq.m.describedabove. Indeed it must have been ratherlargerthanthat,and extendedsomeway westbeyondthebaulk,forin the earlyphase therewas no wall visiblein thefaceofthebaulkwhichcould be takenas thewest end wall ofthehouseor an internalpartition(at a higherleveltherewas suchwallingwhich did markan outeror innerlimitofthelaterRoman phaseofthishouse;see discussionbelow). Therewereonlytwoslightindicationsofwheresucha westlimitmighthave lain in theearly uncoveredin 1967,was thecurvingcourseofa drain,notedin thesouthwest phase.The first, partofthehouse (see periodplan at plate 3, Room VII); herethenorthwardcourseofthe drain suggestedthatit ran parallelwitha wall a littlebeyondthe limitof excavation.The returnfromthesouthstreetwall in the second,notedin 1971,was a wall makinga northward southwestcornerof that same area ('Room' VII); if that wall continuedin the same line itsprojectedcoursewould be roughlyparallelto boththeeast wall and themain northward, centralpartitionofthehouse,and wouldlie at a distanceofc. 8.50m.fromthelatter.If sucha line had markedthewestlimitof the house,its totalarea would have been over 200 square metres. remains The size ofthefirstphase housewas therefore substantial,but itsactual structural weremuchless so, forseveralofitswalls had been reducedformuchof theirlengthto their on and had been overlain,and by no meanseverywhere lowestcoursesor evento foundations the same line or orientation, by the much betterpreservedwalls of the laterRoman phase. had been robbedforre-usein thatmajor reconstruction. Doubtlessmuch of its stone-work butbecauseoftheirrobbedcondition, Even so, themaininternaldivisionwallsare identifiable Nor itis rarelypossibleto recognisedoorwaysand recordhow theroomswereinter-connected. is it possibleto decide whetherall of the areas enclosedby walls wereroofedroomsor how manymay have been open courts. The variousareaswithinthehouseare describedin theorderin whichtheyare numberedon plan (plate 3). ofnearly10m.and a 'Room' I was thelargestunitin thehouse.Witha lengthnorth-south on north,east and walls maximumrevealedwidthof 7.50m.,its area as excavated,between westwardsto the had it extended southand an earthbaulk on west,comesto some58 sq.m.; a it more nearlyrectangularshape,itsarea projectedlinesuggestedabove, whichwould give an area of 10 x 8.5m. betweenits walls How such could have been as much as 80-85 sq.m. is a if it were under singleroof, not indicatedby any remains mighthave been spanned, featurewas notedwhichcould be I no structural Room preservedinsideit. Indeed within wall ofRoom I seemsto preserve The south construction. with the securelyassociated primary in a builtend, and thegap between the wall terminates west a near its of end, doorway: part a westwall beyondthebaulk) mayrepresent thatand thewestbaulk (or rathera hypothetical

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door in thesouthwestcorner,givingaccess to the adjacentRoom VII. Room II is one of two smallerroomseast of Room I borderingthe aqueduct wall. It measuresabout 3 x 3.25m.Its westernwall was fairlywide but ill preservedbelow thefloorof the later Roman phase; it rose to its highestpoint at the middlebut had been reducedto where towardsitsjunctionwiththenorthand southwallsoftheroom.Its construction footings itwas highestsuggestedthatitretaineda higherfloorto thewest(i.e. withinRoom I) thanthat to theeast,in Room II itself.The east wall - thepartitionbetweenRooms II and III - was a thinnerwall, again reducedto footings. Room III was ofmuchthesame size,havingthesame limitson northand south.Its eastern limitis problematical.The wall mayhave been removedin therebuildingofthewholestreet involvedbringingthelineof facadeofthehousein thelaterRoman phase.That reconstruction of theEarly Roman streetwall werediscoveredin thewall in a littlewestwards;thefootings frontoftheimpressive upstandinglaterRoman wall just southofRoom III, and theyhad a builtcorneron thelineofthesouthwall oftheRoom, as iftherehad been a returnwestto an fromthelayerofpackedsmallstones insetporchwall. The floorwithinRoom III itselfdiffered foundeast ofthefoundationtrenchof thelaterRoman wall. East ofRoom I and southofRoomsII and III therewas a largetrapezoidalarea (measuring ofthehouseon westand and 7m.east-west),definedbytheinnerpartitions 5-8m. north-south, northand the streetfrontageon east and south.This trapezoidalarea formedone of the of the NorthHouse in its later Roman phase also, withsome modifications characteristics It appearsthatin thefirstRoman phasenow involvedin therebuildingofthestreetfrontages. in part by the re-useoffeatures was the form of this area described, alreadypre-determined fromevenearlierperiods.Such werethelinesoftheobliquestreetand itseasternleg, inherited wall on thelinebetweenthisarea and Room I, whichservedat various and also a north-south ofthis a floorshigherto thewestthanon theeast; theconstruction as terrace to retain periods and repair. wall showedstagesofheightening Withinthe trapezoidalarea so defined,theearlyRoman phase preservedtracesofa triple divisionintotwosquarishroomsat thenorth,RoomsIV and V, and a smallertrapezoidalarea to thesouth,Room VI, butthedoorwaysbetweentheseunitswerenotrecognisableapartfrom a doorin thewestwall ofRoom V leadingintoRoom VI. A similartripledivisionwas adopted in the later Roman period,but with the southernelementreduced in size and with new partitionwallsand floorswhicherasedand overlaymostoftheearlierwork.Withintheearly In Room IV stone Roman phase Rooms IV and V certainfeaturescould be distinguished. faced'benches'werebuiltagainstthreeof thewalls. In Room V themostinteresting feature was an area ofrough'mosaic'floormade oftilefragments seton edge (perhapsas bottoming for a betterlaid plasteror mosaicsurface),plate 35a; thisbordereda small rectangular'tank' with plasteredfloor (0.55 x 22m.) edged with square tiles set flat,probably laid as the foundations fortheupstandingwall ofthetank (see plate 35b), but theupperstructure was in removed the course of for later reconstruction. Room VI had no features totally levelling whichcould be securelytiedin withthe earlyRoman phase. Furtherwest,betweenthesouthstreetfrontand Room I, lay anotherlongtrapezoidalarea, Room VII. This mayhave servedas a courtratherthana closedroom;itsmostnotablefeature was a plastereddrainwhichborderedthestreetwall, and emittedthrougha culvertintothe drain whichborderedthe northside of the paved street.WithinRoom VII thisdrain was edgedwithstones,plasteredon floorand faces;a re-usedrooftilefoundinsitusuggestedthatthe drainhad been coveredover forat least part ofits length.Towards the southwestcornerof Room VII, the drain made a sweepingcurve as if towardsthe northedge of the doorway

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betweenRooms I and VII and perhapstheline ofa westwall beyondthebaulk.A well had cornerofthe beendug in thesmallarea betweenthecurvedlineofthedrainand thesouthwest yard,but had provedabortiveand had been refilled. The maindivisionsoftheNorthHouse in itsearlyRoman phasehave beendescribedabove in outline.The stratigraphy was complicated,withvariousfloorsand depositsfoundwithinthe areas described.Some of the earliestperhapsbelongedto yet earlierbuildingplans, both Roman and Hellenistic,whichprecededthelayoutoftheNorthHouse in itsfairlycompletely even had suffered recognisablefirstform(the 'earlyRoman phase'). These earlierstructures moredrastically fromtheconstruction oftheNorthHouse in itsearlyRoman phase thanhad thelatterfromthereconstruction in thelaterRoman phase.No recognisable overallpatternor fromtheshortlengthsofwall notedunderthefloors,buttheyare shown plan can be identified withtheletters'aa', 'ab', 'ad', on theperiodplans I and II (at plates 2 and 3) and identified 'af and 'ap' (see also plate 35c-e). Walls goingback intotheHellenisticperiodare markedon plan at plate 2, notablywalls underthefloorsofRooms III, VI and VII (theseincludewalls 'aa', 'ab', 'am', 'au', 'av', 'bn' and 'bo'). That plan indicatesthatthestreetfrontageof the buildingplot wentback to the Hellenisticperiodand even earlier,whilethecentralnorth-south partitionline can be traced back to wallingprobablydateable to the Hellenisticperiod but not earlier:theyoverliea Classicalwell (Well5) whichwas situatedunderthepartitionwall ofRoomsVI and VII ofthe earlyRoman house (see plan at plate 2; also plate 35c-e). Amongthe potterymaterialrecognisableunderthe Phase I floorsof theNorthHouse are sherdsofAugustanand Tiberiandate, probablyto be associatedwithsomeofthewallsnoted above, (see underDepositsA2 and B2). of the main NorthHouse in its firstphase can probablybe The layoutand construction in half of the 1st the second centuryA.D. The streetoutsideit to thesouthhad beenlaid placed downand paved earlyenoughforthedeep squarecistunderitspavement(servinga houseon thesouthsideofthestreet)to have becomefilledup withearthcontainingsherdsofClaudian date. The NorthHouse's southstreetfrontage mayhave been builtat about thesame timeor somewhatlater,perhapsin thesecondhalfofthe 1stcenturyA.D. Trajanicmaterialwas found corneroftheyardrepresented in somequantity(DepositsTl to 3) in thesouthwest by Room over it and thedrain in a scatter in and its in abortive well the corner, VII, very (Well8b) dug whichled out into the street.This accumulationresemblesoccupationrefusein a building constructedsome time beforethe Trajanic period itself.(The Flavian materialstratified ofoccupationhereeven beneaththeTrajanicdepositsmentionedindicatea continuity directly of the North house is Roman in of the A main the horizon early phase history earlier). and VI (see Deposita V of Rooms the floors found on Hadrianic IV, by deposits represented D 1-2). In theseroomssomeofthepotterywas foundon thefloor,somefallenin thefill,which comprisedloose brownearthwithcharcoal,stonedebris,mudbrick,yellowfloorclay,white and sherds,but was darkerin someoftherobbingtrenches (e.g. on the plaster,tilefragments east side). There was no traceof burningexceptin one isolatedarea of Room IV, near the fire,possiblyagaindue to cistern, indicatingthatthebuildingcollapsedwithoutaccompanying a smallashyarea with west side at the central I contained Room The adjacent earthquake. stonesurround,presumablya hearthforcooking,but mostoftherestofthefillin thisand the material(see depositR2). Sinceeventhefloorselsewherein the otherroomswas laterterracing building were considerablydisturbedby later building operations,these did not yield deposits(see Deposit D3). comparabledestruction fillat thewestofRoom Areasofgreyashyfloorwerehoweverpreservedbeneathmud-brick

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III. Two Hadrianiccoinswerefoundoverthefloorhere (C158-9) and one ofAntoninusPius (C167), frompartlydisturbedfill.AnotherHadrianic coin (C171) also comesfromthe fill beneath the Phase 2 floorof Room III, while a fourth(C163) comes fromfill,perhaps debris,in the courtyardat the southwest(Room VII). redepositeddestruction The Late Roman Phase In itslate Roman phase theNorthHouse includedat leastfiveroomsor areas,definedin part by walls re-usedand heightened,or rebuilton the foundationsof thoseof the earlyRoman Re-use in places phase,and in part by new walls unrelatedto thoseof theearlierstructures. as withthesouthand east walls borderingon thestreet. involvedalmosttotalreconstruction, Each ofthesewas rebuiltfromthefoundations up. In thecase oftheeast wall, thefirstphase was demolisheddown to streetlevelleavingthelowestcourseto serveas partof construction renovatedpavingthere(plate 41c-d), a foundationtrenchwas dug downthroughtheeastern fillinsideRoomsIV and VI (see SectionH, levelno. 3 at right)and the edgeofthedestruction oftheold, on thewestside. The new wall was builtimmediately adjacentto thefoundations southwallwas foundedactuallyon thereducedearlyRoman streetwall,butin sucha waythat itslowestcoursejuttedbeyondthetileddrainedgingthenorthsideoftheearlierstreetpaving (see SectionF, wall no. 3); thusin thelate phasetheeaststreetencroachedbya wall'sthickness into thehouse plot and receiveda bettercobbled surface,but the southstreetwas pusheda and itssurfacewas raisedand formedofpackedearth.The wallsofthisphase littlesouthwards werewellbuiltin stonewithmediumsizedblockssetin coursesor semi-coursed stylein earthor as doorjambs (plate 36a-b). The wallswere mortarand withwell-shapedslabsusedvertically preservedto a considerableheightbothalong thestreetfrontand in theinnerpartitionsand thelast major phase ofbuildingon thispart of thesite. represented Therewas an entryintotheNorthHouse at thenortheastcorner,fromtheEast Street.The slab doorwaywas formedoftwoflatstones,1.50m.wide overall,insidewhichwas a threshold bolts of a twofor the and x corners and centre with at its outer jambs (1.47 0.50m.) cuttings leafdoor.Thisdoorwayled intoa squareinner'porch'(Room III), c. 3.0m.wide,whichhad a benchagainstthe righthand wall (the aqueduct wall), a doorway0.90m. low stone-fronted wide in thelefthand wall leadingintoa side room,and a door straightahead leadingintoa longnarrowroom.This longroom(Room II, 8-9m. x 3m.) was definedbythe'aqueduct' wall on thenorthand on thesouthbya parallelwall wellfoundedin part(at theeastend) on a wall founded inheritedfromtheearlyRoman phase,but extendedwestwardwitha newstructure, of at a higherlevel.The wall betweenthelongroomand theporchwas likewisea newstructure at thewestin a wall thelate phase,withabuttingjoins at each end. The longroomterminated whichappearedin thefaceofthewestbaulkoftheexcavatedarea, and formedeitherthewest limitof theNorthHouse in thisphase or one ofitsinnerpartitions. The southeastquarterof the North House was basically that trapezoidalarea already in boththeearlyand late phasesfromthecommonlinesofcertain mentionedas identifiable innerand outerwalls.The trapezoidalarea was subdividedin thelatephaseintothreerooms,a pairofrectangular roomsofroughlyequal sizeat thenorthend,and a triangular area behind the new south of the house the street. The easterlyroom extending along frontage along oblique ofthepair (Room IV) measured3.6 x 2.5m. and openedfromtheporch-room; it had no built internalfeatures. The westerly room(Room V) was a littlelarger(3.7-3.9 x 3.0m.). It had two area behind,and doors,an entryfromthelongroomand a doorwayleadingintothetriangular had againstitsnorthwall a benchformedin partofmudbrickand stonefaced.The triangular

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area,6.0m.longand 3.0m.wideat itsbroadnorthend,had no doorexceptthatfromtheroom just described;its main featurewas a stonefacedbenchwhichran along theouterwall and turned,roughlyat rightangles,to cut acrossthe apex of the triangulararea. The northern withfineverticalslabs as doorjambs (plate doorwaysof Rooms IV and V werefurnished surfacedwithlaid mudbrick of earthsometimes were All in rooms described floors the 36a-b). or yellowclay. In the angle betweentheelementsso farnoted,- thelong roomand thesoutheastunitof Room I. This is consideredhereas enclosedarea was recognisable, threerooms- one further doorbetween was no interconnecting there in late House the of the North phase,although part it and the roomsso farnotedand indeedits floorlay at a somewhathigherlevel (c. 60cms. higherat c. 15.00m.).Its westand east walls wereat oblique angles,but itsnorthand south walls wereparallel,the northwall being the newlybuiltpartitionwall withthe long room ofthelate phase. The area was (Room II) and thesouthernwall again beinga newstructure based on a squarepedestalset a column-drum mostlikelya part-roofed, partopen courtyard: a short and in the centrewithan adjacent embeddedpithos, oblique lengthof wall jutting column on the forwardfromthewestwall and aligned suggestedthatthenorthand eastparts theeavesofthetwo column with the had beencoveredwitha roofslopinginwards, supporting to collectwatershed butt' a 'rain-water as wingsoftheroofat thisangleand thepithosserving 1 and 4 fig. and fromtheroofand led downintothatangle (plate sketch;plate 37). plan

V

IV

E

fig. 1 NorthHouse, late Roman phase; east-westsectionthroughRooms I, IV and V. Scale 1:65.

The columnbase was a squarishslab (0.53-0.59m.squarex 0.14m.high)foundedon rubble (SectionD, at no. 3; plate 37c). The lowestdrum,stillin situon thebase, was 0.56m. high witha plain top surface,0.36m.in diameter.Lyingnearbywas partofthemainshaft,1.50m. tapering,witha diameterof0.355,reducingto 0.326; a horizontalcutin theside long,slightly a or rail) would have come at c. 1.30m.above thepedestalifthisshaftwererebeam for (as erectedon thelowerdrum.Near thenarrowerend lay a Roman Doric capital (0.23m.high) witha squareabacus (0.63m.square),a reededfilletbelowtheechinusand a stubofshaft0.46 in diameter.In the roomadjacent to the south (Room V) was foundanothercolumnshaft, 1.33m.long,withits diameterdecreasingfrom0.325 to 0.310, and at the narrowend were

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cuttingsset at rightangles as forbeam ends. All the elements were of limestone. Peculiarities such as a mortise hole cut into the thick end of the shaft found in the court without a correspondingfeaturein the top of the shortorthostatedrum, and the oversize diameter of the capital suggestthat the column was formedof re-used material. It could be reconstructedas a column witha total heightof 3.62m., but therecould have been a verylate phase when only the threeelementsfoundin the court (Room I) were used together,givinga stumpycolumn about 2.30m. high. The courtyardwas, like most areas of the house, flooredwith earth. It appeared to have one entryat itssouthwestcorner,where a doorway was visible in the wall which formedat thislevel the west baulk of the excavation; that door may have led through into other rooms lying beyond the limits of excavation, but belonging to the North House of this phase. Another possible entryinto the court was at its southeasterncorner,where a large stone in the south wall seemed to mark the position of a door jamb; a short stub of projecting wall, parallel to the protrudingcornerof the southeastquarter of the house (plan at plate 4 and plate 37a) could have formedpart of a small external porch in frontof the doorway. That door led out to an open space, not clearly definedbut which in thisphase appeared to extend south across the area of the once dominant featureof this part of the site, the formerly paved street;all that remained recognisable ofit in thisphase was an earth flooredpassageway extendingjust along the southeast facade of the house. The passageway was formed by the house wall and a shortwall parallel to it at a distance of 1.50m; a doorway at the east end of the passage, identifiablefroma fragmentof the thresholdblock with cuttingsfordoorjamb, showed that thiswas no longer a public way but a passage giving entryfroman open area to the east (the 'East Street5)but now capable of being closed offby the occupants of the North House. The major reconstructionrepresentedby the North House late phase can be best dated by a featurewhich underlay one of the main new partitionwalls of the layout at that phase, namely the northwall of the square pillared court (plate 3; Room I). This wall was not built on any early Roman phase predecessor, but ran over the top of a small rectangular stone-edged, plaster-lined cist which was found filled with earth containing pottery of mid to late 2nd centuryA.D. date (Deposit Rl, c. 150-175 A.D.) The cist itselfrepresentssome intermediate and perhaps localised phase of reconstructionor modificationbetween the early and the late Roman phases of the North House. The late Roman structuralphase probably dated thereforeto the period c. 170-190 A.D. The house was thenoccupied forabout a generationat most; the abandonment material found on the late Roman floors,best exemplifiedby a deposit found in Room III (Deposit SI), is characterisedby material of Severan date (late 2nd/early3rd centuryA.D.). The fillof Room III was comparativelyundisturbedand more informativethan that in otherrooms. It included building debris of stone, mudbrick,plaster,charcoal, burntwood and Laconian tilesand some of this material probably derived fromupper storeyand ceiling collapse. Blue-painted plaster perhaps came fromthe ceiling, as suggested for the House of Diamond Frescoes. These and survivingfragmentsofmarble dado suggesta reasonably prosperoushouse. None of the marble fragmentswas found in position on any wall, and so may have belonged to a betterdecorated upper storey,fromwhich the majorityof the potteryand other findshad fallen. But it remains possible that robbershad prised out all the marble panelling fromaround the room: only small fragmentswere found. Only 17 of the 49 objects listed in the room deposit were found in position on the flooror close above (see plan at plate 22, plate 38a). Patches of ash at the centreand in the southeastcornersuggestthat thisporch may in its finalphase have been used forcooking, but the coarse jars symmetricallyplaced on either side of the door are a puzzle;

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each was set on a bed ofsherds,and may have serveda ritualor decorativepurpose(flower thebuildingfromthestreet.The flooritselfwas composedofa layerof vase?)forthoseentering red and whiteclay,wornand unevenin places,but overlaidby about 5cms.ofaccumulated troddenearth.

THE STREET Planat plate 3, SectionsC nos.6-7, F nos.2-4, 6-7; viewsat plates 39-41. The streetwhichrunsacrossthecentreoftheexcavationon an obliquelineis a mainfeatureof the site. Leading presumablyfromthe centreof the Roman townwhichshouldlie to the it servedas a thoroughfare northeast, givingaccessto thehousesofthishillsidequarterofthe town.One sectionofthestreetrunson an approximately lineat theeastsideofthe north-south NorthHouse, and anotherturnsobliquelyup the slope at the cornerof thishouse,veering southwards nearthewesternlimitoftheexcavation.The pointwherethetwolinesjoin liesjust notpossibletosay on theeastedgeoftheexcavatedarea and has mostlybeenlost;itis therefore whethertherewas a roadjunctionat thispointand whethertheobliquelinecontinueddirectly downhillto the northeastforminga branchline, or whethertherewas merelya change of directionat thecornerof theNorthHouse property. At theperiodofitsbestconstruction and repairduringthefirst centuryA.D. thestreetwas a surfaceand drainage with well-built terrace substantialstructure, walls, stone-paved provided systemservingthehouseson each side.Beforethisit was lesswellappointed,at firstprobably that no morethana dirtroad or trackand latercobbled,and thereare reasonsforthinking somekindofpublicthoroughfare wenton about thesamelinefroma veryearlyperiod.In the 3rdcenturyA.D.) thesurfacewas again latestRoman phase foundon thesite(late 2nd/early to have function seems of trodden and the earth, changedfrompublic to private,to mostly corner and at the westend. It willbe mostconvenient threshold blocks at the from added judge to discussthe threeperiodsseparately. The Pre-Roman Street Planat plate 2. firstthepossible For thepre-Romanperiodsthereare twoseparatequestionsforconsideration: fromveryearlytimes,perhapsgoingback to theearlyIron existenceofa publicthoroughfare and datingof Age, thoughtheevidenceforthisis rathertenuous;and secondthedescription sectionsofthestreetas we have it. The situationis ofthedifferent thefirststonefoundations stretch complicatedby theperiodicrebuildingon thissite.The wallsborderingthesouthwest ofthestreetare notcontinuousnorofone buildwiththewallsborderingtheeastand northeast theupperwall on structural and seemto have had a different stretches, history.Furthermore timesfromtheraisedterracewall on the thenorthside ofthetrackwas renewedat different southside. Geometric to Classical One piece ofnegativeevidencewhichshouldbe consideredfora continuouspublicway here varying througheventheearliestphasesofoccupation,is theabsenceofpitsalong theslightly line whichthestreettookat itsvariousperiods.The plan ofpitsat plate 5 showsthatearly

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local builders had a very active interestin quarrying fine stone fromthe Minoan building; a consideration of the few points where Minoan walls survived unquarried to the second floor level show that several of these coincide with the line of the street,- two are shown on the plan (plate 5 nos. 20, plate 39e) and two others are found near the angular turningpoint of the streeton the east side (Section F, no. 20, plate 39a, b). In the earliest times (pre-Classical) a track appears to have run between the Geometric to Archaic pits nos. 44 and 47-8, directlyover the top of the Minoan blocks (nos. 20) and just south of Pit 20a (PG). But later the line moved a little up the slope in a northwestdirection, running over the top of Pits 20a, 37, 43-4 and 49, more or less along the line of the later, Roman street(whose line is clearlyshown by the centrallyplaced 1stA.D. streetsoak-away, Pit 42). At thistime the late Hellenistic robbing pit (no. 22) was dug on the south side of the street. If this suggestionis correct,the earlier line may well pre-date the Protogeometricpit (no. 20a) whose south edge appears to be oriented to follow the upper side of the road. The adjustment of the line to a position furthernorth may have occurred gradually over a long period, but a line close to the finalone will have been in place when the late Hellenistic robbing Pit 22 (containing Deposit H28) was dug. On the other hand this line runs over and so must postdate Pit 43, an earlier Hellenistic pit, which contained Deposit H 16 (200-175 B.C.). This gives us a close dating bracket in the middle of the 2nd centuryB.C. forthe final layout of the streetline at this upper, westernend. The earliest stretchof stone-builtstreetwalling was found lower down near the northeast edge of the excavation. It runs from north to south, but then curves upslope in a westerly directionalong the upper side ofthe street(plan at plate 2, Wall 'bk'; plate 39a-b). Although not physically connected with the survivingstretchof early walling furtherwest (being the other side of the street), it clearly turns to run at the same orientation. Here, too, Minoan blocks standing almost to second floor level were preserved close beneath the streetsurface (plate 39a, Section F, no. 20). Occupation levels associated with thisstretchof walling belong, on the northside, to the 4th centuryB.C., dated by Deposits H7 and H9 (Section D, nos. 14 and 15), and on the east side in a thin strip survivingon the edge of the Little Palace cutting and below the line of the later street,to the Archaic period (Section J, no. 23). A series of earlier levels lay beneath thisin a sequence beginningwith Sub-Minoan (Section D, nos. 22-27), but the interpretationof such tiny levels is difficult,since they could representsome other kind of occupation than street surface. Dating sherds fromthese early levels are illustratedat plate 25d. A later sequence, fromGeometric on, found at the cutting of Section F (level nos. 13-17), was more clearly formedby hard trodden levels of streetbuild-up, and included some patching in small stones. Such deposits become less frequentfurtherwest as the fillhas less depth (e.g. at Section C, level no. 11), and do not occur at all at the southwestwhere Hellenistic or early Roman floorswere close to the level of the natural rock (e.g. at Section A, level no. 9). In summary,the earliest streetbuild at the east is Archaic or earlier, considerably earlier than at the west. The interpretationof the earliestlevels is difficult.It is also noticeable that the wall line at the east is furtherremoved fromits Roman successor,and does not have the same direct continuityof masonry(e.g. at Section D).

Hellenistic The first structure at thewestsectoris a lineoflargestoneslaid lengthwise along theslopeand thelowestfoundationcourseofthelaterstreetterracewall here (Wall ceFon plan at forming

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plate 2; plates 30e,39e). As suggestedabove,thislineshouldpostdatePit43 (200-175 B.C.), butmusthave beenin use whenthelaterPit 22 (c. 150B.C.) was dug,thoughtheactual build couldbe later.Possiblythestonesderivedfromthemid2nd centuryrobbing,fortheblocksare largeand ofa kindwhichmightbe expectedfromsuchquarrying.StudyoftheSouthwestand SoutheastHousessuggeststhata majorbuildingprogramme was undertaken at about thelater 2nd or early1stcenturyB.C., and theprioror contemporary construction ofan improvedway ofaccessis a logicalfirststep.As withthelayoutofthehouses,theconstruction on thisstreet line is moreconveniently discussedwiththeRoman wallingofwhichit formeda part. At the east some small tracesof earlierpaved levels survivebeneath the Roman street oftheHellenisticperiod,occurhere surface;patchesofcobblingin smallstones,characteristic (plate 39b, c, d) and in thearea ofthestreetcist(at levelVI 7).31 However,theremainsare too fragmentary and scatteredto warrantfurther conclusions. The Roman Paved Street It was on thelargeblocksof theHellenisticline thatthewell-builtRoman terracewall with regularcoursingwas founded,muchofit probablyearlyin theRoman period.An accountof the extentto whichthe lowerbuild of the southweststretchmay be late Hellenisticshould await furtherexcavation there,and in particularknowledgeof the relationshipof the date ofthe SouthwestHouse northwall withthestreetwall there.But theearlyconstruction next stretch,the centralsection,is shownby the factthat the latestHellenisticand early Roman wallsoftheSoutheastHouse abuttontothestreetterracewall. This suitsthesuggested as late 2nd/early1stcenturyB.C. The latestsherdsfrom date forthe earliestconstruction Archaic(VI 7 and IX beneaththepavingstonesofthecentralsectorwereAugustanoverlying in thelate 1stcentury or rebuilding 23) , a sequencewhichindicatesclearanceand refurbishing B.C. That a highterracewall forthestreetwas wellestablishedbyAugustantimesis shownby itsuse as a housewall in the'winery'buildingto thenorthoftheSouthwestHouse: redpainted plasterwas foundin positionon thiswall and preservedto a heightofalmostlm. (see Section H). There was also some tilepackingin thelowerfabric. The foundation courseoflongblocksfoundat thewest(plates 30e, 39e) did notcontinueas different faras theEast House. Here a seriesofterracewallsbuiltat slightly angles,as theroad a line was moved graduallyfurther upslope,fannedout froma singlecentralcornerstone, la standingblockofthenorthwall oftheMinoan building(plate 39b,d).3 The strong,evenly coursed stone build of the Roman wall at this stretchis shown at plate 40d.32 The immediatelyprecedingwall also shownhere is the late 3rd B.C. Wall 'al', associatedwith different angle (plate 39a). The East House wallsand DepositHI 3 and runningat a slightly theporchwall oftheSoutheastHouse (earlyphase),notlaterthanAugustan,abuttagainstthe streetterracewall and the Neroniandeposit(Nl) lies againstit. Thus we have a likely1st centuryB.C. date forthe walls (late Hellenisticor Augustan)and certainlya periodof use throughthe 1stcenturyA.D. This concurswiththeevidencefromtheSoutheastHouse,whichwas fittedin itsearlyphase witha stonebuiltcisternand drainconnectedwiththestreetdrainagesystem(see discussionof at SoutheastHouse, Phase I). The verysimilarstone-built soak-awayin thestreetis illustrated a of about to This feature was 2m. plate 12c, plan and section,and plate 41a. depth dug belowstreetlevel,and linedwithelevencoursesofevenlylaid stonemasonrysimilarto thatof thestreetwalls.It was connectedto thedrainagesystemoftheSoutheastHouse,whoseeffluent overflow or rain-water pouredin througha tile-basedchannel(shownat lefton thesection).It

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was covered with two large paving slabs at streetlevel, one of which survivedin position while the other was found collapsed into a fillof silt which contained material of Claudian date (see Deposit C2, contextno. 4).33 In a similarway the house plot on the northside of the streetwas provided with a drain, stone-built,plastered and tile-covered,which skirtedthe courtyardhere and connected with the drain at the northside of the street(plan at plate 3; SectionJ nos. 2-3 at left;plate 36d-e). This drain was not connected with the cist but entered the streetlower down; it contained mid and late 1st A.D. sherds and seems to have gone out of use by the Trajanic period: the debris associated with a deposit of this period (Deposit Tl, with T2-3 associated) finallyclogged and covered this whole yard area. Similarlyat the east stretchof streeta major reconstructionof about this time at the North House ignored and built over the tile-flooreddrain there (Section F no. 3, plate 41b).34 For this building phase, see discussion of the North House, early ('Hadrianic') phase. The same kind of reconstructiontook place on the east frontof the North House, but in this case the new wall was moved back into the area of the house plot, leaving the foundationsof the earlier wall as streetpaving (see period plan at plate 3; plate 41c- d).

The Late Roman Phase In its last phase the main stretchof the streetwas closed at the east end witha doorway.A blockwas foundin positionagainstthenorthwall,c. 50cms.higherthantheoriginal threshold An accumulationof silt here containedpotteryof the later 2nd centuryA.D. (see paving. ofthe VI 5). This suggeststhatafterthemidto late 2nd A.D. reconstruction level DepositR3, NorthHouse, whenthestreetdrainhad goneout ofuse and was builtover,theformer paved builtforwhathad becomea surfacewas allowedto siltup, thelevelraisedand a newthreshold privatearea, perhapsa passageway, thoughthe area to thesouthseemsto have been open was foundat theupper,westend ofthepaved street groundin thisperiod.A similarthreshold but this could be 3 and earlier,ofone piecewiththe1stand early2ndA.D. paved 40e) (plates westto whichit belongedis neededto elucidatethe street.Excavationofthebuildingfurther a One is that substantial lay there,on thewestside,and it was this property possibility point. that after the destructions oftheHadrianicperiodand and whichthestreetprincipally served, to increasehis theabandonmentoftheSoutheastHouse plot,theownerfoundan opportunity metres downhill to the and to move the outside some seventeen east,fromnowon gate property instead of the as the the lower end of the street, propertyboundary. using upperend, THE NORTH AQUEDUCT plates 4, 40a. whichcarrieda The northern limitoftheexcavationwas formedby a massivestonestructure water channel,and which was partlystandingabove groundbeforethe beginningof the excavation.Cleaningrevealedstrongwallingwithsomeevidenceofrebuild,especiallywherea channelwithstoneslabsfor slightchangeofcoursebegan at thelowerend,and a plaster-lined covers.The wallingstoodup to 1.50m.highat itssouthface,whichalso formedtheoutsidewall oftheNorthHouse, and had a totalwidthof2.50m. The masonrywas well constructed and used mortarbetweenstones.The waterculvertitselfwas 35cms.wide and had a considerable downgradientat thispointrunningfromwesttoeast (0.50 in 10m.,or 1 in 20). Sherdsderiving fromcleaningoperationscan be dated as late as the 4th centuryA.D. and indicatethatthe

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channelremainedopen even afterthedestruction ofall the buildingsin theexcavatedarea. The strength ofthestructure, thecare withwhichit was lined,coveredand keptup, as well as the long continuity of its use, seem to supportan interpretation as aqueduct ratherthan drain.Perhapsit is also pertinent thatmuchlaterwaterchannelshave also broughtwaterto Knossosfromthisdirectionalong thecontourat thefootoftheAcropolis'east slope.Further excavationto thewestshouldpickup itsline in thatdirection.

Section2 The Sub-Minoan Pottery (PLATES 42-50) MERVYN POPHAM The contextofthepotteryhas been describedin theexcavationreportabove. Most ofit was containedin the fillof Rooms C and D and CorridorE of the UnexploredMansion where extensivestonerobbinghad takenplace afterthebuildinghad been abandoned.Subsequently thisarea and theadjacentregionappear to have been levelledwithmaterialwhichincluded theSub-Minoanpotteryto be consideredbelow.1The extremely characterofthis fragmentary with its virtual lack of restorable indicates that it was not a vases, pottery, any primarydumpof brokenand discardedpotsbut thatit had been broughtin fromelsewhere,possiblyfromwest of thearea whereSub-Minoanoccupationis attested. At a laterstage the Mansion was again extensively robbedforbuildingstone,principally the Geometric when some of its walls were almostcompletelyremoved.This during stage disturbed the Minoan levels and the Sub-Minoan fill,contaminating activityconsiderably themwithlaterintrusions whichit was not alwayspossibleto detectduringexcavation. At an earlystagein thestudyof thepottery,the extentofpossiblecontamination was not and the material was considered to be a conclusion fullyappreciated essentially contemporary, As mostofthelotscollectedseparatelyduringexcavation supportedbyitsbasic homogeneity. wereso smalland scrappy,makingindividualstudyimpractical,theywerecombinedand only featuresherdsretained.However, since the lower levels of the fill of the extensivepit, centredoverthesouthpartofRoom D, appearedto be undisturbed, principally theywerekept from the rest and retained. This will be referred to below as the Main apart mostly pottery and the material from it is in the illustrations. On its Deposit, own, it is distinguished insufficient and too fragmentary to provide anythinglike an adequate coverage,though valuableas a generalcontroloverthebasicallysimilar,and perhapscontemporary, bulkofthe restof thepottery. The term Sub-Minoan has been generallyretained throughout,not howeverwithout considerablemisgivings. There can be littledoubt that mostof the potteryfallswithinthe definitionof this stage, in so far as the materialavailable to them allowed, by Evans, Desboroughand Brock,and latersomewhatamplifiedby Coldstreamand Warren.2But it is betweenSubapparentfromthesestudies,especiallythatofBrock,thattheessentialcontinuity Minoan and EarlyProtogeometric makesdistinction betweenthetwophasesa veryfineone. Some ofthematerialconsideredhere,otherthan thatfromtheMain Deposit,mayfallmore closelywithintheEPG phase as definedby Brock,and thismay be correct. about thegeneraldescription ofthepotteryas SM are in order.How therefore, Misgivings, 59

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far it is valid will only become clear with the fullpublicationof other,betterpreserved, foritspublicationis thatitconsiderably occupationdeposits.Meanwhile,themainjustification materialknownfromthisstage howeverimperfectly, the verylittlesettlement supplements, whenclassifications have been largelybased on multipletombdepositsand and sub-divisions stylistic analysisofthem. ComparativeSM materialis slight.Evans'sdepositfromtheSpringChamberremainsbasic, ofsomeof and is herereproducedas published,plate 49d,supplemented bybetterillustrations the vases, plate 50.3 Apart fromcemeteryfinds,additionshave been few,- Coldstream's carefulpublicationof scrappymaterialfromthe Royal Road (RR), with a littleSM but consideredbasically EPG and later, and Warren's preliminaryaccount of his recent Museum (SM Ext.). Gerald Cadogan has generously excavationsbeside the Stratigraphical me to supplementmyaccountwithtwovasesfromthesmallsoundingsmade under permitted Museum (Strat.Mus.) in 1962 ofthe Stratigraphical his supervision duringtheconstruction (plates 42, 1 and 49a-b).4 Of theFortetsatombspublishedbyBrock,onlyTomb Pi is a closedSM depositand it is an essentialgroupforanystudyoftheperiod.5The subsequentpublicationbyBoardmanoftombs at AyiosIoannis added only threedefiniteSM vases,all stirrupjars,6 but our depositmay indicatethatothervases too could be earlierthanEPG to whichtheyare ascribed.The new cemeteryrecentlyexcavatedat the Universitysite,the NorthCemetery,includessome SM accountsto lack the open vases theyappear frompreliminary groupsbut, disappointingly, of ofoccupationmaterial.7Hereinliesthemaincontribution whichare an essentialconstituent ofthecups,skyphoiand decorated tobe consideredbelow,- a betterunderstanding thepottery kraterswhichwerein everydayuse. THE MATERIAL to allow The Main Deposit, consistingof about threefullzembils (baskets),is insufficient ofany value; in factsomeshapesare absentfromit. Certainofitsfeatures, statistics however, the fabric,cups with wavy line, monochromeskyphoi, may be consideredcharacteristic; decorated bell-cratersand trays, while other shapes present include the pyxis, coarsewarebasins, tripodcooking-potsand baking trays.Other similar amphora/hydrias, areas will be consideredwithit, a distinctionbeing made only potteryfromneighbouring in shape or decorationmake thisdesirable. wheredifferences Fine Wares Fabric

from The fabricofthefinerwareshas alreadybeenwelldescribedbyothersand is quitedistinct thatofLM pottery.The clay,finewithlittlegritcontent,and buffto brownin colour,has a oftenhas a distinctive mattsurface.The paint,whichrangesin colourfromblacktored-brown, so thatthedecorationcan be mauvetinge;it,too,is generallymattand is frequently fugitive discernedonly in shadow image; exceptionally,the miniatureskyphoisometimeshave a slightlymetalliclustre. Wavy-linecups

ofthedepositis a bell-shapedcup,decoratedon a claygroundwitha wavyline Characteristic

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placed highon thebodybetweena thinband coatingthelip and a thickerband nearthebase of the handle: the interior,apart fromthe paintedlip, has a furtherband whichvariesin position(plates 42, 1-6; 47a, 1-8; 47b, 1-8, 11; 48a, 3). No completeprofileis preservedbutit maybe assumedto resemblethatat plate 42, 1 from theS trat.Mus. excavation,whichalso illustrates themethodofattachingtherollhandleto the topofthelip,therathersmalland somewhatconicalfootand thegentlyundulatingcharacter of thewavyline typicalof thesecups. Two such vases, with much the same shape, illustratedby Warren,show some slight variationsin decoration,- one has an additionalband at thejunctionoffootand body,the other two interiorbands.8 These additional featureswould be less easily recognisedin materialbut theyare absenton an examplegivenby Coldstreamfromtheearlier fragmentary RR deposit,whichalso has a lessflaringrim,as do someofthesherdsin our deposit.9Several sherdsof other such cups are present,too, in the RR later deposit,which suggeststhe continuation ofthetypeintoEPG, thedate givenbyBrockand Boardmanto thetwoexamples fromFortetsaand AyiosIoannis.10 It seemsprobablethatthewavy-linecup developedlocallyout oftheversionwitha zone of zig-zag,represented by one sherdin our deposit(plate 47a, 7). Such cupswithwidelyspaced zig-zag,perhapsan intermediate stage,are presentin theearlygroupsoftheSpringChamber *l like the similarlydecoratedSub(plate 50b) and of FortetsaTomb Pi. Alternatively, Mycenaeancups on theMainland,it mayhave itsoriginin an LM IIIC cup withwavyline, thoughnone has so far been publishedfromCrete. The bell-shapedprofileof thesevases appearsto be a purelyCretancharacteristic, alreadyapparentin theSpringChamberdeposit (plate 50b). Othercups

The monochromebell-cup,withreservedlower body and foot,is attestedonly in Fortetsa Tomb Pi; it is notapparentin our deposit,thoughthisshouldnotbe takenas firmevidenceof itsabsence,sincerimsherdswould not be distinguishable fromthoseofsmallermonochrome skyphoi. A versiondecoratedin blob technique,shallowerand withlesscurvedprofileis presentin the Main Deposit and otherlevels (plates 42, 7-8, 47a, 12 and 47b, 4); its typeof base is not knownthoughitmighthave beenflat,likethelaterexamples.The practiceofpartiallydipping thesidesofvasesin paintis knownfromat leastLM II onwards,so itscontinuation intoSM 13 and lateris not surprising. In addition,thereare tworimsherdsofa shallowopen cup withroundedprofileand slightly incurvedrim,decoratedwitha wavyline betweena lip and a bodyband (plates 44, 1; 47a, 14). Its profileand decoration,includingtheinteriorband closelyresemblethecup withsmall flatbase in Ayios Ioannis Tomb V, no. 16, tentatively ascribed to EPG.14 On a further of a examplein FortetsaTomb VII, no. 622, Brockcommentsthatthe shape is reminiscent Mycenaeankylix,an unlikelyoriginbut I can thinkofno better.15 The sherdat plate 47a, 15 with verticalhandle, wavy line outside and monochromeinteriormightbelong to a yet shallowerversionwithmoreincurvedsides. Bell-skyphoi

These occurin a wide rangeofsizes,fromthelarge to theminiature(plates 42, 9-19). The usualversion,withrimdiametervaryingfrom10-16cm.,has an S-shapedprofileand restson a thelowerbodyand foot raised,somewhatconical,foot.They are nearlyalwaysmonochrome,

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being unpainted, and a lip band and disc at the base being reserved on the interior.Their heightis somewhat greaterthan theirdiameter. Few of the bases are trulyconical or have a flat footplate and arched interior;usually theyare out-turned,round edged and have a projecting 16 lump beneath, a characteristicnoted by Coldstream. Subsidiary bands may be added below the monochromeupper body; two on a vase fromthe Spring Chamber (plate 49d), fouron a skyphosfromthe S trat. Mus. excavation, the latter also having a narrowreservedhandle zone containinga wavy line, similarto the sherdat plate 17 46a, 10. This type, also presentat Fortetsa,18is clearly in the LM IIIC tradition,as is the purely monochromeversion. The latter in its normal size is well representedin SM and EPG deposits and may have served as the standard eating vessel. The miniatureversion,with an average lip diameter of 6-7cm., also occurs frequentlyboth in the Main Deposit and elsewhere;it may have replaced the traditionalMinoan conical cup as a common small drinkingvessel. These are similarin shape and decoration to the largerversion though they tend to be narrower waisted. Some do not have the interiorreserved lip band, perhaps indicatingthat the later and quicker method ofdipping such vases in paint ratherthen coating them with a brush was already being adopted. Decoratedbell-kraters

withpyxidestheyappear to featureofthedeposit;together Thesevasesare themostdistinctive have monopolisednearlyall elaboratedecorationat thisstage. In shape theyare essentially deep bowl, largeversionsofa late typeofMycenaean/Minoan to as an Switha roundedbody and a markedlyoutwardflaringrim,sometimesreferred but are considerablylargerwithlip shaped profile;in thistheyresemblethe bell-skyphoi, diametersvaryingbetween20 to 25cm. A fairlytypicalexample is that illustratedat plates 43, 1 and 45a, whichwas in part containedin theMain Depositwhichalso providedtheevidenceforthetypeoffootadded to it at plates 43, 2-5; 45 are illustrated ofsuchkratersand profiles Otherfragments in restoration. and 46. Decorationis containedin a deep zone betweenthehandles,boundedabove by a thinlip ofa thickupperlinewiththinonesbeneath.The band and belowbya seriesofbandsconsisting witha reservedband belowtherim;a fewhave a widepainted interior is usuallysolid-painted band withsplashdecorationbelow,possiblya laterdevelopment. is thatseen on the restoredkrater,plate 45a, The mostfrequentdecorativearrangement witha centralpanel, in thiscase containingthe double axe or butterfly motive,whichis are containedwithinframingverticaland wavylines;eitherside of this paintedunattached at plate 45b,also krater a arcsorloopsofmoustache-like appearance.The largepartof similar no wavylines and side at the fromtheMain Deposit,variesonlyin detail,havinglargerloops side The variation. showconsiderable loopsmay borderingthecentralpanel. Otherfragments be attachedto therim(plate 46c, 1 and d, 3) and thecentralpanel borderscan containcrossstrokesand even semicircles(e.g. plate 46d, 6). The general hatchingand have fringing too,has considerablevariation.In one case,thecentralornamentconsistsoftwo arrangement, linkedbyhatchedverticallines,plate 45c, 4 fromtheMain Deposit; groupsofverticalstrokes into a cross-hatched in otherinstancesit is further triangleor a groupof vertical simplified for are There and 46a d, 15). clearlyotherarrangements; straightand wavy lines (plate from Fortetsa of one that resembles and plate 45c two of instancethedecoration d, kraters, top in havingside ornamentsofpendentloops withfillwhichterminatein spirals.19Two sherds

SUB-MINOANPOTTERY

63

depicting realistic double-axes prove the continuityof both pictorial representationand of Minoan religious symbolism,plate 49c. Little contemporarycomparative material has been published. Evans illustratedone piece from the Spring Chamber, plate 46d, 1, with 'double-axe' design closely resembling our example at plate 45a.20 The fewsherdsfromthe earlier RR deposit and some of the later ones may contain contemporarypieces and, in any case, show a continuityto be seen on some of the later kraters from Fortetsa whose straighter and deeper sides appear to be an EPG 1 development,as, too, is the general adoption ofsplashed in place of monochromeinteriors.2 A sherd fromthe Spring Chamber as well as that at plate 46c, 6 attest a type of crater with a rolled lip. 22 The sherd illustratedat plates 43, 5 and 46d, 2 fromEvans's excavation of the Little Palace provides evidence fora differentsystemof decoration in which the decorative zone is divided into panels with differing,though probably repetitive,designs. The LM IIIC origin behind much of the decoration is clear, - the central panel with side loops (now usually detached and simplified), outlining of motives, the double-axe motive, framinglines with a wavy or scalloped border,fringingstrokes,spiral terminalsand triangular fillingstrokes.23Basic continuityis obvious, though such precedentsat Knossos are fewdue to the little material of the LM IIIC stage so far found on the site. Trays Several sherds in the Main Deposit belong to circular trayswith flat base, shallow sides and loop handles attached verticallyon the rim,plates 44, 3; 47b, 6-8; c 3, 4 and 8. Most resemble those known fromthe Ayios Ioannis and Fortetsa tombs in having bands on the exteriorwalls, monochrome on their inside with concentric rings on the base.24 A few fragmentsdifferin having two finelydrawn wavy lines on the exteriorrunningaround the side between a lip and base band. The IIIC origin of the shape is now well established; it occurs on the Mainland, on Melos and at Karphi, in the last case painted monochrome.25 Kalathoi Decorated kalathoi, though presentin otherearly deposits,are uncertainlyrepresentedin ours. A rim sherd and two body sherds, plate 47c, 2 and 5-6, are possible pieces, the latter resemblingthe decoration of Fortetsa Tomb VI, no. 72. 26 LM IIIC predecessorsare frequentat Karphi including the plain, handleless versionwhich is said to be Very comparable to offertory vases in the Spring Chamber'; it has so farnot been found in any tomb and it is not clear how long it persisted.28 Other open shapes

Almost the complete range of known open shapes seems to be present in the deposits. An addition to theseis the rim sherd with a miniaturecup perched on its handle plates 44, 2 and 47a, 13; it is likelyto belong to a straight-sidedjar similar to one fromFortetsa with the same attachmenton its handle and having similardecoration consistingof a lip and body band with an intermediatewavy band; it, too, has a dotted rim and interiorband.29 Miniature cups attached to the rim of kalathoi occur at Karphi and elsewherein LM IIIC but I know of no earlier example for their addition to handles.30 The sherd at plate 47c, 7 appears to be part of a fenestratedstand and may be an LM III fragmentout of context.

64

SUB-MINOANPOTTERY

Closedshapes

The fragmentary of the closed shapes natureof the depositadds littleto an understanding in a matters of with few detail, except exceptions. Amphorasjhydrias

was possiblebetweenthetwoshapes,and thenumberofhorizontalloop handles No distinction could belongto eitherbelly-handled amphorasor hydrias,thelatterbeingrathermorelikely. hollowedin themannerintroducedin IIIC; rimsare paintedwithusuallya Lips are slightly carriesa wavyband,a feature interior band (plate 44, 5-8). The necknotinfrequently further not well attestedin the tombdeposits(plate 47d, 2-3). Two shoulderpatternsare present, fromtheearlierRR deposit,and probablythehorizontalS pendentloopsofa kindillustrated 1 and the latterknownfromtombvases.31 47d, 4), (plate pattern can nowbe seentohave Thesevases,once thoughttoderivefromProtogeometric prototypes IIIC antecedentsin theirdecoration.Our knowledgeis mainlyconfinedto the Mainland largelythroughthe scarcityof the equivalentCretanevidence;Karphi is unhelpfulthough Palaikastro(Kastri) providessome parallels.33Coldstreamsuggeststhatthe LH IIIC tassel ornamentmay have been the originof the pendentloops (or bracketpattern);inverted Twistedhandlescan now be tracedback to an 'antitheticstreamers'is anotherpossibility.34 of IIIC.35 earlystage Thepyxis

The Late Minoan pyxishad oftenattractedelaboratedecorationand thispersistedinto the versionwithsloping IIIC stageas is well illustratedat Karphi. It is theearliercollar-necked shoulderswhichcontinuesinto SM, initiallylittlechangedin shape apart froma somewhat higherneck.A fineSM exampleis illustratedat plate 49a-b fromthe Strat.Mus. trialsof - pendent 1962. Its designon the one faceresemblesthatfoundon some of the bell-craters, loopseithersideofa centralgroupofverticallineswitha wavyborder;theotherfaceomitsthe centraldivision,joins theloops togetherwitha cross-hatched lozengeplaced below them,an Pi and relatedto thaton a Tomb Fortetsa from an to that on similar amphoriskos arrangement kalathosfromthesame depositon whichthe same elementsare differently arranged. Two sherdsofsucha pyxisin theMain Deposit (plates 44, 4 and 47c, 1) belongto a poorer on a betweenverticallines,a designforeshadowed triangles examplewithlinkedcross-hatched muchlargerLM IIIC pyxisfromZakro.37 The tallerpyxiswithhigherneckand moreroundedshoulders(Brock'sstraight-sided jar) foundin burialsis likelyto have evolvedfromtheforegoing typeratherthanto have had an independentorigin.38 Otherclosedshapes

little.A shoulderfragment Information on otherclosedshapesin thedepositsis disappointingly froma jug (plate 47d,5). Oddlythereis no obvious is presumably withcross-hatched triangles or krateriskos thoughpresentin theSpringChamber(plate 50e-g), in partofan amphoriskos earlytombgroupsand in the Strat.Mus. extensionexcavation.Stirrupjars, morea tomb in theRR deposits,is attestedby one thana settlement shape,thoughnotinfrequent offering a spoutand probablyby thesherddepicting degenerateoctopuswhichcould wellbe an LM IIIC hangover(plate 47c, 9).39

SUB-MINOAN POTTERY

65

Storage vessels These are usuallymade ofa coarseclay containingconsiderablegritand otherinclusionsand a darker firedto a lightbrowncolour;theslipis oftena lightgreenishbuffshadebutsometimes brown. carination The shallowbasinor tub,withmoreor lessstraight sidesand havinga distinctive somewhatbelow therim,is wellin evidence(plates 44, 9-10 and 48a, 1). The basic shape is knownfromLate Minoan, and a completeLM IIIC examplewiththesame carinatedrimis illustratedby Warren(his lekane),who recordsthesame typein his SM levels.40The shape, littlechanged,continuesat least into Geometrictimesas appears fromthe laterof the RR 1 deposits.4A moreglobularversionis impliedbysomeoftherimsherds(plate 44, 11-12 and LM similarprofilessuggestit was a deepervessel.42 14-15); Pithossherds,too,demonstrate a basiccontinuity fromtheLate BronzeAge withtheirraised bands carryingincisedherring-bone, and arcs,zig-zags impressedcircles(plates 48b and d). The large sherdfroma storagestirrupjar decoratedwithwavy bands (plate 48b, 9) is unexpectedand surelyan LM III intrusion. Cooking pots The two typesmostreadilyapparentsharethesame heavilygrittedand red fabricwhich,in thecase of the thinnerwalled pots,is oftenverybrittle. Continuityof Minoan vesselsis again evidentin the cookingpots. Rims, horizontaland verticalhandles,and legsclearlybelongto thetraditionaltripodcookingpot,withsomeofthe legsscoredwitha verticalslashon theouteredge (plates 48c, 5-6, 9-13, 15-17 and 48d, 5). The groovedcollar to be foundon Geometricversionsseemsnot yetto have appeared.43 Bakingtrays,circularin shape,thickwalled withshallowsides,a roughundersideand lug handles,and usuallycoated witha thickdark brownslip, are well in evidence(plates 44, 16-20and 48a, 18 and d, 7). Theyoftenshowsignsofburninginsideon thebase. Theyoccurin LM II depositsin theUnexploredMansion,in LM IIIC at Palaikastroand Karphi and are varianttypewithsloping presentin theSM/EPG levelsoftheRR excavation.44A distinctive wallsand verythinbase,also witha longhistory, (plates 44, 21 and 48c, 7) occursin theMain Deposit but is not apparentlyrecordedelsewhere.45 Conclusions the basic SM characterof the potteryis reasonably Despite some probable contamination, certain.It usefullysupplementsthe verylittleoccupation materialpublishedso far from Knossos.The wavyline cup, monochromeskyphoi,and decoratedcratersare typicalof this stage thoughthey,togetherwithdecoratedkalathoiand pyxides,continuewithonlyslight variationinto thesucceedingEPG phase. fromtheclosingstagesoftheLate BronzeAge is clear,notleastin storageand Continuity kitchenvessels.Shapes and decorationindicatea developmentwhichmaywell turnout to be notonlylargelyinternalbut specificto Knossosand itsimmediateneighbourhood. Elsewhere in Cretechangesand evolutionseem to have takendifferent lines. A betterand fullerunderstanding of the earlystagesin the Knossian sequence will only becomeapparentwhenotherbetterpreservedoccupationdepositsare published,suchas those fromtherecentStrat.Mus. extensionexcavations.

66

SUB-MINOAN POTTERY

It appears probablethatthe depositconsideredabove fallssomewhatlater than Fortetsa with are moremarked,butmaywellbe contemporary Tomb Pi in whichLate Minoanfeatures theSpringChamberdeposit.The potteryalso suggeststhatsomeofthetombsin theFortetsa and AyiosIoanniscemeteries mayhave beenfirstused at thisstageratherthanin EPG, butit at thistime. would be prematureto attemptsuch a reassessment

Section3 Early Hellenic Pottery (PLATES 51-73) J. N. COLDSTREAM AftertheSub-Minoanlevelsthereseemsto have beenverylittletraceofoccupationduringthe tenthcenturyB.C. Thereafterthe sequence is continuousfromthe ninthcenturyonwards. Seven stratified depositsare presentedhere,designatedGA to GG, and yieldinga seriesfrom theearlyninthcenturyuntilwellintothesixth.In each case thecatalogueis prefacedbya brief statement ofthestratigraphical context,whichforGA to GF has beensuppliedby thedirector ofexcavations,Mr Sackett.UnderGH are listedpieceswhich,thoughnotfromwell-stratified ofintrinsic interest. contexts,are nevertheless I followthe chronologicalsubdivisionsand abbreviationsemployedby J.K. Brock1for Cretan Protogeometric, Geometric,and Orientalizingpottery.Knossian domesticware of thoseperiodsis now well enoughknown2to obviatethe need fordetaileddescriptions of the fabric,or forexhaustiveanalysisofthestyle.Hence, in thecatalogue,fabricis mentionedonly whenit departsfromwhatis usual: i.e., forProtogeometric, softishclay,pale orangeto buff, oftenwitha thinyellowwash,and coatedin thindull paint;forgeometricand Orientalizing, harderclay of a darkerorangetone,and thickerpaint whichmay be dull or semi-lustrous. Open vesselsare fullypaintedinsideunlessotherwisestated. The cataloguesbeginwithlocal fineware,closedshapesfollowedbyopen; thencoarseware and finallyimports.Referencesto photographic illustrations (plates 60-73) are omittedfrom catalogueentriesexceptwherea photographappearsfarout ofnumericalorder.An asterisk thatno photographicillustration is includedamongthe againsta cataloguenumbersignifies plates. DEPOSIT GA, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC PLATES 51, 60

ofthreecompletevases,was foundat theN. end oftheexcavatedarea "DepositGA, consisting towardsthecentre,on an isolatedpatchofearthfloor,see plan at plate 2. The vaseslay onlya fewcentimetres belowthefoundations oftheLate Roman aqueduct,whichwas deeplyfounded in an area wherethe stratigraphy had already been much disturbedby earlierwalls. No materialwas found in the levels which were horizontally contemporaryProtogeometric adjacent. Below was the Minoan fillof the high terracedplatformoutsidethe Unexplored Mansion to thenorth,whilethelevelsabove containeda mixedfillwithmaterialfrommost periodsfromGeometricto Roman. MUM V 1. 67

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

68

A similartroddenearthleveloccurredabout 5.0m. to thewest,again on theMinoan North Platform,perhapsan isolatedpatch of floorsurvivingin thismuch disturbedarea at the extremeNW. corneroftheexcavation,see plan at plate 2. This was levelwiththe topmost courseofa LM wall,and protectedbyit (plate 38c). On thefloorlay a bell-skyphos surviving (GH 4) witha stonepolisheror grinder(S3) insideit (plate 38d); a secondsimilarskyphos (GH 5) was foundnearbyamongdisturbedMinoan material"(LHS). 1 2 3

plate 5 1. H. 15. 1, D. 14. One handleand partofrimmissing.Largewhitegrits.Irregularspiral Bell-skyphos. ridgeoutsidefoot.LPG. Cf. F. no. 303. près.Large whitegrits.Two groovesbelowrim. High-footed skyphos.plate 51. H. 15.7,D. 16.7.Two-thirds LPG. Cup. plate 51. H. 6.9, D. 11-12,ellipticalrim.Large grits,brownand white.Straphandleinsiderim,spiral underbase. Dipped fromthehandle. LPG. Cf. F. no. 291. stringmark

DEPOSIT GB, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC plates 51-2, 60-1

TO PROTOGEOMETRIC

B

"Deposit GB was foundin a pit (Pit 44) dug into Room B of the UnexploredMansion,the see plan at plate 5 no. 44. The pit was irregularin of the threeN. storerooms, westernmost x 1.00m.Belowwas thedebrisoftheLM IIIB reof c. 1.80 with dimensions at the top shape, was a laterpit ofthesecondcenturyB.C. (Pit from above while into the dug pit occupation, from this the material depositprovidesevidenceoflocal activityin the9th 43). Thus, though or occupation structure it withany contemporary to associate it is not possible centuryB.C., in Pit44 and Also found area. within the excavated in even state, level,surviving fragmentary to be associatedwithDeposit GB, was an incisedclay bead, (no. K5) MUM II 1, la, 2." (LHS). Round housemodel,plate 52. Près.H. 9, totalH. c. 11.5. Max. D. c. 14.4, D. ofroofholec. 4. Two frs.,floor missing.To L. ofdoorwaya piercedlug, as thoughforan externalbar. On theanalogyof themodelfrom Archanes(see Commentary),thislug shouldercomes halfwayup thejamb, and the total heightin our drawingis restoredaccordingly.LPG. Neck-handledamphora.Part of handle. LPG-PGB. Also two amphorarimsas F. no. 285, and one with 2 verticalbars as F. no. 212. 3 Hydria.Shoulderfr.Centralpartofdouble bracket. 4 Threefrs.ofneckand bodywithbothhandleroots;mouthand base missing.Semicircles pendent Stirrup-jar. fromirregularband betweenneck and shoulder;on belly,standingsemicirclesabove band and lines. Probablyfromopen-neckedtype.LPG. Cf. F. no. 141. 5, 6 Oinochoai (?). Shoulderfrs.Diagonal hatchingpendentfromband (5); open trianglesin double incised outlinefollowedby paint (6). 7 Lekythos.Max D. c. 6.5. Neck to bellywithhandleroot.Cream slip. PGB. Cf. KCh4 (1950) pl. 31, 7 from Archanes. 8 Straight-sided pyxis,plate 61. Bodyfr.Large whiteand browngrits.Sharpcarinationat shoulder.EPG? Cf. F. no. 163. 9* Straight-sided pyxis.Two frs.,one withrootofdouble-rolledhorizontalhandle.Exteriorfullycoated,ladder patternon handle;spatterinside. 10-12 Large closedvessels,bodyfrs.Diagonals to L. ofcheckpattern(10); checkpatternbetweenpanelsofcrosshatching(11); horizontalsenclosingverticalbars and contiguoustriangleshatchedin one direction(12). LPG-PGB 13-15 Large closedvessels,bodyfrs.Millsail (13), perhapsfromshoulderofstraight-sided pithosas F. no. 697; hatchedcable (14); diagonal net enclosingcross-hatched lozenges(15), cf.F. pattern5ap. PGB. stand. Body fr.Traces of rectangularwindowsabove L. and below R. For plain 16 Cylindricalfenestrated cf.Teke tholosnos. 105-07 (PGB). counter-parts 1

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

69

Krater,plate 51. D. c. 25. Rim fr.Bars on rim;band inside,no paint below. LPG-PGB. Small krater.plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim to belly.Frs.fromfourmoresimilarvesselswithpendentsemi-circles. LPG-PGB. Cf. BSA 29 (1927-28) pl. 6, 8. 19 Skyphos.Rim fr.Profileas 17 above. Band insidelip. 20 Skyphos.Wall fr.Inside unpainted. 21 Skyphos.plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim fr.withribbonhandle.Paintworn:band outsideand insidelip,linealong handle. 22 Skyphos.plate 51. D. c. 12. Rim withpartofribbonhandle.As 21 above butwithwavylineon handle.For 19-22 cf.F. no. 280, LPG. plate 51. Près.H. 8, D. 8.4. Rim to lowerbody. LPG. Cf. F. no. 435. 23* Bell-skyphos. Conical footand lowerbody. Inside fullypainted. 24 Bell-skyphos. one side 25 Cup. plate 51. H. 6, D. 10.8. One- thirdprès.,handle missing.Rough base, spiralstringmark, dipped in paint. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. no. 1408. 26 Cup. plate 51. D. c. 9. Rim to lowerbody. Fullypaintedoutsideand inside.F. 167 class C, Atticizing. 27 Cup. Rim to lowerbodywithstraphandle attachedinside.Fullypaintedoutsideand inside.Cf. 26 above. Miniatureconical cup. plate 51. H. 2.5. D. 6.7. One-thirdprès.All surfacescoated. 28 Kalathos. D. c. 31. Rim fr.Profileas GH 7 but withsharperinneredge. Band and threelinesoutside,solid 29 triangleson rim,fullypaintedinside. 30 Kalathos-lid.Rim fr.,slightlyaverted.Band and spatterinside. 31 Lid. Upper part. Domed withflattop. Dots, zigzag, Maltese crosson top. Inside unpainted. 32 circles.Below,solid Tray.Base fr.Heavy fabric,Th. 1.25. Creamwashon undersideonly.Above,concentric Maltese crossat centre,two zones ofsinglezigzag. 33 Tray. Base fr.Above: circles,band, verticalbars. Below: as illustrated. 34, 35 Pithoi.Wall frs.Red clay withgreycore,large whitegrits,wheelmade.Incised lines betweendiagonal notches. 36 Large vessel.Wall withstrap handle root. Grittydark red clay. Handle: incisedcrossbetweendiagonal strokes. 37* Cookingjug. plate 51. Près.H. 10.5,D. c. 10. Rim to bellywithroundhandle.Grittyred clay. Ridge and threegrooves. 38* Cookingjar. plate 51. D. c. 24. Rim fr.Hard red clay,grittyand micaceous.Splash ofbuffpaintoutside. 39 Bowl, plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim and straphandle. Grittyorange-buff clay,red core. 40 Oinochoe. Strap handle. Orange-buff clay,lustrousbrown-blackpaint.AtticEG II-MG I. 41 Amphora.Body fr.Hard red clay, small whiteinclusions,shinyorange surface,red paint. Full circles, drawn.Euboean SPG. imperfectly Krater.Wall fr.Hard orange-redclay,smallwhiteand largerbrowninclusions,shinyorangesurface,red42 brownpaint.Trace ofhandleto L. withdiagonalband; traceofcircleto R. AtticLPG-EG I. Cf. Kerameidos V. 1 pl. 16 no. 2133 (EG I). 43 Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Fine orange-buff clay,lustrousblackpaint.Insidepaintedbutforthinreservedline underrim.AtticLPG. 44 Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Pink-brownclay,shinybuffsurface;blackpaint,flaking.Misfired.Band, circles; band below riminside,otherwiseno paintvisible.AtticLPG. 45 Skyphos.plate 51. Près.H. 7. D. c. 15.8. Rim to bellywithhandleroot.Orange-buffclay,chestnut-brown inclusions,lustrousblack paint.Bars in reservedline insidelip. AtticMG I. Cf. F. no. 366. 17 18

DEPOSIT GC, PROTOGEOMETRIC PLATES52, 62

B TO EARLY GEOMETRIC

"DepositGC is a smallgroupwhichwas foundin thelowerfillofa hugerobbingpitat theNW. oftheexcavatedarea, Pit 60; see plan at plate 5 no. 60, SectionD no. 17 and plate 25a. This pithad beendug toquarryout thewallsoftheNW. corneroftheUnexploredMansionand the N. wall ofthecorridoradjacenttoit (see plan at plate 5, SectionD no. 19). Therewereseveral pitsdug intoeach otherhere,thecontentsincludingquarrymen'sstonechips (SectionD no. 18), muchMinoan debris,lensesofPG and G material,and in theupperpartofthepitsherds

70

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

as late as fourth B.C. FromherecomeGH 12,84, 132, 134-5 (9th-7thcenturies B.C.), century and see also DepositH8 (4thB.C.) and SectionD no. 16. DepositGC is a homogeneousgroup ofpottery, perhapspartofan originallymuchlargerlot,whichremainedtogetherin a very disturbedstratigraphical context.It givesus a date forthe beginningof the processofstone here. Other finds fromPit 60 (lower),to be associatedwithDeposit GC, are three robbing incisedbeads, nos. K6-8, a whetstoneno. S5 and a piercedstoneweightno. S7. Blk I/V pit, I(N) 23, I Pit XI (lower)" (LHS). Amphora.Neck fr.Profileslightlyconcave. PGB-EG. Hydria(?). Neck fr.Opposed solid triangles,traceofzigzag above. PGB. Hydria.Shoulderfr.Coarse orangeclay,brownand whitegrits,creamslip.Bracket,two lines. whileprofile.Heavy fabriclikeGB 32: max. Th. Cauldron,plate 52. H. c. 13,D. c. 23.5. Six frs.preserving 1.5.The smallestfr.in thecentreis burntgrey.No traceofhandle.PGB. For thedesignunderthebase cf.the treeson GH 62, 63. Wall fr.Centralrectilinear 5 Bell-krater. panel, circlesto R. Spatterinside.PGB. Rim plate D. 10.8. and roundreflexhandle.Creamslip.Two ridgeson paintedlip,vertical c. 6 52, Skyphos. bars on and above handles,band insiderim.PGB-EG. 7* Skyphos.plate 52. D. c. 12. Rim to bellywithhandle root.EG. 8*,9* Cups, plate 52. D. c. 10, 12. Rim to belly,(8) withstraphandle. PGB-EG. F. 166 class B(ii). 10 Domed lid. plate 52. H. c. 5.5, D. c. 24.8. Five frs.,centremissing.Pinkishclay,creamwash. EG. forthe centralrosettecf.F. no. 402 and Teke tholosno. 44. 11 Underneath,circlesenclosingreservedcross,F. motif Tray. Base fr.Fabricas GB 33. Upper sideillustrated. 3aa. PGB. Cf. F. no. 1440 foruppermotif. 12 Cookingjug. Rim to bellywithstraphandle.Crispredfabric,a fewwhitegrits,wheelmade.Handle attached insiderim,slightridgeon neck,two groovesby lowerhandle root. 13* Basin,plate 52. H. 10.9,D. c. 31. Completeprofilewithrootofstraphandle. Red-brownclay,verylarge whiteand browngrits,creamwash. 14 Oinochoe. Handle fr.,strap.Orange-buff clay,well smoothed;lustrousblack paint.AtticMG. V 1 pl. 72 no. 2149. 15 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Fabric as 14. Triple zigzag. AtticMG I. Cf. Kerameikos 1 2 3 4

Note on otherPG Contexts

PG materialwas foundin threeotherseparateareas: "Stratified (a) in a stripalongtheedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at theN., on thelowesttwoofa series offivesuperimposed occupationlevels,see SectionD nos.24-26 (MUM V 6-8). The sherdson thehardtroddenlevelat SectionD no. 26 (MUM V level8 'Floor7') were10thcentury B.C., of an SM/EPG EPG or earlier:illustratedat plate 25d nos. 8-9 are the shoulderfragment ofan EPG bellkraterwith withtightzigzag (9) and therimfragment oinochoeor amphoriskos verticalwavylines(8). Also fromthiscontextcomesa bronzespatula,no. M8. The antithetic plasterfloorsealingthese(SectionD no. 25) shouldalso be EPG, sincethesherdsin thegravel whilethose above (SectionD no. 24, lowerstrosis)werealso 10thcentury, strosisimmediately thelower from Illustrated in thehighergravelstrosis(MUM V level6, 'floor6') wereM-LPG. late 10th an Attic and of krater ofan EPG bell strosisat plate 25d are therimfragment (7) base and bell (5), bothc. skyphos centuryskyphos(6), and fromtheupperstrosisa jug base (4) 900 B.C. (b) at theS. edgeoftheexcavatedarea beneatha MG earthfloor(XV 18) in mixedLM III and PG fill.Here theskyphosGH 3 was found,see SectionE no. 18. (c) in a small triangularrobbingpit (Pit 20a), probablydug to rob out thesecondstorey Minoan Masonrywhichhad been setoverthehighterracewall at theback or W. side ofthe UM, see plan at plate 5 no. 20a. XI 56." (LHS).

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

71

DEPOSIT GD, MIDDLE GEOMETRIC plates 53-5, 62-4

"DepositGD was foundin an oval shaped pit,Pit 27, about 2.0 x 3.0m. at itstop and 0.75m. deep, situatedin the terracedhillsidearea above the centralE. side of the UM, see plan at plate 5 no. 27, SectionC no. 2 1 and SectionE no. 17.This pithad an upperfillofloosegreyish twonearly and a lowerfillcontainingmorestones,and mayrepresent earthand brokenpottery E' nos. 17, Section a cut rubbish pit (cf. cuttings, evidentlyforming purposely contemporary SM material plate into wash 5 nos. and It was 26 17a,21a; (Section layerscontaining 27). dug C no. 32, = VII 47, 48; and cf.SectionE' nos. 21a) and associatedwitha troddenearthlevel on thehigher,SW. side (plan at plate 2, Section orfloor(XII 45, XI/XII 22) partlypreserved oflaterwalls:a smallClassical terrace E' no. 20), but cut away elsewhereby thefoundations wall (Wall 'bm') was dug intothetop ofthepit itselfand a substantial1stcenturyA.D. wall was foundedat thesame levelonlya fewcms.to theE. There seems,however,to have been a sectionof similarearthfloor large levelledarea of occupationat thisperiodsince a further survivedat theS. limitoftheexcavationsome 14m.away,see plan at plate 2, SectionA no. 17. Sherdsfromtherejoin withothersfromthe pit itself. of The only structurewhichmay have been associatedwiththesefloorswas a fragment Wall fy(see plan at plate 2, SectionB no. 9) preservedone course terracewall foundation, high fora littleover 2.0m., sandwichedtightlybetweenthe LM IIIA2 fillover the UM Corridor'L' below,and the 2nd A.D. floorof theHouse of theDiamond Frescoes,c. 0.20m. above. It seemslikelythattheRoman buildersdug out theGeometricoccupationlevelswhich wereapparentlyaboutone metrehigherto theW. ofWall Ty'thantheywereto theE. (Section B nos. 7 and 9). Alsofoundin thispit,in associationwithDepositGD, werea claydiscweight (71/755)no. Wl, and a copperor bronzebar (68/84)no. M20. VII/XII pit 8" (LHS). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Large Pyxis,plate 53. PH. 13, D. 12. Risingdouble-rolledhandles.Paint on insetrim.Decorationslightly different on each side. MG. Belly-handled amphora,plate 53. H. ofneck22.8, D. c. 20. Neck and twobodyfrs.Flakingblackpaint.No traceofhandles;at handlelevel,reservedpanel ofmeanderbetweenmultiplezigzags.Painton andjustinside mouth.MG. Small neck-handledamphora.Neck to bellyand base frs.Hard redclay,semi-lustrous blackpaint.Rootsof verticalhandle on neckand shoulder,thelatterneatlypierced.MG. Two morefrs.ofsimilaramphorae. Hydria.Fr. withstraphandle,neckand shoulder. Hydria.Frs.ofbase, body,and lowerrootofverticalhandle.Red clay,tracesofthickwhiteslipon reserved areas.Bracketspendentfromshoulderand belly,pendentfromspacedbands.In added white:on upperband, triplezigzagwithdotsin thespaces;whitehatchingacrossupperbracket;fourwhitelinesroundband at base. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 34. Rim fr.Cream slip,flakingbrown-blackpaint. MG. Cf. Vrokastro fig.106. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 25. Rim fr.MG. Cf. Teke tholosno. 20. Krater.Rim fr.A fewparticlesofsilvermica,lumpysurface,semi-lustrous red-brownpaint.Reservedband insiderimwithgroupsof bars. MG, possiblyimported. Krater,plate 55. D. c. 19. Rim and handle frs.Fine orange-brown clay, browngrits,lustrousred-brown paint. Star in cornerabove handle attachment.Interioras 8. MG, possiblyimported. Krater,plate 53. Fr. ofhighfoot,D. c. 26. Orange-brownclay,streakyred-brownpaint. MG. Krater,plate 53. D. c. 22. Two frs.,rimto bellywithhandle stumps.MG. Krater.Wall fr.EG. Krater.Two wall frs,withtraceofrim.Creamwash.Inside,band belowrim,spatterelsewhere.EG. Cf.F. no. 1539. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 15. Rim fr.Cream wash. Band insidelip, no paint below. EG. Skyphos.D. c. 14. Rim fr.As 14 above. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 12. Rim fr.Greyclay,burnt.Reservedline insiderim.MG. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 11. Rim fr.Thin reservedline insiderim.MG.

72

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

black paint,ratherstreakyinside.E-MG. Skyphos.plate 54. D. c. 12.5. Rim to lowerbody.Semi-lustrous Skyphos.D. c. 15. Rim fr.Streakybrown-blackpaint. Profileas 18 above. Reservedline insiderimwith groupsofverticalbars. below.MG. 20 Cup. plate 54. D. c. 14. Rim to near base, handlemissing.Dull paint,black above, red-brown Cf. F. no. 611 and BSA 67 (1972) pl. 28, G 104. 21 Cup. plate 54. H. 7.2. D. 9.8. Two thirdsprès,withhandle roots.Rough base. Fullycoated. 22 Cup. plate 54. c. H. 9.8, D. 12. Body nearlycomplete,withlowerhandle root.Grey-buffclay,dull black paint. Rough base. Fullycoated. Domed lid. plate 54. H. 9.8. D. c. 27. Frs.,withwholeprofile.Singleroundhandle. EG. 23 Lid. Wall fr.Four zones ofhorizontalSs. Inside painted.E-MG. 24 Domed lid. Large fr.fromcentre.No paintinside.MG. 25 Domed lid. plate 54. H. 5.4, D. 21.5. Nearlycomplete.Two suspensionholesnear rim.Whiteon dark.Six 26 bands inside. Domed lid. Wall fr.withtop. Whiteon dark,fugitive: 27 partofarcaded rosette,nothingelsevisible.No paint inside. Domed lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark: zone withcolumnofchevrons.Bands inside. 28 at centre,outerzone ofleaves (?) in outline.No Domed lid. Fr. fromcentre.Whiteon dark:cross-hatching 29 paintinside. Domed lid. plate 54. H. c. 3.5, D. c. 18. Rim to near centre.Whiteon dark: arcaded rosettein centre.No 30 paintinside. 31 près,withrootsof two reflexhandles.Bars on handlesand Tray, plate 54. H. 2.8, D. 21. Frs.,two-thirds insidelip; concentricbands on floor.Undersideillustrated.MG. 32 Cookingjug. plate 55. Près.H. 16.2,D. 10.2. Two-thirdsprès.,base missing.Grittyred clay,wheelmade. Trace ofburningin front.Flattenedhandle.The base appearsto have been rounded,probablywithtripod feet. Pithos.plate 55. D. of base 20.7. Orange-buff 33 clay,largegreygrits,creamwash. Basin,plate 55 H. 10.2,D. 33.4. Two-thirdsprès.Reddishclay,brownand whitegrits,creamwash. Strap 34 handles. 35* Basin,plate 55. H. 8.8. Rim to base. Fabric as 34 above. No traceofhandle. Pedestalledkrater.Frs.ofbodyand ribbedstem.Hard redclay,orange-brown 36 surface,brown-blacklustrous paint. Meanderin reservedpanel, framedby stripsof triplezigzag. MG, perhapsEuboean MG II: cf.AE 1903,3 fig.2 fromEretria. vessel.Meander,traceofzigzag above. Krater.Wall fr.Fabric like 36, but froma different 37 Krater.Rim fr.Fine orange-buff 38 lip; columnsof clay,burntgreyin parts;lustrousblackpaint.Dots on offset cross-hatched lozengesand chevrons,beginningofmain designto R. AtticMG II. 39 Belly-handledamphora.Wall fr.Pink-orangeclay, red-brownpaint. Panel of concentriccircleswithdot rosettein corner;meanderto R., bars above. AtticMG. Cf. AJA44 (1940) pl. 23, 3. 18 19

DEPOSIT GE, LATE GEOMETRIC plates 55-6, 65

"DepositGE is thefillofa robbingpit,Pit 41, foundat theNW corneroftheUM, dug deep belowtheLate Roman courtS. wall,see plan at plate 5 no. 41. Its purposewas evidentlyto rob the S. wall of the small square Minoan compartmentthere(Room 'A') and the stair wall; thetopsurviving stepoftherearstairs(Area 'K') was closeto thebottomofthis retaining pit. smallpit,c. 1.00x 0.50m.,and 1.30m.deep. The fillconsistedof This was a comparatively ofblocksfromthe Minoan walls), loose siltand sherds,witha wider largestones(fragments at thislevelfromthe spreadofstonesand sherdsat thetopofthepit,impossibleto distinguish the with associated Finds similarfillof otheradjacent pitsin thisarea. pit surfaceinclude Orientalizing:GH 83, 94, 118-20. Above was a wash level (VIII 34) containingClassical and earliermaterialincludingthe

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

73

ofan earlyRoman wall (Wall 'ac'). GeometricGH 9, 22 and 61, and closeoverthisthefootings withan occupationlayer Thus it is notpossibleto linkthecontentsofthispitstratigraphically or otherhorizonwithinthe excavatedarea. VIII 35, pit 10" (LHS). 1

Pithos.Fr., rimto lowerbody. D. c. 22. Reddishclay,creamslip,flakingblack paint; tracesofburningon twohorizontaland somefrs.Painton insetlip. Upper rootofverticalstraphandle;probablyfour-handled, twovertical.Double zigzag and meanderin panelsat handlelevel,zonesofdouble circlesabove and below. LG. 2 Belly-handled amphora,plate 56. H. ofneck27, D. 26. Neck and partofshoulder.Large whiteand small black grits,creamwash. LG. 3* Hydria.plate 56. Neck and partofshoulder.H. ofneck9.8, D. 15.8. Pinkishclay,creamwash.No traceof handle. 4 Oinochoe. Wall fr.Creto-Cypriot class,F. 155 III. LG. 5 Krater.Wall fr.To L., birdwithhatchedwing,outlinedcross.Spatterinside.LG. 6 Krater.Rim fr.Shape as 11 below. Cross-hatched lozengesin panel. LG. 7 Krater.Rim fr.D. c. 28. Shape as 11 below.Inside,reservedband belowlip. LG. Cf.BSA 55 (1960) 163f.no. 39. 8 Krater.Rim fr.,perhapsfromsame vesselas 7 above. 9 Krater.Wall frs.Lozenge crossesas 7 above, but withoutdots and withsmallchevronsin thequadrants. 10 Krater.Base fr.D. of base 8.8. Disc foot,concave underneath. 11 Krater,plate 56. D. c. 20. Rim to lowerbody withroundhandle. Reservedlinesonly.LG. 12* Skyphos.plate 56. H. 9.4, D. 13.8. Half près.,withfullprofileand one handle.On theotherside,panel of cross-hatched lozengesbetweenverticalbars. LG. 13-15 Skyphoi.plate 56 (13). Rim frs.Ds. 11-15. Lips lesssharplyoffset than12 above. Panelscontainingvertical chevrons.LG. 16 Skyphos.Wall fr.,rimmissing.LG. 17 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.3, D. 14. Two- thirdsprès.Strap handle. Fullycoated. LG. G. 166f.class B(iii). 18 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.8, D.14. Nearlycomplete,straphandle brokenoff.As 17 above but thinnerfabric. 19 Cup. D. 14.5. Base missing.Thin fabric.Strap handle. Fullycoated. (Frs. ofleast eightmore,similar) Lid. Wall fr.withpart ofavertedlip. Whiteon dark: outlineleaves,gridpattern. 20 Lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark: multiplezigzag. 21 Lid. Rim fr.Whiteon dark: dotson evertedlip, triplecircles.Cf. Teke tholosno. 53. 22 Lid. Wall fr.Whiteon dark:double semi-circles,pendentand standing.Cf. F. no. 788. 23 24* Tray,plate 56. H. 3.5, D. c. 32.5. Heavy fabric,max.Th. 1.2. Root ofreflexhandle.Wall fullypaintedinside and out; circularbands on floorand underneath. 25* Cookingjug. plate 55. Rim to bellywithroundhandle.Grittyorange-grey clay,wheelmade.LG. Cf.BSA 67 (1972) 87, F 27, fig.9. Basin,plate 55. H. 10.8,D. 32. Nearlycomplete.Pink-buff 26 clay,largewhitegrits,creamslip.Straphandles, roughbase. Frs. of threemore. Conical bowl,plate 55. H. 16.2,D. 37. Half près.Reddishclay,largewhitegrits,buffwash. Pinchedrim. 27 Strap handles,roughbase. 28* Small pithos.Wall fr.Grittyredclay,greycore. Inciseddecoration:diagonalbars,double chevrons(cf.GH 56-7). Note on otherLG contexts

"(a) A thickwash level containingLG material(XI 34) was preservedbehindthe 2nd B.C. roadwayterracewall (Wall 'el') at theW. centreoftheexcavatedarea, withsomePG in the underlyinglevel, see plan at plate 2. The terracewall cut back into these early levels, depositingsomeofthespoilintothecontemporary pit nearby(Pit 22; see plan at plate 5 no. 22), withtheresultthatin a reversestratigraphy homogeneousLG materialwas also foundin theupperfillofthisHellenisticpit (XI 33). Fromthewash levelXI 34 comeGH 28 (LG), as well as theearlierfindsGH 21, 24 and 66. (b) LG materialwas also foundin a stripalongtheedgeoftheLittlePalace cutting,at theN. (MUM V 3-4) - on thethirdin a seriesofstratified occupationlevels,markedin thiscase by

74

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

layersofgraveland ash,see SectionD no. 23 (lower).Illustratedat plate 25d,nos.2 and 3, are a MG/LG amphoraneckfragment withbattlement(3) frombelow the troddenlevel and a kraterrimfragment withwhitecircles,c. 700 B.C. (2) fromtheflooritself(MUM V level 3, 'floor5'). See also GH 73, EPC kotylewithwirebirds,fromthiscontextand contemporary, GH 124"(LHS). and the Cypriotjugletfragment DEPOSIT GF, ORIENTALIZING PLATES57, 66

"DepositGF was foundin Pit 47, about lm. to theW. oftheMG pitcontainingDepositGD; thispit was of similardimensions(2.0 x 3.0m.,depthc. 0.80m.), and was dug down froma similarearthlevelsome0.40m.higherand runningovertheMG 'floor',see plan at plate 5 no. 47, SectionC no. 20. It was dug throughtheMG levelsintotheSM and earlierlevels,and was VIII pit oftwoHellenistic-Roman walls and a threshold. overlaidby theheavyfoundations 13. The pit contentwas a loose fillofearthand sherds,withmorestonesat thebottom.It was notpossibleto associateany wideroccupationlevelofthisphase withthepit,as was thecase with the earlier (MG) phase; however,some tracesof an earth floorwith LG/EO sherds above MG in twootherareas: occurredstratified (1) betweenpitsnear the S. section(XIV 34-6); see SectionA no. 15. (2) in a stripalong theedge oftheLittlePalace cuttingat theN. (MUM V 1-2), theupper twoofa seriesofstratified occupationlevels,see SectionD no. 23. Illustratedat plate 25d no. 1 is a mid 7thcenturykraterwall fr.,withapplied whiteon reservedground,froma trodden earthlevelhere (MUM V level 2 'floor4')"(LHS). Hydriai.plates 57(1) 66. D. of 1 c. 11.5. Frs.,neckwithroundverticalhandle (1), shoulder(2-3, 5), and belly(4, 6, withhorizontalhandlestump). 7 Oinochoe(P).Wall fr.Compass-drawncable. Krater.plate 57. D. c. 25. Rim to lowerbody,handlesmissing.In added white:erraticlineson band below 8 belowcircles,lineson bothbands below.Insidefullypainted,withone whiteline rim,one lineimmediately below rim.EO. Krater.Wall fr.Two bands withtriplewhitecircles. 9 10 Krater.Wall frs.Reservedat upperedge; whitecircleson broad band. 11 Small krater.Wall fr.Fine thinfabric,metallicblack paint. In white:two zones of spaced triplecircles, separatedby lines. 12 Krater.Wall fr.,cut out as roughdisc. Forepartofgrazingbird,quadruplecircles,dotsbetweeninnermost two: threetangentsto R. Spatterinside. 13 Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Line in reservedband above and below handle zone containingset of largewhitecirclesand columnas smallwhitedouble circles;morewhitecircleson band below.Whitebars betweenlineson handle. 14 Krater.Wall fr.Panelscontainingdottedfloralmotif(lotus?),and volutesattachedto corneroflozenge(cf. in white.EO. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 3, pl. 15). Reservedlinesreinforced 15 Skyphos.plate 57. Halfprès,withhandlestump.H. 9, D. 12.2.Whiteon reddecoration.EO. Cf.F. nos.808, 1260. 16, 17 Skyphoi.Rim and wall frs.,perhapsfromthesamevessel.D (16) c. 12. Fullycoated,withwhitedecoration whichhas assumeda purplishtingein firing:zones ofsinglecirclesbetweenlineson lip and body,reserved area at top of 17. Reservedline insiderim. White 18 Skyphos.Rim fr.Fullycoated,decorationin white:threelines,double circles,theouteron thickened. line insiderim. 19 Skyphos.Wall fr.Triple zigzag,triplecircles. 20 Skyphos.Wall fr.Neck and head ofbird,hookedbeak, reservedeye; swastikain field.Chevronsto R. 1-6

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

75

(22). 21, 22 Domed lids.Wall frs.Whiteon dark:masseddouble circles(21), zonesoftonguesand cross-hatching 23 Cup. plate 57. H. 8, D. c. 14. One quarterprès.Softorangeclay,traceofyellowpolishedsurface.Handle missing. 24 Cookingjug. plate 57. D. c. 9. Rim tolowerbodywithroundhandle.Grittyredfabric,greycore.Grooveson neckand belly. Pithos.Rim fr.D. c. 50. Grittyred clay,creamslip. Overhanginglip withroughlyincisedrunningspiral. 25 Pithos.Rim fr.D. c. 35. Fabric as 25 above. Over-hanginglip withincisedsinglecircles. 26

DEPOSIT GG, ORIENTALIZING TO ARCHAIC PLATES57, 67

DepositGG is theupperfillofWell 8a, sunkthrougha rearcorridor(Room 4J')oftheUM and grazingitsouterwall,see plansat plates 2 and 5, no. 36. At a depthof5.50m.theexcavation had to be abandonedowingto theseriousriskofa collapse;thesidesofthewellwerefoundto be ofjagged rock,withominouscracksand dangerousoverhangsin places.The fillyieldedfour basketsofratherscrappydomesticpottery, mainlylate seventhto earlysixthcenturyB.C., but witha smallad- mixtureof LG includingthe reliefpithosfr.GH 58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hydria.plate 57. D. c. 13. Billetsoutsidelip, outlinetongues(?)on neck,thecurvedendsoverlappingwith band above. Inside,line below rim. Hydria.Neck and shoulderfr.Part of bracketon shoulder. Largejug(?). D. c. 14. Cylindricalneck,projectinglip, withgroove.No paintinside. Wine amphora,plate 57. D. c. 15. Hard porousorangeclay,greycore,grittyand verymicaceous. Krater,plate 57. D. c. 32. Reddishclay,creamslip,unpainted. Krater.D. 30. Rim fr.Lip slightly at rim.Fullycoated,withfadedwhitedecoration:two concave,thickening lines,triplecircles.LO. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 20, pl. 15. Stirrupkrater.plate 57. D. c. 32. Fullycoated. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 34. Rim fr.Reservedband below rimoutside,otherwisefullycoated. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 30. Rim fr.Paint on rim,linesoutside,band inside. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.withstraphandle. Dipped in paintfrombase. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.Paint on rim,groovesbelow,bands inside. Small lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 14. Rim fr.,rootofstraphandle. Probablydipped in paintfrombase. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.and straphandle. Rim onlydipped in paint,trickling inside. Lekanis.plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr.Paint on and outsidelip only. Cup. plate 57. Base fr.D. 6.2. Slightsmearofpaint underfoot,otherwisefullycoated. Cup. plate 57. Base fr.,D. c. 6. Irregularridgesbetweenfootand bodyand underbase. Coated in streakyred paint. Lamp, plate 57. H. 2.6, D. c. 4. Lip missing.Open nozzle,withburning.Frontdipped in paint. Pithos(?).Wall frs.Grittyred clay. Double circleson whiteslip,whitequintuplecircleson clay ground. Pithos.D. c. 60. Rim fr.Grittyred clay,whiteslip. Overhanginglip, undercut.Large and small stamped circles. Pithos.Part ofstraphandle. Fabric as 19 above. Decorationimpressedwithfinger. Pithos.D. c. 40. Rim fr.Grittyred clay. Rim profilelike 14 above. Single stamped circlesforminga battlement. Basin. Wall fr.withrootofreflexhandle.Hard red clay,well smoothedinside,traceofburning.At handle level,stampedwhirligigbetweenridges. Basin.Wall fr.Hard redclay,but notsmoothedinside.Incisedtriangularpatternin hatcheddoubleoutline.

76

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

GH. MISCELLANEOUS

plates 58-9, 68-73

Ninth century 1 plate 58. Wall fr.Grazingbird,tail in air. Spatterinside.(VIII 33) Bell-krater. plate 58. Wall frs.,probablyfromdifferent sidesofvessel.Concentriccirclesto L. and R. ofbird. Bell-krater. 2 Spatterinside.LPG-PGB. (II pit 13;IV N 5) plate 58. H. 8.3, D. 6. Handles and part of rimbrokenoff.Irregularridgeon conical foot. 3 Bell-skyphos. E-MPG. (XV 18). 4* plates 58. H. 9, D. 8. Handles brokenoff.Grey-brown clay. LPG. Cf. F. no. 1471. (II 9; Bell-skyphos. II 10) anothersimilarbut morefragmentary, plate 58. H. 9, D. 9. Nearlycomplete.Brownclay. LPG-PGB (XIII pit 14). 5 Bell-skyphos. 6 Fullycoated. Skyphos.plate 58. H. 7.5. D. 12.5. Half. près,withone handleroot.Pale greyclay,misfired. Local imitationofAtticMG I. (UM/67/P181, Pit 62) 7 Kalathos. plate 58. H. c. 14.5, D. c. 32.6. Rim to near base withone handle root.Inside,bars below lip, bands,painton floor.LPG: slightlyearlierthanF. no. 357. (XI 50, 55) 8 Kalathos-lid.plate 58. H. 7.3,D. c. 19.5.Halfprès,withone handleroot.Two linesroundlip; insidepainted but forone reservedband. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. Cf. F. nos. 358 and 1018.(UM/72/P242, XIV #0076) Kalathos-lid.D. c. 30. Fourholesnearrimforsuspension.Groupsofbarson rim,oneband inside.PGB. Cf.F. 9 no. 524. (I 6E, I 33, VIII 34) 10 Kalathos. D. c. 27. Rim fr.Profileas 8 above. Inside illustrated;two bands outside.(XI 35) Domed lid. plate 58. H. c. 8, D. c. 28. Two frs.,wholeprofileexceptforcentre.No paintinside.PGB- EG 11 (VII 37, 43A) 12 Lid. Wall fr.Creamslip,fugitive paint.Two zones:pendentand standingdoublescales.No paintinside.EG. (Pit 57). 13 Lid. Wall fr.near centre;flattenedtop. Heavy fabric(max Th. 1.4). No paintinside. 14 Lid. Wall fr.,partoflow centralknob. Cream slip. Inside painted.PGB-EG. (VI 13) 15 Tray,plate 58. H. 3.2. D. c. 24. Wholeprofile.Deep redclay,semi-lustrousbrown-black paint.Slighttrace ofrisinghandle.Outsideillustrated.Thick bars on rim;two bands inside.PGB. (II 7) AtticLPG or EG. (IIIE 12) 16 Krater.Wall fr.Pink-brown clay,shinypale orangesurface;blackpaint,flaking. 17 Amphora.Shoulderfr.Red-brownclay,muchsilvermica,cafe-au-laitsurface,dull blackpaint.East Greek PG or EG. Cf. ClaraRhodosVI fig.134 fromKameiros. (IV(N) 5)

Eighthcentury 18 19

20 21 22 22a

23 24

25

Belly-handled Amphora.Près.H. 42. Shoulderto near base, rootofroundhandle. LG? (Pit 51) withlozengenetsin square alternating Amphora,plate 59. Bodyfr.Whiteon dark:double zigzag,griffins LG-EO. with leaves double (Pit 51) diagonal hatching. zigzag, panels, Amphora.Neck fr.Trace of ridgeunderrim.MG. (MUM A pit 4, 12) Amphora.Neck fr.Sharp ridge,multiplezigzag below. (XI 34) Amphora.Neck fr.Meander and triplezigzag in reservedpanel, paint to R. MG. (VIII 34) blackpaint. Four-handedpithos.Rim handleand bodyfrs.Orange-pinkclay,whitegrits,creamslip,fugitive horizontalhandle.Ovoid body.Painton lip. Panels: Concaveinsetlip,risingrim.Verticalstrapand flattened A, zigzag withdots,two palm treeswithhatchedleaves (lowerpartmissing);B, missing;C, double zigzag, palm trees(lowerpartonly),doublezigzag;D, traceofpalm treeabove doublezigzag.Below,zone ofsimple lozengechain. Bars on horizontalhandle,linesdown verticalhandle. EG. (S. Extension,1977) Oinochoe.Bodywithstumpofroundhandle.Près.H. 16.5.Flat base. Trace ofpanel on shoulder,framedby chevrons.LG. Cf.F. nos. 583, 940. (VI verticals:partofdiagonalcross,each quadrantfilledbydiminishing 13) Lentoidflask.Bodyfrs.Unevensurface.Groovedowncentre,wheretwohalvesofbodywerejoined. On each flank,flattenedcentraldisc with paint, surroundedby concentriczones: A, zigzag, runningspiral with hatchedloops,spiralwave pattern;B, radiatingrectangles containinggridorzigzag,spiralwave pattern.EG? (XI 34) withhatchedtriangularwing,no tail, head Large closed vessel,plate 59. Wall fr.Incised equine griffin (?) behindneck.Partofa secondincisedanimalabove. Blackpaint,nearlyall flakedoff,follows missing;tress theincisedlines;carelesssplashesofpaintin thefield.(I Blk #0845,pit below floor4)

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

77

26-28 Kraters.One wall and tworim(D. c. 25) frs.Reservedlineinside,belowrimsof27-8. LG. (I 33, VIII 30, XI 34) shorton 29, medium 29-36 Skyphoi.D. c. 10 (35), c. 12 (34), therestc. 13-14. Rim frs.Lips notverysharplyoffset, on 30-34,highon 35-6. Interiorof30 fullypainted;on therest,reservedlineunderrim.29-31 MG; 32-6 LG. 35 mayperhapsbe froma cup: cf.F. nos.989, 1003. (I 22 N., XIII 41, V E 5, VII 43A,VI 12,1 25, 1 60, Vili 30 S pit 3) semi-lustrous 37 grey-brown paintall over. Cup. plate 59. H. 9.8, D. 10.7-12.3,elliptical.Greyclay,misfired; • Poorlymade, unusuallythickwalls. Strap handle; roughbase, slightlybevelled.LG-EO. (VII 43A) 38-43 Domed lids.Wall (38-9) And rim(40-43) frs.D. c. 24 (40), 22, (41), 20 (42-3). Trace ofhandleon 40, and a raisedcentreon 39. Rim sharplyevertedon 40, 41, 43, hardlyat all on 42. Inside,38-9 fullypainted, slightly 40-43 unpainted.38-9 EG; 40, 41 MG; 42-3 LG. (XIV 35, VII 43A, VII 29, XI S. Blk,XIII 38, I 34) 44-8 Trays.Base frs.,47 withwall also (H. 3). Heavyfabric,minimumTh. 0.7 (46), max.Th. 1.3 (47). Profileof47 similarto GD 31; verticalbarson wall. Main decorationalwaysunderbase,as illustrated. Inside,47 has bars on rim,and is otherwiseall painted;spaced concentricbands on all others.44, EG; 45, 47, MG; 46, 48, LG. (XI 34, XI 24, VIII pit 5, VIII 33, VI wall X) 49 Tray, plate 59. H. 4, D. c. 25. Rim to base withstumpof reflexhandle. Cream slip. Wall: band on rim, horizontalSs, twolines,band, barson handle.Underneathas illustrated. Inside,spaced concentricbandson floor.LG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 97, G 113, pl. 28. (VI 15, VII 27-8) 50 Largelid(?). Wall fr.Heavy fabric,Th. 2 at upperbreak,1.3 at lower.Two birdsofprey,witha smallworm; to R., meanderand zigzag. Inside unpainted.M-LG. (MUM II 12) 51 Lid. Wall fr.Birdfile;no paintinside.LG. (Pit 43) 52 Skyphos.Wall fr.Cream wash. Part of two hatchedbirdsin panel. LG. (XII 6) 53 Oinochoe(P). Neck fr. Cream slip. Domesticfowl;bands, one passingacross the bird's body. LG. (VI, roadwayfillW. ofcesspit) 54 Large closedvessel.Wall fr.legs and claws of predatorybirdin panel. LG. (I 33) 55 Oinochoe.Près.H. 9. Most ofmouthand handlemissing.Fine buffclay,polishedsurface,handmade.Strap handle,traceof trefoillip. (VI 2) 56 Pithos.Shoulderfr.Orange clay,greycore,large browngrits.Incisedchevrons.(VI 23) 57 Cookingvessel.Wall fr.Red micaceousclay. Inciseddecoration.(VI 21) 58 Reliefpithos.Wall fr.D. ofroundels5. Max. Th. 2.8. Grittyredclay,buffwash.Stampedroundels:horseman R., wearingcrestedhelmet,flourishing spearin one hand,whipin theother.LG. J.N. Coldstream,Geometric Greece 276 fig.87f. (Well 8a = depositGG) 59 Skyphos.D. c. 14. Rim fr.Orange-buff clay,lustrousblackpaint.Lip no sharplyarticulated.Multiplezigzag in panel. Inside,reservedband below rimwithgroupsofverticalbars. AtticMG II. (Pit 51) 60 Krater.Wall fr.Fabric as 59 above. AtticMG II. (VII 28) 61 Oinochoe(P).Shoulderfr.Greyclay,whitegrits,flakingcreamslip,dull black paint. Hatched battlement. Similarto East GreekMG (Cf. GGP pl. 59ffromRhodes) but foundto be local by AA analysis.(VIII 34) 62-3 Amphora(?)Two wall frs.,perhapsfromsamevessel.Red-buffclay,chocolatebrownpaint.SchematicTrees of Life withstraighthatchedleaves; possiblypalm trees(in whichcase the illustrations would be upside 3 (1969) fig.27, 11, colonial down). LG, perhapsEuboean, or local imitation.Cf. Dialoghidi Archeologia Euboean fromPithekoussai.(XI 23, 146) 64 Krater.Wall fr.Hard buffclay,semi-lustrousblack paint,zone ofleaf-lozenges withverticaldashes.LG, Argiveor local imitation.Cf. GGP pl. 30d. (VII 28) 65 Amphora,Wall fr.Orange-buff clay,largewhitegrits,smallparticlesofgoldenmica,lustrousblack paint. Reservedarea above, perhapsbelow handle. AtticMG. (XII 1) 66 Kantharos.D. c. 15. Rim to nearbase. Orange-brownclay,goldenmica,semi-lustrous redpaint.Lip slightly offset. Panel ofverticalchevrons, verticalbar to R. Threereservedlinesinsiderimwithgroupsofverticalbars in upperband. AtticMG II. (XI 34) 67 Skyphos.D. c. 10. Rim to near base withhandle stump.Gingerclay,smallparticlesofmica, semi-lustrous black paint.Offsetlip, two reservedlinesinside.CycladicMG II-LG I. (XII 48) 68 insideall Skyphos.D. c. 18. Rim and bodyfr.Orange clay,mica,thinbrown-black paint.Lip sharplyoffset, painted.Parian LG or Subgeometric.Cf. Délos XV, Ae 64. (VI 7A) 69 Skyphos.Wall fr.Fabric as 68 above. Parian LG. Cf. DélosXV, Ae 60. (VII 23) 70 D. c. 17. Rim fr.Fabric and shape as 71 below. Verticalbars in panel, one chevronto L. Proto-kotyle. Reservedline insiderim.CorinthianMG II. (VIII 30) 71 plates 59, 71. D. c. 20. Pink-buff Proto-kotyle. clay,yellowsurface,red paint. Verticalchevronsin panel;

EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY

78

reservedline insidelip, withgroupsofbars. CorinthianMG IL Cf. BSA 48 (1953) 276 no. 624 pl. 41 from Ithaca. (XII 28) 72-5 Deep kotylai.Two rims(D. c. 13), wall, base frs.Fine yellowclay,red to brownpaint.Wirebirdsin panels (72-3), finelines,paintbelowinterrupted byon reservedline (74). Ringfoot.Inside,tworeservedlinesbelow rim.Corinthian,EPC. (XI 22, MUM V 3 room 10 floor5, XI 23, XI 25)

Seventh century 76

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Amphora.D. c. 20. Rim fr.Shape as BSA 73 (1978) 45 no. 1 fig.1. Fullypaintedoutside,whitetriplecircles on rim,band inside.EO. in white.EO. (VII 37) Amphora.Neck fr.Reservedlinesreinforced Amphora.Neckfr.Ridge belowrim.Large guilloche,dottedborder.EO. Cf.BSA 73 (1978) 45 no. 1 fig.1. (Well 12, 65) Amphora.Neck fr.Columnofopposeddouble arcs,lozengesbetweenEO. (XI 42) and eyesofcable. in reservedlines,floralmotifs, Pithos.Wall fr.Cable, lotuswithbuds.Whitereinforcement EO. (VIII pit 10) Pithos.Wall fr.Debased guilloche.EO. (XI 23) line.Same repeatedon upper Oinochoe.Neckto bellyfr.On neck,whiteon dark:wavylinesbetweenstraight shoulder.LO. Oinochoe. Mouth to shoulderwithflattenedhandle.Grittyred clay,grooveson shoulder.LO. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 54 no. 20 pl. 12. (VII pit 10) Oinochoe. Wall frs.Polishedbuffsurface.Whiteline on upperband. (Pits45 and 57) Lekythos,Praisostype.Shoulderto bellywithhandle root.Whiteon dark. EO. Cf. F. no. 1499. (XI 25) in white.(VIII 29) Lekythos.Wall fr.Verticalzones,reservedlinesreinforced Aryballos.Wall fr.Rays(?) at upperbreak.EO. (I 7) Aryballos.Wall fr.Verticalbars above, double arc in cornerof rosettepanel. LO, mannerof the Fortetsa painter.(V43) class,F. 158f.E (iiib). (VII 37) Lekythos.Wall fr.Circleson flank.EO, Creto-Cypriot Aryballos.Lower part. Polishedsurface.F. 157f.B (ii) or (iii). (VIII 30) Pyxis.Fr. withinsetrim.(Pit 65) Pyxis.D. c. 20. Lowerbodywithflatbase,verticalwall. Cable in whiteon clayground,smallbrowncirclesin each 'eye'; band withwhiteline. LO. lid. D. c. 11. Fr. fromwall and top.Wall slopesoutward.Fullycoated,withwhitedecoration:part Cylindrical oflotuson top,lines.Cf. lid ofF. no. 1218. (VIII 30) Cylindricallid. D. c. 8. Top and partofverticalwall. Fullycoatedwithdecorationin white.Cf.F. no. 689. (VIII pit 10) Pyxis.D. c. 8. Lowerbodywithringfoot.Verticalwall.Band belowfootunderneath.Insidefullypainted.(XI 21) Krater.D. c. 32. Rim fr.Concave lip, rimslightlyprojecting.Whiteon dark; spatterinside.(I S 29) Krater.D. c. 20. Rim fr.,vertical.Whiteon dark: runningspiralbetweenlines. (I 20 N) Krater.Wall fr.Guillocheframedby double circles.(I pit 1IB) Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Lip and shoulderwithwhiteon dark decoration;main panel reserved in first reservedlinebelow.LO. Cf.BSA 68 (1973) 42,J 20, pl. 15. (XI withtriplecircles.Whitereinforcement 25, 34) Krater.Wall fr.withhandlestump.Two cables,dotsin spacesbetween.Above and below,band withwhite lines. (Ill 10) Krater.C. c 32. Rim and wall frs.Tall verticallip. Decorationconfinedto broadbandson lip and belly,with double circles.Spatterinside,withone band added white:cables, the 'eyes' consistingof compass-drawn wherelip joins body. (Pit 9) Krater.Wall fr.Dotted diagonal crossin panel, dotsin columnto L. (XI 25) Krater.Fr. oftalllip,groovenearrim.Whiteand darklinesbetweenbands;outlinedsolidpetalsissuingform dottedtendril.Band below riminside,spatterbelow. (I 22 N) Krater.Wall fr.Lower partof three-petalledpalmette,dottedcalyx.Spatterinside.(V pit 16) Dinos. plates 59, 72. D. c 11. Painton rimwithgroupsofthreewhitebars.Shoulder:groupsofthreebars. Columnkrater.plate 59. D. c 27. Painton rimwithwhitebars.Neckpainted,withtwowhitelines,reserved below. Inside,band below rim,withtwo whitelines.LO. (Pit 65) Columnkrater.Handle plate. Cream slip on top. LO. (XI 54)

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108-110 Cups. Dc. 13. Frs.oftallverticallips.Inside: 108 all painted,109has twolinesbelowrim,110 all painted but forreservedline underrim.LO. Cf. F. no. 981. (VIII pit 11, MUM A VI 20, V E 5) 111 Skyphos(?).D. c. 17. Rim fr.Concave profile.Zone ofsigmas.Insidefullypaintedbutforreservedlinebelow rim.(Ill E 12) 112 Skyphos(?).D. c. 16. Rim fr.Deep concavitybelow rim.Lip painted,panels of cross-hatchingand solid quatrefoilbelow. Reservedline below riminside.(MUM V 1) 113 Cup. Bowlfr.withstumpofstraphandle.Rosetteon floor;horizontallineson handleoutside,interrupted by twozones ofverticalbars; otherwiseall painted.LO. (Ill Below Blk) 114 Kotyle.Lowerbodyfr.Band withtwopurplelines,attentuatedrays.ImitationofCorinthian.(XII #2261) 115 Lid. Wall fr.Bee typelotuses.(V 5) 116 Lid. Wall fr.Palmettetree,quatrefoilin field.(XI 24) 117 Tray,plate 59. D. c. 25. Rim to base. Unevensurface.Painton rim.Outside,band above and underbase, each withone whiteline; same inside.(XI 25, 34) 118 Lekanis.plate 59. D. c. 26. Rim to lowerbody,withrootofreflexhandle.Two groovesbelowrim.Painton rim,two bands inside.LO. (VIII pit 10) 119 Tray, plate 59. D. c. 32. Rim to base. Outside wall painted,withwhitewavyline betweenstraightlines. Grooveand floralmotifunderbase. Paint on rim,band insideat edge offloor.LO. (VIII pit 10) 120 Lekanis.D. c. 30. Rim and wall fr.,rootofstraphandle.The rimprojectsslightly.Circlesoutside,white-ondark fishinside.LO. (VIII pit 10) in the formof a sphinx.Th. 1.1. Frs. of body and wing,probablynot fromthe same 121 Ajouré attachments creature.Breakson bodyfr.at neck,forepaw,wing,and rump.Fullycoated,withwhitedecorationon outside ofbud,buton bothsideofwing.Two-dimensional modelling.Fromone or twocouchantsphinxeswithsickleshapedwing,perhapsseatedupon therimoflargeopen vessel;thereverseside ofthebodyhas wheelmarks, and itshorizontalcurvatureis consistent witha D. ofc. 25. (131 S, 32) 122 Large closedvessel(amphora?)Wall fr.Hard redclay,lustrousblackpaint.Bodyofblack-figure lion;incised mane and ribs,whiteline along belly.(V S 6) 123 Amphora(?).Wall fr.Red clay, cream slip,semi-lustrous brown-blackpaint. Leg and tail of horseto L., humanfootto R. Imitationof Corinthian.(Pit 51) 124 Juglet.Shoulderfr.Pale orangeclay,deep orangesurface,triplecirclein lilac paint.CypriotBlack-on-RedII. (MUM V4, room 10) 125 Aryballos.Shoulderfr.Grey-brown clay,black paint.Of Rhodian type,probablysixthcentury:cf. TocraI no. 765. AA analysis,however,revealsa compositionsimilarto Euboean. (VII 41) 126 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Incised tongues,everyotherone paintedalternatelywhiteand purple.Corinthian, EC. (XI 19) 127 Oinochoe. Shoulderfr.Ends ofincisedtonguesas 126 above; fourpurplefilletsbetweenwhitelines,all on black ground.Corinthian,EC. (MUM D la) 128 Alabastron.Wall fr.Two robedfigures:purpleon drapery,incisedzigzag acrossshoulders.Corinthian,EC. (VIII 31) 129 Alabastron.Wall fr.Mane and back oflion: purplelinesbetweenincisedribs.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 130 Alabastron.Wall fr.Forelegsand one hindpaw ofcouchantlion. Purpleon flanks.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 38) 131 Alabastron.Wall fr.Panther:purplecheeks,whitedotson forehead,nose,and neck.Above and to R., large rosetteswithincisedcentralcircle;at R., purpleon alternatepetals.Corinthian,EC. (SW 29) 132 Alabastron.Wall fr.Bodyand clawsofbird(siren?).Purpleon wing,purpledotsbelow.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 133 Alabastron.Round base. Rosette,twopurplecircles,thesecondwithwhitedots;dotsabove. Band and dot type.Corinthian,EC. (Pit 38) 134 Pyxislid. D. c. 13. Rim fr.Profileas 135 below.Swans: purpleon shoulders,purpledotson neck;purpleline roundedge. Corinthian,EC. (Pit 57) 135 Pyxislid. plate 59. D. c. 8. Half près.,knobmissing.Silhouetterunningdogs betweenpair ofpurplecircles. Corinthian,late seventhcentury.(SW 9; Pit 57) 136 Powderpyxis,plate 59. D. c. 9.4. One thirdprès.Purpleon groovedfoot;underneath, groupsofthreesigmas betweencircles.Corinthian,EC. Cf. Corinth VII 2, 128, An 151. (SW 29) 137 Pyxislid, knob.Purplecircleon top; purpleon conical part,betweenthinwhitelines.Corinthian.

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COMMENTARY Ninth Century notmuchcould at Knossosin tombpottery, Althoughthiscenturyis abundantlyrepresented recorded about itsdomesticwares.The onlypreviously be said hitherto depositis fromtheuse decorated ofthewellexcavatedby Mr R. Stopford, waterpotsand a fewother yieldingsimply into miscellaneousscraps.3Our GB, mainlyLPG but lasting PGB, containsa much wider range of shapes currentin the middle of the ninthcentury,a date consistentwith the occurrenceof Atticimportsno later than AtticMG I (GB 40, 42, 45) and also of a SPG piece fromEuboea4 (GB41). The smallerdepositGC, predominantly (Subprotogeometric) PGB but withsomeEG elements,takesus down to thefinalyearsof the century. Shapes

a formfoundalreadyin LM Of unusualinterestare thefrs.GB 1 froma roundhousemodel, theDark Age withoutanyconsistent IIIA2 and thenpersevering changeofshape.5 throughout varietiesoccurin both a round Some have no aperturein theroof,others likeours opaion; the realisticdoorway is LM III and surviveintotheearlyIronAge. Commonto all, however, In timeGB 1 stands door. detachable flankedbylug holes,as thoughfora bar to makefastthe betweentheSM modelfromtheKnossianSpringChamber6(withoutopaion),and themuchdiscussedmodelfromArchanes7(withopaion)coveredwithrunningspiralsofPGB. Whereas datable onlyby theircontexts, mostearlierexamplesare ofcoarsefabric,plain,and therefore forma compendium,as it motifs Its four GB 1 is fullydecoratedin thepotterystyleofitsday. were,ofKnossianLPG. is What was itspurpose?For the SpringChamberand Archanesmodels,a sacredfunction a in found The therein. ofgoddessesresiding shrine,clearly assuredby thefigurines former, a shrine.For thelatter,probablyfroma tomb,attemptshave beenmade to discover represents somerelevanceto funerary practicesand beliefs.8Too littlesurvivesfromGB 1 forus to know whetherit had houseda similarresidentidol,as no traceofthefloorwas found;norcan we be surethattherewereno figuresrecliningon theroof,as on theArchanesmodel.Its domestic context,however,linksitwiththeLM III examples,and allowsus to envisagea purelysecular function:it mightperhapshave been a child'stoy,innocentofany terracottaattachment. to throwany newlight For thestandardclosedforms,theUM materialis too fragmentary domestic that oinochoai, on theirdevelopment;we can only say stirrup-jars, hydriai, amphorae, are the open sidedpyxidesare all represented.Much more informative and straightlekythoi, made in carefully shapes.We beginwithGC 4, a rareimitationofa carinatedbronzecauldron, undated the from The cauldron motifs. PGB with all over Tiryns heavyfabricand covered shallowshape is whiletheextremely a somewhatdeepermetallicprotoype,10 treasure9offers sharedby the earliestuncarinatedexamplesfromIthaca.11 Our cauldron,withits inwardGB 17-18, which leaningshoulderand articulatedlip,has closerelationsin thedeeperkraters thetombs,and from known well krater bellKnossian orthodox more the to resemblance bearno GH 1-2. frs. in the here represented fourtypescan be detected,twoofwhichhave highfeetand no decoration Amongtheskyphoi theminiatureof otherthanpartialdippingin paint.Traditionalto Knossosis thebell-skyphos, foot,probablyEPG and well thebell-krater.Earliestand tallestis GH 3 withitsill-formed 12 Thence we can followthedevelopmenttowardsa lessdeep form back in thetenthcentury. throughGA 1 to GB 23 and GH 4 (LPG) wherethe heightis hardlygreaterthan the rim

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diameter;duringPGB the bell-skyphos disappears.Alongsidethisseriesrunsa less popular PG type (GA 2, GH 5), normallya little the of mainland alternative, high-rooted skyphos broaderthanitsheight,and witha morepronouncedlip. A thirdtype,startingin LPG (GB 19-22,GC 6), is muchshallowerand lookslikea miniatureofthecauldronand kratersalready mentioned;it has shortlip, a slopingshoulder,level ribbonor reflexhandles,and summary decorationamountingto no morethana thickwavyline;completeexampleselsewhere(e.g. F. nos. 1041,1044) have flatbases.Finally,GC 7 is an unexpectedly earlyversionofthelow-based mainlandGeometrictype (cf.GB 45), otherwisenot recordedat Knossos beforethe eighth *3 century, but nevertheless closelyparallelto the earlyblack cups GC 8-9. Cupsconformto threeclassesalreadywell defined,14all withlow bases: the shallowbell shape of LPG, its side dipped in paint (GA 3, GB 25); in PGB-EG an earlyversionof the belliedblack cup witha pronouncedlip, fullycoated in paint (GC 8-9); and a smallertype, also coated,based on theAtticGeometricmodelwherethelip is sharplyoffset(GB 26). The PG kalathos, as an independentvessel,is a largedeep bowl withconcave profile,fully paintedinside.Whenit beganto be usedas a lid fora cremationurnfromPGB onwards,15 the sizediminishes, theshape becomesshallower,thesolidinteriorpaintis replacedby bands,and motifsbegin to appear under the base. By thesecriteriaGH 8 (PGB) would already be a kalathos-lid; whereasGH7 (LPG), in spiteofitsinteriorbanding,stillhas thelargedimensions of the independentkalathos.In thisdomesticcontext,however,we have no good reasonto supposethatkalathoiwereeverusedas lids.Indeed,thereis nowsomeevidenceto thecontrary in GC 10 and GH 11, lidsdesignedas such well back in the ninthcentury.Both are of the domedtype,unknownin thecemeteries beforeEG. GC 10, withitssharpcarinationnear the coveredlip,is at leastas earlyas theoldestdomedlidsfromFortetsa,suchas nos.389 and 402. GH 11,however,is earlierstill,bearingmassedtriangledecorationwhichcannotbe laterthan PGB.16The PGB trayGH 15, decoratedin a similarmanner,is a late specimenofthenormal PG typedistinguished wall and threehandlesrisingfromtherim;the by an outward-sloping undersideis at firstleftroughand plain (e.g. F. nos. 74 and 90, both EPG), but fromLPG onwardsmay carryconcentriczones ofornament. Decoration

Since livingcreaturesare so rarelyseen on ninth-century pottery,the PG credentialsof the birdson thefrs.GH 1-2 mustbe stated.Verticalprofileand interiorspatterindicatethebellthe birds of GH 2 seem to be krater,a formwhich did not outlast PGB. Furthermore, sandwichedbetweensets of concentriccircles,the orthodoxdecorationof thesekraters.A dottedwormis added forgood measure.Aftertherecentdiscovery oftwoPG bell-kraters in the NorthCemeterywithremarkablefigurescenes,17 theearlyoccurrenceofthesebirdsneedsno longersurpriseus. They belongto a late stageofthebell-krater sequence,whentheusual PG canon - circlesflankinga rectilinearpanel - was beginningto breakup. In Brock'sgeneralsurveyLPG was "nota well-definedphase" (F. 143); nevertheless deposit - especiallythe GB mayhelptowardsa clearerdefinition ofmotifs collectedtogether repertoire on themodelGB 1: thependentsemicircles (also on GB 4, 17, 18), thediagonalcheckpattern (cf.F. no. 428), and the griddedchevrons(also on GB 7). ContactwithEuboea mightwell of pendentsemicircles.The chevronsbetokena generalmovement explainthe introduction towardsgridding,already launched on large LPG vesselslike F. nos. 277 and 301, and continuingin PGB (e.g. thegriddedmeanderon GC 5). New in PGB are threefreehandcurvilinearmotifs, all presenthere:thehatchedcable (GB 14), thescale pattern(GH 12), and therunningspiral(GH 9), thebackgroundofwhichmay

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be filledwithhatching(GH 14). Also at home in thisphase are the millsail(GB 13), and massedrowsoftriangles, whetherhatchedor solid (GH 11, 15). A compendiumofrarerPGB as unusual as the motifs, shape,appearson thecauldronGC 4: opposedsolidtriangles(also on GC 2), hatched leaves, and combs between solid hourglasses.The leaves are hatched 18 comb pattern,borrowed horizontally, exactlyas on a hydriafromFortetsa. The mysterious 1 9 fromCyprusat leasta centuryearlier, also has a contemporary parallelon a birdaskosfrom theNorthCemetery.20 The EG phase,notalwayseasyto separatefromPGB,2l is represented bythefinelid frs.GC 10. A typicalmotifis itscentralarcadedrosette,and orientaljeweller'sdesign22hererendered exactlyas on someof the moregrandiosetombvases of thistime.23 Eighth Century In contrastto thefreeinventionofthepreviousperiod,theeighthcenturyat Knossosbegins with a strongurge towardsthe imitationof Attic Geometricshapes and motifs,without however entirelysubmergingthe native tradition.Many symptomsof this Atticizing substantialdepositofMG potteryto cometolightin the can be seenin GD, thefirst movement ofLG is already thedomesticrepertoire For thelaterpartofthecentury, Knossiansettlement. the small but knownfromtherubbishfillsofwellsand otherdomesticcontexts,24 depositGE makesa fewusefuladditionsto our knowledge. Shapes

introducedshortlybefore800, is theleadingshape The newovoid and necklesspaintedpithos, oftheKnossianGeometricstyle;butwe rarelyseeithere,itschieffunction beingas a cremation oftwo had the full urn.Our twopithoi,fragmentary complement thoughtheybe, seemtohave and horizontaland twoverticalhandles.GH 22a, withitsunusual interesting plantornament, is probablystillEG, beforetheAtticizingmovementhad gatheredmuchforce;theflattened withthatearlyand raisedlip (cf.F. no. 1419) are consistent horizontalhandleand theslightly flat insetrim.Between with LG piece, phase ofthesepithoi.GE 1 is a standard experimental with two thetwostandsGD 1, a whollyAtticizingminiatureversion handles,whichis better shortverticalnecks, have regardedas a pyxis.Even thoughmostCretanGeometricpyxides both other and smallerexamples with inset lip are known from funeraryand domestic contexts.25 like GD 3 are already well-knownfromdomestic Whereas small neck-handled amphorae our depositsthrowsomenew lighton theprogressofthemuchlargerbelly-handled contexts,26 The Geometrictypeis ofAtticorigin,27and an essentialfeatureis thestrengthening amphora. ridgebelowtherim.The necksGD 2 (MG) and GE 2 (LG) suggestthatthecompletevessels musthavestoodat least70 cms.high.Ifwe setbesidethemtworecently publishedEO necks,28 more and becomes the a cleardevelopment undercut,whiletheheight sharper emerges: ridge and 19 afforda glimpseof 18 frs. GH The width. to its in relation oftheneckincreasessteadily these of bodies on the amphorae. sumptuousLG decoration MG typeofh ater,withbelliedbodyand shortlip,is wellrepresented The Atticizing byGD forthe attested is here Attic of the the but are 6-9. Most bases originals low, largest pedestal taller is for local LG the In context in Knossian domestic a firsttime lips preference (GD 10). GD 14-15 preservethe (GE 6-8, GH 27-8), oftenmoresharplyoffset.Amongthe skyphoi, memoryofa nativetypewhichwe have alreadynotedin theninthcentury(cf.GB 19-22); but understrongAtticinfluence, themainGeometricseries,starting developson thesame linesas

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thekraters:shortlips and shallowbodiesin MG (GD 16-19, GH 29-31) followedin LG by deeper bodies, and taller and more sharplyoffsetlips (GE 12-15, GH 35-6). A similar fromGD 21-2 (MG) toGE 17-19 (LG); deepeningoftheshapeis apparentin thecup profiles, in fabric, also noticeablewithinthisseriesof large coated cups is the steadyimprovement thin. walls to become the increasingly allowing Lidsfoundin the cemeteriesare of two main types:(i) conical,withknob handle,usually and oftenmatchingtheirdecoration;and (ii) domed,nevermatching designedfora pithos-urn Smallwonder,then, themsatisfactorily. theurnswithwhichtheywerefound,and rarelyfitting - are all of the domed typewhich thatour lids - as faras we can judge fromthe fragments A resemblanceto thevotivebronzeshieldsfrom appearsto have had an independentfunction. and theirfloriddecorationwas meantto be seen and the Idaean Cave has been remarked29 admired.The singlepairofsuspensionholesneartherimofGD 26 wouldhave beenat leastas to a householdstoragevessel. appropriateforhangingon a wall (as a votive?)as forattachment The singlehandleofGD 23 is an earlyfeature,notoutlastingMG. Early,too,is theflatcentral disc, and the broad lip (cf. also GD 26, MG). By LG, domed lids have no handle,a much curvedcentre. shorterlip (GE 22), and a continuously in havingan fromits predecessors The Geometrictray(GD 31, MG; GH 49, LG) differs rim. The main and two reflex handles attached well below the concave inward-leaning lip in be under the when not the continues to base; use, perhaps decoration,however, trays,too, werehungon walls by theirhandlesto displaytheirfloridornament. Decoration

MG character,also containsseveralpiecesofEG, a DepositGD, in spiteofitspredominantly the turn of the which century.These pieces,and otherslistedunderGH, display phase spans ofthelaterninthcentury:runningspiral(GD 23, GH motifs derivedfromthelocal repertoire or horizontal Ss broken (GD 24), thickwavylines(GD 13), griddedrectangles(GD 24), spiral GH and arcs which 12, 24), (GH 44) may also occurenmasseas a scale pattern(GH 39). A moreremarkablemotifofthispre-Atticizing unknown,is thepalm treeseenon phase,hitherto thepithosGH 22a. The Atticizing decorationofMG takestheformofhatchedmeanders,multiplezigzags,and variousformsoflozengechain,oftenenclosedin a reservedpanelwhilegroupsofreservedlines thepainton thelowerbody (e.g. GD 1). The elegantleafdesignsofGD 25 and 31 interrupt seen underthebases ofAtticpyxides.30But mayperhapsowe somethingto thecompositions nativecurvilinear motifs werenotforgotten: thusa cable maybe combinedwithmeandersand multiplezigzagson thesame vessel(GD 2), and Atticizingreservedpanelsmay encloselocal motifs liketongues(GD 20) or horizontalSs (GD 11). The extensiveuse ofwhitepaintforthe designsof GD 5 and 26-30 comes as a surprisein this phase, when its applicationwas previouslyregardedas 'experimental'.31 Much of thisrepertoiresurvivesinto LG, but in a modifiedform.On kraters,multiple zigzagsare closelypacked,and flankedbylozengecrossesin metopalpanels(GH 27). Lozenge chainsare cross-hatched and tightlysquashed (GD 6; GH 28, 32). Loose verticalchevrons on appear mainly high-lippedskyphoi(GE 2, GH 19), sometimessolid (GH 46, 48). Small circlesappear,eithersingleand quartered(GE 2; GH 35, 49), or in miniatureconcentric sets, oftenin white(GE 22, GH 43). The guillochearrivesat a late stage(GH 2b), elaboratedinto an extensivenet on the large amphora GH 18. In contrastto the stalenessof the linear thebirds(GE 5, GH 50-54) stilldisplaya refreshing is repertoire, variety;ofespecialinterest

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the domesticfowlof GH 53, an orientalnewcomerto Greekart and lifein the latereighth century.32 on GH 19 and 2533 may be Finally,at or near theend of thecentury,thewingedgriffins thatthe knownofKnossianLG figuredwork,34confirming added to thefewexampleshitherto seen on the much more adventurous were not unaware of iconography vase-painters GH the incision of The Cretan metalwork. 25, anticipating wildlyexperimental contemporary mustsurelyhave beenencouragedby orthodox'blackfigure'ofKnossos35byalmosta century, the engravingtechniqueof the bronzesmith, allowing the renderingof inner anatomical details.The white-painted creatureson theamphoraGH 19, withtheirhead-in-airpose,are on theKnossianbronzerelieffoundat Kavousi;36and the closelymatchedby thesmallgriffins of one particulargroup same dryand compactstyleis seen in the wingedlionsand griffins withinthecorpusof the Idaean bronzeshields.37 Seventh Century DepositGF shouldbe dated wellintoEO, butis too scrappyto throwmuchnewlighton that phase. A much more substantialUM deposit,fromthe fillof Well 12, has already been published;38thistakesus down to the end of the seventhcentury,and thusoffersa useful standardof comparisonforthe little-known periodat Knossoswhichfollowsthe end of the Fortetsasequencearound630 B.C.30 Shapes

EO rimstend hereofferany enlightenment. For thelargerclosedvessels,onlytherimprofiles fr.GH 7640 to have a verticaloutersurfacewitha sharploweredge: forexampletheamphora in to the addition concentric the GF 1. In this and thehydria circles, hydriamaycarry phase are of the GH its miniature GH and The base ornament.41 bracket traditional 95, 92, pyxis and Arkades the from well-known 'hatbox' cemetery especially variety straight-sided of LO.42 GH 93-4, on whichthedecorationextendsover the flatsurface,are characteristic lidsintendedforsuch vessels.The domedlid, however, probablynot pyxides,but cylindrical decoration(GF 21-2). 43 bears white-on-dark and continues, usually stillfollowtheLG form,butwithan evenhigherlip (GG 8, EO); on GH 96 and Mostkraters GG 6 theslightprojectionoutsidethe rimis probablya LO feature.44Sometimesthereis a habit of interiorspattering(GF 12; GH 96, 101, 103-04) in reversionto the pre-Geometric formmaybe seenin the A ofthishigh-lipped miniature tosolidpaint. Subgeometric preference ornatehigh-lipped EO skyphos GF 15. In LO theskyphosis seenno more,butan exceptionally inside.46In decoration even and makes its rim carry may appearance, fr.) cup45(GH 108-10, butare poorlyrepresented thelaterpartofthecenturytwonewformsofkraterare introduced, krater48 here:thedinos41(GH 105) and thecolumn(GH 106-07). GH 117 bears some relationto the LG typewithconcave lip, whichis now Of the trays, deeplyundercut;but GH 119 lookslikea new LO formwithwidelyprojectingrim,possibly LO lekanidesoccurin twovarieties: thelekanis. influenced bya newcomerto thefinerepertoire, outward-leaningwall recalling and a rim with flat GH as outwards, 120, straight projecting (i) the earliercoarse basin fromwhichit is derived;50and (ii) as GH 118, withroundrimon convexwall profile.51 Strap handles,sometimesreflex,are normalforbothforms. Decoration

and lineson ofthiscenturyis theextensiveuseofwhitepaint,notonlyformotifs Characteristic

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a dark ground,but also forreinforcing reservedlines,and in LO even formotifson a light The decorative effect mayoftenbe enhancedby thealternationoflight-onground(GH 92). dark and dark-on-light zones on the same vessel. in thisso-calledOrientalizingperiod As is wellknown,theornamentoffinedomesticpottery consistslargelyofSubgeometricmotifs.Chiefamongthemis thesetofconcentricsemicircles, oftenonlythreeto a set,and veryrarelymorethanfive.The circlesmaynow be organizedin circleofeach setthickened(GF 10, 12; GG 6, 18; variousindividualways:withtheoutermost GH 76, 120); withlarge and small setsalternating(GF 13); or withsetswidelyspaced (GF 9-11). In LO thewavylineis revivedfroma distantpast,normallyin whitebetweenstraight lines,and oftenin conjunctionwithzones of circles(GH 82, 99). Othersimplelinearmotifs includethe N Pattern(GH 91) and the rectilinearcable arrangedlike the 'natural' signin musicalnotation(GH 77, 86, 109, 113). Guilloches(GH 98) and cables (GH 80, 92) continue, circles(GH 78, the'eyes'ofthelattersometimes beingrenderedas compass-drawnconcentric 101). TrulyOrientalizingfloralornamentis scarce.There are tracesofthevolutetree(GH 116), ofpalmetteand lotus (GF 14; GH 80, 103), and ofthat peculiarlyCretanformofdetached lotusresembling a bee (GH 115). The manneroftheLO FortetsaPaintermay be seenin the neatrosetteofGH 88, enclosedin a dottedcircularframe;and also in thefloralchainsofGH 103-04.52 The outlinedwhitefishinsideGH 120 is a pleasantadditionto theknownfigured in black-figure of Knossian LO, whileGH 122-3 show local experiments animal repertoire suggestssome connectionwiththe drawing.The ajouré sphinxGH 121, sadlyfragmentary, cut-outplaques in bronze.53 contemporary Sixth Century Afterc. 630 B.C. we no longerhave theguidanceofwholeshapesfromthetombs;thenit was that,forreasonswhichare stillobscure,all the knowncemeteriesof chambertombsin the Knossosarea wentout ofuse. Even so, thedomesticrepertoire of the late seventhcenturyis becomingquite familiarthanksto thewell depositslistedon thelast page of thischapter,of which the latestis UM Well 12. There we see a wide range of whole profiles,dated by Corinthianand Corinthianizing we pieces to c, 600. For any substantialdepositthereafter, have towaituntilRoyal Road (RR) WellH, datable toc. 500-480 B.C. throughan abundance ofAtticimports. It seems,however,thatsome piecesin our depositGG may fallwithinthissixth-century 'darkage' in theKnossiansequence.The materialis extremely scrappy,decorationis minimal, thereare no importsto guide us, and some piecesare clearlyLO (GG 6, 18) or even earlier (GH 58). Nevertheless, parallelsoutsideCrete would suggesta date not beforethe second quarterofthesixthcenturyforat leasttwopiecesin thismeagredeposit.The fragmentary lamp GG 17 is theearliestrecordedpost-Minoanone fromKnossos;whensetbesidetheseriesin the AthenianAgora,it fallsbetweenno. 5 ("early sixthcentury")and no. 30 ("middle to third quarterofsixthcentury").54LikewiseGG 7 is froma local copyoftheLaconian stirrup krater, and the earliestknownLaconian originalof thisfullycoated class comesfromdepositII (c. 590-560 B.C.) atTocra.55 Less easy to relate to better-known GG 8-14. The sequenceselsewhereare the lekanides rims(GG 8-9) and theroundedrims(GG 10-11) have hardlyprogressed overhanging beyond thoseofUM Well 12 nos. 43-4; and yetthetypewithroundedrimis stillcurrentin theLate ArchaicRR WellH no. 35 and perhapsone maysingleout thedeep undercutting ofthelip as a

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featureunknownon thisshape beforethe veryend of the seventhcentury.56GG 13-14, an entirely newtypewiththickened'collar' rim,unknownin anyseventhhowever,represent but some resemblanceto mortarsofsimilarshapefroma sixth-century century deposit, bearing wellat Corinth.57 This form,too,persists at Knossosintotheearlyfifth-century contextofRR Well H in a modifiedform,usuallywiththelip undercut(nos. 28-33). Finally,thecup bases GG 15-16 have higherfeetthanone would expectin the seventhcentury,and thesmearof paintunderGG 15 is a practicestillfollowedat the timeofRR Well H (nos. 53-7).

