Knossos North Cemetery: Early Greek Tombs vols I-IV. (Supplementary Volume)

byRosemaryRobertson. Polychrome pithos,Tomb 285.40,withlid 56. Watercolour KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J...

Author: R.W.V. Catling | J.N. Coldstream

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byRosemaryRobertson. Polychrome pithos,Tomb 285.40,withlid 56. Watercolour

KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM and H. W. CATLING, Editors VOLUMEI

THE TOMBS, andCATALOGUEOF FINDS

with Carington-Smith J. W. G. Cavanagh J. M. Cocking R. D. G Evely R. A. HlGGINS R. J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE

N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.

SUPPLEMENTARYVOLUME NO. 28 Published by

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1996

Publishedand distributed by The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHoPY The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 904887 17o

ProducedbySuttonPublishingLtd, Stroud,Glos. Printedby WBC Limited,Bridgend

IN MEMORY OF

JAMESKINGDOM BROCK AND

DAVID SMYTH

CONTENTS ix xvi

Editors' Preface Abbreviations

i i 3

Chapter i

THE TEKE SITE Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs

Chapter 2

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs

Chapter 3

THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs

284 284 284

Chapter 4

SPORADIC

FINDS

291

53 53 56

EDITORS' PREFACE EXCAVATION, RECORDING

AND REPORTING

More than twentyindividuals shared, forvaryinglengthsof time, the task of supervisingthe excavations of the Dark Age tombs described here. Overall responsibilityfor the excavation rested with J. Carington-Smith, Field Director, and H. W. Catling, Director, who also personallysupervisedthe excavation of many individual tombs. Such supervisionentailed the control of workmen, keeping the Day Books, planning tombs and their finds in situ,and packing and labelling objects as they were lifted. Tomb descriptions published here were written by J. Carington-Smith, H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh and R. J. Howell, with chronological advice fromJ. N. Coldstream and E. Moignard. The descriptions were subsequentlyedited foruniformity by H. W. Catling. included the Supervisors following(* = a prolonged period of supervision,1= supervisionof tombs at Teke,2 = supervision of Fortetsa 1967 tombs): M. Alden; C. J. M. Catling; W. G. Cavanagh*; J. N. Coldstream2; E. Donoghue; L. Fitton; R. J. Heyhoe; R. J. Howell1*; G. L. Huxley2; R. E.Jones; C. F. Macdonald; C. B. Mee; N. Platon1; M. R. Popham1; E. M. Preston;H. C. Ridley; L. H. Sackett1;A. Thomas*; S. Wall; P. M. Warren;J. M. Webb; S. H. Young. Individual tombswere supervised,and reportswrittenas follows:TOMB SUPERVISOR B L. H. Sackett,M. R. Popham A, C L. H. Sackett D L. H. Sackett,M. R. Popham E L. H. Sackett F M. R. Popham G N. Platon, R.J. Howell H,J, K, L, M R.J. Howell N N. Platon, R.J. Howell O R.J. Howell,J. Carington-Smith R. J. Howell P, Q, 1, 2, 8, 9, 13 J. Carington-Smith M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith 14 16 J. Carington-Smith 18 M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith C. J. M. Catling,J. Carington-Smith 19 E. Donoghue 24 E. Donoghue, R.J. Heyhoe 25 E. Donoghue, J. Carington-Smith 26 28 J. Carington-Smith 30 R.J. Heyhoe,E. Donoghue,H. W Catling 31 J. Carington-Smith E. Donoghue, R.J. Heyhoe, A. Thomas 34

REPORT R. J. Howell R. J. Howell L. H. Sackett R.J. Howell N. Platon, R.J. Howell R.J. Howell N. Platon, R.J. Howell R.J. Howell,J. Carington-Smith R. J. Howell J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling

x

KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY

TOMB

SUPERVISOR

REPORT

40, 44 45 48 55 56557?59 60 61 63 69 75 76, 78 79 80, 82 85 86 98 100

J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh

113 121,123 125 126 129, 132 134 135 138 146 149 152 153, 157 159 160 163, 168 175 176, 182,

J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith A. Thomas W. G. Cavanagh E. Preston,H. W. Catling M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith,E. Preston A. Thomas J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh E. Preston W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh A.Thomas W. G. Cavanagh L S. H. Young W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith E. Preston E. Preston W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh A. Thomas W. G. Cavanagh C. F. Macdonald W. G. Cavanagh ' A. Thomas C. F. Macdonald A. Thomas