A Note on the Coarse and Plain Domestic Pottery

We concludewitha fewremarkson some shapes fromthe Knossian kitchen,tracingtheir fromtheninthto theseventhcenturies. References to comparandamaybe found development in thelistofdepositsgivenbelow. untilMG; fromLG onwardsthefabric Cooking jugs are made ofhard grittyclay,brick-red assumesan orangesurfacewithgreycore,becomingthinnerand lessgritty.Duringtheninth centurythe neckis shortand poorlyarticulated(GB 37, GC 12), growingtallerfromMG onwardsas the shoulderbecomesmore rounded (GD 32, MG; GE 25, LG; GF 24, EO). Decorationis limitedtosetsofincisedgrooveson theneck,or on theshoulder,oron bothareas. wellno. 31), theroundedlowerbodyprofileof Althoughflatbasesare known(e.g. theStopford in GD 32 suggeststripodfeet the Minoan tradition,as on no. 27 fromthe Road Trials deposit.58 wallsand roughbases,firstappear Shallowhouseholdbasins,withstraightoutward-sloping continues concavelip, in PGB/EGwithGC 13. This form,withoffset throughMG (GD 34-5), but laterlips are shorter,undercut,and sharplyeverted(GE 26, LG; Road Trials no. 34, LG-EO). The straphandlesmay be attachedeitherat the lip or just below. Althoughthe in a creamwash (PG-MG), and fabriccontainslargegrits,thesurfaceis alwayscoated,at first thenin a thickercreamslip (LG-EO). as comingfromone ofthe GH 58 is ofspecialinterest ofcoarsepithoi, Amongthefragments earliestknownvesselswithfiguredreliefdecoration.The Cretan pioneersin thisfieldused circularor rectangular stamps,59 repeatingthesamedesignin a horizontalzone. The looseLG styleofour armedhorsemanis matchedby two othercirculardesignswithhorsesonly,one fromAmnisos,theotherfromthesanctuaryofDemeterat Knossos.60

List of Knossian Domestic Deposits, c. 1000-480B.C. Royal Road Dep. A Royal Road Dep. B UM Dep. GA StopfordWell, use (Lower Dep.) UM Dep. GB UM Dep. GC UM Dep. GD VenizeleionWell 1 (Dep. D) VenizeleionWell 6 (Dep. E) StopfordWell, fill(Upper Dep.) UM Dep. GE Road Trials well(?) (Dep. F)

Publication

Phase

Est. date B.C.

BSA 67 (1972) 68ff. BSA 67 (1972) 71ÍT.

SM-EPG E-MPG LPG MPG-PGB LPG-PGB PGB-EG E-MG M-LG LG LG LG LG-EO

1000-950 950-875 875-850 900-825 875-825 850-800 800-750 750-725 740-725 725-710 725-710 725-700

BSA 55 (1960) 159ff.

BSA 67 (1972) 8 Iff. BSA 67 (1972) 84f. BSA 55 (1960) 163ff. BSA 67 (1972) 85ff.

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EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY TelegraphPole Dep. UM Dep. GF Villa Well, use (Dep. H) Villa Well, rubbish Royal Road Well LA (Dep. J) UM Well 12 UM Dep. GG

BSA 73 (1978) 45ff.

Royal Road Well H

BSA 68 (1973) 48ff.

BSA 68 (1973) 37ff.,H 1-9, 72-7 BSA 68 (1973) 37ff.,H 10-71, 78-82 BSA 68 (1973) 42ff. BSA 73 (1978) 49ff.

EO EO LO LO LO LO Early Archaic Late Archaic

700-680 700-675 700-675 650-620 640-610 625-600 600-500? 500-480

Analysis by Atomic Absorption: A Note overa hundredsamplesofvarious Aftertheconclusionofexcavationsin theNorthCemetery, 1 in for were taken fabrics and local analysis theFitchLaboratory6byAtomic pottery imported Absorption.The samplescame mainlyfromthe tombs,and theresultsoftheanalysiswill be publicationof the cemetery.Here, meanwhile,we list the fullyset out in the forthcoming thirteenpiecesfromour UM corpuswhichwere includedin thisprogramme.We give our visualdiagnosisofthefabricsbeforeanalysis,and thentheoriginssuggestedby theAA analysis whichhave also been citedin thecatalogueentries. GB 41 GB 42 GD 1 GD 6 GD 36 GH 61 GH 65 GH 66 GH 68 GH 69 GH 124 GH 125 GH 135

amphorafr. kraterfr. pyxis kraterfr. kraterfr. oinochoefr. amphorafr. kantharosfr. skyphosfr. skyphosfr. jugletfr. aryballosfr. pyxisfr.

identification Preliminary

Euboean Euboean Knossiancopy ofAttic Knossiancopy ofAttic Euboean Dodecanesian Cycladic:Melian ? Cycladic:Naxian ? Cycladic:Parian ? Cycladic:Parian ? Cypriot Dodecanesian Corinthian

AA result

Euboean Attic Knossian Knossian Euboean Knossian Attic Attic Parian Parian Cypriot Euboean (!) Corinthian

Section4 Archaicto HellenisticPottery (PLATES 74-118) P. J. CALLAGHAN

Introduction The ArchaicPeriod DepositsH 1-4 The ArchaicPottery The Classical Period DepositsH5-11 The Classical Pottery The HellenisticPeriod DepositsH 12-38 ChronologicalList ofHellenisticDeposits Archaic,Classical and HellenisticKnossos:A HistoricalSummary

Page 89 90 90-92 92 93 93-98 98 100 100-133 133 133

INTRODUCTION The depositsin thissectionare arrangedas faras possiblein somesortofchronologicalorder but I have feltit moreimportantto keep stratified sequencestogetherand thishas led to a numberofdislocations, themostsevereofwhichis theinclusionofH9 in theClassicalsection. Hll and H38 are bothcollectionsofmaterialdatingto theArchaic/Classical and Hellenistic In in H38 have order to classes of material some objects together keep periodsrespectively. been removedfromtheirstratified deposits.Wherethishas happenedthedisplacedfragments are clearlynotedin therelevantdepositsummaries. The UnexploredMansionexcavationshave produceda richseriesofdepositswhichhelp to illuminatethe ceramicdevelopmentat Knossosover a periodof fivehundredyears.The, I hope, relativelysecure chronologicalgrid establishedby these depositsalso allows us to securesuchas the incorporateotherrichgroupsfromthecitysite.Some oftheseare relatively potteryfroma kilnand cisternon thesouthernslopesoftheAcropolisat Knossos.Others,like theshrineofGlaukos,have potsrepresenting a timespan almostas greatas thatstudiedin this theformofmanyofthe section;buttheytendto be wholepots,thusallowingus to reconstruct smallfragments foundabove the UnexploredMansion. Mostoftheshapesdescribedbelowwillbe relatively unfamiliar to Classicalarchaeologists or 89

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POTTERY

willbe novelversionsofmoremetropolitan forms.Knossianpotteryduringtheperiodsunder discussionwas a complexamalgamoflocal traditions descendingfromtheearlyIronAge and selectiveborrowingfromAtticand otherstyles.To followthe processof assimilationand oftheborrowedelementswas one ofthemostexciting adaptation,somemightsay perversion, and interesting aspectsof thisstudy. THE ARCHAIC PERIOD The ArchaicPeriodis represented byseveralpitsand a certainamountofdisplacedmaterialin remainscan be safelyattributedto thisphase, we laterdeposits.Althoughno architectural At all events,theamountof operationsin thevicinity. mightblamethisgap on laterterracing habitationclose foundin theexcavatedarea does suggestthattherewas contemporary pottery withdepositsfromotherexcavationsat Knossos1,impliesthatlaterArchaic by and, together dense. occupationwithinthecityarea was widespread,thoughnot necessarily The earliestArchaicpotteryfromtheUnexploredMansionexcavationsprobablytakesthe back to c. 525 B.C., shortening by perhapsa generationthe mysterious historyofsettlement sixthcenturygap in thecity'sarchaeologicalrecord.2 Deposit HI Three scrappydeposits,each of littlevalue in itself,but all sharingcertainformsand with associatedlamps thatcan be dated to theperiod525-500 B.C. Deposit HI (A) (XIII 48) Planat plate 5 no. 14.plate 74. This depositderivesfroma layerofdark earth,evidentlyoccupationdebris,a smallpart of whichsurvivedbesideWell 14,but had been mostlycut away by thediggingofWell 14 itself, (Plate bya laterArchaicpit (Pit 8, DepositH3) and probablyalso bylate Roman foundations 5 no. 12). The depositwas excavatedwhentheliningstonesofWell 14 wereremoved,along insulation. withthebank ofearthleftaroundit as protectionand stratigraphical rimfr,D. 17.8.Rimdipped. 1 Krater,

2 Cup, Profilebase to belly,D. 6. Fullyglazed. 3 Hydria,rimfr,D. 8.8. Rim dipped. 4 Lamp, profileexceptnozzle,D. 5.9. Nozzle dipped. Local copyofHowland Type 16B and BroneerType II: III, 6-8. 525-480 B.C. AgoraIV, 31-33; Isthmia

Deposit Hl (B) (1977 westsectionofArea XVI) Plan at plate 1. plate 74.

Thisdepositderivesforma pitfilledwithdarkearthin thewestsectionofArea XVI. The fillof the pit appeared in the sectionwhile cleaningoperationswere in progressin 1977 at the a sampleof Minoan 'South Platform'.Althoughit provedimpossibleto excavatethepititself, here. included is and thepotteryfromthefillwas takenforrecordpurposes, 5 Cup, base fr,D. 6. Fullyglazed in red gloss. 6 Cup, base fr,D. 5.8. Fullyglazed in black gloss.

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POTTERY

91

Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed in red gloss. High Neckedcup, rimfr,D. 11. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Lamp, profileexceptnozzle tip,D. 7.9. Nozzle dipped. For the typecf.no. 4. Jug,rimfr,D. 24.9. Porridgefabricwithdull black wash forthedesign.

Deposit HI (C) Pit 53 (V 5A, Pit 8) Plan at plate 5 no. 53. plate 74.

This depositcomes forma small circularpit, about 25cms. deep, at the northend of the excavation. It was filled with small round stones and a quantity of Geometricand Orientalizingpottery;thedatingsherds,however,weresomewhatlaterand are listedhere. 12 13 14 15

Cup, base fr,D. 6. Fullyglazed outsidewithblack gloss;insidefugitive. Hydria,base fr,D. 10.9. Jug,base fr,D. 9.7. Unglazed. Jug,base fr,D. 10. Unglazed.

Deposit H2 Pit 15 (XIV Pit 10) Planat plate 5 no. 15;SectionA no. 13.plate 74. This depositcomes froma small stone-filled pit lyingbeneath the Classical pit containing DepositH10. Bothweresealedby a 2nd B.C. floor.Much ofthefillconsistedofGeometricand Orientalizingsherds,but thedatingpotteryis somewhatlaterand is listedhere. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

AtticSkyphos,rimfr,D. 14. cf.AgoraXII no. 537: 490-80 B.C. Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Cup, base fr,D. 6.5. Reservedunderfoot. Bowl,profilebellyto rim,D. 12. Fullyglazed in black gloss. Jug,base fr,D. 9. Dull brownwash all over. Pyxis(?), rimand shoulder,D. 9.3. For the typecf TocraI no. 926. Hydria,base fr,D. 12. Jug,base fr,D. 9.5. Bowl,base fr,D. 12.9. Mottledglossall over. Bowl,base fr,D. 14.9. Probablyrimdipped withtrickle. Basin,rimfr,D. c. 31. Buffselfslip. Basin,rimfr,D. c. 31. Buffselfslip.

Deposit H3 Pit 8 (XIII Pit 13) Planat plate 5 no.8, wherehowever theE sidetowardwell14andDepositHI (A) is obscured bythe oflaterfoundation trenches plate 75. recording (no. 12). This depositderivesfromthefillofa late Archaicpitwhichcutintotheearthlayercontaining controlsforlate6thcentury DepositHI (A), thusprovidingus withone ofourfewstratigraphie B.C. ceramicdevelopment. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Atticstemmeddish,base fr,D. 8.2. cf.AgoraXII, 139ff.Late Archaic;no close parallels:c. 500-475 B.C. Atticoinochoe,body frs.Late bfc. 500-480 B.C. Not illustrated. Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Black glosswithreservedunderfoot. Cup, base fr,D. 6.2. Mottledglosswithsmearunderfoot. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 8. Unglazed. Jug,base fr,D. 9.35. Dull brownglosswithreservedunderfoot. Bowl,base fr,D. 11.1. Thick slip inside. Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 10. Cookingware.

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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC

POTTERY

Deposit H4 Pit 5 (XII 46, Pit 14) MUM Section6, pitcutintolevel1 Planat plate 5, no. 5. plates 75 and 76. This depositderivesfromthefillofa robbingpit forthesouth-west pieroftheMinoan pillar and the rich of rubble amounts fill of consisted large room.The potterydepositlistedhere. GH the 5. included material Residual skyphos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Atticcup, Type C, profilerimto belly,D. 20.1. Cf.AgoraXII no. 91. Early in theseries:510-480 B.C. Attickrater,pedestal,D. 18. Late Archaic. Cup, base fr,D. 6. Glosson outside,smearedunderfoot. Cup, base fr,D. 5.3. Fullyglazed. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.5. Unglazed. Bowl,wholeprofile,D. 10.5. Fullyglazed. Hydria,wholeprofile,D. 13.8. Lamp, wholeprofileexceptnozzle,D. 3.8. One ofthree,all similarto Howland Type 21A, cf.AgoraIV, 44-6; Corinth IV, ii Type IV, 39-42. c. 500-475 B.C. Lekane,profilerimto belly,D. 25.9. Rim dipped. Lekane,profilerimto belly,D. 18.6. Rim dipped. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. c. 20.5. Rim dipped in orangewash. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. c. 21.5. Unglazed. Pithari,neckand shoulderprofile,D. c. 20. Porridgefabric.

THE ARCHAIC POTTERY All theArchaicgroupslistedabove are associatedwithAtticpotteryor withlocal typesbased on Atticmodelsofthefifty yearsc. 525-475B.C. Our othermajorcontrolforthisperiodis Well H just northoftheMinoan palace, whoseabundantfilldepositcan be securelydated to the firstquarterof thefifth centuryB.C. on thebasis of the manyAtticimports(BSA 68 (1973) 48-63). The Archaicgroupsfromthe UM can be dividedintothosewhoseformspre-datethefillof The threesmallgroupsofHI containcups WellH, and thosewhichare roughlycontemporary. A versionofthistypeis foundamonglaterOrientalizingcups from witha steppedunderfoot. Crete3and on someearliersixthcenturyCretanexamplesat Tocra in Libya.4The UM cups ofa splayedfoot.This seems,then,to in thedevelopment fromtheirpredecessors differ chiefly of thelaterArchaicperiod. be a featurecharacteristic losesitssteppedprofile BeginningwithH2 we finda new typeofcup base. The underfoot and is gentlyconcave,whilethefoottendstosplaywidely.Good parallelsexistamongthemore conservative cups in Well H5 and in theearliestcup fromKRS.6 One ofthebowlsfromH2 for These may all be survivors, followssuit,but all thejug bases retaintheridgedunderfoot. thereweremanycup basesin thisdepositretainingthesame sixthcenturyfeature;butit may well mean thatthecups led theway. The cups ofH3 are broadlysimilarto thepreceding,but herewe findthejugs sharingthe formas well. H4 is similar.The rimsofjugs, bowlsand storagejars exhibita new underfoot a fairlysimpleroundedmouldingto a fullydevelopedhawksbeakin H4. from development The lamps are all local versionsof types belongingto the latest phase of the Archaic on theGreekmainland.The twocarinatedcups (H3,5 and H4,5) are fardeeper development thantheirearlyClassicalsuccessors(H7,7) and resembletheearliestexamplesfromKRS (nos. fromotherjug 60-6 1).7 It would seem thathydriaimay alreadyhave been distinguishable foot the on of band horizontal a broad of the H2,7; H4,7).8 13; (HI, gloss presence typesby

ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY

93

The combinedevidencesuggeststhatwe place Well H close to 475 B.C., date H2-4 in the period 500-475 B.C. and HI to the previousgeneration.This would suggestthat the occurredc. 500 B.C. orjust a littleafter.For a counter introduction oftheconcaveunderfoot argumentcf.DepositGG above. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD As fortheArchaicperiod,theClassicalmaterialwas recoveredfromthefillofseveralpitsand some use surfaces.Apartfromthesescatteredtracesleftafterlaterterracinghad obliterated and fourthcentury in thisarea, a largequantityoffifth mostsignsoftheClassicalsettlement in laterdeposits,probablyindicatingtheextentofour loss. materialoccurredas survivors Deposit H5 Pit 23 (XI 48 pit) Planat plate 5 no. 23. plates 76-7; 105a-c. This depositwas foundin thefillofa smallpit,c. 1.5m.in diameterand 1.0m.deep,dug down eastofand intotheLate Minoan pillarroomat itssouthside.This area, whichis immediately below theline oftheraisedstreet,may have been an open space at thistime;in any case no survivingtraces of Classical buildings were found here. Thus the pit fill is isolated stratigraphically, dug down through7thcenturyB.C. and earlierlevels,and sealed overby a Hellenisticoccupationlevel (see underDepositH32). In addition to the potterycatalogued below were foundeleven clay loomweights:five pyramidal(typea) and six biconical(typen). 1 Atticpelike,profilerimto belly,D. c. 11. Decorationin rf:obverse,two confronted women,one holdinga mirroror distaff; reverse,a singledraped female. 2 High neckedcup, profileexcepthandle,D. 13. 3 High neckedcup, rimfr,D. 9. Rim slightlyflaring. 4 Juglet,profileshoulderto base. H. (rest) 10. Neck restoredfroma secondexamplein thisdeposit. 5 Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 4.5. Rim dipped. wash. 6 Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 6.5. Rim dipped in pale orange-brown 7 HouseholdKraterType I, profilerimtoshoulder,D. 20.2. Rim dipped.Close to KRS 30, whosepedestaldates it to theperiod400-375 B.C. on thebasis ofcomparisonswithcontemporary bg cups. 8 Hydria,base fr,D. 14.5. Paintedband on foot;droppedfloor.Hadra prototype? 9 Beehiveextensionring,profile,D. 28. Porridgefabric,buffslip. Inside surfaceplain; mouldedrim. 10 Cookingtray,profile(handle notjoining),D. 28.5. Brickred to greyfabric;surfacesmoothedin out. 11 Small lopas, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 18.5. Brickred fabric,granular.

The AtticPelikebelongsto thefinalyearsofthefifth centuryB.C. or a littlelaterand helps this to providea terminus for the time theHigh neckedcup (no's 2-3) has postquern deposit.9By lostthebroad ringbase characteristic offifth centuryexamples(BSA 73 (1978) 8 no's 16-18) and is moredevelopedthanthebasesfoundin a kilndepositat Knossosand datingtoabout the closeofthefifth century(BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5, a-c). The smalljuglet (5) possiblydescends froma largershapein cookingfabricwhichhas been foundat Knossosin seventhcenturyand earlyfifthcenturycontexts(BSA 73 (1978) 55, no. 24; Deposit H3, 8). It is squatterthan Hellenisticversionsoftheshape (DepositsH12,32-4; H13,12-15; H14,9; H28,10-ll and BSA 76 (1981) 50 nos. 37-8) and stilllacks theWestSlope decorationcharacteristic ofmostofits successors. The jugs (5-6) have plain rims unlike the Hellenisticversionof the shape (Deposit

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POTTERY

rimdipped.No. 7, thehouseholdkrater,has a highcollaredrim H12,42-44) but are similarly closeto thatofBSA 73 (1978) 12-13,no. 28 datedto450-400 B.C., butprobablydid notpossess ofthatpiece.The base (no. 8) is thatofa hydria,plainjugs not theearlierconcaveunderfoot horizontal the broad paintedstripeon theirfeet,and has a droppedfloorcharacteristic having of Hadra Hydriae.This was probablyone and predatesthe foundationof Alexandriaby at thelocal originof the type.l° leastfifty years,confirming As to date,thekilndepositmentionedabove shouldbelongto theyearsaround400 B.C., so shouldbe placedwellintothefirst thisdeposit,withitsfarmoreadvancedforms, quarterofthe fourthcenturyB.C. Deposit H6 (Well 5; I/V Pit XIB) Planat plate 2, plate 5 no. 46. plate 77. The depositderivesfroma well cuttingof c. 92cm. in diameter(wideningto 1.16m.at the preservedtop due to collapse)whichhad been dug to a depthofat least4.80m.,whenit was abandoned afterencountering a stratumof hard rocksome 2.50m. below the Minoan floor at The builders ofthewellcut throughand carefully shapedthelargeblocks (bottom 8.35m.). of Minoan debrisand providedthe well shaftwith a seriesof rungsat intervalsof about in thelowerfill. 40-50cms.The fillconsistedofearthand stoneswiththelatterpredominating The top of the well togetherwith any contemporary occupationdepositsoutsidewere Pit57 (XI upper),containing B.C. when the later Classical removedduringthefourth century and Pit 45 were excavated. (XIA) DepositH8, Apart fromthe publishedmaterial,whichincludesthe latestsherdsin the fill,the large numbersoffifth centuryB.C. sherdsshouldbe notedhere.Many ofthebg cup baseshave the underfoot characteristic of the earlierfifth concave centuryB.C. (cf.H4 above). One simple at Knossoshas been a form whose introduction a Cretan seems to be from Kantharos, fragment dated to theyearsafter450 B.C.1 1 1 2 3 4 5

Attic,rootofa Cup Kantharoshandle. Post 380 B.C. Attic,Cup Kantharos,rimfr.Post 380 B.C. Cup, base fr,D. 7. Fullyglazed. Jug,neckfr,D. 9.8. Rim dipped? HouseholdKraterType II, rimfr,D. 21.7. Rim dipped.

The Atticimportssuggestthatthisdepositbelongsafter380 B.C. thoughthecup base (3) is a survivorfromthefifth century.The jug (4) has a distinctrimmouldingunlikethosefromthe thatthisfeatureis a fourthcenturydevelopment.The Bell Krater suggesting previousdeposit (5) descendsfroma typewellknownelsewhereat Knossos(BSA 73 (1978) 14,nos. 37-41 but of the fifth has lost the collaredneck characteristic centurytypes.It mostresemblesno. 40 whosedate was estimatedas 400-350 B.C. and whichpossessesthefullydevelopedringbase a ofthefifth centuryexamples.The date ofthisdepositshould opposedto theconcaveunderfoot be somewherein therangeof 380-350 B.C. Deposit H7 (Pit 57 (I (S) 33/V (S) 6 'Floor') SectionD, no. 15; SectionF, no. 12.plate 77. This depositderivesfroman earthflooror use surfacewithmuchsurvivalpotteryfromthe Early Iron Age. No architecturalremainscould be associatedwith thisdeposit,with the at the centreof the northend of the exceptionof one wall fragmentrunningnorth-south

ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC

POTTERY

95

excavatedarea (plan,plate 2; SectionD, no. 15 at centre).The Atticpotteryis generallyvery earlyin thefourthcenturyB.C., withsomematerialprobablytakingus back to thelatestfifth century.There are bases ofAtticskyphoiwiththeslightringbase of thatperiod,and a rim withthesubtleeversióncharacteristic of the period400-375 B.C. The low echinus fragment bowlwithalmostcompleteprofileis closetoAgoraXII, nos.828 and 830. This takesus intothe secondquarterof thefourthcentury. 1 AtticBolsai or one handler,whole profile,D. 11.8. Fullyglazed. Foot close to AgoraXII, nos. 557-8. Early fourthcenturyB.C. Foot closetoAgoraXII 2 AtticEchinusBowl,profileexceptpartoffloor,D. 15.4.Fullyglazed exceptunderfoot. no. 830; c. 375-50 B.C. 3 AtticConical Bowl,profileexceptfoot,D. 11. Fullyglazed. As AgoraXII no. 776. 375-50 B.C. 4 AtticOinochoe (Chous Shape III), base fr,D. 8.5. Profileclose to AgoraXII, 121-128. 400-350 B.C. 5 AtticSkyphosor one handler,handle.As AgoraXII 322-326. 400-350 B.C. 6 Cup, base fr,max. prèsH. 1.9. Fullyglazed. The constricted base/belly junctionresemblesH5,2 and is more developedthanany of the examplesin BSA 45 (1950) 171, fig5, a-c). 7 Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.2. Unglazed. 8 Hydria,base fr,D. 11.8. Dropped floorwithbroad horizontalband above base: Hadra Hydria? 9 Jug,base fr,D. 14.5. Selfslipped,glossysurface.Dropped floor.Similarto Hadra Hydria type. 10 Basin,wholeprofile,D. 39.8. Unglazed,granularfabric.

The manyAtticimportsin thisdepositconfirma date withinthe firsthalfof the fourth B.C. forthelocal types.In general,thedepositseemsroughlycontemporary withH5-6 century and togetherthesedepositsgive a fairlyclear idea ofpotterydevelopmentc. 400-350 B.C. Deposit H8 Pit 57 (I(S) 32, Pit 11 upper) Planat plate 5 no. 57; SectionD, no. 16.plates 77-8. This depositderivesfromthefillofa pitwhichwas cut throughtheClassicalfloorcontaining fortheremovalofthetopofWell 5 (H6). Potteryincludes H7, and was also partlyresponsible earlyfourthB.C. Atticskyphosfrs.and therimofa Cup Kantharoswithmouldedrim.The earliestpossibledate forthispieceis c. 380 B.C. 12 An Attickantharosbase corresponds to types datingto theperiod375-50 B.C.13 For local potterychronologythemostusefulpiecesare bg cup bases moredevelopedthan KKG, and a good exampleof an earlycarinatedcup very similarto H7,7. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefounda clay cylindricalstamp(no. K67) and a stonepounder(S20). Attic 1 2 3 4

Skyphos,rimto belly,D. 11. As AgoraXII, no. 348., c. 400 B.C. Skyphos,base fr,D. 7.4. Close to AgoraXII, no. 349, c. 400-375 B.C. Skyphos,base fr,D. 5.4. As AgoraXII, nos. 349-50, c. 400-350 B.C. Cup Kantharos,rimfr,D. 10.2. As AgoraXII, no. 666, c. 350 B.C.

Local 5 Cup, base fr,D. 5.5. Glazed in out. 6 Cup, base fr,D. 5.2. Glazed in out. 7 Hydria,base fr,D. 14. 8 Dinos, rimfr,D. 13.3. Banded decoration. 9 Dinos, rimfr,D. 14.4. Banded decoration. 10 vacat. 11 Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. 5.9. Glazed in out.

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Bowl,rimfr,D. 19.2. Glazed in out. HouseholdkraterType I, rimand shoulder.Selfslipped,polished. Basin,rimfr,D. uncertain.Unglazed. Bell krater,pedestal,D. 14.8. Lamp, profileexcepthandle,D. 4.7. Nozzle dipped. Local copy of Howland Type 23c (AgoraIV, 59-60: c. 400-350 B.C.) 17 Transportamphora,rimfr,D. 19.1. Unglazed.

12 13 14 15 16

B.C. The The Atticimportshelpto date thisdeposittowardthemiddleofthefourth century and in the earlier those from than 5-6 are more nos. H7,6), century (H5,2 developed bg cups found on the is the earliest The in constricted more example (11) profile. CylindricalCup being siteand was obviouslyfarlargerthanitsHellenisticsuccessors(BSA 73 (1978) 17 nos.45-50; Deposit H12,12-13; H13,l-2) and more nearlyresembledthe Attic mug fromwhich it andRoman obviouslydescended(AgoraXII nos. 196-7 (to c. 440 B.C.) and D.E. Strong,Greek GoldandSilver Plate,Plate 18centre(c.400 B.C.). The startofthissequenceat Knossosprobably belongsin theearlyyearsofthefourthcenturyB.C. The HouseholdKraterType I (13) has a farheavierlip thanH5,7 and thisis probablya laterfeature. Deposit H9 (I(S) 31) SectionD, no. 14.plate 78. This depositis a laterClassicalto earlyHellenisticflooror use surfaceassociatedwiththefinal features. use ofWall 'bk', at theEast Street(see plan at plate 2), butlacksotherarchitectural It also runsoverand sealsDepositH8. None oftheformsin thisdepositcertainly post-datethe firsthalfof the 3rd centB.C. Above it was a Late Hellenisticoccupationlayer (I(S) 30; see SectionD, no. 12), therebeingno evidenceforactivityduringtheintervening periods. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwas foundone bronzecoin Cll (Zeus/Artemis head) dated to 320-300 B.C. 1 AtticSkyphos,profilebase to belly,D. 3.5. Glazed in out. Close to AgoraXII, nos. 353-4 whichare dated c. 320-300B.C. but thetypeis nowknownto have survivedintotheearly3rdcentB.C.: Hesp.3 (1934) 319,A26 ofthisdepositcf.AgoraXXII, 107-8); AM 85 (1970) PL 56, 83-4. This fillis now (fortherevisedchronology 3rd centB.C., cf.AgoraXXII, 110-111. Hesp.43 (1974) 231, 19. half of the first to the dated 2 AtticCup Kantharos,rimfr,post380 B.C. 3 AtticFlaringRim Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 18. As AgoraXII, no. 808 whichis dated c. 310 B.C. But this typealso survivesintotheearly3rd centB.C.: Hesp.43 (1974) 232, no. 25; 3 (1934) 317, nos. A, 7-13. 4 AtticEchinusBowl,rimfr,late 4th-early3rd centB.C. ofH12,31. 5 Juglet,profilenecktoshoulder,max.près.H. 6.6. A moredevelopedtypethanH5,4 and a precursor withhorizontalrillingon the Both are somewhatmoreelaboratethanthe usual runofAmphoriskos/Juglets neck. 6 Bowl,rimsherd,D. 22.6. Glazed in out. 7 One Handler or lamp, profile,D. 4.2. 8 PHouseholdKraterType I, profilerimto shoulder,D. 21. A moredevelopedversionofH8,13 witha shorter neckand hawksbeakprofileat therim.Selfslipped,glossy.For a moredevelopedversionofthesameor a very similarshape cf.H12, 59.

The importanceof thisdepositlies mainlyin thefactthatthreeofits local shapescan be placed earlierthantheirequivalentsin H12 (H9,5 and H12,31; H9,6 and H12,58; H9,8 and H12,59). Since both the Knossiancoin Cll and the rangeof importedAtticpotterywould supporta date about theend ofthe4thcentB.C. or a littlelaterforH9, thisis yetanothergood reasonforbelievingthatthelaterdepositshouldbe placed in thefirstquarterofthe3rd cent B.C.

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Deposit H10 Pit 16 (XIV Pit 9) Planat plate 5 no. 16;SectionE no. 13. Later4thcentury B.C. plates 79 and 105d. This depositwas foundin thefillofa broad,shallowpitdug intoLG/EO wash levelstowards thesouthwest oftheexcavatedarea. The pitwas sealed above by thefloorofthearea between the Southwestand the SoutheastHouses, a floorofgood yellowclay, and oflate Hellenistic date (late 2nd-early1stcentB.C.). The materialfromthepitis remarkably homogeneous,and mostvesselsin it have made up to completeor near completeprofiles.The pit was excavated fairlycleanly,and the fill containedonlythreecharacteristic sherdsfromtheLG/EO levelsbelow.Subsidenceofthefloor above themiddleofthepitalso introducedfragments offiveLate Hellenisticdippedbowlsinto the fill.Joinswiththe floordepositindicatedtheiroriginalpositionand theirchronological distancefromthe materialof the pit fillmade theirisolationand identification as intrusions obvious.It seemsclearthatthisis a one periodrefusedump,principally ofutilityvessels,froma Late Classicalkitchen. Representedin the depositare substantialpartsof sevensemi-glazedjugs, fourhousehold bowls,twocookingpotsand twohydriae.The fineware makesup onlya smallproportionof a local amphoriskos thewhole,and includesan Atticskyphos, and threelocal bg. cupsoffourth in few sherds the centurytype.Comparatively depositbelongto potsotherthan thoselisted, and theseadd nothingto the natureof thedeposit. Attic 1 Skyphos,rimand handlefr,D. 12. AgoraXII nos. 350-351. 400-350 B.C. frs.ofthreeothervesselsofsimilar date. 2 Bg pedestalcup base, D. 5.8. Glazed in and out, smearunder.Pimpleunderfoot.400-350 B.C. 3 Bg amphoriskos, neckto base (non-joiningfrs.)H. (rest) 12.7. Rim restoredfromfr,in same deposit,D. 7.2. Base reservedwithsmear. 4 Deep bowl,profileexcepthandles;D. 15.6. Self-slipped and rimdipped withtrickles. 5 Bowl,profile(non-joiningfrs.)D. 14. Granularfabric,creamslip. 6 Bowl,profile(non-joiningfrs.),D. 16. Self-slipped, worninside. 7 Lekane,profileexcepthandles,D. 33. Polishedbuffslip.Pale, mattorangepainton rim.Two suspensionholes throughrim. 8 Spoutedjug, profilerestored(handlemissing).H. (rest.)24.5. Self-slipped, dippedwithtrickle.Moulded rim, flatbase, slightlyconcave beneath. 9 Jug,H (rest.)23.5. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Moulded rim. 10 Jug,profile(non-joining),H. 33. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Thickenedrim. 11 Jug,profile,H. 33. Surfaceand decorationas 8. Groovebelow rim. 12 Jug,rimand handle restored,H (rest.)27.5. Surfaceand decorationas 8. 13 Jug,narrow-necked, handle and lip restored,H (rest.)25. Surfaceand decorationas 8. 14 Hydria,base fr,D. unknown.Black paintedband on ringbase. 15 Hydria,rimfr,D. 9. Wide groovebelowrectangularrim.Red paintedband on lip,in and out; handlestripes. Not illustrated. 16 Householdkrater,rimfr,D. 17. Shortcollaredneck.Rim dipped. Not illustrated.

Coarse Ware

17 Chytra,rimto lowerbody,D. 14. Not illustrated. 18 Cookingdish,rim,handle and bodyfr,D. 27. Brown,micaceous,slipped.Not illustrated. 19 Pithosrimand neck,threefrs.D. unknown.Porridge;pinkwithcreambuffsurface.Not illustrated.

The fourAtticimportsdate thisdepositto thefirst halfofthe4thcentB.C. butthedeveloped mouldingson thejugs 8-12 place themafterH5-6 and therefore precludea date muchearlier thanc. 350 B.C. The low spreadingbase of2 resemblesthoseon H8,5-6 butis closerto theplain

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POTTERY

truncatedconicalbasesoftheveryearly4thcentB.C. (BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5, b and many a unpublishedexamplesfromthegeneralarea ofthekilns).These data would tendto confirm date withinthesecondquarterof the4th centB.C. We mightnotetoo theshallownessoftheLekane 7. This fitsin withwhatlittlewe knowof theshapein theearlierperiodsat Knossos(H4,9-10; BSA 45 (1950) 173,fig.9) butis in stark contrastto thedeeperexamplescurrentlater (H12,58; H13,21-2; H16,19 etc.). We have alreadynotedthedevelopmentofmouldingson therimsoftheJugs8-9,11. The jug witha spouton theshoulderseemsto have been reasonablycommonat Knossostojudge fromthe numberof spoutsthathave been foundthere.In the late 4th centB.C. the shape became moreelongatedand mightsometimesbear decorationin the Hadra style(ADelt29 B3, 886 and PI. 661,d). (1973-4) Chron Deposit Hll PLATE 106.

This consistsofvariousdecoratedsherdsoftheArchaicand Classicalperiodsfoundin different partsofthe UnexploredMansion excavations plate 106. 1 Lebes Gamikos,VIII, Pit 6, H. 7.7, W. 4.2. Late Atticbf,probablyoftheearly5thcentB.C. This fragment comesfromtheshoulderofa largeritualweddingvase. Here we see partoftheweddingprocession:a kitharode walksbesidetheweddingcar. The incisedand paintedgroupsofhorizontaland diagonallinesare reins.They indicatethattwoofthehorsesoftheteamprocessedwiththeirheadsheldat a normalangle,theothertwowith theirsthrownback. Close to theTheseusPainter14 2 AtticBell Krater,UM 73/S.Section,W. 7.3. Rim fr,decoratedwitha horizontallaurel branchwithadded whiteberries.About 400 B.C. 3 AtticKrater,UM 73/S.Section,W. 4.4. Bodyfragment depictingthelowerpartofa femalefigurewearinga decoratedchiton.Close to theTalos Painter,c. 400 B.C.15 H. 2.2. Body fragment 4 AtticKrater,unstratified, depictinga male figuredressedin a shortdecoratedchiton movinglefttojudge fromthefallofhis chlamys.This has dotsat thehem and seemsto be decoratedwitha patternofsolid raysabove. The rightangledline delineatingthekneecap places thisclose to the Pronomos Painter.Date: c. 400 B.C.16 H. 2.8. Legs ofa standingmale figure.Date, probablylater5th centB.C. 5 AtticOinochoe,unstratified, 6 AtticPelike,XIII, 15b,H. 3. Woman's head. Date: 4th centB.C. Traces of an ancientmend.17 7 AtticChous, XII, 34, H. 3. Figureofa runningboy. Date: 4th centB.C. 8 AtticBell Krater,H38, D. at base c. 11. The degeneratelaurelbranchon therimis similarto manyon kraters fromOlynthos.The mainfieldhelda horse'shead similarto thoseon later4thcentB.C. pelikaifromOlynthos, Athensand othersiteswheretheywerejuxtaposedwithveiledwomenand griffin protomes.Date: 350-300 B.C.18

THE CLASSICAL POTTERY The fiveClassicaldepositslistedhere (H9 is Hellenisticbut has been retainedin thissection since it formspart of the stratified sequenceH7-9) may be placed in the followingrough B.C. 400-375 H5 order: Stage II; H7 400-350 B.C.; H6 380-350 B.C.; H8 c. 350 chronological B.C. 375-350 B.C.; H10 Two vital fixedpointsexistforthisproposedsequence.The lateris made up of the Attic perhaps,is the importsin H8, givinga date afterc. 380 B.C. forthisdeposit.More important, BSA 45 in of the side south on the kilns of a series from (1950) 165-175. citypublished pottery ofthisarea is morecomplicatedthanimpliedin thatreportbut thesherds The stratigraphy

ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY

99

Museumat Knossosare sufficient to suggesta laterdate thanthat keptin theStratigraphical kiln circularone had beenexcavated The oval which sealed the remains of the earlier proposed. in Box 197 the Museum contains materialsaid to come froma by 24.2.37. Stratigraphical burntlevelin thesouthhalfoftheearlierkiln.Box 198is also fromtheearlierkilnsincethetag is dated 11.3.37. The kilnflooritselfwas dug on 19.3.37. The materialin thesetwo boxes kilndescribedin BSA 45 shouldtherefore belongto thatrichpackingabove theruinsofthefirst a of Attic contain an of ?local 170-5. Both boxes skyphoioftheearlier4th (1950) example copy to downdatethisimportant centB.C. and theseshouldbe sufficient groupto thefirst quarterof the4th centB.C. Nothingactuallyfoundon the burntarea on thekilnflooritself(Box 109) be as late as thisbut one cup base clearlypostdatesKDS B17-18 of thelast need necessarily of the 5th centB.C. This shouldallow us to place the kiln'suse periodin the years quarter around400 B.C. The richseriesofprofilesfromthe packingabove includesa varietyofcup in BSA 45 (1950) 171,fig.5: a-c. Of thesea is closeto baseswhosegeneralrangeis illustrated an and even closer to both H7,6, H5,2 occurringin depositswithAtticmaterialsuggesting 4th cent B.C. date. early the followingdevelopmentfor This rathercomplicateddigressionallows us to reconstruct local cup bases.In thelastquarterofthe5thcentB.C. thejunctionbetweenfootand bellywas wide. The footitselfhad a truncatedconicalprofileand therewas a small stillcomparatively sunkendiscus underfoot.An example fromthe floorof the early kiln is similarbut has thatwas to becomea hallmarkof theseriesduringthe4th cent developeda knobunderfoot B.C. Amongthecupsstackedabove thekilnthereare variantformsbut themajoradvancein all is the constriction of the foot/belly junctionso thatwe may forthe firsttimespeak of true bases. pedestal The closestparallelforthesekilntypesamongthematerialfromtheUnexploredMansionis H7,6 but H5,2, withitssteppedprofile,is onlya littlemoreevolved.Bothshoulddate within theperiod400-375 B.C. H10,2 and H8,5-6 all have a narrowerbase/belly junction,theknob underfootis smaller,and the pedestalless spreadingand witha thickeredge. These types should all fitinto a period c. 380-350 B.C. Afterthisthereis a long gap in the Knossian sequenceuntilwe reach the richcollectionof formsin H12,5-10 withtheirhigherconcave pedestalsand bevelled'shoulders'just below thejunctionof bellyand pedestal. Amongthejugs fromthissequenceof depositsit is also possibleto tracea generalline of H5, 5-6 have plain rims.That ofH6,4 is thickenedand bevelled,whileH10,8-9 development. and 11 have all developedpropermouldings.All are dipped,a fashionthatremainsconstant fromtheArchaicuntilthe end of the Hellenisticperiod. of Perhapsthemostimportantresultofisolatingand datingthesedepositsis therecognition a sequenceofHadra vasesdatingto theClassicalperiod.Therewas alreadya littleevidenceto suggestthata typeofhydriawithmoreambitiousdecorationthantheusual horizontalbands ofthedomesticvarietyexistedas earlyas thelateArchaicperiod(BSA 68 (1973) PL 18,8).Our 4th centurydepositsadd fourbases of Hadra type to thislist of pre-Hellenistic examples: H5,10; H7,8-9 and H8, 7. It shouldbe stressedherethatthereis ampleevidencethatthemore normal,lower,hydriabase like that of H 12,30 continuedthroughoutthisperiod (BSA 52 (1957) 229,fig.2). Its simplerimis earlierthanthatofH12,30 and earlierthana rimfoundon theflooroftheearlykilndiscussedabove,so it shoulddate to the5thcentB.C. Unfortunately ourscrappydepositshave notpreservedanyofthedecoratedzoneswhichshouldbe associated withthesebases. A generalimpression of thestylea littlelateris givenby ADelt29 (1973-4) Chron. 886 and PL 42 B3, 661,d. KRS, may also belongto thisgeneralperiod.

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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC

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The relativepositionsoftheHouseholdKratersand closelyrelatedvases(H5,7; H6,5; H8,13 and H9,8) have alreadybeen discussedin the relevantdepositsummariesso we need add nothinghere.As forthefewotherimportantshapescataloguedforthesescrappydeposits,the notesin thedepositsummariesshouldalso suffice. It can hardlybe claimedthatthesequencesoutlinedabove do muchto elucidatewhatwas in the4thcentB.C. butourdeposits,as wellas thericherkiln probablya richceramictradition now offer a few relativelyfixedpointsforsomeimportantand popularshapesat groups,do Knossos.It is to be hoped thatfurther excavationon thecitysitewill add morecontrols. THE HELLENISTIC

PERIOD

Deposit H12 (Well 14) Planat plate 5 no. 14;plate 2. plates 80-86; 107-8. This depositwas the fillfroma deep earlyHellenisticwell in the centralsoutharea of the excavation.The diameterof the well at the top was 80cm., varyingdown the shaftto a maximumofc. 85 cms.A stoneliningwas preservedat thetop to a depthof 1.10m.,butbelow thisthewellwas driventhroughnaturalkouskourasand providedwitha seriesoffootholds in staggeredsequenceat intervalsof30-40cms.The surviving depthofthewellwas 10.30m.,but itis estimatedthatabout one metreoftheoriginaltopwas lostwhenthefoundation trenchfor theHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas dug. Excavationceased beforethebottomofthewellwas reacheddue to partialcollapseof the kouskouraswalls. It will have gone muchdeeper (the nearbyWell 12 had a depthofc. 23.70m.;Well 1 has waterat a depthof 17.75m.) In addition to the potterycatalogued below were foundthe followingobjects:pottery late 2nd coins,C35 (Zeus/labyrinth) H38,10-13, 43-4, 62-3, 70, 73-5; GH12 (EG lid), bronze at depth3.25m.;C12 (Apollo/Artemis) 320-300 B.C. and C92 (Argos),bothat B.C., intrusive bronzebangle(M51), bronzebox handle(M59), ironknives(M75, M78), depth6.50m.;metal: tool (E5), awl metalfurnacebottom(M175); bone:handle (E2a), discbutton(E4), burnishing 81 pyramidalincludingW9 and stampedexamplesW34-36, stone: (E6); clayloomweights: pounder(S21) and weight(S22). Attic 1 2 3 4 4

Kantharos,complete,D. 9.6. Pedestalclose to Hesperia52 (1983) 286 no. 26. c. 325-300 B.C. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 4.8. Fullyglazed, similarto above. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 4.4. Fullyglazed, similarto above. Kantharos,pedestal,D. 5.5. Fullyglazed, similarto above. bis.Lid, twofrs.decoratedwithwomen'sheads.

Local 5 Tulip Cup, profile,D. 7.2. Glazed in out. Wide splayingbase. 6 Tulip Cup, profile,D. 6.8. Glazed in out. Constrictedbase. 7 High NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8. Glazed in out. Base copiesAttickantharostypes. 8 Low NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.2. Glazed in out. High constricted pedestal. 9 Low NeckedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9. Glazed in out. Base similarto no. 6. base. 10 Low Necked Cup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.4. Glazed in out. High constricted 11 CylindricalCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.6. Wide base withconcave underfoot. 12 CylindricalCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.7. Glazed in out. 13 CylindricalCup, profileexcepthandle. Glazed in out, steppedunderfoot.

ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC 14 15 16 17

POTTERY

101

Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.7. Glazed in out. Similarto no. 7. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 7.5. Side dipped. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.1. Unglazed. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 8.9. Unglazed.

Attic 18 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 10. Glazed in out. Similarto Hesperia 52 (1983) 266 and 287, no. 31, c. 325-300 B.C. 19 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 9.6. Glazed in out. Similarto above. 20 Bowl withevertedrim,rimto belly,D. 13.6. Glazed in out. Similarto above. 21 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 11.8. Glazed in out. Palmettesand rouletting in bowl. 22 EchinusBowl, profile,D. 8.4. Glazed in out. Foot as in Hesperia52 (1983) 266, no. 36, c. 325-300 B.C. 23 EchinusBowl, profile,D. 9.2. Glazed in out. Local 24 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 20.8. Glazed in out. 25 EchinusBowl,profile,D. 13.8. Glazed in out. 26 Plate,profileexceptpartof tondo,D. 19.9. West Slope decoration. 27 Plate,profile,D. 17.5. Glazed in out. 28 Ladle (?), profileexcepthandle,D. 14.1. Unglazed. 29 Lebes, profilerimto belly,D. 7.5. WestSlope decoration. 30 Hydria,profile,D. 10. A local type. 31 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandle and rim,D. at base 6.2. Glazed in out. 32 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandles,D. 9.2. Glazed in out. 33 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profileexcepthandles,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. 34 Amphoriskos, profile,D. 7.6. Glazed in out. 35 Juglet,profileexcepthandle,D. 4.6. Glazed in out. 36 Olpe, profile,D. 10.6. Glazed in out. An outsizedversionof the Low Necked Cup, nos. 8-10. 37 Hadra Hydria (two non-joiningfrs.),rimto shoulder,D. 12. 38 Hadra Hydria,base, D. 11.6. Dropped floor. 39 Hadra Hydria,base, D. 7.8. Dropped floor. 40 Askos,profile,D. at base 8.8. Dipped. 41 Oinochoe,profileexcepthandle.D. at base 11.1.Unglazed,selfslipped,polished.Athenahead protomebelow lowerhandle root. 42 Jug,profileexcepthandle,D. 8.3. Rim dipped. 43 Jug,profileexcepthandle,D. 8.6. Rim dipped. 44 Jar,profilebase to neck,D. at base 8.5. Rim dipped. 45 Jar,profileexcepthandles,D. 15.3. Selfslipped,Hadra styledark on plain grounddecoration. 46 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 15.7.Selfslipped;Base Ringworkshop.For theshapecf.DepositH28 nos.36-7. Glazed in. 47 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 15.8. Selfslipped;Base Ring workshop.Glazed in. 48 CylindricalKrater,base fr,D. 14.8. Selfslipped;Pseudo-BaseRing workshop.Glazed in. Coarse 49 Chytra,profileexceptbase, D. 17.2. 50 Chytra,profileexceptbase, D. 12.2. 51 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 21. 52 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 22. 53 Casserole,profileexceptbase, D. 18.9. 54 Cookingtray,profile,D. 25.8. Outsized and others 55 Basin,rimto belly,D. 42. Porridgefabric,smoothedin. 56 Jar,rimto shoulder,D. 26.2. Micaceous withpurplishslip as 60.

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57 Basin,rimfr,D. 56. Slipped in out; smoothedin. 58 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 29. Brownglossin. 59 Pithari,rimto shoulder,D. 18.4. Selfslipped,polishedout. Amphorae 60 Amphora,rimto shoulder,D. 10. Red fabricwithpurplishmicaceousslip. 61 Amphora,rimfr,D. 12.4. Mushroomrim.Pinkishfabric,pale slip. 62 Amphora,rimfr,D. 16. Mushroomrim.Rust red fabric,granular. 63 Amphora,rimfr,D. 15.6. Mushroomrim.Orange fabric,soft. 64 Amphorabase, D. 3.5. Micaceous bufffabric,slipped. 65 Amphorabase, D. 2.4. Buffwithpale slip. 66 Amphorabase, D. 5.4. Dark fabricwitha micaceousbuffslip. 67 Amphorabase, D. 4.2. Softpale bufffabric,unslipped. 68 Amphorabase, D. 2.6. Buffwitha pale buffslip.

Despitechangesin thematrixofthefill,thepotteryseemsto belongto one periodand the as wellas thefreshconditionofmostofthefindssuggestthatall were numberofwholeprofiles forthe newwhendepositedin thewell. The coin C12 givesa firmterminus postquern relatively Attic materialas do, to a certainextent,the imports. The Attickantharoiand thelid (4 bis) all suggesta date aroundthelater4thcentB.C. or to c. evenlater.1 seemsmoredevelopedthanHesp.52 (1983) 265,26 whichis datedbyRotroff B.C. The cent 4th or 3rd in the later well 300 B.C. The bases 2-4 could equally early belong Tulip Cups 5-6 togetherwith the High and ShortNecked Cups 7-10 have by this time from developeda low,spreading,pedestalbase whoseprofileoccasionallyshowssomeinfluence 4th cent B.C. and earlier 5th Atticforms.They are generallysmallerthantheir contemporary of the versions than earlier Profilesare elegant:theTulip Cups are moreslender predecessors. that had underfoot shape, the other shapes more rounded. All have lost the omphalos earliervases. characterised The CylindricalCups 11-13 exhibitseveralstagesofdevelopment.11 is possiblya survivor and is the closestknownKnossianexampleto a putativeAtticoriginalof c. 400 B.C. (D.E. andRomanGoldandSilverPlate,Plate 18,centre;AgoraXII, 197:c. 450 B.C. H8,ll Strong,Greek seemsalreadymoreevolvedthanthisand dates to themid4thcentB.C. The simpleconcave of our examplelinksit ratherwithcups of the 5th centB.C. and an unpublished underfoot of a moredevelopedcup was foundin thefirstkilnof theKKG groupat Knossos fragment thatprobablybelongsto theclosingyearsofthe5thcentB.C. or a littlelater.13 amongpottery withthe othervases in our deposit.It is more the formcontemporary probablyrepresents slenderthan the pot just discussedalthoughit retainsa slightlytaperingprofile.There is a withan annulargroovedefininga sortof discus.Generally,it shallowhollowingunderfoot resemblesH8,ll ofc. 350 B.C. and The CarinatedCups 15-17 are farsmallerthan mostof theirClassical forerunners 17 seems the of feature a characteristic becomes type. possesstheevertedrimthathenceforth and preservesthewide base ofearlierexamples. themostconservative Amongthebowlsin thewellAtticmodelsfor18-24 are obvious.21 is itselfan Atticexample 3rdcentB.C. horizonthatwe have presumedfortheAttic and shoulddate to thelate4th/early model for22 in thelate 4thcentB.C. {Hesp.52 (1983) 283 Attic the dates kantharoi.Rotroff Rim Bowls 18-20 have alreadybeendiscussedin relationto for the no. 5). Atticmodels Flaring Nos. 26 and 29 bothbearWestSlope B.C. seems reasonable. c. A of date bracket 310-275 H9,3. whiteforthe formerand incised added motifs with bold Hellenistic of the decoration type: stemsforthelatter.These suggesta date in the thirdratherthan thefourthcenturyB.C.

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Several examples ofjugs or amphoriskoiwith rilled neck decoration were found in the well. Compared withH5 no. 4 the shape has now become much deeper and the shoulder zone is now marked offwith groups of incised horizontalsunder the glaze. It is thiszone that will in future bear West Slope decoration (cf. H13 no's 12-15). Three or more Hadra Hydriae were found in the deposit (nos. 37-39). The characteristic high ringbase with dropped floorand the patternedneck with ledge rim are unmistakable and representthe earliest properlystratifiedexamples fromthe site with the exception of H7,8-9 and H8,7. The hydria (no. 30) is of the class normal at Knossos and, as with the Hadra vases, examples have been found exported to Egypt in antiquity (Babesch61 (1986) 46 'Type O' and 48 fig. 5) where theirKnossian origin has been acknowledged. The Olpe no. 36 is simplya larger variant of the Cup with Low Neck (nos. 8-10) and thisis the forerunnerof a long seriesof Hellenistic types,usually bearing West Slope decoration until the middle of the second centuryB.C.19 On theJugs nos. 42-3, and on all the other fragmentsof this shape in the well, the rim is marked offby a carefullymoulded top. This seems to be a development of the second halfof the fourth century B.C. and is completely absent on H5,5-6. Once established, it became a standard featureof the Hellenistic period. Very few examples of the Cylindrical Krater (nos. 46-8) have been found at Knossos. The only whole profilethus farunearthed is H28,37. Even at thisearly stage ofits development it is possible to distinguishbetween the products of the two workshopsat Knossos: nos. 46-7 being from the Base Ring Workshop, no. 48 from the Pseudo-Base Ring atelier (BSA 76 (1981) 37-40). Among the larger shapes nos. 55-57 the one common featureis the developed hawksbeak moulding at the rim. The Pithari (no. 59) shares several morphological featureswith various developed typesof the Household Krater Type I (BSA 73 (1978) 12, nos. 35-6) and the two typesmay be closelyrelated. At all events,it seems to be thisHellenistic variant of the Classical type that survivesthrough the whole period until the Roman conquest. The Amphorae 60-68 make up a group that could easily fitinto the early 3rd cent B.C. Interestingare 61-3 with mushroomor bevelled rims.A similar typewas foundin an early 3rd centuryB.C. contextin the Agora.20 The firstquarter of the thirdcenturyB.C. seems the most likelydate. Chronology

The Atticpieceswouldallow a date eitherwithinthelastquarterofthefourthcenturyor the firstquarterofthethirdB.C. The local types,however,appear to be farmoreadvanced than anythingin H9 whichdates down to thelatestyearsofthefourthcentury,and it thusseems mostlikelythatwe are well withinthe thirdcenturywith thisrich group of pottery.The numberofshapesrepresented as well as thegood conditionofmostof thefindsmakesthisa vitaldepositin thehistoryofHellenisticpotteryat Knossos.Date: 300-275 B.C. One mostimportantfragment whichis morefullydiscussedas H38,43 belongsto a Hadra of Enklaar's with Hydria Group Spirals(Babesch61 (1986) 46f).21Severalofthesehave been foundat Alexandriaand this,too,suggestsa 3rd centuryB.C. date forthedeposit. Deposit H13 (VII 21a-b and 16a) SectionF nos.10-11;planat plate 2. plates 81 and 100a-b. This depositconsistsofan undisturbed floordepositsurviving in an isolatedtriangulararea at

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thenortheast sideoftheexcavatedarea. This triangular area was delimitedbyWalls 'ak' to the 'al' to the northwest and the of Evans' Little Palace excavationto theeast. The south, scarp floorrunsoverthetopmoststonesofWall 'be', whichis also cut and partlyover-ridden by the HellenisticPhase I Wall 'bh' in Area XII to thesouth.The wallswerebuiltofsmallundressed stones,and werein mostplaces preservedto a heightof40-60cms.The floorwas a layerof troddenearth. These walls are the sole remainingfragments of a substantialroom whichhas the same orientation as theHellenisticPhase II buildingofArea XII to thesouth(cf.DepositsH24-27). To judge fromtheremaininglengthsofwall, theroommeasuredat least 7m (northto south) by 3.5m (east to west). The floordepositwas both the firstand last vestigeof Hellenisticoccupationwithinthis room. In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were found:one stoneweight(S23); and a in depositoffurnacebottoms(M167- 174). The lattershowthatmetalworkingwas in progress thisarea at thisdate, but unfortunately too littleofthebuildingwas preservedto relatethese directlyto itsfunction;theymay have been broughtin fromoutside. Local 1 CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. 2 CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 7. Glazed in out. 3 CarinatedCup, profile,D. 10. Unglazed. 4 BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. 8.1. WestSlope decoration. 5 Cup, pedestal,D. 4.2. Glazed in out. 6 FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.8. Glazed in out. 7 FlaringrimBowl,rimto belly,D. 18. Glazed in out. 8 FlaringrimBowl,rimto belly,D. uncertain.Glazed in out. 9 Bowl,rimto belly,D. 17. Glazed in out. 10 Cylindrical Jug,upperhalfofprofile,D. 17. WestSlope decoration. 11 Cylindrical Jug,base fr,D. at base 8.2. Glazed in out. 12 Juglet,profileexceptneckand handle,D. at base 4.5. WestSlope decoration. 13 Amphoriskos, profileexceptneckand base, max. D. 7.5. WestSlope decoration. 14 Juglet,shoulderto belly,max. D. 7.3. WestSlope decoration. 15 Juglet,shoulderto belly,max. D. 7. WestSlope decoration. 16 Juglet,rimfr,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. 17 Jug,rimfr,D. 8.5. Rim dipped. 18 Jug,rimfr,D. 8. Rim dipped. 19 Hydria,rimfr,D. 11.8. 20 Hadra Hydria,bodyfr,W. 7.5. Dolphinsand rosettesin dark on lighttechnique. 21 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 19. 22 Lekane,rimto belly,D. 11.8. 23 Casserole,rimto shoulder,D. 22.8.

An approximatedate is providedby theJuglet12. It was painted by Pylon who also decoratedHadra Hydriaein theperiodc. 220-200 B.C.22 Typical ofhis workare thefloppy swanswithhorizontalpinionswhichalso occurin taileddolphinsin added whiteand theflying LPW 6 and GuerriniA,l wheretheyare once again juxtaposedwithhis dolphintype.The shape itselfis muchsmallerand moreslenderthan it had been earlierin the 3rd centB.C. hollowedfootofthe (H12,31-4; KSD, D12 and 15;AR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.19) and theslightly ofthisshapefrom earlierexampleshas beenreplacedbya simpleflatbase. The otherfragments thedeposit(13-15) look to be at a similarstageofdevelopmentand all are decoratedin the West Slope style,anotherrelativelynew featureforthisshape.

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The Cylindrical Jug 10 is probablyevenmoresensitivefordating.It has notyetdeveloped oftheshapein thelastquarterofthe thereliefmouldingbeneaththerimwhichis characteristic 3rdcenturyB.C., but it does have theslightlybulging"shoulder"thatis also a featureofthis ofLyttosin 220 B.C. but the base 11, period.This piece shoulddate close to thedestruction ofthearticulation is withitsalmostflatunderfoot, shouldbe later.Thisdegeneration underfoot paralleledamong the closelyrelatedcups 1-2, and has also been notedon the slightlylater LPW8. The CylindricalCups 1-2 have developed an elongatedflaringprofilewhich is quite different fromearlier wide based examples fromthe site (H12,11-13). The handles are in profile, a featurealreadypresentby220 B.C. (ADelt26 (1971) Ckron B2, distinctly triangular PI. 513: secondrow,secondfromleft).As withthejug 11,however,theirflatbaseswithonlyan annulargrooveas articulationunderfoot shouldpostdatethe Lyttiandestruction.23 A fragment fromthebellyofa Hadra Hydria20 was paintedby an artistwhosecareermust have begunsometimebefore220 B.C. sincesomeofhisworkwas on straight sidedCylindrical withinthe JugslikeH28,20,butwhoalso decoratedversionsofthesameshape thatdate firmly last quarterof the 3rd centB.C. H28,27 is but one of severalfragments paintedby him at Knossos.Characteristic ofhis dolphinsare a "U" shaped tail,twinfinson the back and two lowerfinsthatoftenjoin toformanother"U" or approachthatshapeevenwhenstillseparated as here.This again suggestsa date forthedepositwithintheperiod225-200 B.C. The CarinatedCup 3 also exhibitsseveralfeaturesthatmarkit offfromitsearly3rd cent B.C. predecessors(H12,15-17). The shoulderhas becomeflattenedto almosta straightline and thedistinctly triangularhandleresemblesthoseon theCylindricalCups fromthisdeposit. The Baggy Kantharos4 is similarto an example fromAghia Pelaghia thoughits slender makeit a productofa different proportions workshopfromtheexamplespublishedfromthat site(cf.thediscussionforDepositH18,3-4). Note especiallythesubtlythickenedrim,a feature thatsoondisappearsin thecourseofthe2nd centB.C. The sidesoftheFlaringRim Bowls6-8 are morestrongly evertedthan theirpredecessors (H12,18-20) a generalline ofdevelopment theysharewiththe productsof otherpartsof the Greekworld.24The Hydria 19 has a rim mouldingverysimilarto thatofH12,30,butis farmoreemphatic.Note,too,thebeginningofa ofthe2ndcent concavitybehind,whichwilleventuallylead to thehollowedrimscharacteristic B.C. (H18,17-20). Taken together, all thisis verystrongevidencethatthefloordepositshouldbe dated within thelast quarterof the 3rd centB.C. withthelatestvases beingclose to 200 B.C. Deposit H14 (Well 1) Plansat plate 5 no. 56, and plate 2. plates 88 and 100c. The depositconsistsofthelatestsherdsin thefillofa welldug at theextremewestedge ofthe excavatedarea. The wellwas clearedto a depthof 17.75m.beforeit was stopped,due to the dangerofa kouskourascollapse.Thus no primarydepositwas reached,althoughthewellnow 90cm. The fillconsistedof earth, holdswater.The diameterof the well was approximately tile and other ofthestonewellheaditself stones, fragments buildingdebris,includingfragments found at a of c. and curved stones 4.50m, (D. 88cm) depth lining presumably derivingfromthe construction oftheupperpartofthewell.The intenseburningofsomeofthevases and other materialin thefillat a depthof13-14mwouldseemto indicatea domesticcatastropheofsome sortwhichcaused the abandonmentof thewell.

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Later buildingactivityon the site removedboth the upper sectionof the well and the habitationdeposits. associatedcontemporary In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were foundthe following:two bronzecoins: C112 (type uncertain) and C87 (Cydonia); Lamps L13 and 22; bone peg (E3); clay 26 pyramidal,threedisc and twobiconalincludingthestampedexamplesW37 loomweights: and W38. Also H38,9 and 45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 5.7. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base c. 4. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. at rim9.3. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,profile,D. 10.9. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,profile,D. 13.5. Unglazed. Cylindrical Jug,profile,D. 14.6. WestSlope decoration. Cylindrical Jug,upperprofile,D. 13. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,profileexceptneckand handle,D. at base 4. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,shoulder(nonjoining) max. D. c. 10. WestSlope decoration. Juglet,shoulderfr,H. 4.4. DromeusPainter. Hadra Hydria,neckfr,max. D. 11. AlikiPainter.

This wellfillliesclosein timetoH13; manyoftheformsare slightly earlier,manyjust a little later.The Hadra Hydria12 was paintedby theAlikiPainter(Enklaar'sDolphin Painter).25 whose careerspanned the yearsc. 230-200 B.C. For the astragalon the neck see Brooklyn are theovoidblobsof Museum Annual10 (1968) 114-138,figs.5-7; IHVY'. 5, 17. Characteristic the beads and the twinnedcurved verticalsof the reels. Other vases by this painterare publishedhereas H28,ll, 13 and 15. As we can see fromhisflatbasedJugletH28,ll, partof his activecareercertainlylay close to the end of the 3rd centB.C. The articulatedunderfoot. The Juglet9 is earlierthanH13,12 sinceitstillretainsa carefully was at it evident even of its fineness ofitswallsand theexceptionally surface, though highgloss sometimebadlydamagedbyfire,suggestthatitshouldstillbe placed withinthelastquarterof the3rdcentB.C., albeitearly.A similardecorativeschemecan be foundon H28,9. The Juglet 11 is by theDromeusPainterwhoselongcareeras a painterofHadra Hydriaehas been well documentedby Enklaar.26We bothagree on a later3rd centB.C. date forthisartistbut I thatitspan theperiodc. 230-200B.C. ratherthanthelongerspan offourdecades wouldprefer ofhiswork:thetail him allotedto byEnklaar.At all eventsthedolphinshereare characteristic in case almost or this line of the is formedbytherearend so,bya shortcurved transected, body our vase is Guerrini on to the treatment the Hadras line.The closestparallelamong A,3. This the end of the artist'scareer,so it is was placed by Enklaarin his latestgroup,representing likelythattheJugletdates close to 200 B.C. Both the CylindricalJugs7-8 have developedmouldingsbeneaththe rim.8 has a fairly ofjugs in thelastquarterofthe verticalupperwall withouttheconvexshouldercharacteristic 3rdcentB.C. so it is probablyearlyin thatperiod.Conversely7 has ratherthickerwallsthan usualin thelate 3rdcentB.C. and maybe closeto 200 B.C., evena littlelater.The pedestalled cup 3 has a set of complexmouldingsat the base and a highcolumnarstem,bothfeatures (H12,5-10) but verysimilarto thoseon separatingit fromitsearly3rd centB.C. progenitors anotherlater3rd centB.C. vase in AR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.21. The EchinusBowls5-6 are lowerthantheyhad beenearlierin thecenturyand bothhave a of5 resemblesthatofthecontemporary pronouncedbevelon theirupperwall. The underfoot less in seem 1-2. These, turn, slightly evolvedthanH13,l-2 sincetheyretain CylindricalCups and are morecarefullyturned.Finally,theFlaringRim Bowl 4 a slighthollowingunderfoot

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seemsmoredevelopedthanH13,6. The rimis morestrongly evertedand thefootlesscarefully turned. The date rangeforthevasesin thisdepositshouldthenbe c. 230-200 B.C., withthemajority towardthe end ofthatperiod. perhapsclustering Deposit H15 (VIII 33 and 32 Spit 3) plates 89 and lOOd. This depositwas foundon thewestside ofTrenchVIII and consistedofa deep layerofdark soilrelatively richin pottery.This layerwas cutintoby thelaterpitno. 43 (VIII Pit 9) which containedDepositH16, see plan at plate 5, no. 43. Althoughnotsealed,thecompositionand colourofthedepositallowedtheexcavatorsto discountthepossibility ofdisturbance.Thus the as an uncontaminated depositcan be interpreted occupationlayer. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cup, pedestal,D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,bodyfr,max. D. 11. WestSlope decoration. Medusa Bowl, bodyfr,max. H. 3.4. West Slope decoration. Bowl,rimfr,D. uncertain.Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 9.9. Glazed in out. Olpe, upperprofile(threenonjoining),D. 9.9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, profilerestored,D. 11. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. c. 12. West Slope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. c. 16.5. WestSlope decoration. Jug (?), bodyfr,max. D. 10.1. WestSlope decoration. Oinochoe (?), shoulder(two nonjoiningfrs.),max. D. 5.1. West Slope decoration. Hydria,rimfr,D. 15.5. Ladle (?), rimand partof belly,D. 13.8. Unglazed.

Coarse 16 CookingTray, profileto base, D. c. 24. Two of the heat spreadingannulargroovespreservedunderfoot. 17 Casserole,profileto shoulder,D. c. 20.2.

The potteryfromthisdepositseemsto belongto a singleperiodand itsdatingdependsin H16. The CylindricalCup 2 is verysimilarto thosein H13 and the partupon thefollowing flareofitslowerbodyplacesitin a smallsubgrouprepresented amongpublishedvasesbyKRS 47-8. The FlaringRim Bowls6-7 definitely in those the twopreviousdeposits:therim postdate is morestrongly evertedand we may notethesharpline ofcarinationwheretheangle ofthe wall changes.The BaggyKantharos3 and theCylindrical Jug 12 bothhave thethinwallsand characteristic of the later 3rd cent B.C. like thefragment ofa Medusa Bowl4, highgloss They, could be theearliestvases in thegroup. The Olpai 8-11 all have tall neckswithbroad rimsand theprofileof9 showsthatthetall ovoidprofilewithhighcentreofgravitycharacteristic ofthe3rdcentB.C. (H12,36,LPW 59) is nowbeginningtogivewayto a depressedovoidformwithfairlystraight upperwalls.The West on all these vases is now rather bolder and is Slope patternwork appliedin thickerstrokesthan was usual in thelater3rd centB.C. (H13-14; H28,10-ll, 13, 15, 19, 21). The Ladle 15 is deeperthanit becamelater(H30,10 and discussion)and theHydriarim14 is strongly evertedin comparisonwithH 13,19 and earlierexamples,creatinga distincthollow behind.

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Mostofthevasesin thisdepositcan be shownto be moreevolvedthananyin H13-14 and it is therefore highlylikelythattheyrepresentthe earliestphase of the 2nd centB.C. ceramic in any sortofstratified contextat Knossos. developmentsurviving Deposit H16 Pit 40/43(VIII Pits 7 and 9) Planat plate 5 nos.40 and 43. plates 89-90; 109e;110a. The depositconsistsofthefillofa largeirregularpit,itselfcutintoby thelaterPit 39 (VIII Pit 2, containingDepositH18; see plan at plate 5 no. 39). Althoughnotsealed,thepotterywas homogeneousand givesa good idea oftherangeofshapespresentin a 2nd cent particularly B.C. kitchenat Knossos. Initiallyexcavated as two separate pits on eitherside of the disturbance causedby Pit39 (DepositH18), thedepositwas foundto be one,belowthelevelof laterintrusion.Studyof thepotteryalso producedmanycross-joins. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Cup, pedestal,D. at base 5.5. Glazed in out. EvertedRim Cup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9.5. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, profilerestored,D. 8. Glazed in out. Kantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 9. WestSlope decoration. BaggyKantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 10.1. WestSlope decoration. Ribbed Kantharos,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.7. WestSlope decoration. CarinatedCup, profilerestoredrimto belly,D. at rimc. 8.8. Unglazed. Cup (?), base, D. at base 5.9. Glazed in out. Cup (?), base, D. at base 5. Glazed in out. Fish Plate, profile,D. 17.4. Dipped. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 13.5. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 14.4. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 23.2. Glazed in out. Juglet(?), profilerimto shoulder,D. 9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, profilerestored,D. 13. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. 12.5. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, bellyfr,L. 8.2. WestSlope decoration. Jug,rimand neck,D. 8.7. Rim dipped. Lekane,profile,D. 19.2. Unglazed.

Coarse 20 GlobularJar,rimand shoulder,D. 23.5. Round rimmedjar witha filletbelowtherimand twoincisedlinesat theshoulder.Fabric like thatof thecookingvesselsbelow. Not illustrated. 21 Chytra,profilerestoredrimto shoulder,D. 11.9. 22 Lid, edgeslost,max. près.D. 9.5. Hole throughknob to let out steam. 23 Lid, edgeslost,max. près.D. 8.9. to spreadheat. 24 Cookingtray,profile,D. 26. Annularringsunderfoot 25 Basin,profile,D. 43. Unglazed.

all depositedat thesame time.The Cylindrical Thisis a smallgroupofcontemporary forms, with the base articulation:it has a flatunderfoot of a further exhibits degeneration Cup (3) Glazed the forms. hollowed the of as a reminder annular a shallow 2, Cup previous groove only an innovationsharedwiththeOlpe withEvertedRim has developeda depressedbaggyprofile, 15 and a Tulip Cup fromAghia Pelaghia/Apollonia, destroyedin 171 B.C.27 We mightnote thoseoflater3rd more a 14 retains that the nearlyresembling here,though, profile TulipJuglet fall of the than earlier is our that This B.C. Apollonia. deposit implies examples. century No. 7, a CarinatedCup, retainsthe straightshoulderprofileof H13,3 and has stillnot developedthehorizontalgroovebetweenlip and shoulderthatbecomesan importantfeature

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oftheshapein theLate Hellenisticperiod.The BaggyKantharos,5, retainsa smallmoulding at therim(cf.H13,4), thelatestexampleon thesiteto do so. 8 mightwell be thebase ofthe same shape, similarin its carefularticulationto that on a publishedexample fromAghia Pelaghia.28 SeveralexamplesofFlaringRim Bowls,11-13,are shallowerand have a moreflaringprofile thananyoftheexamplesoftheshape listedabove. At thispointtheAtticseriesceasesto be of anygreathelpto us and we mustsimplyfollowthelocal sequencein laterdeposits.29The Fish Plate 10 is similarto an examplefromAghia Pelaghia.30and shouldbe close in date. The thickerlip may even indicatethatoursis lightlylater.9 is almostcertainlythe groovedring base fora Tulip Cup. A close parallelonce again comesfromAghia Pelaghia.31 Olpai like15 nowhave a distinctly baggyappearancewiththecentreofgravityfardownthe vessel'sprofileand an almoststraight forthisshapeduring upperbodywall. No wholeprofiles the3rdcentB.C. survivebutthecloselyrelatedpedestalledvarietyall possessa highercentreof

Vasenin Deckfarbentechnik, gravity(H12,36; LPW 59 and E. Bielefeld,Eine Fundgruppe griechischer

9: themostdevelopedofthethree).17 probablyhad decorationlikeLPW 59 or Guerrini C,2. The Lekane,19, has a plain flatrimwithouttheeleganthawksbeakofH13,21-2 but it has developeda concavecollarbeneath,a featurealso seenon theLadle, H15,15. Of thedomestic lid 22, whichallowedsteamto escape, shapesthereis littleto noteapart fromtheperforated and thesophisticated concentricgrooveson thebase ofthecasserole24, a featurethatwould have spreadheat moreevenlyacrossthesurface. Togetherwithitsstratigraphie position,all thiswould seemto indicatea date bracketofc. 200-175 B.C. forthisgroup. Deposit H17 Pit 3 (XIII Pit 8) Planat plate 5 no. 3; SectionA, no. 14.plates 91 and 110b. The depositconsistsofthefillofa smallshallowpitin thesouthwest corneroftheexcavation. This was cutintoby laterpitsdug to rob out theMinoan wallsat theback oftheUnexplored Mansion(seeH28). Therewerecrossjoins betweenthetwodeposits,and theseare listedbelow. The fillofthepit mainlyconsistedofstonesand earth,withverylittlepottery.The fewvases intactand seem to forma homogeneousgroup. however,weresubstantially represented, In addition to the potterycatalogued below was found one bronze coin, C117 (type uncertain). 1 2 3 4

CretanKantharos,profileto lowerbelly,D. 10.2. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,profile,D. 7.9. West Slope decoration. Bowl,rimto belly,max. près.H. 4.4. West Slope decoration. Amphoriskos, profile,D. 6.6. WestSlope decoration.

There was also in thisdepositthefragmentary remainsofan Olpe partsofwhich,like the neck of 4, were foundin H28 - presumablydisplacedwhen that robbingpit cut into our deposit.The Olpe rimis decoratedwitha patternalmostidenticalwiththatof4 and thebody seemsto have possesseda plumpand elongateddepressedovoid profilesimilarto thatofthe TulipJugLPW32. This smalldepositseemsremarkablyhomogeneous,ifonlybecause all its decoratedvases bearvariationsofa singlemotif.The Kantharos2 is farmoredevelopedthantheversionsofthe shape foundat Aghia Pelaghia/Apollonia(destroyed171 B.C.).32 It has lost the small rim ofearlierversionsoftheshape (H16,5) and themouldingsofthebase mouldingcharacteristic

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have coarsened,obviouslyheaded towardtheplain conicalpedestalsofLPW 18-19. 4 has a sufferprofilethanH13,12-15 but is earlierthan LPW 37-38 whosedate is discussedin the discussionforH23. Consideringall thesedata it seemsreasonableto place our groupbetween170-150B.C. It mustbe veryclose in timeto thefollowing deposit. Deposit H18 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2) Planat plate 5 no. 39; Section J,no. 8. plates 91-2; 110c. The depositwas containedin thelowerfillofa largeshallowpit.The earthwas crumblybrown The potteryis reasonablyhomogeneous and was mixedwithmanystonesand tilefragments. arosebecausematerialfrom but somepotentialdifficulties and includesseveralwholeprofiles, had intruded. To overcomethisproblem Late Hellenistic/Augustan theoverlying layer(H37) the selectionprocessforpublicationwas rigorous.Althoughthismighthave excludedsome contemporarymaterial, it should ensure that the shapes presentedhere are indeed contemporaneous. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

EvertedrimCup, profile,D. 10.1. Glazed in out. EvertedrimCup, profileto lowerbelly,D. 9. Glazed in out. BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. 10. WestSlope decoration. BaggyKantharos,rimfr,D. uncertain.WestSlope decoration. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 3.3. Glazed in out. MegarianBowl,Delian Class, profilerestored,D. 13. Glazed in out. Fish Plate, profile,D. 17. Glazed in out. Rolled rimBowl restored,D. 21.9. Glazed in out. Oinochoe,neckand shoulder,max. près.D. 12.5. WestSlope decorationin white,brownand madderpink.

A date forthisdepositis providedin partbytheImportedIonian Bowl7. This piecedoesnot belongearlyin the Ionian seriesand examplesthat are closelysimilarhave been foundin of theAtheniancleruchyin 166 B.C.33 Delian housesbuiltaftertheestablishment The glazed Cup withEvertedRim 1 is tallerthanthatin H16, tallerindeedthananyofthe publishedexamplesfromPhaistos,a citydestroyedby Gortynsometimeafter183 B.C. and withinthesecondquarterofthe2nd centB.C.34 Like itspredecessors, however,it presumably This laterdevelopedan annulargroove(H25,l), a featureretained retainsa hollowunderfoot. evenon theyetlaterflatbased examples(LPW, 22). Forfullerdiscussionofthisshapesequence cf.H29. 2 is probablyshallowerbut introducesa sharpcarinationbetweenrimand shoulder. twoforms:a fatbodiedand a moreslendervariety.We The BaggyKantharoi3-4 represent can followbothfromthelater3rdcentB.C. (H15,3; H16,5 on theone hand and H13,4; H28,4 and H 17,2 on the other). Proportionsthereforehave less chronologicalthan workshop of At all eventsboth our exampleshere shouldbe placed afterthe destruction significance. and the Apolloniain 171 B.C. They are poorlyglazed, have sloppyWest Slope decoration levelofthatcity.354, pottingis notas carefulas thepublishedexamplesfromthedestruction basesfor however,has notyetdevelopedthestraight upperprofileofH17,2. 5-6 mayrepresent than in careful more thisshape and, ifso, indicatethat the pottingof thisfeaturewas also H17,2. The plate8 is closetoH16,10 butthepottingis a littlecoarser.The bowl9 could also fitinto theearlier2nd centB.C.36 All theHydriaiare moredevelopedthanthoseofthe3rdand early 2nd centB.C. (H12,30; H13,19; H15,14). The rimshave emphaticallyhollowedprofileslike

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LPW, 44 and twohave developeda mouldingat therimitself.In general,all are moreevolved thanLPW, 44 but closeenoughto suggesta generalcontemporaneity. The evidencefromthe UnexploredMansion excavationswould seem to indicatethat the date I publishedforthe mainfilloftheLittlePalace Well mainfill(c. 150-125B.C.) was slightly too low. The second quarterofthe2nd centB.C. nowseemsthemostlikelydate ofdeposition,perhapstowards150 B.C.37 16, froma Cylindrical Jug,is a survivorpiece. Its inclusionhereis based solelyon thefact that it was decoratedby the Dromeus Painter:the crescentcurve of the dolphin'stail fin therearpartofthebodyin a characteristic fashion.It is also interesting in thatthe transecting straight upperwall ofthejug and thelackofa mouldingbeneaththerimbothindicatethatthis vase was pottedbefore220 B.C. A date withintheperiod240-220 B.C. would fitin withthe proposedchronologyof thisartist'scareer.38 We nowcometo theOlpai 11-15. 11 has a distinctly biconicalformwhichprobablyreplaces thedepressedovoid profilecharacteristic ofOlpai and TulipJugsoftheearlier2nd centB.C. 1973,PL 218,b;theTulipJugform (H16,15; theringbasedTulip Cup fromApollonia:Praktika Phaistos:Annuario 45-6 (1967-8) 159,fig.115 and anotherfroma finalfloordeposit:Kretika Chronika 21 (1969) PI. I oppositep. 168,top). This transition, then,seemsto have takenplace sometimeafterthefallofApolloniain 171 B.C. and thenewformcontinuesto at leastthelate 2nd centB.C. whenitis foundon manyoftheOlpai in KCG (BSA 76 (1981) 48, fig.6:32), this, at bothApolloniaand Phaistos.Necksare highand the too,seemsto postdatethedestructions rimtendsto be heavierthan was generalin the later3rd and early2nd centB.C. (H12,36; H15,9-10; H21,4; BSA 76 (1981) 56, fig. 10, 59 and 48, fig. 6, 29-30 as well as many unpublishedexamplesfromthe Royal Road excavationsat Knossos). Anotheradvanced featureis thecomparatively broadshoulder.This becomesmoreemphaticduringthecourseof thelaterHellenisticperiod (H27,l and 3; BSA 45 (1950) 182,fig.21: A and C). All thesedata takentogethersuggestthatwe shouldplace thisdepositwithinthe second quarterofthe 2nd centB.C., probablylate in thatperiod. 12 and 14 bothhave trefoil patternssimilarto thaton 7, on manywhitegroundlagynoiand on Enklaar'sBranchlessLaurel groupofHadra Hydriae.Enklaarhas now constructed a very strongcase forregardingthesevases as Egyptianproductsand fora date bracketwithinthe secondand thirdquartersof the 3rd centB.C.39 This makesthe patternless of an horizon markerthan I had once thought.40 Deposit H19 (XII 30 31) SectionG, no. 14.plate 93. The depositconsistsofa massivefillofmainlylate Classicalfragments. This was placed to the west(upslopeside) ofwall Tm',and manyjoiningpieceswerefoundpackedintothewall fill. The realdate ofconstruction is providedbythefewHellenisticfragments in thefill,whichseem to pointto theperiodjust before200 B.C. Fragmentsofno. 5 werealso foundin theroadway in thatarea. construction higherup to thewest (XI, 35), possiblyindicatingcontemporary In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefoundnineclay counters(K43-52). 1 2 3 4 5 6

Cup, base to belly(profilerestored),D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. CarinatedCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9. Side dipped. Hadra Hydria,neck (non-joining),H. (restored)6.9. Hadra styledecoration. Jug,neck,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Lekane,profile,D. 35.8. Glazed in. Lekane,profile,D. 36.1. Glazed in.

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The datingmaterialfromthislargefillmay be placed in thelater3rd centB.C. Our most sensitiveand conclusiveindicatoris thebg cup 1. Its base is farmoreadvanced thanthoseof H12,9-10 or thanthatofAR 31 (1984-5) 128,fig.20. Thereis increasedarticulationbetween the columnarpedestaland the splayingbase: a shallowchannelemphasisesthe thickened angular base moulding.Slightlymore primitivestagesof thisdevelopmentmay be found amongpublishedand unpublishedcups froma Cretangravegrouppublishedby E. Bielefeld, whichshouldbe dated to earlyin thereignofPtolemyIV (222-204 B.C.). The bestparallel, however,is to be foundon thebase ofan Olpe fromLyttoswhichDr. K. Lembesiswas kind in 220 enoughto allowme to examine.Sincethisvase shoulddate closeto thecity'sdestruction date for our is also the likeliest this B.C., cup. Anotherreasonablywelldatedpieceis theCarinatedCup 2. This is farshallowerthanH12, 15-17 and close to H13,3. The shoulder,though,is stillroundedand thissuggestsa slightly earlierdate, possiblylate in theperiod250-225 B.C. withthe and are likelyto be contemporary The Lekanai 5-6 survivein multiplefragments fill a in of found the 6 were also of the fill. nearbyroadway Many fragments depositionof (TrenchXI, 25) suggestingthat the 'fm' complexwas part of a largerbuildingscheme.5 descendsfromearliercollaredtypessuchas BSA 45 (1950) 173,fig.9, A. The closestparallelfor 6 is H12,58 whichdatesto thefirst quarterofthe3rdcentB.C. Our vase seemsmoredeveloped and thenumberofgroovesat thepoint rim the thanitspredecessor: profilehas beensimplified has increased. ofwidestdiameter foundon Enklaar'sGroup The wavylineon theHadra Hydria3 is similarto thetreatment can be close date no 61 withSpirals(Babesch (1986) 46f),though givenforthemembersofthis 41 The has more it since 4 than neck is later H12,42-3 emphaticmouldingsand the Jug group. thanthecoarserH13,18, earlier it is behind. ofa slighthollowing probably Equally, beginnings B.C. the within period270-20 givinga generaldate bracket ofthesubstantial'fm'complexin TrenchXII shouldbe placed close Thus theconstruction to thefallofLyttosin 220 B.C. The vaseslistedabove indicatea generaldate bracketbetween and thepackingbeneaththefloors 270-220 B.C. The datingsherdsfromthewallsthemselves this that listedin thefollowing buildingactivityshouldfallintothe deposits(H20-21) suggest laterpartof thisperiod. Deposit H20 (XII, wallsofHellenisticPhase I buildings:'fm,fn,fl,fh'). Plan at plate 13. SectionG, no. 13. plates 93 and 111b. This depositconsistsofthelatestsherdsfoundin thewalls of thefirstphase building. 1 2 3 4

Jug,rimfr,D. 7.4. WestSlope decoration. Jug,shoulderfr,max. D. 16.5. WestSlope decoration.Fromthesame vase as no. 1 above? EvertedrimCup, base f,D. at base 4. 1. Glazed in out. Juglet,base fr,D. at base 2.9. Glazed in out.

Thereis nothingto preventus fromlinkingtherichWestSlope decorationof1-2 withthe highperiodofKnossianpaintingin thelast thirdofthe3rd centuryB.C. but thereal dating sherdsare thebg onesdescribedbelow.3 is thebase ofa Cup withEvertedRim. The surviving a shapesimilarto an examplefromLyttos.The base oftheAmphoriskos/Juglet profilesuggests somewherebetweenH14,9 and H13,12 and thus stillretainsa slightlyhollowedunderfoot, 3rd of the last the within centuryB.C. The finelyarticulatedbase of the quarter firmly as has no 5 preciseparallels yetbut thehighqualityofthepottingwouldagain Jug Cylindrical above. Date: 225-200 B.C. fitin withthedates proposedforthefragments

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Deposit H21 (XII HellenisticPhase I, cobbled floor) SectionG, no. 11.plates 93 and 111b. This depositconsistsof the latestsherdsunderthe cobbled floorin the extremesoutheastof Area XII, runningup againsttheeastfaceofwall 'fm'at itssouthernmost end,and cut by the of Evans' Little Palace excavation. This floor is scarp contemporarywith the Phase I of the but have been laid at occupation buildings may any timeduringtheirlifetime. 1 2 3 4

EvertedrimCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.9. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7.9. Glazed in out. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 4.2. Hadra Styledecoration. Olpe, rimfr,D. uncertain,WestSlope decoration.

The Cup withEvertedRim is eccentric:a mouldedlip replacesthe usual slightlyflaring profile.Otherwisethe profileas preservedsuggestsa shape witha highcentreof gravityin contrastto the baggyversionsof the 2nd centuryB.C. (H16,2) and Phaistos.42The closest outturnedrimof3 are to be foundin about 200 B.C. (H13,l-2). The parallelsforthecarefully Jug3 is decoratedin thebfstylefoundon Hadra Hydriae.Presumablywhatwe have hereare twoconfronted eithersideofa palmette.The griffin is foundon someHadra vasesand griffins herethecarefuluse ofincisionbringsus close to thestyleoftheDromeuspainterwho worked duringthelastthirdofthe3rdcenturyB.C. The closesetgroupsofincisionsatjowlsand on the neckare particularly close to hisstyle(Guerrini A5-6) thoughnotenoughsurvivesforus to be able to attributethispiece to him. 4 is fromtheneckofan Olpe. The largerosettein brownand whiteis similarto,thoughnot identicalwith,thoseoftheCentaurPainterwho workedin thesecondhalfofthe3rd century B.C.43 The heightoftheneck,though,probablyprecludesa date earlierthanthefallofLyttos in 220 B.C. Deposit H22 (XII 33, occupationofHellenisticPhase I building,the cfm'complex) Planat plate 13,- area between wallsTm'and 4fh'plate 93. This depositconsistsofthematerialabove a fragment ofsurviving floorbetweenwalls'fm'and 'fh' This was the onlyundisturbedoccupationlayersurvivingon the west (upslopeside) of wall Tm'. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Base ringworkshop. CylindricalCup, base, D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out. Base ringworkshop. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup (?), base, D. at base 4.4. Unglazed. EvertedrimCup, base, D. at base 4.4. Glazed in out. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 3.35. West Slope decoration. Jug,bodyfr,max. près.H. 3.9. West Slope decoration.

The CylindricalCups 1-2 correspondexactlywiththe stateof developmentexhibitedby is moredevelopedstill(but its smallsize probably H13,l-2, while5, withits flatunderfoot, makesiteccentric).The pedestalledfoot3, withitshighcolumnarstemand cushion-like base is close to formsfromthe Bielefeldgrave group thoughthisis a formadmittedlynot closely datable. 4 is almostidenticalto thebase ofa cup fromtheLyttiandestruction depositof220 B.C. The base ofthebg Cup withEvertedRim withitsflatunderfoot resemblesH20,3 and is likewiselikelyto be laterthan220 B.C. The trefoils of7 and thesloppymeanderof8 probably

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belongto the2nd centB.C. A good parallelforthelatter,at least,existsin H28,18 an Olpe whosepositionin itsshape sequencesuggestssucha date. Thus thegroupas a wholeseemsto indicateoccupationofthe'fm'phase ofthebuildingspanningthelastquarterofthe3rdcent B.C. and probablyinto theearlyyearsof the 2nd. Deposit H23 (XII 35, cisterndeposit) Planat plate 13.Viewat plate 29a. plates 94 and Ilia, c-d. The firstoccupationon theeast side ofthe Phase I buildingcomplex,afterthedemolitionof ofa cisternbuiltabove an Orientalizingwell Wall 'fm',was connectedwiththeconstruction was The cistern head 73 1978,49). providedwitha capstoneand drain,and a flagstone (BSA floorwas laid to thenorth.This overlaythestumpofWall Tm'and was itselfsealedbya plaster and the floorin thesucceedingperiod.The materialpublishedherecame fromtheflooritself, beneath the sealed flagstones. pottery 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

CylindricalCup, profile,D. 6.9. Glazed in out. Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 11.8. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 17.9. Glazed in out. FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10.7. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D.H. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 13.9. Glazed in out. Olpe, profilerimto belly,D. 13.9. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, rimsherd,D. 14. WestSlope decoration. Lekane,base fr,D. at base 9.8. Glazed in. Bowl,base fr,D. at base 7.9. Underfootreserved. Basin,profileexceptbottom,D. 35.4. Unglazed.

It shouldbe stressedat theoutsetthatthisdepositis a closedone. Even thougha fewofthe it is knownthatnos. 1 and 9 sat on the sherdscomefromdirectlybeneaththestoneflagging, flooritself.The CylindricalCups 1-3 resembleH13,l-2 and H22,l-2. More importantly, perhaps,theyfindtheirclosestparallelsin themainfilloftheLittlePalace Well:noteespecially thedumpybase and unsmoothedridginginsidethecup. As we shall see, thewell groupalso providesthe best parallelsformany othershapes in our depositand in the courseof this discussionwe willhave to considercarefullythedates ofboth. we findat Knossosin the The threeFlaringrimBowls4-6 are moreadvancedthananything 3rd centuryB.C. (H13,6-8; H14,4) or in the early2nd century(H15,6-7) thoughtheydo resemblethosein H16 (11-13). Once again the closestparallelsseem to be fromthe Little a feature Palace Well (4-6). The Lekanai 11-12 possessringbases withslovenlyarticulation, Echinus shallow The absent on still oftennotedon potsfromtheLittlePalace Well but H16,19. shallow their retains and of version Bowl withbevelledrimseemsto be a simplified H14,5-6 Well.44 Palace Litlle fill of the the form.Otherwiseit closelyresembles64 from upper On morphological groundsagain theOlpe 9, withitsbiconicalprofileand highneck,should meanderon the ofLyttosin 220 B.C. The perspective be placed sometimeafterthedestruction Hadra whose Painter Bichrome of the work withthe neckconnectsitstrongly Hydriaeare now ofthemotifin Earlier versions B.C. the 3rd of decades two century generallydated to thelast and the B.C.43 171 before to the be dated can as such theWestSlope style H31,3 period safely the Bielefeld and Bowls Medusa with the linked also be can vases gravegoup,all of perspective A of the 2nd. 3rd the later date to which fragment a Medusa Bowl centuryand, perhaps, early

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was in factfoundabove theplasterfloorwhichsealedthisdeposit(H26,2 and especiallyH38,29 ofthesevesselswellintothe2nd whereitis discussedin detail.),perhapsimplyingmanufacture centuryB.C. At all events,it is unlikelythatour Olpe shouldbe too farremovedfromthese otherelementsin the stylistic complexand, althoughI have dated it late in the past,46it is perhapssaferto place thiswhole depositsomewherein the period 180-160 B.C. Much will eventuallydepend on the publicationof the findsfromboth Aghia Pelagia/Apolloniaand whichcan be placed between Phaistosand the possibleresolutionof thelatter'sdestruction, 183 and c. 150 B.C. an earlystageofoccupation All thesefeatures implya date forourfloordeposit,representing in thenew buildingthatreplacedthe 'fm'complex,withinthesecondcenturyB.C. This late date is also suggestedby thegenerallylater3rdcenturydatesgivento thesherdsrepresenting oftheearlierbuilding.Morphologicalanalysisplaces boththeoccupationand theconstruction thedepositafterH13- 15. It probablylay betweenH16 and thelowerfilloftheLittlePalace Well; it has linkswithboth. Deposit H24 (XII HellenisticPhase II. Building and packing under floorsof 'ff/'fe' complex) SectionG, nos.7-8; SectionEl, nos.13 and 14.plate 95. This depositderivesfromthe packingin the walls of the Phase II building,and underthe primaryfloorsofthe new construction. 1 2 3 4 5

Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, rimfr,D. 7. Glazed in out. EchinusBowl,rimfr,D. 9.9. Rim dipped. EvertedrimCup, base fr,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out.

ofthesecondbuildingcomplexin Trench12 thoughnone Thesesherdsdate theconstruction is overlyhelpful.The pedestalbaseswithmultiplemouldingsare ofa generaltypewhichonly occurin 2nd centB.C. contextsat Knossos(H18,5-6) or on vasesthatcan be dated withinthis grounds.47The eleganceand carefulturningofour examplesshould periodon morphological in them the early sequence.The outturnedrimof2 linksit closelywithCylindricalCups place like4 fromthe LittlePalace Well, and thesloppydouble dippingof theEchinusBowl 3 is a featurethatoftenreplacestheoverallglaze of3rd centuryexamples.The closestparallelsfor boththeseshapescome fromtheupperfilloftheLittlePalace Well (nos. 53 and 65). The bg is probably unhelpfulbut thehollowedunderfoot Cup withEvertedRim, 4, is comparatively bestparalleledbyH16,2 and therefore shouldalso date to theearly2nd centB.C. The date of the construction of this buildingcomplexhas an obvious bearingon the date of the rich thattheOlpe H23,9 occupationdepositdiscussedabove (H23) and suggestsyetmorestrongly shouldnot be placed too close to 200 B.C. Date: 200-175 B.C. Deposit H25 (XII 19 and 20). PackingunderAugustanfloor,and flooron uphillside in Phase II 'ff/Te5complex. SectionG, no. 2. plates 95 and lile. This depositconsistsofthematerialfromthelatestsurviving floorin Phase II, betweenWalls 'ffand 'fe' The floorwas well-preserved and ranup againstWall 'fe'on one side,butthewalls

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floordeposit.The on theothersidehad beenrobbeddownlowerthanthetopofthesurviving above. a the floor was sealed hard for Augustan by packing deposit In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow were foundthe following:fivebronzecoins, C44-6 (Europa/labyrinth) early2nd B.C., C97 (Rhodes), C125 (uncertain);metal:lead nail disc (M70); clay loomweight, stamped(W47) and glassgamingpiece. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

EvertedrimCup, profile,D. 4. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4.3. Glazed in out. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Base Ring Workshop. CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 3.9. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring Workshop. Ribbed Kantharos,profilerimto belly(non-joining)D. 9.9. WestSlope Decoration. Plate, rimfr,D. 13.9. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,profile,D. 6.1. Glazed in out. Not partofcanonicalseries. CarinatedCup, profilerimto belly,D. 7.8. Unglazed. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.5. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimto shoulder,D. 11.8. WestSlope decoration. Olpe, neckfr,max. près.L. 3.8. West Slope decoration.

This floordepositwas notsealed untiltheAugustanperiodand may not be securesinceit may incorporatesome of the Augustan packing material.We can but note the shapes but is notas developedas, thosefroma 1, theCup withEvertedRim resembles, represented. rich late hellenisticcisterngoup fromKnossos.48It seems identical to H27,2 and thus habitationbothwithinthehouseand in thecourtyardduringa late contemporary represents It clearlypostdatesH18,l and thusshouldbe placed afterc. existence. of the building's phase 160B.C. The pedestalbase withmultiplemouldingsbelowa columnarstemis of2nd century type;fora fulldiscussionsee H24. To thisperiod,too, we mightassign3-4 withtheirflat on the lack ofsmoothness relievedonlyby an annulargrooveand witha distinctive underfeet interiorsurfaces(cf.thediscussionforH23). The ribbedKantharos,5, cannotbe dated other - and theprofilehas been restoredafteran thanby context- it survivesin multiplefragments examplein HerakleionMuseum.It probablypredatedH28,3 and H16,6 sinceithas a farmore lie between200-180 B.C. 6 is a typical2nd centB.C. and shouldtherefore elegantarticulation, versionofa popularplateshapeand is moredevelopedthanH16,10. It morecloselyresembles exampleslikeH30,4,H31,2,BSA 76 (1981) 90 no. 283,all ofwhichdate to thelaterHellenistic period. 7 is eccentric.8 exhibitsa straightshoulderedprofileclose to LPW 27-8 a form with to the2nd centB.C. and replacedsometimelate in it by thedepressedprofiles restricted of KCG. The deeply hollowedunderfootof 9 is slightlyroundedshoulderscharacteristic to date it to the 1stcentB.C. thougha vague parallelexistsat Phaistos.49 probablysufficient The twoWestSlope sherds10-11 belongwithinthe2nd centB.C. 10 closelyresemblesH15,9 in bothshapeand decorationand,ifitis nota survivorpiece,couldbelongto theearliestphase ofoccupation. ofcistern(at Well 12). Deposit H26 (XII 26). Reconstruction Viewat plate 29b.plate 96. Thisdepositconsistsofthematerialfromthefinalplasteredarea placedin frontofWell 12 and sealingDepositH23. This plastershowedsignsofhavingbeen renewedat leastonce,and we mightimaginethattheperiodofuse was not a shortone. The plasterran up theeast faceof Wall 'fF and was also used to coat a basin witha smallkerbon itssouthside to guide water fromthe wellheadinto the basin. It seemslikelythat the area was used forsome formof washingactivityin thisphase.

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The publishedsherds,werefoundin thebasin. No. 2 joins withothersherdsfromDeposit H29. 1 Olpe, profileneckto shoulder,D. restored14.3. WestSlope decoration. 2 Phiale,profile,D. 18.2. West Slope decoration.Joiningfr,fromXI 26. Discussedas H38,29. plate 116.

Anothersealeddeposit,thoughnota richone. Stratified above H23, theuse ofthisplastered area shouldpostdatethelatestsherdson thatfloor.The Olpe 1 has a farhigherneckthanany we have seenhithertoand looksforwardto laterformssuchas H27,3. The sloppyWestSlope decorationbroadlyresemblesthaton H17,2-4 and H18,3-4, all datingto thesecondquarterof the 2nd centB.C. The Medusa Bowl, morefullydiscussedas H38,29, has joiningfragments fromH29. The richergroupfromthelast depositmighttherefore giveus a betteridea ofthe truedate forthisphase of the cistern'suse: c. 150-125 B.C. Deposit H27 (XII 25). Final Hellenisticin thecisternarea. Viewat plate 29c,d. plate 96. The nextphase in thedevelopmentof the cisternarea is represented by theplacingofa flat serratedmillstoneslab (S36) overthetop oftheplasteredbasin,and theaccumulationofsoil above the plastered area in frontof the wellhead (leaving only a small rectangular below thewell). Part ofa stonedrainwas preservedin thenorthplasteredarea immediately easternpartofthearea, butthisfeaturehad beensubstantially removedbyEvans'sexcavation. This depositrepresents thelatestsurvivingHellenisticactivityin thearea. The east wall of the Roman SoutheastHouse was built immediatelyabove all of thesefeatures,effectively sealingthemduringtheAugustanperiod. 1 Olpe, profilerimand shoulder,D. 12. Glazed in out. 2 Evertedrimcup, base fr,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. 3 Olpe, profilerimand shoulder,D. 10. Glazed in out.

The vasesin thisdepositresembletypesfromKCG (BSA 45 (1950) 181,fig.20; 182,fig.21, A and C) and shouldalso be placed closeto thelatestuse phaseoftheLittlePalace Well (BSA 76 (1981) 58). The underfoot ofthecup 2 is closeto thosefromKCG and helpsus to place this groupafterH30. A date withinthelast quarterof the 2nd centB.C. seemslikely. Deposit H28 Pits 1, 2 and 22 (XIII Pits 7 and 9; XI 32-33) Planatplate 5,nos.1,2 and22;SectionA,no. 15(Pit1); SectionH, no. 15(Pit2). plates 96-100;112. The fillsfromthesepitsproducednumerouscross-joins, and wereclearlydug at one timeto rob out the Minoan masonryfromthe south-westcornerof the UnexploredMansion, and the northwest pierofthe PillarRoom. The approximatepositionofthisactivityin thehistoryof thesitecan be arrivedat stratigraphically. Pit 1 (XIII Pit 7, H28) cutsintoDepositH17, and Pit 22 (XI 32-33, H28) is underDepositH30 (itselfconnectedwithDeposit H26). The fills wereveryrichin finepotterywhich,althoughoftensubstantially pre-datingthefillingofthe pits,can be used to illuminatestagesin Knossianceramicdevelopmentotherwiserepresented characteristic ofsettlement and onlyby thesmallbatteredfragments deposits.These terracing intensified construction and rationalisation in thisarea during robbingactivitésseemto reflect the 2nd centuryB.C. - H38, 15-16, In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: pottery 38, 48, 50-1, 55, 57, 59-61,66,68-9, 71; bronzecoin,C93 (Tegea); bronzefinger-ring (M49);

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metal furnace bottom (M177); clay: two bell-shaped weights (W27-8), two stamped (S35). pyramidalweights(W54-5); stone:weight(S33); limestonebowl fragment 1 CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.7. Glazed in out. Base Ring workshop. 2 CylindricalCup, base fr,D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring workshop. 3 Ribbed Kantharos,profile,D. 8.9. WestSlope decoration. 4 BaggyKantharos,profilerimto belly,D. 8. WestSlope decoration. 5 CretanKantharos,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.4. Glazed in out. 6 Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. 7 Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. 8 Juglet,profile,D. 8.75. Glazed in out. 9 Juglet,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.75. WestSlope decoration. 10 Juglet/Amphoriskos, profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.8. WestSlope decoration. 11 Juglet,profilebase to neck,D. at base 4.15. WestSlope decoration. 12 Oinochoe,profilerestored,D. at base 8.1. Westslope decoration. 13 Oinochoe,profilerimto belly,D. 7.3. WestSlope decoration.AlikiPainter. 14 Guttus,profileexceptbase, D. 4. WestSlope decoration. 15 Juglet,shoulder,max. près.L. 9.1. Westslope decoration.AlikiPainter. 16 OutsizedCretanKantharos,profile,D. 18.8. WestSlope deocrationon neck. 17 Cylindrical Jug,profilerestoredexcepthandle,D. 12.1. WestSlope decoration. 18 Cylindrical Jug,rimfr,D. c. 15.2. WestSlope decoration. 19 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto shoulder,D. 13.2. WestSlope decoration. 20 Cyliindrical Jug,rimfrs.D. 12.8. WestSlope decoration. 21 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 18.2. WestSlope decoration. 22 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 15.9. WestSlope decoration. 23 Cylindrical Jug,profilerimto belly,D. 17.3. WestSlope decoration. 24 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 2.9. WestSlope decoration. 25 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 3.6. WestSlope decoration. 26 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 4.5. West Slope decoration. 27 Cylindrical Jug,shoulderfr,max. prèsL. 3.4. WestSlope decoration. 28 Plate, profilerestored,D. 20.9. WestSlope decoration. 29 Outsizedunguentarium, profilerestored,D. 4.8. Glazed out. 30 FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 11.4. Glazed in out. 31 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15. Glazed in out. 32 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 10.2. Glazed in out. 33 FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 20.3. Glazed in out. 33b FlaringrimBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 16. Glazed in out. 34 ColumnKrater,profilerimto bellyrestored(non-joiningfrs.),D. 34.2. Hadra styledecoration. 35 EchinusBowl,profilerimto belly,D. 13.4. Glazed in out. 36 CylindricalKrater,profilerimto belly,D. 12.1. Glazed in. 37 CylindricalKrater,profileexcepthandles,D. 19. Glazed in. Coarse 38 Cookingdish,profileexceptbase, D. 25.4. 39 Casserole,profilerimto bellyexcepthandles,D. 20.2. 40 Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 17.4.

wellfixedby thedate ofthedepositsthat Sincethedate ofdepositionforthisfillis relatively HI ternimus the and it postquern providedby 7 intowhichit cuts,thedate ofthelatest by overlay notfullysecure. sherdsin thedepositis probablyreasonablycertainthough,itmustbe stressed, in the period somewhere lie should of date the Given its stratigraphie deposition position notcommonat Knossos, 175-150B.C. The absenceofMegarianbowls,whichare admittedly mayimplythattheserobbingpitsweredug earlyin thistimespan. The CylindricalCups 1-2 are thelatestoftheirtypefromthedeposit.The ridginginside,the slovenlybase articulationand theflatbases relievedonlyby an annulargrooveconnectthem

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withLPW 2-4 and H23,l-2 so theyprobablydate 175-150B.C. Of theFlaringRim Bowls,the mostadvanced seem to be close to LPW 40-1 but are possiblyslightlyearlier.This again and the CylindricalCups. All theother suggeststhesame generalperiodas thestratigraphy has been chosen either for its intrinsic interest or quality,or as examplesofrelatively pottery rare typesat Knossos.Discussionis arrangedby shape as faras possible. Juglets:10-11 belong to the class withhorizontallyrillednecks.Both belong to the last quarterofthe3rdcentB.C. and have theflatbasesintroducedat thattime(cf.thediscussionof H13-14). 11 is by theAlikiPainterwhosecareerprobablyspans the period230-200 B.C.50 The narrowneckedjuglet 15 also has dolphinsofthe typecharacteristic oftheAlikiPainter. Oinochoai:13 maybe assignedto theAlikiPainteron thebasisofthecharacteristic astragal at thetopofitsshoulder.This is ofsomeinterest becausewe can nowassignhima typeofflying bird.The astragalof the Guttus14 may also be by thishand. Possiblyslightlylateris thefineovoid oinochoe12 withitshanginggarlandsand bows.A closeparallelforthisdecorativeschemecan be foundon H15,3 whichpossiblydatesto thelast decade of the 3rd B.C. The oinochoeor juglet 9 may be assignedon the groundsofitshigh qualityto roughlythe same date. The Cylindrical ofthisshapein thedeposithave been Jug:onlya fewofthemanyfragments chosenforpublicationhere.20 givesa good impression ofa typepredatingthefallofLyttosin 220 B.C. The upperwall is verticalwithlittlesignof thehollowedshoulderof225-200 B.C. Nor does it possessa mouldedcollarbelowtherim;an incisedgroovesufficing to articulatethe A similar has been reached the shoulder/rim junction. stage by uniquepedestalledexample17. 21 mustlie closeto 220 B.C. It doesnotyetpossessa mouldedcollarbuthas a fullydeveloped convexshoulder.We mightnote,too,thatthesimplehorizontalbranchis a motiffoundon one of the publishedvases fromthe Lyttiandestructiondeposit.22 is slightlylater and has a mouldedcollarcharacteristic oftheBase Ring Workshopwitha raisedfilletflankedbyincised lines.The zone ofbucraniaand candelabrais interesting and theformer suggestthatthismay have been painted by the same hand as the Olpe neck H21,4. Both belong in the period 225-200 B.C. 19 probablyalso belongshereor a littlelater.Its strangerimformhas a parallel in LPW 8 whichgivessomeidea oftheoriginalformofthispot.The use ofmadderpinkon the theMedusa Bowls.The grapeclustersconnectsthisvase withthewholecomplexsurrounding rimand profileof23 looksverysimilarto LPW 5 whichI have assignedto theDromeusPainter and dated230-200 B.C. Bothvasesprobablylie closeto theend ofthisperiod.The thickwalls, stiff to place it in the2nd centB.C. Its closest profileand sloppypaintingof 18 are sufficient at Knossos is LPW 57 parallel (180-60 B.C.?). The smallfragments 24-7 all belongto 225-200 B.C. on shape. 26 has dolphinswithfloppy tailscharacteristic ofPylon;27 is by thesame hand as H13,20. Various: 16, an outsizedCretanKantharos,has no good parallelsbut the thinnessof the wallsand thefineness oftheglaze suggesta date 225-200 B.C. The smallerversion,5, has been restoredafterit. Bold decorationenlivensthebowl 28. It shoulddate 225-175 B.C. but there are no local controlsforthisshape.The kantharoi3-4 probablybothdate to theearly2nd cent B.C. 3 is of the same typeas H25,5 but theirrelativeplacementwithinthe shape sequence remainsproblematic,as do theirdates. The cup pedestals6-7 are undatable on present evidencebut mustobviouslybe placed beforec. 150 B.C. as musttheoutsizedunguentarium 29. The ColumnKrater34: thisis a highlyornatevase decoratedin the besttraditionsof the Hadra style.The bestparallelsamongHadra Hydriaeare to be foundin thepegasoiofGuerrini C,9, possiblyby the same hand. Guerrini C,10 is obviouslyclose in date and has in factbeen

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givento thesame painterby Enklaar.He datesthispainter,hisPegasosPainterto theperiod 235-220 B.C.,51 but thepegasoion C,10 are actuallyby thesame hand as H23,9 and we have earlierand seen thatthisdepositcannotpredatec. 180 B.C. I would place our kraterslightly suggestherea date c. 200-180 B.C. Deposit H29 (XI 30). SoutheastHouse: packingunderthe Late Hellenisticfloor(H30). Planat plate 17a.plate 100. This packingdepositran over the top of Pit 22 (containingDeposit H28), and the pottery forthe layingof the floorabove (see foundwithinit helps to establisha terminus postquern for terminus ante a as well as quern therobbingoftheMinoan remains probable DepositH30), (H28). bronzecoinC22 (Zeus In additionto thepottery cataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: late 3rd centB.C., fromangle ofWalls 'el' and ceo'; ironcatch (M87); and to left/labyrinth) Lamp L25. 1 2 3 4 5

EvertedrimCup, rimfr,D. 9.25. Glazed in out. Cup, pedestal,D. at base 4. Glazed in out. CarinatedCup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.9. Unglazed. FlaringrimBowl,profile,D. 10.9. Glazed in out. Cylindrical Jug,profileupperhalf,D. 14. Glazed in out.

The bg Cup withEvertedRim 1 is froma deep formthatpostdatesH18,l and is probably featuresto noteare thecontinuingtendency similarto H30,l and H25,l. The mostimportant to evermoredeep formsand the factthatin the threelast examplesthe rimis thickenedto This featureis stillpresenton thelatercupsfromKCG butis producea sortofcollaredeffect. absentin H18 and theLittlePalace Well. The bestparallelfor4 is H30,7 and thetwomustbe close in date. The CylindricalJug 5 has a simpleflaringprofilewherethe slightlybulging "shoulder"ofthelater3rdand earlier2nd centB.C. has beensuppressed.It liesbetweenLPW 9 and KCG IV,3 wheretheshape has developeda highflaringrimunknownearlier. theseformsclearlypostdateanyofour earlier2nd centB.C. deposits.1 also Taken together indicatesthatit shouldcome afterbothH19 and theLittlePalace Well main fill.We should thusnotbe veryfarfromthetruthifwe dated thedepositto theyearsaround150B.C. and this forthefillingin of therobbingpitsbeneath. antequern givesus a clear terminus Deposit H30 (XI 27). SoutheastHouse: floorabove XI 30 (H29) Planat plates 2 and 17a.plate 100. This floordepositwas delimitedby theroadwayretainingwall to thewestand wall 'es' to the an earlier east.It seems,however,to have rununderWall 'eo' in thesouthand thusrepresents sealedbyroof Late HellenisticuseforthispartoftheRoman Southeasthouse.It was effectively area. in the and wall fallabove and thereis no signofdisturbancefromlateractivities In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: lamp (L26); bronze binding(M56); ironknife(M77); ironbloom (M166); glassbowl fr.(G18). fromfabricofwall 'es'; Two bronzecoinscomefromrelatedcontexts:C17 (Hera/labyrinth) C36 (star/labyrinth, small) late 3rd centB.C., fromwall ces'foundations. 1 EvertedrimCup, profileexcepthandle,D. 9.3. Glazed in out. 2 CarinatedCup, profile,D. 8.8. Unglazed. 3 Juglet,base fr,D. at base 5.7. Glazed out.

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Fish Plate, profile,D. 13.2. Glazed in and on rim. EchinusBowl, profile,D. 10.9. Rim dipped and glazed in. Unguentarium, profilebase to neck,D. at base 2.6. Greywarewithwhitehorizontallineson unslippedfabric. FlaringRim Bowl,profilerestored,D. 22.5. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. 9.8. Glazed in out. FlaringRim Bowl,profileexceptbase, D. 11. Glazed in out. Ladle, upperhalfof bowl,D. 12.1. Plain.

The comparativepositionof 1 in the shape sequence has already been discussedin H29 above. 2 also has a clear positionin itsshape progression. The roundedformsofthe3rd cent B.C. became much moreangularby c. 200 B.C. (H13,3). By the early2nd centurya sharp carinationhad been introducedbetweenshoulderand belly (H16,7). This featurecontinued and theshoulderbecameprogressively straighter throughtime(LPW 28; H25,8) thoughitwas out. a reintroduces H29,3 alwaysangled slightconvexityin theshoulderbut also replacesthe line with a vertical one. H30,2 developsboth thesefeaturesand the sequence then oblique moveson to LPW 69 wherea channelbetweenrimand shoulderintroducesa featurewhich was to remainstandardfromthenon. The Plate 4 is probablytheearliestofits typeto have been foundat Knossos.It probably descendsfrom4th and 3rd cent B.C. fishplatesand beginsa long traditionof the typeat Knossos.5 is a deep formof the EchinusBowl and has descendantsat Knossos (KSP 362). LPW 42 is a predecessor and AgoraD,9 is butone ofmanynon-Cretanversionsofthetype.The 6 is of the international fabricoftheHellenisticperiodand belongs Unguentarium grey-ware within the cent B.C. The Rim 2nd Bowls 7-8 resembleH29,4 and obviously firmly Flaring descendfromLPW 40-1 withwhichtheysharea straightbellyline. The Ladle 10 is oftheveryshallowformfoundin KCG. Early 3rd centB.C. examplesare deeperand rounded(H12,28). In the early2nd centB.C. theyare stilldeep (H15,15). The probablecontemporaneity of thismaterialwiththe use phase represented by H26 in TrenchXII has been mentionedin the discussionof thatdeposit.The date is likelyto be c. 150-125B.C.

Deposit H31 (XIII 39). SouthwestHouse, packingforAugustanfloor;top ofrobbingpits. SectionA, no. 12a.plate 101. The materialfromthisdepositformedpart of the packingforthe Augustanfloorof the SouthwestHouse, Room I. The packinghere ran over the top of the robbingpits (H28). A similarpackingalso extendedfurther westunderRooms II and III, see SectionA, no. 12. Many oftheformshereare Late Hellenisticand reflectfirstcenturyB.C. activityin thearea beforethefoundationof theAugustancolonyin 25 B.C. In additionto thepotterycataloguedbelowwerefoundthefollowing: bone eyeinlay(E9); clay counter(K55); H38,33. 1 FlaringRim Bowl,profile,D. 13.6. Glazed in out. 2 Bowl withOverhangingRim, profile,D. 17.7. Glazed in out. 3 Olpe, rimand neck,D. 11.85. West Slope decorationof a typecurrentbefore171 B.C.

These threevases come fromthelayerbetweenthe top of the robbingpits (H28) and the packingforan Augustanfloor.Theyare publishedhereas examplesoftypesthatmaybe better dated in future. The deep FlaringRim Bowl 1 may be as late as the 1stcentB.C. The plate 2 is similarto

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H30,4 and probablyliesbetweenit and earlier2nd centB.C. typeswithflatrims(H15,10 and H18,8). The Olpe 3 withits perspectivemeanderpredates171 B.C. and is probablyto be connectedwithHadra Hydriaeby theBichromePainterwhoworkedin theverylate 3rdcent B.C. (Enklaar'sMeander Painter,cf.Babesch60, 1985, 136). Deposit H32 (XIII 28, 28a, 28b, 29) Planat plate 2; SectionH, nos.13 (= XIII 28a) and 13a (= XIII 28); plate 26b,d. These depositsrepresentoccupationof a buildingwhich preceded the SouthwestHouse, constructedabove the robbingpits (H28) and sealed by an Augustanfloor.It providesa reasonablyclear pictureofpre-colonial1stcenturyB.C. activityin thisarea. In the southwestcorneris a cobbled floor,whichmay well have been a courtyard.The potteryfromherewas excavatedas XIII 28a (SectionH, no. 13), apparentlyseparatedfrom thecourtby a mud brickwall. In thesoutheastcornerofthisroomwas a largeshallowclaylined area (XIII 28b) adjacent to a smallerplaster-lined structure(XIII 29). Althoughthe stateofpreservation militatesagainstdetailedanalysis,thesetwofeaturessuggesta treading floorand associatedholdingtankforan agriculturalactivitysuch as wine making.52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.8. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, rimto lowerbody,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, rimto belly,D. 9.3. Unglazed. Cup withhollowedrim,rimto belly,D. 8.8. Glazed in out. Megarianbowl,profileexceptbase, D. 14.7. Glazed in out. Floral decorationin relief.Also H38,85. HemisphericalBowl, profile,D. 11. Dipped. Plate withrolledrim,profile,D. 13.2. Glazed in out. Plate withbevelledrim,profilerimto belly,D. 15.4. Glazed in out. Plate,profilerimto belly,D. 14.2. Glazed in out. Lekane,profilerimto upperbelly,D. 23.5. Glazed inside. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. 26.3. Unglazed. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Basin,profilerimto upperbelly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Basin,rimfr,D. unknown.Unglazed. Hydria,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed at top. Amphora,rimfr,D. 12. Unglazed. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 12.5. Unglazed. Chytra,profilerimto belly,D. 10.7. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 12.5. Unglazed. Lid, outeredge missing,D. unknown.Unglazed. Chytra(?), neckand shoulder,D. 10.1. Unglazed,horizontalribbingon neck.

froma glazed Cup withEvertedRim. The formby thisstageis a very 1 is a base fragment AR one similar to 24 (1977-8) 82, fig.36. Many exampleshave beenfoundat Kommosin deep and Kommosagain providesa reasonableshapesequencethatallowsus 1stcentB.C. contexts, thanearlierin the tofollowitsdevelopment throughtime.53The base is muchmoreconstricted Hellenisticperiod and the walls rise at a steep angle. Later examplesare discussedin the Deposit summariesforH33, H35 and H37. ExamplesfromKCG are shallowerand have a of ofaround 100B.C. fortheintroduction broaderbase. They providea firmterminus postquern thenew deeperform.54 No basesofCylindricalCups werefoundin thedepositbut2 indicatesthatby thisstagethe ofthe profilehad developeda sharplyflaringshape,a featuresharedby a verysmallminority KCG of the to some almost identical 3 is Carinated in KCG.55 The Cup CylindricalCups

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cups56 and has still not been given a groove to separate lip and shoulder- a feature characteristic ofmostof the CarinatedCups in thelaterHellenisticdepositslistedbelow. with Hollow Necksoccurearlierat Knossos (LPW, 23-5). 57They maydescendfrom Cups rathertallertypesoftheearlier2nd centB.C. suchas AM 85 (1970) 144a-b butthesequencein Creteis defective. The MegarianBowl,5, (also illustratedand discussedas H38,85) is oftheDelian class. Its mainperiodofproductionseemsto lie between166B.C. and 70 B.C. Our examplecomesfrom theworkshopofPhilon(Délosxxxl,247ff)who producedmanyvasesoftheLong Petalvariety. The low calyxofacanthusleavescan onlybe paralleledin thisatelier(Délos xxxi,PL 60, no. 2010). Its presencein thedepositmayimplythatoccupationbegan as earlyas c. 70 B.C. but someforms,such as 9 look later. The Hemispherical Bowl6 is probablya local copyofan EasternSigillataform(SamariaIII, 80 1stcentB.C.) althoughit retainsthe widerringbase of Knossian 332-4: fig. 1-2,4; pp. Echinus Bowls. 7 is a fineand very late versionof the Plate with OverhangingRim. A somewhatsimilarplate was foundin a 1stcentB.C. dump at Knossos (BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig. 10: no. 357) and severalmoreexistedin KCG (unpublished).All theseweredeeperthan,and probablyearlierthan ours. We mightnote in particularthe exceptionallydeep hollowing underfoot: thisoccursagain on a late 1stcentB.C. plate (BSA 66 (1971) 259,fig.9, no. 16) and is probablya late feature. Few parallelsyet existforthe domesticpotteryfoundin thisdeposit.10 is froma deep Lekane with a sharp change of angle in the body wall just below the rim. It seemsless developedthan anotherlekane foundin the 1stcentB.C. dump mentionedabove (BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig.10, no. 366). The Hydriarim,15, is hollowedbehindand has a sharpbevelat the top. The casserole,19, lookslate. An exactdate is difficult. We are certainly withinthe 1stcentB.C. but theformsthatcan be with the seem earlier forthemostpart.9 and 19, however,look compared following deposits later.They may be intrusive.Perhapsit were best to be contentwiththe fairlywide date bracketof 100-25 B.C. at thisstage. Deposit H33 (II 7 #0146;7A #0299;II 8). Floor depositbeneathNorthHouse, Room II. PLATE 102.

This floordepositwas foundin thenorthwest area ofthesite,belowthefootings oftheRoman NorthHouse, Room II. This was a verydisturbedarea, and it is notpossibleto associateany architectural features withthisfragment offloor.Includedwiththedepositare sherdsfromthe floormake-upitself(II 8). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

E Sig A bowl,pedestal,D. at base 4.4. Red glaze in out. Bowl,pedestal,D. at base 5. Glaze in out. Cup, rimand shoulder,D. 10.2. Dull glaze in out. Cup withhollowedrim,rimfr,D. 7.2. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 5.1. Dull glaze in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.5. Dull glaze in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.4. Dull glaze in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 9.2. Unglazed. Bowl, base fr,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Bowl,base fr,D. at base 5. Glazed in out.

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POTTERY

Echinusbowl,profile,D. 7.5. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15.1. Glazed in out. Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 12.3. Rim dipped out,glazed in. Bowl,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in out. Facettedprofile. Bowl,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in out. Facettedprofile. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 15.1. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto belly,D. 13.1. Unglazed.

It is possiblethatthisrichdepositwas part of the same flooras H35 but the local forms, wheretheycan be compared,seem a littleearlier.A date of sortsis providedby the East Sigillata A pedestal. 2 seems to be a local attemptat copyingthe foreigntype. More is 4. This hollowrimmedcup or jar has nothingto do withvases such as H32,4 informative whichhas a long easternMediterraneanancestry.It is, rather,an Italian thinwalledjar ofa typewhosemainphaseofpopularitylay between100and 80 B.C. {MAAR32 (1973) Type IV: pp. 59ff.PL. 4, no. 44: 100-50 B.C.). and Of thelocal shapes,theCylindricalCup, 5-7, has a flatbase withstringmarkunderfoot a tooledhorizontalchannelat thefootofthewalls.The glazed Cup withEvertedrim,8-9, has a shallowannulargroovecreatinga raiseddiscushere. a hollowedunderfoot, The CarinatedCup, 10, is the firststratified examplefromtheseexcavationsto possessa horizontalgrooveseparatinglip fromshoulder,a featurethatis also seenin thetwocasseroles occurson therimsofthetwoPlateswithOverhangingRim, 16-7. lft-9.A peculiarfacetting This probablyformsa transitional stagebetweentheroundedprofilesofearlierexampleslike H31,2 and thestraightprofileofH35,13-5.58 This thinwalledjar suggestsa periodwithinthefirsthalfofthe 1stcent Dating is difficult. B.C. and thetwocasseroles18-9 are lesswelldevelopedthanthosefroma post-Metellan/precolonialhousein thesouthernpartofthecity(BSA 76 (1981) 93, fig.6, nos. 326-7). H35 also wherecomparisons exhibitsmoreadvancedstagesoftheforms maybe made. Sincethisdeposit is datedbya cointo theperiod50-25 B.C., a date withinthesecondquarterofthe1stcentB.C. butthiscannotbe proven.59 forH33 seemsmostlikely.I wouldsuggestthatitis post-Metellan, Deposit H34 (I(N) 18). Floor packingbeneathNorthHouse court,Room I. plate 102. architecturalremainsin the This depositagain comes froma contextwithoutsignificant floorpackingsurvivedunderthe sectoroftheexcavatedarea. A hardyellow-brown northwest beneaththefollowing halfoftheNorthHouse courtfloor,and was stratified northern deposit fr. bowl Also found: (G32). glass (H35). 1 Cup withhollowedrim,rimfr,D. 8. Glazed in out.

beneaththe The smallcup or jar fromthisdepositis includedherebecause it is stratified whose IV walled thin an Italian of a It is local H35. greatestperiodof jar Type copy following no. 44; 100-50 PL B.C. 32 100-80 in the at Cosa 41, 59ff; {MAAR (1973) period lay popularity in form of this actual an note We H33,4. example might B.C.). Deposit H35 (I(N) 15). Floor depositbeneathNorthHouse court,Room I. plate 102-3.

A richfloordepositwas foundlyingabove thefloordescribedabove (H34). It maywellbe part

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ofthesameflooras H33, foundbeneaththeadjacentNorthHouse Room II. The formsare precolonialand an absolutedate ofsortsis providedby thebronzecoin C73 (Zeus/eagle,franked by Romans), a 3rd quarter1stcentB.C. coin. Also found:Lamps L48 and 80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 6. Glazed in out. Cylindricalcup, base fr,D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,rimfr,D. 8.1. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. 8.1. Unglazed. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 4.1. Glazed in out. Cylindricaljuglet (?), lowerhalf,D. at base 6.5. Paint splashes. Jug (?), base fr,D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out. Jug (?), base fr,D. at base 6. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimand neck,D. 13.2. Glazed in out. Olpe, rimand neck,D. 12.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withevertedrim,profilerimto belly,D. 12.25. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 16.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.4. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.5. Glazed in out. Lekane,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in. Chytra,profilerimto shoulder,D. 12.6. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimto shoulder,D. 15.2. Unglazed. Chytra,profilerimto shoulder,D. 15. Unglazed. Cookingjug, rimand neck,D. 9.3. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimand side,D. 23.3. Unglazed. Casserole,profilerimand side,D. 22.3. Unglazed.

A securedepositdated byC73 to thethirdquarterofthe 1stcentB.C., thisoccupationlayer is also relativelyrichin formscommonon the citysite,thusprovidinga good fixedpointin many Late Hellenisticsequences.The flatbased CylindricalCups 1-3 have a stringmark below. The channelled groove at the base, already noted for H33,5-6 continuesbut no rimssurviveto tellus whetherthe flaringlip ofH32,2 does so as well. The unfortunately of the earlierKSP 284 and BSA 66 (1971) 267,fig.16 no. 33. whichis probably profiles slightly later60implythatthiswas also a constantfeature. 4, theglazed Cup withEvertedRim obviouslybelongsto theverydeep formintroducedin our sequencebyH32,l. The mostinteresting featureis theshallowgrooveat theshoulder/rim the of the two features(cf.H34,l fora similarprogression on junctionemphasising separation anotherroughlycontemporary A also serves to the articulation of shape). groove emphasise on the carinated 5 The base of the with Everted separateparts Cup (cf.H33,10). glazed Cup Rim 6 is similarto H32,l and H33,8-9 buthas lostmostofthearticulationunderfoot: onlyan annulargrooveremaininghere.7 is probablya scaled down versionof the CylindricalJug. Precursors are knownforthe3rd-2ndcentB.C. (H28,8 and LPW 13 and 15). Here theshapeis only partiallyglazed (probably rim dipped) and the underfootis flat. For an almost contemporary examplewitha moreflaringprofilecf.H37,4. While the base of the Cup withevertedrimgraduallylost its articulationin thisperiod, thoseofthejugs 8-9 werecarefully turned.That of8 resemblesin itsgeneralstructure thoseof bowlsand plates(BSA 66 (1971) 259 17, 19-20). A groovealso emphasisesthe contemporary structural divisionson theOlpe neck11 and boththisvase and 10 are moreadvancedthanany in KCG or in BSA 76 (1981) 91, 290; 99, 347 - materialdatingfromtheperiod 100-25 B.C. The FlaringRim Bowl 12 is similarto thosefroma late 1stcentB.C. depositat Knossos(BSA

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66 (1971) 259 16-17) and to an almost contemporary habitation deposit (BSA 76 (1981) 90, 278-281). The Bowls with Overhanging Rim 13-5, with their straight rims and lack of curve on the belly, are more developed than examples from a Knossian cistern deposit (BSA 45 (1950), 178-9 figs. 15 and 17) and closely resemble a pre-Augustan dish from a domestic deposit close by (BSA 76 (1981), 90, 283). Forms such as H33,16-7 and BSA 76 (1981) 99, 360 with their facetted rims probably mark the transition from the earlier rounded profile to the later straight rims. Little need be said of the domestic pottery 16-22 except to state that these vases form an important transitional group between the later Hellenistic tradition and the early Roman.61 Deposit H36 PLATE 103.

(I(N)

Pit 5, above 'Floor 35)

above fromKnossos,stratified ofthelatestHellenisticpottery Thisdepositconsistsoffragments H35. 1 Cylindricalcup, lowerhalf,D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. 2 Lekane,rimfr,D. unknown.Glazed in. 3 Bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 15. Glazed in out.

The threesherdsillustratedhereweredepositedlaterthan therichfloordepositdiscussed above (H35). 1-2 are roughlyas theirequivalentsin H35 (1-3; 16) but the Bowl with in the earlierdeposit.It more OverhangingRim 3 is moredevelopedthan its counterparts nearlyresemblesBSA 66 (1971) 267, 26 froma contextofthelate 1stcentB.C. Deposit H37 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2) SectionH, no. 7. Planat plate 5 no. 39. plates 103-4. whoseformsapproximatethoseof A depositofgreysoil,containingLate Hellenisticpottery, H33-36. All thematerialis pre-colonialand appears,on thewhole,to be kitchenrefuse.The layer was introducedimmediatelyabove H18, possiblyas a supplementaryfill,due to subsidence. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.5. Glazed in out. Cup withevertedrim,base fr,D. at base 3.3. Glazed in out. Carinatedcup, profilerimto belly,D. unknown.Unglazed. Cylindricaljug, profilerimto belly,D. 11.2. Rim dipped. Bowl withoverhanging rim,profilerimto belly,D. 16. Glazed in out. Bowl withoverhangingrim,profilerimto belly,D. 17.3. Glazed in out. Bowl withflaringrim,profilerimto belly,D. 23.2. Dipped in dull red wash. Bowl withflaringrim,profilerimto belly,D. 12.2. Glazed in out in dull red wash. Straightsided bowl,profilerimto belly,D. 18.1. Rim dipped. Hadra hydria,profilerimto shoulder,D. 12.1. Banded decoration.Grittyfabric. Hadra hydria,profilerimto shoulder,D. 14.1. Banded decoration.Grittyfabric. Cylindricalkrater,profilerimto belly,D. 19.3. Rim dipped in a dull wash. Grittyfabric. Casserole,profile,D. 20.1. Unglazed. Casserole,profile,D. 19.5. Unglazed. Casserole,profile,D. 16.8. Unglazed.

H37 was a secondaryfillin pit 39. It shouldbe stressedhere that the two fillswere not ofthepithad to in thecourseoftheexcavationand thatthecomplicatedhistory distinguished on thesherdtables.The primaryfillis publishedin thisvolumeas H18 and is be reconstructed

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grouped around a complex of whole shapes, whole profilesor nearly complete profilesof the firsthalf of the 2nd cent B.C. The later 1st cent B.C. deposit published here is easily distinguished from the earlier fill and forms an important goup of late Hellenistic types, possibly of the Augustan period. The Cups with Everted Rims 1-2 are even more developed than those of the period 50-25 B.C. listed above (H35,4 and 6). The base is now even narrower than hithertoand the walls rise at a far steeper angle. One characteristicof many of the sherds in the deposit is that the interiorsurfacebears distincthorizontal ridgeswhich were not smoothed out in the finalstages of the potting.3 is similar to H33,17 and H35,4 in that it posseses a shallow groove separating the rim from the shoulder. The Cylindrical Juglet, 4, is rim dipped and gives us a further development fromthe stage reached by BSA 45 (1950) 187, fig. 30. 5-6 are similar to their precursorsin H35 (13-4). The Flaring Rim Bowl 7 is more developed than any we have as yet described. With its shallow form,wide flaringrim and almost horizontal floorit is almost as advanced as the Augustan examples such as KDS J22 and BSA 66 (1971) 259 16-7. It is also roughly coated with a dull wash approximating the Augustan orange colour wash at Knossos.62 The two Hadra Hydriae 10-11 are interestingas verylate examples of theirtype. That they certainly belong here rather than in the primary fill is amply demonstrated by the exceptionally gritty,almost concrety,fabric of both. This is characteristicof most plain and banded wares of the later 1st cent B.C. but not of the 2nd. In type, with their high narrow necks, theycorrespond to Guerrini's most advanced stage of Group F. One of these was found in a grave group at Itanos along with other vases indicating a latest 2nd to later 1st cent B.C. date bracket forthe tomb.67 Many fragmentsof other late Hadra Hydriae have been found at Kommos in southernCrete in similarcontexts.64The threecasseroles 13-15 fitin tolerablywell with the state ofdevelopment reached by otherversionsof thistypein the later 1stcent B.C. at Knossos (BSA 66 (1971) 93, 326-7; 76 (1981) 260 39). The handle types are especially advanced. It is possible that the cylindricaljuglet 4 and the cylindricalkrater12 belong to the earlierfill (HI 8). They retain the bulging shoulder and flaringlip of the 2nd cent B.C. typessuch LPW 8-9,16. If so they date close to 150 B.C. Many of these vases were probably produced during the period post-dating the establishementof the Augustan colony at Knossos in about 25 B.C., none of the others look earlier than theircounterpartsin H35, securelydated to the period 50-25 B.C. Some survivors of the Hellenistic ceramic tradition will be found in the early Roman deposits below but in general the older Greek types did not long survive the demise of Knossos as an independent political entity.

Deposit H38

PLATES113-8.

The materiallistedhereis a collectionofHellenisticsherdsfromtheexcavationsarrangedby types.Somesherdsderivefromdepositswhichhave beendiscussedabove buthave beenplaced here so that they may be juxtaposed with similarpieces, where this has happened an appropriatenotehas been appended to the relevantdepositsummary. A. Terracotta protomes fromvases plates 113-4 1 XI 14.Handleterminal intheform ofa negroid head,H. 4.6.Darkbrownglazewithaddedlightbrownpaint.

128

2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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The typeis probablyrelatedto thenegroesand grotesquesfromSmyrnaand Alexandriawhichdate fromthe 2nd centB.C. and later.Date: 2nd centB.C. IV (N) 5. Handle terminalin theformofa silenhead withivywreath;plasticleafabove, H. 5.4. Dull orange wash and grittyfabrichelp to date thispiece to the 2nd centB.C. US. Handle terminalin theformofa Herakleshead withlion skincap, H. 5.2. Selfslipped.Descendedfrom anotherexamplein H28 and therefore 2nd centB.C. or later. US. Handle terminalofa jug withfemalehead, H. ofprotome1.6. The heavywigsuggestsEgyptianinfluence; thefabrica laterHellenisticdate. I 16N. Handle terminalin the formof a silen head, upper half only preserved,H. 5.3. Slipped. Date: Hellenistic. H28. Handle terminalin theformofa child'shead,H. ofhead 2. 1. Slipped.The contextsuggestsa 3rdto early desFigurines et Raisonné 2nd centB.C. date. The typeis derivedfromterracotta (S. Besques,Catalogue figurines ReliefsIII, PL 39, D171-4) of theTanagra style. II 7. Spout in theformof a comicmask,H. 3.3. Glazed. Date: Hellenistic. US. Spoutin theformofa lionhead, L. 4.4. Slipped,thestrongmodellingsuggestsa date withinthe2nd cent B.C. as does thefabricand slip. H 14. Mould in theformofa satyrmask,possiblyforuse as a spout,H. 6.9. Contextsuggestsa date neartheend of the 3rd centB.C. H12. Protomein theformofa gorgoneion,H. 5.3. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. H12. Protomewiththehead ofAthena,H. 5.6. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. H 12. Handle ternimalin theformofa femalehead, H. 3.1. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C. Handle terminalwithhead identified byJ.R. Greenas thatofa cookfromNew Comedy.Rotellaabove,H. 6. 1. Slipped. Contextsuggestsa date c. 300-275 B.C.

Theselastfouritemsfroman earlyHellenisticcontextsuggestthatcontemporary coroplastic art was at a fairlybasic level and give littlehintof the deeper modellingin the fullblown Hellenisticstyleto come. 14 US. Handle terminalin theformofa femalehead attachedto a reededbaskethandle,H. ofhead 3. Dull red slip. The head is diademed and has the featuresand hairstyleof BerenikeII (D.B. Thompson,Ptolemaic on thecrownofthehead suggestthemouldwas taken inFaience, PL B. Veryfinestriations andPortraits Oinochoai as froma metallicoriginal.Despitethefactthatthehead doesnotcomelatein theseriesofthisqueen'sportraits of her son, PtolemyIV discussedby Thompson,its presenceat Knossosmightreflectthe politicalinterests Philopator,in theisland. 15 H28. Handle terminalin theformof a femalehead withfloral'umbrella'above, H. 5. Slipped. The hair is strandsand is piledhighat thetop.Contextsuggestsa date in thelater3rdor earlier arrangedin thickrope-like 2nd centB.C. 16 LittlePalace but partoftheoinochoeH28,13. Handle terminalin theformofa satyr'shead, H. ofhead 3.8. Date: 225-200 B.C. 17 VII 32. Tondo of a plate or bowl witha male head, D. of tondo 3.3. Slipped. The head is diamededand Alexanderthe Great.Date: Hellenistic. probablyrepresents B. Vases decoratedwithfloral reliefdecoration plate 114 18 I(S) fillofwall 'ac'. Lowerpartofa closedvesselwithplasticacanthusdecorationon thebelly,H. 9.8. Slipped withtracesofmagentaaroundtheacanthusleaves.Related to typessuch as Guerrini F,20. Date: later3rd to cent B.C. 2nd early fromthebellyofa largePhydria.Unglazed,selfpolished.Belowa plainhorizontal 19 Variousdeposits.Fragments band is a calyxofreliefacanthusleaveswithincisednymphaeacaerulealeaves between.Similarto but finer thanGuerrini F,20. Date: ? 220-180 B.C. 20 VII 32. Threejoiningbellyfrsfroma largevessel,H. 16.2.Black glaze. Above a horizontalplain band sprout reliefacanthusleavesto forma calyx.The glaze is relatedto GreyWare vesselsand thisvesselmaydate to the laterHellenisticperiod. in theformofan acanthuslead, H. 3.8. Fine bg withmagentapinkaroundthefronds. 21 II 7. Plasticattachment to thestylistic Guerrini related to F,22 and therefore complexdescribedin BICS 30 (1983) 31-39. Date: Closely 220-180 B.C.

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C. BrazierLugs plate 115

These fragments formedthe supportsforcookingpots above the brazierchambersof tall Hellenisticheatingstands.TherewereprobablyseveralproductioncentresofwhichEgyptwas certainlyone. As we shall see, two of our examplesmay well be local, implyinga minor productionon Creteas well. The comparativerarityofthe typeon mainlandGreeceand its abundanceon Delos and in Asia Minor mightlead us to supposethatothermajorcentresof manufacture existedin Turkey. The periodof productionappears to be betweenc. 150 and 50 B.C. Certainly,no earlier exampleshave been foundat Knossos. 22 VII 22, Wall 'ah' contents.Brazierlug withhead ofsatyr,L. at top 7.3. The hair is arrangedin a mitre-like aureolewithstriations arrangedin a palmettefashion.B.C.H 29 (1905) 390-1, Type IV, D, fig.43. For similar examplessee Délosxxvii,PL 52 no. D365; Hesp.3 (1934) 392 and fig.79. 23 X 11. Brazierlug withsatyrhead, L. at top 5.5. Similarto above. 24 Roman DepositNl. Brazierlug withsatyrhead, L. 8.3. The figurewearsa pointedcap. B.C.H29 (1905) 387f mouldssee B.C.H 85 (1961) 481,fig.7; Délosxxvii Type IV, B. Forexamplesofthesametypebutfromdifferent 272 D361-4, PL 51. 25 Ramp. Brazierlug withhead ofa satyr,L. at top6. The hairis wreathedin ivy;a tonguepatterndecoratedthe surround.B.C.H 29 (1905) 388-90, Type IV, C. 26 Pit 65. Brazierlug withhead ofa stayr,L. at top 6.4. The head is wreathedin ivy.B.C.H 29 (1905) 388-90, Type IV, C. Similaris Délosxxvii,273 D393 and PL 51. The fabricof thispiece lookslocal. 27 I, Pit 5. Brazierlug withbull's head, L. 9.7. B.C.H 29 (1905) 393-5, Type V. Délosxxvii273 D401, PL 52. 28 Pit 65. Brazierlug withdebased head ofa satyr,L. at top 5.2. This head belongsin Mayence'sLinear Group B.C.H 29 (1905) 383-5, Type II althoughit is somewhatcloserto thesatyr'shead modelthanany illustrated there.The fabricis similarto thatof26 and may be local.

D. Medusa Bowls and related forms plate 116a-b

This seriesofphialai withreliefheads in thetondowerefirstidentified as Cretanproductsby Hadjimichali( B.C.H 95 (1971) 205-6, nos. 3-4). Buschorhad longbeforeestablishedthemas a HellenisticversionoftheRondaninitype(MedusaRondanini, 17) and I, somewhatcavalierly, associatedthemwith a rich serieson Canosan vases which in fact date far earlierin the Hellenisticperiod(BSA 76 (1981) 65-7; J. Swaddling(ed) ItalianironAgeArtefacts intheBritish Museum(1986) 215-221). Frederikevan der Wielen-vanOmmerentellsme thatneitherseries can be associatedwith the Medusa Rondanini and has shown that many of the Canosan Medusasdo not,in fact,belongon thevasesto whichtheyare nowattached(Genava26 (1978) 141-169). At all events,the Cretan stylisticcomplex remainsintact and the general period of reinforced productionhas been further by the workof Enklaar on Hadra Hydriae (BSA 76 (1981) 61-65; BICS 30 (1983) 31-9; Babesch60 (1985) 126-9; 136, no. 13. The Meander Painterequals myBichromePainter). Only the proposeddate foran examplefromLato on stylisticgrounds( B.C.H 95 (1971) 208) goes against this later 3rd/early2nd cent B.C. chronology. 29 The tondowas foundin H26 (no. 2) and H29 produceda joiningsherdgivingtheprofileof thebowl. West a zone decoratedwithribbonsand bowsin white.In thecentreof Slope phialewithroulettedbands flanking thetondois a reliefhead ofMedusa surroundedby a radiatenimbusin whiteand a fugitive colourthatmay have been blue or pink.It is worthnotingherethatour head derivesfroma late generationmouldand that muchofthedetailrecognizablefromearlierexamples,forexampletheowl wings,have been lost.Even so, the contextsof thefragments suggestthatthe piece was alreadyold whendeposited.Date: c. 200-175 B.C. 30 XIV 5. Rim fr,H. 4. Roulettingcoveredwithsalmonpinkjust below therim.Part of a whitepaintedbow, ribbonand tassel.Date: 220-175 B.C.

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31 VIII, Pit 7, Rim fr,H. 3.7. Froma PlateMedusa Bowlor a variantformwheretherouletting ofthecanonical seriesis replacedby a simplelineincisedthroughtheglaze. Dull bg withpartsofa bow and ribbonin fugitive white.Date: 2nd centB.C. white 32 XIV 8. Rim fr,H. 4.5. Roulettingin pinkwithwhitefilledgroovesalongside.Partofa ribbonin fugitive at loweredge. Date: 220-175 B.C. 33 H31, fr.frombowl,H. 3.5. Part ofa tasseland ribbonin whitepaint.Date: 220-175 B.C. withcoiledsnakes on incisedstemsalternating 34 VI 7a. Bodyfr,H. 4.2. dull bg withwhitepaintedpomegranates in a fugitive colour,possiblyblue or pink.Date: 2nd centB.C. 35 II 7. Body fr,D. 3.1. Band ofbrownpaintwithpartofa ?bow in white.Date: ?2nd centB.C. 36 XIV 11. Body fr,H. 3. Part of the bowl showingfringedtasselsin whiteabove a roulettedzone withwhite overpaint. 37 XIII 38. Bodyfr,H. 3.4. Partofthetondobelowa roulettedband withsalmonpinkoverpaint.The fieldabove was decoratedwithbows and ribbonsof whicha tasselledend of a bow survives.The tondohad a radiate whiteand pinkrays.Date: 220-175 B.C. nimbusfilledwithalternating E. Hadra Hydriae and relatedtypes plates 116-7 38 H28. max près.L. 7.2. Fragmentofa Dinoid Krater,unglazedin; horizontallaurelstemabove,bandsout.The resemblesthaton thenecksofEnklaar'sLaurel Group (Babesch60 (1985) 117-36). No complete patternwork exampleof thisshape has been publishedfromKnossos.The upper partsof threefromPhaistoshave been ornano.Studiin onoredi A. Adriani812). Date: PLater 3rd illustrated by la Rosa (Alessandriae il mondoellenistico-r

centB.C. 39 VI 10 and I, wall 'at', threejoiningfrs.max. près. L. 13.3. From the shoulderof a Dinoid Kraterwitha horizontallaurelstembelow a broad black band. Date: PLater3rd centB.C. Polished 40 US. Max. près. L. 5.6. Fragmentfromnear the handle of a Hadra Hydria witha simplerinceau. surface. similar rinceau 41 III 17. Max. près.L. 5.8. Fragmentfromthebellyofa Hadra Hydriawithpartsofa spiraliform to KRS 42. Date: Hellenistic. 42 VIII 30. Max. près.L. 6.3. Fragmentfromnear thelowerrearhandlerootofa Hadra Hydriawitha typical rinceau (Babesch60 (1985) 123,fig.8). Date: Hellenistic. froma Hadra Hydriaof Enklaar'sSpiral Group (Babesch61 (1986) 43 H12. Max. près.H. 6.4. Body fragment 46-8 and fig.6). KRS 42 is an earlierversionof thisstyle.Date, fromcontext:300-275 B.C. above 44 H 12. Max. près.W. 7.8. Bodyfr.froma largeHadra Hydriaor Kraterwithpartofan horizontalrinceau bands. Date, on context:300-275 B.C. 45 Also H 14,12. See thedepositcatalogueand discussionfordetails. 46 I(S)20. Max. près.H. 6.9. Bellyfr.ofa Hadra Hydriawithan horizontallaurelstemabove bands and a fully glazed area. A coin dates thisdepositto post221 B.C. Date: later3rd centB.C. 47 US. Max près.W. 2.6. Fragmentfroma Pjugdecoratedin Hadra stylewitha bull's head and dottedfillets betweenPspirals.Polishedsurface.Date: later3rd centB.C. 48 H28. Max. près.H. 11.6. Fourjoiningfrs.fromthe shoulderand bellyof a Hadra Hydria. Pendentleaves aroundthebase oftheneckand threebandsat theshoulder/belly junction.The mainzone was decoratedwith Date: Plater3rd centB.C. rinceau. a spiraliform 49 VI 34a. Max. près.W. 5.8. Dull brownpainton a mattslip. Partofan ivyscroll.The dull paintand surface belongsin thelaterHellenisticperiod. suggestthatthisfragment 50 H28. Shoulderfr.froma Kraterwithpartof an ivyscroll.Date: Plater3rd centB.C. 51 H28. L. 5; D. at base ofneckc. 9. Shoulderofa Hadra Hydriawithscrollin bg enlivenedby a whiterosette. Date: later3rd centB.C. 52 XI, wall 'fc'. Rim fr.of a Hadra Hydria. D. 12. Blobs on rim and two horizontallinesjust below. Date: Hellenistic. 53 I(S)31. Max. près.H. 5.4. Fragmentfromtheshoulderofa Hadra Hydriawithhorizontalbands and an ivy scroll.Date: Hellenistic. 54 US. Max près.L. 4.8. Bellyfr.froma Kraterwithpartof a largepalmette.Date: later3rd centB.C. 55 H28. Non-joiningfrs.froma PKraterwithmeanderpatternand horizontalbands. Date: later3rd centB.C.? 56 US. Max. près.H. 5.8. Verticalrearhandlefroma Hadra Hydriawitha laurelbranchon a thickpale slip. Fabric,slip and glaze all suggesta date withinthe 2nd centB.C. 57 H28. Max. près.W. 5.4. Bodyfr.froma Hadra Hydria.Vine leafor grapeclusterin bg withwhitedots.Partof a vinescrolldesign.Date: later3rd centB.C.

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131

withtripodcauldronsandjoined 58 US. Two non-joining frs.froma Kraterwitha lineofcandelabraalternating withpendentdot chains.Filletsare hungfromthecandelabra.For a directparallelsee Guerrini C,7. Date: later 3rd centB.C. 59 H28. Max. près.W. 6.6 Shoulderfr.froma Dinoid Krater.Bucraniumwithfilletsbetweenrosettes.Close to Babesch60-(1985) 141, fig.21. 60 H28. Max. près.W. 7.5. Bellyfr.froma large krater.ivyscrolland horizontalbands. Date: 3rd centB.C. 61 H28. Max. près.H. 6. Body fr.froma Kraterwithivyscrollbetweenhorizontalbands. Date: 3rd centB.C. 62 H12. Max. près.W. 6.8. Vine leafwitha chain ofdots. Date: by context,300-275 B.C. 63 H 12. Max. près.L. Rim and shoulderfr.froma smallkraterwithan ivyscroll.Neckblack,and a blackvertical markingtheend of thedecoratedzone. Date: by context,300-275 B.C. 65 MUM. Max. près. W. 9. Shoulderfr.froma Dinoid Krater with plasticringhandles copied frommetal B2, 325 and PL. 375a. Found withvasesofThompson originals.Egg and dartsimilarto ADelt18 (1963) Chron. GroupsC-D. Date: early2nd centB.C.? 66 H28. Max près.H. 5. Egg and dot above horizontalbands. Date: later3rd centB.C.? 67 XIII 33. Max. près.W. 8.6. Shoulderfr.froma Kraterwitha horizontallaurelbranchand horizontalsabove. Date: 3rd centB.C.? 68 H28. Max. près.W. 10.8.Threejoiningfrs.froma Kraterwithhorizontallaurelbranch.Date: 3rdcentB.C.? 69 H28. Two non-joiningfrs.froma Kraterwithegg and dart betweenhorizontals.Date: 3rd centB.C.? 70 H 12,39.Hadra base. 71 H28. D. at base 11. Dropped floor.Date: later3rd centB.C.? 72 US. D. at base 14. Dropped floor.Paintedout. Date: 2nd centB.C.? 73 H12. D. at base 14. Dropped floor.Date, by context300-275 B.C. 74 H 12,38.Dropped floor.Date, by context300-275 B.C. 75 H 12. D. at base 10. Bell shapedbase ofa smallHadra Hydriaancestralto typeslikeGuerrini F,l 1 or ofa large jug. Date: by context,300-275 B.C.

RobertCook was thefirstto advance thenotionthatsomeHadra vasesmightbe ofCretan origin.65More recentworkhas establishedthatmostClay Groundhydriaewerein factmade on thatisland.66The materialpresentedhereis by no meansall thathas been excavatedat of shapesand Knossos;the restwill be publishedin due timeand will add to the repertoire motifs. It is interesting to notethatthemajorityoffragments comefromkratersandjugs rather thanhydriae,but theclose relationship betweenall is firmly in establishedby thesimilarities thepatterneddecoration.The Italian excavationsat Phaistoshave also produceda numberof vases otherthanhydriaedecoratedin thisstyle.67 There is now no controversy as to the Knossian originof manyof the vases in Enklaar's 60 Dolphin Group (Babesch (1985) 140-46; 61 (1986) 59-60). Knossian vases,eitherin the WestSlope or Hadra stylesconnectedwiththisgroupare listedat theend ofthissection.There is stillsomedisagreement, forEnklaar's however,about theoriginoftheworkshops responsible laurelGroup.The complexmakesup thevastmajorityofClay Groundhydriaeand Enklaar 61 (1986) 49) wouldgivethemall to Phaistos,wheresomehave been found.I would (Babesch continueto prefera Messariotoriginonlyforthosevaseswithbroad straphandlesat thesides and tosee Knossosas a major,thoughnottheonly,producerofthosevaseswithsidehandlesof circularsection.68I am surewe willeventuallyfindthattherewereseveralproductioncentres on CreteduringtheHellenisticperiodand findsat Lato giveus a good impression ofwhatthe moreprovincialvarietiesmay have lookedlike.69 At all events,manyofthefragments notedheredo indicatethatlocal painterscouldworkin a stylecloseto,ifnotidenticalwith,thestyleoftheLaurel Group.We findlaurelpatternson 38-9, 46, 67-8 and H28,34. All thesealso occuron manylocal vases in theWest Slope style whichalso bear othermotifs suchas thelineofpalmettes(BSA 76 (1981) 43, 56) also foundon vasesoftheLaurel Group.Giventhisrichbodyofmaterial,I findit extremely difficult to rule outa Knossianoriginformanyofthosevases.If I am right,thisraisestheinteresting possibility

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thatwe mightone day be able to findconnections betweentheLaurel and DolphinGroups.70 Boththestratigraphy ofthesiteand independentcontrolsovermorphological development ofthefiguredHadra vasesto someextent.For oflocal shapesallow us to refinethechronology of a CylindricalJug H18,16 bears a dolphinin the DromeusPainter's example,a fragment earlierstyle(Babesck 60 (1985) 140-2). Sincetheformofthejug shouldpredatethedestruction of Lyttosin 220 B.C., thiswould tend to confirma generalperiodof c. 240-30 B.C. as the ofhiscareer.That he continuedtoworkat Knossosduringthelastquarterofthe3rd beginning centB.C. is demonstrated Jugsfoundthere(BSA 80 (1985) 15,fig.5 and by otherCylindrical PL 3) and bya sherddecoratedin hislatestylefoundin a depositoflate 3rdcentB.C. date and periodforthe Aliki Painter(Enklaar's publishedhere as H14,ll. A roughlycontemporary the local is also confirmed by shapesupon whichhe workedH28, 11-15; DolphinPainter)71 BSA 80 (1985) 12,fig.3 and PL 2. Pylonalso belongsin thisgeneralperiod:Babesch60 (1985) 142; BSA 80 (1985) PL 3b, and thisis confirmed by theotherformsfoundassociatedwitha him H13,12. jugletpaintedby Vases connectedwith Hadra Painters:

Dromeus Painter.H14,ll; H18,16; ?H21,3; LPW,5. Pylon:H13,12; H28,26. £U>Tail Painter: H14,12; ?H16,17; H28,l 1,13-15.PegasusGroup:H23,9; H13,20; H28,24 and 27. AlikiPainter: H28,34 F. BandedFlasks levelsat Olynthus(Olynthus Vases in thisstylewerefoundin thepre-Persian V, 34-5, P52, Pis. the Dervenitombs. from the finds later in a somewhat and 32 context,among xxxiii)and, 76 V(E),5. Flask,H. 6. Horizontalbands in black and red withan uprighttrefoilin thezone between. fromtheshoulderwithhorizontalbandsin red, 77 I 32; I 23(S); II 5 and 7; V,48. Flask,max. D. c. 12. Fragments whiteand black. 78 VI, 10. Flask,H. 7.7. Fragmentfromtheshoulderwithhorizontalbandsin redand blackand an uprighttrefoil below.

G. MegarianBowls

fromtheseHellenisticmouldmade reliefvesselsare ofthe Almostall thehundredsoffragments fora majorproduction Delian Class fullydescribedin Délosxxxi.Laumonierarguesstrongly to have been mostly seem centres The B.C. B.C. and 69 166 between c. producing phase and eastern situatedin Asia Minor and theirbowlswerewidelyspreadaroundthenorthern littoralsof theEast Mediterranean.72 Belowthosea diagonalrelief 79 Net Patternor ShieldBowl,D. c. 14.Belowtheblankrimzone is a rowofrosettes. line is preservedthatcould be partofeitherof the two patternsheadingthisentry. 80 Rim ofbowlwithrowofpalmettes.The bestparallelsforthispatternare foundin Délosxxxi,Pis. 13,2108; 15, the occurson a hightrunkand thusalmostcertainlyrepresents 2286 and 2403; 77, 1113; 79, 619. It sometimes of a tree: of symbol Apollo? foliage palm froma Long Petal Bowl, D. c. 14. The flatpetals alternatewithtwistedstems.There is no 81 Rim fragment zone ofdecorationbetweentherimand petals. intermediate ofan ImbricatedBowl, H. 4.7. The smallleaves are triangularwitha mid-rib. 82 Body fragment of an ImbricatedBowl, H. 5.8. The plain rimsurmountsthe calyx of small leaves 83 Two joiningfragments decorativezone. The leavesare in theformofan ogivalarchwithcentralmid-riband withoutan intermediate branches. diagonal 84 Fragmentofan ImbricatedBowl,H. 3.5. The smallleaves are triangularwitha centralmid-rib. 85 H32 5. Fourjoiningfragments givingthewholeprofileexceptfortheemblemaat thefoot,D. 14.7.Below the

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133

belowthatgroupsofdolphinsflanking palmettes.The emblemawas surrounded plainrimis a zone ofrosettes, by a calyxof shortacanthusleaves. The closestparallelfortheseleaves is Délosxxxi,PL 60, 2010 fromthe workshopof Philon. 86 Base, D. 4.2. Stamped in relieflettersaround the flatbase is the fabricant'sname: Menemachou.For this importantworkshopsee Délos xxxi,21-68.

H. WestSlope Style

87 II 7. Fragmentsfromtheshoulderofa jug, rest.H. 5.6. The floridivyscrollwithheavybloomsand prominent brachtsis verysimilarto IHV, no. 3 datingto 225 B.C.: Enklaar'sPainteroftheDiagonal Bands (Babesch60 Enklaar'stheses (1985) 133and fig.15). The fabricand glaze looka littleodd forKnossian,perhapssupporting thatHadra Hydriaeof thistypewerenot producedin thatcity.73

Hellenistic Deposits in ChronologicalOrder

This list includesall the UnexploredMansion Deposits and a fewothersof chronological importance.It omitsall the DemeterSanctuaryvotivestrewsand some of the later 1stcent B.C. depositsfromthecity. H9 H12 H19 H20 H21 H13 H14 LPW H15 H16 H22 H24 H23 H25 H17

Afterc. 310 B.C. c. 300-275 B.C. c. 250-225 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 225-200 B.C. 230-200 B.C. Upper fillc. 200-175 B.C. Stage I. 200-175 B.C. Stage I. 200-175 B.C. Stage II. 200-175 B.C. Stages I and II. 200-175 B.C. Stage III. c. 180-160B.C. 175 B.C. and later. 175-150B.C. Stage I.

ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC SUMMARY

H28 H18 LPW H26 H31 H29 H30 H27 KCG H32 H33 H34 H35 H36 H37

Mixed to 175-150 B.C. Stage I. 175-150 B.C. Stage II. Main filllatestvases: 175-150 B.C. Stage III. 175-150 B.C. Stage III and later. Mixed to 150 B.C. and later. 150-125 B.C. Stage I. 150-125 B.C. Stage II. 150-125 B.C. Stage III. 125-100 B.C. 100-50 B.C. Stage I. 100-50 B.C. Stage II. 100-50 B.C. Stage III. 50-25 B.C. Stage I. 50-25 B.C. Stage II. c. 50-25 B.C.

KNOSSOS - A HISTORICAL

In theearly5thcentury B.C. therewas stasisat Knossos.Ergoteles,whowonthemen'sfootrace at Olympia in 472 B.C. had earlierbeen expelledfromthe city.73The knownhistoryof settlement afterthemysterious 6thcenturyB.C. breakdoes notextendverymuchfurther back than theseevents(Hl-4) and it may be significant that a shrineconcernedwithinitiation practiceswas also establishedin thesouthernpartofthecityat about thistime.74The evidence frompotterymay in factbe defectivehere.We will see thattherewas littlechangein many formsbetweenthelater7thand thelater6thcenturyB.C. (Hl-4; GG) and sincemostofthe Archaicmaterialwas foundout of contextin the betterpreservedClassical and Hellenistic layersit is impossibleto date muchofit closely.In otherwordsmuchoftheso-calledlacuna may be a resultofour inabilityto date the potteryclosely. Aroundthemiddleofthe5thcenturyB.C. Argos,Tylissosand Knossosbecameallies.Two have been foundrelatingto theseevents:one in Tylissosand one in closelyrelatedinscriptions Argos.75Apartfromvariousritualand hospitableacts whichneed not concernus here,two general themesshould be noted. The firstconcerns the joint Knossian and Tylissian

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of the Acharnaeans,part of which was already in Knossian exploitationof the territory is not unusual in Crete76and the main possession.Jointexploitationof tributaryterritory Most moderncommentators of the land involved. concerns the identify problem position AcharnawithmodernArchanesalthoughthefirstmentionof the latterbelongsto thelater shouldlie in theHerakleion mediaevalperiod.Kent Rigsbyrightly pointsout thattheterritory still the he equation.77I wouldpreferto place the valley,although accepts Acharna/Archanes siteofAcharnasomewherin thevicinityofTylissos,a positionthatwouldmakemoresenseof Tylissos'sclear subsidiarypositionvis à vis Knossosin theinscriptions. ofspoilswhichare envisagedas being The secondsetofprovisionsconcernthedistribution ofvictoriesat sea and ofthe Knossia the This includes takenonfuture possibility campaigns. itselfbeing invaded. Quite probablyno specificenemyis envisionedand theseare general ofArgos theengagement to covereverypossiblefuturecourseofevents.Conversely, provisions allies are her and and that a arena into wider been drawn that Crete had indicate Sparta may theshadowyenemylurkingin thebackground.In thiscase Lyttoswithitsclaimsto Laconian originsmaywell be involved.78 In 346 B.C. Phocianmercenaries, workingin alliancewiththeKnossians,capturedLyttos. Diodorusstatesthat the originalinhabitantswere expelledand only regainedpossessionof afterreceivingaid fromtheSpartans.79Archaeology, theircityand territory however,tellsa ofArchaic the remains found were sack at a later the debris of different Lyttos story.Among If was no there here.80 related the events intact have survived must therefore which pithoi oftheastyit seemsto me farmorelikelythattheLyttianswerereduced wholesaledestruction a situationbroadlysimilarto thatat Acharnabutin statusand receiveda garrison, totributary starkcontrastto thewarsofextirpation waged in theHellenisticperiodand relatedbelow. of a networkòf That politicalprominencewas achievedmore throughthe establishment alliances and the holdingof smallerplaces in a tributarystatus than throughwholesale is amplyillustrated destructions by thetreatybetweenMiletosand severalCretancitiesdated to the period260-40 B.C.81 The Cretanstatesare organisedin threegroups.Phaistoswas Mátala and Polyrheniain thefarwest.Gortysheaded a group allied withthe neighbouring oftheAriaioiand theHyrtaioiand smallscale communities thatcomprisedtheneighbouring and Arkades of cities the twolargerneighbouring Lyttos.Thus thisnetworkwas a powerful one. purelyregional In contrastKnossosheaded a farlargergroupof citiesthatmusthave made it the most oftheallied perhaps,is thedistribution powerfulCretancityoftheperiod.More important, states.We findthat the immediatehinterlandof Knossos was controlledby a networkof alliances:Apollonia,Tylissos,Rhaukos, Eltyniaand Herakleionall followedthe Knossian banner.To theeastLyttoscould be neutralisedor at leastcontainedby themanyalliedstates fromChersonisosto Istron.All ofthecitiesin thisarea in a broad band ofterritory stretching were part of the alliance. AgainstArkadesstood Priansoswhile in the fareast Itanos and Praisos could be used to counterbalancethe influenceof Hierapytna.Just west of the HerakleionValley the powerfulstatesofAxos and Eleuthernaformedpart of the Knossian Theirinfluencewouldhave neutralisedthatofRethymnaand Lappa. In thewest federation. oftheislandofKydonia and Phalasarnaadheredto theallianceand formeda powerfulproKnossianblockthere. In otherwords,Knossosseemsto have maintaineda positionofpredominancethroughout itfrom thewholeislandand itis this,ratherthanthenumberofitsadherentsthatdistinguished themoreparochialGortys. featureof thistreatyis the absence of Tritonion,Lykastos,Rhizenia and An interesting

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135

Pannona from the list of allied states. This may imply that the firsttwo had already been swallowed up in the Knossia and the others by Gortys.Tradition states that Lykastos at least was razed to the ground on its capture82 thus, perhaps, providing the firstevidence for the alternativeand increasinglyapplied Hellenistic strategyof territorialexpansion by the major powers at the expense of lower order order settlementsin the hierarchy. In the Lyttian War of 221-19 B.C. it is said that the whole of Crete followed Gortys and Knossos against Lyttos. If this is so then the web of alliances we noted above must have been extended considerablyin the interveninggeneration.83Foreign powers also intervenedin this struggleas the opposing factionscalled in their external allies.84 In 220 B.C. Knossos managed to surprisea Lyttoswhose defenceshad been depleted by the absence of its field army. The city was thoroughlysacked, an event which has left a clear impression in the archaeological record. The women and children were carried away to Knossos and the returningLyttian troops were forcedto leave theirdevastated homeland and seek shelter with the sympathetic population of Lappa.85 Already, though, the previously monolithic alliance had been broken up by the defection of many important cities and the Gortynianstate was itselfparalysed by stasisover the question.86 Knossos may originallyhave intended to subsume the conquered territorywithin its own borders but in the event this proved impossible and it is likelythat Lyttos was soon resettled.It was certainlya forceto be reckoned with as early as 184 B.C. In 184 B.C. Knossos sufferedwhat must have been a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Gortynians,probably allied with the Rhaukians and Lyttians. It was deprived of Tritonion and Lykastos which were given to the two allied cities. Gortys itselfmay well have kept additional territorynot mentioned in the sources.87 The Gortynian policy appears to have been to strengthenKnossos's immediate neighboursin a sort of policy of encirclement,but in the event Roman diplomatic interventionforced a returnto the statusquo antebellum. The next major event was the fallofApollonia to the Kydonians in 171 B.C. The territoryof the strickencity was seized by the Knossians who held it until it was awarded to Gortys by Egyptian arbitration about 166 B.C. The two cities then took advantage of a new found harmonyof purpose to furtherextend theirholding in the Herakleion Valley. They sacked the The new border ran straightthroughthe powerfulcityof Rhaukos and divided its territory.89 city,past the Prytaneion and then in what seems to have been a south-westerlydirectioninto the flanksof the Ida massif.It is fairlyobvious that the cityofRhaukos thus ceased to existas a functioningurban settlement.Of some interestis the fact that Knossian territoryextended all the way into the mountains; it is possible that Tylissos had already fallen to Knossian arms by this time. It makes its last appearance in historyin a treatybetween Eumenes II and many Cretan cities in 183 B.C.90 and the ensuing silence as well as the known Knossian hold on territorynorthof the cityof Rhaukos in 165 B.C. both suggestthat Knossos was the aggressor and victor. Thus it would seem that,in a relativelyrapid process,mostof the middle order settlementsof the Herakleion Valley were wiped out in the early part of the 2nd centuryB.C. and the spoils divided between Knossos and Gortys.The suppressionof the urban centresthemselvessuggests an intensificationof the strategyof exploitation currentin the earlier periods and implies the rise of vast territorialunits here that find parallels in other parts of Crete.91 The extensionof Gortynian power north of the spine of the island and into territorythat had been under Knossian influenceduring the 3rd centuryB.C. implies a diminutionof the latter'sinfluenceat the same time as its absolute power was growing. Nor was the formerpre-eminenceof Knossos in the upper Valley the only point of attrition.

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to the east We have seen that in 260-40 B.C. she also controlleda vast belt of territory In B.C. most of thisland from Istron. the course of the Chersonessos to 2nd century stretching on Knossos'srightflank. fellundertheinfluenceof Lyttosthuscreatinga strongcompetitor There is good evidence92thatmuchof thisLyttianexpansionwas carriedout in thefaceof strongKnossianopposition.By the 1stcenturyB.C. the haplessKnossiansmay have found themselves betweenthehammerand theanvilwheneverLyttosand Gortyscared to unite.93 The later2nd and early1stcenturyB.C. weretakenup by a seriesofwarsbetweenKnossos but a notein Vitruviussuggeststhata and Gortys.94 At timestheKnossiansweresuccessful new borderbetweenthe two statesran along the riverPorthereus(probablythe modern thatthe Gortyniansmay have been able to take the area includingthe Gazanos) suggesting fromthenorthto the of former territory Tylissosand to establisha corridorofland stretching southcoasts.95 Evidence for Knossian diplomaticactivityoutside the island during the Classical and Hellenisticperiodsis relativelysparse.Her captureof Lyttosin 346 B.C. broughther into conflictwithSparta and in the followingyear the Knossianswereawarded a wreathby the Athenians.96Generallyanti-Macedonianduringthe Hellenisticperiod,Knossos supported Rhodes againstDemetriusPoliorketesin 305 B.C.97 and seemsto have adhered to a proShe had to submitto thehegemonyofPhilipV in Aetolianpolicywithremarkablefidelity.98 once more.100The Aetolianconnexion anti-Macedonian was soon actively 217/6B.C.99 but in Aetoliahave uncovereda sealing at Kallion Recent excavations one. was a wellestablished in a inhabited house of the Knossians official crest withthe by prominentstatesmenof the Gauls the was Kallion Since AetolianLeague.101 duringthefirsthalfofthe3rd destroyedby interaction. such date for a this is also relativelyearly centuryB.C. to allow EumenesII access The treatywithPergamonin 183B.C. mayhave beenprimarily Rhodes with treaties and other soldiers102 to a pool ofmercenary may have been concerned Knossian The with similarrightsof access.103 (and general Cretan) penchantforeither wrackedthe Hellenisticworldprobably wars that in the many mercenaryserviceor piracy and it is unlikelythattherelative states104 and rulers with many broughtthemintocontact have been mainteined.Nevertheless, could Classical Archaic and isolationof the periods to the rest of most of the island,managed remainfreeofany subjugation Knossos,along with Roman the brutal fromtheoutsideuntil conquestby Metellusin 67 B.C. statein the in short this I have soughtto show summarythattheriseofa greatterritorial more of the It is one Hellenistic Knossiawas a featureofthe confusing aspectsofCretan period. and at states other t rise of the concomiten that Gortysmightverywellhave Lyttos great history its absolutepowerincreased. as same time at the the influence of in relative a fall the led to city and 3rd of the 2nd in the course new the access of centuryB.C. musthave territory Certainly of allowedan increasein populationto takeplace. It is one ofthemoreimportantdiscoveries the UnexploredMansion excavationsthat such an increasein intensiveand permanent in the archaeologicalrecordforjust thisperiod. seemsto be reflected settlement

Section5 StampedAmphoraHandles, SigillataStamps and Graffiti L. H. SACKETT withVIRGINIA GRACE and others Whilethepreliminary catalogueofthematerialin all thesecategorieswas made duringstudy seasonsat Knossosby L.H. Sackett,readings,interpretations, commentand references have been providedby thosequalifiedto do this,mostlyfromphotographs: M. Grace and Virginia for the Howard Comfort and handles; Savvatianou-Petropoulakou John Hayes, amphora Kathy Slane forthesigillatastamps,and Alan Johnstonforsomeof thegraffiti. StampedAmphoraHandles Catalogue withcommentary Table ofstampedamphorahandlesfromPit 65 AmphoraewithGraffiti OtherGraffiti SigillataStamps Index ofnames Catalogue

Page 137 138 141 141 142 142 143 144

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES

PLATES119-120

Abbreviations Bon Delos

Gentili NessanaI Nilsson TarsusI

A.-M et A. Bon ÉtudesThasiennes IV. Les timbres de ThasosParis 1957. amphoriques P. Bruneauet al. Exploration de Délos Faitepar l'ÉcoleFrançaise d'Athènes Fase. XXVII. Archéologique L'Ilot de la Maison des Comédiens. Paris 1970. Chap. XIV V.R. Grace et M. SavvatianouGrecs. PetropoulakouLes Timbres Amphoriques G.V. Gentili"I TimbriAnforariRodii Nel Museo Nazionale di Siracusa" Archivio Storico Siracusano IV 1958, 18-95. H.D. Colt and othersExcavations at Nessana/, London 1962 M.P. NilssonTimbres deLindosin Exploration deRhodes Vol. V Copenhagen Amphoriques Archéologique 1909. H. Goldman and othersExcavations at Gó'züKule,TarsusVol. I. Princeton1950.

In thissectionare describedin catalogue formsome thirtyone stampedamphora handles whichderivefromscatteredcontextswithinthe UnexploredMansion excavations.Included 137

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI

138

are readingskindlymade fromphotographsin 1975 by Virginia Grace and Mrs M. comments oftheAgoraMuseum,alongwiththeiridentifications, Savvatianou-Petropoulakou from Pit65 handles in of interest one took and references. deriving group eight They particular dated to later2nd to early1stcenturyB.C., and theirtableshowing whichwas provisionally theestimateddate. However,a and periodis appended;it basicallyconfirms thesebyfabricant decisionwas latermade (PJ. Callaghan) notto treatthislargegroupas a dateddepositforthe due to possiblecorruptionby laterRoman wall a potterytypology, purposesof establishing also to thefactthatall thematerialfromthepithad of the and the foundations pit cutting top been amalgamated at an early stage of processing.Neverthelessthe amphora stamps do forma fairlycoherentgroup,consistingof nos. X5-11, 17, 22 and 24. Three themselves handles (X14, 21, 23) derivefromPit 39 (see DepositH18) ofthemid 2nd century stamped and three others B.C., (X29-31) fromWell 14 (see DepositH12) oftheearly3rdcenturyB.C. frommixedcontextsor are residual,thoughX26 appearsto be intrusive Othersare principally in a 2nd B.C. context. ofthesehandlesgivesomeindicationofone routetakenby thewinetrade The proveniences Rhodes on comparativevolume.Not unexpectedly, in theseearlyperiods,and perhapsreflect and southeastAsia Minortakethelion'sshare:seventeencertainand possibleexamples,byfar the majority,come fromRhodes, and fiveare fromKnidos. Also representedare Thasos, Corinthand Brindisi.Severalothersare as yetunidentified.

Catalogue withcommentary Thasian XI

Cluster fHyy)(Ti.TéXY)ç

3rd A.D. For the Context:VI 6, late 2nd/early name,cf.Bonnos.689-692; butthistypeis postBon. Four other examplesknown to Virginia Grace comefromAbderaand Thasos; cf.B.C.H 62, 1958, 388-9 no. 55 for an example from Thasos, poorlypreserved.3rd B.C.? CorinthianB (formerly 'Corcyrean?cf.Hesperia22, 1953, 108-9, no. 166) X2 68/P21Fine lightred to pinkclay; pale creambuffslip.Handle sectionoval. Circularstampat rootofhandle,D. c. 2.5. Monogram,perhaps XPT in ligature.Context:VIII 29, late 2nd/early1st B.C. Other examplescome fromCorinthand Isthmia (Carolyn Koehler, publicationforthcomingin theCorinthexcavationseries). Early 3rd B.C.

Rhodian X3

Angular handle, with round section.Rectangularstamp3.7 x 1.4. IS

67/P205 Light red-brown clay, hard-fired, micaceous. Handle sectionoval. Rectangular stamp2.5 x 3.2.

67/P130 Fine pink fabric; cream buff slip.

X4

X5

X6

Context:IV 4 #0516,early 1stB.C. Name not Late 2nd/early1stB.C.? identified. 71/P326Fine pinkfabric,cream slip. Angular handle, round section. Rectangularstamp c. 4.8 x 1.7. ] [ ou Flava (jl]ou (retr.) Context:XIV/XV #2736,Hellenisticand to 1st monthIIANAMOZ. A.D.? Name notidentified; For Rhodian monthscf. Nilssonp. 132. Late 2nd/early1stB.C. 67/P236 Fine light-redto pink fabric; good cream slip. Section oval. Rectangularstamp 3.0 x 1.4. < ç > (slipped),herm. 'Epfxatcrxoç 1stB.C. Cf.Délos Context:Pit65, late 2nd/early 27, p. 209 underE22. Towardsend of2nd B.C. clay, good cream 67/P234 Light brown-buff slip.Angularhandle,oval section.Rectangular stamp,c. 5.4 x 1.8. MevECTTpaTou

Anchor& dolphin Context:Pit 65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. For this see Delos27, 296 withn.2, wherethe fabricant,

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI

X7

X8

group describedhas as device eitherhead or dolphinand anchor.Late 2nd B.C. 67/P233 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round section,(a) Circularstamp,D. c. 3.5. 'Em fE[cruet]ou'Ayp[tavíou around central rose, (b) Secondary stamp beneath,rectangular1.3 x 1.8. 0A Context:Pit65, late 2nd/early1stB.C. Eponym 'Ecraeîoç,month 'Aypiavo. Probably from an Cf. Délos 27, 296 and amphoraof'Ava^rcmSaç. n.2. Late 2nd B.C. 67/P237Lightred-brown clay,firedpalerat the surface;small browninclusions.Rounded oval section.Rectangularstamp2.9 x 1.7.

5E7r"Iepéci> ç Hevog rpáxou Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1stB.C. Eponym SevoaxpaToc,named with title fkpeúç.His term fellin the next to last decade of the 3rd century B.C., cf. Ath Mitt 89, 1974, 193-203. X9 67/P235 Fine pink-buffclay, cream buff slip. Round section. Circular stamp, D. c. 2.8. ['Eipjyjvatou(retr.) around Helios bust. Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Ajar of his is dated to the eponym 'ApaxocpávYjç 2nd, cf. Délos 27, 313 under E34. Late 2nd B.C. XIO 67/P238 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round section. Rectangular stamp. L. c. 4.5. Mvaatov 'Avjxio^eúç Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. For an example from a differentdie, see JVessana1, p. 117 no. 10, with comment and references.Late 2nd/early 1st B.C. XI 1 67/P232 Fine yellow-buffclay; tiny particles of mica; pale cream-buff slip. Round section. Rectangular stamp (leftedge only preserved. H. c. 1.9. 'Em *E[(raei] ■ o[U] 'Ay(3[(.aviou Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1stB.C. Eponym 'EcttisToç,month 'AypLavtoc.For date, see X7 above. XI 2 67/P202 Fine pink clay, darker at core; creambuff slip. Oval section. Rectangular stamp c. 3.7x 1.7. 'Em['Api] ARCAE (M.PERENNIUS BARGATHES) - Y39 - Y23 BASSUS CALID -Y24 - Y50 C > AMUR (CAMURIUS?) - Y21 CANOPUS STATILIAE - Yl CHRESTI RNELI -Y7 - Y3 P.COR (P.CORNELIUS) CRESTI -Yll,Y30 FELIX (seeUMBRICIUS) - Y5 GELL - Y36 L.GELLI (L.GELLIUS QUADRATUS) . H (seeUMBRICI) - Y28 MJULIUS - Y27 L.S.M. M > ANNE -Y2, Y32 - Y46 RASIN (RASINIUS) - Y33 CRASI (CRASINIUS) (N. Italian) LRP (L.RASINIUS PISANUS) (N. Italian) - Y25 - Y31 RU < FIO T.RUFRENI> SEXTUS (seeANNUS) STATILIAE (seeCANOPUS) - Y13 TETTI (L.TETTI) - Y20 UMBR (FELIX UMBRICIUS) - Y4 UMBRICI (L.UMBRICI HOSPITIS)

Uncertain A>M >CE CI< >DI MSIT (Illegible) B Eastern Sigillata ESIGA ONHPA (Illegible) E SIGB

AAMA AftPON AQPOT EPMA EPMHN KEPA02 KOIPANOT MATEOT nO0OT CSE (GAIUS SENTIUS) CSEN (GAIUS SENTIUS)

Otherand Unidentified ASELLI HPMHC MIMOT MSI MSPV

-Y34 -Y10 - Y22 -Y15 - Y55 - Y26 - Y35 - Y41 - Y49 - Y43 - Y42 - Y47 - Y37 - Y45 - Y48, Y38 - Y53 -Y51 - Y29 - Y12 - Y6 -Y44 - Y54 -Y18 - Y9

144

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI

Catalogue Yl Italian platefloorfr.67/P122.Fabric2. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 3.8: CHRESTI followedbywreath, inplantapedis.O-C 425, but not paralleledwiththewreath.I(N) 12 #0401.C. 20-40 A.D. Italian plate base 67/P143,high ringfootslightlyconvex,D. 9.2. Four concentriccircleson floor(D. Y2 in secondring.CentralstampANN inplantapedis.PMANNE, O-C 2440. Same 8.9-14.8), faintrouletting stampas Y32; date probablyClaudian. DepositNl, Neronian;see Nl,4. Y3 Italian bowlfloorfr.71/P32.Fabric 1. Partofoval stamp.L. 1.05. Loweroftwolineshas P.COR; workshop of P. Cornelius,O-C 480-546. DepositD5, Hadrianic. Y4 Italian smallbowl floorfr.71/P321.Fabric 4. ProbablyL UM(brici)] H(ospitis),O-C 2440, inplantapedis; lst/2ndquarter1stA.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context(XV 12). Y5 N. Italian smallbowl base 71/P322.Spreadingringfoot.Groovedcircle,D. 1.9. Fabric 1. StampGELL in plantapedis;lst/2ndquarter1stA.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context(XV 2). Y6 Easternimitationof Italian plate 71/P86;base, D. 8.1. The fabrichas silvermica,especiallyin theslip,cf. ANTE? Y 12. Shape and decorationveryclose to Italian; heavyfoot,bevelled.On the underside,graffito betweenconcentric grooves Slightridgeinsideatjunctionofwall and floor(D. 13); broad band ofrouletting (D. 4.1-6.6). RectangularstampASELLI, not Asellusof the Po valley(O-C 141) norAsellioSaufei (O-C 1687). Context:X 11 Augustan;see A2, 29. Y7 Italian smallbowl base fr.67/P283,D. 5.6. Haltern8(?). Fabric 1. Stamp inplantapedis,partlypreserved [CO]RNELI, as O-C 471 3.11.15. Tiberian.Residual in late 1stA.D. context(VIII/IX #0597);see B2,8. Y8 Italian small bowl base fr.67/P284,D. 3.5. Haltern8. Fabric 2. Part of oval stampwithwreatharound AVfilli](?), O-C 226. Context:II acqueductwall; Severan. Y9 Easternimitationof Italian bowl 68/P65,base withringfoot,D. 3.9. Stamp inplantapedisMSPV, O-C 1631(?). ContextVII 42. Y10 Italianplatefloorfr.67/P285.Fabric3. Insidegroovedcircle,D. 1.9,partofstampinplantapedis]CE[I]. I(S) 11 #0049,mid/late2nd A.D. Yll Italian bowl base 67/P286,Haltern8; ringfoot,D. 5.8. Fabric 1. Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.8, CRESTI in plantapedis,poorlyimpressed;O-C 425, 45a. Context:II 7, mixedlst/2ndA.D. Y12 EasternimitationofItalian (by Italianpotter)71/P324;smallbowlbase,Haltern15. Ringfoot,D. 3.6. Slight ridgebeneath.StampCSEN[. inplantapedis;O-C 1732,butnotthisshape. Perhapsby C. Sentius,thepotter who startedE. Sigillata,herestilldoingan Italian form.Context:X 7, mid/late1stA.D. Cf. Y29. Y13 Italianbowlfloorfr.68/P1.Fabric4. Insidedoublegroovedcircle,D. 1.5,2nd oftwolinestampL.TETT[I] O-C 1977-1988.Residual in upperlevels. Y14 Italian plate base 71/P325; high ring foot,D. 9.6. Inside double grooved circle, rectangularstamp 4.5 x 20.0mm,ATEI EVHODI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,12. Y15 Italian plate base fr.71/P188;heavy ringfoot,D. 14.4. Inside double groovedcircle,partlypreserved swallow-tailstamp;upperof twolineshas ]DI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,14. Y16 Italian small cup base 71/P326;ringfoot,D. 2.7. Rectangularstamp inside groovedcircle,5x 13 mm. CARVI. O-C 137. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,5. Yl 7 Italianplate,floorfr.67/P123.Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.6, rectangular stamp5.5 x 19mm.AMAR. Cf.O-C 154,but withouttheligature.Context:DepositTl, Trajanic; see Tl,l. Y18 Imitationof Italian,dish base 67/P206.highringfoot,D. 8.9. Step at base ofwall. Goudineau 43. Stamp insidedouble groovedcircleMSI inplantapedis;toes to left.Cf. Y9, possiblyby same potter.Deposit Fl, Flavian; see F 1,3. Y19 Italian smallbowl base fr.71/P327.ProbablyHaltern8. Fabric 4(?). Small ringfoot,D. 4.5. Rectangular stamp5 x 10mm,SEX ANN in twolines,O-C 88. Context:X 9, 50-75 A.D. Y20 Italian plate base fr.67/P287;heavy ringfoot,D. 26. Fabric 1. On floorabove foot,roulettingbetween grooves;radiallystampedFELIX VMBR in twolines.O-C 2429. Last 1/41stB.C. Context:V 2, Severan. Y21 Italian dish base fr. 71/P328. Fabric 1. Inside grooved circle,D. 5.5, rectangularstamp 10 x 17mm, CANOPVS STATILIAE in twolines.O-C 1851. Context:XIV 24, Tiberian;see B2,7. Y22 Italian smallbowlbase fr.71/P329,low ringfoot,D. 5.5. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Partofstampin centreC.I[ . Context:XIII #76,cleaning. Y23 Italiansmallbowlbase fr.67/P288;ringfoot,D. 4.5. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Partofrectangular stampin centre, H. 7mm.BAS S]VS in twolines.O-C 324. BassusofthePo valley.Context:I(S) wall ac upper;Claudian. Y24 Italian smallbowl base fr.67/P201;spreadingringfoot,D. 4.5, withgrooveoutsideand beneath;probably Haltern8. Fabric 1. Rectangularstampin groovedcircle,D. 3.2, 6 x 10mm.,CALID. O-C 362. Calidius. Context:VII 17, early/mid1stA.D.

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI

145

Y25 N. Italian plate base fr.71/P5;highringfoot,D. 6. Stamp insidegroovedcircles,D. 2.4 and 8.6: L.R.P in plantapedis.O-C 1558; L.Rasinius Pisanus,who probablyworkedat Pisa on late Italian reliefbowls,most commonat Pompeii.Context:XIII 15b,Neronian;see N2,9. Y26 Italian smallbowl base 67/P133;smallringfoot,D. 3.8. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Illegiblestampinplantapedis, on underside:two interlocked impressedtwice.Concentricgroovesscratchedon body above foot,graffito 'Vs. Context:IX 2, residualin Severan. Y27 Italian bowlbase 71/P6;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.1. Haltern12(?). Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 4.5, L.S.M inplantapedisO-C 1862; c. 50-60 A.D. Context:XII 8, residualin Hadrianic. Y28 Italian smallbowl base, 71/P202;ringfootwithgrooveoutside,D. 3.8. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Circularstamp insidegroovedcircle,D. 3.2, in twolinesM IVLIVS in a wreath.Cf. O-C 853, but notwiththewreath.M. Iulius of Pozzuoli. Context:XIII #2555.Augustan. Y29 E Sig B small bowl base 71/P201;spreadingringfoot,D. 5.3. Groove beneathfoot.Rectangularstamp 7 x 10mm.on floorinsidedouble groovedcircle,D. 2.7, C.SE. Gaius Sentius.O-C 1712 or 1713. Y30 Italian bowl base fr.67/P289;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 3. Stamp inplantapedis(P), CRfESTI. 0-C 425. Context:I(S) 15 #0341;mid 1stA.D. Y31 Italian plate floorfr.67/P290.Fabric 1. Inside double groovedcircle,D. 2.5, part of framedrectangular stampin twolines,H. 8mm.RV[FIO T.[RVFR. O-C 1601.RufioT. Rufreni.Context:VIII 8 #0676,earlymid 1stA.D. SeeB2,ll. Y32 Italian platefloorfr.71/P84.Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 8, ANN inplantapedis.Same stampas Y2. Context:X/XI 3, Trajanic. Y33 N.Italianplatefloorfr.71/P330.Fabric 1. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 7, C + RASI inplantapedis.Cf.O-C 1557,but not thisstamp;C.Rasinius,a non-Arretine potter.Context:XIV 7, Claudian. Y34 Small Italianbowl71/P331. Haltern12. Fabric 1. Spreadingringfoot,D. 3.5. Stampinsidegroovedcircle,D. 1.5, A].M inplantapedis,impressedtwice.Cf. O-C 908. ContextX/XI 3, Trajanic. Y35 E Sig A bowl 71/P83,floorfr.In centrethreeconcentriccirclesofrouletting, D. 4-5. StampedradiallyON HP[A in twolines,in a rectangle.Cf. JAOS 58 1938,44. Context:XIV 10, early 1stA.D.; see A2,7c. Y36 Arretinesmallbowl base 71/P332;spreadingringfoot,D. 3.4. Fabric 1. Inside groovedcircle,D. 3, lunate L.GELLI, withan 'X' beneaththe'E' Cf.O-C 737, 182 and 159; L.GelliusQuadratusof stampretrograde, Arezzo. Context:XIII 17 #2075,Neronian;see N2,8. Y37 E Sig B bowl 71/P186,pedestalbase, D. 4.5. Rectangularstamp(8 x 5mm.)insidedouble groovedcircle,D. 3.2: EP MHN in two lines.ContextXI 14, Augustan;see A2,28. Y38 E Sig B plate71/P333,base fr.Verylow ringfoot,D. 12, withslightridgeand twogroovesbeneathatjunction withfloor.Pronouncedwheelmarksbelow;slightgroovesand paringmarkson thefloor,withfaintrouletting at D. 4.4. Centralrectangularstamp,8x7 mm.KOIPA NOT in twolines.O-C 461; Iliffe(¿DAP 6 1936,35, and 9 1939,23. ContextXIV Pit 4, Tiberian;see B2,31. Y39 Arretinereliefbowl 71/P334,bodyfr.fromnear rim,D. 16. Fabric 2. Ridge mouldingwithovolo; below,a bunchofgrapes.StampBJARCAEin rectangle, withmillededge;O-C 1256and pl. VII 15-17; M. Perennius BargathesofArezzo.Anotherfr.ofthesame vase preservesvineleaves and bunchofgrapes.Context:XIII #75and XIV 23, Tiberian;see B2,5. Y40 ACO cup 67/P217,bodyfr,D(max.pres). 8. Thin-walled,finepale grey-brown fabric.Thornpatternon lower body withpalmettesbelow. AC[O in horizontalband above. H. of lettersc. 5mm. O-C 15, Aco of the Po Valley. Context:XI 16, Augustan;see A2,44. Y41 E Sig A bowl 71/P31,floorfr.Poor stampinplantapedis,perhapsin Greekletters;illegible.Context:XI 3, Hadrianic. Y42 E Sig B smallbowl71/P125,straight-sided, H. 3.2, D. 6.5. Small ringfoot,D. 3.8. Lowerbodyhas flangewith twogroovesabove,one below.Palmettesappliqué belowrim,one oftwopreserved.Insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.1, rectangularstamp (5.5 x 12mm.):AQPOT; cf.JAOS 58 1938,40. Context:Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,30. Y43 E Sig B small conical bowl 71/P45,D. 8. Form 30. Rectangularstamp (8 x 5mm.) insidedouble grooved circle,D. 2.2: AQP ON in twolines(N retrograde).Cf.JAOS 58 1938,40. Context:XIV Pit 4, Tiberian;see B2,22. Y44 Imitationof Italian (cf. Y12) small bowl 71/P35;base fr.withsmall ringfoot,D. 5, withridgebeneath. HPMHC inplantapedis-, cf.JAOS 58 1938,41. Context:X 2, 100-150 A.D. Y45 E Sig B dishbase 71/P335,smallringfoot,D. 9.2. Rectangularstamp(5.5 x 10mm.)insidedouble grooved circle,D. 5.7: KEP AOS; in two lines;cf.JAOS 58 1938,42. Context:Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,22. Y46 N. Italian cup base 71/P187.Haltern8. Steep,ratherthickwall; bevelledringfoot,D. 5.4. Fabric 1. Graffito

146

Y47 Y48 Y49 Y50 Y51 Y52 Y53 Y54 Y55 Y56 Y57

STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI 'X' on underside.On floor,whichis ratherpocked,a rectangularstamp(5 x 13mm.)insidegroovedcircle: RASIN, perhapsC.Rasinius(O-C 1557),a non-Arretine potter,ratherthanL.Rasinius(0-C 1558)?Cf.Y33. Context:XIV 25, Augustan. E Sig B bowlbase 71/P85;spreadingringfoot,D. 6.2, withgroovebeneath,and anotheron theunderside.Bl ware.Groovedcircle,D. 3.8, on thefloor,withcentralstampEPMA; cf.JAOS 58 1938,41. Context:XIV 14, Augustan;see A2,28a. E Sig B bowl base 71/P275;low ringfoot,D. 6.2. Stamp on floorinplantapedis:KOIPANOT; O-C 461. Context:X 10, mid 1stA.D. E Sig B small bowl base fr,71/P336;low ringfoot,D. 4. Small circulardepressionin floor,D. 1, with rectangularstampAA MA in twolines.Cf.JAOS 58 1938,39. ContextX 9, mid 1stA.D.( + ). 'AIR' on underside.Stamp Italian smallbowl67/P194;smallringfoot,D. 3.3. Haltern8. Fabric 1. Graffito on floorinplantapedisC] AMVR, cf.O-C 397; Camurius,a Claudian potter?Context:I surface. E Sig B bowl base fr.71/P265,spreadingringfoot,D. 5. Flaking,burntand in poor condition.Grooveat restingplace and on underside.Rectangularstamp(5.5 x 10mm.)insidedouble groovedcircle,D. 3.2: IIO GOT in twolines.Cf.JAOS 58 1938,44. Context:XIV 22, Claudian; see C2,31. Italian platefloorfr.71/PI23, ringfootD. 8. Haltern2. Double grooveon floor,and at centrestampwithin singlegroove,D. 3.5, inplantapedis:ATEI and branch(?). Cf.O-C 143. Context:DepositCl, Claudian; see Cl,8. E Sig B dishbase fr,D. 13. Fr. ofrectangular stamp[M]AT EOT in twolines.Context:DepositCl, Claudian; see C 1,26b. Large dish base fr,D. 8.1. Micaceous red ware of uncertainorigin.Wornstampinsideconcentricgrooves MIMOT inplantapedis.Cf. GoudineauType 43, from2nd quarter1stA.D. Context:X 7, Flavian; see F2,25. di domesticum Italian cup base fr,D. 4.1. Fabric 2. StampinplantapedisMSIT. Cf.A. CaradiniUinstrumentum nellaprimaetaimperiale Ercolano e Pompeii (Quadernidi culturamateriale1); Rome 1977.Context:I(S) 13,later 2nd A.D.; see R2,2. = X44 qv. = X45 qv.

Section6 The Roman Pottery (PLATES 125-223) L. H. SACKETT Introduction The Deposits,theirnatureand comparativevalue The Fine Wares EasternSigillataA CypriotSigillata Italian Sigillata EasternSigillataB ÇandarliWare PonticSigillata South Gaulish Sigillata Knidian ReliefWare and otherimports NorthAfricanRed Slip Ware Late Roman C (Phocaean) Othersigillatawares Local colour-coatedwares Local wareswithpainteddecoration Summary The Coarse Wares Thin-walledcoarsewares NorthItalian thin-walledgreyware Pompeian-redWare and similar The casserole The globularcookingpot Coarse Ware Lids The cookingdish and frying pan Trefoiland otherjugs Miscellaneous The Plain Wares The Roman Deposits:Catalogue of the Finds Augustan(Al-2), Tiberian (Bl-2), Claudian (Cl-2), Neronian (Nl-3), Flavian (Fl-2), Trajanic (Tl-2), Hadrianic (Dl-6), Later 2nd A.D. (Rl-3), Upper levels (U) 147

Page 148 149 150 150 152 153 156 158 159 160 160 160 161 161 161 162 164 165 165 166 168 168 170 172 173 173 174 174 178

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ROMAN POTTERY

THE ROMAN POTTERY INTRODUCTION The potterywas processedduring excavation by O.T.P.K. Dickinson (1967), by P.A. Mountjoyand P.A. Cartledge(1971) and byJ.E.Jones (1973) as well as by the author.At thosetimesall fineware was kept,and onlyfeatureless sherdsofcoarseand plain ware from mixeddepositswerediscarded.In additionresidualmaterialfromearlierperiods(Neolithicto Hellenistic)was setaside forothers.The verylargemassofmaterialwhichthusaccumulated was thenstudiedat available intervalsduringthefollowing years,and thesame principleof as thequalityofthedepositsbecamemoreevident.The selectionwas appliedmorerigorously effectwhich this methodof processinghas on the validityof quantitativeanalysisand whetherbetweensuccessiveRoman depositsat thissiteoroverallbetweenthisand comparison, othersites(forgivenperiodsor specificwares),is as follows.For thefinewaresa quantitative countis available eitherbased on a sherdcount(beforeor aftermending)or on an estimateof forthecoarseand plain wareson theotherhand it can be thenumberofvesselsrepresented; Measurements basedonlyon theestimatednumberofvesselsrepresented. byweighthave only been made to indicatethe approximatemagnitudeofa deposit.l All sherdshave beenmarkedwithoriginaltrenchand levelnumber,so thatin caseswherea materialhas beenamalgamatedforconvenienceofstudy,itis still widerrangeofcontemporary possibleto assignanyindividualpieceto itsoriginalfindspot.All thematerialis housedin the Museum at Knossos,exceptin the case of a fewof the morecompletepieces Stratigraphical to the HeraklionMuseum,as recordedin the Stratigraphical whichhave been transferred Museumregister. Since thepurposeofthisexcavationwas initiallyto clearthegroundfortheexcavationofa majorMinoan building,itwas notanticipatedthatthesitewouldproducean excellentand full sequenceofRoman deposits.Indeed thecombinedexperiencein thefieldofRoman ceramics limited. of all thoseindividualsmentionedabove as workingon the materialwas extremely Thus it is withthegreatestgratitudethatI acknowledgethe assistanceofJohnHayes, who made numerousvisitsto Knossos,examinedthe materialin detail, and offeredhis identiand his assessmentofchronologyand provenience.He also ficationofwaresand type-forms to comparativematerial,not least through followedup with help in obtainingreferences ofa seriesofhisown studiespriorto theirpublication.2Withoutthis sharingthemanuscripts helpit is hard to see how thisstudycould have been begun,thoughit mustalso be statedthat whichremain. he cannotbe held responsiblefortheerrorsand shortcomings I shouldalso liketo acknowledgethekindnessofP.M. Kenrickand J.A. Rileywho sentme of Berenice(Benghazi),since theirtheseson the fineand coarse/plainwares (respectively) publishedin theseriesofLibyan Studies.These publicationsare modelsofa fullstudyofthis kindofmaterial,at once vastin quantityand complicatedin detail,and I have placed great relianceon them. This studydoes notpretendto be so exhaustiveor thorough.It does attemptto publishwith deposits,ofvaryingquality,whichmaybe of backinga seriesofstratified fairlyfullillustrative in Crete,forwhich littlecomparative sites some guidance in the futurestudyof Roman a crossroadsoftradingroutesin theeast is at materialhas been publishedso far.Since Crete to numerous dated some new itdoes also provide Mediterranean, depositswithcross-reference studies. more in some also be wares.These may different specialisedpottery helpful

ROMAN POTTERY

149

THE DEPOSITS: THEIR NATURE AND COMPARATIVE VALUE unitsin a rangeofverynumerousexcavated Nine depositswereselectedas thebeststratified "levels" coveringthe period fromthe later 1st centuryB.C. to the 4th centuryA.D. Not a greatdeal ofvaluable material,includingbetterexamplesof the potterytypes surprisingly foundin the best deposits,comes fromotherless well stratified groups.These have been in as or which the appended supplementary groups "deposits", typeseriesare oftenfullerand of greaterinterestthan thosefromthe betterstratified contexts.The stratigraphy of these while often did not the isolation of closed clear, groups, supplementary permit groupsto those of the For some with selected there are more than two compare deposits. periods groups. The depositsselectedforthebestavailable stratigraphy fora givenperiodare denotedby the number'1' aftera letter(Al, NI, SI etc.); supportingmaterialor less well stratified groups have thenumber'2', or wheremoreoccur'3', '4' and up to '6' (A2, N2, D2, D3, D6, S2 etc.) The selecteddepositsincludeone forthelate 1stcenturyB.C., fourforthe 1stcenturyA.D., and fourforthe2nd centuryA.D., as follows:Al (later 1stB.C. - 'Augustan'),Bl (early 1st A.D. - 'Tiberian'),Cl (mid 1stA.D. - 'Claudian'), Nl (3rdquarter1stA.D. - 'Neronian'),Fl 2nd A.D. - 'Trajanic'), Dl (early/mid 2nd A.D. (later1stA.D. - 'Flavian'), Tl (late lst/early - 'Hadrianic'), Rl (3rd quarter2nd A.D. and SI 3rd 'Antonine/Aurelian'), (late 2nd/early A.D. - 'Severan'). Six oftheseare floordeposits,ofwhichfour(Al, Cl, Nl and Dl) are excellentstratigraphie debris,perhapscaused by earthquakes.DepositAl ('Augustan') groupssealed by destruction was foundwithinRoom I of the SouthwestHouse sealed by Deposit Cl ('Claudian') with intermediate levelsofbuild-up.DepositNl ('Neronian')lay sealedbydestruction debrison the floorsoftheEast House,as did DepositDl ('Hadrianic') in Rooms IV-VI oftheNorthHouse, earlyphase. In thislattercase a partofthedestruction depositwhichmaywellincludeupper floorfallhas been cataloguedseparatelyas Deposit D2, due to probablecorruptionby later 2nd A.D. levellingand reconstruction operationswithinthe NorthHouse. Bl is as partofa floordepositremainingin an extremely ('Tiberian') interpreted Deposit disturbedarea - NorthHouse Room VII (the so-called'Room of the Antiquary');it is a peculiargroup,containingapparentantiquesin a basicallyearly1stA.D. context.In thiscase itmaybe feltthatthesupplementary materialofthisdate (thelargerDepositB2) derivingfrom a dump and so not a closed deposit in the same way, may nonethelessbe of greater value. DepositSI ('Severan') is a floordepositfromNorthHouse Room III, late chronological phase; thoughthereare possiblesignsof a localised destruction,the depositis somewhat limited,closeto thesurface,and speaksratherofa finalabandonmentofthebuilding.A great deal morematerialofthisdate derivesfromtheupperlevelswhosepotterywas amalgamated 3rd earlyon in thestudy.This is presentedas partofDepositU (Upper Levels,late 2nd/early with some later into the 4th centuryA.D., going centuryA.D.).3 Deposit Rl (3rd quarter2nd A.D.) comprisesa limitedbut well-sealedgroupfoundin a smallcistor cess-pit, whichwas coveredoverand sealedin by thelate phaseofconstruction in theNorthHouse (late 2nd centuryA.D.). It is supplemented which R2 by Deposit comprises similarmaterialderivingfromlevellingoperationsin thissame reconstruction. The later 1stand early2nd centuriesA.D. (the Flavian/Trajanicperiods)did not yield destruction depositsof comparablequality.In each case a pit fillfoundbeneaththe North House yard(AreaVII) has beenselected(DepositsFl - Flavian,and Tl - Trajanic), thelatter on theformer. stratigraphically superimposed DepositFl is theweakest,thematerialbeingso

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that it was felt betterto illustrateit by referenceto the betterpreserved fragmentary piecesof Deposit F2. Deposit Tl is supplementedby the contiguousbut less supplementary T2 puredeposits (fillofWell 8b) and T3 (linkingdeposit,but corruptedby laterintrusions). and forthewiderangeofdepositsavailable,that It is a convenient fact,bothtopographically thearea northof thestreet(basicallytheNorthHouse) preservesthe best2nd centuryA.D. to thesouthofthestreet(East and laterlevels,whereasthe 1stcenturyA.D. is bestrepresented This is due to the fact that whereasthe Southwest Southeast House and House, House). oftheNorthHouse clearedaway almostall tracesofthe 1stA.D. buildingswhich construction had lain there,no comparablebuildingcoveredthe southernarea. Not only the 1stA.D. materialin destructiondeposits(Al, Cl, NI) but also the veryextensivesupplementary in and are from this derive area, places stratigraphically principally DepositsA2, C2, N2/N3 material. layersofredepositeddestruction superimposed ofthesedepositsis discussedin detailin theintroductory and proveniences The composition remarksto each of them.

THE FINE WARES There seem to have been changesin fashion,and presumablyalso in the directionof trade, of thefine by thechangingproportions duringthesuccessiveRoman periods,as represented taken in the order wares. The basic orderof thischangingpopularityis reflected by the Italian E Sig A), CypriotSigillata, Sigillata, analysis:EasternSigillataA (henceforth following E Sig Bl, E Sig B 1/2and E Sig B2), PonticSigillata,Çandarli EasternSigillataB (henceforth Ware and NorthAfricanRed-slipWare, Otherwaresof rareoccurrenceare South Gaulish sigillata,Knidian reliefware and Late Roman 'C ware (= 'Phocaean Red-slipWare'). A summary,withstatisticalanalysisand table of comparisonwiththeBerenicefinewareswill follow;forthe latterpurposethe thin-walledwaresand Pompeian-redware, treatedas fine waresin theBerenicepublicationbut hereattachedto thecoarsewares,are omitted. The problemsinvolvedin thestudyofRoman finewaresare aggravatedby thefragmentary as forinstance ofassociatingnon-joining natureofthematerial,and bythedifficulty fragments, Until base withrimtypes.Mistakesin thisprocesshave notbeen fullyavoided. recentlythere itsown Form with each has been a bewildering varietyoftypeseriesin manyofthesewares, a numbers,due bothto thegreatvarietyofshapesand thelack of simplemajorand inclusive publishedcorpus.This situationhas changedwiththepublicationofJ.W. Hayes' typeseriesin delleFormeCeramiche theAtlante II,4, and I followKenrickin employingtheseFormnumbers (withthe prefixEAA), usingalso whereconvenientKenrick'sown formnumberswiththe prefixK.

Eastern Sigillata A (E Sig A) (total count578)

called "Pergamene"but perhapsoriginatingfroma Syriancentreof This ware, formerly manufacture,has the followingcharacteristics: pale clay, yellow or cream coloured like but rangingto buffor pale orange,hard and pure,chunkyat thebreaks;theslip Corinthian5 withtheclayand can be darkredand as fineas Italiansigillata,butrangestoorangecontrasts or red-brown,even maroon;it is sometimesfugitiveand leaves clear signsof the "doubledippingstreak".

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Commonfromabout 75 B.C. to 75 A.D., thiswareis now thoughtto have itsoriginsas early as 150 B.C., and to continueintothebeginningofthe2nd centuryA.D. Our examplesdo not shed lighton thesepoints,not least because E Sig A formshave been used as datingcriteria themostnotableinstanceoftheearlyoccurrenceoftheware,in themassive here.Furthermore, fillofPit65 (late2nd/early 1stB.C.) has had to be treatedrathersummarily as a mixeddeposit, whilelate occurrenceof theware has normallybeen treatedas residual.6 The totalcountofE Sig A ware piecesfoundin theRoman depositsis 578 (aftermending). The heydayof thisware at Knossosseemsto have been theAugustanperiod;its fullestand mostrepresentative groupcomesfromDepositA2, whichhas a suggesteddate rangefromc. 40 B.C. to 10/15A.D. but appears to contain a high proportionof redepositeddestruction materialfromtheearlierpartofthisdate range.E Sig A ware comprisesabout 68% ofall the importedfinewaresfoundin thisdeposit,and thispercentagegraduallydecreasesover the courseofthe 1stcenturyA.D., from45% (Bl/2,Tiberian) and 24% (Cl/2 Claudian) to 16% (Nl-3, Neronian)and 19% (Fl/2, Flavian), thelastprobablycontaininga greaterproportion ofresidualmaterialdue to the natureof thedeposits. For the Augustan period formsrepresentedinclude a series of flat dishes with plain upcurvingrim (A2,7-10), EAA Forms3 and 4, dated fromearly 1st centuryB.C. to late Augustan.Form3, a largerdishwithmoreupslopingflooris represented by therimfragment A2,9a and byA2,8,whoseheavierwall belongslaterin theseries(Augustan).The smallerdish, Form4, is represented bynos.A2,7a-b and possibly9b, showinga moreopen curveto therim and Variant (A2,7a,b) steppedundersideto thebase (A2,9b), bothAugustancharacteristics.7 dishtypesare A2,10 withincurvingrimand steppedundersideand A2,ll withgentlysloping floor,shortoblique wall and flatrim (EAA Form 7, c. 50-1 B.C.). A largerdish form,finely decoratedat therimwithbeadingand roulettedpatternsis represented by A2,13 (EAA Form 9, c. 50-25 B.C.). In additionflat-baseddisheswithsteppedunderside,low curvingwall with bead rimand groovedor roulettedon thefloor(A2, 5-6) can be dated to theAugustanperiod (EAA Form 12, c. 40 B.C.-10 A.D.). Othershapesrepresented are thehemispherical cup (Al,l and A2,4) dated 1stcenturyB.C. and (withbeaded rim)up to c. 10 A.D. (EAA Form22), and thelagynos(A2,14) whichis a typenot hithertosecurelydated (EAA Form 101, 'probably1stcenturyB.C.'). In theTiberianfloordeposit(Bl) theconicalcup withplain flaringrim(EAA Form42, 10 B.C. - 20/30A.D.) appears (Bl,l) alongsidea hemispherical typewithexteriorand interior grooving(Bl,10), while the contemporarymaterialof Deposit B2 includes a numberof examplesof the plain hemisphericalcup (B2,32 and 34-5) - EAA Form 22 (1st B.C. and Augustan),and ofsmalldisheswithflatfloor(B2,37-8) - EAA Forms30/33(1-50 A.D.). A broad open bowl or dish withinternalgroovesor ledges,and perhapsflatbase, seemsto be represented by B2,41-42. Comparabletypesoccurin themid 1stcenturyA.D. deposit(Cl,30-35), - EAA Forms3/4, 22, 24(?), 30 and 42; and in the supplementary group of the same date (C2,48-56) - EAA Forms12, 22, 30, 35(?). A laterdishformappearsin theNeroniandeposit,Nl,5 (EAA Form37 and Berenice Form B332), a largeflangeddish dated 60-100 A.D. A secondlaterformis thesmall conical cup, EAA Form 45 and Berenice Form 334, foundin the Flavian depositFl (Fl,4), one of the commonestE Sig A formsoccurringat Pompeii. In summary, E Sig A ware was in vogueat thissiteat Knossosin thelater 1stcenturyB.C. and to themid 1stcenturyA.D. Some fifteen different shapeshave beenidentified (Forms3, 4, afterthemid 7, 9, 12,20, 22, 24?,30, 33, 35?,37, 42, 45, 101). The wareis scantilyrepresented

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1stcentury A.D., and indeedonlytwoforms(37 and 45) have so farbeennotedas belongingin thesecondhalfof thecentury.

CypriotSigillata (total count62)

This ware,identified byJ.W. Hayes and associatedbyhimsince1967witha sourcein Cyprus, a rival in the Near East,8 has the followingcharacteristics: redclaim fine-grained, despite hard the brownclaywithfewimpurities, occasional lime grits,breakingcleanly; glossis except a self-slip ofthesamecolour,usuallyfireddarkerand witha metalliclustre.The earlierpieces tendto be finer,thinner-walled and betterfired,withcolourrangingfrombrick-red through and orange-red.Double-dipping maroon to dark brown,the later frequentlysofter-fired Its date rangeis estimated streaksoccuron dishes,and finger-marks aroundthebase ofvessels. at about90 B.C. - 150A.D., withexportsfromCyprusnotbeginningbeforearound40/30B.C. Our examplesfitthisdescription and thischronology well,thefullestrangebeingfoundin thelater 1stcenturyB.C., whenCypriotsigillatarepresents 17% ofthe totalimportedwares in occur and under Al,2 (see A2,15-23). Examples depositsofotherperiodsin thefollowing Neronian Tiberian Claudian 0.2% and only sporadicallythereafter, 6%, 2%, proportions: as residual pieces (D4,8-10; U29-30). principallyperhaps The moststriking shapesfoundare thelargedecoratedkrater,EAA Form38 withastragal feet(see underAl,2; A2,23), and thesmallbut relateddecoratedbowlor cup, EAA Form34, withincurvingrim and ringfoot (A2,20-22), a shape which was not well representedat Paphos, the site which providedHayes with the bulk of his type series.Deposit A2 also containeda small bowl withincurvingrim,EAA Form 22, commonin the late 1stcentury B.C./early1stA.D. (A2,15); a feeder,close to EAA Form48 (A2,17); a dishwithlow curved wall,EAA Form5, early1stcentury A.D.(?) (A2,18); and a smallplateor saucer,as EAA Form 10 (?), foundin theearly 1stcenturyA.D. (A2,19). Shapes foundin the Tiberian levels are a decoratedbowl, like EAA Form 37, but with variantrim formrunninghorizontaland withoutoverhang(Bl,9), and a small dish with roulettedrim imitatingArretine,EAA Form 8 (B2,43), both well placed in the early 1st centuryA.D. Other shapes foundare the lagynos(EAA Form 44/6) which occursin a mid 1st A.D. in DepositC2 (listedtherebut at Cl,28, neckand shoulderfragments context:handlefragment otherforms:EAA Forms10, of some small also included notillustrated).DepositC2 fragments 31A, 37. A laterform,rareat Knossos,is theroulettedkrater,EAA Form40, withoverhanging rimand thickspreadingringfoot,ofwhichfragmentary examplescomefromtheHadrianicfill found(D4,8-10) cistern House of the Southeast ("Well 12"). All thefragments (DepositD4) are fromthe smallersized version.This is a typemostcommonin early2nd centuryA.D. groups. 3rdA.D. contextin theUpper ofthesame type,foundin a late 2nd/early Otherfragments of a shallowdish withflat levels (U30a,b), mustbe residual,along withthe rimfragment roulettedrim,EAA Form4B, an early/mid1stcenturyA.D. form(U29). rareat thissite,butitdid enjoya shortperiod In summaryCypriotsigillatais comparatively have beenidentified forms fromabout25 B.C. to25 A.D. Ten different ofpopularity (4B, 5, 10, 31A, 34, 37, 38, 40, 44/6,48). One ofthese(Form40) belongsto an early2ndA.D. contextand in the Cyprusconnection. showsat least somecontinuity

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Italian Sigillata (total count 726) and complicationsinvolvedin the attemptto identify, date and typologize The difficulties Italian sigillataare verygreat.Anysuchattempthas to dependbasicallyon thevarioustype series and chronologicalfixed points provided by sites such as Oberaden,9 Rodgen,10 Haltern,11Mainz,12 Vindonissa,13 the Dramont D shipwreck,14Corinth,15Bolsena,16 18 Conimbriga17and Magdalensberg. The problemis compoundedby the fact that it is uncertainhow many centresof manufactureexistedwithinItaly in additionto thosewell knownat Arezzoand Puteoli.The complexities ofthissituationhave beenclearlydiscussedby P.M. Kenrickin his treatment oftheBerenicematerial,and resultedin hisdecisionto forma 19 new typeseriesand to attemptto isolatefourdistinctfabrics. I have used his typology(givinghis formnumberwiththeprefixK) and so faras possible whichhe describesas follows: assignedthe UM piecesto his fourfabricclassifications, 1 2 3 4

Pale, pinkish-buff clay (likesomeE Sig A) Munsell5YR 7/4,7/6,7.5YR 6/4,7/4,7/6. Pinkclay. Munsell5YR 6/4,6/6. Darkerpinkclay,good adherentslip. Munsell5YR 5/4,2.5YR 5/4. Similarto 3) butoftena littleredder,generallyglossybutflakingslipwhichmayleave a whitishfilmbeneath. Munsell2.5YR 6/4.

seemed to me less than secure ifi certain Though this processof fabricidentification the classification to future instances, mayprovehelpful study,and thegeneralapplicationofhis fourclassesto theKnossosmaterialseemedgood,as perhapsis to be expectedin viewofthefact that Crete and North Africa became linked for the purposes of Roman provincial administration. In viewoftheknownconnectionofKnossoswithCampania,it willbe ofinterest to examine thefabricswiththatproveniencein mind,and to considerwhatproportionofItalian imports may be assignedto Puteoli (see concludingremarksunderthissection). Italian Sigillata is consideredto have flourishedthroughoutthe 1st centuryA.D., and perhapsup to 120A.D. In theseexcavations726 pieceswerecollectedand manyoftheseserved as importantdatingcriteriaforthe 1stcenturyA.D. levels;some207 pieces (or 28%) derived fromthe2nd centuryA.D. or laterlevelsand have in mostcases been treatedas residual. This wareis notfoundin theearlyAugustandestruction deposit(Al) norin themainbody ofDepositA2, whichcontainsa largequantityoflater1stcenturyB.C. material.It does make an appearancein certainlaterAugustancontextsand formsabout 3% of theAugustanfine ware overall.Its popularity,as expressedby a percentageof importedfinewares,increased decades to itshighpointin the mid-lstcenturyA.D.: 29% ofTiberian duringthefollowing of the Claudian deposits;43% deposits.Afterthisthepercentagedwindles,withthetake-over offirstE Sig B and thenÇandarliware,to 38% oftheNeroniandeposits,21% oftheFlavian, 17% oftheTrajanic; thena residual7% in Hadrianic,18% in thelater2nd A.D., and 6% in Severanand laterlevels. Augustan

The threepiecescataloguedwiththeAugustanmaterialofDepositA2 (A2,24and 26-7) come notfromthelargelater1stB.C. fillsouthofthestreetbutfromscatteredand disturbedcontexts beneath the North House foundations.A2,24 seems to be the earliestappearance of the Puteolanreliefbowl,commonin mid 1stA.D. contexts(see under'Claudian'). Interesting, too, is thecomparatively crudeimitationofa reliefbowl ofthistype(A2,25) in an Aegean fabric; anotherfragment comesfroma latercontext(Bl,4). These suggestthatGreekpotterswerenot

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slowto imitatethesefineItalian imports.The otherformsoccurringare thesmallplate,Form conicalcup, FormK208 (Halterntype8) dated K205 {Haltern type2), and thecorresponding c.lO B.C. - 25 A.D. (A2,27 and 26). Found withthe main part of Deposit A2 was one stampedcup base (Y46, Form K210, Haltern type8, c. 10 B.C. - 25 A.D.), whichalong withtwoothersin earlyE Sig B ware (Y37 and 47) are thelatestmaterialfromthisdepositand giveit itslowerdatinglimitin thelate Augustanperiod.Being,however,odd menout in thisdeposittheymaybetterbe regardedas transitional to the nextperiod,or even intrusivefromit. Tiberian The formsoccurringin theTiberianfloordeposit(Bl,l- 4) are verysimilarto thosedescribed of above - bowlsofFormK208 {Haltern 2) and thefragment 8), platesofFormK205 {Haltern betweenthe two an Italian reliefbowl imitatedin local ware; the chronologicaldistinction groupscannotbe large.The fullerselectionofDepositB2, thoughscrappy,includesa number fromthesame typeofplate,FormK205 (B2,12-17 and 19), to be datedc. 10 ofrimfragments B.C. - 25 A.D. In thesethereis a verywiderangein size,withrimsvaryingfrom12, 14 and 17 to 35 and 40cms.Again the conical cup, Form K208 (B2,10), occursalong withreliefbowl (B2,4-5 and perhapsalso B2,l, B2,3 and 9), thebowlB2,5 bearingthestampofM. fragments Perenniu«BargathesofArrezzo.A different 'Service',withplain styleofplate,froma different to be dated c. 10 B.C. Form rim is K218 {Halterntype4), by B2,2, incurving represented A.D. 50/60 Claudian The Claudian depositsmake it clear that the reliefbowl, alreadyfoundin Augustanand in DepositCl Tiberiandepositsand imitatedlocally,was a favouredimport.The fragments the others four one at least bowls, (exceptCl,2) of the (Cl,l) certainlyPuteolan, represent M. Perennius Puteolan fabric. Another same Bargathesworkingthere,is import,evidentlyby are also for this other sources However C2,l. by C2,2-3 (S. Gaulish) and represented shape eastern source,perhapsPergamon). C2,4-5 (an bowl occursin threeforms,withflange(FormK217 or Goudineau The smallhemispherical rimroulettedand havingspiralappliqué (FormK228b, Haltern flat with type38b, our Cl,4), Tiberian formwithdate rangec. 15-60 A.D., and a thirdtypewith a common 13,our C2, 6) decoration rim barbotine everted having (as theS. GaulishexampleK31 1, our C2,7). This is in Forms conical K208 and K210 {Haltern the 8-9), ourCl,5-6 and C2,8, cup accompaniedby withdate rangec. 10-45 A.D. There is a varietyof plate forms,all currentin the yearsc. 25-50 A.D. In thedestruction 3, our Cl,13), K209 2, our Cl, 16), K206 {Haltern deposit(Cl) are foundFormK205 {Haltern our 39 our 1973 Form K213 Cl,ll) and K224 Cl, 7-9), 8, {Goudineau type large, (Hayes in the found forms of The our Form 9, supplementary range plate Cl,10). (Hayes 1973, materialis verysimilarand includesForms K201 {Goudineau type 15, our C2,17), K205 (C2,18-19), K206 (C2,13), K207 (varianton Haltern2, our C2,16), K209 (C2,ll-12 and 14-15) and K213 (C2,10? and 20-22). In addition the cylindricalbeaker {Haltern16) is by C2,9. represented JVeronian In thedestruction depositNl are foundthreeforms,commonto the mid to late 1stcentury A.D.: the dish (or bowl) withslopingrim,Form K237 (Hayes 1973 Form 13), a late form

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startingc. 40 A.D., common at Pompeii and continuinginto the 2nd century (our Nl, 1); the small flangedbowl, Form K217 {Goudineau38b), which is dated 35/40-80/90A.D., again found at Pompeii (our Nl,2); and thirdlythe plate with flat floorand flatvertical rim, Form K213 (Goudineau39), dated as the preceding (our Nl,3/4). From the supplementarymaterial of this period come fragmentsof some five reliefbowls (N2,7, N3,l and la), of a number ofdishes similar to those of the mid 1stA.D. deposits (Forms K206, K209, K217, K224) with a considerable varietyof appliqués (plates 208-9), and again of a cylindricalbeaker (Haltern16, our N2,l) and cylindrical salt-cellar (N2,2), Form K226, with a Tiberian to Flavian date range. Of two stamped fragmentsfound,one (Y25) comes froma North Italian plate by L. Rasinius of Pisa, whose work was common at Pompeii, and the other from an Arretine bowl by L. Gellius Quadratus (Y36). Flavian

The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) containedscrappymaterial,includingthe conical cup, Form K210 (Haltern 9, ourFl,la), thehemispherical bowl,FormK217 (Goudineau 38b,ourFl,lb-c) and theplate,FormK209 (Hayes1973Form8, our Fl, 2). The fullerrangefromotherFlavian contexts('Deposit' F2) includesa reliefbowlfragment, with a varietyof probablyPuteolan (F2,l) and numeroussmall bowl and dish fragments bird which in did not appliqués (rosette,daisy,rabbit,festoon, etc.) appear earliercontexts. But in such fragmentary materialit is difficult to evaluate the proportionwhichis residual. Thus thislothas beentreatedquitesummarily illustration byphotographic only(plate 209F). Trajanicand later

Piecesthoughtto be residual,but nonetheless worthnoting,have been listedin thecatalogue, but notillustrated, in the case of relief bowl fragments except (as R2,l, plate 209), appliqué variants(lion at T3,la) and potters'stamps(see Section5). The flangedhemispherical bowl if identified as this must relate to Goudineau 38b and the R2,3, correctly ware, type Çandarli FormLI 9, and shouldbelongin thelater 1stcenturyA.D. Whileno doubt theexperteye in searchoflate Italian materialformsmightextractmore carriedout at a sitefurther west. material,it was feltthatsuchstudywouldbe moreprofitably Thereis in any case no doubt thatthemarkethad by thistimebeen capturedby theE Sig B and Çandarliwares. Note on thefabrics

In view of thedetailedworknow in progresson fabricidentification and by thin-sectioning at and it would seem out of to draw elsewhere, spectrometry, Carthage place any conclusion fromthe tentativefabricclassification made here. Sufficeit to say thatof the 98 catalogued pieceswhichhave been assignedto one ofthefourclassesoffabric,42% are assignedto Fabric 1, 37% to Fabric 2, 15% to Fabric 3 and 6% to Fabric 4. Since Puteolan reliefbowls are assignedto Fabric 1, includingone signed by N. Naevius Hilarus of Puteoli (Cl,l), one hypothesis mightbe that thisfabricis fromPozzuoli, and is indeed appropriatelythe most ware at Knossos. Then the pinkerFabric 2 mightbe assignedto Arrezzo,and prevalent a appropriately stampof theArretinepotterM. PerenniusBargathesis assignedto thisware (B2,5). The picture,however,is not so simple,since not only does a signedreliefbowl by PerenniusBargathes(C2,l) come in Fabric 1, but so does a late bowl stampedby L. Gellius causes mightbe suggestedfortheseconditionssuchas QuadratusofArrezzo(Y36). Different

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or variantclaysin one locality,and themattermustremainunresolved, and travelling potters, in thehands of thespecialists.

Eastern Sigillata B (E Sig B) (total count 1353)

This is the mostpopularimportedfineware at thissite.Introducedearlyin the 1stcentury A.D., perhapsfroma sourcenearTrallesin Asia Minor,it overtooktheItalian sigillataby the 3rdquarterofthe 1stcentury, and reacheditspeak duringtheHadrianicperiod.Its frequency to other fine wares can be expressedby thefollowingpercentages:Tiberian 16%, compared Claudian 27%, Neronian42%, Flavian 48%, Trajanic 43%, Hadrianic57%, late 2nd A.D. 21%, upperlevels 19%. ofitsforms,and thechangingqualityofthefabric, Thoughverydiversein thecomplexity and thisware has becomemoreamenable to studywiththe availabilityof the classification I follow of whose and form numbers exclusively type-series J.W. Hayes, descriptions throughout. The earlyversionoftheware (Bl ware) is describedas follows:orange-redclay,fulloffine mica, oftensoft,flakyand veryporous;it has a glossyslip of the same colour withwaxy pale orangeor black. appearance,tendingto flake.Occasional piecesare firedcreamy-white, Decorationincludesfinegroovesoftenservingto defineelaboratemouldings,and potters' ofthiswarewas One ofthefounders withGreeknames)in imitationofArretine. stamps(at first theAugustanpotterC. Sentius20who had workedbothat Arezzo and Lyon,and itsearliest occurrence is c. 10 B.C. in AgoraGroupF, a depositclosedaroundtheturnoftheera.21 Hayes devoteshis Formnumbers1-50 to thisware. to thelaterB2 ware,with A.D. thereis a transition Aroundthe3rdquarterofthe1stcentury at Pompeiiand at the is well ofnewshapes.The transitional theintroduction phase represented South Stoa depositat Corinth(Hayes 1973). The B2 wareis thicker-walled, flakyand oftenpoorlyfired;theformsare simplerand massname The potters' stampshave givenway to simplestampedmotifs(rosetteand produced. ware was popularin theEast Aegeanfromc. 70-150 A.D. Hayes This version of the palmette). devoteshis Formnumbers51-100 to thisware. The earliestappearanceoftheware at thissiteis Y37 ( = A2,28) thestampedpedestalbase (EPMHN in Greek) of a bowl or goblet.Though not a recognisedtype,it belongswiththe likethebowl,Form26 and krater,Form38. Sinceno othersherdofthis articulatedearlyforms wareoccursin theAugustandeposits,one mustregardit as eithera rarespecialtyat thisdate, to thenextperiodor intrusive or (sinceit occursat thetop ofan open deposit)as transitional fromit. Tiberian offourthin-walled A.D. depositsare foundsmallfragments In theearly1stcentury examplesof E Sig Bl ware.These derivefromdishes(Forms9 and 23/5?),and bowls(Forms21 and 30?), and are part of the dating evidence for the floordeposit Bl. The materialfromother contextsincludessimilararticulateddishes(Forms5-7, 18/19;= B2,24-6 and contemporary = 30), and bowls(Forms9, 14?,17A, 18/19,24?,29, 30; B2,27 and 29, 21, 30, 28, 20, 22-3). Two stampsoccur (Y38 and Y43). Claudian ofsmallbowlsand dishes,but in muchbettercondition,derivesfromthe A similarrepertoire

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ofForm destruction depositCl. Includedare bowlsofForms29 and 30 (Cl, 17-19), salt-cellars 33 (Cl,20 and 20a) and smalldishes,Forms5, 6, 13, 15 (Cl,21-16), thelatterform(Cl,26) in Bl/2 ware. Also includedis a cylindricalbeaker,Form 40 (Cl,27). There are threestamps: Y42, 45 and 54. Fromthesupplementary material(C2) also comesa varietyofdishtypes(Forms2, 5-8, 19, our and 20?,58, 59?; C2,23-29 44-5), bowls(Forms21?,32-5, 37; ourC2,30-42) and again the beaker our cylindrical (Form40; C2,43). Not all thebowlformsfindsecureparallels(cf.C2,33 forshape, and C2,36 forwall thicknessand slip application;see catalogue),but the general pictureof a mid 1stA.D. assemblage,withone or two laterpieces (C2,44-5) is satisfactory. Two stampsoccur:see Y48 and 50. Neronian

In the Neroniandestruction deposit(Nl) comesa good groupof the 3rd quarterof the 1st bowls of Form 30, 53, 74B and 80 (earlyversion?)(Nl,6-7, Nl,9 and 13), and dishes century: ofForms18,58 and 60 (Nl, 10-12). Fragmentsoftwolagynoi,one carinatedand one globular (Nl,14 and N2,12) seemto be ofthisware. One bowl fragment (Nl,8) has a late appearance 80 with thick and is of a not known at Pompeii;it would be an (Form slopingwall) type occurrence of this form and is best considered intrusive. here, unusuallyearly Alsofoundin thesupplementary material(DepositN2) are bowlfragments ofForms37 and 70 (N2,10-ll) and dishesof Forms18 and 19/60(see underN2,12). Flavian

The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) containedthe B2 bowl Forms62B and 70 (Fl,5-7), whilethe contemporary DepositF2 includedbowlsofForms30, 35, 60, 70-1, 76, 78 and 80 (F2,8a and 12, 15-19), and dishesof Forms20, 57-9, 62B and 63? (F2,8 and 9-14). The stampswhich occurare all rosettes, and apart fromone or twoearlyand perhapsresidualpieces (F2,8 and 8a) thismaterialfitswell in thelast quarterof the 1stcenturyA.D. Trajanic

In theTrajanicpit (DepositTl) are foundfragments ofbowlsofForms73 and 80 and ofdishes ofForms60 and 62A (Tl,2-5); fromWell 8b (DepositT2) come bowl fragments ofForm58, 74B in and the levels similar but less well stratified 60, (T2,l) supplementary pieces.A poorly rosette is found on the dish Tl,2 (Form60). applied stamp The formsare now heavierand morestandardised,withlessvariety. Hadrianic

In thefloordeposit(Dl) are foundgood examplesofthedish,Form60, in threedifferent sizes (Dl,2-4), and oftheconicalbowl,Form70 (Dl,l), whiletheassociatedfill(DepositD2) has Forms58, 70-1 and 80. The fillin theotherroomsoftheNorthHouse containsForms20 and 72 (residual?),58, 60 and 80. Commonformsin themassivecisternfill(DepositD4) are again thedish,Form60 (some 13 examples),and Form58 (fiveexamples),a dishofForm59/71?, and bowlsofForms59, 68, 70-1 and 80 (sevenexamplesof80). The associatedfillhas,in order offrequency, Forms60, 80, 58, 71, 76, 70, 62B, 73 and 78 (figures to givenin theintroduction thecatalogueofthatdeposit);and in theotherHadrianiclevelschieflyForms60 and 80, but with59, 71 and 76 represented. One dishwhichseemsintermediate betweenForms51 and 77 is illustrated(D6,5).

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These largedepositsdemonstrate and thelimitedrangeofformsnow thegreatersimplicity in this ware. mass-produced Later2nd century A.D.

ofthebowl Form80, whichoccursin otherfillsof The cistdeposit(Rl) containedfragments thisdate along withForms59, 60, 61 and 77. The lattertwo forms,not foundat thissitein earliercontexts, are illustrated as R2,4-5, thoughtheseand theothersmaywellbe residualby 3rd E B thistime,as the Sig 17% proportion ofall finewaresin theupperlevels(late 2nd/early A.D.) is certainlyconsideredto be. Çandarli Ware (total count 959) This ware was firstidentifiedand investigatedby S. Loeschcke (Loeschcke 1912) at its sitenearPergamon.It has sincebeen morefullystudiedby Hayes (LRP, EAA manufacturing A forAugustanseries,L and typeclassification (withprefixes Supplement),whosedescriptions forLoeschckeseries,H forHayes series)are followedhere. to thenorthand ofthiswarewas mainlyrestricted In the 1stcenturyA.D. thedistribution it 4thcentury, A.D. into the north-west Aegean,but in itslaterperiod,extendingfromc. 150 North via Crete to Black Sea was widelyexportedand in a broad zone extendingfromthe Africait became theleadingfineware.22 The fabricconsistsofa hard brick-red clay,withinclusionsoflimeand mica witha golden glint(biotite).The slip is a firm,red-browncolour,applied betteron the inside than the withheavy outside,whichgenerallyshowsscratchesfromtheturning.Vesselsare thick-walled hard to are The best feet,and have saggermarkson the floor;usuallyno decoration. pieces and has fromlate Italian sigillataware.The earlystage(1stcenturyA.D.) clay slip distinguish ofa lighter,moreorangecolour. in the field.Early pieces The two lattercharacteristics pointto problemsof identification to assigned thisware.On theother mayhave been missed,thoughsomehave been tentatively mass of hand late Italian piecesmayhave been lostin the Çandarliware whichoccursin the late periods. The heydayof Çandarli ware at Knossos was in the latest Roman period on our site (Severan),whenit seemsto have had a nearmonopoly.The trendis shownby thepercentages forthe ofthiswarein relationto theotherimportedfinewares.No piecewas securelyidentified other and at illustrated are halfcentury1-50 A.D. thoughtwo possiblefragments B2,44-5, makes ware levels up 10% of (N2,13-14). Çandarli possibleexamplescome from'Neronian' later the of 2nd A.D. the of the theFlavianfinewares,15% of Hadrianic,54% Trajanic, 13% in the material of the and a small 47% material,96% of the Severan (Deposit SI, sample) upperlevels. Flavian

thefirstappearanceoftheware is in ApartfromthetwouncertainNeronianidentifications, bowl where the Flavian the (FormLI 9) occursbothin theearlyand hemispherical deposits, thelatefabric(Fl,9; F2,21), alongwiththebroadbowl,FormL26A/B(F2,22), and smalldish or saucer,FormL9 (F2,20).23 Trajanic

In theTrajanicdepositsare foundvariousbowlforms(LI 7, 19,26A/B;ourTl,6-8 and T3,8a

ROMAN POTTERY

159

and c), and again the saucer,Form L9 (T3,9). Later formsintrusivein the materialof this periodare notedunderT3,8. Hadrianic

No Çandarli formwas foundin the NorthHouse Hadrianic floordeposit (Dl); one of two piecesderivingfromthe associatedfill(D2,l, saucerofForm L9) may belong,but theother bowlofFormH3) shouldbe intrusive, as is thecase withthreepiecesfrom (D2,2, hemispherical theNorthHouse Room IV (D3,4a/b; FormsHI and 2). Only bowlsoftheearlyFormsL19 and 26 occurin theHadrianiccistern(DepositD4) and in theassociateddump (DepositD5), thoughboththeearlylightfabricand the later,deep plum-redfabricare noted. Late 2nd century A.D.

The cistdepositRl containedfragments ofthreelateforms, thebasin (HI), shallowbowl (H2) and thehemispherical bowl (perhapstransitional L19/H3). The NorthHouse fillsbeneaththe Severanfloorscontainedthesame forms,withtheadditionofdishfragments fromtheshape Form H4, the shallow dish (H2) being the most commonshape. Only one possiblerim of thesmall bowl,FormH5, was noted. fragment Severanand later

The samelimitedrepertoire is foundin DepositSI (NorthHouse Room III floordeposit).The Form in occurs three different sizes (one a fineexample,Sl,l), along with the dish, H4, of the other forms and one of Form5. fragments (H2-4) fragment The largestquantityofmaterialin thiswarecomesfromtheupperlevels(648 pieces).Thus thebestrangeofillustrations comesfromtheseratherpoorlystratified levels,U 18-27 at plate 191. They bear a close resemblanceto thelate 2nd A.D. assemblagefromtheVilla Dionysus (Fi7Z)Figs.2-3). Pontic Sigillata (total count 34) plates 153,169,171,192,213. This ware has a hard pale-orangeor pinkish-brown fabricwithsilverymica and lime grits sometimes lustrousand sometimes breakingthesurface.The slipis orange-redto dark-brown, metallic,unevenlyapplied,collectingin crevicesand cracking.Decorationincludesgrooves, plantapedisstamps(withoutnames),applied spiralsand, mostcharacteristic, rouletting, plant designsin barbotinetechnique. Thoughcurrentin SouthRussia fromAugustanto Severantimes,publishedexamplesfrom elsewhereare so farknownonlyfromc. 50 to 150 A.D.24 The forms identified hereare all bowlsand shallowdishes,mostwithcharacteristic flangesat or belowtherim.Includedare thedishwithdown-turned rim,FormK3871EAA III (ourF2,7, Tl,10 and U28), the hemisphericalbowl, Form K393/EAA IV (our Tl,ll and D3,2), a bowl withflangebelow the rim,Form K389 (our Tl,12) and a tallermore hemispherical bowl cylindrical shape (T3,9). Althoughtheseincludethreestraysfromearlycontexts(C2,47a/b; F2,7), and eightothers fromcomparatively late contexts(sevenpiecesfromtheHadrianic,includingD3,2; and U28), themajorityfallfirmly intotheTrajanic period,makingup 8% oftheimportedfineware then current,and 27% of that in the best stratified deposit (Tl).25 This appears to reflectan increasedinterestin and activetradewiththe Ponticregionin the early2nd centuryA.D.

160

ROMAN POTTERY

South Gaulish Sigillata (total count 10) plates 153,206,209. A fewpiecesofthisware wereidentified byJ.W. Hayes. These come fromperhapsfiverelief bowls(9 fragments: G2,2 and 3, T3,2 and 2a/b), and includein additiona nearcompleteink well (C2,46). The fabric,as describedforC2,2, is brown,granularwithsmallwhiteand brownparticles and has a red-brownslip. visibleundermagnification, The contextsof our piecesare part Claudian (C2,2-3) and part Trajanic (T3,2 and 2a), withone surfacefind(subsumedwiththeothersin thecatalogueat T3,2b). These piecesdo indicatetradecontactswiththe west,but the rarityof thisware here is on byKenrick,26 It conforms to thatfoundat Bereniceand commented perhapsnotsurprising. further east (at Antioch). who notesthattheware is betterrepresented Knidian Relief Ware (total count 5) plates 186, 192, 213, 219.