207 208 218

J. Carington-Smith A. Thomas J. Carington-Smith

J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith

103 104 105 107 112

186, 200-2

W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling' W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling H. W. Catling H. W. Catling

EDITORS'

PREFACE

xi

TOMB

SUPERVISOR

REPORT

219

J. Carington-Smith,M. Alden, L. Fitton,S. Wall L. Fitton S. Wall J. Carington-Smith,P. M. Warren M. Alden M. R. Popham J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith,H. C. Ridley J. Carington-Smith

J. Carington-Smith

J.N. Coldstream,G. L. Huxley

J. N. Coldstream,G. L. Huxley

221 222 229 242 247 280, 282-3 285 287 292 293-4, 306,

W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith

310

F67/1-15

STUDY AND PUBLICATION

on thescale oftheNorthCemeteryexcavation,studyand publication, Duringan undertaking to thedifferent it is naturalthata verylargenumberofpeople willhave contributed stagesof thework.Though the Editorshave endeavouredto mentionall thosewho tookpart,and to whomthanksare bothdue, and herewarmlyexpressed,it is possiblethatsome participants have been overlooked.If so, the Editorsoffertheirsincereapologies,and theirthanksfor was contributed. whatever oftombsat theTeke site thepiecemealdiscovery to theSchoolto investigate The invitation and Classical of when was made by Dr. (now Professor) Ephor Prehistoric StylianosAlexiou, as Ephor, Alexiou Professor who succeeded Dr. in Herakleion. AngelikiLembessis, Antiquities of Crete'sMedical Facultysiteand, withthe the University invitedthe School to investigate forpayingthe work-force, staffof the Ephorate,undertookresponsibility administrative 's casual labourforce. of the from the wider from recruited Knossos,partly Ephorate pool partly Dr. YannisTzedakis,in chargeoftheEphorate,continuedto In thelaterstagesoftheexcavation Museum offerall necessaryhelp.Duringthesubsequentstudyof materialin the Stratigraphie when available was then and theHerakleionMuseum,Dr. YannisSakellarakis, by Ephor, always assistancewas required.Duringthe finalstagesof studyin 1995,the Ephor,Dr. Alexandra was most in 1978,had closelyfollowedtheexcavation's Karetsou(who,as Epimeletria progress) Museum. in Herakleion finds stored the in us access to helpful allowing In the earlystagesof the excavation,at Teke,the Niotakisand Koiladi familiesraisedno the building objectionwhen the School respondedto the Ephorate'srequestto investigate authorities site the Medical At the on their gracefully University Faculty properties. plots acceptedthe need foran excavationin advance of building,and forthe inescapabledelays thusentailed.Their assistancein the provisionof earth-moving plant,and theirwillingness contributions to the also to pay fortheremovalof topsoilfromthe site,weremostimportant of the excavation. success releasedthematerialhe had recovered The late Professor NikolaosPlatonmostgenerously an ofdiscovery; an accountofthecircumstances at theTeke sitein 1943,and has contributed here. of his text is translation original published English