Other Imports (total count 21) plates 130,139,169,175. as KnidianreliefwarebyHayes.The fabricis hard-fired, A fewfragments have beenidentified with thin uneven red to brown, slipofthesamecolour,withdullmetallicsurface.The granular mould-madepiecesdecoratedin reliefand relatedin techniquetolamps.27It is warecomprises dated mainly in the 2nd centuryA.D., and has a wide distributionthroughoutthe Mediterraneanand occasionallybeyond(eg. to theDanube and to Britain). ofbowlsdecoratedwithvinemotif(C2,56a?, R298,R2,4), ofa Includedhereare fragments decorated lagynos(U31), a jug (U32) and a verticallygroovedpatera (U33), the similarly lattertypeevidentlyimitatedlocally(U34). None comesfromthebeststratified contexts,but all seemto belongin thelate 2nd century which A.D., exceptC2956a, (unlessintrusive)shouldbelongto themid 1stcenturyA.D. carinatedbowlswithtwistedhandles, AnotherKnidiantypeis foundin a seriesofhard-fired to greyclay,pure and harda red-brown have dark These to be Koan.28 formerly thought and on the darker metallic brown with inside, onlypartlycoveringtheoutside,which fired, slip oftenshowssplashesor dripson thelowerhalf.Twentyone exampleswerefoundin contexts rangingfromAugustan(A2,34) and Tiberian (Bl,19) to Trajanic (Tl,13), by whichtimethe formhas takenon a moreverticalrimgroovedon theoutside,and Hadrianic (D4,15). handle (only partlypreserved),a A relatedtypeof carinatedcup or bowl withdifferent Tiberian context(B2,47), and othersin in a occurs with of section, lip triangular deepershape theHadrianic (see underD4,15). One smalldish,perhapsimitatingItalian sigillata,seemsalso to be of thisware (Tl,14). bowlswithdimplesofwhich A relatedclassofKnidian importmaywellbe thethin-walled formalso fromKnidos is Another in the Claudian come deposit(Cl,81-2).20 good examples theribbedjug of thelater2nd centuryA.D., Rl,3. North African Red-slip Ware (total count 219) plates 186,190,219. beneath ofthisware,froma lid ofFormLRP 196A (R2,19) was foundstratified One fragment

ROMANPOTTERY

161

theNorthHouse latestfloor,and shouldbelongin thelater2nd centuryA.D. Otherwisethis ware does notplay a significant rolein thesedeposits,sinceapart fromsix straypiecesin less wellstratified in N2), Trajanic (T3,ll) and Hadrianic (D6, Neronian earlygroups (intrusive not catalogued) - all the materialcame fromthe upper levels,whereit is associatedwith potteryand coins of the late 2nd to 4th centuriesA.D. Here it comprises16% of all the importedfinewares. The fragments foundhere (Ul-15) have the hard light-red,granularfabricwithglossy described orangeslip byHayes.30These piecesare identified accordingto thetypeseriesgiven by him,are attributedto LRP Forms8A, 27, 31, 45A, 50A/B,58, 59B, 61A and 171, and illustratedat plates 190 and 219. The date range fortheseexamplesis fromthe later 1st centuryA.D. (Ul) to thelater4th century(U9, U13). Late Roman 'C Ware (Phocaean) (total count 3) plate 190nos.16-17. Three fragments are assignedto thisware,a hard-fired red ware withfinered-slipfusedwith thebodyclay,and datedfromthe5thto the7thcenturiesA.D.3 1Our fragments (U16-17) are identified as LRP Forms1 and 2.32 Bothcome fromtheupperlevels,and do littlemorethan indicatesomeactivityin thisgeneralarea at thislatedate,a periodbetterknownin otherparts ofKnossosto the north.33 Other Sigillata Wares plates 130,154,167,187,201. Inevitablythereare piecesofuncertainorigin,by reasoneitheroffabricor shape,and someof theseare discussedin thefollowing section,in combinationwiththelocal colour-coatedware. A few pieces,however,were identifiedby Hayes as Atheniansigillata,and theseinclude ofa reliefbowl (A2,25 and Bl,4) and ofa smallplate withcurvedwall and offset fragments rouletted and stamped'ASELLF (A2,29 = Y6). Also foundwere the fragments of a rim, shallowbowlor dishwithgroovesand rouletting rimas E (C2,57) and a dishwithoverhanging SigBFormôO (C2,58). Other itemsforwhich no identification has been suggestedinclude the Flavian bowls F2,23-4 and stampeddishF2,25, and the SeverandishSl,3. Local Colour-coated Ware (total count 1,192) plates 125,130-1,136,139,145,154,157,160-1,163,172-3,175,183,185,200,204. A considerableproportion ofthewholevolumeofslippedfinewarefoundconsistsofgenerally soft-fired vesselsoflocal buffto creamclaywitha colourwashrangingfromdark-red,maroon and red-brown all thewaytoorange-or yellow-brown. The quantityfoundin 1stcenturyA.D. contextswas significantly at c. 35% as againstc. 13% higherthanthatfrom2nd A.D. contexts, of the totalslippedwares (see fig. 2).34 This ware servedas a supplementto the higherquality importedwares, providingin particulara seriesofsmalljugs, a formnot producedby the foreignsigillatawares.35 The mostcommonclosed shape, the baggyjug withflaringrimand small verticallip, is representedin mostdeposits,and remainsfairlyconstantin formthroughoutour period. Startingperhapsfromthefinelymade Augustanwine-jug,whichhas trefoil lip and appliqués

162

ROMAN POTTERY

inside the lip in the Hellenistic tradition (Al,3-4), a series with funnelrim runs throughthe Claudian (01,61), Neronian (N2,43), and Trajanic (Tl,15, T2,3) to the Hadrianic (Dl,10 and D4,20) and late 2nd A.D. periods (Rl,ll). Most are baggy (Al,4, T2,3, D4,20), otherstaller and more ovoid (D4,10, R1,U); handles are rounded (Rl,ll) or angular (T2,3; D4,20). All have a low ringfoot.Early examples are harder-firedand betterfinished,but the shape is not a usefulchronologicalcriterion.A variant froma Claudian contextwith strainerinside the rimis at 01,64-6 (seven examples). There is a great varietyof open shapes. During the Augustan period both the shapes36 and the presence of a fairamount of part-paintedware, discussed below, point to a continuationof the Hellenistic tradition. On the other hand there is also a trend towards imitatingE Sig A shapes,37 a tendencywhich continuesthroughall the Roman phases and expands to embrace practically all the imported wares. Suggestions as to some particular formswhich may have provided the models are offeredin the catalogue. In 1stcenturyA.D. contextsimitationsare found of various formsin the followingwares: E Sig A,38 E Sig B,39 Italian sigillata including reliefbowls,40 Pontic sigillata41 and Cypriot sigillata.42In the 2nd centuryA.D. imitationsare also foundof Çandarli types43and Knidian reliefware.44 Among pieces of unusual interestare the following:two mould-made fishplates, one Hadrianic (Dl,5) and one later 2nd A.D. (R3,5), perhaps based on a Pontic model; a carinated bowl of Hadrianic date with wide flaringrimdecorated with reliefpattern,moulded rather than rouletted? (D2,3), and a late 2nd A.D. thin-walleddish with similar rim profile, undecorated (R2,10). The Knossian potters, restrictedperhaps by their traditional outlook and methods of manufactureas well as by theirclay sources,seem to have been contentto followinternational and thereforemore generalised, trends,copying imported types,but generally in softer-fired on as occur such less articulated forms.Potters' stamps lamps, were not found. Clearly this group does not amount to a Knossian sigillata ware, wheel- or mould-made, nor was it intended to rival the finequality imported wares.

Local wares with painted decoration or internal colour wash only ('semi-glazed5) plates 125,132,137,146-7,157,174. In the Augustanperiod,followingHellenisticand earliertradition,it remainedcommon practiceto givepainteddecorationto otherwiseplain local vessels,whethersimplehorizontal jars bands, as the lagynosAl, 10, or a moreambitiousfloraldecorationas the two-handled are bowlspaintedon theinsideand overtherimand leftplainoutside, A2,66-7;mostfrequent ofsome30 as thedeep lekaneAl, 11 and numerousotherbowls(see A2,68-70,withfragments others). These featurescontinueto be foundduringthe 1sthalfof the 1stcenturyA.D.: thereis a Tiberianlekane (Bl,22) and lid (Bl,28);45 bowls,jars,jugs, lid, 'thymiateria'(alternatively as domed lids)46and pyxisfromthe Claudian deposits(01,52-75; 02,64, with interpreted of 'thymiateria'(see fragments 13 others);a Neronianjar (Nl,17) and again contemporary catalogueentryafterN2,32). This typeofdecorationceasedto occurbythelate 1stcenturyA.D., and theonlyoccurrence in the2nd centuryis a partpaintedpyxis(D3,15), perhapsresidual,thoughtheexistenceof parallelsin a later 1stA.D. tombat Knossoshas been drawnto myattention(see catalogue entryforD3,15).

163

ROMAN POTTERY

AUGUSTAN

CLAUDIAN

TIBERIAN

/ ^ e. r

'

/

NERONIAN

** '

r

/

v F

^

's

(Local 35%)

(Local 36%)

(Local 46%)

UM (all)

'

'

/

(Local 13%) (BERENICE)

At #' a ]¿X Alt/X (Local c.10%)

fig. 2 Roman finewares,frequencycharts.

ROMAN POTTERY

164

Summary In summary,theimportedfinewaresshowa considerablevarietyduringmostoftheRoman periodshere investigated.During this time,fromabout 40 B.C. until the thirdcentury in which A.D.( + ), thesewaresalso showa changingcharacterand a changein theproportion in and which impliesalso a change the proveniences presumably any one is represented, in thepatternand directionof tradeover thistimeperiod. therefore ofeach These patternsmaybe bestindicatedin diagrammaticform,wheretheproportion has been made warecan be relatedto thatoftheothers.In fig. 2 a 'pie-crust'diagram up for each for four each oftensuccessiveperiods:one forAugustan(mainlylater 1stcenturyB.C.) is evident that material. It the 1stand 2nd centuriesA.D., and one forthelatest(upperlevel) the EasternSigillataA ware (Syria?)controlsthe marketduringthe firsttwo periods,to be takenover by the Italian sigillataby the mid 1stcenturyA.D. Though the Italian is well place by duringthewhole1stcenturyA.D., it has alreadybeensupersededin first represented EasternSigillataB (Asia Minor) by the3rdquarterofthecentury.EasternSigillataB remains in favouruntilabout themid 2nd centuryA.D., whenÇandarliware (Pergamon)takesover and maintainsthefirstplace fortherestofour period.To be notedin additionare the brief amountsin theearlyyearsofthe2nd century A.D., appearanceofPonticsigillatain significant ofNorthAfricanred-slipwarein considerablequantityand varietybythe and theintroduction thirdcentury,a farfinerproductthan the Çandarliware currentat the time. a summarylistofwaresis given,withquantitiesnoted.Since this Finally,foreasyreference his listcompareswell (exceptin relativequantities)withthatgivenbyKenrickforBerenice,47 in form shown and also (fig. 2). A diagram figuresare appendedforcomparativepurposes, Eastern Italian whereas SigillataA, South sigillata, comparisonbetweenthe twoshowsthat, whole of the Gaulish and Pontic sigillatawares formcomparableproportions quantityof at Berenice more are much (by about a frequent importedfineware,theNorthAfricanwares wares Eastern three eastern the factorof ten) as is to be expected.Interestingly, SigillataB, Çandarliware and Cypriotsigillataare verymuchmorefrequentat Knossos(also by a factor of ten, for the firsttwo). One conclusionmightbe that the volume of 'local' Eastern Mediterraneantradewas verymuchgreaterthanthemoreadventurouslongdistancetraffic, duringthe earlyRoman period.But a secondfactoris no doubt theverymuch particularly greaterimportanceoftheNorthAfricansitesin thelaterperiod,whichwouldtiltthestatistical bias in thatdirection.

Freauencvof importedfinewares M.

W

Ware

Date

Italian sig.

c. 1-125 A.D.

SouthGaulish E Sig A E SigB Çandarli Cypriotsig. Ponticsig. Knidian reliefware OtherKnidian N. AfricanRS Late Roman C TOTAL

c. 50-100 A.D. c. 75 B.C. - 100 A.D. c. 15-150 A.D. c. 74-250 A.D. c. 50 B.C. - 150 A.D. c. 50-100 A.D. c. 1-200 A.D. c. 80-400 A.D.

Origin

Arezzo,Pozzuoli and elsewhere South France Syria Tralles? Çandarli Cyprus Black Sea Knidos Knidos Tunisia Phocaean?

No. of sherds recorded

(Berenice)

726(18%)

(1,935)18%

10 578(15%) 1,353(34%) 959(24%) 62(2%) 34(1%) 5 21 218(5%) 3 3,969

(12) (1,494)14% (354)3% (257)2% (44) (133)1% (31) (6,186)56% (557)5% (11,003)

ROMAN POTTERY

165

THE COARSE WARES Two specialcategoriesare includedhere.Firstare thethin-walled wares,whichare foundin a profusionof fabricsand shapes in the 1st centuryA.D., later to be reduced to a limited a particularlyrich of morestandardisedformsin the 2nd centuryand thereafter; repertoire group,theNorthItalian greyware has been extractedfromthevariousdepositsand forthese thecatalogueis includedhere.The secondcategoryis thePompeian-red pieces,exceptionally, wareand relatedfabricswhichcomprisea rangeofcookingdishesin coarsefabricwithslipped interiors. Apartfromtheseand a veryfewotherexceptionalpieces,thereare fivebasicshapesmadefor kitchenusein thehard-fired coarsefabricswhichare intendedtowithstand directcontactwith firein cooking.These are thecasserole,thecookingpot,lids intendedmostlyperhapsforthe casseroles,unslippedcookingdishesand frying pans, and finallyjugs, mostlywithtrefoillip. In thissectionthesefivecategoriesare discussedindividually, statistics are given,and where the evidence seems to warrantspecial attentionto typologicaldevelopment,a selective takenfromthefullillustrative materialofthePlatesVolumeis givenat a smaller recapitulation scale. A sixthcategorycoversmiscellaneousshapes whichhave been catalogued as 'coarse ware': bowls,platter,cookpotkernos,dolium,micaceousamphoraeand brazierstand. Thin-walled coarse wares (total count 345)48 plates 130,147,154,157,161,163-5,169,172,176,184,193,201,205-6,208,210-2,219. Thin-walled waresof the 1stcenturyA.D. are foundin a challengingvarietyof fabricsand shapes,derivingno doubt frommanyregionalcentresof productionin Italy and elsewhere. The 2nd centuryA.D. formsare fewerand morestandardised. One outstanding1stcenturyclass,theNorthItalian GreyWare, is treatedseparatelyhere and is thoughtto be a mid- or thirdquarter 1st centuryA.D. product,derivingfroma firstoccurin Neroniancontexts, whichaccountfor workshopnearRavenna.49Our fragments 54% ofall thosefound.For thepurposesofthecataloguethedistinguishing prefixassignedto thisgroupis 'IG'. Knidos has been suggestedas the sourceof a secondspecificclass of one-handledcups or bowlswithrough-cast surface.Some have a simpleratherrectangularprofile,as theClaudian exampleCl,78 (follwedby theNeronianNl,20 and 21), but themostdistinctive shape is the smallbowl withindentations or dimples,also foundin a Claudian context(Cl,81-2), witha related2nd A.D. format D4,16.50One-handledcups ofnearcylindrical formand in a similar fabricprobablycome fromthesame source(see catalogueentriesforCl,78 and Nl,21). OtherknowncentresofproductionincludeSutri,51Syracuse52and Spain.53In viewofthe in our present warningsofKenrickand othersofthedangersofattempting any classification stateofknowledge,it seemsbestto be contentwitha briefsummaryofthefindsmade in these excavationsand to hope thatthe descriptions and thatthe stratigraphie givenare sufficient contribution be useful. may The Augustandepositshave a seriesofsmall beakers,bowls,juglets,one ACO cup and a smallsieve(A2,33-45). FragmentsoftheItalian beakertype,A2,37,also occurredin Deposit Al, along witha local imitation(Al, 12). The Claudian depositshave a seriesofsmallcups,bowlsand juglets(Cl,76-85; C2,65-7) of whichsome may derivefromKnidos, as suggestedabove; others,like the decoratedpieces C2,66-7,lookforwardto thetypesproducedat Ravenna (ourgroupIG). These first appearin

166

ROMAN POTTERY

theNeroniandeposits(Nl, 18-19; N2, see catalogueentryafterN2,19;N3,4), alongsideroughcast one-handledcups or bowlsof Claudian type (Nl,20-21, parallel to Cl,78), and other smallhemispherical bowlsand an ovoid beaker(N2,18-20; N3,3). The Flavian depositscontain a hemisphericalbowl with overhangingrim (F2,29) and numerousexamplesofa typeofjugletwithconvexrim(F2,30) whichseemsto be theprecursor of a standard2nd A.D. form.Trajanic examplesare almostidentical(Tl,17, T2,4; T3 not catalogued;T4,3), but in theHadrianicperiodthisformco-existswitha newformwhichhas developed a higherbase, rim with slightS-curve,and closer,pinched handle (D 1,7-8; D4,19a-d; foundwiththeoldertypeD17-18). This is theformalso commonlyfoundin the later2nd centuryA.D., and thereafter (Sl,6). Otherformsfoundin our latestcontextsare the small ribbedjar (Rl,7; R2,13; U40-52), whichis also foundwiththickerwall (Sl,4-5), and the globularbeakerwithapplied white decoration(Sl,8; U54-7). North Italian Thin-walled Grey Ware plates 164-5,206,208,210-11. contexts, stratigraphical By exceptionthisgrouphas been collectedtogetherfromdifferent represented varietyofforms, datingfromthemid 1stcenturyA.D. on. Thereis an interesting in deposits,but worthbringingtogetheras a group.Precursors poorlyin thebetterstratified These are and nos. are as follows: theearlier1stA.D. deposits C2,65-67. A2,36-45,Cl,76-82 basicallyin brownware,thoughtheyexhibita widerrangeofcolourvariation,and onlyC2,67 has the hard greyfabricof thisgroup,as describedbelow.The commonestform,IG 1-4, is whichare listedin thecatalogueunderIG 4, but theearliest foundin widelyvariedcontexts, in theDepositNl. Parallelsto someoftheothershapes in a comes occurrence securecontext in in a fabric the different are found Augustanpit at Sabathra (see underIG 17, 21, 22). Chronology

66 derivefromcontextsdatable to 50-80 A.D., 49 are Fromthetotalcountof 123 fragments, fromlatercontextsbutmaybe consideredresidual,and only4 seemto be fromearliercontexts mid 1stA.D. DepositCl. The (i.e. mid 1stA.D.).53a None occurin thelargeand wellstratified NI ware: latergroupsdo containthis (nos.NI, 18-19), and N2 (see under Deposit marginally at theRoyal Road (North),the found were bowlsfromKnossos N2,17). Parallelhemispherical in an Acropolistile grave (see and no. BSA Road Trials (1960) (see Hayes 1966, 270 17), are all These no. givensuggesteddatesofthemid-lstcentury V338). CatlingBSA 1976,101-2 from the evidence The A.D. (or 'Claudian'). UnexploredMansion,suggestsa slightlylater This Claudian. rather than Neronian date, dating seems confirmedby the analysisand in fabric her Maioli whose of C, closelyresembleourcommonest type(IG types34-5, typology to theend of the 1stcenturyA.D.53 times Neronian from most and are popular 1-4),

Catalogue

The fabricof thisware is a finedarkgreyclay,witha lustrousblack slip,insideand out. In someareaswheretheslipis wornthesurfacetendsto showa dulleryellowishgreycolour.Drip downthelowerbody;in somecasesthereare finger marksoccurwherethesliphas runthicker marksat or above thefoot,wherethepotterheld thebowlwhiledipping.The vesselsare thin-

ROMAN POTTERY

167

walled, sometimesegg-shellthin,and have a great varietyof decorative motifsin barbotine or rouletteddecoration. IG1

IG2 IG3 IG4

IG5 IG6 IG7 IG8-9 IG 10 IG1 1 IG 12 IG 13 IG 14 IG 15 IG 16 IG 17

IG 18 IG19 IG20

Bowl, D. 10.6. About two thirds.Lustrousblack slip except where worn. Roulettingon lower body. Appliquédecorationofstriatedblobson upperbody.Horizontalscratchesfromturningon thewheel.Cf. CosaFormXLII (cup,mid 1stA.D.), and fromKnossosHayesBSA 66 270,no. 17,and CatlingBSA 76 1981 101-2, no. V338; suggesteddate Claudian. XIII 15A, and XIV 5. Maioli, Type 34. Bowlrimfr,D. 11.2. As no. 1, butthisexamplehas largerappliqué blobs,whichshowmoreclearlyhowthey were smoothedonto the wall surfacewith a small four-pronged instrument, presumablya fork.Single grooveat thelip. XI 3. Bowl base fr,D. 4. As no. 1, but a moreroundedprofile.Roulettingin fourtiers.Vili 6B and IX 18 (cist). Bowl rimfr,D. 11.8. As nos. 1-2, but a shallowerformwithsharpercarinationand incurvingwall. No survivingtraceofrouletting. Deposit Nl, Neronian;see Nl, 18. Frs.ofabout tenothersofthistype,D. 10-14. (Included are 20 rimfrs.fromabout tenbowls,50% with mostblack;and 13 base frs. good metallicblackslip,50% worngrey;30 bodysherds,mostwithrouletting, fromat least9 bowls).Contexts:mid 1stA.D.: IX 18 (cist),XIV 7 ( x 2), 8; Neronian/Flavian I(N) 12,1(S) 15,II 7, VII 15,VII baulk#478,VIII 7 Pit4, IX 5, X 7, XIII 5, 7, 15B,XIV 5, 6; Trajanic X/XI baulk2, 3, XI 2 Pit2, 7, 9; later(residualin Hadrianic- Severan):V 3, V wall b, IX 3, 5, XII 2, 3, Well 12,XIV 1, 2, XV 4, 9. Bowlrimfr,D. 13. Similarform,withappliquédecorationof"halfmoons".Cf. VegasForm34, 8 (undated). The interiorhas a sparse"roughcast" surface. Bowl as no. 5, lowerbodyfr,D(max). 13.7. Carinatedbowl,rimand bodyfrs,notjoining.D (max). 9.6. Roulettingin threetiersabove carination,plain below. Groovebelow rimand rouletting on bothfrs.I(N)12 (Neronian)and VIII 7 (Flavian). Bowls withbarbotinedecoration.Rim fr,D. 10. Floral motifof linkedcirclesor wreaths.Body fr.of a second,similarbowl,D(max). 10. I(N)12 and X 7 (both mid-late 1stA.D.). Carinatedbowl withbarbotinedecoration,rimand body fr.D. 8.4. Two groovesbelow rim,one above carination.Floral motifin crossformon upper body. X/XI 3 (late lst-early2nd A.D.). Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 11. Formand decorationsimilartono. 10. Lessregularbarbotine blobs.XIII(N) Pit 1 (later 1stA.D.) Illustratedat N3, 4. Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,threefrs,rimto lowerbody.D. 10. Runningfloralmotifbelowrim.Ill 10 (mixed,to mid 2nd A.D.). Bowlwithrouletting and barbotinedecoration,D (max). 9. Rim restoredfroma secondfr.withverysimilar decoration,butprobablynotfromthesamebowl.Startofhandle.V 3 (2nd A.D.) and VII 16 (mid-late1st A.D.). Carinatedbowlwithbarbotinedecoration,D. 9.6. Two frs,notjoining,rimto lowerbody.Startofhandle. Runningfloralmotif,heavilyapplied.Three horizontalridgesbelow.X 7 (mid-late1stA.D.) and Deposit Nl. Carinatedbowlwithbarbotinedecoration,D. 10. Rim and bodyfrs,notjoining.Groovesabove and below runningfloralmotif,carelesslyapplied. Upper and lowerbreaksfortwohandles.XIV 2 and XII 2 (both late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.). Bowl withbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 9.6. Rounded formwithsmallevertedlip. Simplefloralmotif. Unstratified. Bowl,rimfr,D. 10. Formas no. 16. Small evertedlip; twogrooveswithrouletting below.Unstratified. For shape cf.theAugustanexampleSabrathaPit 2 no. 50 Also found:frs.ofabout tenothersimilarbowls,withstraightlip (highrimand low rim)or withsmall thickenedlip. One to threegroovesbelow lip. A varietyof barbotinefloraldecoration,each different in detail.Most are probablybowls;none showhandle breaks,and onlyone separatehandlewas recognised. (Two in Neronian/Flavian contexts,fourin redeposited1stA.D. material,threein latercontexts). Bowl rim fr, D. 10. Lip slightlyeverted. Two grooves beneath rim with concentricarcs below. Comparativelythickwalled. Unstratified. For a similarbowl (rimfr,D. 11.2. Verythinwalled and withfinefacetting beneathrim) see C2, 67. Beaker,body and base fr,rimfr.notjoining.D(max). 8.5. Carefulrouletting in six tierson lowerbody; horizontalgroovesabove. Formsimilarto ACO beakers(cf.A2,44); and cf.VegasForm25. X/XI 3 and XI 5 (late 1stand 2nd A.D. mixed). Beakerrimfr,D. 7.5. Incurvinglip setoffbygrooves.Bodyhas decorationofsmallhorizontalgrooves.(Also on twolowerbody frs,notjoining). XI 3. (Severan).

168 IG21 IG22 IG23 IG24 IG25 IG26

ROMAN POTTERY Goblet(?)base fr,D. 3.8. Flat bottomwithdroppedfloor.Wall turnsout sharplyfrombase. X/XIII baulk #2484(Neronian-Flavian).For shape cf.theAugustanexampleSabrathaPit 2 no. 55. Beaker(?)base fr,D. 6. Small ringfootwithgroovebeneath.Cylindricalformcarinatedat base. Grooveat Pit 2 no. 57; CosaForm carination.XIV 9 early-mid1stA.D. forshape cf.theAugustanexampleSabratha XXXIII. Beakerrimfr,D. 10. Straightlip; roulettedthornpattern.Provenienceuncertain. Large beaker(?) rimfr,D. 14. Straightlip markedoffby slightridge.Roulettedthornpattern.I(S)15. (Mid-late 1stcenturyA.D.) on top Carinatedcup, rimand handlefr,D. 15. Thornpatternin handlezone. Groovedhandleflattened withthumbprint.X 2 Pit 1 (Hadrianic). Bowl withhighlip, rimfr,D. 10.3. Rim set offby groove.Thorn patternbelow. X 2 Pit 2 (Hadrianic).

Pompeian-red Ware and similar (total count 35) plates 140no. 78; 157no. 23; 168no. 34; 174no. 10; 178no. 37; 186no. 17; 188no. 11; 193nos. 69-72;fig.3. This wareis characterised slipon the by a hardgranularfabric,witha thickredor red-brown insideand over the rim,and comprisesa seriesof flat-basedcookingdishes,groovedon the floor.Thoughitsnamederivessimplyfromthedarkredcolouroftheslip,itis thoughtthatthe primarysourcemay in factbe Campania, withperhapsregionalbranchfactoriesin other is wide, rangingfromAntiochto Gaul and Britain.The detailed areas.54The distribution such regional workshopshave been begun by fabricanalyses necessaryto differentiate fabric most whose common,Italian, byreddish-brown Peacock,55 (Fabric 1) was characterised a and little white volcanic of black with inclusions sand, goldenmica (biotite). particles clay and later A.D. of our 1st to some This description examples,thoughin manycases the applies In micaceous with fine is particles. general,too, thematerialfromthis slip especiallypacked excavationis veryfragmentary. are scatteredthroughdepositsof all periods.Those that come from1st Our fragments contexts A.D. (A2,84; B2,78; Nl,23; F2,34) and two later ones which could be century survivals(D4, 37; U68) have a short,thickenedor rolled rim, as on 1st A.D. Corinth examples.56Many of the 2nd centuryA.D. exampleshave a broaderflatrim (D3,10; Rl,5; R2,17; Sl,ll), withhorizontalribbingbecomingmore pronouncedon the later examples; thesealso tendto have a thinner,lessglossy,brownslip,and perhapsfallratherintoHayes betweenthe two,witha short VilD dishType 2, consideredlocal. Some appear transitional thickenedrim,horizontalor slightlyoblique at thelip (U70-2; T4,l). A relatedware is represented by a bakinglid or "tegame"in Italian fabric,whichcomes fromtheNeronianfloordeposit(Nl,24).

THE CASSEROLE (estimatednumber153) plates 126,134,148,154,158,161,168,174,176,184-5,188,194,200,216,218;fig.4. This shape is foundin almosteverydeposit,apparentlyin about halfthenumberofthemore capacious cookingpots.57The commonearlyformis shallowwithcarinatedbody,rounded base, evertedrimwithflangeand smallhorizontalhandlesattachedtightlybeneaththerim; withtheshallow buta muchdeeperversionalso appears(e.g.A2,79,thedeep form,contrasting redor pinkclay,sometimes formA2,78and Al, 15-16). The earlyfabricis a hard-fired, gritty, firedgrey at the core, oftenwith inside surfacered, outside grey. Vertical handles are

169

ROMAN POTTERY

L... s r~2 ? * i, _.

-i

=j

'Zir_r_::

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i

j

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fig. 3 Pompeian-red Ware. 1-2 Augustan (A2,84a & b), 3 Tiberian? (B2,78), 4 Neronian (Nl,23), 5 Flavian (F2,34), 6-7 Hadrianic (D3,10; D4,37), 8 later 2nd A.D. (Rl,5), 9 Severan (SI, 11), 10-11 upper levels (U70-1). Scale 1:3.

occasionallyappliedin theearly1stcenturyA.D. (eg. Cl,90; C2,68), theybecomestandardin the2nd century(D3,12; D4,22-24) and eventuallyturnintolittlemorethan tightlypinched coilsofclay by thelate 2nd century(Rl,4; SI, 14). Two otherchangesmay be noted:firsta changein theangleoftheevertedrim(fig.4), fromtheraisedoblique angleofthe progressive loweranglefromthemid 1stcentury Augustanperiod(c.45% as Al, 16; A2,78) to a frequently A.D. onwards(as Cl,91-2; C2,69; N2,22; D4,22-4); an almostflatformin thelate 1stand 2nd centuries(as F2,31; D3,12; R2,16); a quite flatformby the later 2nd century(Rl, 4) and finallyan overhangingformwhichfirstappears in the Severanperiodalongsideone of the standardearlierforms,whichseem to persistthroughout(SI, 15 and cf.SI, 14; U73). salmonpink,withblue to greysurface)is introducedfor Secondly,a newfabric(hard-fired this,as forothershapes,at about the beginningof the 2nd centuryA.D. The firstexamples (two)in thisshapeare cataloguedas T4,6b (Trajanic), and thoughnotfoundin theHadrianic cisternfill(DepositD4) thisfabricmakesup 50% oftheexamplesfoundin theassociatedand contemporary depositD5, and occursalongsidethebrownfabricsin otherdepositsin thelater 2nd centuryA.D. (Rl,4) and upper levels (U73, one exampleout of thirteen).This kindof spottydistribution mightsuggestthat thisfabriccomes froma particularworkshop,whose productstooktheirplace beside othersin traditionalfabrics,both importedand local, and

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ROMAN POTTERY

fig.4 Coarsewarecassoroles.1-2 Augustan(A2,78;Al, 16), 3 Neronian(N2,22),4 Hadrianic(D4,22)3 5 later2nd A.D. (Rl,4), 6 upperlevels(U73). Scale 1:3. captured an increasingshare of the marketduring the 2nd centuryA.D. (see fullerdiscussion under the cooking pot type).

The Globular Cooking Pot (estimated number 394) plates 126,133,137,140,148,154,158,161-2,168,170-1,174,177-8,184-5,187,193-4,207, 216,218;fig.5. This is thecommonesttypeofcookingvesseland occursin all depositsoftenin greatnumbers and withvaryingshapes,sizes and fabrics.The developmentof one shape withstraightor concaveevertedrim(VilD Type 3) is shownin fig.5, based on theprogressive turning slightly out and loweringoftheangle oftherim,a developmentcloselyparallelto thatnotedon the casseroleshape: nos. 1-3 are 1stcenturyA.D., nos. 4-6 2nd centuryand later.But again it shouldbe emphasisedthatthenewlyintroducedformsdo notsimplytakeoverfromtheearlier in considerablenumbers,evenallowing ones.Someofthesecontinuetoco-existwithnewforms forresidualpieces.For instancetherimwithoblique angle (fig. 5 no. 4) continuesto be the mostpopularformin theHadrianicdeposits. A secondtypewithhighconcaverimnearlyuprightseemsto be retainedthroughall periods (unlessall theexamplesin latercontextsare residual,whichseemsunlikely):see fig. 5 no. 2 (Augustan)and 6a (Hadrianic).

171

ROMAN POTTERY

^TH f=TJ~ fT^' ^ -_

-''la

V J ^L^4a

V

V7

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fig. 5 Roman CookingPots. 1, la, 2, 2a Augustan(A 1,19 & 21; A2,73-4); 3, 3a Tiberian-Claudian (B2.71; C2,72); 4,4a Neronian(Nl,33 & 31); 5, 5a Trajanic-Hadrianic(T1.19; D4,29); 6, 6a Hadrianic & Neronian(D3.13 & N2.27); 7, 7a later2nd A.D. (Rl,7 & 6); 8, 8a upperlevels(U75 & 77). Scale 1:8.

172

ROMAN POTTERY

A distinctive introducedin theTrajanic periodand type(Tl,19, as VilD Type 1), evidently evertedlip oftriangular commonin theearly/mid 2nd centuryA.D.,58has slightly section,fig. 5 no. 5. Otherformshave pronouncedflanges,internal(fig. 5 no. la, Augustan;8a Severan?),or external(fig.5 no. 2a, Augustan);highcollarrimswithringhandles(fig.5 no. 4a, Neronian; evertedas Bl,27 (Tiberian)and T2,9 (Trajanic),or 7a, late2ndA.D.); shortstubbyrimforms, Two othertypesare common:one has evertedrim as fig. 5 no. 3a. upright C2,72 (Claudian), withoverhangas D4,34 (Hadrianic), the otheran uprightrim with flattenedlip hooked inwards(fig. 5 no. 6a, Neronian;5a Hadrianic); thislatterformis foundin contextsranging fromClaudian (Cl,105) to Hadrianic (D4,29). A varietyofotherrimformswhichare illustratedincludessomefroman early1stcentury A.D. group(Tiberian),B2,73-7 at plate 140,othersfroman early2ndA.D. group(Hadrianic cisternfill),D4,30 at plate 177,and othersperhaps3rdA.D. (upperlevels),U75-6 and 7859 at plate 194. Also to be mentionedare the smallerversionsof cookpot,commonto the 1st and 2nd centuriesA.D., oftenwithone handle (as Al,13; Cl,101; C2,70; Tl,18; T2,8) and forthis reasontreatedhereunderthe headingof coarsewarejug (below); and the small ribbedjar A.D., and ( VilDType 4, ourSl,4 and 5) whichis introducedat thissitein thelater2ndcentury relatesto the thin-walledtype,but is in effecta smallcookpot. Horizontalribbingis a featurewhich becomesnoticableon early 2nd A.D. vessels(cf. Tl, 18-19,Trajanic;Dl,9; D3,ll and 13, Hadrianic),60butis onlypronouncedon thoseofthe later2nd centuryA.D. and thereafter (cf.Rl,3 and 7-8; R2,13; Sl,4-6 and 9; U73-7). to Untila specialisedstudyhas beenmade ofthefabricofthesecookingwares,it mustsuffice 1st to to common fired or burnt fabrics red to brown that the century grey) (oftenpartially say A.D. productscontinuein a majorityrole in the 2nd centuryA.D. A newlyintroducedand first foundat thissitein thetrefoil distinctive surface, jug shape (qv.) pinkfabricwithblue-grey in the3rd quarterofthe 1stcenturyand also notedforthelate 1stA.D. casseroleshape,was foundin a numberofcookingpotsfromtheFlavian/Trajanicperiodson. Sinceit was thought to as 'the ofas a chronologicalcriterion, basicallya 2nd A.D. fabric,it is sometimesreferred are notedand discussedforeach deposit. 2nd A.D. fabric'in thecatalogue,whereproportions In summary,six examplesare notedfromFlavian contexts61and threefromthe Trajanic depositsTl-3,62 but thisfabriccomprises50% oftheother(scatteredand lesswellstratified) jugletsin Trajanic material(T4). In the Hadrianic it is sporadic:two of threethin-walled in the rare but and in material D2 of the about and Dl D5, Deposits 50% 9), (Dl,7 Deposit cisterndeposit(D4; see nos. 19, 21, 23). In thelater2nd centuryA.D. and Severandeposits, and in the materialof theupperlevelsthisfabricis the preponderant(but notonly) one.63 It seemslikely,as suggestedby Hayes,64thatthesewaresare primarily imported,and it is knownthattheAegeanhad a specialisedtradein suchwaresfrommuchearlierperiods.That some of the coarse brown,sandierfabricsmay be local is suggestedby Hayes, and thisis supportedby theoccurrenceofkilnwastersamongtheNeroniancookingware (see catalogue noteprecedingNl,31). Coarse Ware Lids (estimated number 147) plates 126,134,140,148,158,161,176,184,188,193,205,207. Lids occurin almosteverydeposit,and are made in a coarsegritty fabric,usuallyofred-brown or greycolour. Many are ratherclumsilymade withcrude cylindricalknob havinga deep

ROMAN POTTERY

173

concave depressionbeneath (eg. A2,77; D4,26). Some have carefullymade knobs, with depressionabove (Al, 14; B2,69; SI, 13, withbutton),or centralsteam-holepiercedthrough (Cl,93). One late example (U63) has horizontalribbing. Thoughdiametersvarywidelyfrom13.2 to 40cms.,a commonsizeis around21cms.,which fitsthepresumption thatthesewerecommonlyused withthecasseroleshape (see illustrations at plate 126 - Al,14; plate 134 - A2,77; plate 158 - Nl,28; plate 176 - D4,25-6). The rough coincidencein the numbersin which these shapes occur (153 casseroles,147 lids) perhapssupportsthishypothesis.65 However lids were surelyalso used forcookpots.Two exampleswith a ratherdifferent profile,having straightcylindricalrim,are illustratedat plate 158 (Nl,29 over cookpot Nl,31) and plate 184 (Sl,8 overcookpotSl,6). The largestlids,at diameter40, maywellhave been intendedfortheflatcookingdish. The Cooking Dish and Frying Pan (estimated number 78 and 88) plates 134,137,140,148,157,161,168,174,178,186,193,205,207,218,220. Cookingdishesoccurin almosteverydeposit,and are made ofhard-fired granularfabricof brownor greycolour.It is assumedthattheyare in generalimportedas a specialisedproduct, thoughsome are perhapslocal imitations.66 The principaltypeofcookingdishin the 1stand early2nd centuriesA.D. is flatflooredwith low slopingwall, straightlip or slightlythickenedand roundedlip and withpie-crusthandle attachedto therim.Good examplesare theClaudian and Neroniandishes(Cl,94; Nl,25 and N2,24), the formerthinnerwalled withslightlyroundedbase, the lattertwo closerto the standardfrying pan profile.The same typeis foundalso in theHadrianiccisternfill(D4,35). A small dish withcurvingwall and groovedrim,no handle preserved,is foundin early contexts(A2,80; B2,79).67 Exceptionalis thedeep dish withcarinationand hightubularhandle attachedto the rim (F2,33b).68This typeofhandleis standardon theflatfrying pan shape,moreoftenoccurring withscrewform. The frying pan withflatfloor,slopingwall and thickenedrimwithtubularscrewhandleis best exemplifiedby the Severan pan SI, 10. Earlier examples occurredbut are not well preserved:one fragmentcomes froma Tiberian context(Bl,24), othersfromClaudian,69 Neronian,70Flavian (F2,33a), Trajanic,71and Hadrianic72contexts. In the late 2nd centuryA.D. the practiceof givingthe wall horizontalribbingbecomes apparent(R2,18). Pronouncedribbingis foundon somelate examples(U67-8), butnotall (cf. U64). Potters'signatureson the undersideare foundon threeexamples(SI, 10; U68, U68a). A separatetypeofdishwithslopingwall,flatrimwithouthandle( VilDType 2) is also found. Some examplesare slipped,and so consideredwiththe Pompeian-redware,but not all (eg. U65). A variantwithhighangled rimis D4,36. Trefoil and other jugs (estimated total 70 and 8) plates 126,133,148,154,170,172,215. Fiveexamplesofthetrefoil mouthedjug occurin theearlyto mid 1stcenturyA.D., one froman context Augustan (A2,76) and fourClaudian (Cl,89). These have plain unribbedwalls,and theone fullypreservedexamplehas a flatbase, slightlyconcavebeneath(exactlyas thethin-

174

ROMAN POTTERY

walledjuglettype,cf.Cl,87). These exampleshave finehard-fired lightredclay,withsurface of thesame colour. Fragmentsof fourtrefoil jugs froma Neroniancontext,however,(Nl,35) bringthe first of the hard salmon-pinkfabricfiredblue-greyat the surface,which distinctive appearance becomesa commoncoarseware fabricin the2nd centuryA.D. Unlesssomehowintrusivein of this thisdeposit(fragments onlyare preserved)thisseemsto push back the introduction 1st A.D. fuller discussion ware to Knossos into the third of the (see century quarter specialist undercookpots). The common2ndcentury A.D. (and later)formhas horizontalribbingand hollowbase with buttonbeneath.Fragments ofsomesixtywerefound.The bestexample,in thehardpinkfabric withgreysurface,comesfromtheHadrianicfloordeposit(Dl,9) and compareswellwiththe Villa Dionysusexamples(VilD 76, 77).73Othersare dividedbetweenthisdistinctive imported fabricand a perhapslocal red or sandybrownfabric.74 Othercoarsewarejugletsare found,some in effectbeingsmall one-handledcookpots(as type(C151O1,withwhichcompareCl,87-8; Al,13), otherscloserto thecommonthin-walled C2,20; Tl,18; T2,8). One fragment ofa jug withribbedverticalrimcomesfroma Tiberiancontext(B2,80). Miscellaneous Coarse Ware (total 11) plates 148-9,157,188,220. Severalothercoarseware formswerefoundand are listedhere. Small two-handledbowlswithevertedrimand flatbase as Nl,39 (in plainware) comefrom 1st A.D. contexts;threeexamplesare Augustan (A2,83), one Flavian (Fl,18) and a fifth Tl,19). Trajanic (see catalogueentryfollowing or measuringbowls A rim fragment, perhapsof a cookpotkernos,with small offering attached to the rim, and a dolium fragment(Vegas Form 49) come fromthe Claudian destruction deposit(Gl, 106-7). The micaceousribbed amphora,knownfromthe AthenianAgora (J47) occursin four 3rd centurycontexts(Rl,9; R2,21, two;Sl,9, the fragmentary examplesfromlate 2nd/early latterillustratedat plate 220). A possiblebrazierfragment, large,burnt consistingof a simplecylindricalwall fragment, and warped,comesfroma late 2nd A.D. context(R2,20; not illustrated). THE PLAIN WARES The plainwaresnotonlycomprisethegreaterpartofthetotalceramicmaterialbyweightand bulk,sincea highproportionoflargervesselssuch as amphoraeand utilitybowls,tubsand storagejars is included,but also containa greatvarietyofsmallerforms. contextshave been cataloguedand illustrated Those exampleswhichoccurin wellstratified in linedrawings.For othercontextsnewtypesand well-preserved exampleshave been treated made to and reference been has either material of the but the bulk catalogued briefly similarly, of vessels number of the an estimate with listed or stratified represented. examples, simply to creamcolouredclay, The fabricis forthemostpartthelocal,rathersoft-fired orange-buff oftenlistedin the catalogue as 'cream ware' (followingHayes' descriptionfor the Villa Dionysus).Wherea fabricis thoughtto be of foreignoriginthisis noted,and a distinction

ROMAN POTTERY

175

in thecase oftheamphorae,althoughforcertainty in thisfieldthereis need drawn,particularly forfurther backed study by clay analyses. Here a briefresumeofthematerialis offered underthreebroadcategories, withsomesixteen vesseltypes,givingreference to illustrations and catalogueentries. The firstgroupconsistsofmainlyopen shapesincludingmanysmallerones: cups,censers, smallerbowlsand, mostcommon,thelarge lids,platesor platters,thestand,pyxisand strainer, bowl or basin. straight-sided utility in thelater1stcenturyB.C. and theearly1st Cups (estimatednumber32) occurprincipally and to follow the Hellenistic traditionwithhandleattachedinsidea small A.D., century appear evertedrim.75Twentytwocome fromAugustancontexts(Al,22. A2,87; plate 134); six are fromClaudian contextsand fourFlavian, wherea more carinatedformis found(F2,36d; plate 168) but is perhapsnow residual? Censersor 'thymiateria' (estimatednumberwithoutpainteddecoration53) plates 134,155, 195. 179, 183, The smallcenser(or pedestalcup) whichalso resemblesa domedlid76has been mentioned above withthepart-painted wares,sincesometenexampleshave painteddecoration(dotsand rim on the in and the stripes interior).Othershave no survivingtraceofdecorationand are includedwiththe plain ware. They occur in Augustan,Tiberian,Claudian, Neronianand Flavian contexts.77 A largertypewithincisedand pie-crust decorationand largehollowpedestalbase is foundin theearly2nd centuryA.D. (see D5,l-2), withfragments ofperhapsfiveofthesmallertype.78 These are paralleledat the Villa Dionysus79and in theWesternMediterranean.80 Lids (estimatednumber54) are foundin all contexts,and parallel the coarse ware type discussedabove (plates 134, 137, 149, 162, 170, 179, 195). In the 1stcenturyA.D. someare almostflatwithlow knob (A2,85), othershave a higherprofile(Bl,29), occasionallyone is made disc knob (N2,32). Late in ridged(Cl,109a) and rarelyone is providedwitha carefully thecenturya silver-white is in imitation of metalor glassware (Fl, 19),- a slip found,perhaps surfacetreatment also observedon jugs (to whichFl,19 may thenhave belonged),flasksand bottles.A domedformalso appearsin thelater1stand the2nd century(N2,41,Tl,20, D4,41?, U95-6),81 alongsideothersof thefamiliartype(N2,30-32; D4,39; U94 and 94a). The plate or platterand otherbroad open shapesare shownat plates 155, 179, 188, 194, 212D. Threeexamplesoccurofa largeflatplatterofdiameter35-40cms.One ofClaudian date is a simpledisc ofdiameter35cms.withlow oblique side-wall(C2,77). Another,of Severandate (SI, 17), has higherwall withincurvingrim,an externalgrooveand internalridgeat the junctionofwall and floor,and perhapsimitatesa sigillatadish,suchas theÇandarliwaredish Sl,l or the E Sig B ware exampleD6,4. A similarand probablycontemporary examplefromtheupperlevelshas thickcurvingwall withfacetted(knife-pared) exterior(U80). This shapeis paralleledat theVilla Dionysus(VilD no. 167). A larger,flatvesselofHadrianicdate withhigheroblique sidewall,diameter72.5,maybest be describedas a trough. An oddityis themouldedopen vesselA2,110,withsatyrand vinein relief,evidentlya local imitationofa finerqualityimportedtype. The stand (estimatednumber6) is illustratedat plates 155 and 162. A tall hollowstemof Claudian date,C2,74,appearsto be thebase ofa stand;otherfragments ofa similarnatureare Neronian(N2,39) and Flavian (F2 uncatalogued).

176

ROMAN POTTERY

The pyxisfragments of two) plate 149, foundin a well stratified Cl,110 (fragments Claudian contextwould appear to be residual.To be noted,however,is theoccurrenceofa part-paintedexample in a Hadrianic contextwithparallelsin a Roman tomb at Knossos (D3,15 qv.) and apparentlyofa Roman fabric. A small strainer(plate 134) is foundin an Augustancontext(A2,88) but not paralleled elsewhere,exceptin coarseware (U59). One fragment fromthe late levelswithcut-outopen work,incisedfloraldecorationand was identified by Hayes as an earlyChristianchafer(U99) plate 221. groove, The most common plain ware open shape is the straight-sided utilitybowl or basin plates number 125, 129, 134, 137, 140, 149, 162, 170-1, 175, 179, 186, 188, 324), (estimated 195, 201, 218, 221. It was also the commonesttype at the Villa Dionysus,whereit was as standardkitchenequipment(VilD 108 and figs.15-16). It is foundin quantityin identified a almosteverydepositfromAugustanto Severan,withsome varietyin detail,fewoffering The flooris flat,leftroughbeneath;thestraightsideslead to a usefulchronologicalcriterion. flator slightly raisedrim,eitherplainor grooved(withone or moregrooves)and occasionally withincisedwavy lines (A2,91; B2,92; N2,42; F2,37 etc.); wavy line decorationalso occurs occasionallyon the floor,as VilD no. 181. Handles may be horizontalstripswith thumb (Bl,30; Cl,112) or simplelugs (N2,42). Late featuresappear to be theabsenceof impressions ofincisedwavylineson the handles, higherangleoftherim(as D4,43-4), thegreaterfrequency therim(as SI, 19) goingwitha generaltendencytowardsfinerrimdecorationsuchas a milled edge to therim(U82), perhapsalso an increasein horizontalribbingon thewall (SI, 18-19). Small bowlsand similarvessels(estimatednumber24), plates 158, 162, 195,are foundin variousshapes,somehemispherical (Nl,38-9, N2,40,F2,36e,U89), otherscarinated(A2,89), fromthe upper levelshas barbotine or tall conical like flowerpots (A2,90). One fragment decoration(U93).82 The secondgeneralcategoryincludesstoragevesselsand similarlargertypes,used perhaps thecontents. notonlyforstorageand workingpurposesbutalso,in somecases,fortransporting Theseincludethedolium,pithoidand otherjars, tubsand buckets,theunguentor perfume jar and thebeehivekalathos. Storagejars (estimatednumber64) are shownat plates 137,140, 149,155, 186,188, 195-6. as belongingto a largestoragejar or doliumwith are identified Severallargerimfragments Tiberian from everted mouth and rim, (Bl,27; B2,88-9), Claudian (Cl,115, C2,76) narrowing and Severancontexts(SI, 16); One withrolledrimis Claudian (Cl,107). Otherstoragevessels are thelargepithoidjars withstraightneckfromClaudian (Cl,123; C2,78-9), Neronian(Nl not catalogued),Flavian (F2,36g), Hadrianic (D5, type2, manywithpie-crustat rim),late 2nd A.D. (R2,23) and later contexts(U102-4, withinciseddecoration).A unique formof wide-bodied,carinatedstoragejar was foundon theflooroftheHouse ofDiamond Frescoes, Room I (U105; Vegastype48). Tubs and buckets(estimatednumber9) are shownat plates 155, 184 and 195. Tubs or and withsidehandlesare foundin Hadrianic (D2, type buckets,as VilD 174-6, straight-sided or later contexts(SI, not illustrated;U101, four and Severan A.D. later 2nd (Rl,12) 7), earlier one with examplein a Claudian context(C2,75). One withinternal possible examples), in latest levels the was found (U98), and may be associatedwiththeVilla Dionysus'nonlip spill' type(VilD 173,fig.14). Two perfume jars (or stoppers?)of the importedtypefoundat the Villa Dionysus(VilD nos. 168-70, 110-1, fig.14) werefoundin a Hadrianiccontext(D5, type 2; notillustrated). Beehivekalathoiwithextensionringsand lids also occur83(estimatednumber12), plates

ROMAN POTTERY

177

134 and 221. Fragmentsof beehive kalathoi and extensionrings come fromAugustan (A2,96), Tiberian (B2, not catalogued), Claudian (Cl,117; C2, not catalogued),Neronian (N2,37), Flavian (F2, not catalogued), Trajanic (Tl,27) and late, upper level, contexts (U100).84 intended The thirdcategoryincludespouringand storagevessels,mostlybutnotexclusively forliquids:jugs, flasks,bottles,stamnoiand amphorae. The jug or pitcher(estimatednumber246) is shownat plates 137, 140, 162, 170, 173, 180, in almosteverydeposit,oftenin a very 184 and 196.Jugsin variousformsare represented to restore and difficult state, (see A2,93). The commonplain shape is long-lived fragmentary and resemblesthe painted examples (as Cl,60-l), with squat globular body, depressed undersideusuallywithbutton,and flaringmouthusuallywithshortverticallip. plate 146 whiteslip, a varietyofHadrianicexamplesofthistype(D4,60-64). Jugswitha silverillustrates and in Flavian and Hadrianic contexts or are noted metal D5). A variant (F2 imitating glass, withverywide squat bodycomesfroma Tiberiancontext(Bl,31); twooftheearly2nd A.D. and mayhave servedas feedingbottles(Tl,22 and Dl,ll). jugs are providedwithside-spouts, mouthsas theHadrianicexampleD4,55 (and 35 othersfoundwithit) and Some have trefoil the small late example U112. As on othershapes horizontalribbingis a late feature(cf. at rimand handlewhichsuggestimitation U107-9, plate 196). The jug U107 displaysfeatures ofa metaltype. Flasksand bottles(estimatednumber63) are shownat plates 134, 140, 159, 162, 171, 174, 180, 183, 185 and 196. In almosteverydepositare foundthesmallnarrowcylindricalnecks withevertedrimofflasksor bottles.85They have eitherone or twosmallneckhandles.None makeup intocompletevessels;one, froma Hadrianic context(D6,10) is restoredin drawing witha base whichseemsto belong,to forma globularflaskwithconicalneck,sphericalbody and smallringfoot(plate 183). This examplehas a silver-white slipwithvitreousor metallic colour of Three other the surface sheen,evidentlyimitating glass. examplesfromtheFlavian not show the same surface treatment. Anotherfeature F2 catalogued) deposits(Fl,21, two; whichappears occasionallyfromthe early2nd centuryA.D., on thisas on othershapes,is horizontalribbing(D3,16; U110). Two exampleswerefoundoftheimportedbrown-burnished bulbousunguentarium or 'tearplate one from a Claudian context and one Neronian plate bottle', (C2,63, 154) (N3,5; 163). Parallelsare knownfrom1stcenturyA.D. contexts(see underC2,63). Thestamnos(estimatednumber20) is illustrated at plates 137, 140,155, 158,162,170, 181 in both1stand 2nd A.D. contexts.86 and 189.This largesingle-handled vessel is found pouring Mostexampleshave tallcylindrical and thickened rimswithgroovesor ridges.One necks, flat, is inscribedon the rim (B2,84); one has incisedwavy line decorationand ringfoot(Sl,20). Horizontalribbingis foundon someexamplesfromtheearly2nd centuryA.D. (Tl,23; Sl,20). An unusual,importedtypeis in a distinctive coffee-brown, grittyporousware, light-weight and rathercoarse (Nl,36, threeexamples). The amphorais themostcommonplain wareshape,witha totalestimatedcountof432. In thecatalogueand in thediscussionwhichfollowsan attempthas beenmade todistinguish local fromimportedtypes,butwhilemanyimportsare easilydistinguishable somemayhave a fabric whichcannotbe differentiated offrequency by eye fromthelocal range.Thus consideration has also been takeninto account. Even so, whileit would obviouslybe desirableto offera definitive typeseriesof the local types,fromAugustanto Severanand latertimes,thismust awaittheclayanalysiswhichit has notyetbeenpossibleto carryout. In themeantimea series ofthecommontypes,presumedlocal,maybe ofsomehelp.They are illustrated at figs.6-7. A

178

ROMAN POTTERY

further complicatingfactorhowever,noted by Hayes,87is thatfamiliartypesfromoutside sourcesseemto have been copied locally. Local amphorae(estimatednumber293) plates 127,135,149,159,168, 170,173,181,189, 193,201, 207, 215, 218. figs.6-7. Augustanamphoraehave tall cylindricalnecks,thickenedlip, long verticalhandleswith oval section (some also double-rolled,some peaked) and pointed or small nipple bases (Al,27-9; A2,99-100and examplesas theimportsnos.97 and 102; plates 127,135). The same typeis foundin themid 1stcenturyA.D. (Cl, 118-9; uncataloguedexamplefromC2). C1512O is perhapsa tableamphora,ratherthana largejug (?).88AlongsidesimilarNeronianexamples (Nl,43) are otherswithmorecurvingpeaked handlesofRhodian type(Nl,47) and thefirst occurrenceat thissiteofthecommonlatertype(VilD type2) withnarrowneckand straight collarrimand handlesofroundsection(Nl,49, probablylocal). In laterexamplestheslight of thelip disappears,the neckbecomesshorterand thehandlesare splayedmore thickening obliquely(cf.D2,4 and D4,67 Hadrianic;Sl,24, Severanand U119, possiblylater,fig. 6). A narrowmouthedamphoraofRhodiantype89was foundin a Flaviancontext:a slenderform,it has curvinghandlesof roundsection,peaked at the top, and a long cylindricalneck with thickenedlip (F2,39a). It seemsto be in local fabricimitatingan importedtype(F2,39b). Commonin Hadrianic contextsis an amphorawithshortcylindricalneck,thickenedlip on top,shortsplayedhandlesofoval sectionfromnecktoshoulder,cylindrical usuallyflattened button base (VilD type1). Dl,13 appearsto be a smalltableversionofthefullsized and body in seen D3,3 and D4,72. Late variantswithhorizontalribbing(as VilDA8-9) are found shape in Severancontexts(Sl,28-9). Some twelveamphorastandsand six stoppersor lids werealso found.90 Importedamphorae(estimatednumber137) plates 127, 135, 149, 159, 163, 168, 170-1, 181, 189, 197-9. It is hoped that the catalogue entriescombinedwith the line drawings, materialmay help with the arrangedin chronologicalsequence alongsidecontemporary oftheconsiderablevarietyofshapesand wares,and be ofsomehelpin datingthe identification variousseriesinvolved.It is also to be hoped thatat a laterdate fullerstudyof thismaterial may be undertakenthanis possiblehere. The amphoraefoundincludeexamplesofAegean red-waretypes:U133 (VilD type33-4), U134-43, U145-7 (VilD type34); Sl,31, U144 (VilD type37); also amphoraeofKoan type (Nl,51; D4,76; U149; cf. VilD types19-23); ofRhodian type(F2,39b), Campanian (Al,30), Tunisian(U150), Spanish(U155?); Cypriot(U139) and Egyptianand Numidian(byfabricof kindlymade by V. Hankey). Others are of unknown body sherdsonly; identification as VilD two for type18 (Sl,30 and U151). provenience, example

THE ROMAN DEPOSITS: CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS

SouthwestHouse: AugustanDestructionDeposit (Al) plates 125-7, 200-1. The Natureof theDeposit

A closed destruction depositwas foundlyingon a firmgreyearthfloorin Room I of the SouthwestHouse, at depth13.60-13.80m. (see SectionA, plate 6). This mayhave originated froman earthquake,since no signsof burningwere noted. The room has not been fully

179

ROMAN POTTERY

WI J

'

fig.6 Roman narrow-necked amphoraeofthelocal series:1 Augustan(A 1,29);2-3 Neronian(Nl,43 & 49); 4-5 Hadrianic (D2,4 & D4,66a, b); 6-7 Severan (Sl,22 & 24); 8 upperlevels(U119). Scale 1:8.

180

ROMAN POTTERY

P^A"-

ÇT

-

6

8

_J

7

9

fig. 7 Roman broad-mouthedamphorae of the local series: 1 mid-1st B.C. (A2,97) 2 Augustan (A2,102); 3 Neronian(Nl,48); 4-5 Hadrianic(Dl,13 & D3,3); 6-7 Severan(SI ,28-9); 8-9 upperlevels (U 123-4). Scale 1:8.

ROMAN POTTERY

181

excavated,butaftertheblockingofthedooron theeastsidein pre-Augustantimes,itevidently became a basementapproachedonlyby an internalstairway,presumablyofwood.91 On thefloorwas a numberofvases (Al,2-6, 8-10, 14-16, 20-1, 24, 27-33) and otherfinds (listedbelow),along withtilefragments, piecesofwhiteplaster,somestonerubble,and bone The depthofthedepositwas about 35cms.at theeast,butonly15 cms.at thewest fragments. wherethefloorrose.Someoftheobjectsin thefloordepositare likelytohave fallenfromabove, in particularthe finejugs, Al,3 and 4. Othersmay have been in a cupboardor on a stand, possiblyrepresented bytwolargestonessetbesidethenorthwall. Towardsthesouthsideofthe room an L-shaped mud brick structureserved as an amphora rack. One amphora was in positionhere,whileeightothers(somein fragmentary preserved form)werefoundnearby,one whichhad lostitsneckwas setdeeplyintothefloor,and had beenre-usedforthestorageof a drysubstancesuch as grain,to judge fromthe placing of an iron shovelinsideit. These amphorae,alongwithseverallargebasinsand a lekane,suggestthatthiswas a basementwine and foodstoreroom, perhapsdoublingas a kitchen.The later(mid 1stA.D.) use was probably similar(see Deposit Cl). It was perhapssituatedbelow thelivingquartersofa modesthouse enteredfromthe southside of the street;and it was fromtheseroomsthat the finerwares collapsed into the basementat the time of the destruction.The occurrencehere of some oftheCypriotkrater71/P276ofwhichotherfragments fellelsewhere(see Al,2 and fragments was widelyscattered, and thusitis A2,23) showsthatsomeofthematerialfromthisdestruction linkedwithotherevidencefora widerdestruction. This materialformsa majorpartofDeposit A2. The fillconsistedof buildingdebris:stones,yellowand greyclay and tiles,along with potsherds.It was excavatedas XIII 37 and 38. In thedepositwerefoundthefollowing, in additionto thepotterydepositcataloguedbelow as Al, 1-33: lampsL30, 51; coin C27 (Hellenistic);terracottas TC 55, 60; stonepounderS37; metalobjects:(bronze) boss (M290), (iron) arrowhead(M354), shovel(M385), uncat. knife blade fr.(71/641),pin fr.and 4 nails;metallurgical debrisM551; bone objectE12; clay bead K21; loomweights (10 pyramidaloverthefloor:71/452,534-539,one uncat;9 in thefloororits packing);one spindlewhorl(71/580);glassfr.(G164). Beneaththisfloorwerefoundthe tracesofan earlier1stB.C. level (plate 6 SectionA no. 12a) whichin turnoverlaya large pit withmixedHellenisticfill(SectionA, no. 15). Above laterAugustan/Tiberian DepositAl a seriesofsmallearthlevelsseemsto represent build-up, sealed beneaththemid-1stA.D. floorabove withitsown destruction depositofClaudian date (Deposit Cl). From theseintermediate levels,whichwereexcavatedas XIII 34-36, come the following finds:pottery:A2,32, 55 (part), 65 and 71; coins: C16 (Hellenistic),C80 (Kydas), C126 (Agrippa/Octavia);disc loomweight(71/661)and bronzeboss (71/512). Chronology

thisdepositis placed betweenmid 1stB.C. and early 1stA.D. levels.The Stratigraphically potteryfollowsin the Hellenistictraditionas regardsbothjug and bowl forms(Al,3-5 and 8-9), and it does not include the E Sig A formswith offsetbeneath the base which are distinctive ofthe turnof thecentury(1stB.C. /IstA.D.), and whichare foundin DepositA2 (A2,9-10). It is howeverhomogeneouswiththebulkofthematerialfromDepositA2, and may be assignedto theearlyAugustanperiod,in thelaterdecadesofthe1stcenturyB.C. In support of the interpretation of thisas the earliestRoman materialon the sitementionmay also be

ROMAN POTTERY

182

made of the occurrence here of the Campanian

Al,30.

figurine (TC55)

and the Campanian

amphora

Catalogue E Sig A (Not illustrated).Frs. of at least threevessels:(a) the hemisphericalcup (Form EAA 22), Al,l bybodysherdsonly;(b) thesmalldishwithcurvedrim(FormEAA 4), base fr.D. 14; and (c) represented rimfrs.ofa largedish (FormEAA 3), D. 36. Al,2 CypriotSig. (notillustrated).Frs.ofat leastfour:FormEAA 37-8 kraterwithastragalfoot,bodysherdof largeexample(A2,23),footofa smallerexample;FormEAA 7A smallbowl,rimfr.D. 14; FormEAA 12 lagynos,shoulderfr.withcarination,D. 18.5. ware (and partpaintedware) Local colour-coated

Al, 3

Al,4 Al,5a

Al,6a

Al, 7 Al,8 A 1,9 Al, 10 Al, 11

Oinochoe71/PI31 withappliquéT.C. head in rim,H. 16.5. Completeexcepthandlefr.Fine pale pinkto buffclay; paintlightred to darkchocolatebrown,metallic.Ring footunpainted;insideofrimand neck painted.Ellipticalrimwithridgeabove and grooveoutside,pinchedup on longersides.Ribbed vertical handle withfemalehead appliqué insiderimfollowingthe Hellenistictradition,plate 200. A larger exampleofthistypefromHellenisticCreteis in the Khania Museum (Inv.1820). Oinochoe 71/P145as no. 3, D(max). 11,H(est). 15.5. Rim,handleand upperbody,base frs.notjoining. Foot and undersidepainted.Appliqué head of archaisingmale, plate 200. Oinochoe 71/P198as no. 3, H(pres). 11. Rim and handle fr.only.Triple groovedhandle,femalehead appliqué, plate 200b-g (wheresix otherexamples,survivorsin later contexts,are also illustrated:b. 67/812child'shead, fromI(S) 15,Neronian;c. 67/555femalehead, fromVII 6a, Hadrianic;D. 71/P316 archaisingmalehead,fromXIV 24a, early1stA.D.; e. 71/140comicmask,fromXI 14,Augustan;f.67/20 3rd A.D.; g. 71/P52similar,fromXII 12, lst/2ndA.D.) beardedhead, fromV(S) 2, late 2nd/early at surface.Matt, Kantharos71/P311D. 9.5. Rim, handleand bodyfrs.Pale, pink-buff clay,yellow-buff to black paint,carelesslyapplied; lowerbodyunpainted.Angularhandleswithhorizontal greenish-grey ivyappliqué (leafand berries)on top surface,plate 200 (wherethreeotherexamplesare also illustrated: c. 71/P267fromXIV 14, Augustan;b and d fromundatedcontexts). somegrits;darkorange-brown painton Juglet71/P143highhandle,H. 8.3 (withhandle). Orange-buff, rim,neckand handles;splashesbelow. Shallowbowl 71/P207D. 9.5. About two thirds.Dark orange-buff clay,whitegrits,poorlymade. Worn red-brownto black paintin and out. Bowl,rimfr,D. 21. Dark, pink-buff clay; pale crimsonto brownpaint,glossyinside,dull outside. paintin Lagynos71/P155about threequarters,H. 19.7. Pinkishbuffclay,creamslip,pale orange-brown horizontalbands,black on lip and shoulderwherethicker.Twistedhandle,groovesat base ofneck. Krater 71/P224about two thirds,D. 42. Yellow-buff paint inside, clay, pink at the core, grey-brown on handles,rimand in streakbelow rim.Horizontalhandleswithtwo applied buttons. yellow-brown Also found:therimfrs.of a second,D. 22.

Coarse Ware

Al, 12

Al, 13 Al, 14 Al, 15 Al, 16 Al, 17 Al, 18 Al, 19 Al,20 Al,21

Beaker71/P204about two thirds,H. 9.6. Coarse,dark red-brownclay,gritty;smoothedsurface,darkbrownto black.Local imitationofthinwalled Italian type,as A2,37. Smallfrs.ofimportedexamplesalso occurin thisdeposit. Smalljug 71/PI34 profile,D. 7. Dark red clay withwhitegrits. Lid 71/P313D. 13.2. About one half.Hard brick-redclay,gritty.Conical knobwithdepression. Also found:frs.of threeothers,one withsolid knob. Small casserole71/P138D. 14. Complete.Coarse,redgritty clay,surfaceblackened.Crudelymade; thick walled. Casserole71/P315D. 22. Floor missing.Straightsides;smallinternalflange. Cookingdishwithflange,as A2,81,rimfr.D. c. 30. Not illustrated. Cookingdishwithgroovedrim,as A2,80,rimfr.D. c. 35. Not illustrated. Evertedrim,slight Cookpot71/P168aboutone third,D. 17. Handlesmissing.Dark reddishbrown,gritty. Cf. A2,74 (P169) flange. Cookpotwithsmallflange,as A2,72. Rim frs.of two. Not illustrated. Cookpotwiththickinteriorflange,71/P312.Profileexceptbase, D. 23. Dark red clay withwhitegrits.

ROMAN POTTERY

183

Plain Ware

Al, 22 Al, 23 Al, 24 A 1,25 Al, 26

Cups, as A2,87, rimand handle frs.of at least five;creamware,D. 9-10. Not illustrated. Deep bowl,rimand body fr,D. 25. Grittycreamware. clay,smoothedsurface.Lug handle on rim. Deep bowl,rimfr,D. 20. Brown-bufF Basin 71/PI46 completeexceptone handle,D. 40. Cream clay,largewhitegrits,smoothedsurface. Basin 71/PI37 completeexcepthandles,D. 40. As 25. Also the rimof a third,D. c. 50. Not illustrated.

to 28 and 30-33 imported) Amphorae(nos. 27-9 local; comparandum

Al, 27

Al, 28 A 1,29 Al, 30 Al, 31 A 1,32 Al, 33

Rim to shoulderfr,D. 9.5. Local creamware. Thickenedlip; double rolledhandles,sloping.Slightneck ridge. Rim,neckand startofhandle,D. 11. Greyishcreamclay,local. Thickenedlip,slightneckridge.Vertical handlesofoval section. Also fr.of anothersimilar,in hard-fired pinkclay,micaceous,withpurplishpinkslip. Import. Lip to belly,and nipplebase, notjoining,D. 6. Greyishwhiteclay,selfslip; local? Rim to shoulder,D. 11.5. Dark red gritty, hard-fired. Insidesurfacedeep maroon;thinlyapplied cream doublerolledhandles,carinatedat shoulder.Froma tallcylindrical formas slipoutside.Rolled rim,offset; Nl,51. Campanian; cf.Riley Berenice 149, typeER4, and fig.74. Completeexceptneckand handle frs,D. 10.2. Pinkporousclay withbrownbits;creamslip and rough surface. Anothersimilar,D. 11, has brownish-buff clay and creamslip. Shoulderto base, D (max). 31.5. Hard light-redclay withlime grits;unslipped. Shoulderto base, D(max). 48. Pale red clay,pale buffslip,surfaceflaking.Wide globularform.

Other Augustan Material (A2) plates 128-35,201. The Natureof theContexts

DepositA2 includesall selectedAugustanmaterialnotfromtheSouthwestHouse floordeposit in Room I, DepositAl. Over 80% of thismaterial92comesfroma homogeneousfillextendingover much of the centraland southareas oftheexcavation,(see SectionA levels10-11 and SectionH level8). This is referred to below as 'the main southerndeposit'.It represents redepositeddestruction debrisand otherrubbish,possiblyfrombuildingswhichlay higherup the slope,outsidethe excavatedarea to thewest.ThoughconnectedwithDepositAl throughtheinclusionofsherds fromthesamevesselsand containinga largebodyofcontemporary material,it is nota closed depositin thesame senseand has a widerchronologicalrange.Sherdsfromthetop ofthefill runinto the 1stcenturyA.D.93 The main filllay partlyover destroyedand abandoned roomsin and adjacent to the SouthwestHouse. But the occupationlevelson the floorsbeneathdid not produceclearly defineddestruction depositslikethatin Room I. Only in theadjacentRoom II was founda smallgroupofobjectson the floor,plate 27f:fromherecome nos. 81, 88, 97 and 102. Othercontextsincludedin Deposit A2, but stratigraphically distinctare thefollowing: XIII 35-6. Nos. 55 65 and 71 to a level insidetheSouthwestHouse, 32, a) (part), belong whichran overtheearlyAugustandestruction and was latersealed by themiddeposit(Al), lstA.D. destruction Cl . This then be a as later deposit may regarded Augustangroup,or more an 1st A.D. build between these two destruction levels(see also discussion generally, early up and listoffindsunderDepositAl). b) VIII 29. Five pieces,9 (part),40, 52, 61 and 64 are fromthelevel(VIII 29) immediately belowtheflooroftheTiberian"Room oftheAntiquary",DepositBl, and sealed overby this (see SectionC, level 12).

184

ROMAN POTTERY

c) The followingcome fromisolatedlevelsor pocketsof Augustanmaterialnorthof the street:3, 24-27, 44, 62, 76. Some oftheselevels,too,are linkedwiththemainsoutherndeposit byjoiningsherds. d) Nos. 53, 63 and 98 derivefromthefabricofthewallsoftheSouthwestHouse (53, 98) and thebuild up of the SoutheastHouse courtyardfloor(63). are givenonlyforthosepieceswhichdo not In the cataloguewhichfollowsproveniences come fromthe main southerndeposit.These are also markedwithan asterisk. Chronology

withDepositAl in thelatter As indicatedabove, themainsoutherndepositbelongsprimarily which coins B.C. This datingis confirmed halfofthe1stcentury belongto theperiod40-20 by B.C.94 Howevera numberofsigillataformsincludedin thisdepositbringitsupperdate into theearly1stcenturyA.D. These are theE Sig A dishformswithsteppedunderside(A2,9-10), 1stB.C. to 1stA.D., and twostampedE Sig B bases (A2,28and 28a) whichmight transitional in thisdeposit,sincetheyare notaccompaniedby anyotherfragments be consideredintrusive of first foundin theTiberiandeposits(withthefine-walled and thewareis otherwise fragments FormsEAA 9, 21, 23 and 30). Notableis thevirtualabsencefromthemainsoutherndepositof Italian sigillata(see catalogue entryprecedingA2,24). Those pieces which are listedhere fromXIII 35-6 bring as notedabove,and withthepottery derivefromseparateproveniences, theentireAugustanperiod. theoverallrangeoftheA2 materialto coverapproximately Alsofoundin thelevelsofthemaindeposit:lampsL42, 675; coinsC6, 23, 52, 64, 66, 70-1, 74, 79, 83, 85, 99, 119, 128-9; terracottasTC 38, 57, 91; stone objects S38-42, 78, 89; W56-71; metalobjectsM208, 215, 241, 248, 274, 276-7, 279, 289, 293-4, 289-9, loomweights debrisM541; bone objectsE13-20a; 326, 334, 349, 353, 361, 367, 375, 383, 387; metallurgical glassG2, 6, 14, 16, 20, 30, 34, 40, 47, 50, 58-9, 63-5, 67, 72, 91, 145, 253, 306. Catalogue 's C2 ware) Black ware ( Kenrick'

This ware todark-grey fabric,somemica. Flakyblackslip,withgood glosswherewellpreserved. Pure,dark-brown familiarin late Hellenisticdeposits(e.g. at Delos) may be a survivalin thiscontext,but was foundwithAugustan as precursorto theE Sig A types material,and seemsworthincludingforthisreason,and foritsbasic relationship whichfollow. A2,l A2,2 *A2,3

Platter71/P73rimand base frs,notjoining,D. c. 40. Roulettingin twozoneson floor,betweenconcentric grooves. Profileofa secondexample.VI over threshold'bu'. Plate (a) rimfr,D. c. 22. Worn,flakingsurface,(b) base fr,D. c. 9. Rouletted.Illustratedtogetherin drawing,but possiblynot thesame plate. Reliefbowl 67/P251,rimfr,D. 17. Lustrous,waxyblack slip. Egg and dart and runningspiralpattern beneathrim.Cf. Bl,21 (68/P23).IX 13

E Sig A Unlessotherwise noted,all have pale cream-buff clay,whichis fine,hard,and chunkyat breaks,witha darkorangewiththefabric. red gloss,contrasting 323, EAA 22). Late 2nd B.C. to c. A2,4 Hemispherical cup (a) rimfr,D. 9, (b) base fr,D. 5 (Samaria16,Kenrick 10 A.D. Bases ofnineothers. on floor(Samaria10b?,Kenrick *A2,5 Flat-baseddish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 15.5. Faint rouletting 319.2, EAA 12?). XIII 24A. Rims offiveothers,D. 15-19.

ROMAN POTTERY A2,6 A2,7

A2,8 A2,9a A2,10 A2,ll A2,12 A2,13

A2,14

185

offset on floor{Samaria10c?,Kenrick Flat-baseddish,base fr,D. 9. Base slightly beneath,rouletting 319.3, EAA 12, Hayes71, Fig. 3.13). Small dishwithcurvedrim(a) 71/P148D. 21. Aboutone half.Rouletted.(Samaria1, Kenrick 314.4,EAA 4). (b) 71/P257profileexceptridgeoffoot,D. 22.4. Pinkishbuff;pockedsurface.Palmettesand rouletting. (c) 71/P83base fr.withstamp,perhapsthisform.See Y35. Frs. of about 20 othersincludingsix withpalmettesand rouletting, D. 20-30. Large dish with curved rim; rim and base frs,not joining,D. 31. Thick-walled,square-cutfoot,no decoration(Samaria1, Kenrick 313.3, EAA 3). Frs. of about 15 others. Large dishwithcurvedrim;rimfr,D. 38; unburnt(FormEAA 3). XI 16. (b) non-joiningbase fr,D. 12. underbase. Roulettingon floor.(FormEAA 4A?). VIII 29. (These Burnt,wornand badlypocked,offset frs.are incorrectly associatedin thedrawing.) Smalldishwithoffset underbase, rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 15.Fine buffclay,flakyredgloss.(Hayes '71 Fig. 3,4; Antioch 115/6).This formdevelopsat the turnof thecentury,1stB.C. /IstA.D. XIV 11. Frs. of threeothers. Small carinatedplate,rimto base fr,D. c. 18. (Samaria5, Kenrick 317, EAA 7). Dish withoverhanging rim,rimfr,D. c. 34. Dark redmattsurface,flaky.Cf.thedecoratedplateform,no. A2,13. Frs. ofone other. Plateswithmouldedrim (a) 71/P89rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 42. Good dark-redslip,mottled. Stampedovolomouldingon rim,withbead rowabove. (Antioch140,Hayes'71 Fig. 3,5; Kenrick 318,EAA Form9, c. 50-25 B.C.) Anotherverysimilar,(71/P88),D. 42. (b) Same mouldingwithheartsabove, rimD. 42. Two otherssimilar. (c) Same mouldingwithrunningspiralabove, rimD. c. 40. Lagynos71/PI47, neckto shoulderand base frs,notjoining,D (max). 19. Fine pale orange-pink clay,dark red-brownslip,slightlyglossy.Carinatedshoulder,graffito on underside,see X45.

CypriotSigillata

The fabricis hardand fine,orange-or brown-to dark-red;theslipis similarin colour,rangingfromorange-brown to dark red-brown, near maroonin places,and sometimesmetallic. A2,15 A2,16 A2,17 A2,18 A2,19 A2,20 A2,21 A2,22 A2,23

Small bowl 71/PI56, profile, D. 14. The slipis dull and streakyinside,blotchyon loweroutsidewall. EAA FormP22A, late 1stB.C./early1stA.D. (Joinsfromstepsdu #2746and df21344 and XI 16.) Small bowl 71/P278,base fr,D. 7.5. Ring footwithgroovebeneath,grooveand ridgeabove, rouletted. EAA Form P14(?), late 1stB.C. Feederjug 71/P286,rimand neckfr,D. 10. Conical mouth;evertedlip withridgeand grooves;strainerin rim.Anotherexamplewas foundat neck;ridgedhandle. Similarto EAA Form P48, but withdifferent Knossosin the Strat.Mus.excavation(P. Warren);cat.no. SEX/80/P459. Shallowdish71/P279,profileexeptcentreoffloor,D. c. 20. Low curvedwall; low mouldedringfoot.EAA FormP5, early 1stA.D. Small plate 71/P256,profileexceptfloor,D. 14.8. EAA Form P10(?), early 1stA.D. Krater 71/P277,rim,handle and upper body, D. 18.5. Peaked handle at rim,withlug at lowerend; crudelymade, in contrastto restof bowl. Decorationof horizontalgrooves,verticalgougings,dots in added white.EAA Form P34. Krater71/P93,rimand bodyfrs,D. 13.3. Base restoredfromfr.ofsimilarvesselwithringfoot,D. 7.5. Good red-brownslip,metallic.Roulettingin two zones on body,and on rim. Also frs.of a thirdexample. Krater 71/P114,neck to base frs,D(max). 18. Decorationof horizontaland squigglygrooves,vertical gougings,and dotsand chevronsin appliedwhite.Formas preceding.Fragmentsfoundwidelyscattered in thisfill(XI 14, 16, 17; XIV 19; ec/ej). Krater71/P276,neck,body and base frs,notjoining,D. c. 48. Part of one astragalfoot.Decorationof as illustrated.Heavy smearingmarksaround foot.EAA Form P38. Fragments groovesand rouletting, foundwidelyscatteredin thisfill(XII ec/ej;XIV 14, 24, 28; XIII 10a, 35, 38 = DepositAl; XI 18).

186

ROMAN POTTERY

Italian Sigillata (and imitations)

constitute thedating Allfourfragments listedherecomefromminordepositsnorthofthestreet,and theythemselves evidencefortheircontexts.Theyshouldbelongto a laterdate in theAugustanperiodthanthebodyofthematerial nonein themainsouthern here.No ItalianSigillatawas foundin thedestruction depositAl, and virtually presented deposit,thebulkofwhichshouldpredatethefirstarrivalof thesewaresat Knossos.The scrapsfoundinclude25 no featuresherdsexceptone stampedfr.belongingto theearly1stcenturyA.D. (forwhich bodysherds,no profiles; see Y46), and thefollowing: *A2,24 Reliefbowl,rimfr,D. c. 15. Fabric 1. Good gloss,as Cl,l-2; surfacepocked.IX 23, 691. fulloffineparticlesof *A2,25 Reliefbowl,bodyfr,D. c. 15. Vine withcluster.Light-redclay,rathersoft-fired, well preserved, silvermica; worndark-redslip outside,browninsidewithslightblack mottling, slightly lustrous,plate 201. Athenianimitationof Italian type?(JWH). Or Ionian bowl? (Kenrick).I(S) 18. *A2,26 Conicalcup rimfr,D. 9. Fabric2, excellentlustrousslip.FormK208.3, datedc. 10B.C. - 25/30A.D. I Blk = I(S) 13. Small *A2,27 plate,rimfr,D. c. 18. Fabric 2. FormK205.3, dated c. 10 B.C. 25/30A.D. I(N) 12. Also found:a stampedcup base, Y46 (qv.) E Sig B A2,28 Bowl 71/P186,pedestal base, D. 4.5. Bl ware. Micaceous; brightorange slip, pocked and flaking. Rectangularstamp(8 x 5mm.) insidegroovedcircle,D. 3.2. See Y37. FormEAA 28? A2,28a Bowl base 71/P85,spreadingringfoot,D. 6.2. Bl ware.Grooveon floorand beneathfoot.Stamped.See Y47. Otherslippedware

A2,29

A2,30 A2,31

red-brownclay withsilvermica,especiallyin theslip;dull Small plate 71/P86,profile,D. 17. Soft-fired, red-brown sliplustrousinside,roughand pockedoutside.Heavy ringfoot,bevelled;on undersidegraffito AF ligatured;slightridgeatjunctionofwall and floor;grooveon lowerwall and insiderim.Broadband of betweenconcentricgrooves,D. 4.1-6.6. Rectangularstamp,12 x 15mm.,ASELLI. Local (or rouletting Athenian?)imitationofArretine.See Y6. Flutedbowls (plate 130a,b),local yellow-buff clay,red slip in and out. (a) Rim fr,D. 15, withstartof handle, (b) Rim, body and base frs,notjoining (71/P281),D. 10. B806. Perhapslocal imitationsof the Cypriotetype(cf.A2,20 and 22). Cf. Berenice Broad hemispherical bowl,rimfr.D. 25.

Lead-glazedware

*A2,32 Skyphos(a) rimfr.71/P269,D. 8. Finedark-grey fabric,lead-glazesurface, varyingfromturquoisetolight green.Moulded decorationin reliefwithvine motif.XIII 34 inside,whitishgreenbeneath;perhapsfromthesamevessel.XIII (b) base fr,D. 5.9. Glaze yellow-green 34. This belongsto Hochuli-Gysel'sTarsus Group 3 (Hochuli-GyselKleinasiatische Reliefkeramik glasierte and is dated tooearly);the provenience, 1977,103,where,however,thispiecehas beengivenan incorrect to thisgroupare fromHaltern(pre-9A.D.), cf.Hochuli-Gysel attributable earliestdatablefragments op. cit. 37 and 167,T 194-5. Our pieces,fromlevel XIII 34, partofa build up ofstrataovertheAugustan destruction depositAl, and below themid-1stA.D. depositCl, are bestdated 'early 1stA.D.'95 rimfr,D. c. 9. Fine brownfabric,hard. Silver-white glaze outsideand extendinge. lem. A2,33 Skyphos/beaker insidelip. Straightlip. Knidianware

A2,34 A2,35

Carinated bowl 71/P49,about threequarters,D. 17.2. Pink, grittyclay, hard; brownslip. Crudely finished;surfacerathergritty. Carinatedbowl,rimand twistedhandle frs,D. c. 15. Fine dark-brownclay,roughsurfacedark-brown inside.Shape as no. 34. Not illustrated; outside,dark-grey Also rimfrs.of twoothers.

Thin-walledcoarseware

1.5-2mm. all offine,hard-fired Small frs.ofabout twentyvesselsincludethefollowing, fabric;wall-thickness clay; surfacepale-browninside,grittyand abrasive; A2,36 Barbotinebowl,rimfr,D. 8. Pale-brown,hard-fired brownto black outside,smoothedbut withsharpbarbotinepoints.

ROMAN POTTERY

187

Beaker71/P263,about one half,D. 6.8. Streakybrownto red,greyat thecore. Italian import. Small rimfrs.of 2 or 3 otherscome fromDeposit Al; forlocal imitationsee A 1,21. A2,38 Juglet,rimfr,D. 7. Pinkfabric,greyto pale brownsurface. rimand bodyfr,D. 7. Hard greyfabric;black,blisterysurface. A2,39 Beaker,vertical-lipped, *A2,40 Jug(?) rimand bodyfr,D. 9. Pink to brownfabric,greysurface.No handle preserved.VIII 29. 40a Also rimof a second,D. 10; grittyred-brown, withgreysurface,plate 201. A2,41 Beaker,rimand bodyfr,D. 7. Grey-brown fabric,greysurface.Verticalbarbotinedecoration. 41a Also rimof a second,dark red-brown, plate 201. A2,42 Beakerrimfr,D. 7.5. Brown;deep horizontalridging,plate 201. plate 201. A2,43 Beaker?,base fr,D. 5. Pale brown,smoothwithhorizontalribbingand rouletting, 43a-d Also bodyfrs.offourothers:one hard,black thornware; twowithverticalridgesand notched (greyand brown);one withcurvingverticalgrooves,finepolishedbrown,plate 201. LettersAC preserved.Thorn *A2,44 Aco beaker 67/P217body fr,D(max). 7, H(pres). 4. Pale grey-brown. Pit 2 no. 56; patternon lowerbody,palmettesbeneath.IX 16,N ofstreet,plate 124 no. 40. Cf.Sabratha Vegas RCRF Acta11/12(1969-70) 107-124. A2,45 Strainer,rimand body fr,D. 13. Fine, hard grey.

A2,37

Local slippedware

The fabricis usuallyfine,yellow-or cream-buff, varyingto a pinkishbuffor pale brown;theslipred (dullor slightly in deciding glossy)rangingfromred-brownto darkmaroon.There is a greatvarietyofshapes,and somedifficulty whichare late Hellenisticformsand whichgenuinelycontinuedin use into theAugustanperiod.Nos. 51 and 53 perhapsfallintotheformercategory. Small dish,profileD. 17. Glossyredinside,streakymattmaroonoutside.Curvingrim;groovedringfoot. Cf. theE Sig A dish FormEAA 3. Also frs.of tenotherssimilar. A2,47 Dish 71/PI42, about two-thirds,D. 21.5. Light-redto blackslip,metallicin places.Rim slightly incurving; carinated.Plain ringfoot.Form as preceding. A2,48 Hemisphericalbowl,rimand body fr,D. 24. Pale red slip. Turned out lip. Also frs.of threeotherssimilar. A2,49 Hemisphericalbowl,rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 18.5. Glossydark maroonslip. Also frs.ofsix others,D. 18-20. Perhapsimitatingthe E Sig A bowl FormEAA 22. A2,50 Carinatedbowl,rimfr,D. 20.5. Slip pinkinside,wornblack outside. Frs. ofsevenothers. withglossyself-slip. Groovesin floorand at rim. A2,51 Small plate 71/PI57, complete,D. 13.6. Fine pink-buff Survival? *A2,52 Plate rimfr,D. c. 20. Dark red,mattslip; maroonon outside.VIII 29. Frs. of two otherssimilar. *A2,53 Shallowbowl 71/P232,about threequarters,D. 20. Carinated;groovedoutside,at rimand beneath.XIII wall 'dg' blocking#2607. A2,54 Groovedbowl,rim,body and base frs,notjoining,D. 27. Flakyred slip outside,dark maroonwithin. A2,55 Jug,rim,handleand bodyfr,D. c. 8.5. Matt red-brown slipoutsidein upperbodyonly.VI 18/XIII 34. Also frs.of two otherssimilar. A2,56 Juglet,rimand handle fr,D. 7. Brownslip outside,red inside. Also rimfrs.ofsix others. A2,57 Small bowl,rimto near base fr,D. 7. As no. 47. Also rimfrs.ofsix others.A2,58 Mug? rim,handle and base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Profileas no. 47. Also frs.ofelevenothers,includingone fromdepositAl. A2,59 Juglet71/P92,about one half,D. 8.5. Matt black slip in and out. The heavyringfoot,squat bodywith slightcarination,and incurvingrimsuggestthatthisis an AugustanformstillusingtheHellenisticblack finish. A2,60 Modiolus,upperbodyand base frs,notjoining;base D. 10. Fine pink-buff clay;lightredslip,flaking.Start ofhandlewithreel.Cf. HesperiaXLI pl. 75 fora green-glazedexampleof thisshape. A2,46

Miniaturesand miscellaneous

*A2,61 Lid 68/P5,D. 6.8. Hard buff;crude.Brownpaint splodgesoutside.VIII 29. *A2,62 Table amphorastopper67/P138.Ill Pit 12.

ROMAN POTTERY

188

*A2,63 Bottle71/P41,H. 4.8. Plain, pale buff.SE House Phase I, make up ofcourtyardfloor. *A2,64 Jar 68/P9,H. 6.5. As no. 63. Slightlyburnt.VIII 29. *A2,65 Pedestalbowl fr.71/P117,D(max). 4.4. Foot missing.Plain, pale buff.XIII 35. Plain ware withpainteddecoration

A2,66

A2,67

Pale bufffabric,creamslip, Modiolus71/P96,aboutone half,D. 19. Startofone verticalhandlepreserved. chestnutbrownpaint,thinlyapplied in vine motif. at surface;pale red-brown firedcream-buff D. 21. Grittyred-buff, paint Jar,aboutone half,base missing, inside,and in spiraldecorationoutside,as shown.Horizontalshoulderhandles.

Semi-glazedlekanai (and similar)

to yellow-buff; the Frs. of about 17 includenos. 68-69 following.The clay variesfromred throughbrown-buff outsidesurfaceusuallysmoothbuffor cream,withwavylineor upperzone painted;theinsidefullypainted.The flat rimwithdoublegrooveoutside,as no. 70 is mostcommon.The slipis browntodeep redand ofvaryingquality,from a thinflakycoatingto an excellentgloss,closeto theE Sig A finish.Ten plain ringbases (as no. 68) are preserved; also varyingrimfrs.and ringbases of about 18 smallerbowls (base D. 4.5-8.0). A2,68 A2,69 A2,70

Lekane, rimbody and base frs,notjoining,D. 33. Softbrownbuff;flakydark-redslip. For shape cf. SabrathaPit 2 nos. 119-20. pale red-brownslip. Hemisphericalbowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 22. Softyellow-buff; bowl,rimfr,D. c. 22. Brownslip. Straight-sided

Coarseware

*A2,71 Cook pot 71/P50,completeexceptone handle/profile exceptfloor,D. 23. Hard dark-redwithfinelime grits;flakingsurface,burnt.Rim turnedout, withflattop. No flange.Slightridgeat neck.Horizontal handleswithtriplegroove.XIII 22 (7), on Floor 4. Also rimfrs.of about 15 others,orange-redto yellowishgreyin colour. A2,72 Cook pot,rimand handlefr,D. 13. Brickred. Groovedrim,slightflange,grooveon shoulder.Vertical handles. A2,73 Cook pot 71/P169,profileexceptfloor,D. c. 20. Dark grey,gritty;red at the core; some mica. Ridged verticalhandles.XII 23. Also rimfrs.fromabout 18 others. Brickred,outsidesurface A2,74 Cook potwithexterior flange,D. 13.5.profileexceptfloor.No handlepreserved. to black. grey A2,75 Cook pot,rimand handlefr,D. 16.5. Brickred fabric,pinkto maroonsurface.Insideflange,grooveon shoulder,ridgedverticalhandles. D(max). 14.7. Base missing.Hard red clay,creamslip. IV 4. *A2,76 Trefoiljug 67/P176,about three-quarters, browngritty.Crude cylindricalknob;rimturnedup. Perhapsforsmall A2,77 Lid, profile,D. 14. Hard-fired, casserole,as no. 79. XI 14. as knoband centraldepression, Alsofrs.of 19 otherlids;twelvesimilarto no. 77, sevenwithcylindrical D. 16-28. Frs.ofone largelid, D. 28, or greyfabricabout equallyrepresented. A 1,14. Brownto light-red coarse,brown,grittyand verymicaceous. red and greyat thecore;surfaceredinside,grey A2,78 Shallowcasserole,rimand bodyfr,D. 16. Hard, gritty, outside.Flanged and carinated. Also frs.of 20 others,similar,D. 16-26. Two withoutarticulatedflange,as Al, 15. pink;undersidegrey.Flanged and carinated. A2,79 Deep casserole,profileexceptfloor,D. 25. Hard-fired, Also frs.ofsix others,similar. A2,80 Cookingdish withgroovedrim,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24. Light-red,grittyclay withbrown surface;undersideblackened. Also frs.ofone other. smoothinsidesurface.XIV gritty; *A2,81 Cookingdishwithexternalflange,rimand bodyfr,D. c. 30. Light-red, 30. pinkgrittyfabric.Not illustrated.Shape as Nl,39. A2,82 Small bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 17. Hard-fired, Also rimfrs.of twootherssimilar. and micaceous,blackenedbeneath.Not A2,83 Fryingpan, profileexcepthandle,D. c. 30. Heavy,brown,gritty illustrated.As Bl,24.

ROMAN POTTERY

189

Coarseware disheswithappliedred-slip('Pompeian redware')

A2,84

Rim and base frs.offour,D. 30-c. 50. Dark brownclay withblack and whiteinclusions;verymicaceous. Dark red slip withfineparticlesofsilverand somegold mica; well burnished,(a) Three withshortand thickenedrims,at oblique angle; (b) one withplain curvingrimas FormK479/480;cf.Hayes(1973) no. 173. Froma sourcein Campania?

Plain ware

Thereis a greatvarietyofplainwareforms.Of perhaps45 different shapes,sevenhave beenselectedforillustration, due to theirbetterpreservation, or particularinterest. A numberoftheothersare briefly listedand described,with reference tootherdepositswherepossible.An exhaustivestudywouldrequireexcessivespace. The fabricvariesand is notedbriefly underthe types. Lid, profile,D. 9. Warm buff. Also thefrs.ofeightothers,withwide cylindricalknob,as forthecoarselids,but rimnot turnedup. Fabric cream,whitishcream,sandybuff,or pinkishbuff;D. 9-17. A2,86 Pedestalbowls,rimfrs.ofthree,D. 9.5-1 1. As C 1,68-73.Basesoffive,includingone hollowedbeneathand mouldedas C2,73. D. 5-6. One rimillustrated. A2,87 Cup 71/P87,about two thirds,D. 8.8. Handle missing,but was attachedinsiderim. Also frs.of about 16 others,D. 8.5-10. Fabric cream,cream-buff, pink-buff. *A2,88 Strainer,profile,D. 6. No handle preserved.XIV 3O.A2,89Shallow bowls,rim frs.of four,one with incurvingrim,threecarinatedwithflaringrim;ringbases of about ten;D. 15-20. Not illustrated. A2,90 Small basins,evertedrimsoffive,D. 10-15; one groovedas no 91. Bases ofeight,fiveflat,threewithring foot.Two straight-sided "flowerpots". Not illustrated. A2,91 Basin,rim,handle and body fr,D. 30. Buttonsapplied to handle. Cf. A 1,25. Frs. of about 20 similar,with flatrim,double groove,straightsides,applied handle at rim; three thumbimpression at centreofhandle.Fabriclightorange-red, D. preserving pink,buff,creamorgreenish, 30-50. About 20 otherlarge deep bowls or basins are represented withtheserimvariations:sevenwithno groove,D. 26-35; fourwithinternalflange,D. 27-40; fourwithsinglegroove,D. 33-38; twowithdouble grooveand wavy line, D. c. 36; one withtriplegroove,D. c. 42; one withraised transverse ridges.In internaldivisions. addition,one bowl had tripartite withlimeand browngrits.For shape,cf.C2,73. Not A2,92 Standor censer?,mouldedbase fr,D. 26. Cream-buff illustrated. A2,93 Jugs,base frs.ofabout 35, mostwithstraightor spreadingringfoot,D. 7-15; 12 withroundedringfoot and concaveundersidewithcentralbutton.Rim formsare varied- rolled,straight, turnedout and flator creamor pinkish-buff, and comparatively thinridgedat lip, and flaring,D. 5.5-14. Most are soft-fired, and hard to restore.Not illustrated. walled,and henceveryfragmentary A2,94 Bottle,rimto shoulderfr,D. 3.5. Light-redwithpale buffsurface,burnished.Conical lip. A2,95 Bottle,rimto shoulderfr,D. 4.2. Hard pinkto buff;creamslip. Rolled rim. Also rimfrs.offourothers. creamslip; interiorgrooves. A2,96 Beehivekalathos,rimfr,D. 30. Dark brown-buff, Also rimfrs.of threesimilar,D. 26-30. Lid fr,D. 28, withdouble concentricgrooves. Extensionrings,frs.ofeight,D. 24-27, W. 3-6.5. A2,85

Amphorae

*A2,97 71/P183,complete,H. 80.8. Hard pink to red clay, cream slip. ShoulderinscriptionKA in dark red. Thickenedrim,peaked handles(double rolled),neckridge.Veryslightlyribbed.Nipple base. XIV 30, deposit. Also frs.of 16 otherswithdouble rolledhandles,mostwithrolledrim,one straight, one withflatlip, sharplyoffset(see A2,102). Fabric: creamware mostcommon;somesandybrown,threelight-redwith creamslip,one dark brownmicaceous,one orange-pink.Illustratedare three,nos. 98-100: *A2,98 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10. Brick-red clay,pale buffsurface.As 97. SE House Phase II, wall content. lime grits;cream-buff A2,99 Rim, neckand handle fr,D. 12. Soft,dark sandy-buff; slip; flatlip. smoothed.Flat lip, offset. A2,100 Rim, neckand handle fr,D. 12. Pale red clay,self-slip, A2,101 71/PI22, about one third,rimto belly,H (près).36, D. 8. Creamware,slightly pinkat core;somegrits.A slimmerform;peaked handleswithroundsection.Local. XI 15.

190

ROMAN POTTERY

Alsofrs.of 10 othersofthisform.Most local,withcream,pinkand sandy-buff fired clay;one light-red, creamat surface,one greenish. *A2,102 Rim to lowerbody,pointedfoot,notjoining,H(rest).84.4,D(rim).13.3. Light-redclay,sandytexture; creamslip. Short,wide neck;handlesofoval section.Cretan?XIV 18, 20, 28, 30. rim.Fabric:local buffto cream Alsofrs.of15 otherswithflator oval handlesection;rolledor thickened claymostcommon;somesandybrown,orange,pinkwithcreamslip,and red. Illustratedare nos. 103-4: A2,103 Rim,neckand startofhandles,D. 14.4. Soft-fired, greyishcream,flakingcreamslip.High thickenedlip, offset. withgreycore. Groovedlip; ridgedhandle. A2,104 Rim, neckand handles,D. 13.4. Hard brick-red A2,105-108 Amphorabases Of 64 amphorabases,42 werepointed,eitherplain as 102,or withnipplemarkedoff,as 97; 9 had a broaderbase withnipple plain or slightlybevelled (105, 106, both local); 10 had a shortconical or withlimegrits,local?); 3 weremoretaperingwithconicalfoot(108,hardfoot(107,sandy-buff cylindrical fired,maroonto grey;imported). A2,109 Amphorastand,D. 14. Soft,pinkto cream,porous;creamslip. Local. Addendum

ofmouldedvesselwithsatyrand grapes.Local bufffabric,unslipped.Ring handle; A2,l 10 Modiolus?,fragment ridgebrokenaway at carination(near base?). A sportof the local potters'workshop?Fragmentswere foundscatteredin DepositsA2 (XI 15; XII 25), B2 (XIV 27) and N2 (XIII 19c). plate 212D.

Tiberian Floor Deposit (Bl) The 'Room of the Antiquary5 plates 126-7, 202. The Natureof theDeposit

cutat the In thewestcentralarea oftheexcavationa small,isolatedarea offloorwas preserved, plate Section west baulk under the further westbya laterwellbutextending C, 8), cutat (see later These later walls. of foundations the and south and cut at north theeastby a laterpit, by first of the the turn from of them derive plate several floor are shownon the features 16a; plan, in this have been considerable to when there seems tothesecondcentury locality. A.D., activity indeedtotallynegative,architectural In spiteoftheunsatisfactory, aspectofthiscontext,there was foundon thisarea of floora cohesivegroup of pottery,whichappears likelyto have belongedto a room,nowlost.This lay on an earthfloor,witha smallnumberofotherobjects (listedbelow). The earthlayerabove (VIII 27) containedsherdsbelongingto the mid 1st centuryA.D., that below (VIII 29) Augustanover Hellenistic(2nd cent. B.C.). Thus the and ithas beenselectedas thebestgroupbelongingto groupis bothisolatedand wellstratified, theTiberianperiod. The topofthefillwas markedbya layeroffallentiles,lyingflat,withsomestonetumble.In thesouthwest corner,near thewellcutting,was an area ofyellowclaywithplasterfragments, were considerabletracesofburningto theeast ofthis.Possibly,then,theassociated and there a destruction. is now lostsuffered which building The floordeposititselfwas excavatedas VIII 28, a shallowlens ofearth,littlemorethan lOcms.deep, overa hard packed earthfloor. date makeit almostcertainthatseveralobjectsofa totallydifferent The findcircumstances an earlier from not and have this to also 14 on the floor, strayed belong plan) (nos. 2, 6, 10, as stratumwhich mightbe adjacent in the slope of thissite.96Thus theyare interpreted collector'spieces.They comprisean intactpaintedlid ofOrientalizingdate (Bl,20), an ape (TC72A), all evidently (TC25), a medallionwithcock (TC72) and a mouldfragment figurine whichappeared forthecurious.Apartfromthefigurine witha qualityofattraction collectibles in the tileand stonefillat thelevelof the top of the pot deposit,all lay on theearthfloor.

ROMAN POTTERY

191

Thereis thefurther thatseveralotherpiecesderivingfromlevelVIII 29 (which possibility includedfloorcontentand make up) mightbe associatedwiththeseas collector'spieces (see underBl,21). One is remindedof the interestin Knossian antiquitiesdisplayedduringthe reignofNero by charactersin the DictysCretensisstory.97 In additionto thegroupofpotterycataloguedbelowas B 1,1-32, thefollowing objectswere foundin thisdeposit: terracottafigurine(TC25); medallion (TC72), mould fr. (TC72a); metal:ironnails (2, uncat.); loomweights: 3 pyramidal(68/45-47);glass:G35, 53-4, 92. Chronology

Thisdepositis markedbythefirst occurrenceofE Sig B ware (nos.BI ,5-8) It should significant thenbe later than the Augustangroupsdescribedabove. The date givenby Hayes forthe introduction ofthesesmallfinewalled bowlsis early1stcenturyA.D. (EAA underForms1, 4 A The few E and we etc.). scrappy Sig and Italian Sigillatapiecesfoundare contemporary, notethatItalian Sigillatawas totallyabsentfromthemajorAugustandepositson thissite.The witha Tiberiandate. Cypriotand otherwaresare consistent Catalogue Italian Sigillata

Bl,l Bl,2 Bl,4

Plate rimfr,D(est). 18. Groovedand rouletted.Fabric 2. Form.K208. Bowl rimfr,D(est). 13. As Bl,l. Bl,3 Bowl base fr,D. 7. Fabric 3, good gloss.FormK203? Reliefbowl,bodyfr,D. c. 14. Vine withclusters, as A2,25and C2,82 (AtheniancopyofItalianSig?) plate 201.

ESigB All smallfrs.fromthin-walledexamplesofBl ware. Bl,5 Bl,6 Bl,7 Bl,8

Bowl rimfr,D. 15. Form21. Bowl rimfr,D(est). 12. Related to thedish Form9(?). Bowl base fr,D. 3.6. Foot groovedoutsideand beneath;double grooveon floor;centralrosettestamp. Form30(?). Dish base fr,D. 8. Grooveson floor,on footand beneath.Rectangularstamp5 x 8mm,illegible.Form 23-25(?).

CypriotSigillata

Bl,9

Krater68/P14about three-quarters. D. 15.5,H. 10.8.Astragalfeet,no handles,roulettedas shown.Form EAA P37, but withrimflat,not overhanging;c. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D.

E Sig A Bowl rimfr,D. 11.5. Groovedin and out. FormEAA 17 (10 B.C. - 20/30A.D.) Bl,10 Bowl 68/P22rimto carination,D. 10. Base missing.FormEAA 42. Bl,ll Local colour-coated

Bl,12 Bl,13 Bl,14 Bl,15 Bl,16 Bl,17

Dish base fr,D. 11. Groovebeneathfoot,steppedunderside,double rouletting on floor.Soft-fired, pale buffclay withorange-redslip; worn.Local imitationof E Sig A FormEAA 4. Bowl 67/P256profile,D. 13. As B 1,12; slipflaking.Pronouncedparingmarkson theoutside.ImitatingE Sig A FormEAA 22. Bowl rimand body fr,D. 13. As Bl,12. Jug rimfr,D. 9. As Bl,12. Rim groovedoutside. Conical bowl bodyfr,D(max). 9.5. Fine pale brownclay, mattred slip. ImitatingE Sig B Form30. Lidfr, D. 16.2. As Bl,12.

Thin walled coarseware

Bl,18

Beakerrimfr,D. c. 7.5. Fine pale-brownclay,gritty.Flakylightbrownslip withmica. Also found:bases of two beakersin fine,hard red fabric,as A2,37.

192

ROMAN POTTERY

Knidianware

Bl,19

Carinatedbowl 68/P16 rim and body fr,D. 20. Pure hard-fired clay red-brownfiredto greyinside. Metallic slip,black inside;brown,red and black outside;splashesonlyon lowerpart. Red band from stackingeffectbelow carination.Cf. A2,34.

Survivalskeptas Collector'sPieces

Bl,20 B 1,21

Orientalizinglid 68/P17intact,D. 12. Pale brownto buffclay,dark brownto black paint,as shown. Blackwarereliefbowl68/P23rimfr.D. c. 2 1, H (près). 8. Finegreyfabric,lustrousand waxyblackpainted surface.Elaborate handle imitatingmetalreel withhangingloop of twistedwire;femalehead in relief rowsofegg and dartand runningspiralsbelow rim.Palmetteson lowerbody.A belowreel;alternating secondfragment (perhapsfromthesamevase), 67/P251comesfromIX 2/13,and is of 1stB.C. date as this exampleshouldalso be. plate 202. Corinthianpyxis Corinthianstyleanimalpottery, 2 1a Otherpossiblecollector'spiecesare thefollowing: on one side,graffito and interlocking lid,and 4thB.C. bg. sherdwithrouletting (GreekEPMA palmettess ratherthanLatin ERAM) on theother,(= X45, qv.); all fromfloormake-up,VIII 29.

Semi-glazedware

Bl,22

Lekane rimfr,D. c. 37. Cream ware withgood crimsonslip insideand on rim;slightly lustrous;flaking.

Coarseware

Bl,23 Bl,24 Bl,25 Bl,26 Bl,27

Small cookingdish rimfr,D. 18. Hard, greygritty;purpleat core. Carinated.Grooveon rim. Fryingpan 68/P18about one third;D. 31.5, H. 4. Coarse,grittybrownfabric;burnt. Small cook pot 68/P15about threequarters,H. 13,D. 12. Red grittyclay,greyoutside;burnt.Angular handles,smallevertedrim. Large cook pot rimfrs,D. 20. Brickred withsmallwhitegrits;lightbrownsurface.Rounded handles, smallflattenedrim. Large cook pot rimfr,D. 20. Pale pinkishbrown,gritty.Double grooveon shoulder.

Plain ware

Bl,28 Bl,29 Bl,30 Bl,31 Bl,32

withcreamslip.Trace ofwavyline in thinlyapplied red Lid withsphericalknob.D. c. 13. Brown-buff paint. Lid withcylindricalknob.D(rest). 17. Cream ware. grittyclay,creamslip. Rolled handle applied Utilitybowl 68/P19about two-thirds,D. 30. Brown-buff beneathrim,withthreethumbprints. Squat jug 68/P20aboutone half.D (max). 19.5,H (près). 16. Rim and handlemissing.Creamware.Thin walled. Stamnosrimand neckfr,D. 12.9. Cream ware. Grooveoutsiderimand on neckbetweenhandle tops.

OtherTiberian material (B2) PLATES138-40

and The Natureof theDeposits The Proveniences

mud There is one principaldeposit,whichconsistsofa scatterof potteryand disintegrating beneathDepositN2 brickon an occupationlevelofpackedearth,southofthestreet,stratified (Neronian)and above partofDepositA2 (Augustan),see SectionH level6. Includedwas a loose tip of burntrubbish,fromwhicha large proportionof theselectedmaterialis derived. The excavatedlevelsconcernedare XIV Pit 4 (the tip) and XIV 8/9and 23/24,whichform unit.This depositis separatedfromDeposit Bl by the street,and is at a one stratigraphie thesame depth,and could distanceofsome5 metresfromit; it is howeverat approximately same from the derive buildingcomplex.98 originally Few itemswereselectedforcataloguingfromtheother32 excavatedlotsattributedto the fromscanttracesofan Tiberianperiod,orfromothercontexts.Those chosenderiveprincipally and House North of the floor level beneath early1stA.D. build 12) (I(N) courtyard occupation

ROMAN POTTERY

193

up above DepositAl in theSouthwestHouse (XIII 35/36)," along withoccasionalmaterial fromtheconstruction ofwalls.The provenienceofeach ofthesepiecesis listedin thecatalogue and each is markedwithan asteriskforeasy identification. The value ofthismaterialis thatit broadensthepicturegivenby theratherlimiteddeposit a widerrangeofforms,but at thesame timeconfirming thegeneralcharacterof Bl, offering thatgroup. In summarythe natureof thisgroupis as follows: Sigillataand other slippedwares.(Totals: E Sig A 82. Italian 51; E Sig B 26; Cypriot11; unidentified 7; Knidian 6; local 154,or 46% of the total). Of theimportedwaresE Sig A (at 45%) stillpredominates in bulk,butis scrappyand occurs mostlyin thelargershapes. Some of thismay be residualmaterial.Italian sigillata(28%) is quitecommonand E Sig B (14%) nowoccursin severalsmallshapes.Cypriotsigillata(6%) is less commonthan in the Augustandeposits.There is a greatvarietyof local conspicuously colour-coatedforms, forexamplein imitatingtheE Sig showingsomeapparentconservatism, A forms1 and 3, and Augustanstylejugs, unlesstheseare all survivalpieces. In the partpaintedware thelargelekanewithflatrimgroovedat theedge is mostcommon. CoarseandPlainWare.Most formsseemto continuein theearlier1stB.C. /IstA.D. tradition, thetwomostcommonplain wareformsbeingamphorae(or stamnoi)and largestraight-sided basins.Fairlycommon,too, is the collaredjar, not foundbefore;bottlesoccur,and beehive kalathoi,as well as a varietyofsmallforms,but all scrappy. Chronology

The same considerations apply as are discussedunderDeposit Bl above.100 Also foundin theselevels:lampsL157, 264, 268-9; coinsG34, 68; terracottaTC85; metal objectsM228, 313, 344; metallurgicaldebrisM548, 554. Catalogue Italian Sigillata

Froma totalof 51 pieces,the following19 have been selectedforillustration and cataloguing.The numbersare in viewof thefactthatthisware is absentfromDeposit Al and fromthe main groupofA2. significant, Reliefbowlrimfr,D (est). 12. Straightsided,straightlip; groovesin and out; rouletting outside.Cf.Form K279. Fabric 2. Bowl rim fr,D. c. 12. Curvingrim with straightlip; grape clusterappliqué. Form K218, dated c. B2,2 25/30-50/60A.D. Fabric 2. Reliefbowl rimfr,D. c. 13. Overhanginglip. Fabric 2. B2,3 Reliefbowlrimfr,D. c. 16. Threebodyfrs,notjoining,probablybelong:(a) pendanttonguesand tendril, B2,4 near rim;(b) vine leaf; (c) vine leaffromnear pedestal.Fabric 2. plate 201. Reliefbowl71/P334twobodyfrs,notjoining.D(max). c. 16. StampofM. PerenniusBargathesofArrezzo; B2,5 vine motif.See Y39. plate 201. Reliefbowl handle supportfr.Fabric 2. plate 201. B2,6 Dish 71/P328base fr.Fabric 1. Rectangularstamp17 x 10mm:CANOPUS STATILIAE. See Y21. plate B2,7 123 no. 21. *B2,8 Bowl 67/P283base fr.withpartofstampCORNELIE inplantapedisSee Y7. plate 123 no. 7. B2,9 Large platterrimfr,D. c. 40. Fabric 1. Cf. Form K201. B2,10 Conical bowl rimfrs,D. 11. Form K208. Fabric 2. Also found:rimfr.of a secondsimilar,D. 12. Plate floorfr.withpartof rectangularstamp:RU... and T... in two lines.See Y31. plate 124 no. 31. B2,ll B2,12 Dish rimfr,D. c. 20. Articulatedwithgroovesinsideand out. FormK205. Fabric 2. B2,13 Dish rimfr,D. c. 17. As B2,12. outside.Form as K208. Fabric 3. I(N) 12. *B2,14 Cup rimfr,D. c. 14. Groovesinside,rouletting B2,l

194

ROMAN POTTERY

Cup rimfr,D. 12. Groovesinsideand out; roulettedoutside.Formas K208. Fabric 2. A secondexamplealso found,D.H. *B2,16 Large dish rimfr,D. c. 35. Verticalrimwithgrooveinsideand out. Formas B2,12. Fabric 1. I(N) 12. B2,17 Large dish rimfr,D. c. 40. Groovedand rouletted.Formas B2,12. Fabric 3. B2,18 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. 7. Internalgroove,externalridge.Formrelatedto K203. Fabric 2. B2,19 Dish base fr,D(max). 18.1, (foot) 10.2. Double grooveon floor.Formas B2,12,fabric2. betweengrooves,a third Basesoffourotherssimilar,one withtriplegrooveon floor,twowithrouletting withhigher,curvingfoot,D. 8, and two grooves. B2,15

ESigB B2,20

Bowl rim and base frs,notjoining,D. 13 and 6.1. Overfired;dull red to grey-brown slip; micaceous. Surfacepockedand flaking.Darkerband 15mm.wide at rim,fromstacking.Groovedand roulettedas shown.Rectangularstampinsidetwo grooves,illegible.Form29. band at rim. Also found:frs.ofeightotherssimilar,somewithplain,unrouletted bowl,rimfr,D (est). 18. Orange-brownmicaceousclay,waxygloss,mottledinside. B2,21 Large hemispherical ProbablyB2 Form 76, and intrusivein thiscontext(JWH). B2,22 Conical bowl 71/P45about two thirds.D.8. Rim groovedand rouletted.Form 30. Rectangularstamp AQPON. See Y43. plate 124 no. 43. Transitionalto Form36? B2,23 Conical bowl rimfr,D. 9.5. As B2,22,but straighter lip, withoutrouletting. B2,24 Dish carinationto base fr,D(max). 13.8, (foot)9. Red micaceous,flaky;good waxyglossofsame colour; pockedoutside.Form5-7. For rimcf.B2,25-6. B2,25 Dish rimfr,D. 17. Carination,ridgeand groovesas shown.Form 7. dark brown. Two others,D. 18-18.5 one overfired B2,26 Dish rimfr,D. c. 17. As B2,25, but lowerrim.Form6. *B2,27 Dish rimfr,D. c. 13. Good glossyslip,firedblack outside,browninside.Form9. I(N) 12. B2,28 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. c. 8. Form24? B2,29 Hemisphericalbowl base fr,D. c. 10. Form 14? B2,30 Dish base fr,D. c. 16. Flat bottom.Form 18/19. B2,31 Dish 71/P333floorfr.withrectangularstampKOIPANOT. See Y38. plate 124 no. 38. ESigA B2,32

Hemisphericalbowl rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 13 and 8. Straightlip. FormEAA 22A (1stB.C.). Frs. of twootherssimilar. B2,33 Dish rimfr,D. c. 15. Straightlip. Rouletted.FormEAA 30. B2,34 Hemisphericalbowl rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 12 and 7. Beaded lip. FormEAA 22B (Augustan). *B2,35 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 10.5. As B2,34,but a moreroundedform.Formas B2,34. XIII 35. B2,36 Large bowlrimfr,D. c. 30. Thickevertedlip. also found:rimfrs.ofthreeothers,D. 14, 19 and 27.5. Two have an internalgroove. on floor.FormEAA 30? B2,37 Carinateddish,profileexceptfoot(and floor),D. 14. Lightrouletting B2,38 Carinateddish,base frs;(a) ringfoot,groovedbeneath,D. 11; (b) low ringfoot,flatbeneath,D. 8.5. Form EAA 30/33?. rim.FormEAA 7? B2,39 Dish rimfr,D. c. 28. Heavy flat-topped on floor.FormEAA rim,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 13. Faintdouble rouletting *B2,40 Dish withincurving 4. XIII 35. Alsofound:about45 featuresherdsfromat least 10 similardishes,withincurvingrim,D. 15-35. Heavy or grooves,rouletting ringbases,D. 7-10, somesteppedbeneath(as A2,9b). Five withseriesofconcentric a combinationof theseon thefloor.Fromdishesas A2,7-9 (FormsEAA 3-4). B2,41 Bowlwithoverhanging lip, (a) rimfr,D. 18. Grooveson lip and inside;(b) base fr,withlow flatringfoot, and underside grooveson floor,D. 11. FormEAA 12. stepped B2,42 Bowl withoverhanging lip, D. 30. Rim grooved;seriesofdeeplycut steppedridgesinside(makingthisa EAA 28. Form veryfragileshape). CypriotSigillata

werefound,includingrimand base frsofkratersas A2,21and Bl,9; D. (rim) 15-16, (ringfeet) About 11 fragments of a smalldish,a typenot foundin theotherdeposits,is cataloguedhere. 7-8. One rimfragment

ROMAN POTTERY B2,43

195

an Externalflange.FormEAA 25; imitating Cup rimfr,D. c. 11. Straightrimwithgroovesand rouletting. early1stA.D. Italian form(Haltern8?)

OtherSigillata

are tentatively identified as earlyÇandarliforms, The following havingan orange-redglossas E Sig A, a darkfabric ofsimilarcolour,as E Sig B but withless mica; some particlesofgoldenmica. B2,44 B2,45

Shallowflat-baseddish,profile.D. c. 16. Related to FormEAA A4? Bowl base fr,D. 4.9. Slightridgeinsidewherewalljoins floor;grooveon floor.Plain spreadingringfoot.

The following has rathersoftorange-redfabric,withno micavisible,and a darkredgloss,dull on theoutside.Ware uncertain. B2,46

Plate,heavybase fr.withringfoot,D. 9.6. Roulettingon floor.

Knidian Ware

B2,47

Carinatedcup, profile, D. 16. Fine mauvishpinkclay,hard-fired, mostlyto grey;insidesurfacepale grey; upperbodyoutsidecoatedwitha smoothbrownishcreamslip,lowerbodygrey,footand undersidepink. Double groove at carination;footundercut;amorphousattachmentto handle. Form related to the carinatedbowl withtwistedhandle (see A2,34).

Local Colour-coated Ware

The following have thelocal lightred to yellowbuffclay,oftencontainingsmallwhitegrits,witha pale red,thinly applied and streakyslip, sometimesvaryingto maroon on the outside.When an example seems to imitatea particularSigillatashape, thisis indicatedin thecatalogue. Conical cup rimfr,D. 9.5. Straightlip. Cf. E Sig A FormEAA 42?. Carinatedcup rimfr,D. c. 11. Evertedlip. Dish base fr,ringfootD. 8. Floor rouletted. Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 18. Cf. E Sig A FormEAA 22. XIII 36. Pedestalfootfr,D. 10. Cf. E Sig B FormEAA 26/8. Carinatedcup 71/P81D. 12. Aboutone half;handlemissing.Thickwalled;low ringfoot;slightly ledged carination. *B2,54 Carinatedcup 71/P80D(max). 12,H (est). 6.5. Rim and handlemissing.Sharpcarination;rimoffset bya groove;restoredas no. C2,59. NorthHouse, east wall foundationtrench. *B2,55 Salt cellar,profile,D. 9. Lightyellow-brown slip,exceptfootand underside.Worn. Survival?XIII 23. B2,56 Large dish rimfr,D. 30. ImitatingBlack Ware dish?Cf. A2,l. B2,57-64 Bowl rimfrs,D. 17, 22, 25, 23, 22, 18, 10.4,9. These frs.illustratesomeof thevarietyofmediumand smallbowlshapesmade locally.Mosthave flattoppedrims.Nos. 57-60 and 63 are roundedin profile, nos. 61-2 straightsided,no. 64 flaring.No. 59 is perhapsfroma shallowmortar.No. 61 has a rectangular basin (cf.A 1,25). profile,like thecommonlarge straight-sided B2,65-67 Jug rimfrs,D. 10.5,9, 14. No 65 has simpleturnedout rim,no. 66 is similarbut thickenedwithslight overhang,no. 67 has a verticallip withoverhangand grooveson theoutside.All are slippedoutside,and insidetherim. In additiona numberoflocal base frs.werefound,bothofbowlsandjugs; profiles uncertain.Mosthave low, thickringfeet.None are illustrated. B2,48 B2,49 B2,50 *B2,51 B2,52 B2,53

ware Part-painted

werefoundofat leasteightplainor bandedlekanai,rimprofileas Bl,22, lowerbodyrounded.These are Fragments in creamware,or pinkwithcreamslip,witha colourwashinsideand occasionallyin bands outside,varyingfrom red throughmetallicbrownto a metalliclightgrey.Diameterrange:rim29-42, ringfoot9.5-13. Not illustrated. Coarse Ware

A smallselectionofcommonformsis illustrated whoseprofiles showvariationfromexamplesfoundin DepositBl. Lids

Frs.ofabout thirteen, diameterrange,15-40. Hard fired,coarsegritty; mostlyred,withwhitegrits;one greyat the core.Two have burnishing markson surfacebelow knob and rouletteddecorationat rim.Three are illustrated:

ROMAN POTTERY

196 B2,68 B2,69 B2,70

Lid fr,D. 21. Knob missing.Groovedand rouletted. Lid fr,D(est). 15. Tall buttonknobwithcentraldepression. Lid fr,D. 21. Burnishedand rouletted.

Cookpots

Frs. ofabout twentyfive.Diameterrange 12.5-29. Fabric dark red to brownor grey,withwhitegrits;smoothed rimsturnedout and flat. surfaceofpaler colour.Near sphericalprofiles, B2,71 Cook pot 71/P53completeexceptone handle.D.I 7.5. Undersideburnt.Flat evertedrim.Slightflangein neck.Ridged handle. surface.Ridgedhandle.Flangeat withpale yellow-brown B2,72 Cook pot,profileexceptbase. Dark greygritty, B2,73 B2,74 B2,75 B2,76-7

up.

Cook pot,rimto bellyfr,D. c. 25. Flange insideneck.Collar ridge. Cook pot, rimfr,D. 18. Flat evertedrim.Ridges on shoulder. Cook pot, profileexceptbase, D. 13.5. Oblique, evertedrim. Cook pot rimfrs,D. 29 and 23. Wide,flatevertedrims.No. 76 has flangeinsiderim.Bothhave pale red fromthe common2nd centA.D. typewith grittyfabricwithlighterred-brownsurface,and thusdiffer similarprofile.

Othershapes

B2,78 B2,79

Cookingdish,profileexceptfloor.D. c. 34. Hard black,withheavygrit,burnt.Red glosson rimand inside outside.An earlyexampleof PompeianRed Ware? (worn).Thick,roundedrim,slopingand offset hardfired.Undersideburnt.Plain Cookingdish,profileexceptfloor.D. c. 36. Coarse pale brown,gritty; at rim. curvingwall; ridge

Miscellaneouscoarse

B2,80 Jug rimfr,D. 10.8. Pale red clay. Verticalrim,ridgedoutside. B2,81-83 Small cookpotrimfrs,D. 8.8, 10, 12.5.Lightredwithwhitegrits;pale greyto brownsurface.Nos. 81-2 have evertedlips,flatat top; no. 83 is turnedout horizontal,as nos. 76-7 (in largersize). Plain Ware

Stamnos71/P110 rimto shoulderfr,D. 11. Creamware.Thickenedlip inscribedX X III. Handle section flatwithslightridges. B2,85 Flaskrimto shoulderfr,D. 2.8. Thin walled,creamware,burntto greyin places.Trumpetlip; neckwith slightbulge;collar ridge.Ridged handle. B2,86 Flaskrimand neckfr,D. 4. Pinkto buff;surfaceburnttogrey.Funnelspout,ridgedoutside.Handle offlat section. B2,87 Pitcher(?)rimand neckfr,D. 7.5. Cream ware. Straightneckwithsmall,angularinturnedrim. B2,88-89 Collaredjar rimfrs,D. 20 and 20.5. Grittycreamware. Evertedrimswithflattop. No. 86 ridgedand groovedoutside. B2,90 Pitcherrimfr,D. 15.9. Cream to buffclay,gritty.Shortneckwithevertedrim;slightcollarridge. B2,91 Pitcher(?) ringbase, D. 14. Probablyfromformas no. 90. Plain ringbases from14 otherssimilaralso found. B2,92 Utilitybowl rimfr,D. 37. Creamware.Singlegrooveon rim.Horizontalhandlewiththumbimpression. Rimsof20 otherssimilar,D. 29-40. Rimsare plainor have one or twogrooves.Mostare turnedoutflat, a fewturnedup at a higherangle. B2,93 Jugrimfr,D. 14.4.Finesandypinkwithcreamslip.Turnedoutlip withoverhang.Base perhapsas no. 94. B2,94 Squat jug, base fr,D. c. 10. Cream ware. Small roundedringfoot.Cf. B2,93. Ring feetofnumerousotherclosedvesselsalso found,D. 4.5-14. B2,84

Othershapeswhichoccurin plainwareincludethepedestalbowl (one solidbase,D. 5.5), beehivekalathoi(two, D. 20-25), large mortar(rimD. 40) and amphorae(frs.of about 40).

ROMAN POTTERY

197

Southwest House: Claudian Destruction Deposit (Cl) plates 141-9, 203-4. The Natureof theDeposit

The richestand most varied Roman potterydeposit found on this site occurredin the SouthwestHouse, at depth 14.20-14.80m., overlyingan earthfloor.Since thisroomis only than one partlyexcavated,the depositis not complete,and objectsare more fragmentary an at the floor on which the had surface The irregular top of an mightexpect. depositlay a well-laid earth floor. Those few of 15over 25cms. objectswhich untidybuild-up primary werefoundon thefloorincludecasserole(90), cookpot(104) and coarsejug (as 89), see plan plate 15(b). On theprimaryfloorsat anothercookpot(B2,71), itsmouthbarelycoveredby theearthfloorabove. This suggeststhatwhatlittleuse was made ofthisbasementroomwas concernedwithcookingor the preparationoffood. Most ofthepotteryand otherfindswerein thefill,fallenfromabove in a destruction quite possiblyto be attributedto an earthquake,sincepartof the east wall was foundtiltedat an werenoted.The fillwas angle, (see SectionA at plate 6) and no signsof a firedestruction an as is to be from the of floor. varied, expected collapse upper Lyingon theearthfloorwere stonesand disintegrated reddishmudbrick, withloosegreyearthand tilesabove them,notably at the east side. Above this were lenses of yellow clay, furthermudbrickdebris and an occasionalpatchofloose ashyearthwithtilefragments, potteryand otherobjects. The originallevels as excavated were numberedXIII 14, 16, 18 and 32. These were subsequently amalgamatedintoone unitdue to thegreatnumberofcrossjoinswhichoccurred in thepotteryfragments. The flooritselfwas cleaned as XIII 21. In additionto thepotterydepositcataloguedbelow as C 1,1-123, werefoundthefollowing objects:lamps:L102, 103, 111, 114, 141, 153, 171, 175, 281, 381, 685; coin: C86 (Zeus/Eagle 49-40 B.C.); metalobjectsM216, 235, 240, 296, 300, 372, 382, 386, 392 and (not cat.) hooks (2), nails (17); terracottas:Female head (TC78), Seated woman (TC36), Aphroditefr. (TC33); loomweights:threepyramidaland two disk, includingW73-4 (stamped); bone: spoonsetc. (E22-24), pin frs.(71/116 and 316), comb (E25), box fr.(E26); stone:millstonefr. S43; glass:G43, 93, 139, 144? Chronology

This depositwas founda littleabove a good earthfloor(SectionA at bottomoflevel no. 8). Sealed below the floorwas the Augustanfloordeposit(Al), togetherwitha slightbuild up above thiscontainingearly1stA.D. material(XIII 35-36). This build up was formedduring withitsnew floor,some theintervening yearsofre-useofthebuildingbeforeit was furnished to 1st The floorpacking,withthe the destruction or nearer mid before A.D.?). (Tiberian, years materialimmediatelybelow,was excavatedas XIII 22 and 34 and containedthe cookpot B2,71 (71/P53), six loomweights(71/160,161,162,565,653a,b), a marble louter fragment (S42a), and bronzecoin (C86 Hellenistic). The destruction deposititselfis welldated by thepotterywhichincludesmid 1stA.D. types in a wide rangeofwares,includingItalian Sigillata(nos. 1-16; nb. rimwithappliqué) and E Sig B (Forms5, 6, 30, 33 and 40). Cf. Hayes' KnossosgroupfromRoyal Road well (BSA 66 1971,249). Also to be comparedare thethin-walled wares,a one-handledmugand frying pan handle.The date suggestedby Hayes forour depositis 50-60 A.D. The depositwas overlaidbya layersome70cms.deep containinga buildup oflater1stA.D.

198

ROMANPOTTERY

and early2nd A.D. material.This in turnwas partlysealed by a Severanfloor(SectionA, no. 2). It is perhapssurprising to finda similardestruction depositin the East House, onlysome 10m.away along thesouthsideofthestreet,whichis also to be attributedto earthquake,but later(see DepositNl, Neronian).However,in theintervening space a appearstobe marginally seriesoflevelswas found,partlydisturbedtowardstheeast,but in stratified sequenceat the A.D. wash levels which an earth floor mid 1st contained west, (XIV 14), containing Augustan above these, formsparallelwithDeposit Cl (see Deposit C2, contextno. 1), and, stratified destruction materialoflater1stA.D. type,DepositN2 (qv.). Thus, themorecomplicatedand withina decade or two seemsthe less economicsuppositionof two earthquakedestructions one. right Catalogue The Fine Wares

finewares ofthedifferent A totalof233 piecesofimportedfinewarewas found(185 aftermending).The proportion occurringis as follows:Italian Sigillata(148 frs.beforemending,122after)63.5%; E Sig B (52 frs.beforemending, 31 after)22%; E Sig A (27 beforemending,26 after)12%; other(6 frs.)2.5%. Local colourcoatedwares(154 frs. as theItalian,or about40% ofthecombinedtotal. beforemending,60 after)occurin onlyaboutthesamefrequency Italian Sigillata

9 different 18 are selectedforcataloguing,illustrating Of some29 vases represented types. by fragments, Puteolanreliefbowl 71/P109base,stemand lowerbody.D(max.pres.) 13.6,(base) 8.6. Fabric 1. Hunting scenewithmask;signatureNNH in tabulaansarta, by N. NaeviusHilarusofPuteoli.Cf.Howard Comfort "PuteolanSigillatain the Louvre" (RCRF Acta5/6,1963-4, 7-28). Reliefbowl71/P103rimand upperbodyfr.D. 17.2,H(pres). 8.3. Fabric2; excellentredgloss.Upperpart Cl,2 of reliefhas horizontaldouble palmettes,rosettesand circles. Otherreliefbowlfrs.(a-b) Rim and neckfrs.notjoining,D. 17.2. (c-d) Two pedestalbases,D. 8 and 5. Cl,3 All fourfabric1. handle.Fabric 1. bowl 71/PI26 base missing.D. 9.2. Spiralappliqué on therim,imitating Cl,4 Hemispherical FormK217.6; date range35/40-80/90A.D. Cl,5 Cup base fr.71/P326smallringfoot.Fabric 3. RectangularstampCARVI. See Y16. Conicalcups (a) rimfr.withspiralappliqué,D. 7.2. Fabric2. FormK210.2; date range5/10-45A.D. (b) Cl,6 Rim fr,D. 12. Ridges roulettedabove and below appliqué. Fabric 2. FormK210.1. Not illustrated,(c) Rim fr,D. 12. Ridgedrim,slightly hooked;ridgesrouletted.Fabric2. FormK.208.1; date range12 B.C. A.D. 25/30 C 1,7-10 Small plates Cl,7 71/P102profile,D. 17. Fabric 4. FormK214. Cl,8 71/P123profileexceptfoot,D. 17.5.Fabric4. Owl appliqué.Stampunclear,ATEI(?) inplantapedis.Form K214. See Y52. D. 17. Fabric 1. FormK209; dated 10/15-45A.D., plate 204. 9a Rim withspiralappliquéon rouletting, Cl,9 Also found:threeothers,one not rouletted(plate 204). Rim withmultiplemouldings,D. 17. Fabric 2. FormK224; dated 20-50/60A.D. Cl,10 Two otherssimilar,plate 204. Cl,l 1-12 MediumplatesCl,l 1. Rim fr,D. 25. Lion head appliqué. Fabric 1. FormK213; datedc. 30-80/90A.D. Also therimfr.ofanothersimilar. Base fr. 71/P325about two thirds,D. 9.5. Central rectangularstamp ATEI EVHODI (both words Cl,12 ligatured).Fabric 3. See Y 14. Cl, 13-16 Large plates Rim fr,D. 34. Fabric 4. FormK213/215,dated c. 30 B.C. - 80/90A.D. Cl,13 Base fr.71/PI88, abouttwothirds.D. 14.4.Trace ofcentralrectangular stampwithswallowtail:E...DI on Cl,14 4. lines. Fabric of two upper D. 15.Notjoiningbutpossiblyfromthesamevessel.Both C 1,15-16 Rim fr,D. 35 and twobase frs.withrouletting, Fabric 2. FormK205; date range 10 B.C. - 25/35A.D. Also found:two rimfrs.froma thirdsimilarplate. Fabric 4. Cl,l

ROMAN POTTERY

199

ESigB Cl,17

D. 13.6.Surfacemuchflakinginsideand out.Bl ware.Spiral,now Conicalbowl71/P59,about twothirds, lost, was applied to rim. Grooves inside rim copy Italian sigillata. Early examples have elaborate treatment ofthefoot;thisone probablynotbefore50 A.D. Cf.AgoraM33 (Plate62); EAA Form30 (and cf. Form 70, earlyversion). Conical bowl 71/PI24 profile,D. 7. Bl ware. Appliedspiraltypicalof 3rd quarterof 1stcenturyA.D. Cl,18 Also rimfr.of a third;same treatment of rim. Cl,19 Deep bowl withstraightlip, rimfr,D. c. 10. EAA Form29. Base fr.notjoining,D. 4.2., could belong. Also rimfr.of a secondwithoutgrooves,D. 10. Salt cellar 71/PI25 about two thirds,D. 6.5. Small ringfoot;lowerbody has flangewithtwo grooves Cl,20 above, one below.Two palmettesapplied below rim.RectangularstampAQPON (N retrograde)inside groovedcircle.Cf.EAA Form33, a relatedformwhichhas formedlip withgrooves.Mid 1stA.D. or a little later.See Y42. C 1,20a Salt cellar71/PI1 intact,D. 5.5. As no. 20 exceptadditionalhorizontalgrooveabove palmettesappliqué, and rouletting on ridgebelow. Wornrosettestamp. Smalldish71/PI01 about twothirds,D. 14.6.Good waxygloss,wornin places.Rosettestampwithdotsin Cl,21 insidetriplegrooveswithrouletting. Related to EAA Form5. interstices, Small dish 71/P335base fr,D. 9.2. Two thirdsof floor.Excellentwaxy gloss.Fired mottledblack and Cl,22 brown.Small ringfoot,as Cl,13. Small rectangularstampinsidedouble groove.See Y45. Small dish base fr.withbroad foot,D. 11. EAA Form 13? Cl,23 Small dish base fr.withlow ringfoot,groovedbeneath,D. 8.8. Roulettingand stampedrosetteon the Cl,24 floor. Two otherbases withsimilarrouletting. Small dish (a) rimfr,D. 16. Surfaceveryworn.Similarto EAA Form6. (b) Base fr.in similarcondition, Cl,25 notjoining,may belong. Smalldish(a) rimfr,D. 16. OverfiredE Sig B 1/2ware.EAA Form15. Roulettingon rim.(b) Base fr,not Cl,26 joining,D. 13. Possiblythe same dish. Fr. of rectangularstamp (M)AT-EOY in twolines.See Y54. Cl,27 beaker,base fr,D. 9.5. Concentricgroovesand ridgesbeneath.EAA Form40. plate 204. Straight-sided CypriotSigillata

Cl, 28

Lagynoshandle,H. 8.5. Hard, dark orange-redfabric.Ribbed handle,probablyfromEAA Form44/6.

Unidentified Sigillata ware

The followingare smallscraps,but do not seem to fitintoany of the normalcategories. Cl,29

Flat-baseddishfrs,withincurving rim.D. c. 25. Profileas A2,7 (E Sig A). Fabric:flaky,brown,micaceous, withorange-brown slip. PerhapsAthenianSigillata?(suggestedby Hayes). Not illustrated. Alsorimfragment ofa second,withstraight lip,profileas A2,28 (blackware). Darkerbrownfabric,less mica. D. c. 30. Not illustrated.

E Sig A Of thenineexamplesofthiswarewhichoccurin thisdeposit,all fragmentary, twobowl typesand twosmalldishes are selectedforillustration, as eithernotoccurringor beinglesswellpreservedin theearlierdeposits.In additionto thesewerefoundfragments of thedishwithincurvingrim {EAA Form 3/4;see A2,6); fourexamples(D. 25-35). Cl,30 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. c. 15. EAA Form 22. Small dish base fr,D. 8.4. Low ringfoot;steppedunderside.EAA Form4? Cl,31 Conical cup rimfr,D. 8. Thin walled. Two groovesinsiderim.SamariaForm24? Cl,32 Conicalcup base fr,D. 7.2. High ringfoot;steppedunderside.EAA Form42; date rangec. 10 B.C. - 20/30 Cl,33 A.D. Small dish71/PI28 about one third,D. 15. Floorand insideoffootmissing.Double dippingstreak.Faint Cl,34 on outside.SamariaForm 12; EAA Form 30. Dated c. 10-50 A.D. rouletting Smalldishrimand base frsnotjoining.D. 16. Centreoffloormissing.Slightringfoot.Roulettingon floor. Cl,35 Plain evertedrim.SamariaForm 10. EAA Form 12.

ROMAN POTTERY

200 Black ware

ofthreeoccurredin thisdeposit,and twoare illustrated as occurringhereforthefirsttime.All however Fragments may well be survivals. Cl,36 Cl,37 Cl,38

Large platterwiththickincurvingrim,as A2,27; rimfr.D. c. 45. Waxy blackgloss;fineclay,micaceous; fireduniformly grey. Platter71/P127profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24.8. Black surfacegloss flaking;interiorworn,and scratchedwithknifemarks.Heavy mouldedrim;low ringfoot.Cf. FormK72. Large platter,rimfr,D. c. 50. Heavy mouldedrimwithincisedeggand leafpattern.Fine greymicaceous fabric,red at thecore. Related in formto the E Sig A plate A2,8. Cf. FormK73.

Local colour-coated ware

in buffor cream-buff The local versionsofimportedsigillatawaresare soft-fired fabric,usuallywitha mattred to browncolourcoating.Variationson thisare notedwheretheyoccur. Most are rathercrudelymade and poorly withflakingsurface.Of nineteensmalldishesand bowls,thirteenare illustrated(nos. 39-51). Two are finished, either1stB.C. survivalsorimitatethese(nos.45-6). Wherea particularSigillataformis imitated,thisis notedin the cataloguebelow. Reliefbowl, body fr,D. 15.5. Local yellow-buff Cl,39 clay withdull red slip. Acanthusleaf motifin relief, imitatingItalian vesselsofearly1stcenturyA.D. (by Corneliuset al.) plate 204. wornand flakylight-redmattpaint,except Cl, 40 Dish 71/P205about two thirds,D. 28. Buffclay,soft-fired; underside,footand a littleabove. Horizontalparingmarksoutside. outside. Dish rimfr,D. 25. Incurvingrim,offset Cl,41 Dish rimfrs,D. 25. About one halfofflat,evertedrim.Groovebelow. Cl,42 Dish 71/P1O7,D. 26. Abouttwothirds.LetterH scratchedon underside.Cf.theE Sig A dish,EAA Forms Cl,43 35-37. Flat-baseddish 71/PI52 profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 14. Matt black paint,insideand out. Cf. the Cl,44 CypriotsigillataEAA Form 10. Shallowbowl71/PI53 profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 12.6.Red paint,firedbrownishpurpleinside;slight Cl,45 metalliclustreoutside.Fingermarksnearbase (as on E Sig A examples).A crudeversionofthefollowing: Shallow bowl 71/P108about threequarters,D. 15.9. Matt black paint. Cl,46 Cl,47 Deep bowl withhorizontalribbing71/PI16, D. 11. About threequarters. Conical bowl 71/PI18 about threequarters,D. 12.7. Heavy and crudelymade; worn.ImitatingE Sig B Cl,48 EAA Form30. Form7; Conical bowl,D. 8.7. Aboutone third.Good darkredgloss.ImitatingItalian Sigillata,Loeschcke Cl,49 Goudineau Type 18; cf.SabrathaPit 2 no. 29, dated fromc. 12 B.C. Cl,50 Hemisphericalbowl, (a) rimfr,D. 14. Pale red slip inside,mattbrownoutside,(b) Base fr,D. 5. Not joining.Brownpaintin dripsto base, outside.ImitatingE Sig A EAA Form45? Carinatedbowl fr,D. 11.5. Hard-firedpinkclay; wornblack paintinsideand out. Cl,51 Cups and largerbowls,closedshapes,pedestalbowls

Included in thissectionare the partlyslippedwares and also a numberof basicallyplain ware shapes,which howeverhave somepainteddecoration(nos. 56, 67-75). outside.Flat inturnedrim;two Cl, 52 Bowl 71/PI97 rimfr,D. 25. Matt red-brownpaint,firedyellow-brown groovesoutside.Worn. Cl,53 Cup 71/P69profileexceptlip, H. 8, D(rest). 9. Matt black paint. Lower bodyoutsidereserved,but has spotsand smudges. Lekane 71/PI30 profile.D. 28. Light-redmattpaint. Groovein outeredge ofrim. Cl,54 Rim D. 34. Slightoffset. Cl,54a Rim and base frs.ofat leasttensimilarlekanai;D. 16-43. One rimfr.illustrated, Red ridged. paint. Cl,55 Jar71/P154aboutthreequarters,D. 14,H. 15.5.One handleonlypreserved.Coarsebuffclay.Red slipon upperbody,withdripsto the base, and insidethe rim. Cl,56 Jug 71/P211base and body fr,about one half,D. 7.5, H(pres). 16. rimand handle missing.Buffclay, creamslip,pale orange-brown paintin bands and floraldecoration. Cl,57 Jar rimfrs,D. 12.2. Thin walled. Buffclay; mattblack wash on theoutsideand over theriminside. Smalljar, rimand bodyfrs,D. 5, H(pres). 5. Buffclay,fullypainted,black outside,browninside. Cl,58

ROMAN POTTERY

201

Tankardrimfr,D. 14.Aboutone halfofrim.Ridged.Mattlight-red paintoutside,and in band insiderim, whereit is firedyellow-brown. Wornand flaking. Cl,60 Jug 71/P64H. 10.2,D. 6.3. Made up complete.Softbuffclay,creamslip; mattyellow-brown painton upperhalfand over riminside.Simpleflaringlip. Frs. of two others,bothwithred-brownpaint,D. 7 and 9. H. 12,D. 6. Thin walled.Buffclay,creamslip.Matt crimsonpainton upperbodyand inside Cl,61 Jugprofile, lip. Incurvinglip. Frs. of two others,one black,one red-brown.D. 9 and 12.5. Cl,62 Jugswithtrefoil lip. Rim and upperbodyfrs.ofthree,handlesoftwo.Formas A 1,3-4,but withrimsless one black, one dark carefullyarticulated;one with straightlip. Matt paint, one pale yellow-brown, crimson.Not illustrated. Cl,63 Pitcher?,body fr,D(neck) 7, H(pres). 12. Pale buffclay,softfired;pale red-brownpaint,mostlyworn. Outsidedecorationofhorizontalgrooves. Frs. ofa secondsimilar. Strainer?rimfr,D. 9.1. Cream ware; tracesofmattblack paint;wide flaringmouthwithincurvinglip. Cl,64 Strainer71/P212neck fr,D. 5. Buffclay, red to black slip outsideand insideto just below sieve; five Cl,65 perforations. Four otherssimilar,D. range4.5-5.5. Strainer?rimfr,D. 10. Deep grooveinsidelip. Wide flaringmouth.Perhapsa varianton thisshape? Cl,66 Lid 71/P193about twothirds, D. 9, H. 4.5. Cream-buff Cl,67 clayand slip;pale red-brown painton knoband in horizontalbands. Pedestalbowl 71/P56H. 8, D. 12. Complete.Soft-fired creamclay; red paintin dotson rimand in band Cl,68 inside. Cl, 69-74 Pedestalbowls71/P119,P199,P120,P194, P192,one uncat.H. 5.3-6.5. D. 8.5-10.5. All have solidstems withflatbases,wire-cut, a depressionat thecentreofthefloor,ofvaryingdepth,and painteddecorationof dotsor linesinside.Identifiedas a domedlid byHayes and Catling( VilD 221 and reís,there),nonetheless the heavy base of some examples,the roughsurfaceof the wire-cutbase, the commonoccurrenceof internaldecoration,and theexistenceofexampleswithmouldedfootseemto pointto use as a smallopen The shape has a traditional(evenGeometricor Minoan) appearanceand shape,likea bowl ofofferings. werefoundin thearea ofthePalace car park mayhave a verylonglocal history.Hellenisticforerunners fromMervynPopham). Modern thymiateria of thisshape are stillin commonuse. Thus I (information taketheirfunction to be thatofoffertory vasesor incenseburners,thoughfewshowany traceofburning. The deep internaldepressionis paralleledon a Flavian examplefromOstia [VegasForm64, no. 2). Cl,75 Pyxisrimand bodyfr,D. 8, H (près). 7.5. Buffclay,pinkishwhiteslip,pale red paintin linearand floral decoration.Thin walled. Globularprofile.Survival? Cl, 59

Thin-walledcoarseware

Cl,76 Cl,77 Cl,78 Cl,79 Cl,80 Cl,81 Cl,82

D. 10. No handlepreserved.Fine orange-buff Roughcastcup 71/PI00, profile, clayfireddarkgreyat the surface;abrasivesurfaceofadded micaceousgrit,exceptat rim.Cf.CosaFormXLII bis,no. 336; Tiberian to earlyClaudian. Cup 71/P190,about two thirds,D. 10.5. No handle preserved.Hard brick-red clay,surfacepinkinside, pale brownoutsideabove stackingline. Smoothsurface;profileas no. 78. D. 9. Abouttwothirds,includingstartofridgedhandle.Fine hard Roughcastcup 71/P67,straight-sided, grittyred clay; surfaceofsame colour;abrasivetextureinsideand out. Straightlip; tinyflatbase. Hemisphericalbowl 71/P195,roughcast,D. 15. Base missing.Ratherpureredclay,hardfiredto greyin mostplaces; black paintedsurfacewithmetalliclustre,coveredinsideand out withfinemicaceousgrit, exceptat rim. Frs.ofsixothersimilarroughcastvessels,rimD. 10-10.5.Colourred-brown to black.Two are carinated; two have circularridgedhandlesas restoredon no. 78. Bowl withindentations to grey;lustrousmetallic 71/P68,about one half.D. 9.2. Fine redclay,hard-fired blacksurfaceon upperbody,red below;mauvishgreyinside.Much ofsurfaceroughand gritty.Circular indentations(made by pressurewiththefinger)horizontally around the body. Bowl withindentations71/P62,roughcast, D. 9.5. About threequarters,base missing.Fine red clay; insidesurfacesmooth,and a lustrousbrownishred; outsidesurfaceabrasive,and varyingin colourfrom yellow-brown throughred to near black. Indentationsas no 81, but at an oblique angle.

ROMAN POTTERY

202 Cl, 83 Cl,84 Cl,85 Cl,86 Cl,87 Cl,88

Small bowl withflatrim,D. 13. Red brownclay; smoothsurface. Also found:rimfrs.of twoothers. Juglet71/P58,D. 5, H. 8. Aboutone half,handlemissing.Fine pale brownclay; smoothsurfaceofsame colour. Juglet71/P144,D. 7.7. Lightred; handle preserved. Juglet71/P57,D. 7.5. Pale mauvishgrey.Higherrim. red to brown. Also found:frs.ofsix othersof thesame dimensions, Jugwithhandle to neck,D. 9.5. Profile.Lightred clay; outsidefiredto pale brownon upperhalf,dark brownin band on lowerbelly,red-brownat base. Decorativeeffectofkilnstacking? Jug 71/PI39, handleto rim,D. 8.2. Aboutone half.Red clay withwhitegrits;smoothgreysurface,pink inside. Also found:the rimfrs.of two others,D. 8 and 11.

Coarse Ware

Jugwithtrefoil lip 71/PI32, rimto shoulderand base frs,notjoining,D (max). 15.5,H (rest.)14.5.Handle 42 missing.Finelightredclay;surfaceofsamecolour;thinwalled.Cf. 1stA.D. importto CorinthHesperia (1973) 466 no. 135. Alsofound:frs.ofthreeothers,D (max). 14.5-15,including71/P21,foundon thefloor.Not illustrated. Shallowcasserole71/P23,D. 17.5.Handlesmissing.Lightredwithwhitegrits.Blackenedfromuse; found Cl,90 on floor. Cl,91 Deep casserolerimfr,D. 18.6. Formas A2,79,but withwiderrim.Dark red-brownclay,black surface. Cl,92 clay,pinksurface. Deep casserolerimfr,D. 22. Hard firedbrick-red Cl,93 Lid, D (est). 20. Coarse brick-red clay,pinksurface.Cylindricalknobwithhole piercedthroughcentre. as A2,85 and Bl,29. Alsofound:twootherlids,withoutcentralhole,one firedgreyto thecore;profiles Cl,94 Cookingdish71/P7O,D. 25.5. Aboutone half.Thin walled.Red-brownclaywithsmallwhitegrits;burnt beneath.Striphandle applied to rim,indentedwiththumbprints. darkbrownclay;surfacebrownto black.See also Cl,96(d) below. Cl,95 Cookingdish,rimfr,D. c. 40. Gritty, withdishwall frs.(a) Fine redclay withpinksurface,as C74. L. none handles. Four, Cl,96 joining Fryingpan 7.5, D. 5.6. Broad flaringknobwithconcentricgroovesat theend. (b) Anothersimilarofcoarsergritty clay, (c) Smaller;grittybrownclay withgreysurfaceridged spirally,(d) Similar.L. 4.1, D. 3.1. Fabric and colouras Cl,95, to whichit may belong. Cl,97 Amphora(amphoroidjar?) rimfr,D. 15.4.Hard pinkfabric,greysurfaceand creamslipas Cl,99, which could belong.Wide mouth. Cl,98 Amphorarimfr,D. 13. Similarfabricfiredpinkat thesurface. claywithlargewhitegrits;firedgreyat Cl,99 Amphorastand71/P76,D. 14.5. Aboutone half.Hard brick-red thesurface.Patchycreamslip. C 1,100 Amphorastand,D. 15.5. Similarto no. 99, but withslighthorizontalribbing. Also found:a secondsimilar,D. 13.5. CljlOl Small cook pot 71/P191,rimto bellyand base, notjoining.D. 8.5. Hard greyclay withwhitegrits. bufffabricwithredsurface,firedbrownCl, 102-3 Small cookpotswithturnedout rim.102:D. 11.5, thin-walled; greyin places outside.103: D. 11. lightred clay,firedgreyoutside. six preserving C 1,104 Large cook potswithverticalhandles,flator ridged.Rim frs.offourteen, profilerimand or pinkishred grittyfabricwith handle to belly.Two have internalflange.D. range 14.5-24. Brick-red surfaceofsame colour,brownor grey.Illustratedis 71/P24,D. 15, foundon floor. Cl ,105 Largecookpotswithhorizontalhandlesattachedat rim.Rim frs.ofthree,D. 20.2,24 and 27. Hard brickD. 24. red clay withlargewhitegrits,firedto greyat thesurface.One illustrated, C 1,106 Cook potkernos,rimfrs.withadded miniaturebowlsabove,D (est). 17. Normalcookingware;hardgritty pinkclay,firedgreyat thesurface.Three bowlsare preserved,D. 3.2, 3.6, and 5.6. Or perhapsfroma brazierwiththreesupportsforcookingpot? (JWH) Cl,107 Dolium,rimfr,D. 24. Hard brick-red clay withwhitegrits,firedgreyat thesurface.

Cl,89

Plain Ware

Cl,108 Lid 71/P105,D. 13.5. Cream ware,rathercrudelymade. Cl,109 Four otherlids,D. 10-15. Cream or pale buffclay and slip; carelesslymade. One has upturnedrim. C 1,110 Pyxisrimfr,D. 8.5. Thin walled,finepale buffclay,firedcreamon theoutside.Grooveat theshoulder. Also found:frs.of a second,D. 15.

ROMAN POTTERY

203

C 1,111 Large bowl 71/PI29, D. 28.5. Profile.No handlepreserved.Groovedrim,slightly turneddown.Pale buff clay and slip. Undersiderough. C 1,112 Largebowl71/P65,D. 33. Aboutone half.Buffclaywithgrits;smoothedsurfaceofsamecolour;underside rough.Lug handlewiththumbprintsat rim. Alsofound:rimfrs.ofsixotherlargebowls,D. range30-35. creamto buffclay.Most have twogrooves on therim. Gl,l 13 Bottle,rimto shoulder,D. 3.5. Cream ware. Shape as B2,85. Gl ,114 Largejug rimfr,D. 14. Soft-fired cream-buff clay and slip. Shape as Cl,61. Also found:ringbases offive,D. range7.8-12.5. Cl ,115 Jar rimfr,D. 13. Fabric as no. 114. Thickenedrim;collar ridgeat neck,horizontalgroovesbelow. Also two spouts,(D. 1, L. 3.5, and D. 3.5, L. 4.5) fromsimilarlarge utilityvessels. Cl,l 16 Pithoidjar rimfr,D. c. 40. Cream ware; shape as Cl,107. Gl,l 17 Beehivekalathos,fourbody sherds.D. c. 25. Amphoraein localfabric

Cl ,118 Rim withthickenedlip and double rolledhandles.Local creamware. Rim frs.offive.D. range7.5-11. One otherofthesame formhas hard,pinkgrittyclay,firedcreamat thesurface,D. 11.5. Froma second locationin Crete? Gl ,119 Heavy thickenedrim; handles of flatsection.Rim fr.D. 15. Pale orange-buff clay, cream slip. Not illustrated.As A2,102. C 1,120 Rim fr.withflangeinsideand groovesoutside,D. 14. Buffclay, firedcream at surface.Handles not preserved. Also found:peaked handlesofroundsectionfromthreeamphorae;peaked handleswithflatsectionof two; bases offivewithlow knobs.

Imported amphorae(see also C1,97-8)

C 1,121 Rim,handleand base, notjoining.D. 10.5. Hard gritty, brownish-red clay;smoothcoffeebrownsurface. Thick ribbedhandles.Base withknobcould belong. Other

Cl,122 Amphorastand 71/P140,D. 16, H. 9. Profile.Buffclay. Also found: two others,D. 15 and 13. Orange-buffclay firedpale buffat the surface.See also Cl,99-100. C 1,123 Storagejar, D. 41. Aboutone third,base missing.Pale brownclaywithlargewhiteand darkgrits,cream slip. Surfacepocked.

Other Mid-firstCentury A.D. Material (C2) plates 150-5, 206.

The Nature and Proveniencesof the Material

Materialof thisdate fromotherdepositswas amalgamatedforthe purposesof studyand is listedhere.101Itemsare cataloguedand illustratedin so faras theyadd to the main briefly as miscellaneous materialoftheperiodc. depositCl . The groupas a wholeis bestcharacterised 25-50/60A.D., since the proveniencesare fromall over the site. Some pieces,however,are from better stratifiedcontextsthan others,and to provide an approximateorder of dependabilitythesecontextsare groupedbelow in nine categories.Each catalogueditemis givenits originalexcavationlevel number,and also attributedto one of the followingnine categories: 1. Wash layerto Northof the SouthwestHouse, stratified beneathDeposit N2 and above XIII A2. XIV 22. 19, 19A, 20; 7, Deposit 2. The same,less well stratified, and extendingto thesouthand east. XI 11, 12 and pit 2; XIII/XIV baulk #2492,2487, 2494; XV 8.

ROMAN POTTERY

204

level (Deposit Cl), eitherdisturbedfromthisor 3. Top oftheSouthwestHouse destruction residualin laterlayers.XIII 10A, 13, 14 (part). 4. Fillofcistin street.IX 20. (See periodplan plate 3; pitplan,plate 5 no. 42; detailedplan withsection,plate 12c). G147. VII 15, 5. PackingbeneathEast House floorand DepositNl. Coin ofNero/Claudius, 16. 6. Wash levelsabove Tiberianfloordeposit,Bl. VIII 8, 10, 27. 7. Wash layer beneath North House courtyard,having similar material of Neronian and 0401; I(S) 15 (#0417, 0341) 16; characterabove, Hellenisticbelow.I(N) 12 ##0315 baulk #0842. 1stA.D. wallsbeneathNorthHouse ('ab', 'an-af); 8. Contentsofwallsand otherstructures. NorthHouse courtwall ('a'); NorthHouse east wall foundationtrench(T at threshold); NorthHouse, Rooms IV/V, northwall (V); streetwall at NW (X wall 'dd' #0804);door intoEast House ('ac' door); cisternat entranceto SoutheastHouse Phase I; area ofcobbled paving ('ee') cut at east by House ofDiamond Frescoes. 9. Residual materialand isolatedfindsin TrenchesII, III, V, VIII, IX, XI and XIV. Chronology

As is indicatedabove, thisis not a closed group like Deposit Cl, but an amalgamationof smallerdeposits,and shouldbe givena widerchronologicalrange. Some of the materialis below stratified above Augustanor Tiberiandeposits(Contextsno. 1, 6, 7), some stratified Neroniandeposits(Contextsno. 1, 5, 7). The coin ofNero/Claudius(C147) in Contextno. 5, forthefloordepositNl . Butin general postquern givesa usefuldate forthisgroup,and a terminus termsthe materialis homogeneouswiththelarger,well stratified unit,Deposit Cl. Otherfindsfromthesecontextsinclude:coinsC31, 53, 84, 107, 114, 134-5, 143 (Claudian) and 145 (Claudian); lamps L233, 256, 260; looweightsW74-7; metal object M350; bone objectsE27-35; glassG49, 102, 141, 214?,219. Catalogue The Fine Wares

A total of 388 pieces of importedfinewares was found.These wares occur in the followingquantitiesand Italian Sigillata31% (121 sherds);E Sig B 29% (113 sherds);E Sig A 32% (123 sherds);Gypriot4% proportions: (14 sherds);Gaulish2% (9 sherds);"Pergamene"1% (4 sherds);and other1% (4 sherds).Not includedin these warewhichoccurredin a ratherlargerquantity(191 beforemending,172 after),or is thelocal colour-coated figures 33% of thecombinedtotal. Relief Wares Imported

C2,l

C2,2

C2,3

Italian ReliefBowl 67/P220,body fr,D(max.pres.) 15. Preservedare: mouldingbeneath rim with roulettingand spirals below, and part of vintage scene. Probably by M. PerenniusBargathes(H. Comfort).IX 20 (Context4). Small base fr,D. 10, probablybelongs.XIV 22 (Context1). South Gaulish ReliefBowl, body fr,D(max.pres.) 15. Fine brown,granularfabric,darkerthan most Good red-brown whiteand darkparticlesvisibleundermagnification. Italiansigillataand withdistinctive are ovolo Preserved as Puteolan than less lustrous colour and of C2,l. examples, good gloss, lighter mouldingbeneathrim,and on the bodyfestoonswithvine leaves above and below,and on eitherside dolphinsseparatedby an elongatedwhorlshell.XIII/XIV blk #2492(Context2). Also lowerbodyfr.withpalmettes.I(N) 12 (Context7). SouthGaulishReliefBowl 71/P47,bodyfrs.Fabric and surfaceas no. 2. One fr,H (près). 4.9, has ridge below rimwithovolo mouldingand partofa reliefscenewithwreathedfemalefigurebendingforward. XIV ee #2315(Context8).

ROMAN POTTERY

C2,4

C2,5

205

Three othersmallfrs.have vine leaves. I baulk underFloor II #0841;XIV ee #2315;I(S) 15 #0341 plate 206. (Contexts7, 8 and 7 respectively), EasternReliefBowl, body frs.D(max). 15, H(pres). 3.4. Four frs,twojoining.Pure fineorange-brown clay,micaceous;good waxy glossas E Sig B. Preservedis mouldingbeneathrim,withthreehorizontal from withacanthusleavesbelow.PerhapsPergamene,in transition ridgesand largeovolopatternin relief, Pergameneto Çandarli Ware (suggestedby Hayes). Ill Pit 12, II 7 Pit 5, III 7-9 (all Context9). EasternReliefBowl,bodyfr,H(pres). 3.7, D(est). 13. Lightred clay,darkerred slip,mattinside;slight glossoutside.This fr.is fromnearbase and has largeacanthusleavesand filleroftruncatedovolo pattern in thefield.Originuncertain.XIII/XIV (N) #2492(Context2).

Italian Sigillata

Nos. 6-10 Bowls C2,6 C2,7 C2,8 C2,9 C2,10

Hemisphericalbowl rimand body fr,D. 9. Flat turnedout rim.Roulettingand spiralappliqué above. Fabric 1. FormK228B, date range 15-60 A.D. XIII 19 (Context1). Vacant no. Conical bowl rimand bodyfr,D. 9.4. Spiral appliqué below rim.Formas Cl,6a. II 7 (Context9). betweengroovesbelow. Fabric 2. Jar rimfr,D. c. 14. Straightlip withgrooveinsideand out; rouletting XIII 10a (Context3). Cf. Pompeii 5, VI, /, no. CE 1585,pl. 121, no. 1. Dish? rimfr,D. 25. Verticalwall withridgesand groovesat rim.Roulettingand fruitstand appliqué. Fabric 1. XI 9 (Context9). FormK213?; date range30-80/90A.D. plate 209E no. 1.

Platesof the middlesize range (D. 16-18). Rim frs.ofsix: C2,l 1 Profile;horizontalgrooves.D. 18. FormK205; date range 10/15-45A.D. Fabric 2. VII(W) 15 (Context 5). C2,12 Profile;double grooves.Formas preceding.D. c. 17. Fabric 2. I(S) 16 (Context7). C2,13 Profile;withrouletting.D. c. 17. Fabric 2. Related to Form K209, but withquarter-roundmoulding beneathrim;date range 1-30/35A.D. XIII 13 (Context3). C2,14 Profile;withspiralappliqué; FormK209, as Cl,ll above. Fabric 1. I(S) 15 (Context7). head appliqué; doublegrooveand ridgeabove,singlebelow.D. c. 17. C2,15 Profile;withfineverticalrouletting, Fabric 1. Formas preceding.XIV Pit 2 (Context9). plate 209E no. 5. inside.D. 17.5. Fabric2. FormK207/214;date C2,16 Fivefrs.notjoining,rimtofloor;steppedprofile;rouletting 1stcent.A.D. IX 7, VIII 7 Pit 4, IX 5 Pit 1 (all Context9). Platesof thelargesize range,D. 25-35. Rim frs.ofseven: C2,17 Verticalrimwithhookedoverhang,mouldedinside.D (est). 35. Fabric 1. FormK201,2; date range1-15 A.D. XIII 19A (Context1). C2,18 Groovesand rouletting outside,insideas no. 16. D(est). 25. Fabric3. FormK205; date range10 B.C. - 35 A.D. XIV 7 (Context1). and grooves.D(est). 35. Fabric 3. XIV 7 (Context1). C2,19 As C2,18, but withdifferent rouletting C2,20 As C 1,11. Simplerprofile.Lion's head appliqué. D. 27. Fabric 4. FormK213; date range30-80/90A.D. VIII 10 (Context6). C2,21 Verticalwall. Thickenedlip. Spiral appliqué. D (est). 29. Fabric 2. Form as preceding.Foundationof NorthHouse east wall, at threshold(Context8). C2,22 Profileas Cl,7; maskappliqué. D(est). 25. Fabric 3. Formas preceding.I(N)12. (Context7). Alsofound:sixstampedfrs,67/P201,P288, P290, 71/P322,P329, P330. For thesesee cat. nos.Y24, 30, 31, 5, 22, 33. ESigB All exceptnos. 29 and 38 have the normalorange-buff clay withmica, and good glossof thesame colour,badly flakingin someexamples,firmin others. C2,23 C2,24 C2,25 C2,26

Dish base fr,D. 12. Possiblerimfr,notjoining.EAA Form2. XIII 19A (Context1). Dish rimfrs,as Cl,21 (71/P101).Cf. EAA Form5. Frs. of three,D. 12. 12 and 12.5. XIV 7, XIII/XIV 2487, and fabricofsouthwall ofstreet(Contexts1, 2 and 8 respectively). Dish rimfr,EAA Form6. D. 17. Cf.B2,26.FabricofNorthHouse (Rooms IV/V northwall) (Context8). Dish rimfr,EAA Form 7. D. 18. XI 11 (Context1).

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206

Dish rimand base frs,EAA Form8. D.(rim) c. 17.Base fr.ofa smallerexample.D(max). 12.XI 11 and XI 7 (Contextsland 9 respectively). C2,28 Dish rimfr,EAA Form 19. D. c. 18. VII(W) 15 (Context5). C2,29 Dish profile,EAA Form 20(?). D.14. Fired grey;waxy black surface.XIV Pit 3 (Context9). A second examplefromXIV 7 (Context1), D. 14, and twoothersD. 17 and 16. C2,30 Bowl,base and wall frs,notjoining.EAA Form21? as B2,28. D.(base) 8. VIII 27 and XIV 7 (Contexts6 and 1). C2,31 Bowl base fr.71/P265,stampednO0OT XIV 22 (Context9). See Y51. C2,32 Bowl base 71/P275,stampedIIANOY (inplantapedis). X 10 (Context9). See Y48. outsiderim C2,33 Small bowl rimfr,D. 8. Thin walled. Straightlip. Groovesinsideand out; faintrouletting ofburnishedmetal).Perhapsan earlyE Sig B imitationofArretine.Fromfabricof 1st (givingimpression A.D. wall fragment ('ab') beneathNorthHouse Court (Context8). C2,34-38 Conical bowls,rimand bodyfrs,EAA Form32. C2,34-35 Double grooveinsidelip, singlegrooveoutside;roulettedon lowerridgeonly.One exampleillustrated, D. 10.2; bothfromVII(W) 15 (Context5). C2,36 71/P30D. 11. Profile.Roulettingon lip and ridgeat carination(but not all round). Unusuallythick walled,butclay and glossas E Sig B. Surfaceoffloorinsideunslipped;broad rectangular stamp,illegible. FormEAA 70 late; dated later 1stA.D. and so intrusivein thiscontext.XI 9 (Context9). C2,37 D. 10. Ridge and grooveinside;groovebelow rimoutsideand above and below ridgeat carination. Roulettedat rimand lowerridge.X 10 Pit 2 (Context9). Alsofound:twoothersfromVIII 27 and XI 11 Pit 2 (Contexts6 and 1). C2,38 71/P79D. 14.4. Largerversionofno. 35, firedgreywithfullblack to red gloss.XIII 19A (Context1). C2,39 Bowl rimfr,D. 13.5.Thin walled;surfacebadlypocked.EAA Form34. Non-joiningfrs.fromI(S) 16 and VIII 27 (Contexts7 and 6). C2,40 Bowlrimfr,D. 13. Similar;heavywalled.Clearingdrainthroughnorthwall ofstreetat west(Context8). C2,41 Bowl rimfr,D. 11. EAA Form35. V 3A #0198(Context9). C2,42 Bowl rimfr,D. c. 7. Slightlyincurvingrim,double grooveoutside.Thin walled. Good waxygloss.EAA Form37. XI 11 (Context1). C2,43 Cylindricalbeaker,base fr,D. 10. Good orange-redgloss.EAA Form40. V 3A #0198(Context9). inside,pale C2,44 Small dish67/P218,profile.D. 9. EAA Form58 early(?).Good waxygloss,pale orange-buff fleshcolouroutside.Lightwheelmarksinside.IX 20 (Context4). C2,45 Dish rimto base fr,D. 16. EAA Form59(?). XIV 22 (Context1). C2,27

SouthGaulishSigillata

C2,46

redder.Thickwalled;wheel Inkwell71/P16,nearcomplete.H. 6.9. Clay and surfaceas C2,2; clayslightly Form13 (cf.LRP marksbeneath.Insideunpainted,and stainedblack.XI 9 #2179(Context9). Ritterling p. 77).

CypriotSigillata

Fourteensherdsonlyofthiswareoccurredin theselevels,includingrimfrs.ofEAA Forms10 (XIII 20 - Context1. D. c. 17), 31A (I Baulk #0842- Context7. D. c. 17), 33 (XIII/XIV 2492 - Context2. D. 13), 37 (1stA.D. wall beneathNorthHouse court,aa-af. D. c. 9). Also neckand shoulderfrs.ofcarinatedlagynos,Form44 or fragments 45, bodyfrs.oflargekrateras A2,23, and lug handle of a krateras A2,20. Most or all may be residual.None is illustrated. PonticSigillata

C2,47

Two bowl frs.(a) Rim, D. 16. Thick flaringrim,groovedinside,(b) Body fr,D(max). c. 14. Barbotine floraldecoration. Bothhave pale salmonpinkclay,witha brilliantorange-vermiliongloss,exceptthat(b) is firedbrown on theinside.They may belong.BothfromXIII 19A (Context1).

E Sig A ofthiswarewas foundin thesedeposits,muchofthisprobablyresidual.Includedwerethe A totalof 123fragments following:

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207

Small bowlsand cups

Formas B2,32. rimfrs.of at least three. Formas B2,34. rimfrs.of at least three. C2,48 C2,49 C2,50

Shallowbowlrimfr,D. 10. Double dippingstreak.EAA Form45? Date range40-70 A.D. XI 12 (Context 1). Also found:rimfr.of a second,D. 15. Stemmedcup base fr,D. 5.2. II baulk #0142.FormEAA 22. on floor(as A2,7). I(S) 16 and XIII 19 (Contexts Alsofound:frs.oftwoothers,one withfinerouletting 7 and 1). beneathNorthHouse court,'aa'-'af (Context8). Jug rimfr,D. 13.4. Fabric of 1stA.D. wall fragments

Small dishes

Formas A2,5. Base fr,D. c. 12. Formas A2,7b. Floor fr.withpalmettesand rouletting. C2,51 C2,52 C2,53 C2,54

Flat-basedwithsteppedunderside.Profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15. Roulettingon floor.XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). FormsK319; EAA 12; date range40 B.C. - 10 A.D. Also found:frs.of threeothers. 71/P254Flat floor,straightslopingwall. Profile.D. 15.4. Marked offseton underside.Surfaceworn. XIII/XIV #2492(Context2). EAA Form 30; date range 10-50 A.D.( + ). Form as C2,52. Base fr,D. 6.2. Good red gloss.High foot;six grooveson the floor.XIII/XIV #2492 (Context2). Also found:base frs.of nineothers,mostgroovedor rouletted. Formas C2,52. Rim frs.ofthree:(a) D. c. 16. Roulettedabove carination.Fabricofnorthwall ofNorth House court(Context8). (b) D.I 6. Straighterprofilewithsharpcarination(cf.greyware dish A2,2a.) I(S) 16 (Context7). (c) D,23. Roulettedabove carination.I(S) 16 (Context7).

LargerDishes

C2,55 C2,56

Rim withoverhang,D. 31. Formas A2,12. XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). Rim withoverhang,D. 28. Carinated.Slightridgeinsidelip. XIII/XIV 2494 (Context2). Also found:rimfrs.withincurvinglip, Form as A2,9. Base frs.of ninedishesas A2,9 or 13.

Knidian Ware

Rim and handlefragments offiveKnidiancarinatedbowlswithtwistedhandles(formas A2,34). Hard-fired pinkor greyclay,roughsurface. C2,56a Reliefbowlfr;brownfabric,brownmetallicsurface,mouldmade; thumbprintsand smearmarksinside. Littlepreservedexceptcordedband in reliefand fr.ofvinedecoration.XI 11 (Context2). Cf. R2,8 and R3,4. plate 213. Unidentified Sigillata

The followinghave a distinctive dark red clay withsome mica and a deep red slip of a similarcolour,flaking. PossiblyAthenianSigillata (as suggestedby Hayes). C2,57 C2,58

Bowl rimand base frs,notjoining.Uncertainifbelonging,(a) Rim, D. 15. Multiplegroovesoutsiderim. XIII 20 (Context1). (b) Base, D. 8.5. High ringfoot.Floor rouletted.II 7 (Context9). Dish rimfrs,D. 16.4.Perhapsimitating E Sig B FormEAA 60, whichbeginsin itsearlyformaboutthemid 1stcenturyA.D. XIII 20, I(N) 12 (Contexts1 and 7).

Local ColourCoated Ware

As in DepositCl, thereis a greatvariety.The surfaceis matt,withthepreponderant coloura brightred,as E Sig A, but oftenlighter,as in thePonticBowl frs.(C2,47). But thereis also a considerablevarietydue to thefiring, and coloursrangefromyellowish-brown to red, maroon-brown and black. The slip coat is thinlyapplied and has a tendencyto flakeoff. Many shapesare represented: cups, bowls,bottles,jugs,jars and dishes(large and small). Oftentheseimitate familiarimportedshapes,in a heavier,less articulatedversion. Five are selectedforillustration. Othersare discussedbriefly in relationto examplesalreadyillustrated.

ROMAN POTTERY

208 C2,59 C2,60 C2,61

Carinatedcup, D. 10. Profile.Surfacecolour yellow-brown on upper body outside,elsewherebright orange-red.NorthHouse East wall foundationtrench(Context8). Also found:frs.ofat least threeothers. metallicbrown.VIII 8 and 27 (Context6). Jugletrimfr,D. 7.5. Hard-fired, Juglet(?)base fr,D. 6. Fabricas no. 60. From1stA.D. wallsbeneathNorthHouse court,'aa'-'af (Context 8). Alsofound:frs.ofthreeotherssimilar.Rim and handlefrs.ofaboutelevenjugs withrimsas A 1,1 (five), B2,67 (three),B2,65 (three).

Bowls

bowlsas Bl,13, four;one carinatedbowl of Knidian formas A2,34; are: hemispherical Bowl shapes represented oftheItalianformC2,9,and ofstemmedbowlsas shallowbowlswithflatevertedlip,as A2,48and B2,57;imitations C 1,1-3.Base fragments showa varietyofform:simpleringbase; one or twoarticulatedwithgroovesand ridges;flat bases; base ridgewithconcaveunderside.No stampsor rouletting. Also fragments oflargerbowlswithflatrim,as A2,48 and B2,57-8 (six); and a broad bowl withflaringlip, as Cl,40. Dishes

C2,62

Other

C2,63

Small dish 71/P39,D. 12.5. Profile.Worn.XIII 19A (Context1). Alsofound:rimfrs.oftwodishes,(a) ImitatingE Sig B Form5, D. 20; and (b) Largedishwithincurving rim,imitatingE Sig A Formas A2,9. D. c. 28. Bulbousunguentarium 71/P8,D (max). 5.7, H (près). 11.6. Fine pale brownclay;polishedsurfaceofsame colour;neckand wholeofinsidehas mattdarkbrown,metallicslip.Flat bottomwithknifeparingmarks. XIII 14 (Context3). For thisshape,cf.BSA 11 (1982) 291, no. 129,- an examplefromKnossos,dated 50-100 A.D. Alsofound:rimand neckfrs.oftwootherssimilar.XIII 19 and I(N) 12 (Contexts1 and 7). Alsojar rim fr,D. 13.5. AsCl,55.

Black Ware

formsA 1,44(heavydishwithincurving rim);Cl,25 (dish probablyall residual,representing Eightwornfragments, withvertical,ridgedrim);Cl,26 (similar,withdecoratedrim,but thisone has reedpatterninsteadofovolo); dish neckofflagonor bottle,thickwalledwithsmallaperture(D. 8mm.),taperingupwardsfrom floorfr.withrouletting; neck(verticalhandleperhapsbelongs);and base fr.ofsmallbowl (D. 10) withhighringfootand largepalmettes stampedradiallyon thefloorabove thefoot.Not illustrated. Part paintedWare

C2,64

Lekane rim and base frs,D. 32. Pale red slip insideand over lip. Worn and friable.From fabricof SoutheastHouse, phase I cistern('eq') (Context8). Also found:rimand bodysherdsof 13 otherssimilar,D. 22-40.

Thin-walledCoarse Ware

C2,65 C2,66 C2,67

bowl 71/P44,D. 9.3. Profile.High offset incurving.Dark brownto greyfabric lip,slightly Hemispherical and surface(changeat lowerbodyfromstackingeffect).XIII 19A (Context1). Cf. CosaFormXXXVI nos. 191-3 (Augustan). Bowl withbarbotinedecoration71/PI67, rimand bodyfr,D. 6.8. Brownclay withmattpinkishbrown . Northwall ofstreetat west- dd, #2335(Context8) . Cf. surface.Decorationofblobsand finelines(floral?) CosaFormXLII no. 423 (Tiberian-earlyClaudian). plate 211. darkgreyclay,egg-shellthin.Combeddecorationin formof bowl,rimfr,D. 9. Hard-fired Hemispherical concentricarcs. XIII 20 (Context1). plate 210. or grey,mostwithflatbottom;four oftwentyothervesselsofthisware,firedlight-red Base fragments withsmallringfeetwithgrooves.

ROMAN POTTERY

209

Coarse Ware Casseroles

Rim frs.ofabout twenty, as C 1,91;severalhave a striphandleattachedto therim,as Cl,95, butwithoutthethumb formare illustrated: prints.Hard red clay withwhitegrits,D. 19-26. Two othersofdifferent C2,68 C2,69

Casserole,rimand handle fr,D. 18. Lightred gritty.Verticalridgedhandles.VIII 27 (Context6). Casserole,rimand handle fr,D. 25.5. Brick-redwithwhitegrits,firedpale brownto lightgreyat the surface.Horizontalhandle formedfromdouble stripof clay applied to rim.XIV 7 (Context1).

Lids

often,twowithpiercedknob,as Cl,93, therestsolid.One has higherconvexform,as Nl,29. Lightredor Fragments greygrittyfabric.D. 14-20. CookingDishes

Formas A2,80: fragments of two; hard,gritty, micaceous;D. 15-23. grey-brown, Formas Bl,24 (heavyfrying offive,includingone screwhandle; pale yellow-brown, pan): fragments gritty. Large cookpots

Formas C 1,104: rimand handle fragments of at least six,D. 16-20. Formas B2,71 (smallflatevertedrim): fragments offour,D. 18-20.

Small cookpots andjuglet

Formas C 1,101 (straightlip): rim,handle and body fragments offour,D. 11-20.

C2,70 C2,71 C2,72

Juglet,profile,H. 7.1, D. 3.5. Thin-walled.Pale reddishbrownclay and surface;gritty;surfacerough exceptat lowerbody,whichhas scratchmarkswheresmoothedon thewheel.Small evertedrim.Handle to rim.Ill Pit 12, #0439(Context9). Small cook pot,rim,handle and bodyfr,D. 11. Red clay withwhitegrits,firedmaroon-brown outside. Evertedrim;verticalhandle to rim.XIII/XIV #2492(Context2). Small cook pot 67/P158,H. 14.1, D. 13.7. Complete.Fine browishred clay, with some whitegrits. Blackenedfromuse. Small flange.Verticalridgedhandlesto rim.Ill 10 (Context9).

Plain Ware

A brieflistingis givenof the commontypes,notingquantities.In additioneightvariationsare cataloguedand illustrated. Lids

Formas C 1,108;fragments ofseven.

Pedestalbowls

Frs. offive,twowithridgeat footas Cl,68. All solid beneath.One larger,withmouldedbase, hollowbeneath: C2,73 Base fr,D. 13.4. Cream ware. SA 20 (Context4).

Stands

C2,74

Base and stemfr,D. 13. Pale red clay,firedcreamat thesurface.XIII 20 (Context1). Also frs.of twoothers,D. 7 and 12,8.

Beehivekalathos

Formas A2,96. Body fr,D. 22. Pale pinkgritty;interiorcrossgrooving.Contentof streetnorthwall - x, #0804 (Context8). Also one extensionringfr,D. 23. Cream ware,oblique grooving,XIII 19 (Context1).

Cups

Formas A2,87. Rim or handle fragments ofsix. D. 8.5-10.

ROMAN POTTERY

210 Utilitybowls

at leastthirty Formas Cl,l 12,standardstraight-sided bowlor basin.Seventy-two bowls,D. fragments, representing Flat evertedrim,plainor withone or 25-40 (mostc. 35). Most are creamware (65%), theresta lightorange-buff. twogrooves.Horizontalhandlesapplied at therim,commonlywiththumbprint,as C 1,112. Large storagevessels(tubs,jars etc.) and Tray

C2,75

C2,76 C2,77 C2,78 C2,79

Tub rimfr,D. c. 50. Thick-walledand veryheavy.Pale mauvishbrown,grittyclay,firedto creamat surface.Thickenedrimwiththreedeep groovesabove. VIII 27 (Context6). a deep Jarrimfr,D. c. 50. Creamware.Evertedrimwithheavyhorizontalhandleattached,and forming XI 11 for (Context1). pocket gripping. Trayrimfr,D. 35. Hard, pinkishclay,firedcreamat surface.A simplecirculardiskwithlowverticalridge at rim.XI 11 Pit 2 (Context1). Pithoidjar, rimand neckfr,D. 29. Salmonpinkclay,creamslip.Shortneck.II baulk#0142(Context9). Pithoidjar, rimand neckfr,D. 28.5. Pinkishbuffclaywithcreamslip,flaking.High neck.IX 20 (Context 4).

3U&S

Base fragments ofabout ten,withringfootand droppedfloor,as B2,91. Cream ware,excepttwowhichare a pale D. 10-12. orange-brown.

Amphorae

fabric(also body sherdsof some six in different Fragmentsof at least thirteenin thelocal creamor orange-buff fabrics).Thickenedrimwithdouble rolledhandlesas A 1,27 (four);withpeakedhandlesofroundsectionas A 1,31 (four).Pointedbases as A2,102 (eight),ridgedas Al,29 (two). Stamnos

C2,80

Rim and neckfr,D. 12. Light-redclay,creamslip. Ridged handleofoval section.XIV 22 (Context1).

East House: NeronianDestructionDeposit (Nl) plates 156-9, 206-7. The Natureof theDeposit

This depositwas foundin thebuildingnamedtheEast House, at theeast centralsectorofthe excavation(plan at plate 16b; SectionC no. 10, SectionF no. 9). Originalexcavationlevel nos.are VII 9b, 11-14,VII (W.ext.)3, 3a, 3b; baulkbelowWall 't', part;XII 13. The deposit is the product of a violent destruction,unaccompaniedby fire,possiblycaused by an earthquake.Two completeroomsand partsof two otherswerepreservedat the edge of the LittlePalace cutting,and thefindsfromall are consideredtogetherhereas one deposit.The on a yellowclay floorand was sealed by a thickspreadof destruction depositlay undisturbed rooftiles,overpartofwhichwas a later(Hadrianic)occupationlevel(SectionC no. 5). The fill Whitish containedbrownearthand buildingdebris:mudbrick, stones,tiles,plasterfragments. fires. ash on thefloorseemsto derivefroma hearthor ovenin Room II, notfromdestruction was Palace Little the of vertical the near cut where at the east excavation, scarp by edge, Only such as Nl,7 and 8. thedepositopen ratherthansealed; and thismay explainintrusions Chronology

ofthemid 1stA.D. (C147, The East House in itsfinalstageis dated by threecoins:thefirst, Nero/Claudius)comes fromthe floormake-up;the second,whichis closelycontemporary (C133, Nero and Octavia) fromthefillofthe northroom,whilethe third(C154, Domitian) derivesfromthesiltaccumulatedabove theruinsofRoom III westwall. The characterofthe

ROMANPOTTERY

211

witha date in the3rdquarterofthe 1stcenturyA.D., and findsparallels potteryis consistent fromthedepositsat Pompeii.The Italian sigillatasuggestsa date ofc. 50-75 A.D.102 (no. 2 35/40-50/90;no. 2A 10/15-40A.D.; nos. 3-4 30-80 A.D.); the E Sig A dish, no. 5, is 50-75 A.D. The E Sig B Forms 18 (no. 12, mid 1stA.D.), 53 (no. 10, 50-75 contemporary, 60 A.D.), earlyform(no. 11, 50/60-80/90A.D.), 74B (no. 13, late 1stA.D.) may suggesta ratherlaterdate. But thegeneraldate givenby Hayes forthetransitional Bl/2 ware is 50-75 a and no. 8 to be later intrusion. The nos. A.D., 23-25, are types only appears cookingdishes, knownat Pompeii.The thin-walledNorthItalian greyware now makesitsfirstappearance (nos. 18-19). Therewas no greataccumulationoverthefloor(as forDepositCl) to suggestanyextended timelapse afterthelayingofthefloor.Thus all indicationsare thatthebuildinghad a shortlife is made thatan earthquakerecordedforKnossosin duringthereignofNero. The suggestion Nero'sthirteenth 67 A.D. have beentheoccasionofitsdestruction year may (see discussionof the East House). In additionto thepottery werealso found depositcataloguedbelow (N 1,1-51) thefollowing in thisdeposit: Hellenisticbrazierhandle (H38,24), Kantharos(67/P195);Lamps L84, 97, 293, 354, 478, 510, 618; CoinsC10, 33, 53, 67, 76, 94, 146-7 (C53, 72, 94, 106, 132 are in associationwiththe wall construction); Metal objectsM198, 224, 250, 262, 284, 305, 328, and, not catalogued: bronzeclamp,iron nails (17), hook; lead mend (67/734);glass gamingpieces; faiencebead (V3); terracottasTC69, TC92; piercedshell 156; glass G174 306, 316; loomweights,two pyramidal(W78 and one uncat.); whetstoneS44; bone stylus(E27),103and theskeletonofa dog. Catalogue TheFine Ware The importedfinewarecomprises97 fragments Italian (64 aftermending),and occursin thefollowing proportions: 19%, E Sig A 6%, E Sig B 75%. Local ware (37 fragments) 28% ofthecombinedtotal.Significant represents pieces are catalogued,the restinterpreted as residual. ItalianSigillata Five piecesare selectedforthecatalogue.Two (nos. 1 and 2A) could possiblybe residual,but all are oftypeswhich could have been in circulationc. 50-75 A.D. Bowl rimfr,D. 18.5. Evertedrimwithrouletting. Fabric 1. Probablyfroma reliefbowl; cf.Form K296. Hemisphericalflangedbowl 71/PI64 about two thirds,D. 7.5. Fabric 1. Form K217; date range 35/40-80/90A.D. N1,2A Small dish fr,D. 17. Profileas Cl,7. Fabric 4. FormK209.4; date range 10/15-45A.D. Nl,3 Large plate rimfr,D. 25. Thunderboltappliqué. Possiblybelongswithno. 4; same fabric;betterglosson rimfr. Nl,4 Large plate 71/P143,base, D. (foot)9.3. FormK213; date range30-80 A.D. Stamp .ANN inplantapedis, withinconcentriccircles.See Y2. Nl,l Nl,2

E Sig A Plate rim fr.with flangeD. c. 25. Matt orange-redslip, pocked on the inside. Form K332, EAA 37, Nl,5 commonest50-75 A.D. E Sig B TransitionalBl/2ware,exceptno. 8, whichappearstobe a laterform.Surfaceofmost,and fabricofsome,wornand flaking.

ROMAN POTTERY

212 NI, 6 Nl,7 Nl ,8 Nl,9 Nl,10 Nl,l 1 Nl,12 Nl,13

Small conical bowl, rim and body fr,D. 10. Form 30, as Cl,17. Frs. of threeothers,one withspiral appliqué (as Cl,18) D. 13. One withlowerbody reservedoutside(D. 12.). Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 19. Evertedrim,low ringfoot,droppedfloor.Dark orange-brown clay; good waxysurfaceglossofsame colour.Form80(?). Probablyintrusivehere. walledand lessarticulated.B2 ware. Bowlprofileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15. Similarto no. 7, butthicker EAA Form80. Intrusivein thisdeposit. Shallow bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 15.5. Low ringfoot.Straightlip. Form53. Smalldish67/P164,nearcomplete,D. 10.Two smallspiralsappliquéon rim.Rectangularstampon floor, illegible.EAA Form58, earlyversion. turnedin. EAA Form60, early Small dish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 12.2.Flat bottom,rimslightly form. Rim frs.ofa secondexample. Small dish,rimto base fr,D. c. 19. Flat bottom,straightlip. EAA Form59. Conical bowlrimfrs,D. 13. Shortoverhanging rim,hookedup at thelip. Rouletted.Startofstriphandle applied to rim.EAA Form 74B.

ESigB(?) fabricas E Sig B, thougha littlelighterin colour,exceptat neckand rim.Inside The following has orange-brown surfacepale coffee-brown, glossof showingmuchmica, slip splashesdull mediumbrown;outsideorange-brown standardE Sig B colour,mostlywornoff. Nl,14 Nl,15

Lagynos67/P144,rimtoupperbodyfr,D. (shoulder)13.8,(rim)4.2. The neckis ridged.The handle(now missing)was attachedto theshoulder. vacant no.

Ware Local Colour-coated

Nl,16

Nl,17

Small hemispherical bowl, rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Soft-firedorangeclay, dark red slip. Evertedrimwithoverhang;ringfoot;grooveon floorabove foot.Related to Ponticbowl,FormK390? Rim and body frs.of threeothers,D. 8.5-9. Harder fired;two pale yellow-brown outside,bright vermilionred inside. Smalljar, rimto bodyand base frs,notjoining,D. 7.5. Thin streakybrownslipon theoutside,and inside rimwithdrips.

Thin-walledWares

Nl ,18 Nl,19 Nl,20 Nl ,21 Nl,22

Bowl,rimtolowerbodyand base frs,notjoining,D. 10. Shape and decorationas IG 1. NorthItalianGrey Ware, plate 206. Carinatedbowl,rimand body frs,D. 11. Form as IG 12. Startof handle. Floral designin reliefas IG 14-15. NorthItalian GreyWare, plate 206. Carinatedbowl,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 11.8. Dark brownclay withtinywhitegrits,surfacefiredgrey. Rough Cast Ware. Shape as Cl,78. withsmalldarkbrownand One handlepreserved.Pale red-brown Carinatedcup,D. 9. Abouttwo-thirds. whitegrits,some mica. Red-brownslip in and out, turningmetallicpurplishbrownin patcheswhere thicklyapplied. Rough Cast Ware. Dish rim fr,D. 16. Thin-walled.Hard-firedto greythroughout.Local imitationof Sigillata shape? Misfiredin kiln.Not illustrated.

Coarse Ware

Cookingdish,D. 31. Profileexceptfloor.Brownto greyfabricwithmanywhite,dark-brownand grey slip insideand overrim.Upper grits.Much silverand a littlegold mica. Lustrousred to yellow-brown outsidewall smoothed;veryroughand pittedsurfacebeneath.Pompeian-redWare. Nl,24 Baking-lid('tegame') 67/P162,made up complete,D. 32. Fine brick-redclay, withsmall black grits, micaceous.Thin-walledforitssize.Smoothmattinsidesurfacewithslightridgemark(D. 12) from slightly stackingin thekiln.Wheelmarksoutside;tinyringfoot.Italian,relatedto thePompeian-redWare series. II pp. 324-5, and refs.there.JWH) Riley'slid Type 7, cf.Berenice some N 1,25a Cookingdish,D. 31.5. Near complete.Heavy walled;hard-fired pinkishbrownto blackclay,gritty; marksveryevidenton thefloor.Two horizontal mica. Smoothinsidesurface,withtransverse burnishing handlesapplied to rim,withthumbprints.

Nl,23

ROMAN POTTERY

Nl,26 Nl,27 Nl,28 Nl,29

Nl,30

213

whenfound,as a stand Also:25b-c.Rim fr.ofa secondexample,D. 30.5. Floorofa third,D. 20, serving, forthecook pot Nl,31 (not 33 as in plate 207). Fryingpan handlefr,L. c. 5. Coarse brownclay,redat thecore.Good creamto greyslip.Screwhandle, piercedat theend, as C1,96(C). Lid 71/P166,D. 11.5. Hard light red-brownclay; burntbeneath. Smooth surface.Warped. Crude cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath. Lid, D. 17.5. Profile.As no. 27. Possiblybelongingto casseroleNl,30. Lid 67/P165,D. 15.8. Intact.Brick-redclay,smoothpinkto red surface.Slightwheelmark,resembling rouletting,above the carination.Carinated formwith neatly made conical knob, pierced through. ProbablybelongswiththecookpotNl,31. Also found:frs.ofsix others,D. 17-25. rim to floor.Hard brick-redclay withwhitegrits;pinksurface, Casserole,D. 19.6. About two-thirds, blackenedoutside.No handle survives.See no. 28. Also found:rimfrs.of a second,D. 18.

Cookpots

There are fourforms,represented by nos. 31-34. Two are preservedin completeexamples(Nl,31 and 33), the othersin fragments. There was a greatquantityof thisware found,whichdid not make up (one fullzembil). Ten kilnwasterswereincluded. Nl,31

Nl,32 Nl,33

Nl,34

Nl,35

Large cookpot67/P169,made up complete,H. 25.5, D. 13.4. Browngrittyclay,outsidesurfacesmooth coffee-brown to black,insiderough.Broad ovoid shape withshortverticalrim.Two verticalshoulder handles,threadedwithlargeclaysuspensionrings,D. 6. A slighthorizontalgrooveat theshouldermarks the positionforthe top of the handles.See also no. 29. Rim frs.offourothers,D. 13-16; one handle ring. Cookpot,rimto shoulderfr.withhandle,D. 16. Brick-redclay,smoothpinkoutsidesurface,red inside. High straightrim,slightlyeverted,flaton top. No flange.Ridged,verticalhandle attachedbelow lip. Rim frs.of threeothers,D. 16-17, one withslightflange. Cookpot67/P167,completeexceptbase fr,D. 18.7.Red claywithwhitegrits,firedto greyinside.Smooth red-brown to black;insiderougherand ribbed.Sharplyevertedrimwithridgedverticalhandles exterior, attachedbelow rim. Rim frs.ofsix others,D. 20-26. Cookpot,rimand handleto shoulderfr,D. 20. Hard, brick-red clay withbrownsurfaceoutside.Everted rimwithflange,flatat thetop; ridgedhandle attachedbelow rim.Formas A2,75 and G 1,81;but these have handlesattachedto rim. Also found:rimand handle fr.of another,D. 18. Trefoiljug, rimand handle fr,H (près). 11.5. Hard salmonpinkclay,firedmetallicgreyat thesurface. Micaceous. Ridgeson neck,as Cl,89. Also found:frs.of threeothers.

GrittyPorous Ware

Coffee-brown fabriccrammedwithlargeinclusions- whitegrit,smallpebblesand quartzite- whichobtrudeand the surface. Outsidesurfacepale brownto cream.The fabricis porousand light. speckle Nl,36 Nl,37

Stamnos,rimto shoulderand handlefr,D. 12. Evertedlip,shortneck,handleattachedto rim.Alsofound: rim and handle frs.of two similar,D. 14-15. Tall cylindricalneck fr.of an amphora,D. 13.5-15. H (près).19; slenderhandlesof roundsection. Amphorabase and bodyfrs.Taperingconicalbase, D. 5, withslightdepressionbeneath.Lightbrick-red clay,withcreamslip outside.

Plain Ware

An unusuallysmall proportionof the total; all shapes except the amphora (fourexamplescompleteor near ofabout fifteen complete,and thefragments others)and thelargebowl (Nl,38) are represented byfragments only. These are notcatalogued,sincemanycould be residual.They includefragments oflids (3), formas Nl,28; standor censerbase,D. 9.5, as C2,73; closedvesselswithringbase, mostly jugs (c. 15); largestraight-sided utilitybowlswith flatrim,D. 29-35 (7), one withtwogrooveson therim,one withgrooveat therimedge,therestplain; twosmaller ofa largepithoidjar, D. 23.5, creamware,formas C2,79. bowls,D. 18 and 22, formas C 1,111. Also rimfragments

ROMAN POTTERY

214

Fromthisgroup (ofabout 64) fourteen(including10 amphorae)are selectedforillustration: Nl,38 Nl,39 Nl,40 Nl,41 Nl,42

creamslip,mostlywornoff. clay,soft-fired; Large bowl,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 24.5. Pale orange-pink belowtherim.Horizontalgrooveson the Flat evertedrim;horizontalribbonhandleattachedimmediately inside. Two handledbowl67/P166,complete.H.6.5, D. 13.2.Finebrick-red clay,surfacepinkto red;roughfinish especiallynear base. Flat evertedrim;smallflatbase. Also found:rimto lowerbodyfr.of a secondexample,D. 13. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 4. Collarridgebeneathrim.Handle as no 41. Pale orange-buff clay,creamslip. Bottle71/P165,rimand neckfr,D. 3.6. Creamware.Pronouncedcollarridgeabove handle;narrowneck. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 4.3. Pale buffclay withcreamslip. Broad conical neck.

Amphorae

Nos. 43-48 are judged to be in thelocal fabric,nos. 49-51 imported.But onlyanalysiscould make thiscertain. Nl,43 Nl,44 Nl,45 Nl,46 Nl,47 NI,48

Nl,49 Nl,50 Nl,51

67/P209,made up complete,H. 67. Pale buffclay,selfslip.Slightlythickenedrim,low neckbroadening forhandleswhichare peaked,and groovedon theoutside.Cf. Riley no. 104. 67/P198,completeexceptsmallfrs,H. 67. As no. 43. Completeexceptrim,H(pres). 67. As no. 43. Also found:frs.ofat leastthreeothers,includingbase and bodycontainingash (on plan at plate 16). One ofblotchywhitefabric,withgood creamslip on theinside. Amphorastand67/P170,complete,D. 17. Pinkto buffclay,gritty;creamslip. Frs. offoursimilar,D. 15-17. Rim to shoulderfr,D. 6.8. Fabric as Nl,43. Long conical neckwithcurvingpeaked handlesof round section.Cf.Rileynos. 107-8with'horn-handles'(Rhodian;commonat Berenicein the1stCent.A.D., but runninglater,- into2nd A.D. at Ostia). neck.Rolled rim,pared horizontally Rim to shoulderfr,D. 9.5. Buffclay,creamslip.Shortercylindrical beneath.Handles as Nl,47, but vertical. Rim to shoulderfr,rimD. 6.3. Dark orangeto buffclay,good creamto buffslip.Straightlip; handlesof roundedbase with buttoncould belong. (Possiblywithinthe range of local round section.Soft-fired fabrics?). Rim to shoulder(rimD. 6.8) and nipplebase. Dark brick-red clay. Formsimilarto Nl,49. 67/P208,base to neck(rimand handlesmissing)H (près).84.5. Dark redclay,hardand ratherpure;good, thickcreamslip well preservedinside,mostlywornoffoutside.Tall cylindricalformwithpointedbase, carinationat neck,startof double rolled handles. Shallow horizontalribbingon the outside,widely spread. Also found:neck,shoulderand body frs.of a second; hard, pale mauvish-brown fabric;small grits fired surface outside mica some and silver good yellow-brown; pale mica, particles; larger gold including creamslip on outsideonly. See also Nl,38.

Neronianfillto Northof SouthwestHouse (N2) plates 160-2, 208. The Natureof theDeposit

Thisdepositlayin thedeep fillagainstthestreetterracewall,wherethestreetrunsbetweenthe SouthwestHouse (withtheClaudian destruction, DepositCl) and theEast House (withthe The depositwas excavatedas Trench 14.80m. at Neroniandestruction, depth Deposit Nl) XIII (N) 14A, 15, 15A, 15B, 17B, 17C and 19 #2203.It appearsto be a spreadofredeposited materiallyingovera troddenearthoccupationlevel,and to deriveeitherfroman destruction unexcavatedbuilding to the west, or fromone to the north,later demolishedby the A.D. Therewas a successionofcomparable oftheNorthHouse in the2nd century construction in successionbeneaththisdeposit,at thewest earlier1stA.D. levelsin thesame area, stratified side: the Augustan(part of Deposit A2, XIII 23-25) and Claudian (part of C2, Context1,

ROMAN POTTERY

215

- thatthiswas not a closeddepositin thesame XIII 19 #2205,2208). These circumstances senseas Cl or Nl - and theoccurrenceofa fewlaterintrusions value. reduceitsstratigraphical Thus it is treated strictlyas a supplementarygroup: only pieces which appear to be withDepositNl, and thenonlythosewithintrinsic or thosewhichadd interest, contemporary to theknowntypes,are illustrated, and othersare notedbriefly. Chronology

This depositis stratified above earlyand mid-1stA.D. levels.The importedfinewaresbelong to the period 50-75 A.D., and are generallycomparablewith thoseof Deposit Nl. More residualmaterialis to be expectedin a depositofthiskind,and thisis no doubtreflected in the ofE Sig A sherdswhichoccurhere.Howeveritmaybe thought comparatively highproportion thatthesignificantly ofItalian in relationto E Sig B ware,and theabsence higherproportions of thelatestE Sig B forms,does suggesta date marginallyearlierthanDeposit Nl. OtherfindsincludelampsL92, 140, 164, 196, 199, 205, 254, 261, 270, 274, 277, 282, 291, 337, 501, 538-9; terracottas TC39, 49; metal objectsM287, 343, 346-7, 368; metallurgical debrisM564-5; bone objectsE36-9; glassG28, 71, 124, 142, 295, 323. Catalogue The Fine Wares

Of a total142fragments theimportedfinewaresare foundin thefollowing Italian Sigillata43%, E Sig proportions: B 31%, E Sig A 21%, and Çandarli(?) 5%, withthe additionofone sherdofCypriotSigillataand twoofNorth AfricanRed-slipWare (body sherds,intrusive). Italian Sigillata

N2,l

N2,2 N2,3 N2,4 N2,5 N2,6 N2,7 N2,8 N2,9 ESigB N2,10 N2,l 1 N2,12

Cylindricalbeakerrimfr,D. 9.5. Appliedspectaclespiral,above twohorizontalgrooves.FormHaltern16; cf.Hayes(1973) 20 (25-50 A.D.). Cylindricalsalt cellar,profile,D. 7, H. 2.6. Double horizontalgrooves.FormK226 (Neronian/Flavian). Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 10. Head appliqué on highrim.Formas no. 4. Hemisphericalbowl rim fr, D. 12.2. Spectacle spiral, rosetteand heart appliqués. Form K217 5, vi 1, no. CE 327, pl. 122, no. 19. (35/40-80/90A.D.). Cf. Pompeii Smalldishrimfr,D. 11. Profileas Cl,13. FormK215, cf.Hayes(1973) Form 1ID. 1-30 A.D.; Pompeii 5, vi 7, no. CE 1787,pl. 122 no. 2. Mediumdishes,rimfrs.ofat leasttwelve.D. c. 17. Illustratedare threedecoratedfrs:withdog appliqué (profileas C 1,7-8;spectaclespiraland rosetteappliqué on rouletting (profileas C 1,10);dolphinappliqué on rouletting(profilesimilarbut withrimslightlyhooked,and twogroovesinsidelip). Reliefbowl bodyfr,D. c. 14. Festoonsand vine leafbeneathroulettedridge. Also one conical base fr,D. 13. Bowl base fr.withlunatestamp,71/P332.See Y36. Bowl base fr.71/P5.D.(foot) 6. Stamp L.R.P. inplantapedis. See Y25.

Conical bowl,D. 13.2. Profile.Poor spiralappliqué. FormEAA 70 (earlyform,50-75 A.D.) Also found:frs.of at leastsix others. Deep bowl 71/PI2 D. 12. Made up complete.Threegroovesbelow rim.Stampedasteriskon floorinside groovedcircle.FormEAA 71. 50-100 A.D. Lagynosbase and neckfrs.D.(neck) 1.8; (ringfoot)5.9. Flakingorange-redclay;splashesinsideneckand on floor;worn; tinypock marksoutside. Small neck ridge. Globular form.For the contemporary, carinatedform,see Nl,14. Also found:rimand base frs.ofdishes,includingFormsEAA 18 and 19/60.

ROMAN POTTERY

216 OtherSigillata Ware (Çandarli?)

N2,13

N2,14

and slightlymicaceouswithgood Bowl base fr.withstamp,D. 5.8. Dark crimson-red clay, hard-fired qualitybrightorange-redtodarkredgloss,betteron theinside.Square-cutringfoot.Singlegroovebelow; two grooveson floor;largeand uninscribed plantapedisstamp. Dish 71/P26,D. 24.8. Near complete.Lightred micaceousclay; rathermattdarkerred slip.Heavy ring foot;centreoffloorsomewhatraised.Insidesurfaceworn;outsidesurfacepockedand flaking.Cf.Çandarli FormEAA LI.

ware Local colour-coated

The following have thelocal darkbuffto pale creamclaywithsmallwhitegrits,and slip-coatofvaryingcolours,as noted.

N2,15 N2,16 N2,17

Large dish rimfr,D. 28. Dark red slip,pockedand flaking.Imitatingthe Italian formN2,5(?). Modiolus?rimfr,D. 11.3. Pale orangeslip. Groovedat upperand lowerneck. Bowl 71/P97,about half,base missing.D.20. Traces ofblack slipinsideand out; worn.Groovedoutside rim;ridgedon lowerbody.

NorthItalian GreyWare

bowlwithstriatedblobs,formIG 1. Rim tolowerbodyfr.offormIG 4. occurofthehemispherical Smallfragments Not catalogued.

Thin-walledcoarseware

Fragmentsmostlyofsmallbowlsand jugletsin pinkor greyfabric,includethefollowing: N2,18 Hemisphericalbowl, profile.D. 12.5. Hard-fireddark brownfabric,pale brownto maroonat surface. Thickenedlip; simpleringfoot. Base frs.of twootherssimilar. N2,19 Hemisphericalbowl,rimto near base. D. 13.5. Hard-fireddark greyfabric.Broad flatrim,turnedout. Startofhorizontalhandle below rim. N2,20 Juglet71/P42rimto belly,D. 6.5. No handle preserved.Fine, pale red clay; hard. Smoothedoutside surface. clay N2,21 Ovoid beaker,rimto belly,D. 10.5. Startofone shoulderto bellyhandlepreserved.Hard, brick-red outsidesurface. withsomewhitegrits.Pale mauvish-brown Coarse Ware

N2,22 N2,23

N2,24

N2,25

N2,26

gritty preserved.Pinkto brick-red, Deep casserolewithlid 71/P30.D. 20.7,lid 18.2.Aboutthree-quarters clay; pink to red surface;blackenedinside.High evertedlip, slopingsides,slightcarination.Vertical handles(fromcarinationto rim)now lost. dark Deep casserole,rimhandleand bodyfr,D. 25. Fabricredat core,withsmallwhitegrits;hard-fired, handles. Horizontal carination. vertical everted surface. at surface. walls, rim, sharp High Rough grey to brownfabric,D. 17-24. One handleas no. 23; fourvertical. Alsofound:frs.oftenothersin light-red Also frs.ofsix lids,D. 17-20; red-brownclay; knobsas no. 22. grittyand micaceous;partly Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D(est). 36. Pale grey-brown, handleattachedto blackenedinsideand out. Flat base; slopingwall,concaveoutside;horizontalpie-crust rim.Knifeparingmarkson floorin zigzag form. Also found:rimfrs.offourothers;one screwhandle in hard pinkfabric.One dish rimfr.withsmall flange,D. 35. Formas A2,80. Small cookpot,rimto bellyand handlefr,D. 12.5.Hard brick-red claywithwhitegrits,firedpale brown to greyoutside.Lip withslightinwardcurve,hardlythickened,no flange.Ribbed handle. mauvishpinkto pale grey. Frs. offourothers,colourfrequently in A kilnwaster,about two-thirds deep purplewithsurfacespeckledyellow-grey complete,over-fired made. was this that locally type suggests places, claywithwhitegrits;surfacefired Largecookpot 71/P28,D. 20.5. Base and handletopsmissing.Brick-red grey.High rim,flatat top; no flange;verticalridgedhandles. others(incl.cat. no. 71/P99);D. 16-21 (mostc. 17); rimH. 1.5-3. Colour Alsofound:frs.ofaboutfifteen range:pale brownto dark grey.This is the mostcommonform.

ROMAN POTTERY N2,27 N2,28

N2,29

217

Large cookpot 71/P27,H. 21.7, D. 15. Lightredclay;pale brownto redsurface,blackenedbeneath.Flat rim;flange. Frs. ofat least fourotherswithflange,D. 16-20. Large cook pot 71/P55,profileexceptbase and handletops,D. 19.5. Lightred to brownclay,withwhite grits;greyat thecore. Flange or ledge at therim.Flat straphandle. Slightcollarridgewhereseparately made rimwas attached. Also one other,D. 14. Large cook pot 71/P29,D. 21.2. Profileexceptbase and handle roots.Orange-brownclay. Top of rim grooved;pronouncedcollar ridgeoutsideand flangeinside. Otherlargeshapes- collaredjar withhorizontalhandlesand pithoi- are represented bysmallrimand handlesfrsonly.

Plain Ware Lids

N2,30 N2,31 N2,32

High conical,D. 10.5. Profile.Cream ware, carelesslyfinished.High cylindricalknob. Fr. of a second similar,D. 10. Low conical,D. 13. Orange buff.Tall cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath.Two otherssimilar. Low conical,D. 17. Profile.Cream ware. Flat cylindricalknob,hollowbeneath.

Pedestalbowls (censers?)

Frs.offour,rimprofileas Cl,73. D.(rim) 11, (bases) 4.2 and 5.1. Cream or orangeclay; paintsplashesinside.One base concave beneath,one withshorthollowstem.Not illustrated.See also N2,38 below.

Bottles,flasksetc.

Fragmentsofnine:

N2,33 N2,34 N2,35 N2,36

Shortconical neck,D.(rim) 3.5. Brownclay withpale creamslip. Rim frs.of threeothers,D. 4.5-5.1 (one withhandle attachinginsiderim). Swellingneck,D.(rim) 3. Cream ware,but withsmallbrowninclusions.Startof ridgedhandle. Tall conical neckwithgroovedlip, D.(rim) 4. Pinkishbuffclay withcreamslip. Broaderneckwithflaringlip, D. 6.4. Cream ware. Also found:frs.of twootherssimilar.

Bowls, standsand others

N2,37

N2,38 N2,39 N2,40 N2,41 N2,42

Beehivekalathosrimfr,D. 23. Brown-buff clay and slip. Spreading,flatrim;verticalcombinginside; singlegrooveoutsideat 7.5. beneathrim.Cf. A2,96. Not illustrated. Stand or censer,base fr,D. 29. Set offby deep grooves,as C2,73. crimsonredfabric;good creamslipoutside,pinkto greyinsidesurface. Stand,base fr,D. 12.5.Hard-fired bowl,profileexceptbase, D. 18.5. Lightred clay withpale buffslip,flakinginside. Deep hemispherical Flat evertedrim. Also found:rimfrs.of threeothers,D. 20-22. Domed lid rimfr,D. 23. Lightred to mauve,gritty;firedcreamat surface. Large utilitybowl 71/P95,D. 27. Profileexcepthandles.Cream-buff clay,gritty.Two grooveson rim. Concentricknifeparingmarkson underside. Also found:frs.of 19 others,D. 26-36. Seven withtwogrooves,fivewithone, sevenwithoutgrooves. Handles are attachedto rimwiththumbprint,as C 1,112.

Closedshapes,stamnoi,amphoraeetc.

N2,43 N2,44

N2,45

Pitcher(?) rimfr,D. 16. Pale red clay withcreamslip. Stamnosrimto shoulderfr,D. 11.5. Red-brownwithsmallwhitegrits,firedbuffai thesurface.Cream slip. Cylindricalneck;startofhandle withoval section. Also found:frs.ofabout twentyothers.Cream and brown-buff ware in about equal proportion, both probablylocal. Ribbed verticalhandles;ringbases withdroppedfootand navel in centraldepression beneath. Amphorastand,D. 14.5. Complete.Coarse withheavybrowngrits;good creamslip. Frs. of two others,D. 16 and 17.

218

ROMAN POTTERY

Amphorae

Fragmentsofabout eighteen.Most are local and of thesame typeas Nl,44. Rims thickenedor rolled;handlesof broad ridgedform(4), double rolledand peaked (14), or peaked and ofroundto oval section(9); taperingbases with small nipple. Two of importedred ware, in the tall cylindricalformwith pointedbase, as Nl,51. Not illustrated.

OtherNeronianMaterial (N3) PLATES163, 208.

Contexts

southof thestreet(in TrenchesX-XIV) All thecataloguedobjectscome fromproveniences whichare close to Deposit N2, and may have originallybeen associatedwiththis.But the circumstances of theirexcavationand theirwide spreaddo notjustifydefiniteassociationor ofimportedfinewareswhichoccurin thesecontextsare detaileddiscussion.The proportions the Italian are as follows:of a total 100 fragments and for given comparativepurposes, Local colour Knidian A and E E B 3%. 5%, 25%, 17%, 50%, Cypriot Sig Sig comprises coated ware comprises29% ofthecombinedtotal (141). Catalogue

1. Italian reliefbowl,rimfr,D. 15. Fabric 1. X 7 and 9, XI 7 (joining). Also: (a) fourotherreliefbowlfrs;and (b-f) mediumand smalldishrimswiththefollowing appliqués:cupid withtrumpet, spectaclespiral,rosette,garland,dog (plate 208); and stampedbase fr.(see Y 19). micaceousand coarsetextured, 2. Plateprofile, D(rim). 17, (base) 9. Fabricpale pinkas Italian butcomparatively withsmallwhitegrits.Softfiredand crumbly.Dark red mattslip,wornand pocked.High footas on Arretine forms.Scratchmarksoutside;twobroadconcentric grooveson floor;ridgingat lip and belowrimrathercrude; fabrictoo coarseforfinergrooves.Local Aegean imitationof Arretine?Cf. the Italian formK206. XI baulk #2454,X 7/XI 4 3. Bowlrimfr,D. 10. Thin walledcoarseware.Finehardbrownfabricwithsurfaceofthesamecolour.Decoration ofimpressedtriangles,as on Cypriotsigillata.Italian? X 9. plate 208. 4. Bowlwithbarbotinedecoration,rimfr,D. 11.5. XIII (N) pit 1. Italian. See IG 11. Also:4a. frs.ofa thirdwith decorationofconcentricarches(plate 208); X 9. Cf. N 1,19. rimand neckfr,D. 2.4. Pale coffeebrown,burnishedsurface.Import.XIV 5 #2310. 5. Unguentarium, 6. Amphora,rimto shoulderfr,D. 12.2. Pinkishred to brickred clay,lightred surface.Import.X 9. 7. Amphorastopper71/P38,D. 8. Disc withcentralboss.Brokenat stringhole. Incisedletterphi.XIV 5.

Flavian Deposit Fl, Pit Fill PLATE 166.

The Natureand Chronology of theDeposit

No destruction depositdatable to thelast twodecades ofthe 1stcenturyA.D. was found,but laterE Sig B (B2 Ware, therewereseveralcontextscontainingpotteryofthisdate,specifically Forms62, 70) and earlierÇandarliforms.One ofthese,VIII 7 Pit4, is selectedfordescription, as DepositFl . Then,as fortheotherperiods,better as typical,thoughscrappy,and is identified fromotherlevelsare listedas Deposit (or of and other of these forms, pieces interest examples from of the so few In this F2. instance, DepositFl are as completeor worthyof pieces group) as thoseofthegroupF2, thattheyare notillustrated illustration exceptin twocases (Fl,4 and thestampedbase Fl,3 (qv.). and series into the inserted F2 have been which 166), (plate 7), betweenthislotand earlierdepositsnotonlyin theSigillata Thereare noticeabledifferences forms(see underFine Ware), but also in thecookingware shapesand theplain ware shapes

ROMAN POTTERY

219

and theirsurfacetreatment (e.g. somehave a metallicwhitishor pinkishslip,perhapsimitating silveror glass). In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefound:lamps L120, 161, 283, 574, 587; terracottaTC42; metalobjectsM376; and bone objectsE44-5; glassG119, 171, 238, 318-9. Catalogue The Fine Ware

ofSigillataware are distributed as follows:Italian 23%, E Sig A 23%, E Sig B 35%, Çandarli Seventyfragments theothersbeingreferred to illustrated 18%, unidentified 8%. Veryfragmentary; onlynos.3, 4 and 7 are illustrated, slowdeclinein thepopularity(or availability)ofItalian parallelsin 1stA.D. deposits.To be notedis thecontinuing imports,thefairlyconstantpresenceofE Sig A (thoughmuchis scrappyand probablyresidual?),theincreasein popularityof E Sig B ware, and the suddenappearance of Çandarli ware on the marketin significant quantity. These trendsare borneout by the combinedfiguresforall the Flavian material. Italian Sigillata

F 1,1

F 1,2 Fl,3 E Sig A

Fl,4

ESigB Fl,5 F 1,6 F 1,7

Small bowls(a) rimfr.as Cl,6a, D. 7.5. Plain rimwithoutappliqué or internalgroove;(b) rimfr.as Cl,4, D. 11. Fr. ofsmallrosetteappliqué,as F2,3a; (c) rimfr.as G 1,4,D. 11,butwithhigherlip,and no internal groove.Fr. oflargerdaisy appliqué, as F2,36. Small dish,rimfr,D. 19. Formas C2,15, rouletted.Fr. ofspiralappliqué. Easternimitationof Italian Sigillata,67/P206dish base, D. 8.9. Stamped;see Y 18. Conicalbowl,base to nearrim,D(max). 7. Worn.High flaringfoot.Carinationwithgroovebelow.Form as Antioch 453/455and 460; EAA 45-6; K334-5 (commonat Pompeii). Small bowl,rimand body fr,D. 15. Form 70. Verticallip, as F2,15. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 10.5. Form 70 variant(?). Incurvingrimwithdouble rouletting on flattenedtop surfaceoflip. Good waxygloss. Small bowl,rimfr,D. c. 14. Form62B. Small horizontalribbonhandleapplied to lip. Illustratedwiththe matchingdishform,F2,13.

Çandarli Ware and similar

Fl,8 F 1,9

F 1,10

Large plate,rimfr,D. c. 34. Profileas Cl,13. Small hemispherical bowl,rimfr,D. 12.5. Pale fabric,brightorangegloss.FormLI 9. As F2,21. Base frs.of two others,one in theearlyfabric,D. 4.5, one thelate, D. 4.6. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 11. Hemisphericalformwithflatlip, as F2,23. Two examples.

Local colour-coated ware (20 frs.)

Note thatwhereasthefineimportedwaresare almost100% open shapes (bowls,dishes,plates),thelocal slipped ware containsa preponderanceof closedshapes,principally jugs. Fabric: yellow-buff clay,softfired.Matt orange,crimsonand red-brownto black paint. F 1,11 F 1,12

Closedshapes;rimfrs.ofthreejugs withoffset lip as C 1,61; D. 8- 13. Two withplainflaringlips,as A2,40, D. 6-8; twowithtrefoillip (smallshortspout). Bowlrimfr,D. 15. Orange-buff clay,redpaint.ImitatingthecommonE Sig B type,Forms4-8. As F2,28. Also found:ringbases of two similar,D. 6.2 and 7.5.

Thin-walledCoarse Ware

Ten frs.includeone jug rim,as F2,30 and thefollowing: F 1,13

Small hemispherical bowl withevertedrim,D. 12. As F2,29. Also a second,D. 9.5.

ROMAN POTTERY

220

CoarseWare(17frs.) F 1,14 Casserole,profile, D. 16. Fine greygritty, firedpale red-brown at surface.As Nl,30. Frs.oftwoothers,D. 22 and 24; thickerwalled. F 1,15 Lid, profile,D. 18.5. Pale brown.Low conical shape,crudeknob,horizontalridging. F 1,16 Fryingpan, rimfr,D. c. 31. As Nl,25; and cf.F2,33. evertedand F 1,17 Cook pots.Rim frs.ofsix; threewithnear verticalrimand no flange,as Nl,32; one slightly withflange,D. 18.5,as Nl,33; twowithlip turnedout horizontal(as in thecasseroleform),D. 17 and 13. Fabric lightred gritty, one greyat thecore. See F2,35 fordiscussion. F 1,18 Two-handledbowl,rimto near base, D. 13.5. Brick-redgritty;pale red surface.Shape as Nl,39. Plain Ware(18frs.) Nos. 19 and 22 have a lustroussilverwhiteslip,possiblyin imitationofmetal.See discussionunderDepositF2, plain ware. F 1,19 Fl,20 F 1,21 Fl,22 Fl,23 Fl,24

whiteslip;traceofa band in Lid fr,D (rest),c. 8. Neatlymade;flat-topped knob.Local buffclaywithsilveradded pink. Pedestalbowl,rimfr,D. 11. Cream ware. As Cl,73. Flat base of a second,wire-cut,D. 5.8. Bottle,rimand neck,D. 4. Yellow-buff claywithsilver-white slipoutsideand overlip inside.Low conical shape as Nl,33. Rim fr.ofanother,D. 6; rimprofileclose to A2,95. Stand fr,D. 10. Hard fired,creamto grey.As C2,73. in one case Large utilitybowls:rimfrs.ofeight,D. 20-37. Cream ware; threea softerfiredorange-buff, as N2,42. firedcreamat surface.Profiles:two roundedas N2,40; the reststraight-sided Amphorae,frs.of two as F2,39A; two as F2,39B.

OtherFlavian Material (F2)

plates 166-8,209,213. This group,not a stratigraphical unit,is a listofsupplementary pieceswhichseemedworth than thosein Deposit Fl. as better in cases worth and illustrating examples many noting, Of the 335 Sigilata pieces collected,21% were Italian, 18% E Sig A, 48% E Sig B, 8% Çandarli and 5% otheror unidentified. Other findsfromthesecontextsincluded:coins C81, 127, 151; and bone objectsE46-53; glassG77, 82, 110, 134, 220. Catalogue

ItalianSigillataplate 209B andF sincetheseappliqué typesdo notoccurin earlier whichappear to be laterforms, Seventyfrs.includethefollowing levels. F2,la,b Reliefbowls(Puteolan?);rimfrs.oftwo,bothD. 18. XIV 3; X/XI baulk#2483.Also twobodyfrs,plate 209B. horizontalhandle withpartofspiral,plate 209F. Small bowl,rimfr,D. 11.5. Evertedlip; projecting, F2,2 Small bowls,rimfrs.withappliqués: (a) smallrosette(rimD. 12), fromX7; (b) daisy (rimD. 13); (c) F2,3 rabbit(rimD. 12); D. floralfestoon(rimD. 12.5). plate 209F. Small bowl,base fr,D. 3.4. Stamp inplantapedis.XI 4. plate 209F. F2,4 Small dishes,rimfrs.withappliqués: (a) rosette(rimD. 12), X/XI 2; (b) daisy (rimD. 18), X/XI baulk F2,5 #2483.plate 209F. F2,6 Large dish,rimfr,D. 29, withbirdappliqué, XI 9. plate 209F. E Sig A Sixtyone frs,mostperhapsresidual;not catalogued.

ROMAN POTTERY

221

PonticSigillata

F2,7

Shallow bowl 71/P259,rimto base fr,D (max). 15.2. Part ofspiralappliqué on lip. Poor surface,worn. Formas K387, EAA III; dated late 1st- mid 2nd A.D. as AgoraG61 and H31.

ESigB 161 frs,includingtenprofiles; Five have onlythecentreofthefloorpreserved, and ofthesefour veryfragmentary. one a rectangularstampin two lines,but illegible(FormEAA 30; residual?).Only one fr. have stampedrosettes, (body sherd)of a closedshape. F2,8 F2,8a F2,9 F2,9a F2,10 F2,ll F2,12 F2,13 F2,14 F2,15

F2,16 F2,17 F2,18 F2,19

Small dish 71/253,rimto base fr,D. 15.2. FormEAA 20 (perhapsa late variantof thisform?) Small bowl rimfr,D. 13. FormEAA 35. Worn. Residual?As C33. Small dish,rimto base fr,D. 17. FormEAA 53. XIII Pit 1. Small dish,profile,D. 14. FormEAA 57. Bl/2 ware. Small dish,FormEAA 58, frs.ofat leastfour(D. 14-17). (a) profile,D. 18. Good waxygloss.Degenerate stampedpalmetteon floor,(b) rimto lowerbody fr,D. 17.5; spiralappliqué beneathrim. Shallowdish,rimto base fr,D. 15.5. FormEAA 59. Good gloss;flaking. Fr. ofa second,shallowerexample,D. 16. Small bowl,rimto base fr,D. 15.5. FormEAA 60. Dull surface;worn. Frs. of a secondlarge example,rimD. 32. As N3,la. Dish, rimto base fr,D. 19. FormEAA 62B. Good waxygloss. For a horizontalhandle fr.of thistype,see Fl,7. The rimfr.of a secondexamplewas found. Dish, rimto base fr,D. 18. FormEAA63(?), but withfootcloserto thatof Form 17. Thick waxygloss. Many scratchmarkson theoutside. Small bowl,profile,D. 11. FormEAA70. Poor surface,pocked.Rosetteon floor. 15a Frs. of at least threeothers,D. 12-13. Also of the earlierversionof thisform(Form EAA30), a remarksabove) and rimfr,D. 8, withfinerrouletting. One body stampedbase, D. 6.5. (see introductory sherdwithinciseddecorationbetweendoublegroovescomesfroma superiorexampleofthisshape (plate 213) Small bowl profile,D. 7.2. Form£.4,471.Also frs,of two others,D. 12 and 12.5. fabric,darkredgloss,(b) base fr,D. 22; same Largebowl,FormEAA76; (a) rimfr,D. 27. Dark crumbling fabricand surface,but not thesame bowl. Worn. Scratchmarksinsideand out. Rim fr.of a secondexample,D. 24. Large bowl rimfr,D. c. 29. FormEAA78. Not illustrated. Small bowl rimfr,D. c. 15. FormEAASO. Rim frs.of two others,D. 16 and 18, one withlargegrooveinsidelip.

Çandarli Ware

not illustrated. 28 frs,veryfragmentary; F2,20 F2,21 F2,22

Small dish rimfr,D. 16. Form L9. Hemisphericalbowl, Form LI 9; (a) rimfr,D. 12. Dark red clay and gloss (late fabric);outsidesurface muchscratched;(b) bases of two,D. 4.8 and 5. Rim (D. 13) and base (D. 4.8) frs.also occurin the earlyfabric,withbrightorangegloss. Largebowl,rimto base fr,D. 22. FormL26A. Base frs.oftwoothers,D. 10 and 13. One ofFormL26B, D. 11.

OtherWares (uncertainorigin)

F2,23

F2,24 F2,25

Small bowl rimfr,D. 11. Hemisphericalwithflat-topped, incurvinglip, overhanginginside.Pale redbrownfabricwitha littlemica; orangegloss,as earlyÇandarli. Also a secondexample,D. 17. Large bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. c. 32. Wide rimwithverticallip. Fabricsimilarto 23; good gloss,darker red,slightlymottledinside;scoringmarksoutside.For shape cf.A2,31. Large dishbase fr,D. 9.1. Dark red clay and gloss,surfaceveryworn.Many veryfineparticlesofmica. WornstampM I MO Y inplantapedis,insideconcentricgrooves.See Y55. Çandarli Ware? X7.

CypriotSigillata

Six frs,perhapsall residual,includingForms1, 7A and 11.

ROMAN POTTERY

222 Local imitation of imported sigillataware (15frs.)

F2,26

Mediumdish,rimand bodyfrs.(mostnotjoining),D. 17. ImitatingtheItalian dishformwithquarterroundmouldingbelowrim,as C 1,13 and N2,5 (a smallerversion).For anotherexamplesee N2,15.For the Italian prototypecf.KenrickB215 (30-80/90A.D.).

ware Local colour-coated

Fabric and surfaceas forDeposit Fl. 59 frs. In thisgrouptheproportion ofclosedto open shapesis about 50-50, theformer jugs, thelatterbowls principally or smalldishes,whichmay in severalcases be imitatingsigillataforms. F2,27 F2,28

Closedshapes:rimfrs.often;varietyas DepositFl, mostwithoffset lip. For theshapes,cf.Cl,55, 60-61. bowl,D. 17,as A2,49; (b) bowlwithincurvingrim, Open shapes,rimfrs.offourtypes:(a) hemispherical evertedand overhanginglip; threeexamples,D. 22, 12.5, and 7.5. As Nl,16. (c) Small bowls,perhaps imitatingtheE Sig B FormsEAA4-8. Three,D. 11 (withflatbase), D. 18,and D. 11. fig. '43'. (d) Large bowl withevertedrim,D. 25. As A2,50. Residual?

9 frs. of NorthItalian greyware,scrappy) Thin-walledcoarseware (95 frs, including

F2,29 F2,30

Rim fr.of bowl 71/P51,D. 12. Evertedrimwithoverhang,ringfoot.Hard pale red,gritty. Hemispherical a second,D. 13. Juglet67/P142,H. 10. Handle missing,but restoredfromthefr.ofa second,identicaljuglet.Pale brown clay,and smoothsurfaceofsame colour.This formwithitsincurvinglip,squat biconicalbodyand small of thecommon2nd centurytypein greyware. flatbase, appears to be theforerunner Flat bases of about twentysimilar;rim frs.of about ten, straightlip and incurvinglip equally represented.

Coarse Ware

secondflangebeneathrim(F2,31). Three Casseroles.Rim frs.ofseven,fouras F 1,14,D. 19-25,one withdistinctive ofthelatertypewithflatevertedrimand small,pinchedverticalhandlebeneathrim,fabricbrightpink,firedto greyat thesurface,D. 19, 17 and 16, as Rl,4. Intrusive? F2,31 F2,32 F2,33 F2,34 F2,35

Casserole,rimhandleand bodyfrs.(to carination),D. 22.5. Finebrick-red clay,firedbrownat thesurface. Horizontalhandles;distinctive grooveoutsideand secondflangeinside,1.8 below the rim.Frs. of two others,D. 24 and 25. Lids, frs.of 14 (20 frs.),as F 1,15, but mostwithoutridging.Fabric hard,grittyand lightred,brownor threewithconcavedepresssion. grey;knobsvaryfromD. 2.2 to 4.4, mostflat-topped, Fryingpans,(a) Screwhandlesand rimfrs.ofat leastfour,D. 26-32. Cf.Cl, 96 NI, 25. (b) Handle and rim fr,D. c. 24. Pale red-brown;thinwalled,carinatedshape withnearverticalhandlein theformofa tube attachedto the rim. gritty.Pale brownoutside;smooth,glossyinside Cookingdishrimfrs.D. c. 45. Thick walled,brick-red, surface,coated withverymicaceousyellow-brown slip and burnished.Pompeian-redware?Cf. B2,78. Cookingpots,(a) rimand handle frs.of at least 13, withnear verticalrim,withor withoutflange,as Nl,32.(b) Rim and handlefrs.ofeightwithrimturnedout near horizontal,fiveof thesein thenormal to pinkfabric,firedgreyat the brick-red rangeofcolours(lightred,brownor grey),threein a distinctive to be sure whetherthisdistinctive2nd A.D. ware is intrusivein theselevels,or surface.It is difficult butin viewofthenumberofassociatedpotsofthis whetherit startsalreadybeforetheturnofthecentury, Cf. also examplesin the casseroleshape shape in the earlierfabric,the latterseemsa good possibility. forthedating one criterion constitutes of these sherds the however that be noted It should F2,31. presence of theexcavatedlevels.104

Plain Ware

is amphora,about 75% in weight.Of therest,about 36% consistsoflargebowls,34% Byfarthelargestproportion ofjugs or similarclosedshapes,and only30% ofother,includingall thesmallershapes. withthesilver-white slip (5) or metallicpink(5) compriselid (as F 1,19), bottlerimand neckas F 1,22, Fragments jug handle (double-rolled)and ringbase frs.D. 4.5-10.5; mostof thelatterare in a softorangefabric. F2,36

Smaller forms,and misc. (81 frs.)Too scrappyto catalogue, but a considerablevarietyof formsis Mostoccurin DepositFl, or are familiarfromearlierand betterdeposits:(a) lids (5) as F 1,19; represented.

ROMAN POTTERY

F2,37 F2,38 F2,39

F2,40 F2,41

223

(b) pedestalbowls (4) as Cl,73; (c) stands(2), one similarto C2,73; (d) cups (3) as A2,87, one more or nearcarinated(71/PI3, D. 8) plate 168, perhapsresidual;(e) bowls (8), a varietyofhemispherical forms(D. 18-31),withsmallrolledrim;(f) beehivekalathoi,bodyfrs,oftwo,D. 20 and 23; hemispherical extensionring,D. 24, lid, D. 25; (g) pithoidjars (7), a varietyofrimforms,D. 21-34 (cf.C2,76-9); one withincisedwavyline decoration. Large utilitybowls,rimfrs.ofover30. Local, D. 20-33. They occurin almosteveryexcavatedlevel;rims as N2,42,or morerounded,as N2,40. One withincised plain,or withone,or twogrooves;straight-sided, wavyline decorationon rim.Two of theapparentlylaterformwithoblique rim,as D4,42-44. withringbase,D. lip. Local. Base frs.ofover20 jugs/stamnoi Jugfrs,rimsofnine,D. 6-15, one withtrefoil 5.5-13.5, manywithcentraldepression,as D4,63A. Amphorae,about 458 frs,from32 amphorae(by a base and handlecount),(a) Pale creamor orange-buff fabric,probablylocal (c. 65% of the total). Illustratedis 71/P135,rim,handles and body fr,D. 7.5, H (près).59. tallcylindrical neck,narrowrolledrim,peakedhandlesofroundsection.All thebasesin this fabrichave small nipples,as Nl,43; handlesare peaked and have eitherround,oval or double rolled red section;rimsthickenedor rolled,D. 6.5-14.5. The base and body of one of thistypehas soft-fired fabric,firedcreamat thesurface(D. 21, H. près.28). (b) Red fabric;hardpinkto maroonwithcreamslip; long pointedbases offive;rim,neckand handle frs.offour,D. 1.7-12.9; handlespeaked,sectioneither roundor double rolled.Also carinatedshoulderfrs,as N 1,51. (c) Shoulderfr.ofone (67/P136),D. (neck) 9, (carination)16; bearsgraffito Kappa Lambda Rho; see X35 (plate 121). (d) Red fabric;softbrick-red, Illustratedis 71/P337,D. 19.5, H (rest).99. Flaringrim, verygritty,micaceous;surfacedisintegrating. heavydouble rolledhandles.VegasType 54? Bases oftenothersofthistype,(e) Grittyporousfabric,pale red-brownwithcreamslip; one cylindricalbase withdepressionbeneath,as Nl,37. Amphorastands,frs.of two,D. 13 and 17. Local. Amphorastopper71/P3,hard,maroonred withwhitegrits,D. 5.6.

The Trajanic Deposits, Tl-3 PLATE 213-4.

The Natureof theDeposit

These depositsare interrelated and are discussedtogether,followedby a stratigraphically, of each. The best stratified separatecatalogue group(DepositTl) is a depositor tipofpottery foundon a yardfloorat thesouthwest oftheNorthHouse, wheretherewas a drainwhichran intothestreetgutterand an abortivewellcutting(Well 8b). The originalexcavationlevelno. fortheyardtipwas VIII 4, Pit 2. The yardfloorran overa late 1stA.D. fill(DepositFl with originalexcavationno. VIII 7, Pit 4), and was itselfoverlaidby wash levelswithsomeofthe latestmaterialfoundon thesite. The fillofthewellis contemporary, but includesa proportionofearliermaterial;it is listed as T2. separately Deposit In thesame yardarea, at thesame level but notexcavatedas partofthesherddump,was founda further groupofsimilarmaterial,DepositT3 (originalexcavationlevelnos.VIII 4-6). These levelslinkthe top of the well shaftwithDeposit Tl, but do not constituteas clean a fromthewash levels depositsincetheycontainseverallater (3rd A.D.) intrusions originating above (formsas U67, U123, U153A). In additionto the potterycataloguedbelow werefound:lamps L123, 200, 225, 239, 259, 402; objectsin stone S46; metal M201, 311, 379; and bone E54; coins C57, 137 and 155 (Domitian);glassG115, 154, 287, 315. The Fine Ware

DepositTl is about equally divided (threeways) intofineor slippedware,coarseware and plain ware. The sigillataware (95 frs;53 aftermending)was composedof E Sig B (24%),

ROMAN POTTERY

224

Çandarli (19%), Pontic(19%), and local slippedware (30%), Italian (3%), E Sig A (3%), The Italian and unidentified (2%). The unusuallyhighproportionof Ponticis noteworthy. and E Sig A are takento be residualin thiscontext. The materialfromthe well cuttingcontains20 pieces of sigillata:E Sig B 11, Italian 8, of Çandarli(?) 1. But thebulkofthedepositwas coarseand plainware,witha preponderance theformer. From the generalarea of the yard (Deposit T3) comes a collectionof 88 further sigillata These provideda similarpicture,exceptthatthePonticware was notas frequent. fragments. are E Sig B (30%), Çandarli (22%), Pontic(5%), Italian (9%), E Sig A (7%), Proportions other(Cypriot,Knidian,N.African)(6%), unidentified (5%), and local (16%). Deposit Tl Catalogue Italian sigillata

Tl,l

ESigB Tl,2 Tl,3 Tl,4 Tl,5

Dish base fr,67/P123,Th. 6mm.Rectangularstamp'AMAR' insidegroovedcircle,D. 2.5. See Y17.

Medium dish 67/P108,D. 17.8. Made up complete.B2 ware; Form 60. Poorlyapplied stamp (rosette) insideroulettedcircle. Rim frs.of twoothers,D. 17.5 and 19. Large bowl,rimfr,D. 21. Form 73. Medium dish rimfrs,D. 17. Form62A, as F2,13, but not rouletted. Shallowbowlwithlow ringbase, D. 7.5; Form80, withgrooveand steppeddepressionin floor.A rimfr. fromDepositT3 is drawnwiththis,D. 18.5.

Çandarli Ware

Tl,6 Tl,7 Tl,8 Tl,9

Small conical bowl 67/P109,D. 11.8. Made up complete.Flat bottomed.FormL17. Small bowl,rimand base frs,notjoining,D. 12.4. FormL19. As F2,21, but withlowerlip. Deep bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 29. Hard, dark pinkfabric,good gloss.FormL26A/B. Bowl ringbase fr,D. 8. Lightred fabric,ratherpure;good red-browngloss,dull on theoutside.Three concentricgrooveson thefloor. in drawing.Cf. A non-joining rimfr.in thesamefabric,D. 2 1, could belong.They are placed together FormL26A.

PonticSigillata

Tl, 10

Tl,l 1 Tl,12

fabricwithsomemica;good orange-redslipinsideand Shallowdish,rimfr,D. 15. Hard, fineorange-buff on upperbodyoutside.Appliedspiralon rim.FormEAA III, K387.2. Kenrickrelatesa parallelfroma Kepoi tombdated by a coin of SauromatesI to 93/4-123/4A.D. coarserfabric.Cf.Agora Alsofound:a ringbase ofthisform,D. 7.5,withsimilarslipoverall, butslightly V, G61. D. 16. As 10,butfireddarkerand partlyburnt.Rosetteon floorinsidecrude bowl,profile, Hemispherical concentricgrooves.Base markedoffby broad grooves.Paringmarksand scratchesoutside,especiallyon lowerbody,whichis unslipped.FormEAA IV, K393. bowlwithflange,D(max). 17. Profile,exceptlip and centreoffloor.Formas theÇandarli Hemispherical bowlTl,7, butwithhigherlip and flangerisingat a different (higher)angle.Fine,hard,redfabric;little mica,occasionallimegrits;good red-brown slipwithmetallicsheeninside;base and lowerbodyunslipped; on floor.FormK389, c. 50-100 A.D. scratchmarksoutside;rouletting

KnidianGreyWare

Tl,13 Tl,14

Carinatedbowl,base to nearlip, handlemissing.D(max).13.5. Hard browngritty fabric;roughsurface, outside; slippedinsideand on upperbodyoutside metallicdark greyto browninside,pale red-brown frequentscratchmarksoutsidebeneathcarination. Small dish,rimto near base, D. 14. Hard purplishgreyfabric;roughsurface,greyto brownbeneath, wherenot slipped,metallicgreyto black inside.Similarto no. 13. Perhapsthisware?

ROMAN POTTERY

225

Local colour-coated

Tl,15 Tl,16

Juglet67/P111,H. 10.7. Made up complete.Local buffclay,thickdarkredslip,similarto Çandarliware. Wheel marksbelow rimand on lowerbody. Poorlymade. Juglet67/P72,H. 11.7. Complete.Red paint,muchworn.Broad mouth. Alsofound:frs.ofa secondexampleas no. 15,ofa largercarinatedjug or lagynos,D (max). 16,and ofat least threeotherjugs withred slip,softfiredand fragmentary.

Thin-walledCoarse Ware

Tl,17

Juglet67/P112, profile,H. 8.8. Fine,hard,darkgreyfabric;mauvishgreyat thesurface,darkerat base fromstacking.Rough surface. Bases of a similartypeare commonin the deposit,two of a similarmauve-greycolour,otherspink, brownor yellowish,15 in all; D. 3.4-3.8.

Coarse Ware

Tl,18 Tl,19

fabricwithsmallwhitegrits;roughsurface,pinkinside, Jug67/P73,nearcomplete.H. 15.6.Fine brick-red pale brownoutsideon upperbody,darkerbelow belly,lower3.5cms.red (fromstacking). Cook pot 67/P114, H. 18. About threequarters.Fine, red to brownfabric;insidesurfacepale brown, burntbeneath.Thickenedrimoftriangularsection,turnedout and down; slight outsidepale blue-grey, collar ridge. Rim frs.ofeightothers,threewithprofileas no. 19, twowithincurvingrim(as T 1,17), but threewith since none occur among the many flatturnedout lip, as D4,59. These mightbe thoughtintrusions, and cookpotsin thefillof Well 8b, but one, of a warmbrownfabric,has severallarge bodyfragments, seemslikelyto be an earlyexampleofthiscommon2nd A.D. form(see also underF2,35,and D4,59-61). Otherforms(in frs.only)are: frying pan withscrewridgedhandle,lids(2), jug withtrefoil lip,and small two-handledbowl as F 1,18 (D. 12).

Plain Ware (local fabric unlessnoted)

Tl,20 Tl,21

Tl,22 Tl,23

Tl,24 Tl,25 Tl,26

Tl,27

Lid rimfr,D. 14. Hard fired,pale pinkishbufffabricand surface,exceptupperbodyoutside,whichhas firedto cream. Also found:rimfr.of a second,D. 20, ofnormallocal fabric. Large straight-sided utilitybowlsand similar:(a) withgrooveat outer,verticaledge,rimfr,D. 35. Pink clay,firedcreamat thesurface.Flat ribbonhandleappliedbeneaththerim.Two otherssimilar,D. 24 and 35. (b) normaltype,withoutthegroove,rimfrs.offour,D. 30-35 (as D4,90). (c) one withbrownwash inside,D. 35, profileas D4,43, but no internalgroove,(d) one withpie crustand impressedcircles,D. 34. Censer?Cf. D4,51. 67/P113,made up complete,H. 19.3. Creamware.Otherjugs represented Spoutedjug withfilter bybase frs.only,D. 5-11.5, at least ten. Stamnos,rimto shoulderfr,D. 5.5. Fine,hard,brick-red fabric;roughlightred-brown surface;twofine bands in applied whiteon shoulder. Rim, neckand handleofa second,D. 5.1, withdistinctive fabric,greyat thecore.Both yellow-brown imports? Small table amphora,rimto shoulderfr,D. 10. Local, soft-fired, fabricwithwhitishcream orange-buff slip. Bottle,rimand neckfr,D. 5.5; as Nl,43. Rim of a second,D. 6. Amphora,rimand neck,D. 6.5. Gritty,pale brownfabricwithgood creamslip.Narrowneck;rolledrim; peaked handles,as Nl,48. Rim frs.ofsix otherssimilar(D. 7-14); onlyone nipplebase. Rim frs.of threewithcollar rim,as Nl,50, D. 6.3-6.7. One softorange-buff, twocreamware. Beehivekalathos,bodyfr,D. 21. Cream ware; veryheavyscoringson theinside.Not illustrated.

Deposit T2, the fillof Well 8b

A cuttingwas made fora wellexactlyoverthemassivewestwall oftheMinoan building,but was abandonedat depth2.70m.whenit provedtoodifficult to cut throughthehardlimestone blocksencounteredthere(plan at plates 3 and 18, SectionC, nos. 8-9). Thus the well was

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226

neverused,and it seemslikelythattherewas no timegap betweenthecuttingoftheshaftand rubbishthrownin withthefill, itsfillingin. Even so it appearsthatamongthecontemporary therewas a fairproportionof earliermaterial,includingno doubt refillfromthe original cutting(see above, underDepositTl, discussionof thefinewares). to DepositTl. Eighteenitemsare selectedforcataloguing,as supplementary debrisM600a. Also foundin thiscontext:Lamp L158, terracottas TC66, 74; metallurgical Catalogue Fine Ware

T2,l T2,2 T2,3

as E Sig B: Bowl frs.ofForm58 (D. 12) as F2,10; Form60 (D. 18) as Tl,2; Form74B (D. 18) rouletted, F2,13. Local dish,ringbase, D. 11. Imitatingthe Çandarli formTl,9(?). Local jug 68/P49,H. 18. About twothirds.Pale sandybuff;creamslip;mattblack painton upperbody outsideand insiderim.Thin walled.

Thin-walledcoarseware

T2,4

to greysurface.As Juglet68/P38,H. 9. Near complete.Fine, hard red-brownfabric;mauvish-brown Tl,17.

Coarseware

T2,5 T2,6 T2,7 T2,8 T2,9

Trefoiljug 68/P48,rimto lowerbody,D(max). 15.5. Reddishbrown,greyat thecore. Cook pot 68/P47,profileexceptbase, D. 16. As N2,26. Cook pot 68/P46,completeexceptbodyfrs,D. 16.5,H. 21.5. Verticalrim.As no. 7. D.H. Fine redclay;outersurfacegreyto brown.As no. 7, butwithsingle, Smallcookpot68/P50,profile, moreangularhandle. Cook pot68/P45,completeexceptbodyfrs,D. 16.5,H. 18.5.Dark grey-brown claywithsmallwhitegrits; fineyellow-orange slip,thickand well preservedbeneathsmallevertedrim.Blackenedfromuse.

Plain ware

includedare thefollowing(local fabricunlessnoted): Mostlyratherfragmentary; T2,10 Plate base, low ringfoot,D. 7.5. Softbuffwithwhitegrits;finethickcreamslip. Not illustrated. whiteslip and pinkbands. Cf. NI, 19. Lid fr,D. (knob) 2.2. Trace ofsilverT2,ll T2,12 Bottlerimand conical neck,D. 3.7. Whitishbuffclay withsilver-white slip. bowl 68/P42,D. 34. Cream ware. Profileofa secondsimilar. T2,13 Straight-sided T2,14 Stamnos,rimand neck,D. 12.5. Broad mouth;rolledrim. T2,15 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 6.6. Pale buff,sandy;whiteslip. Collar rim;groovebetweenhandles. section;slightcollarridgebeneath.Soft T2,16 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 7.4. Broad flaringlip withtriangular clay witha littlemica; reddishbrownslip. Import? orange-buff T2,17 Amphora68/P51,base and body,H (près).55.5. Hard lightorange-redclay,creamslip.Formas D4,135. Import. T2,18 Amphorastand,D. 17. Cream ware withlargewhitegrits.As D4,136b.

Deposit T3

Levels associatedwiththe main deposit(Tl), but less well isolatedstratigraphically (VIII fromotherTrajanic contexts remarksto TI. Some sigillatafragments 4-6); see introductory are appendedto nos. T3,l and 2. Also foundin thiscontext:lampsL91, 116, 348, 432; metalobjectM261; coin C154. Catalogue Italian sigillata

T3, 1

Smallbowlrimfr,D. 13.5.Roulettingand appliedspectaclespiral.Pale yellowish fabric,as E Sig A. Good dark red gloss.

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227

Otherformsas Cl,7 (dish) and Cl,4 (hemispherical bowl), la Dish rimfr.withlion appliqué. VIII 10 #0599.plate 209. See also underT3,ll. Gaulish

T3,2

Body fr,of reliefbowl, D(est). 20. Hard, fine,dark-redclay and gloss. Identifiedby Hayes. II pit in acqueductwall #0109. 2a-b Alsofound:twootherfrs:(a) bodyfr.withspikyfloraldesignand palmetteVIII 5; and (b) lower 5 vi 1 no. CE475, pl. 128 no. 9. plate 209. bodyfr.withsimilardesign.VIII 1 (surface).Cf. Pompeii

ESigB Formsas in DepositTl: Form60, 3 examples(D. 17-20); Form80, one example (D. 14.5). T3,3 T3,4 T3,5

D. 13. Worn,flaking, 67/P253Conical bowlprofile, partburnt.Form74A; pinchedrim,vestigialringfoot Also therimfr.of another,D. 18. Large bowl rimfr,D. 28. Good waxygloss.Form 76. Large dish rimfr,D. 27. Thick fabric,flaky;waxygloss,flakingoff.Form 77.

ESigB(?) Carinatedcup,rimto lowerbody,D. 8. Finegreytogrey-brown, T3,6 verymicaceous,flakingas E Sig B. Black greyware?A slip,flaking,pocked.Perhapsan Easternimitationofthelater 1stA.D. Italian thin-walled similarformoccursin Italian sigillata;cf.Pompeii 5 vi 1 no. CE 1818/1,pl. 124 no. 10. Çandarli Ware

T3,7 T3,8

Saucer,profile.D. 16. Lightsoftorange-brown fabric;good orange-redgloss,flaking.Çandarli FormL9 (1st and early2nd A.D.) Shallow dish withincurvingrim,rimand base frs.notjoining,D. 26 and 14. Pale reddishbuff;good orange-brown slip,dull red outside.Body and slip have silvermica. TransitionalformL6-H4? Possibly intrusivein thiscontext? Alsofound:thebase fr.ofanother,in thenormallate fabric,and thefollowing intrusive types:(a) Large bowlrimfrs,D. 27. FormL26B. Late fabric.Cf.theItalianformTl,8. (b) Deep basinrimand base frs,D. c. 40. FormHI (as D3,4). Late fabric,(c) Small hemispherical bowlrimfr,D. 12.5. Fine red-brown, some micaand limegrits;orange-brown slip;pocked,wornand flakingbeneathflange.FormLI 9. A secondrim fr,D. 11 was also found.

PonticSigillata

T3,9

Knidian

T3,10

insidesurface,whereunslipped.Lustrousorange-brown Cylindricalbowlrimfr,D. 16. Pinkish-brown slip outside,metallicwherethickbeneathlip inside.Barbotinefloraldecoration.

Bowl, rimand handle fr,D. 14. Pure,hard dark-brown(greyat the core); occasionalwhiteinclusions. inside.Profileas preceding,butwith Slipped.Rough pale-brownsurfaceoutside;metallicpurplish-brown higherlip above theflange.

Late Italian (notfromthisdeposit)

T3,l 1

rimwithbarbotinedecoration.MUM 1977I 1. Hemisphericalbowlrimfr,D. 13.5. Curvedoverhanging Intrusivein mid 1stA.D. context.Late Arezzodecorativetreatment, late 1st- early2nd A.D. (JWH)

NorthAfricanRed-slipWare

T3,l la

Bowl rimfr.D. c. 20. Form8A, dated 80/90-160A.D. LRP 35. For form,see Ul.

Local imitation sigillata

Fourteenscrappyfragments include:jug rim,handle and spout frs,shape as Tl,15 and 22 (spout), and the following: T3,12

Bowl rimfr,D. 22.5. Softorange-buff; mattred slip. Imitatingthe CypriotformP40, common100-150 A.D. AsD4,13.

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228 Coarse Ware

Includedare thefollowing, all fragmentary: thinwalledjuglet,D. 6.5, as T 1,17; cookpotswithflatturnedout rimas withmauvishgreyoutside D4,32 (five),D. 20, threewithgreyor brownfabricand surface,twopale pinkish-brown surface;cookingdisheswithplain turnedout rim,as S 1,11 (two), slippedwithflangeand broad groovedrimas D3,17 (one); frying pan as N2,23,butwithscrewhandle (one); casserolesas D4,24 and N2,22 (two);jugs as D4,64b (two); trefoil jugs as D 1,9 (two); One ofeach ofthesepairshas light-red to brownfabricfiredpale greyat thesurface,theothersare pale brownor one greyat thecore.This maysuggestthatthesebelongto a transitional red-brown, stagewhenthenew2nd A.D. 'blue-grey'fabrichad begun to replacethe normal1stA.D. brownware. Plain Ware(32fis.) All fragmentary, onlyone fullprofile.Most are shapesfamiliarfromotherdeposits:incenseburners(2) as Cl,68; lid whiteslip,as T 1,12; largebowlrimfrs,one withrim (profile)D. 14.5,as C 1,108; bottlerimfrs(2) D. 4.5, withsilverand incisedwavylineon rim,D. 35. The amphoraeare all risingobliquely,closeto D4,44, D. 24; one withpie-crust and betterpreservedin laterdeposits. but betterstratified fromformsnot previouslyencountered, T3,13

Stamnos,rimand handle fr,D. 5. One-handled.Dark-brown,withwhitegritsand some mica; inside surfacemauvishbrown;outsidesurfaceflaking.Swellingneck,thickenedrim,as D4,57; oval handle section.

OtherTrajanic Material (T4)

Fiftyfiveotherlotsof thisdate wereidentified, primarilyon the basis of EasternSigillataB and seven This materialis discussedsummarily, forms and on cookingwarefabricand profiles. in not illustrated drawing. piecesare selectedforcataloguing,but The Fine Ware

E Sig A 7%, Italian21%, 132frs.ofSigillataand similarlocal slippedwarewerefoundin thefollowing proportions: were:Forms E Sig B 38%, Çandarli2%, unidentified 4%, local 28%. The E Sig B forms(all B2 ware) represented 29, 58 ( x 4), 59 ( x 2), 60 ( x 3), 70 ( x 2), 71 ( x 2), 74, 75 and 76 ( x 2); two stampsoccurred,one largespikey rosette,one smallrosetteinsideconcentricgrooveswithrouletting(plate 213). The local slippedware included about an equal proportionofjugs (and similarclosedvessels)and bowlsofvaryingform. fabric One lead-glazedfragment was included,D. 8, profileas A2,51,butwithslightly higherlip; softpinkish-buff withvitreousgreenglaze (weatheredto whitein places) on theoutsideand insidetherim;brownishyellowinside, below rim;startoffloraldesignin relief. and one Gaulish are includedwithDeposit T3 (nos. T3,la, T3,2 and T3.11). Two Italian sigillatafragments Otherwisethismaterialremainsunpublished,as includinga fairamountofresidualpieces,notworthnotingperse. Coarse Ware

in an attemptto clarifythegeneraldistinction The coarsewareis also ratherscrappy,butit seemsworthdiscussing, between1stand 2nd A.D. types.Thus a statisticalcomparisonoftypesin thistransitional stagewiththoseofthe later 1stcenturyA.D. on theone hand, and the mid 2nd centuryA.D. on theother,may be useful. T4,l T4,2 T4,3 T4,4 T4,5 T4,6 T4,7

Cookingdish, profileas D3,10, D. 29. Brick-redfabricwithmanywhitegritsand some mica; rough outside,brilliantred slip within.Pompeian-redware. Also found:frs,fromtwoothers. Frs.ofat leasttwoothers. to greyfabric,gritty. Fryingpan, rimfr,D. 29. Profileas N 1,16. Pinkish-brown Thin-walledcoarseware; flatbases offourteen vessels;rimfrs.as D4,19, and Cl,88. Veryfragmentary. Lids, frs.ofeight,one withhole throughknob,the restofclumsyand heavyform,as D4,25. withpale fabric,one is brick-red Jugswithtrefoil lip, rimfrs.ofsix. Four have hard greyor grey-brown surface.All have slightgrooveor flangeat lip,as one a brilliantredwithblue-grey mauvish-brown surface, D4,55 (a plain ware example). formas N2,21,three(6 frs.)D. 19,21, 23. (b) Pinkfabric, Casseroles(a) Browntogreyfabric,thin-walled, formas D4,23, but withoutgroove,two (6 frs.)D. 24 and 27. blue-greysurface;thick-walled; Cook pots (a) Collar rim,brownto grey,no flange;formas Nl,22; rimfrs.offive,D. 11-16. (b) Everted with rimoftriangular section,as T 1,19; lightredto brownfabric;threeexamples,D. 17,21, 22; light-red

ROMAN POTTERY

229

hooked,as D4,31; red surface,two (fourfrs.)D. 17 and 19. (c) Evertedrimwithflange,slightly blue-grey concaveevertedrim,as D3,13 and withblue-greysurface,threeexamples,D. 15-17. (d) Flat or slightly togreyware,D. 18.28;twopinkwithblue greysurface,D. 20 and 21. D4,32; sixrimfrs.in pale red-brown Thus, in theselevelsthenew 2nd A.D. fabricaccountsforapproximately 50% ofall thecookingware forms. (bothcasserolesand cookpots)and occursnow in fourdifferent Plain Ware

The plain ware is equally fragmentary, but is not informative.

Early to mid 2nd centuryA.D. - Hadrianic (Deposits D 1-6) DepositDl

The early2nd centuryA.D. was a periodofgreatactivityincludingnewbuildingin stone,and was also markedby a destruction, surelythe resultof an earthquake,whichleftsometimes massiveremainsovermuchofthesite.The firstbuildingphase oftheNorthHouse belongsto thisperiod,and thebeststratified group,DepositDl, is a destruction depositfoundon thefloor ofNorthHouse Rooms V-VI. DepositD2

The fillin Rooms V-VI overlyingthe floordeposit (Dl) containsmaterialverysimilarin characterto thatofthefloordeposititselfand oftheHadrianiccistern(Well 12,DepositD4), and represents in partupperfloorfallfromthesame destruction. Howeverthismaterialwas in thediggingfromtheupperfillbroughtin as levellingmaterialforthelater notdistinguished 2nd-early3rdA.D. rebuildabove. Thus thefindsfromthiscontextare in partmixed.Theyare describedseparatelyas DepositD2, and an attemptis made to isolateintrusive materialwhich derivesfromthelater2nd centurylevelling. DepositD3

There was similarlevellingmaterialabove theotherroomsoftheNorthHouse, and thiswas betterisolatedin thedigging(see DepositR2), buttheseroomsdid nothave thesamequalityof floordeposit,northerelatively undisturbed ofRoomsV-VI. Significant material stratigraphy fromand overthefloorsofRooms I and IV is listedseparatelyagain, as DepositD3. Material fromRooms II and III is not included, as being altogethertoo disturbed,although paradoxicallya numberofHadrianic coinswerefoundin thisarea. DepositsD4 and D5

In thecentralarea oftheexcavation,on thesiteoftheSoutheastHouse, buildingactivity, full is indicatedbothby thefillofthecisternat Well 12 (Deposit occupationand heavydestruction D4), and therelatedpileofrubbleand otherrubbishfoundlyingon thecourtyardfloornearby to thewest(DepositD5). These are largeand comparatively well stratified groups.They do a indicate or destruction at the Southeast House forwhich not,however, buildingphase itself, thereis no structuralevidence,and should be ratherinterpreted as redepositeddestruction material,presumablyfromhigherup theslope to thewest,or possiblyfromtheNorthHouse. DepositD6

Other Hadrianic materialwas foundin wash levelsor fillwhichspread over much of the excavatedarea, and a numberofpiecesfromhereare listedas 'Deposit' D6.

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230

North House Rooms V-VI, Destruction Deposit on Floor I (Dl) D no. 5, F no. 5. The original plates 172-3,214-5.See planat plate 19,Sections excavation level no. is V 3 (part). This is a good group,limitedin size butshowinga varietyoftypicalvesselsin use in one simple sized livingroomat one time,- a set of finedishesin foursizes and a numberof different pouringvessels,bothcoarseand finer,along withone table amphora. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:coinsC39, 165 (Hadrian?); metalM225; bone E59. Chronology

The fineware,D 1,1-4,comprising late versionsofE Sig B2 ware,shapes60 and 70, pointto a halfofthe2nd centuryA.D. The jug Dl,ll is verysimilarto theearly2ndA.D. date in thefirst exampleTl,22, whereasthethin-walled jugletsDl,7 and 8 relateto theAntonineor latertype, Rl,2. The trefoil jug, Dl,9, findsparallelswithAgoraG 188 (late lst-early2ndA.D.) and M 101 (laterin the 2nd centuryA.D. ?). Consideration ofthesecombinedfeatures givesa suggesteddate withinthe2ndquarterofthe 2nd centuryA.D., and thedepositmay thusbe describedas a Hadrianicgroup. Catalogue E Sig B (all B2 ware) and crudelymoulded;good waxygloss.Form70, Small bowl67/P90,D. 10.7.Intact.Ratherthick-walled Dl,l late in theseries.Cf. AgoraJ29 (and dishJ 28); AR 72/368 fig.21 (right). D 1,2 Small dish 67/P91,D. 15.5. Complete.Waxy gloss inside,badly flaking;mattorange-brownoutside. Rosetteon floor;somescratchmarks.Form60. Cf. AR 72/368 fig.21 (centre). D 1,3 Mediumdish67/P92,D. 21. Complete.Good orange-redglossin and out. Palmette;somescratchmarks. Form60. in havingtwosmallgroovesinsideat Also found:thefr.ofa second(67/P243),D. 23. This one differs junctionofrimand wall. Dl,4 Large dish67/P245,D. 29.5. Profileexceptcentreof floor.Form60, a largerversion. Othercolourcoatedware,Plocal

Dl,5

Dl,6

Fish plate 67/P107,W. 15, L(rest).29.Aboutone quarter.Fine pale reddishbuffclay,lightred to dark brownslip withmetalliclustrewherethicklyapplied; smearsand fingerprintsbeneathend handles. Mould made. The reliefpatternincludes:floralvoluteon handles,partofshipon floorand partialovolo borderon floorand rim.One pelletmarkfromkilnstackingin centreof shortside, two on long side, enablingone to restorefulllengthas 29. Perhapsa local imitationof a silverware original.Positionin XI 100no. 415 pl. 55 and 80, dated 3rd uncertain.Cf.Demeter 47,J10 PL 28; Pergamon Sanctuary deposit/fill A.D. 67/P105,H. 12.5. Completeexceptpartofrim.Fine sandybuffclay,firedyellowat Jugwithindentations zone at lowerbodyand underside,fromkilnstacking.Matt red to brown surface,exceptfororange-buff paintdown to bellyand insiderim.Six indentations.

Thin-walledcoarseware

Dl,7 Dl ,8 Dl,9

Juglet67/P94,H. 11.5. Completeexceptchips. Fine pale reddishbrownclay firedblue-greyon outer surface,exceptlowerbodyand base whichretainoriginalclaycolour,due to kilnstacking.Surfacerough. clay,withsurfaceof Juglet67/P101, H. 11.5. Completeexceptrimand handlefrs.Warmchocolate-brown same colour.Shape as D 1,7. Trefoiljug 67/P104,H. 21. Made up complete.Red clay,firedgreyat surface.Bellyribbed.

Plain ware

Dl,10

For shapecf.Tl, 15 and RI, 11,also D4,60ff. Juglet67/P106,H. 13.5.Made up complete.Pale red-brown.

ROMAN POTTERY Dl ,11 Dl, 12 D 1,13 Dl,14

231

Spoutedjug withfilter67/P96,H. 19.5. Completeexceptforchipsand filter.Brickred clay withwhite lowerleftroughwithknifeparingmarksevident.Cf. Tl, 22. grits.Surfaceofupperbodywet-smoothed, Narrowneckedjug 67/P103,H(pres). 13. Base to shoulderfr.Fine greenish-white clay, selfslip. Shape similarto D 1,11,but finer,moretaperingform.Not illustrated. Smallamphora67/P95,H. 33. Completeexceptone handle.Lightbrown-buff clay,withwhiteand brown at surface.Rough sandysurface.Slight,broad ribbing. grits,firedyellow-buff Amphorastand67/P102,D. 14. Intact. Cream ware.

NorthHouse Rooms V-VI, Fill over Floor I (D2) (excavatedas V 3) PLATE 173.

The fillbeneaththeSeveranfloor(Floor II) ofRoomsV-VI was excavatedin one lotdownto and includingthe destructiondepositon the Hadrianic floor(Floor I) below. The group ofthefloordeposit,withthesole exception presentedabove as DepositDl consistsexclusively of D 1,5,whichseemsverylikelyto belong.The ratherslightcontentsof the restof the fill constituteDeposit D2, whichwill therefore include: 1) fragmentary remainsfromthe floor remainsofupper depositnotoriginallylistedas cataloguedpotson thefloor,2) fragmentary floorfalllyingabove ratherthanon thefloor,and 3) any materialplaced withinthearea of these roomsas levellingmaterialfor the later floor(see Deposit R3 forstratigraphically comparablegroupsfromotherroomsin the house). DepositD2 is a smalland ratherscrappygroup,addinglittlethatis newand containingfew About30% appearsto be residualmaterial,and thiscan be attributed to the completeprofiles. levellingfillforFloor II above, along withone later Çandarli bowl, D2,2, which gives a construction date forthelast phase oftheNorthHouse in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. The rest withthefloordepositand withtheHadrianiccistern appearshomogeneousand contemporary fill,DepositD4. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:lampsLI 18, 147, 255, 306, 341, 371, 423, 444, 456, 465, 551, 560, 626, 636, 640, 693; coinsC75, 133; objectsin metalM222, 312, 364; and bone E60-66; glassG45, 184-5. The ware fine

Includedare rimfragments ofE Sig B Forms58, 70, 71 and 80, profiles oftwoÇandarliforms(nos.D2,l and 2) and the rimofone flaringbowl withreliefdecoration,perhapslocal (D2,3). D2,l D2,2 D2,3

Çandarlidish 67/P242,D. 18. Profileexceptfloor.FormL9. bowl 67/P244,D. 8.8. Profile.FormH3, a typenot startingbeforethelate 2nd Çandarli hemispherical centuryA.D., and thusintrusivein a Hadrianicdeposit.It shouldbelongratherto the upperfillbelow Floor I. Bowl,mouldedrimfr,D. 30. Reddishbuffclay,red-brownpaint,darkerand withmetallicsheeninside. Flaringrimwithtripleline of blobs in relief.Local?

The coarseware

A veryfragmentary lot. Bothcasserolesand cook potshave flatevertedrims(as D4,22 and D4,32) and about half are in thenew2nd A.D. fabric(pinkto lightbrownclay witha whitishor blue-greysurfacewithmattfinish),the restlightred or brown.The onlyotherformswhichoccurare thecook pot withoblique triangularrim,as T 1,19 (threeexamples,all in 2nd A.D. fabric)and one withflangeand externalgrooveas D4,29. Similarly,offourtrefoil jugs two have the 2nd A.D. fabric,two purplishbrownclay and surface. The plain ware

In thiscategoryonlyone pieceis noted:a local narrowneckedamphoraofa typefoundin early2nd A.D. contexts and later,thoughnot occurring(surprisingly) in thecistern. D2,4

Amphora,narrownecked,D. 6. Rim to shoulderfr.Reddishbuffwithyellow-cream slip;local. As T2,15, and cf.Sl,24 and U119.

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232

NorthHouse: OtherHadrianic Levels (Rooms I and IV), Deposit D3 plates 173-5, 215.

These contextsare withinthearea ofRoom IV and beneaththecourtfloor(Room I). Rather the fewpiecesare selectedforcataloguingand illustration, wheretheyserveeitherto confirm D forms of or to the the as discussed under supplement interpretation stratigraphy, Deposit 1, foundin thesedeposits. Otherfindsfromthesecontextsare as follows:lamp L561; coinG171 (Hadrian); terracottas TC90, 93; metalobjectsM232, 332; glassG26, 170. RoomIV

This room,adjacentto Room V, lackeda comparablefloordeposit,butthematerialin thefill, linkedwithV 3, beingsealed beneaththe Severanfloorand overlyingthe stratigraphically is Hadrianic, verycomparable.Threepieces,late Çandarlibasinand dishfragments (D3,4a,b; Form HI, as U 18, and Form H2, as U20) and a flangedcookingdish (D3,5, as R2,17 and SI, 11), should belong with the upper part of the fill,but the rest,thoughcomparatively lot,withlittleresidualmaterial. scrappy,is a homogeneousand contemporary E Sig B Forms20 and 72 (bothsurvivals?),58, 60 and 80, and a ofthefollowing: The finewareincludesfragments smallPonticbowl (D3,2). There was also a near completeamphora (D3,3) and the rim,handle and shoulderof another,as D2,4 (both local). E Sig B small bowl rimfr,D. 13. Form 72. Illustratedhere as being a rare form,thoughprobablya D3,l survivorin thiscontext(dated by Hayes to later 1stcenturyA.D.). Ponticsigillatabowl rimfr,D. 16. As Tl,l 1, but somewhatheavierand thickerwalled. D3,2 D3,3 complete.Pale reddishbuffclay,pale buffslip. Local. Amphora67/P172,H. 59.5. About three-quarters Rim withtriangularsection,wide neck,slopinghandle,cylindricalbody,nipplebase. D3,4a Çandarli basin,rimto carinationfr,D. 34. FormHI. Cf. U18. D3,4b Çandarlidishbase fr,D. 11.5. FormH2. This fr.is fromRoom I. Bothtypesare dated to mid2nd - 3rd to belongto thelevellingmaterialofFloorII and notthedestruction A.D., and likelytherefore depositon Floor I. Cf. U20. D3,5 Cookingdish, profileexcept floor,D. 32.5. Light red clay; whiteand browngrits;silverymica and occasionallargeflecksofgold mica; mattpale greysurface.Profileas theslippedexampleU72; perhapsa or earliercontexts.The late 2nd A.D. form,since thisprofilehas not appeared in any contemporary flangedrimis a late feature,cf.U66-68.

RoomI

Beneaththe courtfloor,in an area separatedfromRooms IV-VI by a partitionwall, and slightlyterracedup (see Section D nos. 4-6), was founda burntearth level containing coarse ware (level I(S) 13). This lay on Floor I and was designatedby the predominantly excavatoras a cookingarea. The potteryformsa good littlegroup,includingsomequitelarge Thoughpossiblynotin thesame houseat thisperiod,sinceno piecesmakingup intoprofiles. doorlinksRoom I withRooms IV-VI, thiscookingdepositis to be associatedwithlevelV 3, as DepositsD 1-2, leftundisturbedby laterclearingand and is part of the same destruction seriesofpotterytypes. a It offers complementary rebuildingoperations. Fromthecookingarea proper,foundin theashyearth,comeD3, 12-14,theothersare from theunburntearthsurrounds. E SigB D3,6 D3,7

Dish, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 23. Form60, as H 1,3. Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 14.5. Form80.

ROMAN POTTERY

233

Çandarliware

D3,8 D3,9

Hemisphericalbowl 67/P241,D. 12. Profile.FormL19. Also found:the base of a second,largerexample,D. 6.5. Dish rimfr,D. 19.5. Form H2.

ware Pompeian-red

D3,10

slip clay,micaceous;orange-brown Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 33. Greyto browngritty inside. Also found:a secondexample,smaller,D. 28.

Thin-walledcoarseware

D3,ll

at the surface.Ribbed. No handle Jar rim fr,D. 9.5. Fine brick-redclay, firedmatt yellowish-grey preserved.

Coarseware

D3,12 D3,13 D3,14

some mica. Casserole,rimto lowerbody fr,D. 20. Dark browngritty, Also found:rimfr.of a secondsimilar,D. 16. Cook pot, rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 15. Brickred,withpinkishbrownsurface;ribbed. surface. Trefoiljug, rimfr,neckD. 6.8. Hard dark brownto grey,firedto a pale mattorange-brown

and plain ware Part-painted

D3,15

D3,16 D3,17

Pyxis,bodyand handlefr,D(max). 13. Pale buffclay,creamslip,band and dot in added crimson.For this form,handleless;information ware,cf.1stA.D. pyxidesfromKnossosKMF Tomb 232 (a low cylindrical fromJ.A. MacGillivray);forthe shape,cf.our Cl,75. Bottlerimand neckfr,D. 5. Hard, pale red clay; creamslip. Ribbed. selfslip. Large utilitybowl rimand body fr,D. 36. Softorange-buff;

Deposit D4 - Well 12 plates 175-182,216. The cisterndenotedas Well 12 was situatedin one cornerof the courtyardof the Southeast House. It was foundchokedwithdebris,includingmuchpotteryin a wide varietyofwares, coarseand plainwares.This fillwas homogeneouswitha largedumpfoundon preponderantly sherdswerefound.It was a thecourtflooritself(DepositD5), and a numberofcross-joining of some 36 zembils of 1200-1500 (c. cwt.) potteryand was processed largedepositconsisting Ellis in and a preliminary made study by J. Jones Spring 1977. The followingnotes and are based on his (much fuller)notes. Althoughit is thoughtthat the original catalogue construction ofthiscisternwas Hellenistic, it musthave been thoroughly cleanedout,probably severaltimes,beforetheearly2nd centuryA.D. No admixtureofHellenisticpottery was found. A testthroughthe cementfloorfounda deep well whichproducedthe Orientalizinggroup publishedin BSA 73 (1978) 45. The materialfromthe cisternis a homogeneouslot, and providesthebestand fullestgroupfromtheearlyto mid 2nd centuryA.D. foundon thesite. For thisreasonit seemsworthwhileto publishit quite fully,at leastso faras thecoarseand plain waresare concerned. Otherfindsfromthisdepositare as follows:lampsL95, 136, 167,209-10,248, 296, 298,305, 312, 349, 372, 404, 446, 534, 598, 621, 698; coins C58, 65, 69, 122, 170; terracottaTC94; objectsin bone E67-70; stoneS42c, 50-1; and metalM214, 233, 252-3, 257, 267-9, 271-2, debrisM571-3; glassG90, 157, 179-81, 201, 283, 297, 342, 358, 360, 363, 394; metallurgical 262, 278-9, 281, 299, 303.

234

ROMAN POTTERY

Thefinewares Of a total245 fragments in thefollowing found(212 aftermending),finewareswereidentified A E E B Italian proportions: sigillata9%, Sig 5%, Sig 54%, Çandarli8%, Cypriot5%, local and unidentified 19%. The firsttwocategoriesare takento be survivalsand notconsideredhere.The E Sig B ware is by farthemostcommon,and consistsofthethickwalledB2 ware,withthicksoapyorangered slip, thoughan occasionalfinerpiece in Bl/2 ware survives.An occasionalexampleof is foundon the floorof stampedpalmetteand of concentricgrooves,rarelywithrouletting, dishes,but mostformseitherhave rathercrudegroovesat therimor are plain.The following varietyofshapesoccurs:Forms58 (D4,2), 59 and 59/71(D4,4), 60 (D4,l), 68 and 70 (D4,3), 71 and 80 (forquantities,see catalogueentryfollowing D4,3). ofthebowl FormL26, The Çandarliware is scrappybut includesrimand base fragments LI Note that the later forms H3-4 do notyet and thesmallhemispherical Form 9. bowl, flanged appear. oftwokratersin Cypriotware,withdarkerredclayand slip,occur.One is badly Fragments worn,withsurfaceweathered;perhapsresidual.But thisshape (EAA Form40) is wellplacedin theearly2nd centuryA.D. Local ware in imitationof standardsigillatashapes include copies of E Sig B Form 59 (D4,12) and of Ponticbowlswithoverhangingrim (D4,13-14). The coarseware

A roughestimateof the numberof vases represented juglets,13 larger gives30 thin-walled trefoil oinochoai,14 casseroles,16 lids,75 cookpotsand 21 cookingdishes.A selectionofthese to showtherangein whatappearsto be an experimental phase,whichis in typesis illustrated betweenthe 1stA.D. typesand thelater2nd to early3rd A.D. types somewaystransitional in formand fabric.The thin-walled different whichare characteristically jugletshave boththe the A.D. and in rim the 1st common slightly (D4,19c/d) straighter century highincurving evertedrimtypesetoffby a grooveand ridge(D4,19a/b) commonlater;thefabricis red or surfacecommonlater.The sameappliesto the brown,withhardlyanyofthesilveror blue-grey trefoil mouthedoinochoai.The casseroles,boththeshallowand thedeep form,have turnedout and raisedrims,and theearlierfabric.Most remarkableis thevarietyofcookpottypes.Rims range fromslightlyincurvingto straightupright,everted,hooked,flatand turneddown oftenwithpurplishbrownsurface. The fabricagain is mostlyred-brown gritty, (overhanging). withred-brown The cookingdishesare in brownware,sometimes slip,and are straight-sided The hollowscrewrim flat or wall and thickened with or shallower (D4,36-7). curving (D4,35) handledformwas not foundin thisdeposit. Theplain ware

Threeshapesare byfarthemostcommonin thisdeposit:thebroadstraight-sided utilitybowl, or baggyjug and the amphora.A fewothershapes occur,lids,shallowbowls, the piriform decoratedbowlsor censersand largetubsor troughs;butmostoftheseare represented bysmall of censers decorated the in other better and are example (for deposits preserved fragments U. The DepositD5). A muchwidervarietyoftypesis foundin theupperwashlevels,Deposit of perhaps34 bowls,D. 25-37. The fabricis in fragments bowl is represented straight-sided oftengrittybut with grey-green, grey-buff, varied, pale buff,sandy yellow,orange-buff, slipped surface.Eight are selectedfor illustration,showinga varietyof profileand rim

ROMAN POTTERY

235

treatment. Rimsare raisedangularor flat;theyare eitherplainor have one groove(at outeror inneredge) or two grooves.This is a commonlocal Cretan shape, knownto have been in quantityat a kilnsite near Tsoutsouros,on the southcoast. None in this manufactured is decorated withwavylines. deposit There were fragments of some 35 plain jugs and othersimilarpouringvessels.Most are standardlocal ware,softgrittyfabric,firedto coloursvaryingfrompink-buff to yellow-grey, brownand orange.A fewothersare in a distinctive colour. Included is one trefoil grey-green in narrow the thinner walled coarse five necked forms(most ware, jug (D4,55) normally flasks or table rather than with funnel necks and perhaps amphorae jugs) flaring lips (D4,56-9) and therestwideneckedjugs havingflaringrimswithridgeat thelip,piriform bodiesand ring feet(D4,60-65). A numberof theseare illustratedto show the considerablevariationin rim profileand in the angle of the handles. Fragmentsof over 40 amphoraewere found.There are threedistinctive importedwares, withhard brick-red, brownmicaceousor extremely gritty, lightporousfabricof pale coffee colour. These are listedseparately,D4,76-81, as imports.The restappear to be of local withthepossibleexceptionofnos.D4,69 and 70. Includedare thestandardlocal manufacture, narrow-necked typeD4,66 and thecommonwide-neckedtypebestrepresented by D4,71-74. further However, studyoftheKnossosamphoraeincludingclay analysisis neededto establish theproveniencewithcertainty, and to clarifytheirnormaluse, beforefurther valid comment can be made. Chronology

The cisterndepositis dated by the fineware whichrelatescloselyto thatof the Hadrianic depositDl, but has a widerrange,bothin thevarietyoftypesas beinga muchlargerdeposit, and chronologically, as beinga rubbishdeposit,nota floordeposit.The characteristics ofthe coarseware,too, are consistent witha date earlyin the 2nd centuryA.D. The mostcommonE Sig B shapeis Form60 (13 examples),whichin thelate formoccurring here belongsto the period c. 90-125 A.D. Form 80 is the nextmostpopular form(with7 examples)and is also a late form,withthe same date range.The occurrenceof Forms58 (4 examples),71 (3 examples)and 70 mightsuggesta date somewhatbeforetheend ofthisperiod (suggesteddate range75-125 A.D.). Note also thepresenceoftheearlierForms59 and 68, in Bl/2 ware,whichcould howeverbe survivals. Çandarliware occursin FormsLI 9, oflate fabric,and L26B, bothdatable to theearly2nd centuryA.D., as is the Cypriotkrater,EAA Form40. For thecoarsewareitis to be notedthatthefabricis almostexclusively thered-brown gritty warecommonto thelate 1stcenturyA.D., thoughoftennowfiredto a purplish-brown surface. The metallicwhitish-grey or -bluefiringcommonlate in the2nd centuryA.D. seemsto occur by chanceor experimentation, especiallyon thejug form(see D4,19, 21 and 31) and is quite exceptional. Catalogue E Sig B Dish profile,D. 17. Double groovesbeneathrim,insideand out, and on floor.Form60. Cf. D 1,2-4. D4,l Also found:frs.of 12 otherexamples,with rim D. 15, 17, 21 and 26. Two have rimswith more pronouncedoverhang.Grooveson wall as above; twoor threegrooveson floor,in twocases surrounding palmettes,one roulettedbetweengrooves. D4,2 Dish,D. 14.2. Near complete.Roulettedon rim;twogroovesinsidelip, twoon floor.Form58. Cf. F2,10. Also found:frs.of at leastfoursimilar.

ROMAN POTTERY

236 D4,3 D4,4

Conical cup, lip and carinationto base frs,notjoining.D. c. 11. Worn.Form 70. thin-walled.Groovesat rim,insideand out. Bl/2 ware. Dish rimfr,D. 19. Black fabric,comparatively Form59/71(?) Also found:frs.of small bowls,Form 59, Form 68 (two examples,D. 17.5 and 20), Form 71 (three examples,one D. 10.5), Form80 (sevenexamples,one D. c. 13).

Çandarliware

A totalof 18 frs,all but one (D4,6) in thelate fabric. D4,5 D4,6 D4,7

Bowl rimfr,D. 23. FormL26B. Bowl base fr,D. 15. Chunky,pale redfabric,withsilverand gold mica. Pale orange-redslip.Heavy ring foot,square cut; twogrooveson floor.FormL26(?) Hemisphericalflangedbowl,rimfr,D. 15. FormLI 9. Rim frs.of two others,one firedpartlycreamon outsidesurface.

CypriotSigillata

D4,8

D4,9 D4,10

Krater(a) base and lowerbodyfr,D. 8.8. Dark orange-redclay and slip.Worn.Rouletted.(b) Shoulder fr,probablyfromsame vessel;rouletted. Carinatedbowl,base and lowerbody,D. 7. Red clay,dark red slip (darkeroutsidebelow carination). Roulettedabove carination. Kraterrimfr,D. 24. Overhangingrimwithgrooveabove,concaveoutside.Fabricas no. 9; froma similar kraterofgreaterdiameter?EAA Form40, commonearly2nd centuryA.D.

Local and unidentified

D4,l 1

D4,12 D4,13 D4,14 Knidian

D4, 15

Deep bowl rimfr,D. 20. Fine pale orangeclay; thickglossyslip,mottledpinkinsideand out,exceptin band outsiderim above stackingline, wheremattorange-red.Double groovesinsiderim;fourto six doubleconcentric scratchlinesoutsiderim.Flat base fr.preserves grooveson floor,no foot.Formas E Sig B 37/71,but perhapsanotherware? Flat based dish,profile,D. 15. Pale buffclay,orangeslip. Local, imitatingE Sig B Form59. rim,D. 12.5.Aboutone half.As no. 12. ImitatingTrajanic Pontic Hemisphericalbowlwithoverhanging T Cf. 1,10. type? Hemisphericalbowl withoverhangingrim,D. 8. About one third,footnot preserved.As no. 13. Carinatedbowl,rimtolowerbodyfrs,D. 15. Brownto greyfabric;mattred-brown slip,metallicin places. Twistedhandles. Also found:rim,handleand bodyfrs.ofat leasttwoothers;rimand handlefr.ofcup in similarfabric withstraightlip, verticalhandlewiththumbreston outeredge ofcurve.

Thin-walledcoarseware

fabricwithpurplishbrownexterior.Six grey-brown Dimpledjar, rimto lowerbody,D. 8. Hard-fired, horizontal central groove. dimples; greyin places.Curvingrim,markedoffby D4,l 7 Juglet,H. 8.5. Grittyorangefabric,withsandybrownexterior, plate outside, 216. groove D4,18 Juglet,rim to lowerbody fr,D. 9. Dark red-brownfabric;surfacepurplishbrowninside,grey-brown outside.Shortneckwithflaringrimand collar ridge.Ratherthickhandle. and purplishgrey.Basesof D4,19a-d Rim frs.ofsimilarjuglets,D. 3.5-6. Fabricvariesfromsandybufftobrick-red on contrast colour effect The 1-4.5. D. 3. were these,includingdarkgrey gives found, stacking twenty eight above brightorange. above purplishbrown,blue-greyabove sandybrown,grey-brown Grittyorange-redclay,plate 216. D4,20 Jug profile,H. 17.5. Made up fromfragments. Frs. of twoothers,D. 7.2 and 5.2, thesmallerofsofterorangefabricwithred slip. Hard gritty fabric,red to orangebrown,sometimes D4,21 Trefoiloinochoai,rimand neckfrs.ofabout thirteen. or walledin sandybrown,brick-red or red.Some are thicker withgreycore;surfaceblue-grey, brown-grey D see Not fabric. red 1,9. illustrated, plum

D4,16

ROMAN POTTERY Coarseware

D4,22 D4,23 D4,24 D4,25 D4,26 D4,27 D4,28 D4,28a D4,29 D4,30

D4,31 D4,32 D4,33 D4,34 D4,35 D4,35a D4,36 D4,36a D4,37

D4,38 D4,38a

exterior.Burnt. Shallowcasserole,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 23. Brick-redclay withyellow-brown Evertedrim,sharpcarination.Groove. Two others,D. 20.6 and 24. Deep casserole,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 24. Lightpurplybrownfabric,red at the core; smoky brownexterior.As no. 22, but a deepershape. Frs. of at least sevenothers;two have D. 23 and 25. Small casserole,rimfr,D. 20. Grittyorange-redfabric,withbrown-grey exterior;burnt.Spreadingrim withinteriorflange;wall slightlyconvex;carinated. Frs. of two similar,D. 20 and 18. Lid profile,D. 19. Greyto buffclay,pale orange-brown slip. Burnt.Low knobhandle. Lid profile,D. 25. Grittypinkto buff.Slightribbing;well-formed highknob. Frs. of 14 otherlids,D. 17-19 (wheremeasurable),coarse brown,greyor red fabric,mostwithlow knobsas no. 25. surface.High Cookpot,rimto lowerbody fr,D. 19.8. Brightorange-redgrittyfabric,withgrey-brown rim,slightlyconvex.Groovedhandle. Frs. of at least 18 others,D. range 12-20; twoillustrated(D. 20 and 19). Cookpot,rimto lowerbodyfr,D. 13.5. Red-brownfabric,withgreyto blacksurface.High straightrim, slightlyeverted,flaton top; slightcollar ridge. A secondsimilarillustrated, to black,withwhitegrits. withstraphandleto lip,D. 24. Dark purplish-grey Cookpot,rimto bellyfr,D. 18. Grittydarkbrownto black.Straightevertedrimwithinternalhook,and internalflangebelow.Broadershoulder. as nos.27-29. Of about 20 otherexamplessixare illustrated:(a) Rim D. 15. Cookpotrimfrs,withprofiles with Grittyorange-brown, sandybrownexterior,(b) Rim D. 12. About threequartersofrim.Brick-red to purplygrey,(d) Rim D. 23. Six frs,twojoining. sandybrownto greyexterior,(c) Rim D. 15. Brick-red withdull brownslip,(e) Rim D. 26. Thick,coarseorangefabricwithwhitegrits;burntsandy Grey-black surface,(f) Rim D. 20. Similarto (e). Sharp internalflange.Collar ridgeand slightadditionalridgeon neck,(g) Rim D. 22. Thick evertedrim,two externalgrooves.Dull orange-red,withpurply-brown to surface. grey-black Cookpotwithcurvingevertedrim,and internalflange,D. 17.5. Profileexceptfloor.Dark sandy-brown fabricwithdark grits;surfacefiredorange-brown to blue grey. Frs. often others,two illustrated, D. 20 and 23. One has slightcollar ridge. Cookpot,rimto bellyfr,D. 22. Orange-brown,grittyfabric.Low evertedrim,ridgedhandle. Frs. ofabout 20 others,D. range 16-22.5,twoillustrated(D. 20 and 19). Fabric grittysandy-brown, or red,withpurply-brown, -redor -greyto -blacksurface. orange-brown rim to lowerbodyfr,D. 23. Gritty,pale buff-grey fabric,withdarkerbuffsurfaceinside,brown Cookpot, greyoutside.Burnt.Flat evertedrimwithslightridge.Slightbulge to neck. rim;rim,neckand handlefrs.(sevenjoining),D. 17. Brick-red fabric,greyat Cookpotwithoverhanging thecore,withred-brownto greysurface.Rim turnedover and down. Slightbulge to neck. D. 37. Coarseorange-redtogrey-brown fabric,gritty. Cookingdish,profile, Straightwall; lowerbodyleft markson the floor;traceof trademarkbeneath(Greeklambda?) rough;pie crusthandles.Burnishing Frs. ofperhapstenotherssimilar,one illustrated, D. 32. Slightwheelridgingon wall. fabric.Low slopingwall with Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 38. Grittyorange-brown thickenedrim;lowerbody leftrough,as pared by the knife. Fr. ofanother,transitional to rimtypeofD4,37; D. 35. brick-red togrey-brown Cookingdish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 39.5. Coarseand gritty, clay,fullof large brownand whitegrits,includinglarge flecksof goldenmica, especiallyin slip; burnt.Thick redbrownslipinsideand overrim.Curvingwall withthickenedrim,flaton top,markedoffoutsidebygroove. Outer wall facettedby knifeparingmarks,leavinglowerbody rough.Versionof Pompeian-redware Fr. ofone othersimilar. Fryingcasserolerimfr,D. 22. Fabricand surfacesimilarto nos.35-36; but theshapeis thatofa casserole, withflangeforlid. Small lug handleson rim. Frs. offiveothers,D. 23-28, one illustrated.

Plain ware

D4,39

237

Lid, D. 7.4. Complete.Pale pinkto bufffabric,buffslip. Crude. Also found:twootherssimilar.

238

ROMAN POTTERY

fabric.Groovedrim;slightcarination. bowl (or lid?),rimtolowerbodyfr,D. 12. Pink-buff D4,40 Hemispherical D4,41 Shallow bowl (or lid?), rimand wall fr,D. 14. Pale pinkto buff,withbuffslip; gritty.Incurvingrim. D4,42-49 Large straight-sided slipinsideand in utilitybowls42 Rim fr,D. 28. Yellowishbuffclaywithred-brown dripsoverrimoutside.Worn.Thickenedrim,comingto point;internalgroove. Rim and base frs.(notjoining),D. 25 and 17. Orange-buff 43 clay,reddishslip. Similarto 42. withdark grits;buffslip. Worn.Rim at highangle. 44 Profileexceptfloor,D. 28. Pale grey-green Rim to lowerbody,D. 27. Grittybufffabric,pale buffslip. Flat rim;slopingwall. 45 Rim and handlefr,D. 37. Sandy yellowwithpinkcore;gritty.Singlegrooveon rim;horizontalhandle 46 withthumbimpressions, applied to rim. Rim and bodyfr,D. 26. Grittygreyishbuffclay. Flat, taperingrimwithtwo grooves. 47 Rim and bodyfr,D. 30. Pale buffwithpinkcore.Flat square cut rimwithtwogrooves.Anothergroove 48 outsidebeneathrim. Rim fr,D. 35. Yellowish-grey withpale orangeslip.Worn.Curvingevertedrimwithslightflange. 49 gritty, D4,50-52 Decoratedbowlsor censers Rim fr,D. 32. Grittybuffclay. Flaringcurvedrimwithmillededge; pie-crustdecorationoutside. 50 Rim fr,D. 36. Fabric,shape and decorationas 50, but withadditionofsmallimpressedcirclesinsiderim 51 (made by strawend). Rim fr,D. c. 40. As no. 51, but withadditionofincisedwavylines. 52 D4,53 Bowlor tubrimfr,D. c. 71. Sandyorangeclay. Flat rimwithouterridge.A secondexamplein grey-buff fabric,pinkat thecore. withpinkcore; interiorsmoothed,exteriorrough. D4,54 Trough?rimto base fr,D. 72.5, H. 13. Pink-buff D4,55-65 Jugs Trefoilrim,neckand handlefr,D(max). 6.3. Yellowishbuffclay,pinkand greyat thecore; red-brown 55 slip. Grooveinsidelip; pinchedspout,ridgedhandle. 56 Rim, handle and funnelneckfr,D. 4. 1. Grittyorange-buff. High taperingneckwithexternalgroove. to orange.Bulgingneck.Also found:rimfr.ofa Rim and funnelneckfr,D. 4.4. Soft,grittyyellow-buff 57 second,D. 4.6. Rim and funnelneckfr,D. 6.5. Pink-buff 58 clay withpale buffslip. Evertedrimwithoverhang. 59 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 5.3. Grittyorange-brown clay.Two-handledjug (or smalltableamphora?). betweennos. 57 and 58; swellingneckwithhorizontalgroove. Evertedrim,intermediate 60 slip. Worn.Flaringrimwith (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 11.5. Soft,grittybuff,withorange-brown verticalridge.Ridged handle,verticaland straight. 60 (b) Base fr.ofanothersimilar. withdull ochre-brownslip. As 60 but lip more open, handle Rim and handle fr,D. 12. Sandy-buff 61 rounded. Thickerrimwithflange;moreangularhandle. Rim to belly,D. 13. Grittygrey-buff. 62 63 (a) Base withringfoot,D. 9. Buff.Raised floorwithcentraldepression.Fromjug as no. 62. (b) Base withringfoot,D. 7. Lightgrey.Similarto preceding.Thin-walled.Slopingfloorwithcentral buttonbeneath. and to grey-green Rim frs.ofsome24 others,D. 10-13. Fabricvariesfromsoftand gritty 64 lightgvrey-buff sandyor lightorange-brown. Small rimwith Five variationsare illustrated:(a) Rim, neckand handle,D. 12.5. Grittysandy-buff. outerridge,(b) Rim and handle,D. 12. Lightgreen-grey. Angledrim;highhandle,(c) Rim and handle, D. 13. Sandy-brown.Thick rimformingexternalflange;angularhandle, (d) Rim, D. 10. Sandy-buff. Finer.Low rimwithgrooveon top and outside,(e) Rim,D. 10. Buff.Groovedbelowriminsideand out. H. 34, D. 12. Made up complete.Grittypinkto buffclay; irregularsaggingshape. 65 Baggyjug/pitcher, Flaringrim,thickenedlip and angularstraphandle of amphoroidtype,plate 216. D4,66-75 Amphorae- local typesand similar. six amphorae,narrow-necked fromsomethirty Selectedfragments (66-68) and broadernecked(69-75) are listedhere.Most appear to be oflocal manufacture. Shortneck;plain loop handlesto broad shoulder. 66 (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 7. Grittycream-buff. Grooveon neck. (b) Base fr.fromthisor similaramphora;broad base withbuttonknob. Fabric as a. Similarto 66, but withhighercollarrim. 67 Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 7. Pale pinkto yellow-buff. Also found:necksof two otherssimilar.

ROMAN POTTERY

239

Rim, neck and handle fr,D. 6.6. Gritty,yellow-buff clay. Thickenedrim;neck groove;tallervertical handleswithgroove,risingto spurnear rimheight;a slendererform. Also found:necksof twootherssimilar,handlesof 18. 69 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10.6. Pinkwithwhitegrits,firedcreamat thesurface;micaceous.Rolled rim, cylindricalneck.Not local? 70 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 10. Red-brownto pink,withyellowishgreyslip.Rolled rimsetoffbygroove. Grooved,verticalhandlesrisingto rimheight.Not local? 71 (a) Rim, neckand handlefr,D. 13. Grittysandy-yellow. Heavy thickenedrimwithflattop. Wide strap handleswithslightridge,risingto near rim. (b) Base fr,fromthisor similaramphora,taperingto button(now missing). withwhiteslip. Shortfunnelneck;rimas 71. Shorter 72 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 11.6. Fine sandy-buff handles. sloping Shortcylindricalneck;verticalhandles,slightlyridged. 73 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 13. Cream-buff. 74 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 15. Pinkto buff,firedcreamat thesurface.As 73. 75 Rim, neckand handlesfr,D. 13. Orange-pink,withpale buffslip. As 73. micaceousfabric fabric(81, 84), ofsandy-brown D4,76-81 Amphorae- importedtypes.Waresofhard brick-red (76-77) and oflightgrittyporousfabric(79-80, 82e, f). Rim and neckto shoulderfrs.(notjoining),D. (rim) 13.7. Micaceous,sandy-brown. Tall conicalneckon 76 cylindricalbody;verticaldouble-rolledhandles.Also found:handle frs.ofsix otherssimilar. Rim and neck fr,D. 15. Grittysandy-brown, micaceous (as 76). Funnel rimwiththickenedlip. Tall 77 cylindricalneck. 78 withbuffslip.Thickenedlip; cylindricalneck;spur Rim, neckand handlefrs,D. 15. Grittysandy-buff, handles. Rim fr,D. 13. Porousgrittyware; pale coffeebrownwithverylargewhiteand browngrits.Thin white 79 slip. Thickenedlip. Strap handlesattachedat rim. 80 Collar rimfr,D. 12. Porousgrittyware,as 79. 81 Lowerbodyand base frs,D. (base) 6; H (près).38. Grittybrick-red fabricwithred-brown slip.Hollow peg foot. D4,82 Amphorabase types: (a) Low buttonbase,pale brownbuff(local), (b) Round buttonbase,pale pinkishbuff(local), (c) Higher pointedbase, pale red-brownd.(d) Pointedbase. Fine pink,firedcreamat surface;(e) Hollow peg base, concavebeneath,D. 7.5. Porousgritty ware,as 79. (f) Solid peg base, roundedat bottom,D. 6.2. slightly Porousgrittyware,as 79. D4,83 Amphorastand,D. 15. Pale buff. D4,84 Amphorastand,D. 14.5. Brick-redfabricwithyellow-buff slip.

68

Deposit D5 A rubbleand rubbishtiplyingon thecourtyardflooroftheSoutheastHouse, linkedwiththe cisternfill(DepositD4) by severaljoiningfragments. The originalexcavationlevel numbers XII in plates are 8 and 9 (also continued thewestbaulk), 183, 213. This is a substantialgroupof material,veryhomogeneousin character,not a destruction deposit proper but evidentlyderivingfromthe clearance of such a deposit,ratherthan a slowlyaccumulatingrubbishtip. Though basicallyfragmentary, the group representing numerous in E B a fuller the ware. It to cover preserves profiles, especially popular Sig appears of in the wares use towards the middle of the A.D. than one of the better 2nd century range any in treated but otherwise has little new to and is full, add, preserveddeposits(Dl-4), already in thesensethatthepopularformsare verynumerous.For thisreasonitseemsbest monotonous to treatit summarilyand statistically, to the other depositsalmost entirelyfor referring but this to earlier and laterperiodsin termsofthepopularity illustration, using group compare offorms. Otherfindsfromthiscontextare as follows:lampsL90, 107, 124, 183, 217, 252, 262, 280,

240

ROMAN POTTERY

311, 375/317,344, 347, 359, 386, 391, 393-4, 397, 424, 463, 476, 494-5, 506, 556, 571, 588, 603-4, 617, 655; coinC5; objectsin stoneS49; faienceV2, 4-5; boneE71-4; metalM200, 206, debrisM574-6; glassG85, 112, 136, 159, 213, 219, 263, 270, 295, 371, 390; and metallurgical 284. 223, 234, Thefineware

There were324 fragments ofsigillataand otherslippedware,distributed as follows:E Sig B 58%, Çandarli 17%, local and unidentified 12%, Italian sigillataand E Sig A each 5%, Cypriotand Pontictogether3%. Mostofthelastthreecategoriesare scrappyand assumedto be survivals.One smallItalian bowlfragment offine dark pinkfabricand mattred slip (Goudineau Type 38) is illustrated(plate 213) forits late and degenerate on to thesurfacejust above theflange.Two Cypriotkrater rosetteflattened appliqué decoration,- a rudimentary occurred,one withgrooveddecoration,as A2,23, the othera verylarge astragalfoot(D. 6). For two fragments Italian stamps,see Y3 and Y27. formsare included, The E Sig B, all excepta fewsurvivors B2 ware,formsthebulkofthismaterial.The following in orderofpopularity(by sherdcountratherthanthenumberofvasesrepresented, sincethereare comparatively fewjoins): Form60 ( x 36), Form80 ( x 30, one black), Form 58 ( x 10), Forms71 and 76 (each x 8), Form 70 is foundon ( x 7), Form62B ( x 2), Forms73 and 78 (each x 1). No applique decorationoccurs;coarserouletting and palmettesas in therimsofForms70 and 62B and on threebase fragments only;stampsare confinedto rosettes DepositHI. to be attributedto the small flangedbowl Type LI 9. The Çandarli ware includesa numberof rimfragments These muchresembleItalian sigillata,but have no grooves;theyhave a rathermattoutsidesurfaceshowingwheel marks.Rim fragments ofthisshape number13 (9 in theearlier,lightfabric,theothersdeep plumred). The heavy, squarishringbases includetwoin a granular,lightbufffabric,somewhatlikethatofE Sig A (a variantnotedby are theshallowdish,L9 ( x 12,all in thelate fabric) Hayes in hisdiscussionofthisware). Otherformsrepresented each x 4). and thelarge bowlsL26A/26B(base fragments, of threeKnidian carinatedbowls,as D4,15. Not includedin thecountabove are thefragments Coarseware

bya handlecount).Seven (over50 cookpotsare represented, Againa largesampleoffamiliartypes,all fragmentary in quantity(no. of rimfrs.given): commontypesare represented 1. Fryingpans, as D4,35 ( x 18), two withpie-crusthandle, threewithscrewhandle. Also cookingdish with flange,as U67-8 ( x 2, one withpie-crusthandle), and one red-slippeddish as U69. and carinated,withturnedout lip as D4,22-23 ( x 29). About50% are ofbrick-red 2. Casseroles,straight-sided togrey;onlytwohave groovesoutside.Alsofoundwerefour fabricwithmattgreysurface,theothersred-brown otherswithflangeas D4,24. 3. Lids withcrudelyformedknobs,as D4,25-26 ( x 15); red-browngrittyfabric,sometimesfiredgrey. 4. Cookpotswithevertedrim,as D4,32 ( x 71), 75% in pinkto redfabricwithgreysurface,25% in brownware. thatsomecasserolefragments This is clearlythepopularformofthisperiod(even allowingforthepossibility withthesame rimtypemay have been includedhere). 5. Cookpotswithflangeand sharplyincurvinglip, profileas D4,29 ( x 50), 56% in pinkto redfabricwithmatt greysurface,44% in brownware. 6. Cookpotswithtriangularrimsection,as Tl,19 ( x 13); grey,pinkand grey,and brownfabricabout equally represented. surface.Two have spoutso tightly 7. Trefoiljugs, as D4,55 ( x 14), fabricas no. 6, exceptone firedsandy-buflfat pinchedas to be bridged. Other formsincludethe cookpotwithverticalrim,slightlyincurving( x4), and thin-walled jugletsas D4,17 (x9). The plain wares

in similarquantity,and are equallyfragmentary. These are represented Theyhave littleto add to thefulltreatment is a summarylistofthecommontypes(withthenumberofexamplesfound ofthecisterndepositD4. The following givenin brackets): 1. Straight-sided utilitybowls,as D4,43-48 ( x 49). 2. Pithoidjars ( x 19), 14 withpie-crust.

ROMAN POTTERY

241

3. Pedestalbowls/censers ( x 13). Two have flaringpie-crustrim,as D4,50-51; see D5,l-2. 4. Jugsetc. ( x 51 withringfoot;x 14 withflatbase). One smalljug in pinkfabric,D. 5, has a metallicsilver-pink slip,perhapsin imitationofglass?Profileas D4,62. 5. Flasks/bottles as D4,56-59 ( x 4). 6. Perfume/unguent jars withsmallflatbase, as VilD 168-170 ( x 2). 7. Tub withbuckethandle at sides,as VilD 174-176 ( x 2). 8. Beehiveextensionring( x 1; D. c. 25; W. 6). 9. Amphorastands( x 5). 10. Amphorae( x 25). Most commonare thenarrow-necked typeas D4,66-67; local, withcollarrim,sometimes hardlythickenedand markedoffby a groove,D. 6-7 ( x 10). Also apparentlylocal is a parallelwide-mouthed variety,as D4,71a, D. 12-14 ( x 12). But anothersevenofthisformare foundin brightorange,vermilionred, darksandybuffand hard pinkfabric.Largerstill,D. 17, is a heavyrimwithpeaked handles,formas D4,78. One largefr.ofa different type,withheavyflaringrim,largehandleofoval sectionparallelsU157 (Spanish?). Catalogue

D5,l

D5,2

rimand bodyfr,D. 38. Soft-fired Pedestalbowl/censer plain buffclay,selfslip. Pie-crustdecoration.Cf. VilD 111, no. 193,fig.16. VegasForm64. As no. 1. D. 34.5. This has a moreelaboratelygrooveddecoration,withthreewavylinespreserved outside, anotherwithdots insidethe rimand verticalwavylinesinsidethe body (one preserved).

D6 - Other Hadrianic Material PLATES183, 213.

A numberof otherlevelsin TrenchesI-VIII and X-XII (29 levelsin all, comprising47 baskets)containedpotteryofHadrianiccharacter,as alreadydefinedin DepositsD 1-5. Many of thesewerewash levelswhichcontainedredepositeddestruction material,see forinstance SectionC no. 5, SectionE no. 4 and SectionH no. 2. Publicationof thismaterialhere is limitedto a fewbriefremarkson its generalnature, relatingit to the betterdeposits,and to a catalogueof ten typesnot previouslynoted. Thefineware

to 59% ofthefineware.The formsare virtuallyrestricted AgaintheE Sig B wareis themostcommon,comprising Form80 ( x 21) and Form60 ( x 15), but one fragment occursofeach of Forms59, 71 and 76. There is also one ofa dish(D6,5) intermediate betweenForms51 and 77,withdoubleconvexprofileas Form51, butthickfragment has lug handle at rimand coarse rouletting. walled and withverticalrimas Form 77; it is over-fired, bowl Form L19 ( x 11), The Çandarli ware (23%) is likewiserestricted to two main types- the hemispherical withthreefragments ofthelaterformH3; and thelargebowlFormL26B ( x 3), withone fragment ofthelaterform HI. Thereis also one rimfragment ofthebowlwithflatrimas L27 (see Hayes EAA discussionunderFormL26B). Otherwares(19%) includeE Sig A ( x 5), Italian ( x 10), Cypriot/Pontic ( x 5), Knidian ( x 3), N. African( x 3). and maybe consideredas largelyresidual.Two piecesofthin-walled NorthItalian grey They are veryfragmentary ware are cataloguedas IG 15a, b. The coarsewareoccursin thesame formsas in DepositD5 and in similarproportions: type1 ( x 31) 53%, type2 ( x 5) 8%, type3 ( x 3) 6%, type4 ( x 14) 24%, and type5 ( x 5 ) 8%. The plain wareis also similar.I notetheoccurrenceofthetraditionalflat-basedpedestalbowlsor censers( x 3), and of two perfume/unguent jars(?) as VilD 168-70; bothhave small projectingflatbases. Catalogue Italiansigillataplate 213 Moulded dishrimfr,D. c. 18. Fabric4. Shortverticalridgesoutsiderim,oblique oneswithdotsinside.X D6,l 2, Pit 1. D6,2 Hemisphericalbowl rimfr,D. 13. Fabric 4. Degeneraterosetteappliqué. X 2, Pit 1. Conical bowl fr,D. 7.5. Fabric 3. Rosetteand dog appliqué. X 2, Pit 2. D6,3

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242

ESigB D6,4

D6,5 D6,6

excellentwaxygloss.X Dish profileexceptfloor,D. 31. Form53. Incurvingwall,exteriorlightlyfacetted, 2, Pit 1. to black.Double convexprofileas Form51, but thick-walled Large dishrimfr,D. 28. Firedgrey-brown XII 7. and withverticalrimas Form 77. Lug handle on rim;coarserouletting. Medium dish,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 16.5. Worn.Form 76. I(N) 10.

Çandarliware

D6,7

Hemisphericalcup, rimand base frs.notjoining,D. 12.5. FormH3. X 2, Pit 1. plate 213.

Otherslippedware

D6,8

D6,9

Bowl withflangedrim,rimfr,D. 18. Dark orange-brown, pure;slipofsame colour.Paler thanE Sig B. Semi-lustrous but not waxy.Originuncertain.Cf. A2,31 forsimilarAugustanform.XI 3. Stand(?) fr,D. 1.5-2.5. Hard pinkishbuffclay,red-brownslip,flaking.Solid. Groovedspirally.Startof handle. XII 7.

Plain ware

D6,10

slip.XI 3. Flagon,rimtoshoulderand base frs,notjoining,H (rest).20. Pale buffclay;traceofsilver-white

Mid to late 2nd century A.D. (Antonine-Aurelian)- Deposits Rl-3 and partialrebuildoftheNorthHouse,overthetopof This period,whichsaw a re-occupation the Hadrianic destructionlevels,was apparentlya time of slow regrowth,of continuing at and nearthesiteand perhapsofbusinessas usual.Thereis no destruction depositof industry the periodto comparewiththosethatboth precededand followed.Rather,the materialis beneaththelatestfloors theHadrianic,and stratified preservedin isolateddeposits,overlying materialis of the NorthHouse, whichbelongto the early3rd centuryA.D. Contemporary at construction evidence indicates half south of the from the site, althoughfragmentary lacking theHouse ofDiamond Frescoes,quicklyfollowedby destruction(see underDeposit S2.) or cist The beststratified group,DepositRl, comesfroma smallrectangularcompartment unit whichsurvivedsealed beneaththe northwall of the courtyard,the only architectural in area. this to this attributable phase specifically OtherdepositswithintheNorthHouse occuras packingfillbeneaththefloorsofRooms II, IV, V and VI, as well as beneaththe courtfloor(I), wheretherewas a moresubstantial pithossunkinto the terracingup and deep fillwas needed around the large water-storage as R2. are treated These at of the the centre Deposit together courtyard. ground A thirdcontemporary and homogeneouslot comesfromthe disusedpaved surfaceof the street(VI,5). This was blockedoffat the east end duringthe latestoccupationperiodand seemsto have formedan internalpassageway.See DepositR3. Deposit Rl (Antonine-Aurelian)II Pit 2 (cist) PLATES184, 216.

This is a smallwell-sealeddepositin thecistfill.Since thenorthwall ofthecourtran overthe periodofthecourt.The depositconsists topofthecist,thefillpre-datesthefinalconstruction ofcoarseand plainware.Finewarewas represented almostentirely only:E sig bysixfragments B Form80, tworimfrs,D. 16 and 18, one firedpinkto creaminside,bothwornand flaking; and Çandarli,base frs.offormsHI and H2, and Rl,l below; also found,glassbottleG298.

ROMAN POTTERY Rl,l

243

bowl,(a) rimfr,D. 12.5.Pale reddishbuff, Çandarlihemispherical granularbody,deep redgloss,dulland scoredinside,(b) base fr,froma similarbowl,D. 4.2. Crudeconcentric grooveson thefloor;clumsysquare to H3. cut ringbase, pointedcone beneath.Form LI 9, transitional

Coarseware

R 1,2 Rl,3 Rl,4

Rl ,5

Rl,6 Rl,7 Rl,8 Rl,9

Thin-walledjuglet67/P11, H. 11. Brick-red claywithwhitegritsand somegold mica;firedpale mattgrey outside,exceptnear base (due to stacking).As D 1,7. Mint condition. at surface;self Jugrimto nearbase,D. 6.5. Hard, darkgrey,ratherpure;somegoldmica;firedred-brown at lower carinated collar to black. warm brown metallic with body, slightribbing ridge, Slight drips, slip above belly.Rim pinchedslightlyout of the round. firedmatt whitishgreyat Casserole67/P98,D. 14. About three-quarters complete.Pale brown-buff, surface.Flat rim,angularcarination,crudestriphandlesapplied beneathrim. togreyclaywithdarkand whiteinclusions; Cookingdish,D. 28.5. Completeexceptfloor.Dark red-brown micaceous,withmuchsilverand somegoldmica. Upperwall smoothedoutside;leftroughbelow;pale redbrownslip inside,also micaceous.As D3,10. Also found:fr.of another,D. 29, withoutwall facetting. Red-brownwithsmall dark gritsand some gold mica; Cookpot67/P100,H. 27. About three-quarters. firedpale greyat surface.Collar neckwithgrooveat carinationbelow;handleswithsuspensionrings(one missing).Slightribbing.For lid, see Rl,8. Cookpot,profileexceptbase, D. 19. Fabric as no. 6; formas D3,13. Lid profile,D. 15. Pale buff,gritty;burnt.Perhapsbelongswithno. 6. Ribbed amphora, handle and body frs,D. 18-20. Dark red-brownclay, micaceous; matt surface, chocolatebrowninside,greyto black outside.As S 1,9.

Plain ware

Rl,10 Rl,l 1 Rl,12

somemica; cream-brown Bowl rimfr,D. 18. Fine pale brown-buff, slip. Surfacestainedblotchypurple, perhapsfromburning.PerhapsimitatesÇandarli shallowdish,FormH2. selfslip. Smoothupperbody,withvery Jug 67/P10, H. 18.8. Completeexceptrimfrs.Pale brown-buff, slightribbing;knifescoringsbeneathcarination. Bucket67/P99,completeexceptbodyfrs,H. 27. Local pale brown-buff clay and slip. Round at base but oval at rim,D. 22.5-28. Also found:large bowl frs,as D4,45.

Deposit R2, packing fill beneath the Severan floors of the North House PLATES185-6.

The followinglevelsare treatedtogetheras Deposit R2, and comprisebelow floorfillfrom Rooms I-VI: I(N) 11 Pit 3; I(S) 9-12; II 7, 7b, 8 and Pit 8; III 3 and 9a; IV 2, 2a, 2b and 3; IV/V(E) baulk 2; V baulk 1 and 3(part). Inevitablyin the processof terracing,fillingand rebuildingthereis some disturbanceof earlier deposits, and these fills do contain a substantialamount (about 10-15%) of recognisablyearliermaterial;howeverthesepieces are generallyscrappyand are ignored one stampedbase) and two (fourwithrelief, exceptin thecase offiveItaliansigillatafragments E Sig B profilesofformsnot preservedelsewhere(R2,l-5). The fullestand bestpreserveddepositcomesfrombeneaththecourtfloor(I(N) 12 Pit 3), and theseare thepieceslistedin thisdeposit,and illustratedwheretheysupplementDeposit Rl. PiecesfromRooms II-VI are notedundereach ware or typeon a statisticalbasis only, interest. exceptforthoseofintrinsic Chronology

Althoughthisdepositdoes representa transitionalphase betweenthe Hadrianic and the and in therangeofitsfineand coarsewares,it shouldnotbe Severan,bothstratigraphically

ROMAN POTTERY

244

taken as a closed group datable to a particularpoint within this period of years. A consideration bothofthequantityofresidualpiecesand ofthelatestfeatures, the particularly ribbedcoarsewareofSeverantype,as R2,13-14,suggestthatwe mayhave a spreadofwaresof thistransitional period,depositedperhapsquite late in the 2nd centuryA.D. Alsofoundin theselevels:lampsL99, 301,307-8, 333,388,395, 661,692; coinC110; faience debris V9-19; metalobjectsM191, 199,226,231,314-5, 324, 331,351,377,402; metallurgical M544; and bone E83-94; glassG70, 128, 166, 183, 191, 195, 277. Catalogue The ware fine

Fine slippedwares occurredin the followingproportions(of a total count of 190 pieces): E Sig A 4%, Italian as Knidian. Sigillata18%, E Sig B 21%, Çandarli 41%, local and unidentified 16%. One piece was identified The first threecategoriescan be regardedas largelyresidual.Thoughnonewerediscarded,theseare notincluded in thecatalogueexceptforfragments ofItalian reliefware,a stampedbase and twoprofiles ofE Sig B notpreserved elsewhere(R2,l-5). The Çandarliware is treatedmorefully. Italian reliefbowls,fourbodyfrs,perhapsfromthreebowls,D. (a/b) c. 20, (c) 7-10, (d) 9-12. All are Fabric2. (a) Vintagescene:head and torsoofmale figure,treadinggrapesin vineyard,claqueurin right hand; borderof spiralsabove. Mould almostidenticalto that of C2,l, but fabricquite different, (b) Similar;head and torsowithpartofvine to right;probablyfromsame bowl as (a), (c) Vine leaves,(d) Olive above mouldingwithgrooves. From I(S) 11 and 13. Mid 1stA.D. survivals,plate 209. Italiancup base fr,D. 4.1. Fabric2. StampinplantapedisMSIT. I (S) 13. 1stA.D. survival.See Y55. plate R2,2 124 no. 55. R2,3 bowl,rimand bodyfr,D. 18. Hard pinkishbuff,granular;littlemica; semilustrous Large hemispherical gloss,slightlymottledinside,scoredoutside.Late Italian? of thisware were found,all perhapssurvivalsby now. Representedare Forms R2,4-5 E Sig B 41 fragments 59,60,61,70,77and 80. The followingtwo profileshave not occurredin earlydeposits: 4 Shallowdish,D. 16. Profileexceptcentreoffloor.Flakingslip,pockedinside.Trace ofpoorrouletting on rim.Form61; later 1stcenturyA.D. 5 to Large dish,D. 29. Profileexceptcentreof floor.Pale, flakingmicaceousfabric;glossorange-brown black,burnt.Form 77; early2nd centuryA.D. R2,l

Çandarliware

In all 78 fragments werefound,and thoughlessthan50% ofthetotalslippedware in thesefills,thisis surelythe commonfineware in use in thisperiod.Most are in thelate fabric,dark plumred withmattred slipof thesame ofthelargebasin,FormHI, in a paler,moregranularfabric. colour;butincludedare threerimand base fragments Formsrepresented are HI (seven,see U 18-19), H2 (twenty-seven), H3 (sixteen),H4 (foursmallrimfrs,see U25). Two of thecommonformsare illustrated. R2,6 R2,7

Shallowdish rimfr,D. 19. Late fabric.Base restoredfromnon-joiningfr.FormH2. bowl,profile,D. 13. Late fabric.Lower rimthanRl,l. FormH3. Flangedhemispherical

Knidianware

R2,8

Relieflagynos,shoulderfr,D. 10-13. Pale brown,greyat thecore;lustrousand metallicchestnutbrown surface.Vine leafin relief.I(S) 13. plate 213.

Local slippedware

R2,9

R2,10 R2,l 1 R2,12

mattsurfacewithslipin and out,firedblotchy bowl,rimto nearbase,D. 14. Orange-buff; Hemispherical pale red and grey. mattblack paint,flaking.Residual. Thin-walleddish,profile,D. 25. Fine pale brown-buff; rim,rimto lowerbody,D. 32. Pale reddishbrown,greyat thecore;some Large bowl withoverhanging largegrits,micaceous.Traces of red slip,as E Sig B, insideand out. brightvermilionred to brown slip. Wheel marks Flagon, rim and neck fr,D. 6. Soft orange-buff; resembling groovesbeneathrim.

ROMAN POTTERY

245

Thin-walledcoarseware

R2,13 R2,14

Ribbedjar, profileexceptcentreof base, D. 9.5. Fine pale brownto grey;surfaceburnt. two withmattgrey Also foundin I(N) 12 Pit 3, frs.offourothers,D. 9-10, red-brownto brick-red, surface.Five othersfrompartsof thefill.Cf. S 1,5. surface,twowithpurplish-brown Ribbedjuglet,base of two,D. 3.3 and 4. Purplish-brown or red,firedgreyon outersurface.As S 1,6. Frs. offourothersin thefillof Rooms I, III and IV.

Coarseware

R2,15 R2,16

R2,17

R2,18 R2,19 R2,20 R2,21

Cookpotprofile,D. 19. Pale brownwithgreyoutsidesurface;lightlyribbed.Formas Rl,7. Rim and bodyfrs.of twoothers,bothD. 19. Body sherdsofa fourthwithmorepronouncedribbing, brilliantred fabric,firedgreyoutside. Casserole,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 22.5. Red-brown,firedgreyoutside.Sharp carination;ribbed below. A secondexample,near complete(67/P44),D. 20, in brighterred fabric,comesfromI(S) 11. Also found:frs.of threeothersin brownware,D. 20-21. silverand gold mica; pale red-brown Cookingdish,profile,D. 34. Red-browngritty; slipinside;bevelled above base outside.Pompeian-redware? Also rimfrs.oftwoothers,D. 28 and 29; one ribbed;bothburnt,and fora completeexamplesee U65, fromIV 2 (baulk), whichmay belonghere. firedgreyat outersurface;partlyburnt.No handlepreserved. Fryingpan profile,D, 29. Brick-red gritty, Ribbed. Two others,D. 30, withoutribbing. Lid fr,D. 25. Hard, pinkgranularunslipped.Firedpale greyat outeredge ofrim.N. African,LRP 208, Form 196A. Fire screen/brazier standfr,D. (base) c. 20, irregular;H (près). 7.5. Hard, brick-redto pink,grittywith some mica; greyat surface.About half of circumference preserved,includinga finishededge, foran opening,and air hole (D. 2) to leftof this.Trace of burningon theinside. Otherformsrepresented are thefollowing: trefoil jug, as D4,55, two rimto shoulderfrs,brick-redgrittywithmattgreysurface. Ribbed amphora,as S 1,9,handle and rim,D. 4.5. flakydark-brownware fullof tinyparticlesof mica; at surface;the handle of anotherfromRoom III fill. grey-black

Plain ware

R2,22 R2,23

somemica; firedcreamto whiteat surface;wetsmoothed. Utilitybowl profile,D. 30. Hard pinkish-red, Profileof a second,D. 37; softorangefabric,cream-buff at surface. Pithoidjar, rim to shoulderfr,D. 27.5. Pale sandy buff,whiteslip. Grooved decorationon neck of intersecting wavylines.

Otheropen shapesrepresented are: smalllids (two),thebucket(handlefr.in orangefabric)as R 1,12, and pedestal bowlsas Cl,73 (two). Closedshapesincludethebaggyjug, as R 1,11 (frs.ofeight,mostwhiteware,one orange-buff, one yellow);flagonrim,as R2,12, and amphorae- rimfrs.ofeight,all narrowmouthed,sixwiththickenedrim,D. thickenedand markedoffbya groove,D. c. 5 and 6.5, cf. 7-10, as D4,68,inwhiteware;twowithcollarrim,slightly D4,67

'Deposit5R3 - material fromotherlate 2nd A.D. contexts PLATES186, 217.

I. Lyingon the paved surfaceof the road, and representing the latestperiodofits use as a before blocked about the of the 3rd centuryA.D., was founda throughway, being beginning smallgroupofverysimilarcharacter(VI 5). The occurrenceofR3,2 and 3 suggestthatthisfill belongsto theveryend of the 2nd centuryA.D. Included also were lamps L295, 353, 460, 531, 591, 601, 633; coins G21, 61, 78?, 173 (AntoninusPius); terracottas TC80-1; metalM210, 230, 236; and bone E95-8. The finewarewas all Çandarli,exceptforthreeresidualpieces(E Sig A and Italiansigillata)

246

ROMAN POTTERY

and R3,3-4. The ÇandarliincludesFormsHI (sixexamples),H2 (two),H3 (seven),H4 (five) and H5 (one possiblerimfr,D. 10). The following are noted,to supplementthematerialofDepositsRl and 2. R3,l R3,2 R3,3 R3,3a

Hemisphericalbowl 67/P247,profile,D. 9.1. Late fabric.Clumsilygrooved.TransitionalfromL19-H3. crimsonslip. Dish profile(non-joining frs.)D. 23. Ratherpure,plumred;a littlesilvermica; thin-walled; FormH4, commonin early3rd A.D. deposits. Lid rimfr,D. 37. Hard, dark red granular;lustrousorange-redslip on theoutside;rimfiredpale grey. N.Africanred-slipware,LRP Form 182 (later2nd - mid 3rd A.D.). Vault pin,head fr.D.(disc) 9, (stem)4.5. Local clay. Main sectionofpin and terminaldisc missing.See discussionunderU165. plate 217.

The coarsewareincludesfragments oflids,cookpots,cookingdishesand oinochoai,as DepositR2; theplainware are ribbedor grooved. is veryscrappy,but it is worthnotingthatmost(c.78%) of thefragments

II. Fromthesouthwestyard,overlyingtheTrajanic pit (DepositTl) come thefollowing: R3,4

R3,5

Knidian reliefbowl 67/P249,rimto lowerbody,D. 12. Pale brownfabricwitha fewlimegrits,slightly micaceous.Matt orange-brown slip insideand out,worn.Mould made; designofvinesborderedabove and below by grooves;traceofsimilar(?) mouldeddesignbelow carination.Cf. LRP 412; SpitzerD.C. xi 1942,162-92.Joiningfrs.ofthisvase werefoundin theupperlevelsabove (IX 2). plate 213. Hesperia Fish plate 67/P134,L(pres). 25.5, L(rest). 30, W(est). 20; about one third.Hard lightred clay, rather a typefrom slip,flaking.Two fishin reliefon thefloor,rosettebeneath.Local, imitating pure,red-brown thePonticRegion (Hayes). Joiningfrs.fromVII 1-4, IX 6 and themake-upofthecourtfloor(I(S) 8), whoseuse was of Severandate, plate 217.

Also fromthe make-upof the courtfloor(I 7 and 8) and perhapspre-datingits use in the Severanperiod: R3,6

PonticSigillata(?),small rectangulardish fr.67/P264,H. 2.2, l(pres). 4.6. Fine red-brownwithgood orange-brown gloss.Low ringfoot(rectangular);ridgebetweengroovesaroundfloor.Flat rim,slightly raised,withthreegroovesand mouldedfloraldecoration,plate 217.

North House Room III, Deposit SI (Severan, - early 3d century A.D.) plates 187-9,218,220. The latestphase ofoccupationon thissiteis bestrepresented by a smallgroupfoundin the corner(III 1 snd2), see plan NorthHouse on and overthefloorofRoom III, in thenortheast were in on the floor plate Found situ at 22(b). SI, 1-5, 10, 14, 17-18, 20-23. of beneaththe 1967surface,or terminus The fillin Room III was encountered immediately the 1942excavation,and consistedofloosegreyishearthwithbuildingdebris- charcoal,wall plaster,marbleslab fragments and much brokenpottery.This fill,along with the floor or fromhastyabandonment a minorand localiseddestruction, from have resulted deposit,may and subsequentbuildingcollapse;elsewherein the buildingthe latestlevelsratherindicate at thesouthofthesite.Fromthefill structures abandonment,as do thosein thecontemporary ofRoom III come Sl,7-9, 11-13, 15-16, 19, 25, 27 and 31. waste thisfillwas continuouswitha tipofash,charcoaland metallurgical Stratigraphically outsidethe thresholdin thestreetto theeast; one jug (Sl,6) and severalamphorafragments debrisis M581-600. (Sl,24 and 26, 28-30) fromhereare included;the metallurgical Thus Deposit SI (SI, 1-30) consistsof the Room III floordepositalong withthe material fromthefilllyingoverthisin Room III and extendingthroughthedoorintothestreetto the east; theseare treatedas one unit. The samefloorcontinuedto thewestintoRoom II, whichcontainedonlyscrappymaterial,

ROMAN POTTERY

247

abandonmentratherthandestruction and to thesouthintoRooms IV and V, whichsuffered and werepartiallyerodedaway at thislevel.Piecesfromthelatterarea and fromthecourtfloor to thewestare listedwithDepositS2 (nos. U3, U37 and U53b) and formpartoftheevidence forthelatestoccupationof thesebuildings. The chronology of thedeposit

DepositSI bearsa generalresemblanceto theVilla Dionysusfloordepositsand to thetopfills in theRoyal Road (North)(Hayes). It shouldthenbe approximately withthese contemporary 3rd The considerations that it should be (late2nd/early A.D.). following suggest placedearlyin the3rdcenturyA.D., closertoAgoraGroupJ (early3rdA.D.) thanto GroupK (mid/late3rd A.D.). The Çandarli bowls,Sl,l and 2, are a standardearly3rd centuryA.D. shape; Sl,3 imitatinga 2nd A.D. E Sig B dishshape (Form60) is a longlivedformand notout ofplace in theearly3rdcentury.The ribbedmicaceousjars, Sl,4 and 5, findparallelsin AgoraGroupK, thejuglet S 1,6 in Agora GroupJ. The commonfrying pan SI, 10 is a long-lived2nd century but does not occur as late as the Herulian whereas theflat-rimmed levels, type, typeSI, 11 is the 3rd The absence of African Red ware of the fine('LRA') already centurytype(Hayes). slip common after c. also a indicates date 240-250 before the mid 3rd A.D., variety, century.The coin evidence,C182-3 (330-335 A.D.), also pointsto a date in the 2nd quarterof the 3rd centuryA.D. OtherfindsincludedlampsL129, 232, 297, 322-3, 416, 422?,425, 434, 441, 457, 469, 474, 480, 520, 565, 594, 615; coins C166, 174 (AntoninusPius), 182 (ConstantiusII), 183 (Constans);objectsin bone E99; metalM221, 319, 363; the metallurgicaldebrisM581-600; glassG242, 297A. Catalogue Çandarliware

S 1,1 Sl,2

Large dish67/P151,D. 36. About twothirds.Hard redfabric,smallflecksofsilvermica,darkerredslip. Scratchmarkon floorabove foot.FormH4. Small dish profile67/P148,D. 22. As no. 1. Wornand chipped. Also found:profileof a third,D. 18.5. OtherÇandarliformswererepresented in thefillabove thefloorand outsidethethreshold byfragments as follows(24 frs.):HI (one, D. 34), H2 (two,D. 17 and 22), H3 (6 bases), H5 (one, D. 11).

Otherslippedware

S 1,3

Dish 67/P145,D. 26.5. About one half.Hard brownishred fabric;somesilvermica; good red-brownto maroonslip, slightlymetallicwherethickest.Two grooves;slightledge at junctionof wall and floor. ImitatingE Sig B dish shape, Form60.

Thin-walledcoarseware

S 1,4 SI, 5 S 1,6 S 1,7 S 1,8

Ribbedjar 67/P30,H. 9.4. Intact.Hard-fired red,micaceousclay;surfacepurple-brown inside,greenishgreyoutside.One-handled.Cf. AgoraK103 (mid 3rd A.D.). Ribbedjar 67/P25,H. 9.3. Intact.As no. 4, butfiredgreythroughout, and withouthandle.Cf.AgoraK101 (mid 3rd A.D.). From thefillcame fiveothers(threenear complete),H. 9.5-10; also thefollowing: Ribbedjuglet67/P29,H. 11.9. Aboutthreequarters.Hard red,gritty clay,withsomemica,firedpurplebrowninside,greyoutsideabove stackingline. Cf. AgoraJ43 (2nd-early3rd A.D.) Otherjuglets(a) Rim and handlefr,D. 5.7. Hard red,firedgreyat surface;glossyblackslipoutside,rough fr.comesfromthecourtfloor,I(N) 8. (b) Rim fr,D. 7. Hard pink, (cf.blisterware). A second,non-joining firedpale greyoutside.Formas S 1,7a. (c) Rim fr,D. 9. Pale brown,firedpale greyoutside.Higherlip. Mug withwhiteslip decoration,base fr,D. 3. Hard red,firedgreyoutsideabove stackingline. Dots in applied white.Cf. AgoraM 147. plates 220 and 193(withDeposit U).

ROMAN POTTERY

248 S 1,9

A rimfr.withcollaredneck,as U33b, also occurredin thisdeposit. Thin-walled,ribbedamphora,neckto base frs,notjoining,D(max). 20, H (rest).44.5. Hard, darkbrown fabric,micaceousand flaky;greysurface.Cf. AgoraJ47. plate 220. Frs. of two othersalso foundin thisdeposit.For rimtypesof thisware see U60-61.

Coarseware

S 1,10 S 1,11 S 1,12 S 1,13

S 1,13a S 1,14 SI, 15 SI, 16

Fryingpan 67/P153,D. 27. Made up complete.Hard, light-redgrittyclay; pinkto greysurface;burnt. Screwhandle.Trace ofpotter'ssignaturebeneath,plate 220. Cf.AgoraGl 15 (2nd and Pearly3rdA.D.). withdarkand whitegrits,somemica; red-brown Cookingdish,D. 30. Aboutone half.Coarsered-brown, slip insideand overrim;burnt.Pompeian-redware? Also found:frs.of threeothers,D. 27-29. Lid, brokenaway at rim,D (rest). 18. Heavy, grey-brown gritty. darkgreyto greengranular;gold and silvermica. Well made; smooth Lid, knobonly,D. 3.4. Hard-fired, outersurface. in one fabricfiredgreyat thesurface;spoutpinchedtightly, Trefoiljugs; rimsand necksoftwo;brick-red case touching.Cf. D 1,9. somemica; pale brownsurface;slightribbingbelow Casserole67/P147,D. 21. Aboutone half.Brick-red, XIV 139 no. K233 pl. 40, dated 3rd A.D. carination.Cf. Pergamon Also found:frs.offourothers. Cookpotrimfrs,D. 19.5. Hard red;greyoutersurface;largeflecksofgold mica. Rim turneddown,slight ribbing. Also found:frs.of twoothers. pale redsurface;silverand gold mica. Thickevertedrim;external Cookpotrimfr,D. 15. Hard brick-red; groove.

Plainware Platter67/P150,D. 40. Aboutone half.Softorange-buff clay,buffslip. Crudelymade; undersiderough; 51. 17 paringmarkson wall. clay,whitishouter 51. 18 Straightsidedutilitybowl67/P146,D. 34.5. Made up complete.Soft,pale orange-buff undersideleftrough.Slightribbinginside. surface;wet-smoothed; Also found:largefrs.ofa secondsimilarfromthefloordeposit(67/P149),and twoothersfromthefill and withoutgrooveson the rim). (one havinghorizontalhandleswiththumbimpression, S 1,19 clay. Two wavylinesincisedon rim utilitybowl,D. 46. About one half.Fine cream-buff Straight-sided betweengrooves. Otheropen shapesin plain creamware includecensersand bucket.Decoratedrimfrs.oftwocensers,one with D. 35, cf.D5,l-2. Bucket,handleand wall fr,D. 22 at roulettedrim,D. 34, one withpie crustand rouletting, flaring handle;hard pinkclay; incisedwavyline. Cf. Rl,12. Stamnosbase to neck67/P26D(max). 17,H(rest). 28. Soft,pale buffclay;incisedwavyline;wheelridge marks. Sl,21-31 Amphorae.Nos. 22-25, 27-29 and 30(?) appear to be oflocal fabric. S 1,21 Table amphora67/P155,H. 42. Completeexceptone handle and floor.Hard pinkishred, micaceous; creamsurface.Broad cylindricalneck.Slightwheelridging.Cf. AgoraM 177 (2nd and 3rd A.D.) slip. Base nipplein depression. 51.22 Amphora67/P154,H. 41.5. About one half.Softbuffclay, cream-buff Pronouncedribbingon shoulder.Cf. AgoraG197 (2nd A.D.) and M102 (early3rd A.D.). VilD type2. rim.Ware as 51.23 Amphora67/P152,rimto shoulderand bodyfrs,D(max). 30, H(rest). 65. Shortneck,offset Sl,22. S 1,24 Rim to shoulder,D. 6. Pinkishclay firedcreamat the surface;smoothed.Straightlip, slopinghandles, slightridging.As S 1,22. neck;thickenedlip; vertical S 1,25 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 8.4. Hard pinkwithwhiteslip.Tall cylindrical handles. S 1,26 Rim and handlefrs,D. 15. Hard pink,whiteand dark grits,somemica; whiteslip. S 1,27 Rim and handle fr,D. 20. Cream ware,core slightlybuff;small brownand whitegrits;wet-smoothed surface.Heavy rolledrim;heavyhandle applied beneathrim.Cf. VilD type15. littlegrit;smoothedsurface.Rolled rim,shortribbed S 1,28 Rim,neckand shoulderfr,D. 11. Pale orange-buff; neck,slopinghandles.

Sl,20

ROMAN POTTERY S 1,29 S 1,30 S 1,31

249

Rim and neckfr,D. 9.5. Dark yellow-buff withcreamslip; softfired.Sleeve rim;ribbedneck,as S 1,28. Also found:twootherexamples,one in thesame fabric,one withpinkclay and whiteslip. Rim fr,D. 24. Lightred,firedcreamat thesurface.Some whitegritand mica. Smoothedsurface.Broad conicalmouth,chamferedrimwithridgeat outeredge. VilD type18. Rim and neck,D. 7. Hard darkredwithwhiteand blackgrits,surfacepink.Small mouthwithgrooveand ridgebelow;long narrowneck,ridged.Handles riseabove rim. VilD type37 (A86).

'Deposit' S2 - other late 2nd/early3rd century A.D. material a decisionwas made to markand amalgamateall Earlyin theworkofprocessingthepottery, thematerialfromthe86 upperlevels- all thoseconsideredat the timeto overlieand hence post-datethelatestbuildings- and thismaterialis now conveniently presentedin summary formas DepositU. However,theselevelswereto someextentstratified, and therewas a late 3rd A.D. horizon over much of the often as a 2nd early site, extending plain earthlevel,in to isolateand hard to recognize. places difficult It is thepurposeofthissectiontoidentify someofthesecontextsand tolistand briefly discuss thematerialderivingfromthem,whereit has a chronological forthefinalphaseof significance occupationin varioussectorsof theexcavatedarea. Thereare fourmainsectors.Firstis theNorthHouse,wherean apparentdestruction deposit in and adjacentto Room III has been takenseparatelyas DepositSI, but whoseotherrooms seemto have suffered abandonment.Second,an earthlevelstretched overmostofthecentral and westernpartofthesite,level2 in mosttrenches; levelVII 2-4 containeda substantialand evidentlyhomogeneouspotterydeposit,which incidentallyalso provideda join with the abandonmentlevel ofNorthHouse Room V (level V 2), see SectionC no. 2. Third,at the southa smallarea ofhousefloorsurvivedunerodedin theSouthwestHouse (Room I, XIII 3 and 29-30; SectionA no. 2), whileat thesoutheastare thewell-preserved floorsoftheHouse of Diamond Frescoes,whichis howeverto be dated ratherearlier,in thelate 2nd centuryA.D. 1. FromtheabandonedroomsoftheNorthHouse cometheÇandarlibowlU21 (Rm V), part oftheslippeddishU36 (Rm V), decoratedmugfragment U53b (Court),cookingdishU64 (Rm IV), and amphoraeU127 and 133 (Court) and U157 (Rm IV). See also R3,5-6 (Courtfloormake-up). 2. From the fielddeposit (VII 2-4) come the North Africanred-slipware Ul and U6, ÇandarliU18a,b and U26 (also examplesoftheotherÇandarliformsH2-5), theKnidian U31, local slippedwareU34 and U36 (part),pithoidjar U102, and amphoraeU144, 154, 158-9, withamphorastandU159. 3. FromtheSouthwestHouse, at theerodededgeofthesurviving patchoffloor,comethejar U39, fromthefilloverthefloorU58 (71/P203),whilesetin thefloorwas theamphorabase U132. 4. On thefloorof theHouse ofDiamond Frescoeswas thejar U105. Other findsassociatedwiththesedepositsare as follows:lamps L50, 69-70, 115, 126, 193, 227-8, 230, 237, 243, 288, 307, 355bis, 366bis, 415, 421, 454-5, 512, 516, 524, 568, 616, 620, 659, 679, 696; coinsC9, 96, 140, 142, 161, 164, 172, 178 (Lucilia), 180 (ConstantiusII, 318 TC47, 79, 86-7; objectsin stoneS52-4; clay K35-6; faienceV20; bone A.D.); terracottas E100-109; and metalM188, 190, 195, 209, 212, 258-9, 317, 329-30, 335, 381, 388-9; glass G52, 80-1, 97, 100, 111, 121, 178, 182, 194, 206, 230, 241, 247, 260, 276, 308.

250

ROMAN POTTERY

Deposit U (Upper levels)

plates 190-9,217-22. Wash levelshad accumulatedovertheentiresite,deepestin thesoutheastand east,wherethe lateRoman buildingswereterracedrightdownontotheMinoan,and in thecentraleastarea, - shallowestin thenortheastbeneaththe 1942excavations.The potteryfrom86 upperlevels, as excavated,was markedwith area and level numberand then amalgamatedto forma thefinalSeveranoccupation substantialgroup.This willincludeall thematerialpost-dating material of Severandate (see discussion it will also include a certain amount of disturbed levels; underDepositS2); thereare also someearlierpiecesre-deposited by theprocessesoferosion, in thestratigraphy here and othersincludeddue to uncertainty (e.g. U65). All thisis presented in summaryform,withthedoublepurposeofpublishingthelatestmaterialon thesite,and of sometypesnotfoundin otherdeposits.In addition,forsomewaresa widerrangeis illustrating available in thislargergroup:thisapplies especiallyto Çandarli ware,and some plain ware typessuch as amphorae,whoserangeand varietyat Knossosis itselfofsomeinterest. Catalogue The ware fine

There was a totalcountof 1,542pieces (including21 cataloguedpots) ofsigillataor similarslippedwares.These occurredin thefollowing 16.5%, NorthAfrican Çandarli42%, E Sig B 17%, local and unidentified proportions: red-slipware 14%, Italian5%, E Sig A 4%, Cypriotor Pontic1%, and Knidian0.5%. Threesherdswereidentified as Late Roman 'C ware.Of thesecategoriestheLate Roman 'C, theNorthAfricanred-slipand theÇandarliwares are describedand illustrated(Ul-27) plates 190-1 and 219, as are a fewunusualpiecesofCypriotand Knidian ware (U28-33) plates 192and 219. The restare ignoredas beingeitherresidual(E Sig A, E Sig B) or notusefulin thiscontext(local and unidentified). All, however,exceptfeatureless bodysherdswerekeptand are storedin the Museum.For stampedsherdsfromtheselevels,see Y5, 8, 13, 20, 22, 26, 50. Stratigraphical NorthAfricanred-slipware plates 190, 219

in thethickerwalledpieces.It has a slipof This warehas characteristically fabric,granularor gritty hard,light-red thesame colour,tendingto orange;thickand glossy.It is fullydescribedby Hayes in LRP. Our piecesare listedin orderfollowingtheLRP typologyofforms. Carinatedbowl rimfr.67/P269,D. c. 22. Form8A. Rim rouletted;internalgrooves.One otherexample. Ul Residual. Bowl rimfr.67/P270,D. 9. Form 14C. Fine, hard fabric.Wheel marks. U2 Dish 67/P3,D. 24. Profileexceptcentreoffloor.Form27. Threegrooves.Greycore;surfaceslightly U3 pimply. Dish 67/P271,D. c. 28. Profileexceptfloor.Form31,4. U4 U5 Large bowl rimfr.67/P237A,D. 36. Form45A. Rouletted.Large bowl base fr.67/P237B,D. 6. Froma similarbut smallerexample. U6 Large bowls,rimand base frs.oftwosimilar,67/P272A,B,D. 24 and c. 8.5. Grooveon rim.Roulettedrim and floor. U7 Large dish67/P79,D. 29. Profileexceptfloor.Form50A. Mid 3rd A.D. U8 67/P272as U7, D. 26. Form50A/B.A moreslenderform.4th A.D. U9 67/P23as U7, D. 37. Form50B. Outsideslippedforonly2cm. below rim.Late 4th A.D. Dish rimfr.67/P276,D(est). 25. Form58. Grooveon rim. U10 Dish rimfr.67 P274, D(est). 28. Form58. Two grooveson rim. Uli U12a,b Dish, base and rimfrs.of two,67/P277A,B,D(rest). 15.5 and 17.5. Form 59B. Slightstep underbase, grooveand ridgeon floor;two grooveson rim. U13a,b Dish 67/P275A,B,base fr,D. 11, rimfr,D. 30. Form59B. Stamp and grooveon floor,groovesbeneath. Rim ridges.4th centuryA.D. c Bodyfr.withverticalgrooves,Form59A (2nd half4th A.D.) plate 219. Dish rimfr.67/P278,D(est). 30. Form61A. U14 U15 Jug body fr.67/P279,D(max). c. 10. Form 171. Olive sprayappliqué.

ROMAN POTTERY

251

Late Roman(Ci (Phocaean)

U16 U17

Dish rimfr.67/P280A,D(est). 24. Form1. Hard light-red, gritty; orange-redslipinside,outsidesurfacedull red,unslippedwithscratchmarks. Dish rimfr.67/P280B,D(est). 36. Form2. Hard dark-redfabric,slip ofsame colour,worn.

ÇandarH ware plate 191

All have thelate fabric:deep brownishredwithsilverand gold mica (muscoviteand biotite),good redglossinside, in fragmentary dull outsidewithwheelmarks.Hayes FormsH 1-5 are represented state (by a countof bases) in thefollowing approximately quantities:Form 1, about 15; Form2, about 38; Form3, about 37; Form4, about 50; Form5 (froma rimcount) about 15. For typologyand discussion,see LRP 318-322 and Fig. 64. U18 U19 U20 U21 U22 U23 U24 U25 U26 U27

Large conical bowls. Form 1. (a) rimfr.67/P45,D. 44. (b) base fr.67/P267,D. 13. One saggermark preserved. Large conical bowl. Form 1. Base 76/P246,D. 9.8. Three saggermarks.Marked carination.A less broad material). example,withsteepersides.Cf. VilD 2 (destruction Shallowdish profile67/P12,D. 19. Plain rim.Knifeparingmarkson outside.Form2. Shallowdish profile67/P46,D. 19. Rim slightlythickened;slightgrooveon floor.Form2. IV(N) 2. Shallowdish profile67/P20,D. 19.5. Thickenedrim.Form2. Hemisphericalflangedbowl 71/P249,D. 13. Profile.Form 3. Hemisphericalflangedbowl,profile;a smallerversion,D. 7. Dish 67/P67,profileexceptfloor,D. 23. Form4. Dish 67/P38,D. 37. Made up complete.Knifeparingmarkson outside,heavywheelmarksinsidefoot.Floor scratchedfromuse; undersidepocked. Bowl withuprightwall, rimfr,D. 15. Slightcarinationon lowerbody. Form5.

Ponticand Cypriotsigillata plates 192, 219

U28

U29 U30

Shallowbowl rimfr,D. 13. Fine red fabricand gloss,metallicwheredarker.Ponticsigillata,cf.Kenrick 387.1 and 2. Shallowdish rimfr,D. 16. Rouletted.Cypriotsigillata,EAA Form4B. 1stA.D. survival. Krater(a) rimfr,D. 10.5. Pinkto red fabricwithsomelimegrits;pale red mattslip inside,glossyyellowbrownoutside.Thickrimwithgroovededge.Ridgebelowrimwithsinglelineofrouletting. Cypriotsigillata EAA Form40, and cf.K385. (b) base fr,D. 5. Spreadingringfoot.Rouletting.Fromthisor a similarform. (c) Also two body frs.plate 219.

Knidianreliefware plates 192, 219

U31

U32 U33

Lagynos67/P262,shoulderfr,D. 23. Hard pinktogreyfabric;blackslipoutsidewithmattsurface.Moulded decorationofvine leaves on shoulder.2nd A.D. Jugfr.67/P248,partofone plasticwingonly,7.8 x 3.9. Hard pinkfabric,slightly gritty; lightredslip,worn. Paterarimfr.67/P260,D (est). 20. Hard, pale-brownfabric,greyat thecore;lightredsliptendingto brown inside.Moulded withverticalgroovesoutside.Imitatesmetaltype,cf.Agora M 209. Early 2nd A.D.

Localfineware plates 192, 219

The following have thelocal pinkor brown-buff to marooncolour.Theyare fabric,withmattslipofpale red-brown soft-fired. comparatively U34 U35 U36 U37

Bowl rimand handlefr.67/P261,D (est). 11. Poor light-redmattsurface.Moulded, withpeal decoration; partofapplied horizontalhandle at rim.Local imitationof Knidian? (Hayes), plate 219. Shallow dish 71/P251,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 13. Dark red-browninside,lighterand splodgy inside.ImitatingÇandarli FormH4. Flat baseddish67/P68,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 22. Pale red-brown. Slightstepat startofwall; knife paringmarksoutside. Flat based dish 67/P69,profileexceptcentreof floor,D. 26. Matt pale red-brownslip exceptunderside. Pronouncedstepinside;threebroad grooveson floor;two scratchgroovesbeneath.Incurvingrim.

Thin-walledcoarseware

Included in thiscategoryare examplesof the commonsmalljar, usuallyribbed,of Severan type (U39-50), a numberofdecoratedpieces (mostlysurvivals)and a fewlesscommonforms(U38, 58-62).

252

ROMAN POTTERY

Deep basinfrs.71/P271,rimand body,threefrs.notjoining.D.(rim) 33, body21-27. Lightredclay,gritty, hard-fired; pale buffslipoutside,darkbrownpaintinside,on rimand splashedoutside.XV 1. Restoredwith non-localware? base fr,D. 17, fromII 2a. RestoredH. c. 30. Cf. VilD 117, a hard-fired, thin-walled, Hard redgritty fabricwithlimeparticles;roughpale Smallribbedjar 71/P60,D. 9.4. Aboutthree-quarters. U39 greysurface.As Sl,5. XIII 29. U40-44Ribbedjars, rimfrs,D. 9-12. Fabric as U39, witha widercolourrange,varyingwiththefiring;thesefive piecesare pale greywithpinkcore,dark grey,reddishgrey,dark red and pinkrespectively. Frs.ofabout 16otherexampleswerefound,abouthalfgreyand helflightredtomaroon.The rimprofiles, all everted,rangefroma nearverticalto a near horizontalangle,witheitherslenderor thickenedlip. The mostcommonformis thatof U42. see Sl,6-7. Of 36 basesofthisand the U45-50 Ribbed and unribbedjugs,rimfrs.ofabout 12,D. 7-9; forprofiles nos. 46-48 withribbing,nos. relatedmug form,12 showribbing,24 not. Six base profilesare illustrated, 49-50 without.Diameterrange2.6-3.8.; fabricand colourrangeas fornos. 40-44. Oftenthelowerbody Smalldrainageholeat and base are firedpink,wheretherestofthevesselis grey,due to thestackingeffect. the base of U48. U51-52 Unribbedjars, rimfrs.oftwo,D. 12 and 12. Fabric and colouras U40. No. 52 showsrimprofileturned down below thehorizontal. U53-57 Mugs withwhiteslip decoration.Fabric and colouras nos. 40-44. plate 19. Rim fr,D. 6. Flaringlip, collarridge,traceoffloraldecoration. 53a Rimfr.ofa similarexample,D. 6.5. Double collarridge.Undecorated.I(N) 8, Severancourt;floorcontent. 53b 54-56 Bodyfrs.withfloraldecoration;whiteon red or brownsurface.Base, D. 3.1. Singlerowofdots,whiteon grey. U58 Bowl rimfr,D. 11. Pale brown,gritty; roughsurface.Broad evertedrim;collarridge.Residual (late HL?). U59 Strainer,bodyfr.Hard grey,withroughsurface. U60 Amphora,rimand neck,D. 4.8. Hard red micaceous.Cylindricalneckwithsmalltriangularlip. U61 Flask/jugrimand neck,D. 7.6. Hard brown,litlemica; smoothgreysurface.Broad evertedlip. Also foundwerethe bases of threeribbedamphorae,of brownmicaceousfabric,as S 1,9. U62 Jug rimfr,D. 12. Hard red withwhitegrits,some mica. Rough red to greysurface.XIV 20. U38

Coarseware

in catalogueforma largebodyofmaterial,illustrating An attemptis made heretosummarise onlya few,mostlylate notedtypes.An estimateis made undereach type or fortheirvariationfrompreviously formsfortheirowninterest found. of thenumberofvases represented by thefragments burnt.Crudelymade,warped.Slightribbing.The knobis Lid 67/P28,D. 19.8.Complete.Hard red,gritty; U63 formedby a crudecylindricalprojection.Cf. Agora K107 (mid 3rd A.D.). made and symmetrical Frs.ofabout 19 others,grittyred or brown,heavyand clumsy.One is carefully withdisc knob,as N2,32; threesmallerwithdepressionon knob,as A 1,14. Abouthalf.Slightridgeon insideat startofwall; corresponding U64 Fryingpan 71/P252,D. 31. Straight-sided. grooveat outsideangle. Frs.ofabout 12 otherexamples(tenwithscrewhandles),D. range25-31 (mostc. 30). Some have slightly flaringprofileas SI, 10. Hard dark-brown,grittyfabric,many with pink and whitegrits;some have fabric;mostare partlyburnt.Thick walled,insidesmoothed. greenish-grey U65 Broadcookingdish67/P74,D. 35. High angledrimwithslightridge;twoconcentric ridgeson underside.IV 2 baulk; perhapsbelongingwiththelater2nd A.D. fill.Cf. R2,17. Frs. ofabout 16 others,D. range23-26. Fabric as U64. U66-68 Cookingdisheswithflangedrim,profilesexceptcentreoffloor. Small dish,D. 13. Ratherfinered-brownfabric.Residual (late HL?). 66 Ribbed dish67/P15,D. 20. Dark brownto black. 4th-5thA.D. (JWH) 67 68 Heavilyribbeddish67/P255,D. 23.5. Coarseredwithmanywhiteand somebrowngrits;somemica.Partof potter'ssignatureon underside-NOY. plate 220. Base fr.of anotherwiththesame potter'ssignature,plate 220. 68a U69-72 Cookingdisheswithcurvingwall and interiorred slip; Pompeian-redware; profilesexceptfloor.Coarse grittyfabric. Dish fr,D. 27. Hard brownto grey;burnt.Rough exterior,red-brownslip inside. 69 70 Dish fr,D. 33.5. Ribbed. Dark greyto black; red slip insideand overrim.

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253

Dish fr,D. 28. Thick,overhanging lip. Light-redto brownclay withdarkand whiteinclusions,occasional flecksofmica; burnt.Red-brownslip insideand over rim. 72 tinyflecksofmica; blackened Largedishfr,D. c. 45. Grittyorange-redclaywithdarkand whiteinclusions, inside. thick red-brown micaceous exterior; slip rough Also found:frs.offiveothers. U73 Casserole,rimto lowerbody,D. 20. Hard brown,gritty;roughgreysurface.Rim turneddown as S 1,15. Frs.offourothers,D. 18-24; one has hardgritty, outside,creaminside.Eight pinkfabricfiredblue-grey otherswithraisedrimprofile,as S 1,14, D. 16-25. U74 Cookpot67/P76,D. 15. About one half.Ribbed; flaringrim,thickenedas S 1,4. Frs. ofabout 15 others,D. range 12-28. All have hard red or greyfabricwithsmallwhitegrits;rough surface,usuallygreyor blue-grey;one red,one withyellowsurface(slipped?). with small whitegrits;roughblue-greyouter surface. U75 Cookpot rim fr,D. 27. Hard, dark grey-brown Ribbed; overhangingrimas S 1,16. Frs. ofone other,D. 13. withwhitegrits.Ribbed; rimabove horizontal,as Rl,7. U76 Cookpotrimfr,D. 22. Hard orange-brown U77 Flanged cookpotrimfr,D. 23. Hard, grey-brown gritty;greyto black core; burntsurface.Pronounced ribbing;flaringrimwithinternalridge.4th A.D. (Hayes). II 2A. Cf. VilD 126 nos. 94, 98. Frs. of two others,D. 19 and 23. XIII 28 and II(N) 1. U78a-e Frs.ofa varietyofothertypes:threeunflangedas Tl,9; one withflangeas D5,63-5 and 66d-f;thesemay all be 2nd A.D. survivals;one withincurvingrim. U79 Trefoiljugs,frs.of 18 (cf.D 1,9;D4,55). Hard and ratherpurebrick-red fabric;roughsurface,in threecases at the ofthesame redcolour,but mostmetallicgreywitha greenor bluishtinge.The lip is pinchedtightly has an as is and on one internal (which groove, D4,55) touching. spout, example 71

Plain ware

in catalogueforma largebodyofmaterial,whichincludesa greatvarietyof Againan attemptis made tosummarise and a countofvesselsrepresented in fragments is given.The fabricis withinthenormallocal range,orangeto forms; unlessotherwisenoted. cream-buff, U80

Largeplatter67/P42,D. 40. Aboutone half.Softorange-buff clay,self-slip. Rough underside,pocked;knife paringmarksoutsideon wall. Cf. S 1,17. U81,81a Largestraight-sided bowls,frs.ofabout42, D. range30-40. Local fabricvaryingfromsoft-fired orangeto buffor cream.22 have groovedrims,10 have plain rims,tenhave incisedwavylines (fromone to three, oftenbetweengrooves),in two cases also on thefloor,plate 221. Cf. S 1,19. U82-88 Bowlsand censerswithpie-crustrim,frs.of 12, D. 21-40. plate 221. Small bowl 67/P282,D. 21. Profile.Rim groovedand notched.Cream ware. 82 83 Bowl rimfr,D. c. 30. Heavy thickenedrim. Bowl rimfr,D. c. 40. Red wash on rim. 84 85 Censerrimfr,D. 30. Red to black wash insideand out. 86 Censerrimfr,D. 35. 87 Censerrimfr,D. 30. Pie crust,notches,impressedcircles. 88 Large censer(?), rimfr,D. 40. Triple grooves. Also found:frs.ofsevensmallpedestalbowlsas C 1,33-36.Residual? U89-93 Miscellaneoussmallbowlsetc. Local fabric. 89 Bowl rimfr,D. 18. Flat groovedrim,traceofred wash. 90 Bowl rimfr,D. 14. Softorange-buff; overhangingrim. 91 Bowl,profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 10. Cream ware. 92 Dish, profileexceptcentreoffloor,D. 25. Softorange. 93 Bowl rimfr,D. 13.5. Hard pinkwithwhiteslip. Barbotinedecoration,plate 221. XIII 28. U94-96 Lids. Local fabric,plate 221. 94 Lid, D. 7.8. Sandy micaceouswithbuffslip. Crude form,commonin coarseware. 94a Lid fr,D(rest). 13.5. Flanged. 95 Lid fr,D. 15. Flanged. 96 Lid fr,D. 18. As U95, but withgroovesand incisedwavyline. U96-106 Jars,storagejars, basinsetc. 97 Ribbed jar rimfr,D. 10. Grittypinkwithyellowslip. Overhangingrim. 97a Frs. of5 otherswiththisprofileor thickenedflaringrim.

254

ROMAN POTTERY

Bucketwithinteriorgriphandle,rimfr,D. 28. Cream ware. Rim profileas S 1,11. Frs. of5 similar.Churnor vomitbowl?.A commontypein theVilla Dionysus;cf. VilD 173. 99 Early Christianchafer,body fr,D. c. 15. Hard pink; cream slip. Decorationof cut out diamonds(and and incisedfloraldesign,plate 221. triangles?), withsmoothyellowslip;ribbed.Interiorscratched 100 Beehivekalathosrimfr,D. 23, and bodyfrs.Pinkgritty and grooved,plate 221. Tub withhorizontalside handles;frs.of5, D. 30-35. As Rl,12. 101 Pithoidjar rimand neckfr.67/P78,D. 31.8. Grooveand incisedwavyline; no handlespreserved. 102 103-4 Pithoidjar rimand neckfrs,D. 32.8 and 29.4. As 102,but one has horizontalhandlesbelowrim,one on neck. Frs. of4 otherexamplesD. 30-35. One smaller,D. 8. 105 Storagejar 71/P151,D. 25. Profileexceptfootand handles.Fine pinkishbuff,smoothcreamsurface.Baggy shape,withtallconicalneck;startofringfoot(or pedestal?).XV 15 (House ofDiamondFrescoesfloor).Cf. VegasForm48 forthegeneraltype. Sitularimfr,D. c. 40. Overhangingrimwithgroovedridgeon upperedge,as U86. Appliedribbonhandle 106 in imitationofmetal,plate 222. U 107-112 Jugsand otherpouringvessels. 107 Jug rim,handle and neckfr,D. 8.1. Stepped collar rim,withslightoverhang.Ivy leafappliqué on rim; ribbonhandlein imitationofmetal,plate 222. Ribbedjug 71/P2,D. 7. Completeexceptbase. Cream ware. Rim as U107. 108 Frs. of about 20 others,D. 6-9, mostwithribbinglesspronounced. 109 Baggyjug withraisedbase 67/P40,D(max). 11. Rim missing.Ribbed. Cream ware. Profileas SI, 20. Not illustrated. somemica;creamslip,flaking.Broadflaringrim 110 Flagonrimto shoulderfr.71/P36,D. 9.5. Softred-brown, withholloweduppersurface;narrowneck.Slightribbing. 111 Flagon rimfr,D. 8. Steppedrim,withslightoverhang. 12 otherswithflaringlip, D. 4-9. One has buttonappliqué at handle top. Smalljug withtrefoil 112 fabric,creamslip.Fr. ofone othersimilar. lip,rimto belly,D(max). c. 8. Finelight-red U 113-6 Small one- and two-handledamphoraeor flasks,rimand neckfrs. FunnelneckD. 4.4. Cream ware; one handle. 113 114 Funnelneck,D. 4.1. Dark buff,firedcreamat surface.Two handles. Frs. of6 others,D. range4-7. Narrowneck,thickenedrim,D. 4.5. One handle. 115 Broad cylindricalneck,square evertedrimwithgroove,D. 7.8. 116 U117-8 Amphorastoppers,71/P7(D. 5.3) and 71/P66(D. 5.5), bothin formof miniaturejars, plate 220. U 119-158 Amphorae Frs.ofabout95 werefound,includinga bewildering varietyofformsand fabrics.An attemptis madehereto local fromimportedpiecesand to illustrateand discussthosewithdistinctive differentiate profileor fabric. wherepossible made reference form for similar in of are convenience, being arranged groups broadly They to therichVilla Dionysustypeseries. Probable proveniencesof importsinclude Spain, Gaul, Italy, the Aegean, Tunis, Cyprus,Egyptand Numidia. U 119-125 Local types.The fabricvariesin colourfromcream (clay and surface)to pink,buff,pale brown,or It is orange-redat thecorefiredcreamat thesurface(or withcreamslip),and to orange-redthroughout. - usuallyratherpure; brown white and of amounts has and grits, soft-fired, varying alwayscomparatively not micaceous. Ul 19-120 Local shape as Sl,21; VilD type2. At least 14 examples,ofwhichtwo are noted: smoothsurfaceofsamecolour.Slightcollarridgeat base U 119 Rim toshoulder71/P25,D. 6.5. Lightorange-pink, ofneck,- a late feature? Rim and neckfr,D. 6.8. Distinctivelightpinkporousclay,fullofsmallwhiteand browngrits,and some 120 mica; poor creamslip. Not illustrated.Cretanprovincial? U121-122 Tall cylindricalneckwiththickenedlip, as Sl,25. Four narrow-necked examples,D. 6-8, six broadnecked,D. 10-14,- one ofthesein thesame distinctive pinkporousware as U120 (not illustrated).Two narrowneckedvariantsare noted: Rim to shoulder,D. 7.4. Rim withslightoverhang;shorterneckwithbulge; thelowerpartoftheneckis 121 conical and set offby a ridge.

98

ROMAN POTTERY

255

Rim and neckfr,D. 5. Rim offsetby groove;neckslightlyridged. 122 U 123-4 Ribbed amphorae,as S 1,21-2; shortneck,spreadingrim,thickened lip withslightoverhang.Shortsloping handles. VilD typeII (laterversions).About 20 examples,ofwhichtwo are noted: Rim to shoulderfr,D. 8.8. Cream ware. 123 Rim toshoulderfr.67/P66,D. 9. 1. Variantin redfabric.Light-redpureclay;wet-smoothed surfaceofsame 124 colour.Cretan? local shape ofrelatedform,but withdouble-rolledpeakedhandles.Rim to shoulderfr,D. U125 Narrow-necked, 7.3. Local creamware. Early 2nd A.D. survival? U 126-132 Fragmentsof relatedor similarformsin variouswares,probablynot local. Rim to shoulder,D. 7.8. Hard pink,ratherpure. Slightbulge in neck,horizontalincisionon each side 126 betweenhandles. 127 Bellyto base frs.notjoining,67/P282,D(max). 30. Pale pinkporousfabricwithbrowninclusionsand some mica. Ribbed. Small cylindricalfoot. Rim and neckfr,D. 10. Hard dark red clay withcrimsonslip. 128 Rim and neckfr,D. 7. Hard dark brownwithlimegrits,micaceous. 129 Rim and neckfr,D. 10. Hard darkredwithmanysmallwhitelimeand quartzitegrits.Oval handlesection. 130 Rim and neckfr,D. 13. Softred,ratherpure;smoothpale orange-buff 131 slip,micaceous.Oval handlesection. 132 surface.Ribbed. XIII Bellyto base fr.71/P136,D(max). 36. Hard pinkwithbrowngrits,wet-smoothed 27a, set in Severanfloor. U133 Rim to bellyand base frs.notjoining,67/P97,D. (rim) 13, H(est). 83. Hard brightbrick-red, fairlypure; creamslip. VilD type33-4. Aegean? U 134-143 Red ware withwhiteor creamslip (as U133); otherrimand base profiles. 134 Evertedrim,thickenedwithslightoverhang,D. c. 18. 135 Thickenedrimwithoverhangand additionalridgebelow,D. 16. 136 Thickenedrimwithconcave outersurface,pronouncedoverhang,D. 18. 137 Broad overhangingrim,D. 16. Micaceous. 138-143 Conical and pointedbases. No 139 of Cypriotfabric(Hayes). U144 Rim, handle and shoulder,and base frs.notjoining,D. 6.8. Hard red withsmall brownand whitegrits; somemica. Lip offset by deep grooveand ridge;highswunghandlesrisingfromrim;cylindricalbase with highringfoot.At leastsevenexamplesrepresented, includingone tall ribbedneck.Aegean type.Cf. Ostia III 631 no. 39. U 145-147 Red ware amphoraewithconical taperingneckand overhanginglip. Hard, dark-redwithwhiteand browngrit.Handle of roundsection,possiblygroovedas no. 108. Frs. offive. Rim and neck,D. 10.5. Slightribbingon lip and upper neck. 145 Rim fr,D. 13.6. Pronouncedridgeon lip, groovebelow rim. 146 147 Rim fr,D. 10. Simpleoverhangingrim. U148 Red ware,ridgedhandle of roundsection.Cf. nos. 145-147. U149 Neckand shoulderfr.67/P168,D. (neck) 10.5, (max) 26. Hard light-brown to mauve,withlimegritsand mica; creamslip.Tall cylindricalneckwithhighconicallowersection,setoffabove and below. VilD type 18, late in theseries;2nd A.D. survival? U150 Rim to shoulder67/P21,D. 13. Hard, brilliantlight-red fabricwithfinewhiteparticles;creamywhiteslip outside.Heavy hookedrimwithknifeparingmarksoutside.Shortconical neck;low ringhandles;thick walled. Stamp MEF retrogradeon shoulder.Cf. OstiaIII 629 no. 25. Tunisian (Hayes). U 151-2 Amphoraewithincurvingrim 151 Rim fr,D. 20. Hard red fabric,firedcreamat the surface.Chamferedlip, as S 1,30; VilD type18. Three otherexamples,all local creamware. Rim fr,D. 15. Hard red withcreamslip. Incurvinglip withslightbevel. 152 U 153-158 Amphoraewithfunnelrim. 153 Rim fr,D. 15. Hard light-red to mauvewithcreamslip,as U149. Flaringlip withoverhang;slightridgeon top. Perhapsfromsmalltable amphorawithraisedfloorand ringfoot.Non-joiningfrs.also found,giving profile,shoulderto base. 153a Rim fr.and neckto shoulderfr.notjoining,D. 12.3. Ware as U153. Small verticalrim. 154 Rim fr,D. 16.5. Hard brightred fabricwithwhitegrits;greyat thecore;creamslip. Heavy mouldedrim. DresselForm20; and cf. OstiaIII 152 no. 102. c. 100 A.D. 155 Rim and neckfr,D. 17. Light,pale sandy-brown, porousware;largewhitegrits;greyishcreamslip.Heavy, thickenedrim;twogrooves,crudelydone, beneathrim.Handles ofoval sectionattachedto rim.Spanish? Cf. OstiaIII 628 no. 18 (4th A.D.)

256

ROMAN POTTERY

withsmallbrowninclusions;and somelargewhitegrits; Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 20.5. Softcream-buff smoothcreamsurface.Thickenedrimoffset bygroove.Heavy clumsyhandle.Fainttraceofdipintoin red, readinguncertain.Cf. OstiaIII 626 no. 9, - an earlierversionof thistype. belowlip; conicalneckwithincisedwavy 157 Rim,neckand handlesfr,D. 23. Buffclay;flaringrim;slightoffset line. Long handlesofoval section. 158 Rim,neckand handlefr,D. 23.5. Light-redsandyfabric,ratherpure;creamslip.Slightribbingbelowrim; long conical neckwitha seriesof two and threedeep grooves. U 159-160 Amphorastands. 159 Stand 67/P41,D. 13.8. Light,grey-green porousfabricwithspongeyappearance. 160 Stand,D. 14. Coarse pinkwithcreamslip. U 161-164 Amphorafrs.withgraffiti and dipinti;see plate 220 fordetailsand forscale; see also U156 above. Handle withgraffito 161 67/P35.Hard pinksandy,withmuchmica;pale buffslip.Slopinghandleas Ul 19-120 {VilD type2). 162 dipinto Bodyfr.withdipinto67/P71.Softbuffsandywithwithmuchmica;smoothedsurface.Fragmentary runningverticallyin mattred: A.B?; cf.AgoraM 169. 163 Body fr.withdipinto67/P33.Softdark pinkwithmuchmica surfacefiredcreamywhite.Dipintoin red, but withnon-micaceousclay. runninghorizontal,... rax.Cf. VilD type16, examplewith'oXufxrax', 164 Neckand handlefr.67/P21.Hard darkpinkwithsomemica; smoothedsurface,whitishbuff,partlyburnt. Finelywrittendipintoin mattred,runninghorizontal:NAT. U165 Vault pin, head missing,L(pres). 22. Local red-buffclay. Round sectionat head, then splayed and tocurvedend. Surfacefind.For a head fr.(missingterminaldisc) see R3,3a (late2ndA.D.) plate flattening 217. For a smallerexample,probablyfromtheoikosoftheVilla Dionysus,see VilD nos. 171-2,fig.14,and and fromvaultcollapseofc. discussionBSA 78 (1983), 98-9 and 103; probablyofHadrianicconstruction, XI 4 (1984) 57 nos. 623#,pl. 21. A 225-250 A.D. Exampleshave also been foundat Pergamon,Pergamon of theirfunctionhas been suggestedto me by G.W.M. Harrison (personal different interpretation to newfindsin a hypocaustat as supportsfordead-airinsulationin a doublewall; he refers communication) Balboura. 156

Section7 The Lamps (PLATES 224-274) H. W. and E. A. CATLING Introduction Catalogue Early Lamps (LI- 11) KnossianLate Hellenisticwheelmadelamps (L12-23) Late Hellenisticlampswithcollaredfillinghole (L24-27) Fragmentsof Late Hellenisticwheelmadelamps (L28-30) Knidos lamps (L31-35) Hellenisticmould-madelamp (L36) Ephesoslamps (L37-57) Local Late Hellenisticmould-madelamps (L58-80) Cretanmould-madeivy-leaflamps(L81-204) Ivy-leaffillers(L205-6) Outsize and double ivy-leaflamps(L207-9) Double ivy-leaflamps(L2 10-225) Miscellaneousand unassignedivy-leaflamps(L226-251) Mould-madeRomanlamps:

Early Italian lamps (L252-278) Double volutelamps (L279-281) Otherearlylamps BroneerXXV lamps arrangedby subject:deities (L294-340), gladiators (L341-353), love-making (L354-366bis), genre scenes (L367-373), doubtful (L374-389), animals and birds (390-439), florals etc. (L440-453), "wreath and mask" (L454-471), rosettes (L472-498), scallop shells (L499-501), unidentified(L502-531ter), with decorated shoulders(L532-569), withshouldertongues(L570-612) Globule lamps (L6 13-635) and variants(L636-7) Importedlamps: Corinthianand Attic(L638-649) Red-on-Whitelamps (L650-657) Double or singlehanginglamps (L658-673) Multiplelamp (L674) Plasticlamp (L675) Elaboratehandles (L676-687) Signaturesand devices(L688-702) Commentary 257

Page 258 260 260 261 261 261 262 262 262 263 265 273 273 273 274 275 277 277 278

302 302 303 303 305 305 305 306 307

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THE LAMPS

INTRODUCTION The TerracottaLamps

wererecovered,710 ofwhichhave been includedin the More than 1380lampsand fragments the first The series is of interest as largecollectionto be publishedfroma settlement Catalogue. wheelmade numberofveryscrappyArchaic/Classical sitein Crete.Apartfroman insignificant with Roman date is of late Hellenistic and the material particularemphasison Imperial lamps thelaterfirst,the secondand the earlierthirdcenturiesA.D. Almostthroughout, imported lampsare foundside by sidewithlocallymade material,includinglampsfromItaly,Corinth, Athens,Asia Minorand Cyprus.Bothin late Hellenistictimes,and again fromthemiddleof thefirst centuryA.D., typesoflamp are foundwhichare peculiarto Crete,apartfromthefew that have so farbeenreported.Lamp makersin Cretealso copiedstandardHellenistic exports and, especially,Roman mouldmade lamps.Thereis firmevidencethatone lamp makermade Cretan'Ivy Leaf lamps and producedlamps withdiscuseswithdesigns boththedistinctive familiarfromone end oftheRoman worldto theother.Whilethereis muchthatis familiarin the repertory ofdiscusornaments,severalare rare types,whileforat least one I have been unable to finda parallel. This studyhas beenverylong- too long- in gestation.I am gratefulto Mr. Sackettforhis originalinvitationto studythematerialforpublication,and his patiencewhileit has been in preparation.As willat once be apparentthisis notan expertstudy,butverymuchtheaccount ofan interested layman.I firstlearnedoftheinterestofRoman lampsduringtwoperiodsof oftheAmericanExcavationsin theAthenianAgora,whenDr. studyin 1955in thestorerooms JudithBinder(JudithPerlzweigas she thenwas) explainedsomebasic facts,and showedme fromthe some of the materialwhichwas later to figurein her Agoravii. I have benefitted from thework not least appearancesinceI began thisworkofmanymajorlamp publications, London collection. ofDonald Baileyin his magnificent (BMC i, ii, and iii publicationof the 1971and 1975 between excavated withiv stillto come) and hisinvaluablereporton thelamps but literature combed the at Sidi Khrebish,Benghazi.I do notpretendto have exhaustively, who will that which others have triedto presentit as sourcematerialon is, maywork,others, have a farclearerpicturethan I of thewiderrelevanceof the UM series. I am gratefulto Zillah Pettitand Emma Faull forexcellentdrawings;I am also gratefulto Sheila Raven who made the photographs.Jacqui MacGillivraymade fair copies of the cataloguecardswhichhave been thecoreofmywork.Othertypingwas done byEleni LoukaHatzi. I was helpedby Donald Baileyto examinepartoftheLondoncollection,and by Roger Mooreyto restudylampsin Oxford.I have receivedimmensehelpand supportfromElizabeth Catling,both in the originalstudyof the materialat Knossos,in the organisationof the Withouther help, the task uncataloguedpieces and in the preparationof the illustrations. would have remainedan aspiration. ofthe Catalogue leaves muchto be desired.For reasonswhichneed not The arrangement withtheresultthat concernthereader,finalcataloguenumberswereallocatedprematurely, to in what follows.The some itemsare out of place. Some of theseanomaliesare referred arrangementis partlychronological(thus, Hellenisticlamps precede Roman lamps); in general,BroneerXXI-XXIV lampsprecedeBroneerXXV and XXVII. The largenumberof BroneerXXV lampshas beenarrangedin sequenceofdiscusscenes,beginningwithdeitiesand followinga sequence generallysimilar to many lamp publications.There are separate oflargehandlesand hanginglamps,fragments categoriesofCorinthianand Athenianimports,

THE LAMPS

259

reflectors,multiple lamps, signaturesand marks. In addition to the Catalogue number, each entrynormallygives excavation number of the lamp (e.g. '67/234'), the Knossos Stratigraphie Museum number (e.g. CSML 456') and plate reference(s). If diameter and height cannot be calculated, two overall dimensions are quoted. The state of the lamp or fragmentis described ('shoulder and discus fragment').The general descriptionusually includes informationon the state of the mould ('crisp'; 'worn'; 'very worn') and, followingD. Bailey's criteria,whetherit can be identifiedas plaster. Informationis given on shape and ornament.A briefdescriptionof fabric is given, including surface finish.The term 'wash' is used where many scholars prefer 'paint', or 'glaze'. 'Glossy' implies the wash is lustrous all over; 'semi-glossy' that varying degrees of lustrecan be traced here and thereon the surface.'Matt' means a complete absence of lustre.In many cases, the surfacewash is worn or has peeled off;no referenceis made to the state of wear. 'Dribbled' means excess wash has run fromthe coated part of the lamp onto the reserved area. 'Dabbled' means smudges of wash appear on reserved areas, perhaps as the resultof careless handling before the wash had dried. Terms used for parts of a mould-made lamp include 'handle','shoulder'(the 'rim3of some writers),the flat,curved or sloping area between the circumferenceand the discus,the central, normally round area which contains the 'fillinghole' and perhaps the much smaller 'air hole', which can be little more than a pin-prick,but is usually rather larger. In the 'nozzle', which may project some way fromthe lamp body and have a 'nozzle-bridge',or be quite deeply inset into the lamp's circumference,is the 'wick-hole'.Nozzle, nozzle-bridge and adjacent shoulder . It is may well be 'blackened',from use. The lamp wall below the shoulder is the 'underbodf divided from the flat or concave 'base' a a or low foot. The usually slightly by groove, ring space withingroove or footmay be called 'underfoot' . On it may appear, impressed,the name of the or, rarely,a device. Some very large lamps may have 'handle-reflectors' factory-owner, , copying the similar,functionalfeatureon metal lamps. There are several types; ours are eitherin leaf form (vine or acanthus) or cresccntine. The lamp's context is quoted, togetherwith the estimate of that context's date. In many cases, this covers a considerable period. The final catalogue section attempts to relate each piece to known material, including, where possible, attribution to one of the standard classificationsof shape (Harland, forpre-Roman material, Loeschcke and Broneer forRoman lamps). This practice has been followed despite Perlzweig's decision (Agoravii, 2 and n. 2) to abjure referenceto such classificationsin her treatmentof the Athenian Agora lamps. In selectingcomparanda, preferencehas been given to other Knossian, then other Cretan material. In the lightof the occurrence of Cretan lamps at Benghazi, particular attentionhas also been paid to the Sidi Khrebish material. Thereafter,parallels have been cited fromGreece and the East Mediterranean. Major collectionsfromsitesin the westernprovinces (notably, Vindonissa and Trier) have helped solve problems of identity,particularlyfragmentarydiscus scenes. The same use, finally,has been made of museum catalogues, not least oí BMC ii. When I have felt able to do so, I have suggested a date of manufacturefor the lamp itself. Relatively fewlamps have previouslybeen published fromCrete, though many hundreds,if not thousands, must have been found there. An important but small selection (57 pieces) of Herakleion Museum lamps was presented by Lilian Mercando in her 'Lucerne romane del museo di Iraklion' in AntichitaCretese235-39, with plates XXXIV-XXXVIII. Lamps from Kommos are illustratedHesperia47, pl. 42. Fourteen lamps fromtombsof the firstcenturyA.D. at Ayia Theka and Mátala were published by A. Lebessis in PAE 1969, pls. 278-279. Y. Sakellarakis published eleven more froma second centuryA.D. tomb at Plateia Daskaloyianni, Herakleion, in ADelt 20 (1965) Chr562, pl. 708. Several complete and fragmentarylamps have

THE LAMPS

260

been reportedfromdeposits at Knossos itself,including B. Homann-Wedeking, BSA 45 (1950) 174-5; 190-191. J.W. Hayes 'Four Early Roman Groups from Knossos' BSA 66 (1971) 249-275, with plates 39-40. J.N. Coldstream, Demeter, Deposits F, H, and J (plates 18, 26, 30), H.W. Catling, BSA, 76, 101-104, fig. 11 and fromKnossian tombs, includingJ.M. Cook, in JHS 73 (1953) 127, fig. 13, fromthe Hospital site, K.A. Wardle in BSA 67 (1972), 271-278, Marathianou Lakkos Tombs 1 and 2; J. Carington-Smithin BSA 11 (1982), 291 and plate 44, from the Monasteriaki Kephala tomb. All the material from these earlier publications has parallels in the UM series.

ADDENDUM The volume in honour of ProfessorN. Platon, Eilapini (Herakleion, 1987), contains an article by V. Apostolakou on the 'Ivy Leaf lamps of Crete. This only became available to me afterthis catalogue and study had been completed. A number of complete lamps are described and illustrated,drawn from the collections in the Ayios Nikolaos Museum and the Hierapetra Collection. The majorityof items are without history,and theirvalue forthe presentstudy is thereforesomewhat restricted.

CATALOGUE Earlylamps LI

L2

L3

L4

L5

(67/L349) plate 246. D. c. 9.0. Almost complete section,includingcentralcone. Flat base, flat rim. surface.Nozzledippedin Greyclay,lightgreyself-slip blackwash,worn.Wheelmade.N House, semi-glossy Rooms IV/V; contentof E wall-2ndA.D. Howland Type 12. 6th centB.C. ? Attic. (67/L353) plate 246. 7.0 x 3.0. Part sectionrim to floor,part of nozzle. Flat base and rim. Red clay, roughplain finish.Nozzle and interiorcoated matt dark red/brown.Wheelmade. VI 8, ArchaicClassical? Howland Type 12. 6th centB.C. ? Attic. (67/L351) plate 246. 6.5x2.5. Part section,rim to floor.Pale red clay, thickwalled. Plain tan surface, roughened. Wheelmade. VI, Roadway cist. See Deposit C2(4), Claudian. Near HowlandType 12 cf.a KnossoslampBSA 45, 175,fig.13B (kilns)and PI. 12c,froma late 5thcent B.C. group. (67/L350) plate 246. 4.7 x 2.0. Part section,rim to floor. Brown clay, matt red wash (very worn). Wheelmade.VII 35, late 4th-early3rd centB.C. Howland,Type 12. See L3. 6th-5thcentB.C. (67/L348) plate 246. 8.5 x 3.0. Part section,rim to floor.Startofnozzle. Lightred clay,veryfinecream surface,nozzle end dipped in glossydark red-black wash. Nozzle blackened.Wheelmade.VI 7 and 11, streetand contentofwall, ? Late HL. Howland Type 12a. 6th centB.C. ? Attic.

L6

L7

L8

L9

LIO

LI 1

(71/L277)plate 246. 5.5 x 1.6. Partsection,rimand wall. Startof nozzle. Light red clay, cream surface, partlycoveredglossyblackwash.Wheelmade.XI 29, late HL. Howland Type 21. 5th centB.C. ? Attic. (71/L66) plates 224, 246. D. 7.8, H 2.7. Nozzle,part of rim and wall lost. Raised base (cuttingmarks), horizontalstraphandle.Wheelmade.Rathersoftgrey clay,partcoveringof mattdark brownwash,lighter patches.XI 33, 2nd centB.C. (to post-150B.C.). Howland 2 IB. 5thcentB.C. A Knossianexampleis Demeter 44, H. 104 and pl. 26. (Deposit H contained materialofthe 5th centB.C.-2nd centA.D.). (67/L354) plate 246. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder and lug wheelmade.Red clay, glossyblack wash fragment, out, red in. VI 10, mixed 1stcentB.C.-lst A.D. Howland Type 25B. Second half 4th cent-first quarter3rd centB.C. (71/L290)plate 246. 4.0 x 4.5. Nozzle, partrimand wall section.Wheelmade.Pink clay, cream surface, part coverof glossyblack wash. Undersideof nozzle XV 10a, HL to 1stcentB.C. knife-trimmed. ? Howland Type 21. (71/L274)plate 246. 5.7 x 3.5. Partofbase and wall, remainsof ? horizontallypierced lug. Wheelmade. Red-brownclay,mottledplumred-darkbrownwash, in and out. XI content of road terrace wall. Geometric-ClassicaWHL. (67/P120)plates 224,246. D. 6.3, Ext L. 10.2,H. 2.8. Intactsave nozzle-tip,lost.Wheelmade,ratherthick Flat base. Horizwalls. Lower part knife-trimmed.

THE LAMPS ontal straphandle.Yellow clay: nozzle and adjacent wall dipped in thinmatt red wash. N House, V 4, mixedHL/lst centA.D. Cretan version of wheelmade lamp, recalling Howland 21, with much elongatednozzle. Another Knossianexampleis Demeter 33, no. E. 31, pl. 15 and fig.16.DepositE is datedlate 3rd-early2nd centB.C.

L21

L22

Knossian Late Hellenisticwheelmadelamps L12

L13

L14

L15

L16

LI 7

L18

L19

L20

(71/L67) SML 152 plates 224, 246. D. 6.3, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Tip of nozzle and handle lost,otherwise intact. Thick walls. Flat base (cutting marks). Orange-bluff clay,coated mattreddishbrown,worn. Nozzle blackened.XI 47, HL to 1stcentB.C. (67/P211)SML 155 plates 224, 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. intact.Thickwalls. 9.0, H. 3.0. Handle lost,otherwise Pinkishbuffmicaceousclay. Cuttingmarksunderfoot. Rough plain finish.Nozzle (blackened)and adjacent wall dippedin mattblackwash.Well 1, DepositH 14, late 3rd centB.C. Close to the Knossianlamps Demeter 33, E. 32, 33, pl. 15 and fig.16 - mid-late3rd centB.C. deposit. (72/L7O)SML 153plates 224,246.D. 5.8, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Handle and nozzle tip lost,otherwiseintact. Cuttingmarksunderfoot.Thick walls more upright than LI 3 and LI 4, nozzle root narrower.Nozzle blackened.Soft pale buffclay, partlycoated matt plum to dark brown wash. XIII Cleaning. Unstratified. (71/L31)SML 620 plate 246. D. 6.3, H. 3.6. Handle, nearlyall nozzlelost,otherwiseintact.Cuttingmarks underfoot.Thick walls. Fine buffclay. Upper part coated mattplum brownwash; blobs and dabble on reservedparts.XII 17,mixed1stcentB.C.-early2nd centA.D. (71/L62)SML 617 plate 246. D. 6.8, H. 3.5. Handle, nozzle,part of wall lost. Thick walls. Cuttingmarks underfoot.Walls slope inward more than L14 and LI 5. Buffclay,smoothsurfacefinish.Patchesofsemiglossyblack wash. XII 36, late 3rd-early2nd cent B.C. (68/P26)SML 622 plate 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. 10.0,H. 3.0. Handle lost, otherwiseintact. Thick walls. Nozzle blackened.BuffCuttingmarkson underfoot. brownclay. Plum-brown wash on nozzleand close to it. VIII 32, 4th-3rdcentB.C. (67/P180)SML 624 plate 246. D. 6. 1,Ext L. 11.3,H. 3.1. Chipofnozzlelost,otherwise completeand intact. Thick walls. Cutting marks on underfoot.Nozzle Coarse clay (manyinclu(blackened)knife-trimmed. sions) overfiredgreenish.Plain rough finish.Partly coateddark(discoloured)wash.Pit65, late 2nd-early 1stcentB.C. (71/L53) SML 618 plate 247. D. 6.0, Ext L. 9.6, H. 3.0. Part of wall and base lost. Thick walls. Cutting marksunderfoot. Nozzle blackened.Pinkish-buff clay, creamsurfacefinish,rough.Reserved.XI 14, Augustan, 1stcentB.C.-lst centA.D. (67/L164) SML 609 Not illustrated.5.0x2.8. Body near handle.Greyclay,coated black wash. fragment I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.

L23

261 (67/P118) SML 614 plate 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.5, H. 2.8. Handle, rim chip lost, otherwiseintact.Thick walls. Cuttingmarks underfoot.Nozzle blackened. Pale buffclay,veryroughfinish.Nozzle and adjacent wall coated mattblack. E House, VII(E) 16, 1stcent A.D. Close to LI 3. (67/P179)SML 623 plate 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.2, H. 3.4. Handle, nozzle tip lost; otherwiseintact.Thick walls. Orange buffclay, plain finish,nozzle and adjacentwalldippedmattblackwash.Well 1,Deposit H 14, late 3rd centB.C. (71/L32) SML 155 plates 224, 247. D. 6.1, L. 12.5, H. 3.2. Complete, intact. Handle at steep angle. Circulargroove underfootgives impressionof separately added base. Nozzle blackened. Buff clay, coarse, grit temper.Dark red matt wash on upper part.House ofDiamond Frescoes,Room I, upperfill; late 2nd centA.D.

Late Hellenistic lamps with collared filling hole L24 (71/L40)SML 156plates224,247.D. 5.9,ExtL 8.7,

L25

L26

L27

H. 3.4. Much ofnozzlelost,otherwiseintact.Handle at steep angle. Flat base, cutting marks. Nozzle blackened. Pinkishclay, cream surfacefinish.Reserved.XIV 15, earlyto mid 1stcentA.D. Profileas BSA 45, 190, 4:3, fig.32.5 and PI. 14F, dated to thesecondhalfof the 2nd centB.C. (71/L58) plates 224. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.3, H. 3.7. Nozzle and part of wall lost,otherwiseintact.Thick walls.Handle at steepangle.Flat base,cuttingmarks. Pinkish-buff clay. Partlycoated semi-glossyred to dark brownwash. XI 30, DepositH29, thirdquarter 2nd centB.C. (71/L63) SML 616 plate 247. D. 6.2, H. 3.4. Nozzle and partofwall lost.Handle at steepangle.Flat base. Softbuffclay. Coated semi-glossy reddish-brown to darkbrownwash,worn.XI 27, DepositH30, packing underAugustanfloor,3rd quarter2nd centB.C. (71/L39) SML 619 plate 247. D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.7, H. 3.5. Handle, spoutand partofwall lost;recomposed. Flat base, cuttingmarks. Nozzle blackened. Buffbrownclay. Plain surfacefinish.Reserved.XI 16,last quarter1stcentB.C.

Fragmentsof Late Hellenisticwheelmade lamps L28

L29

L30

(67/L302) SML 621 plate 247. L. 4.7. Nozzle, blackened.Cream clay. I 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. As the nozzle of LI 3. (71/L68) SML 615 plate 247. 6.8x5.0. Nozzle (blackened) and wall fragment.Orange-buffclay, rathercoarse.Coated plumredto brownwash.XI 47, HL to 1stcentB.C. (71/L280) plate 247. 8.0x8.0. Nozzle and part of wall. Tip of nozzle blunt and angled, with hint of flukes.Pink-buff clay,rathercoarse.Coated mattlight to darkbrownwash.SW House, Room I, DepositAl; earlyAugustan.

THE LAMPS

262

Cf. the completeEphesos lamp BMC i, Q, 157, whosefabricdescriptionis similar.A 2nd cent B.C. date is suggested.

Knidos lamps

See Howland,Agoraiv, 126-7 and BaileyBMC i, 124-31. L31 (71/L41) SML 272 plates 225, 247. Est D. 6.8, H. 3.5. Handle, nozzle,partsofwall lost.What remains recomposed.Wheelmade.Double convexbody,deeply sunkdiscuswithfillinghole. Raised base, concave On theshoulder,applied,a "Knidian leaf underfoot. and plain disk. Rather granular grey clay, plain surfacefinish.XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? secondhalf). BMC i, pls. 64-65, Q 332-342. Second half 2nd half1stcentB.C. cent-first L32 (67/L309) SML 599 plate 247. D. 6.6, H. 4.3. Handle, nozzle, discus and half body lost. Recomposed.Featuresas L31. Greyclay,partlycoated matt darkgrey.IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd cent-first L33 (71/L233) Not illustrated.5.2x2.0. Rim, wall and nozzlefragment, includingappliedleafand disk.Grey clay,hard; partlycoated mattgrey.XI Unstratified. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd-first L34 (67/L271 bis) plate 247. 2.0x1.6. Fragmentwith slave-maskaffixfromwall. Red clay, rathercoarse, surfacereducedgrey.I 9 pit 2, 2nd centA.D. half1stcentB.C. Second half2nd-first L35 (71/L294) plate 247. 2.6x2.0. Fragment,as L34. Wornmould.Red-brownclay;affixgreyclay.XIV 7, Claudian. half1stcentB.C. L34 and L35 Secondhalf2nd-first a commonwalldecorationofKnidoslampsillustrate BMCi, pls.69-71. Ours are even manyare illustrated moreschematicthanany of these.

Hellenisticmould-madelamp L36

(67/L366) plate 247. 4.7x3.7. Nozzle bridgefragment,withslave mask in relief,trace eitherside of something.Grey clay, coated glossyblack wash. N House, I(s) 13, Hadrianicand later. Cf. Délos60, no. 2467 and pl. 13; on eitherside of the mask is a leaf in relief,suggestingone way of This Delos lamp thetraceson our fragment. restoring belongsto Group I of Bruneau'sverywide rangeof 'Lampes dites d'Ephése'. Bailey {BMC i, 90, n. 2) suggeststhe term 'Ephesos Lamp' ought to be to HowlandType 49a and Bruneau'sGroup restricted V of his 'Lampes ditesd'Ephése'. The originof L36 may well have been in Asia Minor.

Ephesos lamps

HowlandType 49 - Agoraiv, 166-70;Bruneauin Délos72-73 ('Lampes dites d'Ephése' Group V). Bailey in OpAthVI, 1969,66, describingno. 224. Baileyin BMC i, 88-93. L37 (71/L30)SML 168plate 225,247. D. 6.2, Ext L. 9.0, H. 3.6. Part of handle, mostof nozzle lost. Mould made,biconicalbody.Threesmalloil-holessurround the centralfillinghole,all enclosedby flaringcollar.

No reliefornamenton the shoulder.Flat oval base. Brownclay,micaceous.Coated in verydarkmattgrey wash. XI 14, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. L38 (71/L224) SML 607 plate 247. 8.0x4.7. Handle, collarand partofbody.Handle ribbed;smalloil-holes not fully pierced. Trace of leaf garland on the shoulder.Greyclay,rathercoarse.Coated semi-glossy black wash. X 11, early 1stcentA.D. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent A.D. The ornamentmay recallCorinth 67, fig.29:22. L39 (71/L311) SML 605 plate 247. D. 4.5, Ext L. 7,8. Part of collar, etc. and nozzle. Only one of two smalloil-holesfullypierced.Indecipherable surviving trace of shoulder ornament. Grey clay, very micaceous.Coated mattgreywash.VI 7, 1stcentB.C. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. L40 (71/L236)SML 601 plate 247. 4.0 x 2.2. Handle and collar fragment. Grey clay, micaceous.Coated matt darkgreywash. XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? 1sthalf). Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L41 (71/L235)SML 602 plate 247. 3.8 x 1.5. Collar and fillinghole fragment.Grey clay, micaceous.Coated mattdarkgreywash.XI 19, 1stcentB.C. (? 2nd half). Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L42 (71/L228)SML 212 plates 225, 248. D. c. 5.6, Ext L. 11.0. Handle, part of shoulder and nozzle, all undersidelost. No collar. Three small oil-holes,two fullypierced.On the shoulderin reliefrow of dots above "arrowheads".Grey clay, micaceous.Coated dark grey semi-glossywash. XIV 11, Deposit A2, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. 5.0 x 4.8. Collar and filling L43 (61/L225)Not illustrated. hole (smalloil-holelargerthanusual). Trace ofrelief on what remainsofshoulder.Greyclay,soft.Coated darkgreywash. XIII 25b. semi-glossy Last quarter2nd-mostof 1stcentB.C. L44 (67/L310) SML 604 plate 248. D. 5.7. Part of shoulder,collar, etc. Two survivingsmall oil-holes fullypierced.Rosettesin reliefon theshoulder.Grey clay,rathersoft.Coated mattdarkgrey.N House, V 4, mixedHL-lst centA.D. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st B.C. A Knossos exampleis RR/K/60,no. 35, BSA 66 (1971) 253 and pl. 34e. The groupis dated 20-1 B.C. by Hayes. The ornament occurs on Howland's lamp 651 (late 2nd-early1stcentB.C. context),Agoraiv, 168,pl. 49. Also Corinth lamp 320, p. 160 and p. 67, fig.29:34. Note BMC i, Q, 168, 177, 185 and 191, all foundat rosettes. Ephesos,withslightlydiffering L45 (71/L226) SML 606 plate 248. 6.5x5.6. Handle stumps,partofshoulderand collar.Reliefkeypattern betweenpairsof dots. Lightgreyclay. Coated semiglossydarkgreywash. XII 12, Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcent B.C. A rather different keypatternon BMC i, Q,200, fromEphesos. L46 (67/L245) SML 290 plates 225, 248. 5.0x2.8. Fragmentof shoulderand top. Relief tripleleaves with"cabled,cigar-shaped objects"(BMC alternating i, 101on Q, 165and 168). Greyclay,soft.Coated matt brown-blackwash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.

THE LAMPS

L47

L48

L49

L50

L51

L52

Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. The motif recalls Corinth 67, fig. 29:15. Délos 59, nos 2427, 2431-2, (Group I of Bruneau's "Lampes dites d'Ephése",pl. 13). BMC i, Q 178 fromEphesoslacks thefillingpattern.The motifon thePergamonmould Schäfer,147,pls. 68-9 T.4 is similar. (67/L246) SML 208 plates 225, 248. 3.0x2.4. Shoulder fragment.Relief maeander. Grey clay, coated mattblack wash. I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. Last quarter2nd-first quarter 1stcent B.C. Very close to Délos 58-9, nos. 2387, 2394, Group I of Bruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése". A morecanonical Ephesoslamp, BMC i, Q 200, has a widermaeander border. (67/L159) SML 610 plate 248. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder and fillinghole fragment.Reliefornamentof swag betweenverticalline of threedots. Greyclay,coated in black wash. I(N) 15, Deposit H35, mid-1st cent B.C. Last quarter 2nd-1st cent B.C. The design may resembleDélos 76, no. 3180 and PI. 19 (Group IX of Bruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése"). (67/L312)SML 600 plate 248. 2.2 x 1.7. Fragmentof collarand shoulder.Tongue in relief.Lightgreyclay. Coated semi-glossy dark greywash. IX 3, mixed 1st centA.D. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentA.D. Délos 72, nos 2952, 2957 (pl. 17). Bruneau's Group V of his "lampes ditesd'Ephése". The motifappears on the GroupII lampsDélos2703,2716,2720,2724. See also BMC i, d 193 and Corinth 67, fig.29:55. (67/L247) SML 291 plate 225, 248. 4.0x2.0. Fragmentofshoulderand collar.Reliefgarland-cable and three lobed leaf. Coated black wash. VII 2, DepositS 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Last quarter2nd-muchof1stcentB.C. As Délos73, no. 2997, pl. 17. Group V ofBruneau's"lampesdites 67, fig.29:11. Recalls a Pergamon d'Ephése". Corinth lamp, Schäfer146-7, pl. 69, T.2. (71/L234) SML 603 plate 248. 3.8x2.0. Handle, shoulderand collar fragment. Relief? vine leaf and clusteron shoulder.Greyclay. Coated darkgrey.XI 14,Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. (71/L232)SML 148 plates 225, 248. Est W. 7.4, Ext L. 10.0. Handle, much of collar, part of nozzle and undersidelost.Recomposed.Differsfromthe preceding in that the collar entirelysurroundsshoulder.A smalloil-holeon thefullypreservedsideofthenozzle; triangularnozzle terminal.Raised rimenclosesfilling hole. Spiral volutein relief,its stemson the nozzle, spiralson theshoulders,whichare also decoratedby long tonguesabove a cable border.The (lost) handle triple ridged. Grey clay, rather micaceous, soft. Coated mattdarkbrownwash.SW House, Room III, firstphase; mid-late 1stcentB.C. Firstcent B.C. Close to Délos 75, no. 3155, pi 20 (Group VIII ofBruneau's"lampesditesd'Ephése"), apart fromlatter'sroundnozzle. BMC i, 111-112, Q 165 no. 367 and pl. 204, pl. 38. fromEphesos.Corinth VI. For theshoulderornament,Corinth 67, fig.29:46; fortheneck,op. cit. 68, fig.30:13.

L53

L54

L55

L56

L57

263 (71/L288)plate 248. D. 5.6. Handle stump,shoulder and wall fragment, non-joiningtriangularnozzle tip. Wornmould.Reliefon shoulder-threeparallelbands ofobliquestrokes.Greyclay.Coated mattblackwash. SW House, Room I, DepositAl; Augustan. Last quarter2nd-muchof 1stcentB.C. Cf. Corinth 67, fig.29:4-6, 159-60,no. 316 and pl. VI. (71/L28) SML 305 plates 225, 248. D. 5.8, H. 2.9, Ext L. 10.8. Handle lost;what remainsintact.Worn mould. No small oil-holes.Triangularnozzle, blackened. Concave underfoot. On the shoulder,in relief, dots and separate spirals. On the bridge, floral betweenparallelrowsofdots.Finecreamclay.Coated mattorange-brown wash. XII 14, 1stcentA.D. into 2nd. ? Much of 1stcentB.C. ? ImitationEphesos.Close parallelAgoraiv 169, no. 658. The designis akin to Corinth 67, fig.29:41; p. 165-61, no. 368 and PI. VI (lamp typedifferent). (71/L37)SML 215 plates 225,248. EstD. 6.0, ExtH. 3.2. Handle, part of collar and shoulder,base and muchof bodylost.A small oil-holeremains.In relief on theshoulder,separatespirals;on thenozzlebridge, olive spray. Grey clay. Coated slightlyglossydark greywash. XII 12, Hadrianic. Last quarter 2nd-firstquarter 1st cent A.D. For spiral,no. L54. The nozzle bridgeornamentrecalls, butis notthesame as Délospl. 12,nos.2370, 2381; pl. 13, no. 2469. (67/L297) SML 611 plate 248. 4.7x2.0. Collar, handle stump, shoulder fragment.Grey clay. Reserved.II 7, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Class doubtful. (67/L360)SML 608 plate 248. 3.9 x 2.4. Handle root and collar fragment.Grey clay, coated black wash. Wall makeup,N House courtyard, late 2nd centA.D.

Local Late Hellenisticmould-madelamps L58

L59

L60

(68/P4) plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0, Ext L. 10.8. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.Deep bodied,withpair of relief nipples between fillinghole and nozzle (blackened).The (lost) handlehad threegroovesand a 'frill'(Hayes) at junctionwithbody.Wornmould. Pinkishbuffclay,rathercoarse.Creamsurface, coated mottledmattreddishbrownwash. Bulldozedarea surface,Severan (and to 4th centA.D.) Late 1stcentB.C. NearlyidenticalKnossianlamps have been reportedby Hayes, 'Four Early Roman Groups' BSA 66 (1971), 249-275. These include RR/K/60,nos. 36, 38, op. cit. 256 and pl. 39e and f (datedc. 20-1 B.C.) and MW 58-9, no. 65, op. cit.262 and pl. 40c. (68/P12) SML 157 plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0, Ext L. 10.8. Handle, partofnozzlelost.As L58. Grey clay. Coated glossyblackwash.VIII 29, 1stcentA.D. with2nd centintrusions. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58. (71/L42) SML 627 plate 249. D. 6.4, H. 3.6, Ext L. 10.1.Handle, tipofnozzlelost;restintact.No nipples, otherwiseas L58. Fine brownclay,soft.Coated semiwash.XII 25b,late 1stcentB.C. glossyorange-brown

264

L61

L62

L63

L64

L65

L66

L67

L68

THE LAMPS BSA 66, 262, pl. 40a, no. 64 of MW/58-9,late 1st centB.C. (71/L231) SML 172 plates 226, 248. Est D. 7.4, H. 5.2. Nozzle,muchofwall,partofshoulderlost.Fourribbedhandle. Near L58. Remains of incisedsignatureunderfoot: ...AOT. Grey-brown clay,rathersoft. to darkbrownwash. XI Coated glossyorange-brown 17,Augustan(and muchHL). Late 1stcentB.C. Cf. L58, etc. (71/L227)SML 169 plates 226, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.8. Handle, nozzle,partofwall lost.As L58. Deeply incised signatureunderfoot:AP (prominentserifs). dark grey Greyclay, rathersoft.Coated semi-glossy wash. SW House, Room I; XII 36, Tiberian. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58. (71/L229)SML 170 plates 226, 249. W. 6.6, Ext L. Four9.5. Handle,shoulderand fillingholefragment. ribbedhandle, iugs' on oppositesides of the body. Otherwiseas L58. Grey clay, rathersoft. Coated glossyblackwash. XI 14, Augustan. Late 1stcentB.C. See L58 forthegeneraltype. (71/L159)SML 159 plates 226, 249. W. 7.4, H. 3.5, Ext L. 9.2. Handle, part of wall and nozzle lost. As L63. Greyto buffclay - ? burnt.Partlycoated matt wash.XI 16,lastquarter1stcentB.C. orange-brown (Augustan). Late 1stcentB.C. (67/P89) SML 166 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.3, Ext L. 10.6. Handle, nozzleend lost,restintact.Akin to L63. From a very worn mould, retouched, theladderpatterneithersideofthenozzle particularly root. Four 'nipples', more closely resemblingrivet heads. Very small lugs. Nozzle blackened.On the underfoot,in very low relief,the signatureTOS;. Pinkishclay, compact,hard. Coated in matt dark brownwash that has peeled. II 7, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd centA.D. Late 1st cent B.C. A Knossos lamp, no. 38 from RR/K/60,BSA 66, 256 and pl. 39f, also has four nipples,butno otherdecoration.The groupis datedc. 20-1 B.C. (67/P118)SML 161 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.5, Ext L. 11.3. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.A clumsier versionofL58 etc. withtwo pairsofparallellineson the shoulderseach side; inconspicuousnipples.Retouch on the 'frill' at the handle root. Concave Nozzle blackened.Buff-brown underfoot. clay, hard. Coated metallic plum wash, large areas blotched dark.V 4, mixedHL-lst centA.D. Not beforethelate 1stcentB.C. (71/L45) SML 173 plates 227,249. D. 7.0, H. 3.8. Handle stump, much of shoulder,wall and base; fillinghole;verywornmould.Frillsat base ofhandle. Nipplesand parallellinesas L66, but an ivy leaf in reliefon theleftshoulder.Fine greyclay,soft.XI, S. baulk 1-2, Flavian-Trajanic. Thoughtheformand ornamentis neartheIvyLeaf class,thisseemsto precedethatclassand have itsroots in local LHL mouldmade lamps as L58, etc. (71/L43) SML 209 plates 227, 247. W. 7.0, H. 3.3, Ext L. 8.2. Handle, much of upper part and nozzle lost.Mould made. Parallelridgesand grooveson the

L69

L70

L71

L72

L73

L74

shoulder,repeatedon the prominentlugs. Flat base, dark grey ovoid. Fine greyclay, coated semi-glossy wash. XI S. baulk 14-16, #2489,Augustan. The shape, and ornamentalscheme with rays recalls Howland's Type 52 Lamps, {Agora iv, 190-193), particularlyno. 726, pl. 51 (dated third quarter1stcentB.C.-early 1stA.D.). ?Late 1stcent B.C. 5.0 x 4.5. Partof (67/L233)SML 626 Not illustrated. shoulder,fillinghole and nozzle ridge.Reliefrayson black theshoulder.Greyclay,soft.Coated semi-glossy wash.VII 3. DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. ?Late 1stcentB.C. Akinto Howland Type 52. See L68. (67/L233) SML 626 plate 248. 4.8 x 2.3. Shoulder Mould made withretouch and fillinghole fragment. on thetongues.Nippleovertongues.Greyclay,semiglossy black wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Akinto Howland Type 52. ? Late 1stcentB.C. (71/L20) SML 309 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.8, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, partsof body,base and nozzle lost. Recomposed.Worn mould. Round nozzle,ring foot, slightlyconcave underfoot.Tongues on the shoulder.Double ridge,and grooveon nozzlebridge. Fine brown clay, soft. Coated matt orange-dark brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. Howland Type 52, particularly Agoraiv, 193, no. 755 and PI. 51 (no nozzle-bridgeornament). A comparable Knossian lamp is no. 63 in the Well MW/58-9,BSA 66, 261 and PI. 40c, left,thoughthis had handlefrillsand nipplesat thebase ofthenozzle. The groupdates 20-1 B.C. (71/L230) SML 171 plates 227, 249. Est D. 10.0. Handle stump,partofrightshoulderand fillinghole. Relief ornament(crisp - some retouch)large boss and scroll.Grey-brown cross-hatched (thyrsos-head?) clay,soft.Remainsofglossyblackwash. XII 24, late 1stcentB.C. ? 1stcentB.C. This designis not easilyparalleled. Notice, however,the three lamps Délos 90-2 nos. 4220-22, pl. 22, probablyfromPergamon,decorated withfrondsand ivy berries('guirlandede feuilleset de lièvre')- lastquarter2nd-1stquarter1st corymbes centB.C. (71/L25) SML 158 plates 227, 249. D. 5.1, H. 3.2 (4.2 to handletop),L. 11.6. Verticalringhandlewith deep central groove, deep shoulder,plain nozzle bridge,round nozzle. Large fillinghole enclosedby ridgedrim.Slightlyconcavefoot,ill defined.In light reliefon the shoulders,double stems.Worn mould. Nozzle blackened.Buffbrownclay. Largelycoated mattplum-redwash. XIV 3, Trajanic. ? Late 1stcentB.C. Perhapsrelatedto Chypre 63, no. 141 and pl. 8. (67/L295) SML 275 plates 227, 248. 5.0x4.5. Reliefshoulders; Shoulderand fillinghole fragment. wornmould- twofrontalEroteswithclaspedhands, heads close to each other.Grey clay. Coated matt wash. II 7, mixed 1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Secondhalf2nd cent-early1stcentB.C. Howland's

THE LAMPS

L75

L76

'Kite-shaped'lamp, Type 47B (veryrare in Athens) Agoraiv, 154-5 and pl. 48, no. 613. Several are reportedfromDélos. Délos 887-88, nos. 4144, 4201: 'Lampes aux Eros affrontés' pl. 21, whereBruneau threeversions,the Erotessupport1) a distinguishes palmette,2) a dramaticmask,3) a caduceus.It is not clearto which,ifany,oftheseL74 belongs.The Delos lampsdate to the secondhalfof the 2nd-first partof the 1stcentB.C. Otherexamplescome fromCyprus, includingone fromPaphosT. 2792 BCH 110,874, fig. 118 and twoin Nicosiawithoutprovenance,Chypre 59, nos. 132-3,pl. 8. Oziol suggestsmanufacture beganas earlyas themid-3rd centin viewof Tarsus101,lamp 37, pl. 94. Bailey, BMC i, 236 discussesthe type, attributing Q,509 to theLevant.Menzel lamp 60 is of thesame type. (67/L224) SML 553 plate 249. D. 5.3, Ext L. 5.6. Part of shoulderand fillinghole area, two joining. Mould made withretouch(parallelgrooves).Grooves and nipples.Pinkishbuffclay,firedash greyin part. Coated reddishbrownwash. V 3a, firsthalf 1stcent A.D. This lamp's place is equivocal, but it may best be seen as of themain typeof L58 etc. (71/L254)SML 543 plate 249. D. 5.8. Shoulderand Reliefornamenton the shoulfillinghole fragment. ders - triangulararrangementof largish globules betweenpairs of parallel grooves.Buff-brown clay, coatedsemi-glossy brownwash. XIV 4, 1stcentA.D. ? Related to lamps of the typeof L58. A possible influenceis Howland Type 56, whereimbricatedleaf

L77

L78

L79

L80

265 designalternateswithtongues.Agoraiv, 204-05, nos. 797-803 and pl. 53, dated late 1stcentB.C.-early 1st centA.D. (71/L276)plate 249. D. 5.7, Ext L. 6.0. Handle, part of base, wall and collar, recomposed.Wheelmade. Biconicalbody,flaringcollar.Red-brownclay,rather coarse.Coated red-darkbrownwash,mottled.XI S. baulk #2489,Augustan. The shape is otherwiseunrepresented. (67/L346) plate 249. Ext L. 4.4, W. 4.6. Nozzle bridge. Mould made, relief ornament of winged caduceus withoblique strokeseitherside. Greyclay, coated matt red-brownwash. Contentof wall, late 2nd-early1stB.C. ? 1stcentB.C. Carthage pl. XXXIII, 256 (ofrather different form)has a caduceuson thenozzle (1stcent B.C.). The fineBroneerXXI lamp Agoravii, 73, no. 16, has a reliefcaduceus on each nozzle. Perlzweig refersto Prime452, fig.560. (71/L268) SML 270 plates 225, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.6. Handle, (fourribbed)partofshoulderand filling hole, underbody and base. Worn mould. Relief shoulderornament,runningspiral. Grey clay, soft, buffsurfaces.Matt red wash. XIII/XIV #2492.To mid 1stcentA.D. This lamp has no parallel. (67/L293)SML 625 plate 249. Ext L. 6.4. Base, part of handle and underbody.Mould-made,oval base, three-rib handle.Greyclay,coated. I(N) 15, Deposit H35, mid 1stcentB.C. Perhapsto be comparedwithL69 and L70.

Cretan mould-made ivy leaf lamps L8 1-251, are attributedto thisclass,whichseemsalmost Nearly200 lamps and fragments, restricted to Crete. The featuresoccuron a numberof entirely easilyrecognizeddistinguishing different nozzlebridge lamp shapesand sizes.A majorityhas a bodyroundin plan,prominent and carefullymodelledround nozzle mouth.The profileis usuallybiconical,the shoulders deeper than the underbody.The base may be concave, withor withoutfootring.Except outsizelamps,thereis a verticalringhandle,almostinvariablywithdeep centralgroove.The holevariesin size;it is placed centrally in a quitedeeplyconcavediscussurroundedbya filling lowrimwhichmaybe grooved.The outerdiscusis oftenpickedoutbycrispencirclings. As well as lampsofstandardsize withlongnozzle,thereare severalwithshortnozzles.Outsizelamps withsinglenozzlesmayhave ringhandles,but reflectors in theformofan acanthusleafwere also used,and forthelargedoublelampswhichshowthelamp typein itsmostsplendidform. The maindecorativemotifis therelief devicewitha ivyleaf whichappearsas a heart-shaped vertical into two deep groovedividing halves,each lobe pickedout by a prominent impressed circlet.The leaves are alwayspointdown. Their mostfrequentuse is to pick out the nozzle bridge,but theyare also commonon theshouldersat rightanglesto handle and nozzle,less on theshouldersnear thehandle.Nipplesare usuallypresent,twonear thehandle frequently twoeitherside ofthenozzleroot. Vertical are also verycommonlyused on attachment, grooves theshoulder,usuallyto separateothermotifsfromone another.The groovesoccursingly,in is thesameon bothshoulders.The syntaxofthestandard pairsor in threes;theirarrangement

266

THE LAMPS

ivy-leaflampornament,readingfromhandleto nozzle,is: groove(s), nipple,grooves,ivyleaf, additionsto thisstandard Thereare lessfrequent grooves,nipple,groove(s), ivyleaf-on-bridge. with bone on thenozzle-bridge of motifs. One of the most is incised chevron/ herring popular group is the leaf the sometimes or withouta medialline.This sometimes ivy imposed replaces ivyleaf, These tonguesmaybe overit.The shoulderornamentmaybe replacedbylongmoulded tongues. and appear overcircletsor detachedspirals.Othershoulderdesignsconsistexclusively shorter, or circletssetoffbyincisedzig-zag,or circletsin theanglesofincisedcrossed ofimpressed circlets, is veryclear,yetveryfewoftheivylampsare duplicates;there lines.The familyrelationship of musthave been a veryrichseriesofmoulds.Retouchis fairlyprevalent.The arrangement and but outsize thematerialthatfollowsis dictatedby thetypesofornamentand theirsyntax, double lamps are treatedseparately.A discussionof chronologyand originis reservedfor anothersection(See now,V. Apostolakouin Eilapini(Herakleion,1987) 35-44). existenceof a seriesof metallamps which There is a verystrongsenseof the underlying thisstriking providedtheinspirationformost ifnot all of the featureswhichdistinguish series.Cf. e.g. L208 and L209. L81

L82

L83

L84

L85

L86

L87

L88

(67/P131)SML 160 plate 229, 250. D. 6.5, H. 3.9. Handle, part of underbodyand nozzle lost. Thick walls.Ratherwornmould.Standardsyntax- grooves arranged1-2-2-2 (fromhandleto nozzle). Underfoot Pale grey, concave. Filling hole small, off-centre. compactclay.Coated mattdarkbrownwash (including much of the inside). Wash over N House ? Severan. (71/L218) SML 593 plate 250. D. c. 6.0. Part of nozzle,shoulderand discus.Worn mould. Syntaxof what remainsas L81. Grey buffclay, soft.Coated matt red wash. XIV 1 (Trajanic) and XI 3 (Hadrianic). (67/L185) SML 532 plate 250. 3.3x2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Rough modelling.Two circlets above thenipple.Syntaxperhapsas L81. Lightbrown clay,coatedredwash.N House, Room V finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L205) SML 566 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.6. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L81. Light brown clay, coated plum red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/L206) SML 565 plate 250. 3.2x3.0. Part of shoulderand discus.Crisp mould.As the last. Light brownclay,coateddarkbrownwash.N House,Room V, finalPhase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L200) SML 569 plate 250. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould; two grooveson discus.Syntaxas L81? Lightbrownclay,coatedplum red wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L217)SML 524 plate 250. Ext L. 7.9, D(nozzle) 3.7. Nozzle and partofshoulder.The roundnozzlein twodegrees.Whatremainsofsyntaxas L81. Buffclay, wash.XV 1, upperwash, soft,coatedmattred-brown late 2nd to 4th centA.D. (67/P37) SML 213 plates 228, 250. W. 8.7, L 14.5, Ext H. 3.5 (to handle top 5.6). Most of body lost; recomposed.Thin walled. 'Ear lugs'; the ringhandle has one deep and two shallow grooves.The round

L89

L90

L91

L92

L93

nozzle (blackened) is very neatly modelledin two degrees.Fine groovejust insidethediscusrim.Crisp mould.Standardsyntaxwitha groovecount2-3-3-2. metallicplumred Buffclay,compact.Coated slightly wash (includinginside). VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. For shape (but notsyntax)PAE 1969,pl. 278b left. For the same syntaxsee the Knossianlamp BSA 67, 278, no. 102, fig. 5. The same syntax,with the additionof chevronson the nozzle,on the Knossian 50, J. 35, and pl. 30 (late lst-mid2nd lamp Demeter centA.D.). Cf.also PAE 1969,246-8, pl. 278b second fromright,pl. 278d, middle. (67/P51) SML 146 plates 228, 250. D. 9.0, H. 4.3, Ext L. 14.3.Handle,smallpartofshoulderand discus lost; recomposed.Worn mould. Two small filling holes.Syntaxas L88. Nozzle blackened.Pinkishbuff clay. Partlycoatedmattdarkbrownwash.VII 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L212) SML 210 plates 228, 250. Est D. 9.0. Fragment(3 joining) of shoulder,discusand underbody.Crispmould.'Ear' lug and syntaxas L88. Buff brown fine clay. Coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D.5, Hadrianic. (67/P117)SML 130 plates 228,250.W. 8.9, H. 3.8, Ext L. 12.6. Handle and scraps of nozzle lost. Recomposed.Mould ratherworn.Lugs and syntaxas L88. The mouldsforL88 and L91 mustbe closely akin. Reddishbuffsandyclay. Coated mattlightred wash (includinginside). VIII 6. See Deposit T3, Trajanic, withlaterintrusions. Cf. HM 923, Mercando pl. XXXIV.7. (71/L54) SML 150 plates 228, 250. D. 7.5, Ext H. 3.8, L. 8.5. Handle, partofdiscusand shoulder,much of underbody,base and nozzle lost. Crisp mould. Syntaxas L88. The nozzlewas inset.Buffclay,coated matt plum-brownwash. XIII 15a, Deposit N2, Neronian. (71/L6) SML 258 plate 250. Est D. 8.0. Handle

THE LAMPS

L94

L95

L96

L97

L98

L99

L100

L101

L102

L103

L104

stumps,much of shoulderand discus. Crisp mould. Syntaxprobablyas L88. Fine buffclay,coated matt darkbrownwash.XI 1,late 2nd to mid3rdcentA.D. (71/L219)SML 572 plate 250. 6.1 x 2.6. Fragmentof discusand shoulder.Crispmould.Syntaxprobablyas L88. Buff-brown clay. Coated matt red wash. X, cleaning;to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (73/L309) plate 250. 6.5x2.8. Shoulderfragment. Crisp mould. Syntaxprobablyas L88. Dark cream red wash. Well 12, Deposit clay. Coated semi-glossy D4, Hadrianic. (71/L223)SML 571 plate 250. 5.0 x 2.8. Fragmentof discusand shoulder.Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L88. Pink-buff clay. Coated matt plum red-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L198) SML 557 plate 250. 4.0x2.6. Shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Syntaxperhapsas L88. Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownwash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/P87) SML 306 plates 229, 251. D. 5.8, H. 3.0, Ext L. 10.1. Handle, part of nozzle and base lost, otherwiseintact.Crisp mould. Nozzle mouthin one degree.Three concentricmoulded ridgeson discus. Standardsyntaxwitha groovecount3-3-1-2. Nozzle blackened.Buffbrownclay. Coated metallicgoldenmottledbrownwash. N House, Rooms IV/V, final phase - contentofS wall. Late 2nd centA.D. (67/L230) SML 582 plate 250. 4.0 x 2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crisp mould. Three concentric mouldingson discus. Syntax may be as L98. Light brownclay,coated mattdark plum wash. N House, Room I, pit 3, Deposit R2; late 2nd centA.D. (67/L196) SML 547 plate 250. 4.0x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Syntaxprobablyas L98. Cream clay,coated plum red wash. N House, I 12, lst-2ndcentA.D. (67/L204)SML 567 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Syntaxperhapsas L98. Lightbrown-grey clay.Coated darkredwash.N House, I(S) 15, Neronian with 2nd cent A.D. intrusions. (71/L13) SML 316 plates 229, 251. D. 5.9, H. 3.2. Handle and much of nozzle lost, otherwiseintact. Crisp mould. Discus plain, no grooveon rim.Large hole,offcentre.Standardsyntax,withchevrons filling on nozzle.Groovecount2-2-3-2. Nozzle blackened. Fine buff-brown clay. Coated slightlyglossyreddishbrown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. A KnossianexampleBSA 11, 290 no. 133,fig.7 and PI. 44a (Group dated 50-100 A.D.). (71/L287) plate 251. D. 7.4, Ext L. 9.0. Much of handle,nozzle,part ofshoulderand underbodylost. Crispmould.Plain discusand rim.Standardsyntax; groove count 1-2-3-2. Chevronson nozzle. Light brown clay, coated mottled plum-redwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit CI; Claudian. Near the Knossian lamp no. 62 fromthe Well KQ/51/13BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40d, left.? Claudian. (67/L321)SML 562 plate 251. Ext D. 6.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentricmouldingson thediscus.Chevrons,no ivy

L105

L106

L107

L108

L109

LI 10

LI 11

LI 12

LI 13

267 leaf,on thenozzle.Two smallcircletsabove thenozzle nipples.Groovecount 2-3-3-0 (the place of the last chevrons).Greybuffclay. groovesis takenby thefirst Coated mattplum-brownwash. VIII 7, Flavian. (71/L221) SML 558 plate 251. 5.7x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscus. No circletsabove nozzle nipple.Otherwiseas LI 04. wash. Buffclay,soft.Coated semi-glossy plum-brown XI 5, mixed lst-3rdcentA.D. (71/L220) SML 560 plate 251. 5.5x4.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. As LI 05. Nozzle blackened. Buff-brownclay. Coated semiglossyplum-brownwash. XI 5, mixed lst-3rd cent A.D. (71/L222) SML 570 plate 251. 6.0x3.1. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Groove count ?-3-3-2; nozzle chevrons.Pink buff clay, coated mattplum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L4) SML 554 plate 251. D. 6.5. Handle attachment,discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp mould.Plain discus.Circletseitherside ofivyleaftip. Groovecount3-3-(3)-?. Buffclay. Coated mattred wash. XI 4, Trajanic, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (71/L213)SML 573 plate 251. Est D. 6.0, Ext L. 3.0. Handle stump,part of discus,shoulder,underbody and base. Crispmould.Two concentricmouldingson discus.Standardsyntax;groovecount2-3-2-?. Buffbrown clay, coated matt orange-brown wash. XII/XV baulk,mixedHL-R. (67/L186) SML 530 plate 251. 8.0x4.5. Discus, shoulder,startofnozzlefragment. Fairlycrispmould. Two concentric mouldings on discus. Standard syntax;groovecount?-?-3-2. Pink buffclay,coated dark red wash. VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L48) SML 310 plates 229, 251. D. 6.0, H. 3.8, Ext L. 8.2. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Crisp mould. Plain discus. Standard syntax(nozzle chevisolated rons,withoutivy leaf) withembellishments, impressed spiralsbeloweach nippleand eithersideivy leaf tip. Groove count 2-3-2-0 (subsumedby first chevrons).Pinkbuffclay,fine,coated mattredwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. The syntaxis as HM 927, Mercandopl. XXXIV.5. (71/L3) SML 234 plate 251. D. 7.0, H. 3.0. Handle roots,partofdiscus,all shoulder,partofnozzle.Worn mould. Discus rimset offeitherside by finegroove. Mouldingon discus.Long ivy-leafon nozzle bridge, with close set parallel oblique lines either side continuingbeyondleaf,towardsnozzle tip. Unusual shoulderornament,reliefspiralsreplacenipples,and thereare no ivy leaves on the shoulder.The syntax reads 'spiral,two grooves,tonguewithdot in centre, two grooves,reservedspace, two grooves,similar tongue,twogrooves,spiral'.Greenishclay (overfired). Coated dark brown wash. XI 3-4, Trajanic-Hadrianic. (71/L60)SML 313 plates 230,251. Est D. 6.4, H. 3.2. Handle, part of discus,shoulder,underbody,base. Crispplastermould.Five concentricmouldingscover discus.Borderof tongueson the shoulder.Carefully made ringfootwithinteriorridge.PMouldarchetype

268

LI 14

LI 15

LI 16

LI 17

LI 18

LI 19

L120

L121

THE LAMPS red a metallamp. Buffclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy wash. XIII 19, Claudian. Perhaps akin to the HM lamp Mercando pl. XXXVI. 1. (71/L61) SML 329 plates 230, 251. D. 8.2, Ext L. 3.7. Shoulder,discus and startof nozzle fragment. Crisp and precisemould. Shoulderborderof tongue and dartpattern(dartsterminatein circlets).Pair of circletsabove nipple, anotherpair adjacent . Fine grooveinsidediscus rim. A beautifullymade piece, closeto itsmetalarchetype.Buffclay,coated orangeredwash.SW House, Room I; DepositCI, Claudian. (67/L214) SML plates 230, 251. Est D. 6.0. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Borderoftonguesas LI 14; chevronsat startof nozzle. Buffclay, coated mattplum red. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L218) SML 585 plate 251. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Border of long tongues.Reddish buffclay, coated matt red wash. VIII 5. DepositT3, Trajanic withlaterintrusions. (71/L59) SML 230 plate 251. D. 7.2, H. 2.8, Ext L. 9.1. Handle, part of nozzle lost. Crisp, probably plaster,mould. Small handle,six concentricmouldingson discus.Large fillinghole.Borderoftongueson shoulder,volutesat nozzle stem.The concave base is definedbythreeconcentric grooves;within,an incised made. Tau withdouble circletterminals.Beautifully Buffbrownclay, fine.Coated blotchedmatt plumbrownwash.SW House, Room I, XIII 34; early-mid 1stcentA.D. 230 (42) fig. Probablyan Italian import.Vindonissa 6.1 lamp fromPompei, (Loeschke Type V). The device underfootappears on the bridge of Tarsus Lamp 140 - Tarsus109, pl. 98, fromthe "Roman Fill", dated firstthirdof the 1stcentA.D. Goldman cited Vindonissa 245/6(57/8)fig.9:190. It also occurs, underfoot,at Isthmia - Isthmiapl. 13, no. 3079 (incomplete).See Agoravii,54-5 on the4thcentA.D. T workshop (which can hardly be connected). (67/L282) SML 323 plate 251. 6.5x3.0. Discus, shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Deep discus,one grooveat itsedge.Borderofdoubleoutlinedtongues.Neatly coiled spiral at the nozzle root.Granularbuff-brown clay,coatedlightplum-red wash, blotchedtowardsblack. N House, Room VI, DepositD2; Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. as Close to LI 17. Both are probablymisclassified Ivy Leaf lamps. (67/L219)SML 584 plate 251. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Plain discus, long double-outlinedtongues. Light brown clay, coated mattdark plum red wash. N House, II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. (67/L226) SML 579 plate 251. 5.0x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Plain discus, prominentrim, large fillinghole. Long doubleoutlinedtongues.Reddish brownclay. Coated dark mattred wash. DepositFl, Flavian. ? filler. (67/L236)SML 580 plate 252. 3.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn,crudemould.Plain discus,

L122

L123

L124

L125

L126

L127

L128

L129

L130

L131

tongues.Greenishclay,coarse.Coated mattdarkgrey wash. N House, II 7, mixed 1stcent B.C.-2nd cent A.D. (67/L243)) SML 399 plate 252. 5.8 x 4.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Multiplemouldings enclosean otherwiseplain discus. Light buff-brown granular clay, reduced in part, coated matt dark brownthinwash. IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. Froma largelamp akin to L209. (67/L188) SML 529 plate 252. 4.5x2.0. Small ofdiscus,shoulderand nozzle.Ratherworn fragment mould. Double outlined tongueson shoulder- ? chevronson nozzle. Light brownclay, coated matt brownwash. VIII 4, pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. (71/L161) SML 194 plates 230, 252. 5.0x2.1. Shoulderfragment. Wornmould.Quadrupleoutlined tongues. Buff clay, fine. Coated semi-glossydark brownwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. as an Ivy Leaf lamp. Cf. the Probablymisclassified tongueson Délosno. 250, pl. 13,assignedby Bruneau to Group I of his "lampesditesd'Ephése". (71/L33) SML 328 plates 230, 252. D. 6.2, H. 3.6, Ext L. 11.0. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Fairly crispmould.Chevronson thediscusrim,discusplain. Long tonguesand dartson the shoulder,no nipples, chevronson the nozzle. Two isolatedspiralsby the discusrimfacingthenozzle,in thepositionfrequently usedforan ivyleaf.Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated matt red wash. XI S. baulk 1-2 #2482,Flavian-Trajanic. As HM 932 (no provenance), Mercando pl. XXXIV, 9, p. 235, n. 4. (67/L215) SML 591 plate 252. D. 6.0, Ext L. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Moulding on mid-discus.Shoulder ornamentoftongueson each ofwhichis an impressed circlet.An ivyleafis imposedon thenozzlechevrons. Cream clay. Coated drab plum-redwash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L57)SML 220 plates 230,252.Est D. 6.4, H. 3.2, Est L. 11.0. Much ofshoulder,discus,nozzle,partof underbody.Crisp mould. Concentricmouldingson discus, otherwiseas LI 26. Differentmould. Buff brown clay, fine. Coated matt light brown-plum wash. XIV, pit 2, mid-lstcentA.D. (67/L216) SML 590 plate 252. 6.4x3.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As LI 27. Brown clay, coated red wash. N House, I 15, Neronian(with2nd centintrusions). (67/L217) SML 588 plate 252. D. 6.O. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As LI 27. Reddish greyclay, coated plum red wash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L269) SML 327 plate 252. Est D. 8.4. Handle stump, discus and shoulder fragment.Very worn mould.Mouldingson discus,whichhas remainsoftwo fillingholes. Tongues with impressedcircleson the shoulder. Buff-brownclay, coated matt plum-red wash. XII/XV baulk,mixedHL-R. (67/L221) SML 587 plate 252. 4.6x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Crispmould.Ivy leafon the nozzle bridge,separatedfroma nipple by two

THE LAMPS

L132

L133

L134

L135

L136

L137

L138

L139

L140

grooves. Shoulder ornament of double outlined tongues,belowwhichare impressedcirclets.I 6, late 2nd-early3rd A.D. (67/L223) SML 586 plate 252. 5.2x2.5. Shoulder Crisp mould. As L131. Nozzle blackened. fragment. Reddish-brown clay,coated mattredwash.VII 5, to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D., withearliercoins. (67/L323)SML 504 plate 252. 4.5 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As L131. Pink-buff clay, soft.Coated matt red wash. Drain N ofstreet,N House yard,to 2nd half1stcent B.C. (67/L335)SML 330 plates 230, 252. Est D. 6.6, Ext L. 8.6. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody Wornmould.Three concentricgrooveson fragment. the discus.Variant shoulderornamentwith nipples and ivy leaf but no grooves- syntax:nipple- short doubleoutlinedtonguesabove twoimpressedcirclets, ivy leaf,tongueand circlets,nipple. Pink buffclay, coatedsemi-glossy plumred- plumbrownwash.VIII 7, Flavian. (67/L220)SML 589 plate 252. 6.0 x 5.0. Discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentric grooveson discuswithinprominentrim. Ivy leaf on chevronsat nozzle root, prominentnipple. Very carefullymade even, double outlinedtongues.Reddish brownclay, coated red wash. VI I I/IX baulk, mixed 1stcentA.D. (73/L305) plate 252. 7.1 x 4.0. Discus and shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Successionoffourconcentric on the discus. Apart from the grooves/mouldings nipples,all the ornament(includingthe ivy leaf) is impressed.Syntax- nipple,small tongueabove two large circlets,ivy leaf, tongue and circlets,nipple. Creamclay,coatedglossydarkred-brown wash.Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. For some of the elementsin this syntaxcf. the outsizeMátala lamp, PAE 1969,pl. 278b, left. (61/L267) SML 541 plate 252. Est D. 6.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. What remainsof discus plain. On shoulderneat double outlinedtonguesabove separaterighthandedspirals. Buffbrownclay,soft.Coated mattplum-brown wash. XIII/XIV baulk,Claudian. (67/L222,L237) SML 332 plates 231,252.4.5 x 6.0. Handle, part of discus, shoulder and underbody. Fairlycrispmould.Two concentric grooveson discus. Shoulder as LI 37. Granular lightbuff-brown clay, coated plumred-brownmattwash. I(N) 12, 1stcent A.D. (71/L18) SML 307 plates 231, 252. D. 6.2, Ext H. 2.2, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, parts of underbodylost; recomposed.Fairlycrispplastermould.Discus plain. Shoulderas L137; ivy leaf at nozzle rootwiththree oblique grooves either side. Ring base, concave underfoot.Brown clay, fine. Coated slightlyglossy plum-darkbrownwash. XIII 10a, SW House, Room I; late 1stcentA.D. (71/L15) SML 315 plates 230,252. D. 6.1, H. 2.2. Handle, nozzle and part of underbodylost. Crisp mould.Two concentric mouldingson discus.Close-set rayson theshoulder;nippleseithersideofnozzleroot

L141

L142

L143

L144

L145

L146 L147

L148

L149

L150

269 separatedfromivyleafbytwogrooveseach side.Ring foot.Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown wash. XIII 17c,Deposit N2, Neronian. A KnossianexampleBSA 77, 291,no. 134and fig.7 withpl. 44b (froma groupofc. 50-100 A.D.). From Herakleionis A.Delt 20 (1965), Chr 562, pl. 708d, bottomright.The decorativeschemeappears on the earedlamp fromKnossos,SanatoriumJHS 73 (1953) 127,fig.13. AnothercomesfromMátala, PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 278b. (71/L47) SML 236 plate 252. D. 6.0, H. 3.2, Ext L. 8.0. Handle, partsofshoulder,underbodyand nozzle lost.A scrapofnozzle may belong.Crispmould.Flat base. Plain discus;chevronson nozzle in place of ivy leaf,otherwiseas L140. Buffbrownclay,fine.Coated matt dark plum-brownwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. (67/L228) SML 577 plate 252. 5.0 x 3.2. Sectionof discus,shoulder,underbodyand base. Plastermould. Concentricmouldingsenclose a large fillinghole. Parallel groovesin groups on the shoulder.Light brownclay, coated dark red wash. N House, IV 3, Hadrianic,and to late 2nd centA.D. (67/L182)SML 533 plate 252. 6.0 x 3.4. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Mouldingson discus insiderim.Ivy leafat nozzleroot.Shoulderornament ofparallelgrooves.Nipple separatedfromivyleafby two grooves. Grey clay, coated dark brown-black wash. VII 8, Hadrianic. (67/L178)SML 539 plate 252. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Mouldingon discus withinrim. Shoulder ornamentof close-set parallelgroovespassingbelow nipple,reachingas far as thenozzlebridgeivyleaf.Reddishclay,coated red wash. N House, Room V finalphase; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L229)SML 576 plate 252. 3.5 x 3.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscus.Grooves run up to, but not under,nipple.Light brownclay, coated red wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L227)SML 578 plate 253. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.As LI 45. Red clay,coated red wash. VIII 4, Hadrianic. (67/L225) SML 347 plates 230, 253. 6.2x3.5. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. ?Retouched.Parallel grooves- ? disintegratedtongues. Light brown clay, coated plum-redwash. N House, Room VI, Phase 1 fill;DepositD2; Hadrianic and to later2nd centA.D. (67/L235) SML 581 Not illustrated.5.0x2.5. Small discus and shoulderfragment.Parallel grooveson shoulder.Light brown clay, coated plum red matt wash. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L232) SML 583 plate 253. 4.6x4.8. Handle, fragmentof shoulderand underbody.Fairly crisp mould.Grooveson tongues.Lightbrownclay,coated matt dark plum red wash. N House, II 9, mixed HL-R. (67/L231) SML 596 plate 253. 3.0x2.3. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Quite crispplastermould. Parallelgrooves.Cream clay,coated brownwash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D.

270

THE LAMPS

L151 (71/L38)SML 129 plate 229,253.D. 6.5, H. 3.2, Ext L. 11.3. Handle lost,otherwiseintact.Crisp mould. Concentricgrooveson discus. Ring base. Standard shoulderornament, chevronson nozzlein place ofivy leaf. Groove count 2-4-3-1. Nozzle blackened. clay,coated mattred wash. XII 15, 1st Orange-buff centA.D. L152 (71/L34) SML 136 plate 253. D. 7.0, H. 3.0, Ext L. 11.3. Handle, smallpartofshoulder,underbodyand nozzlelost.Fairlycrispmould.Verycloseto L151 but the greatersize may suggesta previousgeneration. Cream buffclay,fine. Ring base, concave underfoot. Coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. SW House, Room I; early-mid1stcentA.D. L153 (71/L12)SML 165plate 229,253. D. 6.2, H. 3.4, Ext L. 10.0.Nozzle,smallpartofshoulderand discuslost. What remainsintact.Fairlycrisp mould. Standard syntax(chevronson nozzle). Groovecount2-3-2-0. Pinkbuffclay. Coated mattredConcave underfoot. dark brownwash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. L154 (67/L199) SML 555 plate 253. 6.0x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Two concentricmouldingson discus. Standard syntax (chevronson nozzle),withsmallcircletsbesidelateral ivy leaf and above nozzle nipple. Groove count ?2-3-2-0. Greyclay,coatedmattdarkbrownwash.N House, Room V, benchat W; late 2nd centA.D. L155 (67/L174) SML 540 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp. Plaster mould. Prominentdiscusmoulding.Syntaxas LI 54, but no circletsbeside the lateral ivy leaf. Nozzle blackened.Greyclay,soft,coated plum-redwash. N House, I(S) 13, Hadrianic (and some later). L156 (67/L252)SML 559 plate 253. 4.2 x 2.3. Nozzle and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Plain discus,herring bone on nozzle, grooveson shoulder.Light brown clay,coated dark brownwash. II 3, Severan. L157 (71/L215) SML 544 plate 253. Est D. 6.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus.Chevronson nozzle.Shoulderornament confinedto fairlyevenlyspacedivyleaves.Buffbrown clay. Coated matt red wash. XIV 23, Deposit B2, Tiberian. L158 (68/P39)SML 628 plate 253. D. 7.1, H. 3.1, Est L. 11.6. Handle, part of underbodyand nozzle lost. Rather worn mould. Fine groovejust inside rim, discus otherwiseplain. On shoulder,two lines of circletsoffsetfromeach other. Above nozzle, impressedisolated spiral eitherside. Shallow trough leads to nozzle hole, narrowingfrom the rim; circletwithinthetriangle.Dirtywhiteclay, impressed coated matt plum brown wash. VIII, Well 8b, Deposit T2, Trajanic, with 1st cent A.D. material redeposited. L159 (71/L26) SML 232 plate 253. D. 6.5, H (to handle) 4.0, Ext L. 10.6. Nozzle tip lost, otherwiseintact. Crispmould.As LI 58 but one incisedzig-zagline is threadedbetweenthe two runsof circlets,and each sideofthenozzleis hatchedwithincisedlinesfromthe spiralon. Ring base. Brownclay, coated mattplum brownto darkgreywash. X 10 pit 4, Claudian.

L160 (71/L17) SML 233 plate 253. D. 6.6, H. 2.9, Ext L. 11.6. Handle, partofunderbodyand base lost.Fairly crispplastermould.Discus rimdefinedby a veryfine grooveeitherside. Shoulderas LI 59. At nozzle root either side, two concentriccircles within nozzle triangle.Underfootslightlyconcave (no ring). Buff clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. X 8, Neronian/Flavian. L161 (67/L248) SML 379 plate 253. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.0. Handle stump,shoulder,discus and part of nozzle. Crisp mould. Discus as LI 60. Shoulder as LI 58. Spirals and hatched nozzle as LI 59. Circlets in triangleas LI 60. Creamclay,coatedmattdarkbrown wash. VIII 7 pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. L162 (67/L250) SML 406 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus, shoulder and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Fine chevronband on shoulderbelow discusrim.Circlets on lower shoulder,spiral and chevronson nozzle, circletin the triangle.Buffbrownclay, coated matt dark plum red wash. VII 6-7, Hadrianic. L163 (67/L251) SML 561 plate 253. 4.2x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Three concentricmouldingsformthediscusrim.On the shouldera run of impresseddouble concentric circleswithminutecircletsabove and below,offset. Reliefspiral at side of nozzle root,nozzle hatched, impressedconcentriccircletsin the triangle,with minutecircletbeside. Pink buffclay, evenly fired mediumhard;mattplumredwash.N House, II 5-7a, Neronian. L164 (71/L245)SML 384 plate 253. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Chevronson discus rim, two fine concentric grooves inside. Concentriccirclesat nozzle root in place of spirals, circlesin thetriangle nozzlehatched,threeconcentric as L161. Buffclay, coated matt plum brownwash. XIII 15b,Deposit N2, Neronian. L165 (67/L285)SML 419 plate 253. 5.8 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Discusrimas LI 60. Shoulderas LI 59. Light brownclay, coated dark brownwash. I(S) 15, Neronian(some2nd cent intrusions). L166 (67/L281) SML 396 plate 253. 6.0x3.5. Handle Worn plaster stumps,discusand shoulderfragment. mould. No discus rim. Shoulderornamentas LI 59. Pinkbuffclay,coated dark red wash. Unstratified. L167 (67/L317)plate 253. D. 5.4, Ext L. 7.0. D. 5.4, Ext L. 7.0. Handle, muchofshoulder,nozzleand underbody lost. Crisp mould. Unusual syntax,ivy leaf on the nozzle, with circletseitherside of its tip. On the shoulder,'noughtsand crosses'arrangementreplace lateral ivy leaves, ivy leaves replace nipples beside handle. Groovecount: 2-2-2-2. Cream clay, coated dark red-brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. L168 (67/L286)SML 433 plate 253. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp plastermould. Concentric grooveson discus.On shoulder,'noughtsand crosses' and a pair ofgrooves.Lightbrownclay,coated matt dark brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D., withearliercoins. L169 (67/L287) SML 405 plate 253. 3.5x3.0. Discus,

THE LAMPS

L170

L171

L172

L173

LI 74

L175

Worn mould. Discus shoulder,underbodyfragment. as LI 68. On shoulderpartsoftworepeatsof'noughts and crosses'as LI 67. Lightbrownclay, soft.Coated mattred wash. II 4, to 3rd centA.D. (71/L214) SML 437 plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Handle attachment,shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crispplastermould.Plaindiscus.Eithersideofhandle, two groovesfollowedby 'noughtsand crosses'panel, thenfourgrooves.Buffclay,fine,coated plumbrown wash. SW House, Room I; XIII 34, early-mid1st centA.D. A Knossianlamp BSA 77, 291 no. 135,fig.7 and pl. 44c (groupdated A.D. 50-100) has a similarsyntax, butthereis a spiralin place ofthelowercircletin each 'noughtsand crosses'group. (71/L49) SML 164 plates 233, 254. D. 6.4, H. 3.8, Ext L. 7.5. Handle,muchofunderbodyand base,part ofshoulderand nozzlelost.Fairlywornplastermould. Plain discus.Variantsyntax,chevronson the nozzle, witha circletbeside.On theshoulder,betweenpairs of grooves,ivy leaf and 'noughtsand crosses'group. Groove count 2-2-2. Yellow-buffclay, soft.Coated mattplumredwash.SW House,Room I, DepositC I; Claudian. (71/L216) SML 563 plate 254. 6.5x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Plain nozzle. Chevronson nozzle. Shoulderas LI 70. Buff brown clay, coated matt red wash. XIII pit 1, Trajanic. (71/L21) SML 218 plates 233, 254. D. 8.5, H. 4.1, Ext L. 11.0. Most of nozzle, much of discus and shoulder,partof underbodyand base remain.Fairly crispplastermould.Air hole on discus(at 6 o'clock). Two concentricgrooves withindiscus rim. Nozzle mouthin twodegrees.Prominentringfoot.Standard syntax,but fussydetail. The pairs of grooveseither sideofthenozzlerootare also hatched.The nozzleivy leaf is set on hatched lines. Groove count ?-3-3-2 (hatched). Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, coated dark brownwash. XII 1,2 and 6, Hadrianic. (67/L190)SML 550 plate 254. 4.3 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn mould. Fine grooveeither side of discus rim. Fragment only of shoulder ornamentnipple,flankedby verticalchevronpanels in place of grooves.Light brownclay, coated light brownwash. VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L279) plate 254. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.5. Handle, muchofnozzle,underbodyand base lost.Fairlycrisp mould. Unusual syntax.The nozzle is flankedby curvedornamentswithconcave surfaces(Bailey) in the mannerof Loeschcke'sType I or BroneerType XXII earlyimperialItalian lamps, but withoutthe characteristic voluteterminals.This featuremay for conveniencebe called a 'voluteflange'.In the space between,chevrons,and (verycompressed)a line of impressedcircletsbetweenthecurvedornamentsand the discusrim. On the shouldera familiararrangementofnippleseitherside ofan ivyleaf,separatedby grooves.Groove count 2-2-1-2. Grey clay, coated very dark plum red wash. SW House, semi-glossy Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian.

LI 76

L177

L178

L179

L180

L181

L182

LI 83

L184

L185

L186

271 Close to HM 926 (no provenance)Mercando PI. XXXIV.4, p. 235, n. 4. (67/L207) SML 564 plate 254. 6.0x2.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Syntax,etc.,as LI 75. Groovecount?-2- 1-2 . Reddish brownclay, coated dark red wash. II 4, to 3rd cent A.D. (67/L180) SML 535 plate 254. 4.3x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Double mouldingon discus.As LI 75,butnozzleflangeendsin a boss whichmay have been a volute.Reddishclay, coated dark red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic. (67/L175) SML 536 plate 254. 4.3x3.8. Discus, shoulderand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.As LI 75. Pale greyclay, coated dark plum red wash. VIII 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L256)SML 393 plate 254. Est D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Nozzle flange ends in reliefspiral. Impressedcircletin the nozzle triangle.Discus rim definedby two finegrooves.Shoulderornamentof a singleline of circlets.Buffclay soft.Coated mattred wash. XII 15, 1stcentA.D. (67/L284) SML 402 plate 254. 6.5x2.2. Discus, shoulderand nozzlefragment. Crispmould.As LI 79, with addition of groove on discus, and no spirals attached to nozzle flanges.Grey clay, coated matt dark greywash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L249) SML 426 plate 254. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crisp plastermould. Discus edge markedbysinglefinegroove.Shoulderas LI 79. Grey clay, coated matt orange wash. N House, I(S) 16, Claudian. (71/L272)SML 421 plate 254. EstD. 6.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Discus plain, discusrimpickedout withtongueand dart in relief. Circletson shoulderas LI 79. Buffclay, fine,coated plum brownwash. XIII 1, to mid 3rd centA.D. (71/L241)SML 403 plate 254. Est D. 6.5. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plaindiscusand rim. Shoulderornamentofcircletsabove incisedhatching. Grey-brownclay. Coated matt plum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L243) SML 391 plate 254. 6.5x2.4. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Plain discusset offby finedeep groove.Slightnozzle flangeset offat one end by impressedsemi-rosette, circlet at the nozzle opening. Triangle reserved. Alternationof circletsand single rays on shoulder. Nozzle blackened.Pinkbuffclay,soft,coatedmattred wash. XIII 30, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L254) SML 542 plate 254. 4.4 x 2.7. Discus and shoulderfragment.Rather worn mould. What remainsas LI 84. Greyclay,coatedmattbrownwash.N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (71/L246) SML 431 plate 254. 4.0x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould. Moulding on discus. Nozzle flange with spiral terminal.Two bandsofcirclets, offset fromeach other,

272

THE LAMPS

impressedon shoulder.(Cf. L161). Brownclay,soft. Coated mattplumbrownwash. XIV 4, 1stcentA.D. L187 (71/L253)SML 428 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus definedby threefineconcentric grooves.Shoulderas LI 86. Grey clay,coatedmattplumredwash.XI 1,late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L188 (71/L242)SML 424 plate 254. Est D. 7.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Plaindiscusset offby a singledeep, finegroove.Shoulderas LI 86. Buff-brownclay, coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. XIII 19a, Claudian-Neronian. L189 (67/L258) SML 383 plate 254. 7.0x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Discus rimmarkedfromshoulderby finegroove;two grooveson discus just inside rim. Hatched nozzle flangewithreliefspiralterminal.Shoulderornament as L186. (Cf. L161). Grey clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. VIII 4, late 1st and early 2nd cent A.D. L190 (67/L257)SML 427 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Veryprecise mouldingson discusand eithersideitsrim,suggesting archetypeveryclose to a metal original.Shoulder ornamentas LI 86 but circletscloserset. Grey clay, coated mattdarkbrownwash. N House, Room I(N) 6; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Circletsas denselysetas thisoccuron theKnossian KW/51/13no. 59, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b, fragment whosecontextwas Claudian, or slightlylater. L191 (67/L256) SML 525 plate 254. 2.8x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plaindiscus.Minutedotson discusrim.Large double circletwithsmall circletsabove beside top of nozzle chevrons.Reddishbrownclay,coated red wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L192 (71/L247)SML 509 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus rim set off eitherside by deep finegroove.On shoulder,zone of double concentriccirclesimpressed, with,above and below,line of offsetverysmall circlets.Buffbrown clay, coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. XI 5, mixed lst-3rdcentA.D. A Knossianexample (withmoreelaboratediscus) in KW/51/13no. 58, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b (Claudian or slightlylater). L193 (67/L279) SML 358 plate 254. 3.5x3.0. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Three finegroovesset offdiscus fromshoulder.Borderof closeset impresseddouble concentriccirclesrecalling L192. But nozzlesuggeststhismustbelongto Broneer Type XXV or XXVIII. Brown clay, coated matt plum-redwash. IX 2, DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinth 103,fig.48:23. Isthmia pl. 28, no. 2482 (Type XXV-Type XXVIII). LI 94 (67/L305)SML 434 plate 254. 3.3 x 2.0. Discus and shoulderfragment.Fairly crisp mould. Discus rim definedby finedeep grooveeitherside. On shoulder, isolatedpair of impressedconcentriccircles.Brown clay, dark brown semi-glossywash. VI 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.

LI 95 (67/L255)SML 546 plate 254. 3.6 x 2.0. Nozzle and start of shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Nozzle in flange,hatched,withreliefcircleand dot terminal, rivethead). Probablythree place ofspiral(? imitating circletsin thenozzletriangle.Startofborderofcirclets on shoulder.Light brownclay, coated red wash. N House, I(N) 6, late 2nd-early3rd A.D. L196 (71/L239) SML 283 plates 225, 254. Est D. 6.8. Discus and shoulderfragment.Where were handle and nozzleattached?Fairlycrispmould.Plain discus. Shoulder ornamentof individual impressedspirals circletsabove and (righthanded) witha zone ofoffset below.Red-buff clay.Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. L197 (67/L280) SML 422 plate 254. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder and discus rim fragment.Crisp mould. Shoulder reserved;reliefspiral fromnozzle flange.N House, Room I(S), Neronian(some 2nd A.D. intrusions). LI 98 (67/L344)SML 297 plate 254. L. 4.3. Shoulderand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Reliefspiral (? at head of voluteflange)at end of borderof neat double outlined tongues.Trace of mouldingssurroundingdiscus.Greyclay, hard. Coated mattdark brownwash. IX 3, mixed 1stcentA.D. This must go closely with LI 17. Two similar Isthmialamps,Isthmia 59, nos.2452-53 and pl. 28, are classedas Type XXIVD byBroneer,said to be rarein Greece.He refersto theLoeschckeType I lamp from 230, fig.6, left,whichevokes,in Pompei, Vindonissa turnCorinth ill, no. 458 and pl. XXV. UnlikeL198, however,thetongueson thosetwolampsare wellinset fromthe edge of the shoulder.Is LI 98 a Cretan imitationofan Italian original? LI 99 (71/L260)SML 646 plate 254. Est D. 8.0. Discusand shoulderfragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus,set off fromshoulder by deep groove. Relief spiral from nozzle flange(as LI 86). Buffclay, coated matt red wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. L200 (67/L288) SML 400 plate 254. 4.8x1.8. Handle Fairlycrisp stump,shoulderand underbodyfragment. mould. On shoulder,borderof impressedconcentric circlets.As LI 92. Grey clay. Coated drab brown wash. VIII 4 pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. L201 (67/L278) SML 508 plates 254. 3.8 x 1.4. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Border of individual impressedspirals with minute circlets between.Brownclay,coated reddishbrownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L202 (71/L240) SML 430 plate 254. 5.0 x 1.8. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. As L201, with ratherlargercirclets.Buffclay, soft. Coated mattred wash. X 9, Neronian. L203 (71/L283)plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Shoulderand discus Wornmould.Plain discus,markedofffrom fragment. shoulderbyfinegroove.Two nipplesat base ofnozzle; small ivy leaf impressedbetween.Dark brownclay, coated matt dark brown paint. XI S Baulk 1-2, Flavian-Trajanic. L204 (71/L285) plate 254. 4.7x4.0. Discus and nozzle Worn mould. Plain discus.Tiny reliefivy fragment. leafon nozzle bridge,circletseitherside. Lightbrown

THE LAMPS dark plum-redwash. X 9, clay, coated semi-glossy Neronian.

Ivy-leaffillers

L205 (71/L27) SML 126 plates 233, 255. D. 8.7, H. 4.6. Handle lost, nozzle chipped. Crisp mould. Ring handle. Ring foot,slightlyconcave underfoot.Deep concave discus,centralfillinghole, ? two unpierced small air holes beside. On discus rim-top,chevrons twice.Ivy leaves withcircletbelow tips interrupted eitherside of spout, shoulderdecorated with long tongueand dart (endingin circlets)border.Fine buff clay. Coated in thinmattwash,darkbrown,through plum-brownto orange. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, Neronian. The ornament recalls the ivy leaf lamp from Mátala, PAE 1969,pl. 278d, right. L206 (71/L281) plate 255. D. 7.8. Discus and shoulder fragment. Fairlycrispmould. As L205 but chevrons on discus rim are largerand coarser.Light brown clay,coatedmattpale redwash.XI 9, Claudian (mid 1stcentA.D.).

Outsize and double ivy-leaflamps

L207 (67/P60) SML 149 plates 232, 255. Discus, part of shoulderand lug-handles,part of nozzle,underbody and scrapof base. Worn mould. Small fillinghole in centreof discus,air hole (at 6 o'clock). Prominent nozzle flanges(no volutes);elongatedivy leafin the triangle.Lateral ivy leaves betweennipples beside lugs, picked out by circlets.Pinkishbuffclay, soft. Coated in mattdark red wash. VII 3, late 2nd-3rd centA.D. L208 (67/P48)SML 254 plates 232, 255. D. 12, W. 14.3, H. 6.0, Ext L. 21.6. Handle, small parts of discus, shoulder,underbodyand footlost. As L2O7; plaster mould;roundnozzlemouthin twodegrees,connected to the body by lateralflanges,discusdecoratedwith 16-petalrosettein relief,fillinghole at itscentre,air hole at '7 o'clock'. Incised design on lugs. Ovoid underfoot,on which the impressed inscription FAMOY. Pale buff clay. Top and spout coated metallicbrownwash, drippedand dabbled on side. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Somewhat similar syntax,but a more carefully mouldedrosetteis theKnossianlamp Demeter 51,J.37 and pl. 30. DepositJ is dated late lst-mid2nd cent. L209 (73/L3OO)plates 231, 256. W. 11.2, H.5.5, L 22.5, Wt. 256g. Completeand intact.Verycloseto a metal original.Ring foot.Three-ribbedhandle;discuswith high rim,concentricridgeand grooveornamenton discus. Very large nozzle mouth, in two degrees. Double lugs either side. Relief ivy-leafon nozzle bridge,witha circletand spiralon eitherside. Three grooveseitherside of ivy leaf, with nipple beyond. Shoulderornamentof large tonguesabove isolated impressedspirals.Nozzle blackened.Light buffclay, coated matt plum-redpaint, with darker patches. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.

273 Furtherfromthemetaloriginalis an inferior lamp of thissize fromMátala, PAE, pl. 278d., left.

Double ivy-leaflamps

L210 (73/L301)plates 233, 256. (Body)W. 11.6,H. 5.6, L. 17.7. Handle, mostof one nozzle lost. Recomposed. Crispmould.Ring base. Discusmarkedfromshoulder bydeep groove.Outerornamentoffinerays,innerof 7-petalledrosettewithimpressedcircletsbetweenthe petal tips.Chevronsor herringbone on each nozzleivy leaf with two grooveseitherside in the space betweennozzles. On the shoulderfournippleswith raysbetween;two groovesbetweenthe frontnipples and nozzles (blackened).Pink buffclay, soft,coated matt orange-brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Generallysimilardoublenozzleivy-leaf lamp (plain discus)fromKnossos,Sanatoriumtombs,JHS 73, fig. 13, bottomcentre. L211 (67/P61) SML 522 plate 257. Ext W. 15.5, Ext L. 22.0. Most ofshoulderand discus,partofone nozzle. Recomposed.Wornmould.Discus plain exceptsingle groove.Nozzleopeningin twodegrees.Nozzle flanges, betweenthem an elongatedivy leaf with a circlet betweenit and thediscus.On theshoulder,lateralivy leaves between nipples, both picked out with impressedcirclets.Thickwalls.Pinkishbuffclay. Coated mattdark brownwash, firedred in patches.VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L212 (71/L2) SML 312 plates 232, 255. Opening,D. 3.8, Ext L. 6.8. Nozzle. Crisp mould. Opening in two degrees.Large ivyleafwithdouble impressedcirclets imposedon incisedchevrons.Pinkclay,coated glossy red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. For a completelamp of thisnozzle type,HM 921 fromAxos,Mercandopl. XXXIV. 11,p. 235 and n. 7. L213 (71/L55) SML 518 plate 255. D. 5.7, Ext L. 11.0. Discus D. 8.0. Non-joiningdiscus and nozzle fragment.Crisp plastermould.Triple concentricmouldingson thediscus,prominentrim.Nozzle openingin two degrees. Close to a metal original.Buffclay. Coated mattred wash. XII 6 and 8, Hadrianic. L214 (71/L147)SML 652 plate 255. Est D. 5.0. Fragment ofnozzle opening.Crispmould. In twodegrees,with part of lateral flange.Blackened. Buffbrown clay. Coated semi-glossy, plumbrowndarkwash. XII 1-2, mixed2nd-3rdcentA.D. L215 (67/L296) SML 523 plate 255. D. 5.6. Fragmentof nozzle opening.Crisp mould. In two degrees.Relativelysmall wickhole. Pinkishclay, coated mattred wash, black on lip. N House, II 7a, mixed 1stcent B.C.-2nd centA.D. L216 (67/L291) SML 408 plate 256. 5.0x4.5. Nozzle fragment. Fairlycrispmould.Partofopening(in two degrees)and lateralflanges.Creamclay,coatedglossy dark plum-redwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (withearliercoins). L217 (71/L278) plate 256. 5.2 x 1.2. Most of handle lug. Quite crispmould. Antitheticfloraldesignin relief. Pink buffclay, coated red-brownmattwash. XII 9, Deposit D5. Hadrianic.

274

THE LAMPS

L218 (67/L208) SML 414 plate 256. 5.8x2.0. Most of handle lug. Crisp mould. Floral design as L217. Pinkishbuffclay, coated plum-redwash. Above N House, I(S) 4, to 4th centA.D. L219 (67/L174) SML 537 plate 256. 4.2 x 3.3. Fragmentof lug and shoulder. Fairly crisp mould. Concentric circlets, groovesand nipple.Orange clay,coateddark red wash. Above N House, II surface.To 4th cent A.D. L220 (67/L298) SML 737 plate 256. L. 3.8. Lug handle. Fairly crisp mould. Volute terminals.Light brown clay, coated dark brownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-^early 3rd centA.D. L221 (67/L209) SML 260 plate 256. 5.0x4.2. Handle, reddish tripleridged.Light brownclay, semi-glossy wash. N House, V 3a, firsthalf1stcentA.D. L222 (67/L210)SML 519 plate 256. 7.8 x 4.6. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Concentricgrooveson the discus. Ivy leaf, nipple and concentriccircletson shoulder.Surfaceof ivy leaf picked out with incision.Brown clay, coated dark plum-redwash.VII 4b, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L223 (67/L306)SML 640 plate 257. 2.8 x 1.6. Discus rim fragment. Crispmould,air hole. Buffclay,veryfine. red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic. Coated semi-glossy L224 (67/L211) SML 521 plate 256. 6.0x4.0. Discus withtraceof shoulder.Crisp mould. Five fragment, concentricridgesand grooveson discus,circletand trace of somethingelse on shoulder.Pink buffclay, coated dark plum-redwash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L225 (67/L244) SML 510 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Discus Worn mould. Concentricridges,of which fragment. two are pickedout withfinechevrons.Cream clay, coated plum-redwash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic.

Miscellaneousivyleaf fragments

L226 (67/L197) SML 516 plate 257. 6.0x3.5. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Large ivy leaf with double circlets,a singlecircletabove, a double at the side. Light brownclay, coated plum-redwash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill;Hadrianic,and to late 2nd cent A.D. For a similarleaf the Knossian fragmentH. 114, 44 and pl. 26. (Deposit H dates fromthe5th Demeter centB.C.-2nd centA.D.). L227 (67/L212) SML 520 plate 257. 6.0x4.0. Shoulder fragment. Crispmould.Nipple,circletand ? hatched nozzleflange.Brownclay,coatedplum-redwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L228 (67/L203) SML 517 plate 257. 5.8x2.8. Shoulder Fairlycrispmould.Lateral ivyleaf,nipple fragment. and circlets.Red clay, coated red wash. VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 3.4 x 2.0. Nozzle. L229 (67/L260)SML 575 Not illustrated. Reddishclay,coatedmattredwash.N House, II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. L230 (67/L261) SML 416 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Nozzle, includingwickhole. Fairlycrispmould.Wickhole in

L231 L232

L233

L234

L235 L236

L237

L238

L239

L240

L241

L242

L243

one degree,chevronson nozzle. Blackened.Reddish brownclay,coated red wash. VII 2. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 4.2 x 2.8. Partof (67/L259)SML 574 Not illustrated. nozzle. Blackened.Reddish brownclay, coated red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian. (67/L253) SML 435 plate 257. 2.5x2.0. Tip of nozzlewithwick-hole.Crispmould.Trace ofhatched nozzle flanges,with stud (not spiral) simulating attachment.Granularpinkishclay, coated mattred wash. Patchesof darkerwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L342)SML 552 plate 257. 4.2 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Plain discus- ivyleaf,groovesand nipple.Buffclay,coated wash.VI 18,cist,DepositC2 semi-glossy plum/brown (4), mid 1stcentA.D. (67/L192) SML 550 plate 257. 2.0 x 1.8. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Trace of discusrim,prominent nipple, circlet,groove. Light red-brownclay, coated dark red wash. V 5, mixed,HL and Roman. (67/L201) Not illustrated.4.5x2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus. Ivy leafand flanking grooves.Provenienceuncertain. (67/L193) SML 549 plate 257. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder fragment.Very crisp plaster mould. Ivy leaf with concavesides,circlet.Reddishclay,coated red wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (67/L194) SML 545 plate 257. 5.0x4.0. Discus, shoulder and nozzle root fragment.Worn mould. Small fillinghole with air hole at 6 o'clock. Two concentricmouldingson thediscus.Ivy leafat nozzle root. Grooveseitherside. Light brownclay, coated plum-redwash.VIII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L177) SML 538 plate 257. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould. Plain discus. Ivy leaf. Grey clay, coated dark plum-red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (withsome 2nd centA.D. intrusions) (67/L202)SML 568 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus, grooveon the rim.Lateral ivy leaf,nipplebesideit, circleton one side ofthelip,singlegroove.Pink-light brown clay, coated dark red wash. VIII 4 pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. (67/L176)SML 531 plate 257. 4.4 x 3.8. Discus and nozzle fragment. Worn,ratherclumsymould. Small air holeon discusat 6 o'clock,on innermoulding.Ivy leafon shortnozzle,partofrimofwick-hole.Grooves eitherside ofivyleaf.Lightbrownclay,coated dark brownwash. VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L189)SML 527 plate 257. 4.0 x 5.5. Discus and shoulder fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Discus coveredin metallicconcentricmouldings.Lateralivy leaves, grooves.Light brownclay, coated dark red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. (67/L191)SML 556 plate 257. 3.3 x 1.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Crisp mould. Discus plain apart fromgrooveinsiderim. Lateral ivy leaf. Grey clay, coated dark brownwash. I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. (67/L187) SMI 526 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.3. Discus and

THE LAMPS nozzle rootfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Concentric mouldingswithindiscusrim.Ivy leaf at nozzle root, threecircletsbetweenitand discusrim.Pinkbuffclay, coated matt dark red wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L244 (67/L183) SML 528 plate 257. 2.6x2.8. Shoulder fragment.Crisp mould. Elongated ivy leaf between grooves. Grey clay, coated dark red wash. Unstratified. L245 (67/L181)SML 534 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and shoulderfragment. Discus rimand interiormoulding. Ivy leaf,grooveseitherside. Red-brownclay,coated redwash.N House, I(S) 15,Neronian(with2nd cent intrusions) L246 (67/L195)SML 548 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispplastermould.Plain discus, ivy leaf. Light brown clay, coated red wash. II 7, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D.

Unassignedivy-leaflamps

L247 (67/L234) SML 595 plate 249. 4.5x4.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould.

L248

L249

L250

L251

275 Plaindiscus,wickholeinset,separatedfromdiscusrim by line ofthreecirclets.Grooves.Cream clay,coated redwash.N House,Room V2; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (73/L307) plate 257. 5.6 x 3.5. Handle stumps,part of shoulder and underbody.Grooves on foot and shoulder.Cream clay, coated glossyred to plum-red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. (67/L238)SML 713 plate 257. 4.5 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Worn mould.Plain discus;nipple on shoulder.Brownclay,coated red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian. (67/L184) SML 438 plate 257. 3.3x2.2. Shoulder fragment.Very crisp plaster mould - nipple with impressedcirclet,grooveseitherside. Light brown clay,coated darkred wash. N House, II 7, mixed1st centB.C.-2nd centA.D. (67/L239)SML 594 plate 257. 4.8 x 2.8. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Plain discus.Nipples and grooves.Greyclay, coated dark brownwash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (and some 2nd cent A.D. intrusions).

Mould made Roman lamps

In thislongsectionofthecatalogueare includedthoselampswhichare ofdistinctively Roman characteras definedby Perlzweigin her introduction to Agoravii. The arrangement is very but withinmain chronologicaldivisionsby class ofsubject- thefinal roughlychronological, part of the catalogue deals with undoubtedimportedlamps - Corinthian,Attic,Red-onWhite.Whileit is likelythatmuchoftheremainingmaterial(particularly theverynumerous BroneerXXV lamps) was manufactured in Crete,and, in thecase oflampswiththeFAMOT in manycases is impossible. signature,almostcertainlywas, certainty notto Thoughrecentmajorlamp publications, notablyAgoraviiand BMC ii,have preferred use theBroneerclassification, I have chosento revertto it,as muchformyown instruction as offiguretypes. anythingelse.I also have made use ofBailey'sand Trier'sgeneralclassification ThoughsmallcollectionsofCretanRoman lampshave previouslybeen published,notably by Mercando, thisis the firstlarge assemblageto be made available. It has, accordingly, seemed appropriateto presenta veryhigh proportionof the recognizablematerial,both completeand fragmentary.

EarlyItalian lamps (Broneerxxi-xxiv)

L252 (71/L29) SML 231 plate 258. W. 7.0, H. 4.3, Ext L. 10.0.Completesave nozzletipwickhole.Handle with twogrooves.Pelta-shapeddiscus,plain,centralfilling hole; plain shoulders,which are divided fromthe nozzle by flanges recalling the volute flanges of standard early Roman lamps. The nozzle tip was probablytriangular.A champlevépeita on the flat base. Buffbrown clay. Coated mottledsemi-glossy plum-redwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.

Recalls BMC i, Q, 721, pp. 341-2 and pl. 134, attributedto Italy and dated latterpart of 1stcent B.C. or early1stA.D. This once had an applied band handle,and has a reliefslave masknear the nozzle. L253 (71/L75)SML 715 plates 234, 258. D. 7.4, H. 3.5, L. 10.8. Part of discus, shoulderand underbodylost. Fairlycrispmould. Plain discus,centralfillinghole; air hole, separated from plain shoulder by two mouldings.Long nozzle, triangulartip. Yellow-buff

276

L254

L255

L256

L257

L258

L259

THE LAMPS clay,fine.Coated slightly glossyplum-redwash. XII 11, Hadrianic. VariantofBroneerXXII. Close to LoeschckeType II, Vindonissa 385, no. 318 (slightlysmaller,with 8-petal rosetteon discusand shouldertongues)dated, earlyImperial,but post-Augustan- ? Italian import. (71/L293)plate 258. D. c. 7.0. Discus,shoulderand nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. The missinginnerdiscuswillhave beenflatand plain- the outer (preserved)part covered in very fine rays. Triangularnozzle.Greyclay,coatedmattblackwash. XIII 17a, DepositN2, Neronian. LoeschckeType II. There are seven of this type illustratedTrierdated to the 1sthalfof the 1stcent A.D. A completeexample (withcoarserrays) came fromtheRoman Fill at Tarsus- Tarsus109,no. 143 and pl. 98. (67/L121) SML 656 plate 258. 3.0x2.5. Discus, shoulderand nozzle volute fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould.Verynarrowshoulder,separatedfrom discus(finerays) by concentricmouldings.Vesicular buffclay, evenlyfiredmedium hard, coated semiwash. N House, Room V, Deposit glossyplum-brown D2; Hadrianic,and to late 2nd centA.D. 1sthalfofthe 1stcentA.D. RecallsBroneerXXI or no. 396 (pl. VII) and Q, 1002,BMC ii, XXII, Corinth 205 and pl. 28. ? Italian import. (67/L357) plate 258. 6.5x4.0. Discus and nozzle volutefragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Veryneat nozzle volute. Discus decorated in fourzones separatedby ridges- tongues- dots- rays- chevrons.A beautifulpiece.Red-brownclay,coateddarkbrownredbrownwash.IV 20 cist,DepositC2 (4), Claudian. BroneerXXI or XXII. ProbablyAugustan.The syntaxofornamentpointscloselyto a metalorigin.An Italian lamp ofthe 1stquarterofthe 1stcent.A.D. in Berlin- Heres no. 3, P. 12 and pl. 2 -, an elaborate BroneerXXI has a similarnarrowzone oftonguesin thesame position;Chypre 82, no. 172 and pl. 11 has a zone of rays in the same position as this with mouldingseitherside.Cf.also Waldhauer38, no. 204, fromKerch. pl. XX a dilychnos (67/L338) SML 655 Not illustrated.Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Volute rib. Concentricmouldingson the shoulder; short rays on discus. Filling hole was probably surroundedby concentricridges. Fine buff clay. wash. VII 28, to mid 1st Coated mattorange-brown centA.D. Cf. L255. (67/L329) SML 276 plate 234, 258. Est D. 7.5. Discus and shoulderfragment.Mould beginningto wear. Concentricmouldingson the shoulders,short close-setrayson thediscusslope,partoftheconcentric (lost) fillinghole. Cream-buff mouldingssurrounding wash.VII 8, early-mid clay,fine.Coated plum-brown 1stcentA.D. Cf. VAM no. 69-Op. AthVI, 37, pl. V, Broneer XXII said to be 'onlyone generationfromitsItalian Archetype'.BMC ii, 232, nos. 1090-91 are very similar- dated late 1stcentB.C. to firstthird1stcent A.D. (67/L165)SML 295 plates 243,258. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus

L260

L261

L262

L263

L264

L265

L266

L267

L268

L269

and shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Fine rays on shoulderand mouldingseparatingshoulderand discus. Furthershortrays on steep slope of discus. dark brown Reddish brownclay, coated semi-glossy wash, blotched red. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic. (67/L316)SML 182 plate 234, 258. 4.5 x 4.0. Discus and shoulder fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Concentricgroovesseparateshoulderand discus.On the discusslope, many petalled rosette;triplemoulding surroundsfillinghole. Greyclay. Coated semi-glossy plum-redwash. IX cist,Deposit C2 (4), mid 1stcent A.D. SimilarBhenghazi 50, nos. 339-341; 58, no. 407, pls. X and XI, all dated withinthefirsttwo thirdsofthe 1stcentA.D. Cf. also Q.857 and 1022,BMC ii, both dated to thefirsthalfof the 1stcentA.D. (71/L93)SML 731 plate 258. 4.3 x 3.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Mouldings on shoulder, many petalled rosetteon slope of discus surroundingflat reservedarea. Brown clay, soft.Coated red wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2. Neronian. (71/L27O) SML 645 plate 258. 4.0x3.0. Discus fragment.Many petalled rosette and concentric hole.Buffbrownclay,coated mouldingsaroundfilling matt plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. From a lamp as L260-261. ? BroneerXXII or XXIII. 1stcentA.D. (67/L82)SML 300 plates 243, 258. 4.0. x 2.7. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. (Remains of) rosettesurroundingsmallfillinghole. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd A.D. Uncertainrelationship. (71/L78) SML 641 plate 258. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Crisp mould.Very neat volute, continuingas rib. Concentricgrooves on shoulder.Greenishclay, fine. Coated plum-brown wash. XIV pit 4, DepositB2, Tiberian. Early 1stcentA.D. ? BroneerXXI or XXII. (67/L118) SML 637 plates 234, 258. 3.0x2.8. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Volute. Knob not spiral.Fine concentricgrooveson shoulder.Greyclay.Coated drabdarkbrownwash.N House, Room I; I(N) 10, Hadrianic (somelater). ? BroneerXXI or XXII. Early 1stcentA.D. (67/L116) SML 639 plate 258. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder, discus,nozzlefragment. Crispmould.Similarto L265. Needle air hole. Yellow clay, fine. Coated brown wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. Earlier 1stcentA.D. (67/314)SML 287 plate 258. Est D. 7.4. As L266. Needleair holeat nozzleroot.Lightgreyclay.Coated mattplum-brownwash. N House, wall content.1st centB.C.-lst centA.D. BroneerXXI-XXIII. Earlier 1stcentA.D. (71/L149) SML 653 plate 258. 4.2 x 2.0. Fragment on discus- ? groundline. as L266. Scrap ofsomething wash. XIV Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown pit 4, DepositB2, Tiberian. ? BroneerXXIII. Earlier1stcentA.D. (71/L95) SML 650 Not illustrated.Est D. 6.0.

THE LAMPS Shoulder and discus fragment.Very crisp mould. Three grooveson shoulder.Many petalled rosette. Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-redto brownwash. XIV 8, DepositB2, Tiberian. Earlier1stcentA.D. L270 (71/L258)SML 176 plates 235, 258. (a) 8.0 x 5.0 (b) 3.0 x 2.5. (a) crescenthandle plate (b) discus fragment. Crisp mould. Filling hole enclosed by concentric mouldings,beyond which very fine rays. Yellow clay, covered semi-glossyplum red-orange brownwash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. BroneerXXI. The handle plate close to BMC ii, 205, and pl. 28, Q, 1002,whichhas thesame finerays in thediscusslope.Cf.thehandleAgoravii,74, no. 30, and thelamp loc cit no. 22. - bothlate 1stcentB.C. into 1stcentA.D. L271 (71/L158)SML 647 plate 258. 3.0 x 2.2. Discus and shoulderfragment. Crispmould.Veryfineconcentric groovesseparate shoulderand discus. One double outlinedivy leaf preservedon shoulder.Cream-buff dark brownwash. XII 12, clay. Coated semi-glossy mid 1stcentA.D. BMCii, 188and pl. 22, Q,962 (BroneerXXIV) has a shoulderornamentofa continuousborderofsimilar but less elaborateleaves,dated second half 1stcent A.D. L272 (71/L65) SML 174 plates 234, 258. D. 7.6, H. 2.8, Ext L.9.0. Partofdiscus,muchofnozzle lost.Mould (plaster) beginningto wear. Ring foot.Three concentricgrooveson shoulder.Cavalrymanto left.Fine clay, reduced to grey. Coated semi-glossyorangebrownwash.SW House, Room I; XIII 35, early-mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXII or XXIII. MotifBaileyIII (b)i, not 97, nos. 222-23 and pl. I(d) XII (M. Curtius).Chypre 13 belongto thesame series.Agoravii, 75, no. 37 and references. L273 (71/L76)SML 278 plates 234 (incomplete),258. Est D. 7.0, Est H. 2.7. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould; singlefinegrooveseparates shoulderfromdiscus. Trace of discus ornamentclay. Coated couch-leg- ? love-making.Buff-brown semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XIII 1, to mid-3rd centA.D. BroneerXXIII, mid 1stcentA.D. L274, (71/L80)SML 341 plates 234, 258. Est D. 7.2. Nonof shoulderand discus.Very crisp joiningfragments plastermould. Four finegrooveson shoulder.Remainsofkantharoswithreededlowerbodyand spray of vine leaves. Buffclay, fine. Coated glossydark brownwashthathas runoffthereliefleavingmuchof thegroundcolourshowing.XII 12, DepositN2, mid 1stcentA.D. and Neronian. BroneerXXII or XXIII Isthmia 63 no. 2538 and pl. 29 ("This is a rathercommon design, but details differ")Délos XXVI, 126, and pl. 29 no. 4596, with comment and parallels. An elaborate version in Nicosia (1966/II-3/5,BCH 90 (1966) 286, fig.27) has no provenance.Cf. also Trierpl. 41, no. 103 fromthe 2nd halfof the 1stcentA.D. grave 169. L275 (67/L315)plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Three shoulder

277

grooves.Fragmentof relief- ? drapery.Light buff wash.VII 18,early1st clay.Coated mattplum-brown centA.D. BroneerXXII or XXIII, 1stcentA.D. L276 (67/L317) SML 334 plates 234, 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Fourshouldergrooves.Upper partofdivineor humanfiguretoleft,armsraised.Unidentified. Brown clay,soft.Coated semi-glossy lightbrownwash. VII 27, Augustanand to mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXII/XXIII. L277 (71/292) plate 258. 2.2 x 1.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Triple mouldingson the shoulder;uncertaindiscus subject - ? gladiator(s). Cream clay, coated dark brown wash. XIII 17a, Deposit N2, Neronian. BroneerXXII/XXIII, 1stcentA.D. L278 (67/L337) SML 654 plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crisp plastermould. Grooveat edge of discus,two fineridgesenclosingunidentified subject - top cornerof wing of an Eros or Nike? PEagle. Fine buffclay. Coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. VIII 27, Augustanand to mid 1stcent A.D.

Double volutelamps

L279 (67/L289) SML 242 plate 259. Est D. 10.8,L. 21.0. Handle plate,muchofunderbody,partofdiscusand shoulderlost.Fairlycrispplastermould.Four grooves separateshoulderand plain discus.Large wickholes in pointedvoluted nozzles. Buffbrownclay, coarse withgrit.Coated mattplum-brownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXI. The Ontariolamp 385 (Egyptian) also has a plain discus.Cf. Qedemno. 48 (withrelief ornament),1stcentA.D. L280 (71/L14)SML 145plates 235,259. D. 7.1,H. 3.6, Est L. 12.2. Handle, part of base and one nozzle lost. Fairly crisp mould. The metallicfeaturesare very distinct,notablyin the false rivetheads associated with the prominentnozzle flangesand the handle. The tinyscallop in thecentreof thediscuscopiesthe coverofa metallamp,and scallop-shapedfilling-hole is not an absurdlyshrunkendiscus device. Illegible ofthreelettersimpressedon theunderfoot. inscription Nozzlesblackened.Buffbrownclay,coated mattpale red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXI. For shape cf.Menzel fig.25. 1stcent A.D. L281 (71/L282) plate 259. Est L. 6.5. Nozzle and part of underbody.Fairly crisp mould. Large wick hole. Volutes. Nozzle blackened.Light brown clay, fine. Coated mattlightred-brown wash.SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. BroneerXXI, 1stcentA.D.

Otherearlylamps

L282 (71/L52,L160) SML 229 plate 259. D. 6.4, Est L. 9.0. Part of shoulder,discus and underbodylost. Fairlycrispplastermould.Groove betweenshoulder

278

L283

L284

L285

L286

L287

L288

L289

THE LAMPS and discus.Ridge enclosesdesign(Scallop). On what finalletterofan inscription remainsoftheunderfoot U. Lightred clay,fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. BroneerXXIII. A similarlamp Q940, BMC ii, 179 and pl. 18 has a simplerscallop (dated late 1stcent A.D.). Well representedat Delos - Délos pl. 30, 4607-9. Kenchrai 30, no. 139 and pl. 6. (67/L326-327) SML 342 plates 234 (incomplete), ofshoulder,discusand 259. EstD. 7.0. Two fragments nozzle. Fairlycrispmould.Tongueson theshoulder; discusseparatedby ridgeand groove.Myrtlewreath. Buffclay, fine,coated plum-redwash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Fl, Flavian. BroneerXXIII BaileymotifV(b). Cf.Q867, BMC 50 and pl. X, nos.335-336; ii, 162and pl. 11. Benghazi 69, pl. XIII, no. 465; 70, pl. XIV, no. 467. (67/L318)SML 649 plate 259. 5.2 x 3.6. Discus and nozzle fragment. Fairlycrispmould Three shoulder grooves between nozzle and discus. Non-pierced needleair hole. Foot ofcouch- ? love making.Nozzle blackened.Pink-buff clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. VII 7a, mid-late1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. For thecouch,e.g. Q880, BMC ii, 67, fig.70 and pl. 13. Later 1stcentA.D. (71/L188) SML 294 plates 234, 285. 5.8 x 1.6. Two of shoulderand nozzle. Crisp non-joiningfragments mould. Two groovesbetweenshoulderand discus. Nozzle blackened.Greybuffclay. Coated glossydark brown wash. X/XI baulk 4-5, Mid 1st cent A.D.-Flavian. BroneerXXIII. (71/L56)SML 345 plate 259. 6.0 x 5.5. Shoulderand all nozzle. Crisp mould. Needle air discusfragment, hole betweennozzle and discus. Shoulderseparated fromdiscusby threegrooves.Trace of somethingon discus - ? foot of frontalstandingfigure.Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, fine.Coated semi-glossy plumbrownwash,mottledto dark brown.XIV pit 2, mid 1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. Nozzle and volutesmuch as the Italian lamp Q947 BMC ii, 181,pl. 19 (2nd half1st centA.D.). (67/L358)plate 259. Shoulderand discusfragment, all nozzle.Quite crispplastermould.Needle air hole between nozzle and discus. Two grooves between shoulderand discus.Grey clay; coated matt brown wash,verymottled.VIII 24, mainly1stcentA.D. BroneerXXIII. (67/L120) SML 648 plate 259. 4.6x4.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Needle air holeon discus.Tongueson shoulder,smallvolutes on nozzle. Discus figureillegible. Clay reduced. Coated matt drab dark brown wash. VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXIII. (71/L157) SML 183 plates 234, 259. 4.1x3.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Quite crisp mould. Needle air hole on mouldingbetweennozzle and discus.Small neat tongueson discus,veryneat volute.Trace of oak leaf on discus- ? oak wreath. Ridge and two finegroovesseparate shoulderand

L290

L291

L292

L293

discus.Creamclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. BroneerXXIII. Oak wreathperhapsas BMC ii,87 fig.101, Q 1212. Notice the uppervoluteinsetfrom thelamp edge. (67/L117) SML 656 plate 259. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. Air hole between volutes.4 grooveson shoulder.Indecipherabledesign - ? drapery.Clay reducedlightgrey.Coated, drab dark brownwash. N House, I(S) 13, mixed 1stand 2nd centA.D. ? BroneerXXIII. (71/L210)SML 638 plate 259. 4.2 x 3.4. Discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus, separatedfromshoulderby threegrooves.Needle air hole. Cream whiteclay,coated plum-redwash. XIII 17a, DepositN2, Neronian. (71/L23) SML 141 plates 234, 259. D. 7.7, H. 2.9, Ext L. 12.1.Completeexcepthandleand chips.Fairly crisp mould. Needle air hole just beyondthe three ridgeswhich separate the plain shoulderfromthe discus.Dolphinto right.Lightbuffclay,coatedsemiwash. X 10, Pit 4, Claudian. glossyplum-brown BroneerXXIV. BaileymotifIV (a) xi. Cf. L412, a BroneerXXV fragment,thoughthis is a different series (noticeable in the anal fin, in particular). 125-6, pl. 18, no. Perhapsthe same seriesas Chypre 321. A verysimilarseriesis represented by Berlin30, 40, pl. pl. 14,no. 101.The dolphinswimsto leftArgos, 5, no. 219. The lamp typeis commonestin the 2nd halfofthe1stcentA.D. Cf.BMC'û, 191and pl. 23, no. 972, made in Central Italy, foundat Ephesus, an earliergenerationmould.Dated A.D. 50-75. (67/L340) SML 651 plate 259. Est D. 7.5. Discus, Worn plastermould. shoulderand nozzle fragment. Plainshoulderseparatedbysinglegroovefromdiscus. - ? wing- on the left.Buffclay, Trace of something fine.Coated matt orange-brownwash. East House, DepositNl, Neronian. BroneerXXIV.

Broneerxxvlamps, arrangedby subject Deities

L294 (67/L34) SML 138 plates 235, 260. 6.6x6.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Filling hole on discus' rightside, needle air hole in the two groovesdividingrim and discus. Small tongueson shoulder.Bustof Serapisto left.Thick walled. Detail of hair and draperyparticularlycareful.Pink clay, coated mattbrownwash. VIII 6, mid-late2nd cent A.D. See L296. L295 (67/L35) SML 263 plate 260. 6.6 x 4.6. Discus and As L294. Worn.Airholelow,left. shoulderfragment. Pink buffclay, coated mattpale brownwash. VI 5, DepositR3, late 2nd centA.D. Same generationmouldas L294, ifnotsame mould later in its career. HM 953 mightbe same seriesto Mercando237 and n. 36, pl. XXXVI. 10 referring G. Libertini,//MuseoBescari(1930) no. 1287 and T. Ancient Lamps(Amsterdam,1969) n. 184. Szantleleky,

THE LAMPS

L296

L297

L298

L299

A verywornexample Corinth 104, fig. 117, no. 604. Benghazi133,no. 918, fig.9 mustalso be veryclose.A ratherdifferent versionCarthage 181,and pl. LXXVI, no. 823. (73/L318) plates 235, 260. 2.6x2.7. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Part of bearded head to right.Light brownclay. Coated matt almost black wash. Well 12. Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Bailey motifgroup II, forthisis veryclose to the Londonfragment Q, 1073BMC ii,43, fig.47 and 226, pl. 37 dated to the 1stquarterof the 2nd cent A.D. as a portraitofHadrian;itis and tentatively identified also noted that Herakles is an alternative.Other no. 216,pl. XXI, Kenchreai, 29, no. examplesHermitage 137,pl. 6. Délosnos.4604-5, pl. 30. Bruneaudiscusses the identification op. cit. 128. 1stquarterof the 2nd centA.D. (67/P53)SML 216 plates 235, 260. Est D. 7.8, Ext L. 9.5. Part of handle,muchof discus,part of shoulder and nozzle.Two grooveson handle,smalltongueson shoulder.Two ridgesdivideshoulderand discus,small fillinghole offcentre,needle air hole on grooves. Heart shaped blackened nozzle. Bust of Athena Promachosto left,wearingcrestedCorinthianhelmet. The gorgoneionappearsto be wornas a pendant,and has prominent scalylocks.Buffbrownclay,fine.Top coated matt pale red wash. Ill E. edge. Probably associatedwithDeposit SI, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. The respectiverolesof Athensand Corinthin the developmentof the Athena Promachos type are discussedAgoravii, 111-112. (73/L303) plates 235, 260. 5.6x3.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Grooves on shoulder.Athena,left,armedwithhelmet,shieldand spear. Lightbrownclay,coated mattbrownto dark brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. BroneerXXII-XXIII. Discus typeBaileyI (a) ix; TrierM. 29. A popular motif.In Crete,HM 6278 Mercando PI. XXXV.5 and p. 236 withn. 20 and parallels.Agoravii,82, no. 116. Délos 127 and pl. 29, nos.4600 and 4601. Othersat Tarsus- Tarsus125and pl. 107,no. 341 (FactoryDeposit) and fromCyprusChypre151, and pl. 23, no. 440, with numerous references. BMC ii, p. 13 and fig.9, p. 188 and pl. 22, Q,962. Popularin the 1stcentA.D. (71/L22) SML 127 plates 235, 260. D. 7.7, H. 4.7. Nozzle, part of shoulder,discusand underbodylost. Fairlycrisp mould. Grooveson handle, tongueson shoulder.The flatbase outlined.Bust of Tyche (or Cybele) to left,wearingcorona,cornucopiaover the left shoulder. Buff brown clay, fine. Semi-glossy reddishbrownwash, drippingonto underbodyand base. Unstratified. BroneerXXV. The typeis familiarin Crete,e.g. the 2nd cent A.D. tomb in Herakleion, Plateia DasA.Delt20 (1965) 562 and pl. 708,2nd row, kaloyianni, middle.A fragment was foundat Knossos,BSA 72, 104, L. 6. Anothercomes fromKavousi (Mercando PL. XXXVI.9, p. 237 and n. 35 on HM 3263). Note BCH 95, 479, no. 40 and fig.41, a Corinthianlamp fromPatras(no cornucopia).Op. cit.493^, figs.56-8

L300

L301

L302

L303

L304

L305

279 materialin HM. Chypre 199 and pl. 32, no. illustrates 598. (67/P88) SML 128 plates 235, 260. D. 8.0, H. 3.4, Ext L. 9.9. Nozzle lost; what remainsintact.Worn mould. Rather thickwalls. Two grooveson handle front.Fillinghole at 10 o'clock.Air hole above heartshaped nozzle. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) fromdiscus. Flat base definedby groove. Artemis standingfrontal,in a shortchiton,buskins,looking threequarterright.Rightarm akimbo,leftextended holdingbow. To left,seated hound lookingback to right.To right,small altar. Yellow buffclay, coated mattplum-redwash (dabbled on the underbody).N House,Room V, makeupofwall;? later2ndcentA.D. BroneerXXV. See L301, 302. (67/L71) SML 192 plates 235, 260. 6.8x6.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Fillingholeat 9 o'clock,air holeabove nozzle. Fine grooveeitherside of ridgeseparatingshoulder and discus. Small tongueson shoulder.Artemisas L300 on discus.Yellow buffclay withsand and mica. Rathermetallicplum-redwash.N House,DepositR2, later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L300, 302. (67/L72) SML 201 plate 260. 4.5x2.0. Discus Wornmould.PartofArtemisas L300, 301. fragment. Grey buffclay. Dark brownmattwash. VII 3. See Deposit S3, late 2nd- early3rd centA.D. The subject of L300-302 was popular in Crete. Mercando citesfourexamplesall signed FAMOT in HM, including9266 and 6212. Mercando236, n. 24, pl. XXXV, 11 and 12. AnothercomesfromKnossos, BSA 72, 104, L. 1. L300 is a later generationthan L301. A Benghazifragment, Benghazi105-6, no. 725, pl. 21 and fig.8 is of thistype.Bailey (loc. cit) notes the scene probably shows the statue of Artemis 923 Laphria at Patrai (Pausanias vii, 18,6). Benghazi and 1059 (figs.9 and 10) are similar,said to be local. (67/L313) SML 318 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.2. Worn mould. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment. Ridge and finegrooveseparateshoulderand discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Double outlinedtongues.(Part of) death of Aktaeon.Buffclay, partlycoated matt plum brownwash. VIII 4. Broneer XXV. L303-311 show a stag to right attackedby threehounds,one at theneck,one at the rump, one at the underbody.Though this might to identify merelybe a sceneofthechaseitis tempting the stag as Aktaeon,completelymetamorphosed. A moreconventionalversionis Bailey'sI (d) iii - BMC ii> Q, 771, seen again on e.g., Benghazi156. This of a discus typeobviouslypopular at interpretation Knossosmaybe strengthened ofthe by thefrequency Artemistype,L300-302 and parallelsquoted. (71/L121)SML 267 plate 260. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulderand discus.Tongueson shoulder.As L303 - forepart ofstag,partofone hound.Buffclay, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed 2nd centA.D. (and to early3rd). See L303. (73/L316) plate 260. 4.0 x 2.0. Shoulderand discus Wornmould.As L303, 304. Forelegsofstag fragment.

280

L306

L307

L308

L309

L310

L311

L312

THE LAMPS and one hound.Lightbrownclay,coatedsemi-glossy red-brown.Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. See L303. (67/L55)SML 266 plate 260. 5.6 x 2.8. Shoulderand Wornmould.As L303-5. Hind legs discusfragment. ofstag,muchofone hound.Yellow-buff clay,slightly metallicplum-redwash.N House, Room VI; Deposit D2, Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. See L303. (67/L81) SML 268 plate 260. 5.0 x 2.0. Discusnozzle Wornmould.Air hole above heart-shaped fragment. nozzle. As L303-6. Part of lowesthound. Pale buff clay. Coated red to brownwash. N House, Deposit R2, later2nd centA.D. See L303. (67/L37)SML 325 plate 260. 6.0 x 5.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Central filling hole.As L303-7. Mostofsubjectpreserved.Clay fired grey,coatedreddishbrownmattwash,blotcheddark brown.I(N) 11pit3, DepositR2. Later2ndcentA.D. See L303. (67/L38) SML 325 plate 260. 5.2 x 4.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Central hole,air holeabove nozzle.As L303-8. Bodyof filling stagand lowesthound.Pinkishbuffclay.Coated matt dark brown.IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L303. (71/L81) SML 333 plates 236,260.6.7x4.1. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Prominentridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(withvery worn tongues) fromdiscus. ? Death of Aktaeon hound leaping (at the rump of the stag), overshadowed by a leafytree.Orange buffclay,coated matt red wash. XV 3, upperwash - to Severan. The complete scene is preservedon the local Benghazilamp Benghazi137, pl. 27, figs.10, 18, no. 962, wheretwohoundsattacktheback legsofa stag. 960 and 961 are thesame;six The Benghazifragments fromearlyto mid3rd otherfragments are mentioned, centuryA.D. contexts. (71/L113) SML 285 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Heart-shapednozzle. As L303-309. Forelegs of stag and lowesthound. Buffclay, coated plumbrownwash. XII 9, DepositD5, Hadrianic. See L303. Benghazi137, no. 963, pl. 27, fig. 10 (unslipped,local clay) preservesthe completescene, describedmerely'stag attackedby threehounds'. (73/L302) plate 260. Est D. 8.0. Part of shoulder, discus, underbodyand nozzle. Crisp mould. Plain shoulder,ridgeand twogroovesseparatingit fromthe discus.Large fillinghole at 8 o'clock;air hole; hearton to leftofa ? tree-stump shapednozzle.Erosfrontal, whichthe lionskinhangs,wingsdisplayed,Herakles clubin thelefthand,righthandon rightthigh.Stands on doubleground-line. Lightbrownclay,coatedsemiglossydark red-brownwash, blotcheddark brown. Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. BaileyI (b) i, BMC ii, Q.809, where This maywellhave come he is describedas urinating. fora parallelsigned(with fromtheGamosworkshop, pelta-shapedfeet)is figuredby Menzel (57, no. 316, fig.47) whileBaileyrestores[FAMO]T on a Benghazi lamp ofthistype- Benghazi123,no. 848. Nos. 844-47

are ofthesame type,whilethebase signed[ FAMO]Y no. 848 may be fromthesame mould;thishas peltafeet.BMC iii, Q, 1877,fromCyprus,also withpeltafeet,has the same discus ornament.From Knossos, Demeter 52 and pl. 30, DepositJ.50 (contextdate late lst-mid 2nd cent A.D.) may be of the same series. Furtherafieldare Tarsuspl. 98, no. 139 (fromthe 'Roman Fill') and Chypre 148-149,nos.427-30,pl. 23, describedas a 'Genius'. L313 (67/L68) SML 369 plates 236, 260. 3.5x2.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Tongues on the shoulder,separatedfromthe discusby ridge and groove.Remainsof [Eros and] boat - lefthand clay,coated glossydark red partofboat. Buff-brown wash.VII 5, late 2nd-early3rdcentsA.D. See L314. L314 (67/P82) SML 131 plates 236, 260. D. 8.1, H. 2.9, Ext L. 9.5. Most of nozzle lost, otherwiseintact. Rather worn mould. Three vertical grooves on handle. Small tongueson broad shoulder,separated fromdiscus by ridge and groove. Fillinghole at 3 set o'clock,air hole above nozzle. Concave underfoot off by groove. Heart-shapednozzle with two imleft,head turned pressedcirclets.Eros,three-quarters to right,wingsdisplayedrightarm raised,lefthand restingon thegunwaleoftheplankedboat (? clinkerbuilt)withprowand sternposts,in whichhe crouches. VIII 8, early-mid1stcentA.D. BroneerXXV. L315 (67/L167) SML 309 plate 236. 5.8x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould - trace of tongueson shoulder.Head and displayedwingsof frontalfigure- ? Eros or Genius. Light brownclay, wash. N House, Room VI, coated reddish-brown contentsof S wall; later2nd centA.D. Carthage196, no. 936, pl. LXXXV, describedas 'Genie ailé, deboutde face...' L316 (71/L133) SML 349 plates 236,260. 6.2x5.2. Handle,shoulder,discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. discus Two grooveson handle.Shoulderseparatedfrom by two ridgesand two grooves.Eros with Herakles club frontal.Grey clay, matt orange-brownwash. XII 2, mixed2ndcentA.D. and toearly3rdcentA.D. L317 + L375 (71/L100+ 104) SML 189+ 335 plates 236, 260, 262. D. 8.0. Shoulder,discus and underbody fragment,two joining. Fairly crisp mould. Large fillinghole. Prominentridge and groove separate shoulder(ivy leaves impressed)and discus.Winged Erosastridea dolphinto right;Eros,head back,blows a conch.Dolphinwithelaboratetail.Fine buff-brown wash. XII 6 and 8, reddish-brown clay, semi-glossy DepositD5, Hadrianic. For a Cretan example (different series),A.Delt20 (1965) 562 and pl. 708.8,top,centre- 2nd centA.D. tombin Herakleion,Plateia Daskaloyianni.A differentversionis BMC ii, 361, Q, 1379. Closeris BMC iii, Q, 3026, pl. 99 (Ephesos). ProfessorWarrenkindly allows me to mentionan identical lamp fromhis MuseumExtension excavationsat theStratigraphical site at Knossos, froma 2nd cent. A.D. (see now Warrenin AR 1987-8894 and fig.38) context.Agora vii, 742-5 are both later and representa rather different version,whereEros is wingless.

THE LAMPS L318 (71/L74+P61) plates 236,260. D. 8.4, H. 3.3. Partof handle,shoulder,discus,underbody,base and nozzle. Fivejoining.Crisp plastermould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Three impressedcircletsbehind heart-shapednozzle (blackened). Two wingedEroteswrestle.On the underfoot [F]AMOY. Buffclay,fine.Coated darkmattredwash. House of Diamond frescoes,Room I fill; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The completelamp fromHagia Pelagia,Mercando pl. XXXVI.3 = HM 9710 is also signedTAMOT. At D. 8.0, this may be a later generationmould than ours. Tarsus127,no. 378 and pl. 109showstwoErotes ofsimilartype'dancingor playing'. L319 (67/L69) SML 348 plates 236, 261. 6.0x5.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.Tongues on theshoulder,interrupted by a raisedpanel; ridge and groovedivideshoulderand discus.[Remainsof] Eros ridinga hippocampleft,scallop as background. Buffclay, Fillinghole;air holenotpiercedcompletely. reduced grey. Coated orange-redmatt wash. N House, II surface- to 4th centA.D. The motifoccursat Knossos,Demeter 51,J. 46 and pl. 30. A Nereidridesa sea-bull(no backgroundshell) on BMC ii, Q886. L320 (71/L136)SML 202 plates 236, 261. 3.5 x 2.2. Discus Wornmould.Air hole betweenlegsofEros fragment. (?) to left,draperyflowingbehind.Discus definedby two finegrooves.Buffclay, coated mattdark brown wash. XV 1-upperwash - to 4th centA.D. This maybe thedesignofAgoravii,115,no. 715-16, to pl. 16 (secondhalfof3rdcentA.D.) Perlzweigrefers Corinth 195,no. 616 and pl. XXVII. Also Menzel fig. 47.1. L321 (67/L80) SML 354 plates 236,261.4.5 x 3.5. Discus Ratherwornmould. Eros as Harpocrates, fragment. seatedfrontal.Fine modelling,notablyofthehead, in view. Orange clay, coated matt red to threequarter plum-redwash. II 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. A very differentHarpocrates from a Tiberian contextat Benghazi - Benghazi39, no. 232 - is paralleled by BMC ii, pl. 2, Q 769 (late 1st cent B.C.-early 1stcentA.D.). L322 (67/L52) SML 139 plates 236, 261. 5.8x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Tongueson shoulder,separatedfromdiscusby ridge and groove.Fillinghole at 10 o'clock.Pan runningto right,pedumin lefthand, on groundline. Perhapsa secondfigureon thelostpart.Orange-redclay,coated mattred wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Tarsus114-115, nos. 194-196, and pl. 101, show otheraspectsof Pan. L323 (67/P24) SML 144 plates 237, 261. D. 9.3, H. 3.6, Ext L. 11.3. Complete(recomposedof three)except handle,scrap of underbodyand base. Worn mould. Three grooveson handle,smalltongueson thebroad shoulderseparated by ridge and two groovesfrom discus with fillinghole at 8 o'clock; air hole above heart-shapednozzle. Recessed base, definedby a groove.Frontalhead ofDionysos.Pink-buff clay,top coatedmattdarkbrownwash,underbodydabbled. N

L324 L325

L326

L327

L328

L329

L330

281 House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. BroneerXXV. See L325. plate 237. 6.2 x 5.8. Shoulderand discus fragment. Worn mould.Discus as L323. Foliate shoulder. See L325. (71/L64) SML 205 plates 237, 261. 4.0x2.3. Fragmentof discus. Crisp mould. As L323, (lower part). Brown clay, very fine. XIII 1 #2555,SW House, latestphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileymotifI (a) xiii.Mercando237 and n. 33 with pl. XXXVI, 5 and 6 noticesHM 6276 and 6277,with the same scene and oak leaves on the shoulder.She mentionsa fragment at Phaestos(F.1652 b) fromH. Photini,and suggeststheyare closeto theworkofthe Gamos Shop. This is supportedby Benghazi132,nos. 915-16, pl. 26, figs.9, 16, plus severaluncatalogued forthesameor parallelmoulds,ofwhich915 is signed TAMOT.Most ofthesedate to themid-3rdcentA.D. (67/L347) plate 261. 4.2 x 3.6. Shoulderand discus fragment. Verywornmould.Fillinghole at 8 o'clock. Floralsofuncertaintypeon shoulder,separatedfrom discus by ridge and groove. Frontal head - ?gorgoneion. N House, Room V, upper wash; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? 3rd centA.D. (67/P509)SML 598 plates 237, 261. 4.2 x 3.9. Discus fragment. Crispmould.Fillinghole at 5 o'clock.Part of gorgoneion,snakes knottedunder chin. Whitish buffclay, greenishsurface.Coated mattdark brown wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileyI (d) vii. Close in style(thoughnotin detail) is Tarsus110,no. 149,pl. 99, 'Middle Roman Unit',a lamp of BroneerXXIII, dated A.D. 25-50. Other - Agoravii, 77, no. 60; Gorgoneiaare quite different 118,nos. 771-72 and pl. 17; Corinth 175,no. 445 and 129-130,nos.894-899, pl. 26, fig. pl. XXV. Benghazi, 9. (71/L127)SML 199plates 237, 261. 4.6 x 4.8. Discus Ratherwornplastermould. Air hole at 7 fragment. o'clock. Part of frontalhead of Zeus Ammon.Pink buffclay, coated semi-glossy dark red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. Chypre112, no. 269, pl. 15, belongs to the same series,unlikeChypre 201-2, nos. 585-7, pl. 33. Also fromCyprus (Ayios Serghios) is a very elaborate version,BCH 90 (1966), 380, fig.140. See also Corinth 175, no. 444, pl. XXV, and Waldhauerno. 352, pl. XXXVI (fromthe Chersonese).From Knossos,not illustrated are thefragments L. 7 and 23, BSA 72, (P. 105). Said to be from'Egypt' is BMC iii, Q 1907 (BroneerXXIII), firsthalf1stcentA.D. 'Smyrna'is the provenanceof Oxford 1910. 702 with the same subject. (71/LI80) SML 483 plate 261. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder, discus, underbody fragment.Crisp mould, large double outlinedtongueson shoulder,separatedfrom discusby ridgeand groove.Trace of Zeus Ammon's head on discus.Buffbrownclay, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 9, Neronian. (77) plate 261. D. 8.2, L. 10.5. Complete,recomposted. Very worn plastermould. Two grooveson

282

L331

L332

L333

L334

L335

L336

THE LAMPS handle.Shoulderplainapartfromraisedpanelson the crossaxis. Large fillinghole 6 o'clock; (needle) air hole. Herakles and the Nemean Lion - Herakles, to left,lion's head nude, club laid aside, struggling caughtin thecrookofhisleftarm.Lightbrownclay, coated in semi-glossy darkred wash,dribbledon the underbody- reservedsurfaceareas cream.Unstratified(S extension). ofthesamesubjectfromKnossosare L4 Fragments and 5, BSA 72, 104. HM 2962, Mercando237, n. 37, pl. XXXVI, fromKavousi is smaller,and probablya latergeneration.Otherfragments, Benghazi149, nos. 1061-63 and fig.10. Mid 2nd-mid3rd centA.D. A different versionCorinth 253, 1169-1172,pl. XXIX. Agoravii, 773-775 and pl. 17. (71/L1O3)SML 191plates 237,261. 3.8 x 3.5. Discus Worn mould. Satyror Silenushead. Bufffragment. brown clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. BaileymotifI (a) XIII, as BMC ii,Q895, 1071-72. seriesis Chypre Menzel,no. 180,fig.31.14. A different 137,nos. 378-81, pl. 20. (71/L59) Not illustrated.4.0x4.3. Discus fragment. Crisp mould,highrelief.Part of head and mouthof Silenus mask. Light buff-clay.Self-slippedsurface finish.XV 1, late 2nd-early3rd (and some to 4th) centA.D. (67/L59) SML 351 plates 237, 261. 6.0x4.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder to (tongues)fromdiscus. [Part of] sphinxcouchant, right.Clay reducedgrey,coated mattgreywash. N House, DepositR2, late 2nd centA.D. See L334. (67/L74)SML 366 plates 237, 261. 4.0 x 2.2. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L333. Yellow-buffclay, metallicchocolatebrownwash. N House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Close to Corinth 197,no. 628, pl. XXVII. (Broneer XXVII). (67/P7)SML 219 plates 237,261. D. 7.2,H. 3, Ext L. 9.4. Handle, partofshoulder,discus,underbodyand base. Worn mould. Two grooveson handle. Ridge and twogroovesseparateplain shoulderfromdiscus. Fillinghole at 9 o'clock. Air hole below the discus wingsdisplayed,feeton a designofa sphinx,frontal, spreadingacanthusleaf.Pinkishbuffsandyclay. Top and handle coated matt pale red wash, dabbled on underbody.Surface,to 4th centA.D. A populardesign(Bailey I (e) ii). From Knossos, Demeter 52, J. 51, and pl. 30 (crisper).From Crete, HM 6281-82, Mercandopl. XXXVI, 15-16, p. 237 and n. 39. Benghazi127,no. 881, pl. 25, fig.9. Carthage 153,no. 604, pl. LXI (Broneerno. XXIV acanthus); 169, no. 726, pl. LXIX (withleaf) (BroneerXXV) series.Italian Berlin84, no. 536, pl. 58 is a different lamps of thisdesignBMC ii, Q, 1284-85,pl. 67 date A.D. 90-140. (67/L15) SML 725 plate 261. 7.3x1.6. Shoulder, discus,nozzleand underbodyfragment. Crispmould. Plain shoulderdivided fromdiscus by two grooves. Impressedcircletbehindnozzle. [Partof]? sphinxon discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Buffbrown clay,

L337

L338

L339

L340

coated metallic dark brown wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. This maybe partofa BaileymotifI Cf. e.g. Carthage (a) ii Zeus + eagle + thunderbolt. 126,no. 403 and pl. XLV. (71/L79) SML 196 plates 237, 261. 2.5 x 3.2. Discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. [Part of] gryphon galloping right.Pale grey clay, fine; coated semiglossy plum-brownwash. XIII 17a, Deposit N2, Neronian. BaileymotifI (e) iii; TrierM. 161.Benghazi117,no. 81 1, pl. XXIII and fig.8 is a different series- Broneer 111-112,nos. XXII, firsthalf 1stcentA.D. Carthage 306-09 and pl. XXXVII are all BroneerXXII. See also Menzel, 34, nos. 133-134 and fig.28; BMC ii, 169, no. Q,901 and pl. 14 ( A.D. 40-80). See also Tarsus129,no. 403, and refs. (67/L21) SML 352. Not illustrated.6.0 x 5.0. ShoulWorn mould. Plain der,discusand nozzle fragment. shoulderseparatedfromdiscus by two grooves.Air hole at 7 o'clock. [Part of] winged creature.(? as L336). Grey-buff clay, coated dark brownmetallic wash.N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill,Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. (67/L78) SML 353 plates 237, 261. 4.4 x 3.0. Discus Verycrispmould,highrelief.Fillinghole. fragment. Herakles, three-quarterleft, fightsthe Lernaean hydra.He stands,nude,legsapart,impressedcirclets fornipplesand navel,groovesforsternumand belly musculature.Smallerincisedlinesforthe pubic hair. Behind Heraklesa confusionof reliefmay represent theLion skin.Grey-buff clay,coated mattpale plum wash. VIII/IX baulk,mixed 1stcentA.D. BaileymotifI (d) i. A closeparallelforthemotifis London 68/6-20/169 (Broneer XXVII) signed AKTAOT. See also Vindonissa 393, no. 394, pl. VII. The same scene, but in different versions,includes 155,no. 455, pl. 24; Agoravii,. 118 and pl. 23 f Chypre and g, bothfromthe Kerameikos.There is a similar syntaxin scenesshowingHeraklesin theGardenofthe 127,nos. 411-412, pl. XLV. Hesperides- Carthage (67/L340)SML 299 plates 237, 261. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus Worn mould. [Part of] Odysseusand the fragment. ram, to right.Pinkishbuffclay, coated glossyred wash.N House,Room IV, Phase 1 fill,Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. See L409. A Knossianlamp, (BroneerXXV), fromMarathianou Lakkos Tomb 1, no. 1 preservesthe complete scene,whichwas popular elsewhere- Benghazi124, nos.851-52. Berlin16,no. 23 and pl. 6 (doublenozzle) and 26, no. 128,pl. 17. Op. AthVI, pl. VII, 128-130 (BroneerXXV's, perhaps fromCyprus) have now to the BritishMuseum, and have been transferred as BMC'ûi, Q,2482-84. L409 is same beenrepublished subject.

Gladiators L341 (67/P64)SML 142 plates 238, 261. D. 8.9, H. 3.4, L. 12.3. Completeand intact.Crispmould.Two grooves on frontof handle. Ear lugs (double volutes) with

THE LAMPS

L342

L343

L344

L345

L346

L347

L348

impressedcircleton the undersideattached to the shoulderson the lamp's cross-axis.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(tongues)fromthe discus. Fillinghole at 7 o'clock,air hole at 5 o'clock. Heartshapednozzle.On discus,gladiatorto rightin frontof ? cypresstree? palm frond.Loin cloth,visoredand crested helmet, greaves, sword-arm band, small rectangularshield,armed with ? pilum.The equipmentrecallsa hoplomachos (apart fromthepilum).Buff clay. Upper partcoated metallicplumwash,dabbled and dripped on underbody.N House, Room VI, Phase 1 fill,Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L343. (67/P83)SML 255 plate 261. D. 8.8, H. 3.7, L. 12.4. intact.Mould somewhat Top ofhandlelost,otherwise worn. As L341. Pinkishbuffclay. Surfaceas L341 (lightto dark brown).118,2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. See L343. Mould probablysame generationas L341 but not identicalmould. (67/L77) SML 259 plate 261. 8.0x3.0. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. As L341 (shield and part of helmetcrest). Grey-buff clay.Dark brownwashon top. II 6, to mid 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Mould close to L341-2. Not one of themorepopulargladiatormotifs.Vindonissa 342, no. 139, pl. X had the same figureto left,withno tree frond.Eared lampswithfigureddiscusare relatively rare. (71/L109) SML 667 Not illustrated. 4.4x3.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould. Two fine grooves on handle. Tongues on shoulder.[Partof]gladiatorto right(head). Buffclay. Semi-glossyplum brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L91) SML666 plate 262. 5.0x2.5. Shoulder (handle scar) and discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and groovedivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. Helmet of gladiatorto right.Pink buff clay, coated mattred wash. XV 6, upper fillto late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? As L341-343. (71/L209)SML 734 Not illustrated.3.5 x 2.6. Discus fragment.Worn mould. Gladiator (head, feet and shieldlost).Pink-buff clay,coatedmattredwash.XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L24) SML 177 plate 238, 262. D. 8.0. Much of shoulder,all discus,partofnozzle.Verywornplaster mould. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Air hole above blackenednozzle. Gladiatorthreequarterto rightthrax. Brown-buff clay,fine;slightly glossyplum-redto brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Broneer XXV. Earlier generation mould than L348, q.v. (67/P85)SML 162 plates 238, 262. D. 7.6, H. 2.9, L. 10.0. Complete, intact. Very worn mould. Two grooves on handle; heart-shapednozzle. Slightly concave base outlinedby a groove.As L347. Yellow buffclay, fine.Top coated glossychocolate-brown wash, dabbled and dribbledon underbody.VIII 5. See DepositT3, Trajanic with3rd centintrusions.

283

BroneerXXV. BaileyMotifIII (c); [The thrax was helmet,roundshield,sword, equippedwithloin-cloth, greavesand has bindingon thesword-arm].See BMC ii, 54-5 and refs;op. cit, 173,Q, 918 (fromCyprus). L349 (73/L310) plate 262. Est D. 8.0 (9.2 x 7.0). Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. Two grooveson handle. Ridge and groove separatesshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. Helmet of clay, gladiatorto right- ? as L347-8. Orange-buff glossyred wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. L350 (71/L73) SML 273 plates 238, 262. Est D. 7.6. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Groovesand incisedhatchingon handle.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues and darts)fromthediscus.Fillingholeat 5 o'clock,air hole at 6 o'clock. Gladiatorto rightwithpart of the groundedshieldofa secondbehind- thelostfragment probablyshoweda kneelingfigure.Buffclay, partly coated matt plum-brownwash. House of Diamond Frescoes,Room I, upperfill;late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. BaileymotifII (c) i. The gladiatoris The completescenemayhave equippedas hoplomachos. been as Agoravii, 124, nos. 838-39, pl. 19, cited by 736-37, fig.8. Bailey,Benghazi107,on thefragments 199,no. 645, fig.123. Perlzweig(loe. cit.) citesCorinth L35 1 (67/L75)SML 356 plate 238. 4.0 x 4.6. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.[Part to righton leftof of] gladiatorialduel - hoplomachos scene.Orange buffclay,remainsof (veryworn)semiwash. VII 5, late 2nd-earlier glossyreddish-brown 3rd centA.D. The completescene may have been as Vindonissa 370, no. 115, pl. IX. Bailey in publishingrelated fromBenghazi [Benghazi108, no. 744, PI. fragments 22, fig.8; 125, nos. 859-860 fig.8, perhapsalso nos. 861-862) citesBerlinno. 552. L352 (71/L89) SML 481 plate 262. 5.7x3.2. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separates shoulder (trace of tongues)fromdiscus;raisedpanel at crossaxis. Partof ? gladiatormovingright.Lightbuffclay,coatedsemiglossyplum-brownwash. XV 3, upper wash - to Severan. L353 (67/L66) SML 365 plate 240. 3.6x3.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. and lionor bear. Pale [Partof]duel betweenbestiarius buffclay, largely reduced. Pale red wash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV? Perhapsto be restoredas Benghazi 134,no. 938, fig.9. L353bis (67/L76) SML 679 Not illustrated.4.0x3.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus,withalmost centralfillinghole,incompletely piercedair hole at 6 o'clock.Impressedcircletat nozzle.Gladiatorto right and beast - ? lion. Orange-buffclay. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Love making L354 (67/P171)SML 171 plate 239 (incomplete).D. 7.7,

284

L355

L356

L357

L358

THE LAMPS - handle, part of H. 3.0, Ext L. 10.2. Fragmentary shoulder,discus, underbody,nozzle and base lost. Composed of six (part now missing).Rather worn mould.Prominent ridgeseparatesverynarrowshoulder (herringbone) fromunusuallylargediscus.Volute nozzle, blackened.Lovers on a couch. Yellow buff clay,coateddarkbrownmattwash.E House,Deposit NI, Neronian. In thecompletescenethewomanfacesleft,propped on cushions; her companion kneels between her thighs,holding her leftleg above the ankle. This recallsBMC ii,65, nos.Q, 1407-1408.Closerare Délos 126,no. 4591, pl. 29 (lamp typeand design),Carthage 190, no. 889, pl. LXXXI. Benghazi135-36, nos. 948-50 and (unpublished)Oxford1929. 172. (71/L5) SML 132plates 239, 262. D. 6.9, Ext L. 9.4. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Very worn mould. Vertical ring handle of ivy-leaf type. Groove separatesplain shoulderfromdiscus. Large fillinghole at 6 o'clock. Love-making.Pink clay. Coated matt red-brownwash. XII 12, Hadrianic.(Hayesconsiderspotterylst-2ndcentA.D. but lampssecondhalf2nd centA.D.) The ring handle makes a Cretan origin almost certain. Trier M. 132. The scene, with minor variations,is common.Cf.BMC ii, 69, fig.71, Q,800; pl. 18,Q,937. The latter(thoughhandleless)is a close parallelforlamp form.It is dated A.D. 40-80. Others includeVindonissa 396,nos.419^-21, pl. VIII, Carthage 138,nos. 488-490, pl. LI. Op. AthVI, pl. V, no. 62. (67/L86)SML 343 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 3.5. Nozzle and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Large filling Pale buffclay, holeat 3 o'clock.[Partof]love-making. coated matt dark brownwash. N House, I(N) 10, Hadrianic. Broneer XXV. Complete scene depicts woman kneeling,facingto her right,her companionbehind her,lifting drapery,usuallyset on couch,thoughnot as highas thisappears.Cf.BMC ii, 66, fig.69 Q,887, 368,no. 888,and 166,pl. 13.OthersincludeVindonissa 89 and pl. VIII. (67/L87) SML 200 plates 239, 262. 3.5 x 3.0. Discus fragment.Fairlyworn mould. Love-making.Naked woman to right,crouching- ? over companion. Orangebuffclay.Coated glossyorangeredwash.VII 9, to Trajanic. The completesceneis unknownto me. Almostthe ofit is preservedCarthage samefragment 163,no. 683, pl. LXVI, which has rathermore of the drapery hangingfromthe couch. A similarscene is perhaps Argos41, no. 221,pl. suggestedbytheArgosfragment, 5. (67/L74) SML279 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 4.0. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Rather worn mould. Groove separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. [Part of] love-making- man recliningon couch, facingleft.Pale buffclay, coated mattdarkbrownwash.I 11-12a, N House; tolate 2ndcentA.D. The completescene shows a couple on a partly drapedcouch,theman recliningto left,weighton the leftelbow, partlysupportedby a foldedbolster,his companioncrouchedover him, also facingleft.Cf.

BMC ii 69-70, Q. 1401, 1406 for compositionnot detail. Closer,probably,are the fragments Benghazi 135,nos. 945-47, fig.9. L359 (71/L102)SML 336 plate 239. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Part oflower leftsectorof discus- ? love-making. Buffclay; semiglossyplum-redwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. L360 (67/P17)SML 198 plates 239, 262. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus fragment.Very crisp mould. Fillinghole. [Part of] unexplainedsubject to righta ? seatedfigure,right arm extendedholdinga wreath,witha stoopingor kneelingdraped femalefigureclaspingthe formerat thewaist.? Erotic.Buff-brown clay,coatedmattdark red wash. N House, Room V final Phase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The bold, even crudeuse ofincisionon the mould makesthisa distinctive piecein styleas wellas subject. L361 (67/P55) SML 135 plates 239, 262. D. 7.7, Ext H. 3.1, L. 10.7. Partofshoulder,all underbodyand base lost. Part of reliefbadly abraded. Recomposed of three.Crispmould.Ridge and threegroovesseparate shoulder (tonguesand darts) fromdiscus. An impressedcircleton theridgeeach sideofhandle.Filling hole 7 o'clock, air hole 5.30. Heart-shapednozzle, blackened. Congressbetween woman and stallion. Palm frond,vase in the field.Pinkish-buff clay, fine. Coated thinpale mattredwash.II 7, N House,mixed 1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. Broneer XXV. Bailey motif III (g) Hi. This parodiessuch love-makingscenesas BMC ii, 327, Q, 1295, pl. 18. Other scenesinvolvingequids include Waldhauer nos. 495 and 498, and Agoravii, no. 833. L361bis (67/L54) SML364 plate 238, 262. 4.2x3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plastermould. Ridge (withimpressedcircletnear handle) and three groovesseparate shoulder (tonguesand darts) and discus.Top leftsectordiscus- treeor frond.Yellowbuffclay,coatedmattbrownwash.II 2, N House; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. As L361; probablysame mould. L362 (71/L132) SML 719 plate 262. Est D. 7.5. Handle; shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Two grooveson handle, ridge and groove divide plain shoulderfromdiscus.? Love-making,(? rightend of couch). Buffclay,coatedmattbrownwash.XI 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L363 (67/L26) SML 304 plates 239, 262. 2.5x2.0. Rather worn mould. Shoulderand discusfragment. Two groovesseparateplain rimfromdiscus.[Partof] Drapery.Buffclay,coated mattbrown ?love-making. wash. I Surface,Severanto 4th centA.D. Cf.draperyon, e.g. BMC ii, 69, Q, 1079,fig.71 and pl. 37. L364 + 582 (71/L9+ 131) SML 257+ 264 plates 262, 270. frs.Handle; shoulder,discus, D. 9.O.Two non-joining underbody,base and nozzle fragment.Very worn mould.Two grooveson handle.Large fillinghole off centre towards 7 o'clock, unpiercedair hole with - legs,partof discusat 6 o'clock.[Partof]love-making

285

THE LAMPS couch. Yellow buffclay; coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. X 2 pit 2, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. Akin,perhaps,to BMC ii, 66, fig. 69, QJ371 (and pl. 80). L365 (67/L138) SML 671 plate 262. 7.0x3.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Fairlycrispmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus. Bottomof design- ? love-making(feetof? couch). Pinkclay,creamselfslip.V Surface,to 3rdcentA.D. BroneerXXV. L366 (71/L201) SML499 plate 262. 3.5x3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two groovesdivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. [Part of] ? love-making- bolsterand draperyfrom wash. couch.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown XI 5, mixedlst-3rdcentA.D. Perhapsakin to L358. L366 bis (67/L24) SML729 Not illustrated.4.8x3.0. Two groovesseparate Shoulderand discusfragment. shoulder(raisedpanel at the crossaxis) fromdiscus. Lower rightdiscussector- love-making(?) (cushion or couch). Pinkbuffclay; coated mattbrown- dark brownwash. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.

L370

L371

L372

Genrescenes L367 (67/L17) SML362 plates 239, 262. 5.8 x 3.2. Shoulder and discusfragment. Very wornmould.A ridge betweentwo groovesseparate plain shoulderfrom discus. [Part of] boar hunt - tree,hindquartersof houndmovingto left.Orange-buff clay. Coated dark brownwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Two Hermitage lamps - Waldhauer, 52, nos. 346-347 pl. XXXVI, fromtheChersoneseand Kerch - preservethe subject- a boar in the respectively upper field,hound in the lower,tree to suggestthe forest. L368 (67/L58) SML 357 plates 239, 262. 3.8 x 4.0. Two ofshoulderand discus.Crispmould. joining;fragment Ridgeand twogroovesdivideshoulder(tongues)from discus.Part ofcentralfillinghole. Part of righthand half of discus. Unexplained pastoral scene. Small, ratherheavy figureseated to left,withsheep to left behind.Partofquadruped above (withlong,twisted tail); anotherbelow. Orange buffclay, coated matt plumwash. VIII 6, mid-late2nd centA.D. BaileymotifIII (a) i (withoutclose parallel). Not thesame as sheep-milking of,e.g, Menzel fig.33:9 or Trierpl. 18,47. An alternativemightbe Orpheus- a different versionof Corinth 205-206, no. 703 and fig. 139,or thesceneChypre pl. 15, no. 253 {notOrpheus, since the musicianplays a flute).The seated figure recallsthe righthand figureWaldhauer63, no. 489, pl. XLVI (BroneerXXVI, fromChersonese)where two seated apes face each otheracrossa table. It is possiblethatthefragment Benghazi,138,no. 970, fig. 10, is partof thesame scene (thiswould preservethe completeupperanimal,and merelythe rumpof one sheep). L369 (67/L57) SML 288 plates 240, 262. 4.4x3.8.

L373

Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate broad shoulder(tongues) and discus. Top leftquadrant - unexplained? pastoral scene- goat to right.Orange buffclay, coated matt dark red wash. I(S) 13, Hadrianic (and some later). (71/L202SML 140 plates 239, 262. 3.6 x 2.1. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Unexplainedsubject. Nearly nude male figure three-quarterto right, draperyslippingfromhis rightshoulder.Buffclay, fine. Coated matt plum-brownwash. House of Diamond Frescoes,Room I; late 2nd centA.D. Recalls thefrontalHerakles,Corinth pl. XXVII, no. 620. Cf.also thefrontalDionysos,Tarsus126,no. 369, pl. 108. (67/L84) SML 733 plates 239, 262. 2.3 x 1.8. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. Unexplainedsubject- from centreof discus torso of naked male turnedthree quarterleft.The arms flexedat rightangles at the side. Room forat least one otherfigurein the scene. Fine modelling.Pale buffclay,coated metallicplum wash.N House,Room VI, DepositD2; Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. Cf. the size and style(thoughnot the mould) of L372. (73/L311) plates 239, 262. 2.5x1.8. Discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Unexplained subject upper part of semi-drapedyouthfrontal,head three quarter left, left arm wrapped in drapery,right extended.Room forat least one otherfigurein the scene.Cream clay,coated mattplum-redwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Cf. modellingof L371. (71/L244)SML 207 plates 239, 262. 2.3 x 3.4. Discus fragment.Worn mould. Man wearingshortchiton crouched to leftover an animal with which he is struggling.Buffclay, plain surfacefinish.XII 6, Hadrianic. The completescene,which appears to be rare,is 98, nos. preservedon fourlamps in Cyprus- Chypre theanimalas 226-229, pl. 13 - whereOziol identifies a pig and suggeststhe man is a slave.

Scenes of doubtfulidentity

L374 (71/L129) SML 500 plate 262. 4.5x2.7. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornplastermould.Ridge and two groovesdivide shoulder(tongues) fromdiscus. Part of unexplainedsubject.Buffclay, fine.Coated dark red wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. L375 JoinsL317 plates 236, 260, 262. L376 (67/P54) SML 147 plates 239, 263. D. 7.4, W (includingears) 8.0, H. 3.2, Est L. 9.5. Handle,partof underbodyand base lost. Extremelyworn mould. 'Ear' lugs - trace of ridge separating shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Filling hole at 8 o'clock,air hole at sixo'clock.Singlefrontal figureon discus, perhaps as L377. Pale buffclay, coated matt plum-redwash. N House, II 4a, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L377. L377 (67/P56) SML 269 plates 239, 263. 6.0x6.0.

286

L378

L379

L380

L381

L382

L383

L384

L385

THE LAMPS Handle; shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould.As L376; fillinghole at 9 o'clock. Upper part of draped female figure,frontal,in chiton and himation,apparently holding somethingin both hands below the breast. Sandy yellow-buff clay. Coated mattdarkbrown-reddish wash.N House, 117, mixedlst-2ndcentA.D. The figureremainsunidentified. (67/L64)SML 206 plates 239, 263. 4.5 x 2.6. Discus Fairlycrispmould.Ridgeand groove.[Part fragment. of] figurestandingfrontal(leftleg), draperyblowing to rightovera low altar.Buffclay,corereduced.V 5, mixed,HL and Roman. Unexplainedsubject. (67/L13)SML 726 plate 263. 4.0 x 3.2. Shoulderand Thickwall. Wornmould.Ridge and discusfragment. groove separate broad plain shoulderfromdiscus. Unexplainedrelief.Sandybuffclay,coatedmattdark brownto plumred.N House, Room IV, latestphase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Subject. (67/L83) SML 302 plates 239, 263. 2.5 x 2.0. Discus fragment.Crisp mould. From centredesign.Lower to left. part of woman wearinglong chitonhurrying Orange clay,coatedredwash. I 5, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Maenad, as BMC ii, 139, Q, 787 and pl. 3. Also Agoravii, 75, no. 36, pl. 2, and refs. (71/L275) plate 263. 3.4x2.4. Discus fragment. Rather worn mould. From centreof discus- lower part of woman in long chiton to left. Grey clay. Coated mattdark brownwash. SW House, Room I; Deposit Cl; Claudian. ? Maenad. Similarto L380. (67/L60) SML 195 plates 239, 262. 3.5x4.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Lower left sector- womanin longchitonto right- something ?tendril- behind her. Buffclay, coated dark plum wash,crackled.V 5, mixedfillbeneathN House, HL and Roman. ? Maenad, as Carthage 109,no. 289, pl. XXXV. (67/L61)SML 368 plates 239, 263. 4.2. x 3.0. Discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Ridge between grooves divides shoulder (tongues) from discus. Impressedcircletseitherside ofnozzle.Lower partof femalefigurewearingchitonand himation.Yellow clay,coated.V 5, mixedfillbeneathN House,HL and Roman. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L90) SML 480 plate 263. 4.7x2.2. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and blurredgroovesdivideshoulder(doubleoutlined tonguesand darts); lowestpart of ? draped figure. Greyclay,reserved.XII 2, 3rd to 4th centA.D. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L85) SML 204 plates 239, 263. 3.2x2.6. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge separatingshoulder (tongues) from discus. Upper partofboxers,to right.Buffclay,coated matt red to dark brownwash. XIV 1, Trajanic. The sceneshouldprobablybe restoredas BMC ii,

L386

L387

L388

L389

212, Q, 1023, pl. 32, and 59-60, fig.63, withmany Our figurewill have been the lefthand references. combatant,who notinfrequently appearsalone - e.g. Corinth 172,no. 432, fig.97 (BroneerXXII). (71/L162) SML 497 plate 263. 5.5x4.0. Handle; shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment.Worn mould. Ridge and fine groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Head of figure.Orange-buff darkredwash.XII 8, Deposit clay,coatedsemi-glossy D5, Hadrianic. Unexplainedsubject. (71/L46+ 177) SML 184 plates 238, 263. D. 7.7, L. 10.5. Handle,shoulder,discus,nozzleand underbody fragment.Rather worn mould, two finegrooveson handle,ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(tongues) fromdiscus; heart-shapednozzle, impressedcirclet besideit. Air hole. On underbodyan 'arrow'shaped Part oflowerhalfof markin low relief-? fortuitous. standingfigure.Buffbrownclay, fine;coated glossy wash. XII 6-7, Hadrianic. orange-brown BroneerXXV. Unexplainedsubject. (67/L53) SML 657 plate 263. 4.3 x 2.5. Shoulder discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Upper part of ? Nike withpalm frond.Grey buffclay, patchily coated mattdarkbrownwash. I(N) 11 pit 3, Deposit R2, late 2nd centA.D. Perhapsa variantofBMC ii, 26, Q, 1402fig.22 and 193, no. 600, pl. XII, 370, pl. 84. See also Corinth whereshe looksleft,away fromthefrond,notat it,as here. (71/LI24) SML 723 Not illustrated.Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Large fillinghole. [Part of] standingwingedfigure. Buff brown clay. Coated matt red wash. X 2, early-mid2nd centA.D. Subjectunexplained- ? Nike.

Animalsand birds

L390 (67/P4) SML 143 plates 240, 263. D. 7.8, H. 2.9, L. 10.1. Tip of nozzle lost,otherwiseintact.Very crisp mould.Two grooveson thehandle.Grooveseparates shoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Panelson shouldersat cross-axis.Fillinghole at 5 o'clock. Two impressed circletsat base of nozzle (blackened) Lion sejant, to right.Head and mane veryfullyworkedrampant Pretouched.Pinkish-buff clay. Top coated matt red wash; underbodydabbled. II 4a, N House; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXVII. Type as Mercandopl. XXXVIII. 4 = HM 9268. This particularlionseemsrare,though lions in general as main ornamentwere popular, on laterlamps,e.g. Corinth 259-261, nos. particularly 1216-1239,pl. XVIII and Agoravii,nos.970-987,pl. 21. The type occurs (very worn) on the Broneer XXVII lamp Carthage,190, no. 892, pl. LXXXI, markedC MAR EV. L391 (71/L108) SML 338 plates 240, 263. 6.5x4.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from discus.Fillinghole offcentretowards6 o'clock.Lion,

THE LAMPS

L392

L393

L394

L395

L396

L397

raised tail, to left.Buffclay, worn, semicouchant, glossy, orange-brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. See L392. (67/L65) SML 350 plates 240, 263. 4.4x4.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. Ridge and one groove,otherwiseas L391. Grey-buff clay. Coated dark brownmattwash. Unstratified. WithL391, close to a BroneerXXV fromMátala, PAE 1969,246-8,pl. 279a, topleft.FromKnossos,the L8, BSA 72, 105. More of the scene (calfs fragment head below the lion's head) is preservedon Benghazi 136,nos. 956 and 957, fig.10. (71/L115) SML 716 plate 263. Est D. 7.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesreservedshoulder fromdiscus.[Partof]lion?Buffclay,fine;semi-glossy wash. XII 8, Deposit D. 5, Hadrianic. plum-brown Top rightsector- tail tuft.Possiblyas L391-2. (71/LI 18) SML 717 Not illustrated.3.0 x 2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulderand discus. [Part of] lion? dark plum-brown Lightbuffclay,coated semi-glossy wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. A scrapofreliefmay be an animal's tail. (67/L36) SML 337 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge dividesshoulder(tongues)and discus. Filling hole offcentretowards8 o'clock. Stag to rightat the gallop. Pinkishbuffclay,coated in metallicplum-red wash. N House, Deposit R2, later2nd centA.D. Bailey motifIV (a) vii. TrierM. 177. A Cretan examplefroman older generationmouldPAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 279 right,bottom,fromMátala. HM 6293 = Mercandopl. XXXVI. 8 and p. 237, n. 40, and pl. XXXVI. 12, possibly nPEIMOT. The design is common. Agora vii, 86, no. 163 (Red-on-White). Vindonissa 402, no. 501, pl. XIII; TrierPI. 38, nos. 194, 219,239,244. Benghazi 25, no. 125,pl. 7, fig.3; 136-7, nos. 958-59, pl. 26 and fig. 10. A full list of comparandais givenbyBailey,BMC ii, 76, discussing Q, 1085 and 1204. (71/L125) SML 193 plates 240, 263. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(leaves in relief) fromdiscus.Partofgoat/deerto left.Buffclay,coated wornmattredwash. XII 2, mixed2nd and early3rd centA.D. The leaf garland on the shoulder recalls HM 6276-7, Mercando pl. XXXVI, 5-6, suggestedas productsof the Gamos shop. The animal seems to have long, straightscrew-horns. Horns seem to be renderedin this way on Carthage194, no. 197, pl. LXXXIII, "Antilope". (71/L101) SML 187 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Two grooves separate (reserved) shoulder fromdiscus.Fillinghole offcentre,towards8 o'clock. [Part of] bull chargingleft.Buffclay, fine,coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. BroneerXXV. ?As Agoravii, 82, no. 107 (unillus-

L398

L399

L400

L401

L402

L403

L404

287 trated).The subjectofCarthage pl. XL is thesame,but the treatment differs. (71/L122) SML 326 plates 240, 263. Est D. 6.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Two groovesseparate(reserved)shoulderand discus. Top rightsector- bull's head, threequarterview,to right.Buffclay, semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 7, Flavian. The completedesignwas probablyas Benghazi, 136, nos.952-53 fig.10; cf.theItalianfragment op. cit.33, no. 185, fig.4. Cf. also Délos 125, no. 4588, pl. 24 (Italian) and Carthage140, no. 506, pl. LII. Tarsus 126, no. 354, pl. 108 is describedas "....facingr., pawinggroundwithleftforlegand whiskingtail". (71/L112) SML 301 plates 240, 263. 2.2 x 2.7. Discus fragment. Fairlycrispmould.Ridge and groove.Part of ? lowerleftsector- underpartofquadruped. Buff clay, fine, coated semi-glossyred wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. Small animal, perhaps part of a more elaborate scene. (71/L114) SML 296 plates 241, 263. 3.4x4.1. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (olive leaves) fromdiscus.Animalto right.Yellow-buff clay;coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. Though thiscould be takenas a sheep,it is more probablya cock'shead, as BMC ii, 83, Q,825, fig.95; 147,pl. 6. Also Menzel fig.32.20. (67/L331) SML 370 plates 240, 263. 3.6x2.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)from discus.Partofrightsector- head and forelegs ofhorse at the gallop. Fine pink-buff clay; coated semi-glossy plum brownwash. VII baulk. Unstratified. This mightbe ajubilator(e.g. BMC ii, 177,no. 933, pl. 17) or Pegasos at the gallop - e.g. Carthage pl. L, 474. Benghazi45, no. 288 and fig.6 has a void horse gallopingto left. (67/L16) SML 340 plates 239, 263. 6.8x3.5. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould; ridge and two groovesseparate shoulder(reserved) and discus.Part of biga on righthand discussector. Part of fillinghole. Yellow buffclay, coated matt plum-redwash. VIII 4 Pit 2, DepositTl, Trajanic. BaileymotifIII (d) ii. Fairlycommon.BMC ii, Q 883 pl. 13 is dated A.D. 40-75. Trierpl. 33, no. 119, comesfromthe Claudian grave 116. Benghazi44, no. 281, fig. 6 is dated firsthalf of the 1st cent A.D. 136,no. 474, pl. L is a BroneerXXIII. OpAth Carthage VI, 31-32, no. 34 and pl. IV. Chypre 145,no. 414 and pl. 22. BMC iii Q2388, fromSalamis or Kourion. (71/L7)SML 163 plates 240, 263. D. 7.7, H. 3.4. Part ofhandle,shoulder,discusand underbody,all nozzle lost.Ratherwornmould.Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(reserved)and discus.Slightringfoot.Partof ? horse to right.Pink clay, fine;slightlyglossyred wash,onlysplashedon underbodyand base. XII 3 Pit 1, Severan (? to A.D. 220). Not fullycomprehensible. If a horse,mightbe the reverseofthesubjectCarthage 117, no. 346 and pl. XL. (73/L315) plate 263. 4.5 x 2.8. Shoulderand discus

288

THE LAMPS

fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge between grooves separatesshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus.Subject as L402. Lightbuffclay,mottleddarkredwash.Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. Forepartsof the two horses. L405 (67/L343) SML 197 plates 240, 263. 3.1x3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment.Worn mould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder and discus. Crouchingquadrupedto right(hindpart). Red clay, coated semi-glossy red wash. VII 8a, Trajanic. Probablythesame designas L391, 392. L406 (71/L10)SML 277 plates 234,263. Est D. 6.8, Est H. 2.8. Part of shoulder,much of discus. Fairly crisp mould. Two grooves separate (reserved)shoulder fromdiscus.Fillinghole offcentretowards6 o'clock. Hare to right,eating grapes, enclosed by leaves. Pinkishclay,coatedsemi-glossy redwash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. Probably importedfrom Cyprus, where fabric, finish,shape and designalike are well attested- e.g. 130,nos.344-45,pl. 19.BMC'm,Q241 1 comes Chypre fromKourion T.I 18. Oxford 1961.431is also likely to be Cypriot.For comparandaelswhere,BaileyBMC ii, 76-7. L407 (71/L135)SML 495 plate 264. 6.0 x 3.5. Shoulder„ discusand nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Trace ofridgeseparatingshoulderfromdiscus.Raised panel on the shoulderat the crossaxis. Nozzle blackened. Part of leftside of discus- figure(? animal) erectto right.Buffclay, coated orange brownwash. XII 2, mixed2nd to early3rd centA.D. L408 (71/L106) SML 346 plates 240, 264. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Extremely worn mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from discus. Remains of two very faint figures, probablyto right.Lightbuffclay,fine,coated semiwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. glossyplum-brown Broneer XXV. Perhaps to compared with the man and ramofChypre confronted 139,no. 390. Might be an obscenesymplegmaas TrierM. 138. L409 (71/L139) SML 718 plate 264. Est D. 7.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Top rightsectorofdiscus- Odysseusand the ram. Buffclay, coated semi-glossydark plum-red wash. XII 2, mixed2nd and early3rd centA.D. See L340. L410 (67/L67) SML 660 plate 264. 4.5x2.5. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Thick body. Worn mould. Ridge between grooves divides shoulder (tongues) from discus. Top left sector of discus; unexplained relief.Grey-buffclay, cream surface finish.I(S) 4, N House, to 4th centA.D. Perhapsan animal. L411 (67/L144) SML 659 plate 264. 2.7 x 1.8. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separateshoulder(tongues)fromdiscus.Unexplained relief.Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownmatt wash. N House, Room V, finalPhase; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L411bis (71/L123) SML 722 Not illustrated.4.0x2.7. Discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Discus sep-

aratedby twogrooves.Trace offillinghole. [Partof] recumbentanimal to left- ? lion. Buffclay, fine, coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. X 2, early to mid 2nd centA.D. L412 (71/L82) SML 186 plates 240, 264. 5.7x6.5. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Fourgrooveson shoulder.Large fillingholeoffcentre towards6 o'clock.Dolphin to right.Buffbrownclay, coated mattred wash. XIII 31. SW House, Room I; 2nd centA.D. Bailey motifIV (a) XI. See commenton the BroneerXXIV lamp 292. This is a different series. Note the unpublished Oxford lamp 1953. 310 (BroneerXXIII). L413 (71/L86) SML 665 plate 264. 4.0 x 2.3. Discus and Ratherwornmould.Grooveat underbodyfragment. the discus edge. Unexplained relief.Buffclay, fine; coated mattred wash. XIV 5, Neronian/Flavian. - dolphinor Perhapspartofa sea-creature hippocamp. L413bis (67/L330) SML 380 Not illustrated.4.0x2.7. Shoulderand discusfragment. Ridge and finegroove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Rightpartof design- largedolphinto right,smallersportingbyits head. Brownclay,verysoft.Coated glossyredwash.N House II 7-9. Late lst-early2nd centA.D. The compositionmayhave resembledBenghazi, 73, no. 493, fig.7. L414 (67/L45) SML 265 plates 241, 264. D. est 8.O. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Quite crisp mould(thoughtonguesveryworn).Ridge and groove separateshoulderand discus.Fillingholeat 8 o'clock, air hole at 5.30. Nozzle blackened.Eagle perching frontalon horizontalthunderbolt,wings half unwreathin folded,head to right,holdinga many-rayed itsbeak. Orange buffclay,coated plumwash.VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. An unusuallycommontypeat this site (see L4 15-427). AnotherKnossian example is Demeter 51, J. 44 and pl. 30. (The depositdates late lst-mid2nd centA.D.). It is lesscommonelsewhere. Examples include Trier pl. 58, no. 405 (late 74, no. 494, fig.7; Tiberian-earlyClaudian), Benghazi 125-6, no. 867, fig.9; 137, nos. 967-9, fig.10; Qedem 8, 30, no. 98; Waldhauer,48, no. 313, pl. XXXIII (from Kerch), 53-4, no. 377, pl. XXXIII, from Chersonesos.More summaryis Haken, 1-2, 72f,no. 54, pl. X (boughtin Smyrna).Menzel fig.27:20 the eagle has a branchin place ofa wreath.BMC ii, 329, Q, 1308, pl. 70, fig. 90 is the same eagle and but no wreath.The same designrecurs thunderbolt, fromtheIdaean Cave, Ergom1986,pl. on a ringstone 136. L415 (67/L50)SML 675 plate 264. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.As L414 - partof rightwing. Clay reduced,coated mattbrownwash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L416 (67/L49) SML 673 plate 264. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. as L414 (head and wreath). Large tongues- otherwise Clay reduced, coated matt dark brown wash. N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D.

THE LAMPS L417 (67/L48)SML 672 plate 264. 5.0 x 2.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould (but tongues vestigial).Ridgeand twogrooves.As L414 - head and wreath. Yellow-buffclay, metallic dark plum red wash. N House, Room V, phase I fill;Hadrianicand to later2nd centA.D. L418 (67/L47)SML 676 plate 264. 7.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Thick body. Fairlycrispmould. As L414. Top ofrightwing,back ofhead. Pinkbuffclay, coated lightbrownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? Late generationmould. L419 (67/L44) SML 261 plate 264. Rest D. 7.2. Shoulder and discus fragment,with start of nozzle. Worn mould. As L414 - part of wreath and left wing missing.Air hole not fullypierced. Pink buffclay, coated mattred wash. I(N) 10, N House, Hadrianic. L420 (71/L69) SML 474 plate 264. 5.7x2.6. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Thickbody.Veryworn mould. As L414. (top of rightwing,back of head). Orange-buffclay, coated matt dark red wash. XIV/XV baulk,mixedHL-3rd centA.D. L421 (67/P57) SML 178 plates 241, 264. 5.5x5.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Fillinghole at 3 o'clock.As L414. All ofupper partofbird.Pink-buff clay,top coated thinmattred wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L422 (67/P32)SML 175 plates 241, 264. D. 7.5, H. 3.6, L. 9.6. Handle, small part of shoulderand underbody lost. Recomposedof three.Extremelyworn mould. Flat base. Shoulder apparentlyreserved.Design as L414. Buffclay.Slightlymetallicdarkbrownblotched red wash, dabbled on the underbody.N House, probablyassociatedwithDeposit SI, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L423 (67/L328+ L171) SML 303 plates 241, 264. 4.6 x 3.5. Shoulderand discusfragment; twojoining. Crisp mould. As L414 - body and part of wings. Brownclay;coatedsemi-glossy brownwash.N House, Room VI, phase 1 fill,Deposit D2; Hadrianic and later2nd centA.D. L424 (71/L110) SML 677 plate 264. 3.6x2.2. Shoulder and discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Shoulder and two grooves.As L414. Head and wreath.Buff clay, coated plum-redwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L425 (67/L51) SML 361 plates 241, 264. 4.0x2.7. Shoulder,discusand nozzle fragment.Crisp mould. neat tongueson shoulder,witha smaller Particularly set forthespace betweenthe nozzle (blackened)and ridgeand groove.Circletbesidenozzle.Motifas L414 (partof thunderbolt). Orange buffclay,coated matt red wash, blotched black. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L426 (67/L46) SML 674 plate 264. 6.5x5.0. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Very wornmould; as L414 - topofrightwing,head. Buffclay,mottledred to dark brownwash. VII 5, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L427 (67/L23) SML 730 plate 264. 7.6x3.7. Handle,

289

shoulder, discus and underbody fragment.Worn mould - as L414 - head. Orange-buffclay, coated warmred wash. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. L427bis (71/L125) SML 724 Not illustrated.5.3x2.0. Discus fragment.Ridge and two grooves separate shoulderand discus.Lowersectionofdiscus- ground line (? thunderbolt)and foot.Buffclay, fine.Coated mattplumbrownwash.X2, early-mid2nd centA.D. L428 (71/L111) SML 363 plates 241, 264. 3.5x2.8 and 2.8x2.6 (Two non-joining).Shoulder and discus fragments.Crisp mould - ridge and two grooves separate shoulder and discus. [Part of] peacock displayedfrontal,head to right.Preciserenderingof oftheeyeat theend.Buffbrown feathers, particularly clay,coatedmattdarkbrownwash.XII 6, Hadrianic. ProbablyBroneerXXV. Cretanexamplesinclude HM 9258 fromKavousi Mercando 237, n. 27, pl. XXXVII, 7, suggestedas a Gamos productand (very worn mould) fromthe Knossos Martyrion,BSA 57 74,no. 495 (1962) 235,no. 52 and fig.24 (a). Benghazi, and fig.7 (head toleft);124-5,nos.853-58, pl. 24, fig. 8, plus six uncataloguedexamples;137, No. 965, pl. 27, fig.10. Contextdatesvaryfromsecondhalf2nd to mid-3rdcentA.D. OthersincludeCarthage, 176, nos. 774-5, pl. LXXIII (heads to left). Op. Ath.VI, pl. VIII, nos. 142-153,pp: 48-50 (fromCyprus) Tarsus 131, no. 436, fig.122; 112, no. 166,fig.100 (head to 403, nos. 513-522, pl. XIII. left),pl. 112. Vindonissa Menzel,41, fig.32:21, no. 200. WaltersBMC 106 no. 701, fig.125,fromColchester. L429 (71/L134) SML 367 plate 264. 4.0x2.2. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L428 (feathers). wash.X 6. Mixed Grey-buff clay,coatedplum-orange 1stcentA.D.-Severan. L430 (67/L10) SML 344 plate 264. 6.5x4.5. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould. As L428 (feathers).Pink-buffclay, coated drab brownwash,blotchedred. II aqueduct - ? late 2nd centA.D. L431 (67/L11) SML 339 plates 241, 264. 5.2x5.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. Bird (? peacock) perchingto right.Featherson tail and wingshownby deeplyincisedlines,on breastby circlets.Yellowclay,coatedmetallicplumwash.IV 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. BaileymotifN (b) V. This is relatedto BMC ii, 82, Q, 1211, fig.93 and 298f,pl. 57. Trierpls. 44-5, nos. 287, 297-8, 307, 316 (M 202) Menzel, fig.31:17. L432 (67/L264) SML 668 plate 264. 5.5 x 3.2. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Fairlywornmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(singleolive leaves in nozzle.[Part relief)and discus.Probablyheart-shaped of] 'victorious'cock to right(tail feathers).Buffclay, coateddarkgrey-black wash.VIII 5. See DepositT3, Trajanic, but withlate 3rd centA.D. intrusions. Cf. L433, 435-6, all share the olive leafdesignon theshoulder,whichis repeatedon the Knossoslamp Demeter44, H- 115, pl. 26 (contextdate 5th cent B.C.-2nd centA.D.) and on Benghazi130/1,no. 906, pl. 26 and fig.9 (singlecockto right).This shouldbe a versionofBailey's'victoriouscock',BMC ii,83, Q825

290

L433

L434

L435

L436

L437

L438

L439

THE LAMPS which'...are foundon manylamps,all ofwhichare of thefirst centuryA.D.'. It occurson theRed-on-White lamp Agoravii, 87, no. 171, pl. 6 (2nd cent A.D.). Earlierare theCarthage lamps518 and 519, p. 142and carriesa palm frond(as pl. LI 11, ofwhichtheformer BMC ii, Q, 825). Others include Benghazi47, nos. 309-10,fig.6; 130-1,no. 906,fig.9, pl. 26. Waldhauer 32, no. 135,pl. XII (withfrond)- Italy; 36, no. 180, pl. XVII, fromPompeii;50, no. 322 (BroneerXXV), pl. XXXIV fromChersonesos;52, no. 349 (Broneer 404, nos. XXV) pl. XXXVI, fromKerch. Vindonissa 523-25, pl. XIII. (67/L120) SML 324 plates 241, 264. Est D. 6.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispbutrubbed mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues) and discus. [Part oí] cock fight- lefthand bird, to right,head lost.Buffclay; coated matt,brownwash, blotchedlightbrown.Late 2nd, some early3rd cent A.D. Not to be confusedwiththeseriesL432, 435, 436. As Mercando, 238, no. 45, pl. XXXVII, 3, which citesLibertine,//MuseoBuscanno. 1343.Benghazi136, nos. 954-55, fig. 10. The same subjectbut different archetypesBMC ii, 193, Q,977, pl. 24, fig.95, (last third 1st cent B.C.) and Carthage pl. LXXXI, 897 (BroneerXXVa). (67/P86)SML 319 plates 241,264. D. 7.5,H. 3.1, Est L 8.4. Handle; shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Rather worn mould. Two grooves on handle.As L433. (Righthand bird,to left).Buffclay; coated, top and handle,mattbrownwash, blotched lightbrown.N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. As L433. (67/L265) SML 670 plate 264. 5.0 x 3.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L432. Grey clay,dark greywash. IV 2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. See L432. (67/L266) SML 669 plate 264. 3.5x4.5. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L432 (tail and back oflefthand bird).Buffclay,mattdark wash.VII 4a, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. grey-black See L432. (71/LI 19) SML 298 plates 241, 264. Est D. 7.0. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. As L433 (muchofrighthand bird).Buffclay,coated mattplumbrownwash.XI 1,late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L1O7) SML 282 plates 241, 264. 4.2x3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulderand discus.Perchingbirdto clay,coated semiright.Partoffillinghole. Pink-buff wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. glossyplum-brown motif.See L439. 'Bird-on-bough' (67/L12) SML 188 plates 242, 264. 5.2x4.5. Worn mould. Broad Shoulderand discus fragment. ridge and finegrooveseparate plain shoulderfrom discus.Trace ofcentralfillinghole.Leaves,from'bird on bough'.Pinkbuffclay,coatedwarmredwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L438 and L439 togetherpreservetheelementsofa BMC ii, 82, fig. verypopularscene- 'bird-on-bough'. 94, on motifIV (b) vi. For a Cretan example,PAE

1969, 246-8, pl. 279d, bottom left,fromMátala. OthersincludeCarthage 142,nos. 522-23, pl. LXXII; 404, nos. 526-30, 176,no. 77, pl. LXXIII; Vindonissa, pl. XIV. Tarsus 125, no. 347, pl. 107 with refs; half 125,nos.863-866 fig.9, (one froma first Benghazi, 2nd centA.D. context).Oziol regardsthemotifas one of the most frequentin Cyprus,where it is found especially on Broneer XXII, XXIII and XXIV lamps - Chypre88, no. 190 (where the design is reversed,thebirdperchingto left)and 191,withrefs; 55 nos. 119, 122,pl. 128,nos.334-35, pl. 18. Salamine, III. BMC iii, Q, 2419-21 (BroneerXXIII), dated A.D. 40-100. The unpublishedOxfordlamps 1946. 143 and 1953.566 come fromCyprus;BeazleyGifts 146, no. 559, pl. LXXIII (Oxford 1966.289) is also probablyCypriot.

Florals, etc. L440 (67/P47)SML 133 plates 242, 265. D. 7.8, H. 3.3, L. 10.6. Recomposedofseveral.Handle, part of underbody and base lost. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Between the (blackened) heart-shapednozzle and discusa doublevolute,at eitherend ofwhichis a stud at the end of the tongueborder.At the crossaxis on the shouldera raised panel withincisedline. Large fillinghole at 5 o'clock, air hole at 6 o'clock. On discus,narrowbased craterwith reeded body from whichspringthreestems- centreends in a vine leaf, leftand the othersin grape clusters,symmetrically right.Buffclay, coated metallicdark brown pale brownwash, dabbled on the underbody.IV 2a, N House, Room IV, upperfill;later2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Cf. a similarmotifon the earlier lamp L274, wherethestemsat thesidesend in leaves, notclusters.For anotherCretanexample,HM 2976, Mercando,238,no. 47, pl. XXXVI, 13fromKavousi. OthersincludeBenghazi138-39,nos.971-72, 991-92, 194, pl. 27, fig.10. Thereare otherversions Carthage no. 196,pl. LXXXIII. L441 (67/L41) SML 190 plates 242, 265. 4.2x4.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.As L440 (top leftofgroup).Buffclay,coated plummatt wash.N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. See L440. L442 (67/L43)SML 663 plate 265. 3.5 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Quite crispmould.As L440. Orangered clay. Coated mattplum wash. N House I(S) 13, Hadrianic. See L440. L443 (67/L42)SML 664 plate 265. 5.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand Rather worn mould. As L440, but discusfragment. ridgebetweengroovesseparatesshoulderand discus. Raised panel on shoulderat cross-axis.Pale buffclay, coated mattdarkbrownwash. Fill beneathN House, V 5, mixedHL to Roman. See L440. L444 (67/P84)SML 134 plates 242, 265. D. 7.0, H. 2.9, L. 8.7. Complete,cracked.Verywornmould.No handle. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus. Ovoid nozzle, with impressedcirclet

THE LAMPS

L445

L446

L447

L448

L449

L450

eitherside. Base flat,definedby groove;markon the underfoot perhapsa cursiveinscription. Fillingholeat 8 o'clock. Two handled tall vase fromwhich hang leavesor fruitin threegroups.Pinkbuffclay; (traces of) mattbrownwash. N House, Phase 1, DepositD2, Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. ? Parallel. (67/L33)SML 678 plate 265. 5.0 x 2.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Part oflower leftdiscus.Unexplainedrelief- part of floral?Light buffclay, partly reduced, matt wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (73/L313+ 314) plates 242, 265. Est D. 7.5, Est L. 8.5, Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Deep groove separates shoulder (reserved)fromdiscus. Central fillinghole, air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] myrtle wreath. Orange clay, coated semi-glossydark red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Bailey Motif V (b) Trier n. 144, pl. 41 (late Tiberian-earlyClaudian) BMC ii, 175,¿925, pl. 17, with 87, fig. 101 (dated c. A.D. 40-80). Closer, perhaps,BMC ii, 319, Q, 1253-54, pl. 64 (dated c. A.D. 90-140). Also Italian is Waldhauer,47, no. 298, 157, no. 632 pl. LXIII (Broneer pl. XXXI. Carthage XXIV) Menzel, no. 225, fig.34.9. (67/L339) plate 265. 3.5 x 1.4. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Trace of myrtlewreath.Grey-buff clay. Coated matt plumbrownwash. IX 13, Hellenistic,and to 1stcentA.D. See L446. (71/L83)SML 389 plate 265. 5.7 x 3.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Grooves separate shoulderand discus.Partofmyrtlewreath.Buffclay, fine. Coated matt plum brown wash. XIV 6, Neronian-Flavian. Versionofmyrtlewreathas BMC ii, 88, (¿867, fig. 101; 162,pl. 11. Probablyfroma BroneerXXIII. (67/L73) SML 292 plates 242, 265. 4.0x3.2. Shoulderand discusfragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparatesshoulder(tongues)and discus. Central fillinghole. [Part oí] rosetteand pectén shells enclosed by herring-boneborders. Yellow buffclay,coated mattplumwash.VII 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. The designprobablycopiesa CorinthianoriginalIsthmia 69, no. 2833, pl. 10, 30 signed EniTTNXANOT; BCH 95 (1971) no. 42 and figs. 42-3, withthesame signature.Agoravii,95, no. 283, PI. 9, firsthalfof the 3rd centA.D. (71/L11) SML 374 plate 265. Est D. 7.6. Handle; shoulder and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Two grooves on the handle. Ridge between grooves separatesshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. [Part of] oak leaf and acorn wreath. Pink buffclay, fine. Slightlyglossylightred-brownwash. X 2, early-mid 2nd centA.D. Bailey motifV (b) Cretan example HM 952 (no provenance)Mercando237, no. 34 and pl. XXXVI. Demeter 51, no.J. 47, pl. 30 (depositdatedlate lst-mid

291

2nd centA.D.). Probablynear theItalian lamp BMC ii,300,Q,1212,pl. 57 (whichlacksacorns)2ndhalf1st cent A.D. Closer is Benghazi35-6, no. 207, pl. 10 (Italian,2nd half1stcentA.D.); 36, no. 212,fig.5 and perhaps op. cit. 74, no. 502, pl. XIV (context 2nd-mid3rd centA.D.). L451 (71/L126) SML 281 plate 265. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Two widelyspaced groovesseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.[Part of] oak wreath.Pinkbuffclay,coated mattorangered wash. X 7, Flavian. As L450 (thoughno acorns). L452 (67/L270) SML 409 Not illustrated. 4.8 x 3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Broad petalled rosetteon discus.Oak leavesand acornalternate(? on shoulder).Ash greyclay,coated mattbrownwash. N House, surface,Severanto 4th centA.D. L453 (71/L130)SML 757 plate 265. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three grooves separate shoulder and discus. Top left of upperpartof tree.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum brownwash. X/XI 3, Trajanic.

'Wreath-and-mask' L454 (67/L90) SML 274 plates 242, 265. 4.5x4.6. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separates shoulder (traces of tongues) and discus. [Part oí] wreath,tiedat thebottom,decoratedat thetopwitha slave mask.The centralfillinghole is surroundedby two ridges.Orange clay, coated matt orange wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. One of the most popular moulded lamps at Knossos,all ofwhichappear to be ofBroneerXXVII containsthe type.The centreofthediscusis reserved, fillinghole, and is surroundedby two concentric ridges,outsidewhichthewreathis placed.The wreath is tied at the bottom;an air hole may be placed betweentheends.The subjectis BaileymotifIII (f) ii, illustratedby BMC ii, 64, Q, 1325,fig.67; 335, pl. 72 and references. A CretanexamplefromMátala PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 279d, bottomright,is smallerand may be a later generationmould. Others include Berlin80, no. 497, pl. 53, with referenceto Brants, Leiden(1913) pl. 7, 1035. Oxford1951. 123 (Broneer XXIII) has a verysimilarwreath,but no mask. L455 (67/L88) SML 214 plates 242, 265. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Very worn mould. As L454. Most of wreath.Nozzle blackened. Orange buffclay, coated mattred wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L456 (67/L95)SML 179 plate 265. 6.5 x 3.4. Shoulderand discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454 - trace of tongueson shoulder.Much ofrightsideofwreathand mask. Grey brown clay, coated slightlymetallic brown wash. N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to later2nd A.D. L457 (67/L96) SML 753 Not illustrated.5.8 x 3.6. Discus fragment. Verywornmould.As L454. Mask and most of leftside of wreath. Pale buffclay, coated matt

292

L458

L459

L460

L461

L462

L463

L464

L465

L466

L467

L468

L469

L470

THE LAMPS brownwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L93) SML 180 plates 242, 265. 4.0 x 5.0 Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L454. Mask and partofrightsideofwreath.Pinkbuffclay,coated slightlyglossydark brownwash. N House, II 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 4.5 x 3.5. Shoulder (67/L92)SML 747 Not illustrated. and discusfragment. Crispmould.As L454. Mask and partofwreath.Pinkbuffclay,coatedlightplumwash. N House, I(S) 6, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 6.8 x 6.0. Shoulder (67/L91) SML 748 Not illustrated. and discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454. Mask and muchofwreath.Pale buffclay,slightlymetallic brownwash.VI 5, streetfill,DepositR3, late 2ndcent A.D. (67/L89) SML 280 plates 242, 265. 7.0x5.5. WornmouldShoulder,discusand nozzlefragment. as L454. Three groovessurroundthe fillinghole. Trace of? ivyleafbetweenwreathand nozzle.Orange buffclay, coated matt red wash, blackenednozzle. VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (71/L99) SML 181 plates 242, 265. 5.8x3.5. Crisp plastermould. As L454. Three ridgesround filling hole. Incompletely piercedair hole. Lowerleftpartof wreath.Buffclay, fine.Coated matt brown wash. Surface,late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. (and some later). (71/L163) SML 754 Not illustrated.Est D. 9.0. Shoulder,discus and nozzle fragment.Probablyas L454. Trace ofwreath.Nozzle blackened.Buffbrown wash. XII 9, orange-brown clay, coated semi-glossy DepositD5, Hadrianic. (71/L193)SML 750 Not illustrated.5.2 x 3.3. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three groovesround fillinghole. Lower partofwreathas L454. Buffclay, coated mattred wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. mould. As L454, but different 4.6 x 2.7. Shoul(67/L325)SML 749 Not illustrated. der and discus fragment.Worn mould. As L454. Lowerpartofwreath.Buffbrownclay. Coated semiwash.N House,Room VI, Phase I glossyplum-brown fill,DepositD2; Hadrianicand to later2nd centA.D. 3.6 x 2.5. Shoulder (67/L97)SML 756 Notillustrated. and discusfragment.Crisp mould. As L454. Lower partofwreath.Clay reducedgrey;coatedmattbrown wash. VII 6-8a, early-mid2nd centA.D. (67/L98) SML 203 plates 242, 265. 3.5x3.2. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L454. Right side of wreath.Grey buffclay; coated crackleddarkbrownwash.VIII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 3.2 x 2.0. Discus (71/L138)SML 752 Not illustrated. Fairlycrispmould.As L454. Rightside of fragment. wreath.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattdark red-brown wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. 2.8 x 2.2. Shoulder (67/L99)SML 755 Notillustrated. and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L454. Lower part of wreath.Grey buffclay, coated pale plum-redwash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI. 3.2 x 2.6. Shoul(71/L137)SML 751 Not illustrated. derand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L454.

Leftside ofwreath.Buffclay,coated mattred wash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. L471 (67/L94) SML 746 Not illustrated.5.0x3.0. Discus Wornmould.As L454. Mask and rightside fragment. of wreath. Buffbrown clay, coated matt reddish brownwash. Surface,to 4th centA.D. Rosettes L472 (67/P5) SML 223 plate 266. D. 7.9, H. 3.0, L. 10.6. Mostofunderbodyand base lost;whatremainsintact. Crispmould.Three grooveson handle. Deep groove separatesshoulder (reserved)fromdeeply concave discus. Nozzle blackened.Rosetteof 22 petals surroundinga centreofridgesand grooves.Centralfilling hole. Pinkish-buff clay, fine. Coated light to dark brown wash. N House, Room V upper wash; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. CretanexamplesincludeHM 9273,942 and no no., Mercando pl. XXXVII nos. 9, 11, and 15 respectively,also A.Delt20 (1965) 562,PI. 708 d, bottomleft, froma 2nd cent A.D. tomb, Herakleion,Plateia Daskaloyianni. The many-petalled rosette(BaileyMotifV (a)) was a universally populardesign,in a numberofversions. Close to theKnossiantypeare Benghazi126-127,nos. but'band of 875-879,pl. 25 (described,notas rosette, to 113 uncataloguedfrs.of tongues').Baileyhererefers similarlamps,comingfromdepositsdatingfromthe firsthalfof the 2nd cent,withchiefemphasison the mid-third cent.Vindonissa 384,no. 305 and pl. XV has an identicalrosetteexcept fora thirdridge at the centre. L473 (67/L2) SML 228 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.2. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Crispmould.As L472. At leastthreeconcentric grooveson base. Sandy buffware, coated chocolate brownwash. N House, 114, late 2nd and to mid 3rd A.D. L474 (67/L3) SML 381 plate 266. 6.8x3.5. Handle; shoulder,discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Two grooveson handle. As L472 (Top right section).Buffbrownclay,coated mattplumwash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. L475 (71/L190) SML 411 plate 266. 4.5x3.8. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L472. Handle withthreegrooves.Top ofrosette.Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed 2nd to early3rd centA.D. L476 (71/L116) SML 398 plate 266. Est D. 8.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Ridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus. Many-petalledrosette,probablyfewer petals than L472 (fromtop of flower).Yellow-buff clay. Coated semi-glossyplum-redwash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. L477 (71/L164) SML 436 plate 266. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L472. Lowerleftpartoftherosette.Nozzle blackened. Buff-brown clay. Coated plum-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic.

THE LAMPS L478 (67/L4) SML 392 plate 266. 6.8x3.2. Shoulder, discus,and nozzlefragment. Verywornmould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. [Part oí] rosette.Pale brick-redclay,coated metallic plum-redwash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian. Cf. Benghazi69, no. 460, pl. XIII (Italian import, dated A.D. 50-100); 74, no. 503, pl. XIV, (probably Italian). L479 (67/L119) SML 732 plate 266. 4.0x2.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three grooveson shoulder;[partof] manypetalledrosette. Grey clay, coated dark brown wash. II 5-7a, Nëronian. 120, no. 368, Perhapsa BroneerXXII as Carthage pl. XLII. Of also BMC ii, 131, Q, 760, pl. 1; 159, Q, 857, pl. 10. L480 (67/L5) SML 432 plate 266. 5.2 x 2.6. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.As L472. Pale buffclay, dine. Coated mattbrownwash. N House, Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L481 (67/L1) SML 413 plate 266. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L472. Buff clay, coated matt dark brown wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L482 (67/L6) SML 423 plate 266. 4.0 x 1.8. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. As L472. Part of rosette.Orange-buff clay; coated mattred wash. I 2, above N House, to 4th centA.D. L483 (71/L194) SML 418 plate 266. 3.6x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Quite crispmould.As L472. Part of rosette.Buffclay. Coated mattplum-brownwash. X/XI baulk l,?Trajanic. L484 (67/P4a)SML 224 plate 266. D. 8.4, H. 3.0, L. 10.9. Handle top lost, otherwisecomplete and intact. Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues)and discus. Heart-shapednozzle (slightlyblackened). Base reserved,enclosed by a groove.Centralfillinghole; 14-petalrosette.Brownish buffclay, top coated reddishwash; underbody splashed.N House, Pit 3, mid-late2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. There is much varietyin petalnumber in the many-petalledrosettes. Vindonissa 383-84; BMC ii, 85-88, fig. 100. 14 seems an uncommonnumber. L485 (67/P132)SML 227 plate 266. D. 8. 1,H. 3.3, L. 10.9. Much ofdiscuslost;whatremainsintact.Fairlycrisp mould. 2 grooves on handle. As L484. Nozzle blackened.Pale buffclay. Top coated dark brown mattwash;underbodydrip-marked. N House, Room VI, finalPhase; late 2nd centA.D. L486 (67/L27) SML 226 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.5. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment.Crispmould.As L484. Recessedbase,outlined. About a thirdof the rosette.Pink-buff clay, coated matt brown wash. Surface and cleaning, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (and some later). L487 (67/L28) SML 387 plate 266. 7.3x6.5. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L484. Herring bone between grooves on handle. About a quarteroftherosette.Pale buffclay,coated mattbrownwash. N House, Room IV, latestphase, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.

293

L488 (71/L84) SML 377 plate 266. Est D. 8.2. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centralsmallfillinghole. 14 or 16 petal rosettewithlarge centre,enclosingsmall fillinghole. Buff-brown clay, coatedmattdarkredwash.SW House, Room I, latest phase; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. seriesfromL484-487. Same subject,but different L489 (67/L31) SML 410 plate 266. 5.2x5.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn mould. Two grooves separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Nozzle blackened. [Part of] many petalled rosette, akinto L472. Brownclay;coateddarkmattwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Different seriesfromL472; the petalshereare not separated,(Cf. BMC ii, 86, ¿1327) as in L472; there was probablya largernumber. L490 (71/L77) SML 225 plate 266. Est D. 8.6, Est H. 3.3. Shoulder,discus,nozzle, underbodyand base fragment.Crispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(tongues)and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Centralfillinghole, tinyair hole at 6 o'clock. Eight petalledrosette.Brownclay;coatedmattbrownwash. XII 13, Deposit Nl, Neronian. BMC ii,85-88, ÇU 125,fig.100and For thisrosette, 252-53, pl. 44; Carthage,145, no. 542 (Broneer XXIII); 178, no. 794, pl. LXXIV (BroneerXXV). 68, no. 458, pl. XIII - contextlastquarterof Benghazi 1stcentA.D.; 74, no. 504, pl. XIV contextmid-3rd centA.D. Agoravii,78,no. 75,pl. 3. Italian,ofthemid 1stcent. L491 (67/L29) SML 425 plate 266. 3.7x2.0. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment.Fairlycrisp mould.As L490. Impressedcircletbetweennozzleand discus ridge. Tips of threepetals. Buffclay, coated mattpale brownwash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill;Hadrianic and later2nd centA.D. L492 (67/L30) SMI 439 plate 266. 3.0 x 2.2. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. [Part of] manypetalledrosette.Reduced clay - ? by burning. Matt reddishbrownwash.N House, Room IV, phase I fill;Hadrianicand later2nd centA.D. Perhapsas L484. L493 (71/L144) SML 441 plate 266. 2.2x2.4. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L492. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. L494 (71/L169) SML 440 plate 266. 3.2 x 1.6. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. As L492. Buffclay,fine.Coated semi-glossy dark brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Perhapsrosetteas L484. L495 (71/LI 17) SML 415 plate 266. 5.0x2.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus. Partofrosettewithfourbilobatepetals.Buffclay,fine. Coated semi-glossy plum red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. As BMC ii, 85-88, Q, 1008, fig. 100, 208, pl. 29. BroneerXXI. A.D. 25-75. There are thesame bilobe petalson Agoravii,83, no. 129,pl. 5 perhapsKnidian,

294

THE LAMPS

late 1stor early2nd centA.D. butfiveinsteadoffour. Thereare five,too,on Délos129,30 no. 4618-4623,pl. 30, also possiblyKnidian. Four bilobepetalsoccurin Cyprus- BMC iii, Q, 2369-72 (all but one of which wereonceVictoriaand AlbertMuseum)Q201 1,with thesame subject,comesfromEgypt.Benghazi34, no. ofsucha discusofan Italian 193,pl. X is thefragment importofthemid 1stcentA.D.; op. cit.69, no. 464,pl. XIII is also a 1st cent A.D. Italian import.Other Benghazi lamps with this design are attributedto Knidos- op. cit.95-7, nos.658-59,662,669,pl. XIX. It is possibleL495 is itselfKnidian. L496 (71/L192) SML 429 plate 266. 4.0x5.1. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separate shoulder(tongues) fromdiscuss.Trace of rosette.Buffclay. Coated mattplumbrownwash. XI 2, later2nd-early3rd centA.D. Too littlepreservedto determinerosettetype. L497 (71/L183)SML 382 plate 266. EstD. 10.5.Shoulder, discus,underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp mould.Ridgeand threegroovesseparateshoulder,on which are deeply impressedthe outlinesof leaves. Many petalledrosette.Light buffclay, coated matt red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. Type ofrosetteuncertain. L498 (71/L92)SML 478 plate 266. 5.7 x 3.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Extremelyworn mould. Trace of air hole. Rosette.Pink clay, coated matt unfinished redwash.XV 4, upperfillto later2nd-early3rdcent A.D. Too wornto determinerosettetype.

Scallop shells L499 (67/L172) SML 417 plate 266. 5.8x2.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Betweenthenozzleand discusa doublevolute. Air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] scallop shell. Light dark brownwash. N House brownclay, semi-glossy courtfloor.Late 2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. Bailey MotifIV (d) iv. Too little 179, preservedto seekcloseparallel,but noteCarthage no. 798, pl. LXXV, a lamp ofsimilartype. L500 (67/L18) SML 397 plate 266. 7.0x3.5. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus.Small air holeat 6 o'clock.Heart-shaped nozzle. ([Part of] scallop.) Orange-buff clay; coated wash.II 4, N House,to 3rdcentA.D. mattorange-red BroneerXXV. Bailey motifIV (d) iv. ? Knidian. The renderingof the shellrecallsthe earlierQ, 850, BMC ii, 156,pl. 9 and fig.99. Est D. 7.0. Discus, L501 (71/L52)SML 229 Not illustrated. Crisp mould. Two underbodyand nozzle fragment. groovesseparate shoulderand discus. Small filling hole. Scallop. Red clay. Coated slightlyglossyplumred wash - blotcheddarker.XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. Cf. Menzel fig.34:10.

Unidentified L502 (67/L32)SML 420 plate 267. 4.0 x 2.3. Shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. PBilobedleaf. Buffclay, coated matt red wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1stcentA.D. ? BaileymotifIV (d) iv. L503 (67/L301) SML 735 plate 267. 2.1 x 1.6. ? Discus Crispmould.Unexplainedrelief.Red clay, fragment. reserved.N House, contentofS Wall, early2nd cent A.D. L504 (71/L87)SML 661 plate 267. 4.0 x 2.6. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and twogrooves separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Unexplained relief.Buff-brown clay, coated slightlyglossyredbrownwash. XIV 1, Trajanic. L505 (67/L70)SML 479 plate 267. 4.8 x 3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Fragmentof relief ? head and forelegsof hound. Buff-brown clay, coated slightlyglossydark brownred wash. Unstratified. Animals in this positioninclude Bears - Bailey MotifIV (a) iii, BMC ii, 73, fig.77, Q, 1216. Also Carthagenos. 507-508, pl. LU. Cf. the hound Waldhauer30, no. 321, pl. XXXIV. L506 (71/L15a) SML 662 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, Very worn discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment. mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) fromdiscus.Heart-shapednozzle, blackened.Unexclay. plained relief(bottomleftsector).Buff-brown wash.XII 9, Deposit Coated semi-glossy plum-brown D5, Hadrianic. L507 (71/L96) plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulderand discus Verywornmould.Grooveseparatesshoulfragment. der (reserved)fromdiscus. Top leftsector- unexplained relief.Buffclay; coated slightlyglossydark brownwash.House ofDiamond Frescoes,fillofRoom 5; to late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? rabbit'srump. L508 (67/L142) SML 448 plate 267. 3.8x2.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Illegiblerelief.Greyclay,coateddarkplum-redwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L509 (71/L141) SML 477 plate 267. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder Wornplastermould.Ridge and and discusfragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus. Illegiblerelief(leftcentresector).Buffclay,coated matt plumbrownwash.XI 2, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. L510 (67/L173) SML 658 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Three Fairly joining.Shoulder,discus,and nozzlefragment. crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues)fromdiscus. Largely unexplainedrelief Erotes and boat? (lower sectorand part of right). Granular brown clay, coated glossy red wash. E House, DepositNl, Neronian. The sceneis not thesame as L313 and 314. L51 1 (71/L105)SML 709 plate 267. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Two grooves separateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Unexplained

THE LAMPS

L512

L5 13

L514

L515

L516

L517

L518

L519

relief.Brown clay, fine; coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 7, Hadrianic. The orientation of thefragment is doubtful. (67/L14)SML 708 plate 267. 6.2 x 2.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Circletimpressedon shoulderto rightof nozzle. Air hole at 7 o'clock. Unexplainedreliefin lower right sector. Pale buffclay, sandy. Coated matt plum brownwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-earl?3rd centA.D. This could be thetipoftheleafysprayon theright of the 'Bird and Bough' motif(see L438 and 439). (67/L56)SML 473 plate 267. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. Verywornmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) fromdiscus. Panel on crossaxis. Illegiblerelief(leftcentre).Greybuffclay; coated mattdark brownwash. VII 2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. BroneerXXVIII. (67/L130) SML 462 plate 267. 4.0x2.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues) and discus. Unexplained relief.Grey clay, coated dark reddish brown wash. N House, Room IV, tile 2nd centA.D. structure, (67/P58)SML 256 plate 267. D. 7.7, H. 3.4, L. 10.4. Recomposedof four.Much of discus,part of nozzle lost.Verywornmould.Two grooveson handle.Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heartshapednozzle (blackened).Base flat,outlinedbyfaint groove.What remainsofdiscusdesignillegible.Pinkbuffclay.Top coatedmattpale redwash.Underbody dabbled. N House, II 4, late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. Possibly(remainsof) twogladiators. (67/L274) SML 371 plate 267. 2.5x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Three groovesseparate shoulder (reliefdot rosettes)from discus.Unexplainedrelief.Light brownclay, coated matt brown wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. For a similarrimornament,Menzel,fig.47.2 = no. 538,said to be fromMiletos.Op AthVI, 58 pl. IX, no. 194. Waldhauer,61, no. 473, pl. XLIV. (67/L7) SML 707 plate 267. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulderand discusfragment. Crispmould.Threegroovesseparate shoulder (reserved)and discus. Unexplained relief. Orangebuffclay.Coated warmredmattwash.VII 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. PerhapsKnidian. (71/L191)SML 488 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Worn mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Heartshaped nozzle.Trace ofunexplainedreliefat bottom of discus. Grey buffclay, partlycoated matt plum brownwash.XII 2, mixed2nd to early3rdcentA.D. (67/L154) SML 506 plate 267. 4.2x3.4. Shoulder and discusfragment; nozzle.Fairlycrispmould,ridge and groove divide shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shapednozzle. Trace of unexplained relief. Orange-brown clay,coated plum-redwash.N House, Pit 8, A.D. 150-200.

295

L520 (67/L25) SML 764 plate 267. 5.8 x 2.3. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Ratherthickwall. Fairly crisp mould. Two ridges and grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Three impressed circlets on shoulder behind heart-shapednozzle. Lower left sector - unexplained relief.Red clay, coated warm matt red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L521 (71/L151) SML 355 plate 243. 4.8x1.7. Handle, shoulderand wall fragment. Crispmould.Broadridge and fine groove separate shoulder (impressedivy leaves) and discus.Trace of unexplainedrelief.Pinkwash. buffclay,coated semi-glossy dark plum-brown XII 1-2, mixed2nd-3rdcentA.D. The shoulderornamentis a variantofCorinth 80, fig. 38.6. L522 (71/L165) SML 496 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and discus.Lower separatesshoulder(dot-and-circle) right sector; unexplained relief.Buff-brownclay, coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 10-11, Hadrianic. L523 (67/L125) SML 470 plate 267. 5.0x5.5. Handle, shoulder,discusand underbody.Ratherwornmould. Three verticalgrooveson handle. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Top right sector; unexplained relief.Brown clay, grey core. Coated red wash. Surface, Severan to 4th cent A.D. L524 (67/L319)SML 503 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand nozzle fragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder(tongues) and discus. Extremerightsector- traceofunexplainedrelief.Heartshaped nozzle. Pink-buffclay. Coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L525 (67/L320)SML 262 plate 267. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder, nozzle.Rather discus,underbodyand base fragment; worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (neat, double outlinedtongues) and discus. Heartshaped nozzle with impressedcircletat eitherside. Scrap of discusbottom- traceof unexplainedrelief. Buffclay, coated semi-glossydark brown wash. N House, Pit 3, mid-late2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L526 (67/L131) SML 467 plate 267. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispmould.Ridge and groove separate shoulder (double outlined tongues) and discus.Bottomleftsector- trace of relief,including groundline and something, unexplained.Blackened. Pinkclay,coatedredwash.VIII 1,late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L527 (67/L128) SML 469 plate 267. 3.6x2.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.Ridge and groove separateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centreright sector- traceofunexplainedrelief.Lightbrownclay, coated plum red wash. I Surface.Severanand to 4th centA.D. L528 (67/L126) SML 471 plate 267. 5.0x2.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Raised panel at cross-axis.Extremerightsector;unexplained

296

THE LAMPS

relief.Reddishclay, coated red wash. VIII, surface, Severanand to 4th centA.D. L529 (67/L127) SML 472 plate 267. 4.3x2.8. Shoulder, Worn mould; ridgeand discusand nozzle fragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Centre and bottomleft sector; unexplainedrelief.Heartshaped nozzle. Grey clay, coated dark grey brown wash.N House,Room IV, phaseI fill;Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. L530 (71/L167)SML 446 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Extreme clay; right;trace of unexplainedrelief.Buff-brown coated matt plum reddish-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. L531 (67/L134) SML 463 plate 267. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder Ratherwornmould.Ridge and and discusfragment. grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Trace of unexplainedreliefin verysmallsectionpreserved. Brownclay,coated red wash. VI 5, Deposit R5, late 2nd centA.D. L531bis (67/L22) SML 728 Not illustrated.6.0x2.2. Shoulder,discusand nozzlefragment. Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulderand discus. Part of right sectorofdiscus- unexplainedrelief.Greyclay,coated mattlightbrownwash. N House, III 8, Trajanic. L531ter (71/L14O)SML 721 Not illustrated.Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Very worn mould. Broad ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) and discus. Trace of relief,unexplained.Buffclay, fine.Coated semi-glossy plum-brownwash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early3rd centA.D. Lamps with decorated shoulders L532 (67/P6) SML 378 plate 267. Est D. 7.2 (fragment 5.5x4.0). Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould; ridgeseparatesshoulder(vine leaves and clusters)fromdiscus.Kite-shapednozzle. Deeply concave discus; finerays. Pinkishbuffclay, coated matt reddish brown wash. II, N House, surface;to 4th centA.D. Broneer XXVII, Vine-and-Ray lamp, perhaps Cretan imitationof a Corinthianoriginal.Shoulder ornamentas Corinth 80, fig.38: 19-21; a complete Corinthianlamp op. cit. 189,no. 570, pl. XI; Isthmia nos.2796-2801.Agoravii,94, nos.271-274,pl. 8 Délos 135, nos. 4658/9, pl. 31. Benghazi102-104, nos. The use of a 698-712 and pl. 21, withcommentary. wash suggeststhisshouldnot be Corinthian. L533 (67/L271) SML 514 plate 268. 2.5x2.0. Shoulder Worn mould. Olive or myrtle and discus fragment. leaveson theshoulder.Greyclay,mattbrownwash. VII 3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L534 (73/L304) plate 268. D. 7.3, H. 3.4, L. 10.5. Complete save handle and part of nozzle. Worn plaster mould. Shoulder separated fromdiscus by ridge and groove. Impressed detached leaves on shoulder, including space behind nozzle. Large central fillinghole. Red-brownclay, fine. Coated dark brownwash. Well 12, Deposit D4, semi-glossy Hadrianic.

L535

L536

L537

L538

L539

L540

L541

L542

For the shoulderornament,Corinth 80, fig.38.11; III, no. 2504,pl. 182,nos.505 and 509, pl. X. Isthmia 28. AgoraVII 90, no. 216,pl. 7 is also Corinthian.The shape recallsa BroneerXXIII or XXIV, but there are no volutes. The preceding stage in such a 157,no. 634, developmentis perhapsseen in Carthage pl. LXIV. Note Tarsus109, no. 140, pl. 98 withan even moredrawnout nozzle. 4.5 x 2.2. Shoul(71/L152)SML 390 Not illustrated. der fragment. Ridge and threefinegroovesseparate shoulderand discus.On shoulder,widelyspaced olive leavesand flowers. Brownmicaceousclay,fine.Semiwash. XII 18, 1stcentB.C. glossyplum-brown (71/L153) SML 388 Not illustrated. 4.0x2.0. Ratherworn Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. mould.As L535, but closerspacingofshoulderornamattwash. ment.Buff-brown clay;coatedplum-brown XIII 34, SW House,Room I; Early-mid1stcentA.D. (67/L268) SML 501 plate 268. 4.5x2.5. Handle, Worn mould.As shoulderand underbodyfragment. L534. Lightbrownclay,coated darkbrownwash. N House, Room IV, phase I fill;Hadrianic,to later2nd centA.D. (71/L154)SML 404 plate 268. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulderand discus.On shoulderoak leaves and acorns in reliefalternate. Yellow-buffclay. Coated plum-redwash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. Cf. Benghazi63^, no. 438, PI. XII, of the same withpseudodoubleseries.These are Italian imports, ended volutes,a versionofLoeschckeType V; Bailey describesthemas Flavian; at Benghazitwocomefrom Neronian-earlyFlavian contexts,fourfromFlavian, elevenwereresidualin 3rdcentA.D. or latercontexts. Délos 130, no. 4629, pl. 30 has discus ornamentof bilobe.The lampis signedR and maybe Knidian.See also BMC ii, 195-98,and pl. 25, petalrosette.Thereis ofconfusionhere.Délos4629 mustgo, the possibility not withBailey Type CV, but ratherwithhis Type OV, BMC ii,303-304,and 306,Q, 1228,datedlast 1/3 of the 1st cent A.D. (BroneerXXV = Loeschcke VII). Est D. 8.0, Est H. (71/L150)SML 375 Not illustrated. 2.2. Shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. Crisp mould. Three groovesseparate shoulderand discus.As L538 - trace of eightpetalledrosetteon discus. Buff-brownclay, fine. Coated semi-glossy wash. XIII 17, DepositN2, Neronian. orange-brown (71/L156) SML 394 plate 268. 7.0x2.0. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and nozzlefragment. separate shoulderand discus. As L538. Grey clay, coated mattdark brownwash. XII 1, mid-late3rd centA.D. (67/L332) SML 293 plates 242, 268. 4.0x1.5. Wornmould.As Shoulderand underbodyfragment. wash. L538. Buff-brown plum-brown clay;semi-glossy VIII 24, mixed lst-2ndcentA.D. (mainly1st). 4.8 x 3.2. Handle (71/L155)SML 407 Not illustrated. and shoulder fragment.As L538. Buffclay, fine. Coated mattplum-redwash. XII 10, early2nd cent A.D.

THE LAMPS L543 (67/L262) SML 376 Not illustrated. 7.5x6.0. Handle, shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment. Burnt,ratherwornmould;ridgeand grooveseparate shoulderand discus.Broad shoulderwithlarge oak leaves in relief;discus reserved.Brown clay, coated lightbrownwash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L544 (67/L267+ 269) SML 386 plate 268. (a) 4.3 x 2.0 (b) 5.5 x 2.0. Non-joiningshoulder,discusand rimfragment.Crispmould.Shoulderas L538; discushas trace ofunexplainedreliefbottomleftsector,includingpart of fillinghole at 8 o'clock. Brown clay, semi-glossy dark brownwash. N House II 4, to 3rd centA.D. L545 (67/L263) SML 502 plate 268. 6.2 x 3.3. Shoulder, Worn mould. underbody,base and nozzle fragment. Partsofimpressedleaves (? oak) on shoulder.Heartshaped nozzle. Grey clay, dark brown wash. VIII Surface,Severanand to 4th centA.D. L546 (67/L283) SML 284 plate 268. 6.0 x 2.0. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. The ridgeseparatingshoulderand discushas veryneatly impressedchevrons.On the shoulderclose-setindividual impressedspirals,impresseddots between,top and bottom.Lightbrownclay, plum-redmattwash. N House I 6, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. L547 (71/L196)SML 311 plates 243, 268. D. 7.4, H. 3.6, Est L. 9.4. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbody,and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (impressedstylised ?leaves). Central fillinghole, air hole at 6 o'clock. What remainsof discus reserved.Blackened kiteshaped nozzle. Buffclay, coated plum-brownmatt wash. XI 5 #2186,mixed lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXV. L548 (67/L276)SML 320 plates 243, 268. Est D. 6.8, Ext L. 5.4. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Two grooveson handle- horizontalstrokesincisedbetweengrooves; chevronslow on handle as it runsinto disintegrated underbody.Three grooves separate shoulder (Sspiralsin relief,separatedby small studs) and discus (reserved).Red clay,coateddarkredwash.II surface, to 4th centA.D. Broneer XXVIII. Shoulder as Corinth103, fig. 48:18. See the late lamp op. cit. 255, no. 1185, pl. XVI. L549 (71/L19)SML 308 plates 243, 268. D. 7.3, H. 3.2, L. 9.4. Much ofhandleand discus,underbody,base and nozzle lost. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulderreliefalternatingtongued spiral in a continuousband that passes behind the nozzle. Discus apparentlyreserved.Buffclay, fine. Coated glossyplum-brownwash, patchyon underbody.XII 10, Hadrianic (early2nd centA.D.). The ornamentis as Corinth 80, fig.38.12. L550 (71/L261) SML 322 plates 225, 268. Est D. 6.0. Shoulder,discusand lowerwall fragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Ridge separatesshoulder(zones of impressed circlets,single spirals and furthercirclets) and reserveddiscus.Buff-brown clay,coated mattbrown wash. XI 4, Trajanic (late lst-early2nd centA.D.). L551 (67/L272+ 273) SML 642 plate 268. 2 non-joining

L552

L553

L554

L555

L556

297 (a) 6.4 x 3.2 (b) 6.0 x 5.2. Partsofshoulder, fragments discus and 'ears'. Rather worn mould; groove and ridgeseparateshoulder(reservedapart from'ears') and discus (reserved). Between discus and nozzle (traceremains)longvolutes,earshapedlugsendingin volutes,fromthe centreof each of whichrisesa leaf whose tip reaches the discus ridge. Buffclay, fine. Coated mattdrab plum-redwash.N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. Thereare voluteson theear handlesoí BMC ii,234, 235, Q, 1092 and pl. 38. On eared lamps,cf.op. cit. 233-234; unlikeL551, many of the class have "....a short narrow channel extendingfrom the discus towardsthewick-hole".Cf. also Agoravii, 105-6,nos. 397-417,pl. 13. See also Carthage 158-159,Deneauve's 420, no. 712,pl. XVII = typeVG. Closeris Vindonissa LoeschckeType VII A, withwhichis compared,op. cit. 241-243 and fig.8:1, a lamp fromTrier,havinga veryshortnozzle withvoluteseitherside. (71/L8)SML 714 plate 268. Est D. 9.0. Handle, part ofshoulder,discus,underbodyand base. Ratherworn plastermould.Two grooveson handle. Deep groove separatesshoulder(reserved)and discus. Base outlined by finegroove;one and part ofa secondout of threereliefpeltae preserved.What remainsof discus reserved.Buff-brown fineclay,coatedglossyredwash. X 2 pit 1, early-mid2nd centA.D. On peltae underfoot,Perlzweigin Agoravii, 79, no. 82, pl. 4; shenotesa Gamosshoplamp withpeltae illustratedMenzel 237. (71/L238) SML 331 plates 243, 268. D. 7.0, H. 3.0, Ext L. 6.8. Handle, part of shoulder,discus,underbody and base. Fairlycrispmould;grooveand ridge separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Central hole;grooveon outerdiscus.Voluteon shoulder filling nearnozzle.Flat base,outlined.Buff-brown clay,fine; coated semi-glossyplum-brown wash. X/XI 4, Flavian. Probablya LoeschckeType V withpseudo-double volute- Vindonissa 230, fig.6; Benghazi63-65 on nos. 436-443. Flavian. (71/L16) SML 715 plate 269. D. 7.7. All of discus, nozzle, part of shoulderand underbodylost. Worn mould; herringbone on handle top, raised foot.No division between shoulder and discus. Blackened. Buff-brown clay. XI 8, Trajanic. (71/L185)SML 740 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, 'ear', discus and underbodyfragment.Crisp plaster mould.Ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved) and discus. Filling hole off-centretowards 2.30 o'clock. Unpierced 'ear' lug, terminalbent back. Discus reserved.Buff-brown clay, coated matt red wash. XI 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. (Trajanic). On 'ear' - lug lamps,see L551. OthersOntario no. 220, pl. 22 (Italian) 3rd quarter 1st cent A.D.; Nikolaou, Kitionpl. XXXIIL5 = BCH 100 (1976) 859, fig.39 Menzel,fig.19,nos. 13-15; Chypre 116,no. 276 and pl. 16. (71/L146) SML 482 plate 269. 3.5x2.7. Shoulder fragment;nozzle. Worn plaster mould. Three impressedcircletson shoulderbetweenthe blackened heart-shapednozzle and discus. Buffclay, coated

298

L557

L558

L559

L560

L561

L562

L563

L564

L565

L566

THE LAMPS glossy plum-brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. ? BroneerXXV. (71/L97) SML 704 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge between grooves separate shoulder (reserved)and discus (reserved).Blackened heartshapednozzle.Buffclay,coated slightlyglossyplumbrownwash. XV 1, upperwash to 4th centA.D. (67/L294) SML 745 plate 269. 8.5x4.0. Handle, halfbody remains;discus totallyabraded. Shoulder reserved.Brownclay,sandy.Matt brownwash. II 4, N House, to 3rd centA.D. (67/L19) SML 727 plate 269. D. 7.5. Two joining. Shoulder and discus fragment.Thick wall. Rather worn plaster mould. Discus (reserved)offsetfrom shoulder(reserved).Pink-buff clay.Coated mattplum wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (with 2nd cent A.D. intrusions). (67/L153) SML 720 plate 269. 4.2 x 1.8. Shoulder and discusfragment. Thickwalled.Fairlycrispplaster mould.Deep grooveseparatesshoulder(reserved)and discus.Lightbrownclay,coatedplum-redmattwash. N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to later2nd centA.D. (67/L18) SML 706 plate 269. 3.2x3.3. Shoulder, discus and underbodyfragment.Worn mould. No divisionbetweenshoulder(reserved)and discus.Clay reducedgrey.Coated in a metallicalmostblackwash. N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill;Hadrianicand later 2nd centA.D. (67/P115) SML 775 plate 269. D. 7.2, H. 3.0, Ext L. 8.3 (recomposedof three). Handle, small part of shoulder,discus,underbodyand nozzle lost. Fairly crisp mould. Two grooves separate shoulder and deeply concave discus (both reserved). Impressed circletbehindnozzle.Flat base outlined.Clay reduced grey, coated matt golden wash, discoloured on underbody.VII 10, late lst-early2nd centA.D. Cf. e.g. Benghazi70, no. 468, pl. XIV, dated to the last thirdof the 1stcentA.D. (67/L146) SML 711 plate 269. 3.6 x 1.7. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge betweentwo groovesseparatesshoulder (reserved) fromdiscus. Light brown clay, glossydark brown wash. N House, Room V, Phase I - tile structure; Hadrianic. (71/L98)SML 712 plate 269. Est D. 10.0. Shoulder, nozzle.Fairlycrisp base fragment, discus,underbody, mould.Partofone ofthreepeltaeon theflat,outlined base. Pink buffclay, fine.Coated slightlyglossyred wash. XIII 4, Hadrianic. See L552 forpeltaeunderfoot. (67/L9) SML 597 plate 269. 4.2x2.8. Shoulder, Ratherwornplaster discusand underbodyfragment. mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from discus.Light buffclay, coated glossyreddishbrown wash.N House,Room III, DepositSI; late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L20) SML 684 plate 269. 5.2 x 2.5. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould. Three grooves separate shoulder (reserved) from

discus. Clay reduced (or burnt) grey.Coated matt dirtybrownwash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L567 (67/L341)SML 774 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, Worn plastermould. underbodyand base fragment. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)and discus.Raised panel at crossaxis on shoulder,with tinyimpressedcircleteitherside.Greyclay,fine.Selfslippedlightbuff.VIII 4, late lst-early2nd centA.D. BroneerXXVII. ? Corinthian.2nd centA.D. L568 (67/L148) SML 710 plate 269. 4.5x2.2. Shoulder fragment.Worn mould; ridge betweentwo grooves separatesshoulder (reserved)fromdiscus. Rectangularpanel at thecrossaxis.Orangeclay,coateddark red mattwash.VII 3. See DepositS2, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. L569 (71/LI74) SML 492 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand lug. Worn mould; ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(reserved)fromdiscus.'Ear' clay, coated mattplumlug, unpierced.Buff-brown brownwash. XII 4 pit 2, mixed 1stto firsthalf2nd centA.D. Other'ear' lamps,L551 and 555. For an ear lamp withshouldertongues,Benghazi70, no. 471, pl. XIV, an Italianimportoflate lst-early2nd centA.D. date, close to LoeschckeVili A lamps. Fragments of Broneer xxv lamps with shoulder tongues L570 (71/L2OO)SML 905 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Chevronson the ridge separatingshoulder,(large double-outlinedtonguestakingup entireshoulder) fromdiscus (probablyreserved).Orange-buffclay, coated mattred wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. L571 (71/LI75) SML 453 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Two nonWornmould. joining.Shoulderand discusfragments. Ridge separatesshoulder (single outlined tongues) fromdiscus (reserved).Blackened.Buff-brown clay, coated semi-glossy orange-redwash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L572 (67/L63) SML 286 plates 243, 269. 5.8x4.0. Worn mould. PromiShoulderand discusfragment. nentridgeseparatesshoulder(smalldouble outlined clay,coated tongues)and discus(reserved).Grey-buff dark brown wash. N House, I(N) 8, 2nd cent A.D.-Severan. L573 (71/L237)SML 487 plate 269. D. 7.8. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plastermould; ridge and grooveseparatesshoulder(small singleoutline tongues)fromdiscus (reserved,centralfillinghole). No handle.Buffclay,fine.Coated mattplum-brown wash. X 7-8, Neronian-Flavian. HandlelesslampsofthistypeincludeTriernos.654, 698 and 712, pl. 73. L574 (67/L136) SML 458 plate 269. D. 8.5. Much of shoulderand discus.Wornplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(small singleoutlined tongueswith darts ending in circlets)and discus (reserved apart from two fine ridges). Probably

THE LAMPS

L575

L576

L577

L578

L579

L580

L581

L582 L583

L584

L585

withouthandle. Lightbrownclay. Coated plum red wash. Pit,Flavian. (71/L187)SML 486 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder, discusand underbodyfragment. Fairlywornplaster mould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(medium single outlined tongues) and discus (reserved,off centre fillinghole, 12 o'clock). Buff-brownclay. red wash. XII 2 mixed2nd-early Coated semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. (71/L51+ 176) SML 476 Not illustrated.Est D. 8.2. Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and wall fragment.Crisp mould. Two ridges, two grooves separate shoulder(clumsytongues)and discus (reserved), with large fillinghole. Buff-brownclay, wash.SW House,Room I, slightly glossyplum-brown XIII 10; late 1stcentA.D. (67/L137) SML 461 plate 270. 7.4x4.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Crisp plastermould. Ridgeand twogroovesseparateshoulder(longdouble outlinedtongues)and discus.Red clay,coated plumred wash. II 4a, N House, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (67/L141) SML 449 plate 270. 5.8x4.5. Handle, shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (doubleoutlinedmediumtongues)and discus.II 7, N House, mixed1stcentB.C.-2nd centA.D. (71/L189) SML 485 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Handle, Worn shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. plastermould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder (mediumtongues)and discus. Recessed base. Light buffclay,partlycoated mattplum-brown wash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. (67/L140) SML 450 plate 270. 7.8x6.5. Handle; shoulder,underbody,base fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Chevronson handle. Ridge betweengrooves separates shoulder (medium tongues) fromdiscus. Panel on crossaxis. Pink-buff clay,coateddarkplumred wash. Surface.Severan,and to 4th centA.D. BroneerType XXVII. (71/L171) SML 494 plate 270. Est D. 7.5. Handle, shoulder,discus, underbody,base fragment.Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (medium tongues) and discus. Flat base outlined. Buff-brown clay,partlycoveredin veryunevenplumbrownwash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd centA.D. = partofL364 (qv). 5.2 x 2.0. Handle (71/L197)SML 612 Not illustrated. and shoulderfragment. Wornmould.Two grooveson handle. Ridge and grooveseparate shoulder(small tongues)and discus.Buffclay,fine.Coated plum-red wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L139)SML 464 Not illustrated.7.0 x 2.5. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment.Fairly worn plaster mould; ridge and groove separates shoulder(mediumtongues)and discus(reservedas far as preserved).Nozzle blackened.Grey clay, coated matt plum wash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. (71/L181)SML 498 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus,underbodyand nozzle fragment. Fairlycrisp mould.Ridge and twofinegroovesseparateshoulder

L586

L587

L588

L589

L590

L591

L592

L593

L594

L595

299 (smalldouble outlinedtongues)and discus (reserved as far as preserved).Nozzle blackened.Buff-brown clay, coated plum-brownwash. XI 2, late 2nd cent A.D. (withsome 2nd/3rdcentA.D. material). (71/L166)SML 454 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Worn plaster mould; ridge separates shoulder (tongues) and discus (reserved). Nozzle blackened. Pink-buffclay, coated semi-glossyplum-brownwash. XII 1-2, mixed 2nd-3rdcentA.D. (67/L151) SML 592 plate 270. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder and nozzle fragment.Worn mould; on shoulder tongueand dart. Heart-shapednozzle. Brownclay, coated plum-red wash. VIII Pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian. (71/LI72) SML 490 plate 270. 4.2 x 2.6. Shoulder, discusand nozzlefragment. Wornplastermould.Two groovesseparateshoulder(smalltongues)fromdiscus (fineridge). Heart-shapednozzle. Buff-brown clay. Coated patchymattplum-redwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. (71/L94) SML 705 plate 270. Est D. 6.8. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. Three groovesseparate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Fillinghole at 9 o'clock suggestsa relief designin the lost part of the discus. Circletsat the nozzle (blackened)root.Buffclay,fine.Coated matt wash.XV 2 (S ext),2ndcentA.D. lensin plum-brown latersurroundings. (71/L248) SML 644 plate 270. D. 8.O. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.Long doubleoutlinedtongueson theshoulder. Base enclosedby threegrooves.Red clay,coatedmatt redwashwithblackstreak.XV 2, 2nd and to mid3rd centA.D. This is probablypartofa LoeschckeV withpseudo double volutee.g. Benghazino. 440. (67/L145) SML 443 plate 270. 3.3x2.4. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues)and discus.Light brownclay, coated reddishbrownwash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd cent A.D. (67/L123) SML 466 plate 270. 3.8x2.3. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Long double outlined tongues on the shoulder (upside down). Three ridgeson thediscus.Greyclay,coated drab redwash.VIII 7, ? Pit4, laterlst-early2nd cent A.D. (67/L135) SML 459 plate 270. 4.0x2.2. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(double outlined tongues)and discus.Brownclay,coated red wash. N House, II 4, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (67/L129) SML 468 plate 270. 4.3x3.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder(small double outlinedtongues)and discus(reserved).Light brownclay,coateddarkbrownwash.N House,Room III, Deposit SI, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L179) SML 475 plate 270. 4.0x2.4. Shoulder and underbodyfragment.Crisp mould. Medium

300

L596

L597

L598

L599

L600

L601

L602

L603

L604

L605

L606

L607

THE LAMPS double outlinedtongues.Buffclay, fine.Semi-glossy plum-redwash. XIV 5, Neronian/Flavian. (71/L178) SML 493 plate 270. 3.1 x 2.0. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Fairlycrispmould.Double outlinedtongues.Buffclay: coated mattplum-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L124) SML 457 plate 270. 6.0x3.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and two groovesseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues) and discus (reservedso far as preserved). Brown clay, coated plum-red wash. Unstratified. (L73/L308) plate 270. 6.0x3.0. Shoulder and Worn mould. Ridge separates underbodyfragment. shoulder(largedouble outlinedtongues)fromdiscus. Pale brownclay,fine,coatedglossydarkbrownwash. Well 12, DepositD4, Hadrianic. (67/L132) SML 465 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(medium,deep tongues) fromdiscus, (reservedas far as preserved).Light brownclay, coated red wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd centA.D. (67/L143) SML 442 plate 270. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder and underbody fragment.Rather worn mould. Tongue and dart border fillsthe shoulder. Light dark brownwash. N brownclay, coated semi-glossy House, Room V, finalphase; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. (67/L133) SML 460 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder Ratherwornmould.Ridge and and discusfragment. groove separate shoulder (small double outlined tongues)and discus (reservedas far as preserved). wash. VI 5, Lightbrownclay,coated orange-brown DepositR3, late 2nd centA.D. 2.3 x 1.8. Shoul(71/L182)SML 484 Not illustrated. der and discus fragment.Crisp mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(tongues)and discus.Buff clay, coated glossydark brownwash. House of the DiamondFrescoes,Room I; tolate 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. (71/L173) SML 489 plate 270. 4.8 x 1.6. Shoulder and underbodyfragment. Very worn mould. Small clay, coated matt tongueson shoulder.Buff-brown orangewash. XII 8, DepositD5, Hadrianic. (71/L142)SML 447 plate 270. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder Wornplastermould.Ridge and and discusfragment. faintgrooveseparatesshoulder(small tongues)and discus (reservedas faras preserved).Buffclay, fine. wash.XII 9, Deposit Coated semi-glossy plum-brown D5, Hadrianic. (71/L170) SML 491 Not illustrated. 4.8x4.0. Handle, shoulderand underbodyfragment.Worn mould. Tongue and dart borderon shoulder.Greywash. XII 10, buffclay. Coated mattorange-brown early2nd centA.D. (Hadrianic). (71/L198)SML 511 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Double outlinedtongueson the shoulder.Flat base outlined. Pink-buffclay, coated semi-glossyplumbrownwash. XI, unstratified. (71/L199) SML 451 plate 270. 6.0x3.3. Handle,

L608

L609

L610

L61 1

L612

shoulder,discus and underbodyfragment.Worn plaster mould. Ridge and 2 fine groovesseparate shoulder(smalltongues)and discus.Buff-brown clay, red wash. XII 2, mixed2nd-early coated semi-glossy 3rd centA.D. (67/L149) SML 456 plate 270. 3.2 x 1.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlinedtongues)and discus.Greyclay,coatedplumredwash.VIII surface,Severan,and to 4thcentA.D. (71/L168) SML 452 plate 270. 3.6x2.6. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(mediumtongues)and discus (reserved).Buffclay,coated mattdark brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (71/L148) SML 445 plate 270. 4.5x2.5. Shoulder Wornmould.Ridge and groove and discusfragment. separateshoulder(mediumtongues)and discus.Buffbrownclay. Coated in matt plum red-brownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (71/L143)SML 444 plate 270. Est D. 10.0.Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould; ridgeand grooveseparateshoulder(mediumdouble outlined tongues) and discus (reservedas far as preserved).Light buffclay, fine,coated semi-glossy orangebrownwash. XII 6, Hadrianic. (67/L147) SML 455 plate 270. 4.2x2.0. Shoulder, Wornplastermould. discusand underbodyfragment. Ridge and grooveseparateshoulder(double outlined tonguesand darts)and discus.Greyclay no traceof wash. VII surface,late 2nd-early3rd centA.D.

Globule lamps L613 (71/L259) SML 211 plate 271. Est D. 7.6. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.The smallreserveddiscusis separatedfromthe shoulderby a successionof threeridgesand grooves. Five rowsofglobuleson theshoulder.Pink-buff clay, surfacefinish.XV 7 and XII 2, mixed self-slipped 2nd-early3rd centA.D. A completeCretanglobulelampis Demeter 50,J. 48, pl. 30, dated by contextlate lst-mid2nd centA.D. The AthenianAgora was veryrich in superficially similar lamps, dating from A.D. 50-200, which '....have a plain disk, globulesall over the body, a rounded nozzle with volutes,and a curved ridge definingtheundersideofthenozzle' Agoravii, 106, on nos.418-438, pl. 14. In additiontheselampshave an alphain reliefon the base (op. cit. 15-17). These 70-73), correspondto Broneer'sType XX (Corinth considered by Broneer as a bridge between the Hellenisticand Roman series.He regardsthem as Attic,and citesmaterialfromtheCave ofPan on Mt. Parnés to supporthis argument.No alpha globule lamp occurs in the Knossian material, which is abundant to suggestlocal manufacture. sufficiently of thiscomes fromColdstream's Some confirmation statement(loc. cit.) thatDemeter].48 is identicalto a 1960 chance find fromthe Knossos area inscribed FAMOT. Agoravii, 83, no. 124, pl. 5 is closerto our series,withits shortnozzle set well into the lamp's

THE LAMPS

L614

L615

L616

L617

L618

L619

L620

L621

L622

L623

shoulder,and fourrowsofglobules.It is dated to the secondhalfofthe 1stcentA.D. See Benghazi128-129, nos.890-893,pl. 25, classedbyBaileyas local; op. cit. 78-9, nos. 539, 543, pl. 15 he considersimportsfrom Tunisia.The lamp typewas also producedin Italy,by the very active Fiorenti us factory(perhaps to be ofRome) - BMC ii, 375-6, type locatedin thevicinity Q, Group X "Late LoeschckeType VIII lampswith wide,globuledshoulder",illustrated byQ, 1421-1422, PI. 86, dated "some timein the firsthalfof the third century".Baileyseesthisclassas thepossiblemodelfor hisType R, 'Fat GlobuleLamps' ofthelate 3rd-early 5th centA.D. - BMC ii, 377-81. (71/L250) SML 696 plate 271. Est D. 8.0. Handle, shoulderand discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould.Two grooveson handle. Shoulderand discus separated by ridge and two grooves.Five rows of globules.Coated in mattredwash. SW House, Room I; early-mid1stcentA.D. See L613. (67/L110) SML 691 plate 271. 5.2x3.0. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Ratherwornmould.As L614 (at least fiverowsof globules).Reddishbrown clay, coated matt red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI. See L613. (67/L100) SML 685 plate 271. Est D. 5.4. Handle; shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.As L614, but only threerows of globules. Light brownclay, coated dark brown wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. (71/L255) SML 695 plate 271. 5.2x2.8. Shoulder and nozzlefragment. Worn mould.As L614, at least fourrows of globules.Nozzle blackened.Buffclay, coated matt dark brownwash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.See L613. (67/L333) SML 698 plate 271. 6.5 x 1.5. Shoulder and nozzlefragment. Ratherwornplastermould.As L617. Buffclay,fine.Coated,semi-glossy plum-brown wash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian.See L613. (67/L111) SML 690 plate 271. 5.7x2.8. Shoulder, Wornplastermould. underbodyand nozzlefragment. As L617 (at leastthreerowsofglobules).Brownclay, coatedredwash.VIII 1,late 2nd-early3rdcentA.D. (67/L103) SML 217 plate 244, 271. 6.0x4.5. Shoulder,discus, underbodyand nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and two deep groovesseparateshoulderand discus. Seven rowsof globules on the shoulder.Pink-brownclay, coated mattredwash. VII 3, DepositS2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L613. (73/L312) plate 271. 6.2 x 5.3. Shoulderand discus fragment. Fairlycrispplastermould.As L620 (three rowsofglobulescertain).Trace ofblackening.Orange clay, coated dark red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.See L613. (67/L101) SML 682 plate 271. 6.0x6.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould.As L621 - at leastfourrowsofglobules.Pinkclay,coateddarkred wash. II 9, mixedHellenistic-Roman.See L613. (67/L113) SML 693 plate 271. 5.5x5.5. Shoulder and discusfragment. RatherwornmouldAs L621 (at leasttworowsofglobules).Red-buff clay,coateddark plum-redwash. VII 7, Hadrianic. See L613.

301

L624 (71/L251) SML 694 plate 271. Est D. over 7.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly worn mould. Ridge and one grooveseparateshoulderand discus. Fillinghole offcentretowards3 o'clock.At leastfour rows of globules. Buff-brownclay, rather coarse. wash. XII 2, mixed2nd to Coated mattplum-brown early3rd centA.D. See L613. L625 (67/L109) SML 701 plate 271. 3.2x2.6. Handle; shoulderfragment. Fairlycrispmould;twogrooveson handle. At least fourrows of globuleson shoulder. Brown clay, coated dark red wash. Fill beneath N House, mixedHellenistic-Roman.See L613. L626 (67/L322) SML 697 plate 271. 4.2x3.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Fairlycrispmould;as L620 - at least five rows of globules. Buffclay, coated matt brown wash. N House, Room VI, Deposit D2; Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. See L613. L627 (67/L334) SML 699 plate 271. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment.Fairlycrispmould. Ridge and two groovesseparate discus and shoulder.At least threerows of globules.Pink-buff clay; coated semiglossyplum-brownwash. VII 9-14, early-mid 1st centA.D. L628 (67/L108) SML 700 plate 271. 4.2x2.4. Shoulder and discusfragment. Wornmould.At leastfourrows of globules.Grey clay, no surfaceremains.VIII 4, Trajanic. L629 (67/L107) SML 689 plate 271. 3.8x3.1. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn mould. Ridge separates shoulderand discus.Five rowsofglobules.Greyclay; coateddarkgreywash.VII I, late 2nd-early3rdcent A.D. See L613. L630 (67/L114) SML 692 plate 271. 3.2x2.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Rather worn mould. Ridge separatesshoulderand discus.Tongues and rowsof circlets,simulatingglobules.Brownclay,dark brown mattwash. VIII 5, Severan (and to 4th centA.D.). As Demeter 45, H. 118,pl. 26, dated 2nd centA.D. L631 (67/L106) SML 688 plate 271. 4.9x3.2. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plastermould. As L620. At least fiverowsof globules.Pink-buff clay, coated darkred wash. VII 2, late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. SeeL613. L632 (67/L105) SML 686 plate 271. 4.5 x 1.8. Shoulder fragment.Fairlycrispplastermould. ? As L620. At least fourrowsof globules.Brownclay, coated plum red wash. N House, above Room I; to 4th centA.D. L633 (67/L102) SML 681 plate 271. 3.0x2.7. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crispplastermould. As L624. At least threerows of globules.Brown clay, coated reddishbrownwash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd centA.D. See L613. L634 (67/L112) SML 683 plate 271. 2.7x2.3. Handle, shoulderand discusfragment. Wornmould.Syntaxas L620, butglobulessurrounded bya circlet.Brownclay, coated mattbrownwash. II surface,to 4thcentA.D. L635 (67/L336) SML 702 plate 271. 3.8x4.0. Shoulder, underbodyand base fragment.Very worn mould. Globulesapparentlyfromridgeto edge ofshoulderthreerows survive.Base outlined.Light buffclay. Partly coated matt plum-brownwash. IX 2, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. See L613.

302

THE LAMPS

Globulelamp variants

L636 (67/L104) SML 687 plate 271. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder and discus section.Worn mould. Ridge on narrow discus surroundsfillinghole. At least five rather irregularrows of globuleson the narrowshoulder. wash.V 3, Greyclay,coatedglossydarkbrown-black N House, Room V, Deposit D2, Hadrianic and to later2nd A.D. - Italian lamp ofthesecondhalfof 1st Warzenlampe cent B.C. See BMC i, 336-339, pl. 133, with full concernstatement discussion, includingthefollowing of theselamps are "The find-spots ing distribution. indicativeofthemaindirectionoftheearlyAugustan exportdrive,to thewestand thenorth,and to Africa, ratherlimited".Otherexamples witheastwardtraffic Benghazi10, nos. 41-44, pls. 2-3, with six uncataloguedexamples.Bailey also cites Carthage103, no. 265, pl. XXXIV. L637 (67/L115) SML 360 plates 244, 271. 5.8x2.7. Rather worn mould. Shoulderand discusfragment. No real divisionbetweenshoulderand discus.Small raisedpanelon shoulder,withtworowsof rectangular placed globules.Lightbrown large,ratherirregularly clay, coated matt brownwash. N House, Room II; late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. ? BroneerXXVII.

Importedlamps: Corinthianand Attic

L638 (67/L62) SML 512 plates 244, 271. 3.8x3.0. Worn plastermould. Shoulderand discusfragment. Broad ridge between grooves separates shoulder (smalltongues)fromdiscus(finerays).Clay reduced grey,fine.Plain surfacefinish.N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill;Hadrianic,and to later2nd centA.D. Corinthian.Corinth 188, no. 155, fig. 112, and pl. no. 2781, pl. 30 (Type XXVIIa). XI, 556. Isthmia, BCH 95 (1971) 468,no.26, fig.26.7. Agoravii,94, no. 259, pl. 8 (dated firsthalf2nd cent A.D.). Benghazi, 104,nos. 713-714,pl. XXI. L639 (67/L277) SML 770 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment.Fairly crisp plaster mould. As L638 exceptoblique impressedleaves on shoulder.Pale buffclay.Plainsurfacefinish.N House, I(S) 11, mid-late2nd centA.D. Corinthian.BroneerXXVII. Corinth 187, no. 548, fig.110. L640 (67/L166) SML 768 plates 244 (incomplete),271. Wornplaster 3.8 x 3.0. Shoulderand discusfragment. mould.As L638. Pale yellowclay.Plainsurfacefinish. N House, Room V, Phase 1 fill. Deposit D2, Hadrianicand to late 2nd centA.D. Corinthian.See L638. Mid 2nd centA.D. L641 (67/L168) SML 507 plate 271. 4.3x2.5. Shoulder and discus fragment.Worn plaster mould. Two ridges,two grooves separate shoulder (very worn tongues)and discus (rathercoarse rays). Red clay, plain surfacefinish.N House, II 6, to mid 2nd cent A.D. ? Origin. ? Non Cretan copy of a Corinthian originalas L638 and 640.

L642 (67/L152) SML 769 plate 271. 4.8x2.0. Shoulder and discusfragment. Crispplastermould.Broadridge betweengroovesseparatesshoulder(double outlined tongues)fromdiscus.Pale yellowclay; plain surface finish.VII 4a, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinthian. Corinth177-178, no. 463, pl. X. Perhapsto be restoredas Agoravii,90, no. 215, pl. 7, late 1stcentA.D. L643 (67/L170) SML 771 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0. Shoulderand discus fragment.Rather worn plaster mould.Ridge betweentwogroovesseparatesshoulder (vineleavesand clusters)fromdiscus(finerays).Pale - surface, yellow clay, plain surfacefinish.VIII cent A.D. to 4th and Severan, Corinthian.Rim ornamentas Corinth, 80, fig.38, no. 19. BroneerXXVII. Corinth 189,no. 570, pl. XI signed KaXXiaxouAgora vii, 94, no. 271 signed Also BCH 90 no. 272, signed KaXXúrrou. StcuktuxvoG; (1966) 509-10, no. 10,fig.27. The typewas common amongtheCorinthianimportsat Benghazi Benghazi 102-104,nos.698-712 pl. 21 and uncataloguedpieces. Late 2nd-3rdcentA.D. L644 (71/L211) SML 137 plates 244, 271. Est D. 10. Recomposedof four.Handle, shoulder,discus,and underbody fragment.Crisp plaster mould. Two grooveson handle. "Channel-and-panel"shoulder. On whatremainsofdiscusone ofthreemasks- thisis a slave. Pink buffclay, fine.Plain surfacefinish.XI 2-3, late 2nd-early3rd centA.D. Corinthian.BroneerXXVII Corinth 205, no. 702, The subjectappears on pl. XII, signed'Apicrrovéixou. an Italian lamp of different form,BMC ii, 335, Q, 1326,and commentop. cit. 333. For lamps withthe same rim-type Agoravii, nos. 223, 250, 275 and 283. L645 (67/P248)SML 289 plates 244,271. 3.0 x 3.5. Discus fragment.Fairly crisp mould. Head of Athena Promachosto left.Part ofsmallfillinghole offcentre towards9 o'clock. Pale yellow clay; plain surface finish.II 2a, upper wash, to late 4th-early5th cent A.D. ProbablyAttic.DiscussedAgoravii, 111-112.Ours recallsno. 653 op. cit. 112,pls. 12, 15 (dated mid3rd centA.D.). Severalwerefoundat Tarsus- Tarsus116, no. 209,pl. 102,fromtheFactoryDeposit.Waldhauer 61-62, no. 476 fromS. Russia. L646 (67/P52)SML 222 plates 244,271. EstD. 8.0, H. 2.6. Very Shoulder,discus,underbodyand base fragment. thinwalls. Fairlycrispplastermould. Channel-andset panel shoulder.Withinthechannel,petal-rosettes in reversinghookswithtendrilsbetween(Perlzweig, Agoravii, on no. 781). On the discus, (part of) Aphroditeand ThreeGraces(twoofthethreeGraces, of and theirpedestal).Smokeblackenedon fragment nozzle. Low ringfoot.Fragmentof reliefinscription on the underfoot[ ]PO. Buffbrown clay with minute white particles; plain surface finish,pale cream. N House, Room II; late 2nd-early3rd cent A.D. Attic. Broneer XXVII. Of great delicacy. The scene consistsof,left,the threeGraces on a pedestal withbase in twodegrees,top in twodegrees.Centre, Aphrodite,frontal,righthand restingon the Graces

THE LAMPS pedestal,head turnedleft,draperyaroundher lower limbs.In herraisedlefthand is a veil whichhangsto theground.To herrightan altarwithsomething on it; a treebehind. The subjectis exclusivelyAttic;it was apparently the creation of Elpidephoros,and taken over by Eutyches.It belongsto thefirst(and finest)ofthefour has groupsof lamps into whichElpidephoros'oeuvre been dividedby Perlzweig- Agoravii, 31-32, which dates to the firsthalfof the 3rd centA.D. Perlzweig (op. cit. 110 on Agora no. 639) states"The onlyAttic cultwhichwouldsuitthereliefon thelampsis thatof Demos and theGraces,whoseshrinewas northwest of theAgora and withwhomAphroditeHegemonewas associated; the cult survived in Roman times". Perlzweigpointsout that otherinstanceshave been collected by A Kubier, 'Zum Formwandelin der spätantikenattischenTonplastik', Jdl 67, (1952) 99-145,esp. pp. 108and 116,withfigs.3-5. Add Délos 136, no. 4686, pl. 32, signed EAniAE

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3rd A.D. and later.Deposit U. Upper wash levels,late 2nd/early debris.Deposit S2. Severanoccupationlevelwithdestruction Mid-late 2nd A.D. wash levels. Hadrianicdestruction debris,re-deposited. DepositD6. Paved streetsurface(1st A.D.), withdrain. Streetwalls. Well 8b, pit fillat top. DepositT2. Well 8b fill,to early2nd A.D. DepositT3, projected. East House Neroniandestruction deposit.Deposit NI. Build up ofstreetsurface,1stA.D. and earlier. Tiberianfloordeposit,Bl. Hellenisticwash levels,2nd B.C. (2nd quarter). Hellenisticoccupationlevel,2nd B.C. (1st quarter). Hellenisticfillin Pit 37 (VIII Pit 8). Hellenisticoccupationlevel. wash levels. Classical/Hellenistic Classical terracewalls. Late Geometricwash level. Orientalizingfillin Pit 47 (VIII 35, Pit 13). DepositGF. MG fillin Pit 27 (VII/XII Pit 8). Deposit GD. Mixed pit fill,LM IIIC/Geometric.Pit 32 (XII Pit 9). Sub-Minoanwash levels,as MUM Section3, level 1. DisturbedMinoan destruction debris. LM destruction and re-occupation;see MUM Section3. East and westwalls of Minoan UnexploredMansion.

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