xii


The Managing Committeeof the School endorsed the School Director's decision to The Chairman,thelateDr. R. to the1978requestoftheGreekauthorities. respondpositively The lateProfessor A. Higgins,followedtheprogressoftheworkcloselyand supportively. J. M. a visit to Cook was VisitingFellowat thetime,and muchencouragedparticipants by special Knossos duringthe excavation.The Directorof the School, H. W. Catling,had overall and to theManagingCommitteefortheconductofthe to theGreekauthorities, responsibility to excavationand forarranging thesubsequentstudy. J. N. Coldstreamacceptedtheinvitation in the in from the Dark tombs and the chief role a role the of Age study pottery play major ofthesevolumes. preparation ofKnossosFellowat thetimeoftheMedical Dr.JillCarington-Smith heldtheappointment FacultySite excavation.In thatpostshe undertookdirectionof theexcavationin thefield,a whichlastedmanymonths,and entailedlong hoursof strenuousand exacting responsibility work.She had, perforce, to makethebestofa constantly changingseriesoftombsupervisors, and a labour forceof limitedexperienceand skill- apart fromthe Foreman,the late Mr conducted AntonisZidianakis,and one or two old Knossian hands. Dr. Carington-Smith herselfwith the greatestskill and energy,and a great debt is owed her for her huge contribution. We pay tributeelsewhereto thememoryofDavid Smyth,theSchool'sHonorarySurveyor, was the who tooka largepartin recording theTeke tombsin 1975-76.His greatachievement siteplan ofthe1978excavation,forwhichhe laid downtheoriginalgridand keptcontrolofit witha bulldozerand a JCB. createdby workinghand-in-hand despiteenormousdifficulties on the He tiedeverytombintothegrid,and relatedthe resulting Survey, plan to the Knossos Second Edition of which he had recentlyworkedin collaborationwithM. S. F. Hood. he preparedthecemetery Subsequently, plan and theplansoftheindividualtombspublished hereas figs.1-55. Duringthebusiestweeksof the 1978excavation,in May andJune,verylargequantitiesof Museumforfuture materialwererecoveredeveryday and broughtback to the Stratigraphie which were transferred attention,alwaysexceptingpreciousobjects straightaway to the HerakleionMuseum.Receptionofmaterialwas organisedbyE. A. Catling,assistedfromtime to timebyM. Alden,L. Cavanagh,C. Mee and C. Rees. The hugetaskofcleaninghundreds ofbasketsofbrokenpottery, as wellas a greatmanycompletevases,was theworkchieflyof Mrs Eleni Petraki.Her husband,the late PetrosPetrakis,Hon. MBE, School vase-mender, thousandsof vases in the workshopof the undertookthe enormoustaskof reconstructing a skill and with speed that astonishedeven those long StratigraphieMuseum, working accustomedto hisexceptionalqualities. firstby V workon metalsand faiencewas undertaken Duringlaterseasons,conservation Cameron and at P. successive were assisted later Cataloguers Knossos, by Kelly, byJ. Lee; they C. Morris. whichhad to be spreadand Manytombscontainedverylargequantitiesofbrokenpottery in sortedto prepareit forthe vase-menderand subsequentprocessing. Amongparticipants thisworkwere L. Bloementhal;E. A. Catling;H. W. Catling;E Cawsey (Mrs Dick);J. N. Coldstream; S. Huxley; S.Johnson; C. Morris (Mrs Peatfield);A. Peatfield;S. Raven; T. Rombos(MrsSamaras). at theTeke sitewas theworkofR. J. Howell,M. R. Pophamand Excavationphotography and weretakenbyJ. Carington-Smith sitephotographs L. H. Sackett.At theMedical Faculty, H. W. Catling.The major taskof object photographyduringstudywas sharedby H. W. H. W. Catling,D. Evely,D. Catling,J. N. Coldstream,E. Moignard,and S. Raven (pottery),

KI) ITO RS' PR E FACH:

xiii

Hibler, R. J. Howell, A. Peatficldand S. Raven (other objects); all those named have to a greateror lesserdegree,to VolumeIV Negativesmade by the above were contributed, Institute ofArchaeology at the School in Athens(S. Raven),at theLondonUniversity printed of and at the Oxford Institute (R. L. Wilkins). Archaeology (S. Laidlaw;L. Morgan) University in the illustrations and draughtswomen is represented The workofnumerousdraughtsmen of Potteryand Other Objects reproducedin VolumeIII. Originaldrawingswere made by: Mrs KatharineBaker (Orientalizingpottery);Mrs Elizabeth Catling(Subminoanpottery; bronzes; iron objects); Mr JeffClarke (the Wild Goat oinochoe, T. 56. 11); Dr. Nicola and Geometricpottery); Miss Emma Faull Coldstream(thegreaterpartoftheProtogeometric - theWildGoat dinos,T. - Subminoanpottery); Miss Zillah Pettit(MrsRichards (MrsSpring 34. 18, the Cretan LO dinos,T. 56. 13); Miss RosemaryRobertson(Orientalizingpottery, in the FRONTISPIECES) and Mrs Ann Thomas (Geometricpottery). includingthewatercolours were made by Miss Susan Bird; Mrs The finaltracingsof thesedrawingsforreproduction Miss ElizabethCatling;Miss Emma Faull(MrsSpring);Mrs Davina Huxley;Mrs Sara Parfitt; Diana Robertson and Mrs Wardle. Rosemary Museum,participantswere greatly Duringthe manyyearsof studyin the Stratigraphie A. A. A. D. Peatfieldand C. assistedby theSchool'sKnossosstaff, includingJ. MacGillivray, F. Macdonald (successiveCurators),and P. Cameronand C. Morris(successiveCataloguers). Mrs Cameron undertookthe onerous task of enteringall thismaterialin the Accessions Museum. She and Dr. MacGillivrayfacilitated the systematic Registersof the Stratigraphie transfer of manytombgroupsfromthe Stratigraphie Museum to the HerakleionMuseum duringtheearly1980's,at thedirectionoftheEphor,Dr. YannisSakellarakis. Many authorshave contributedto these volumes. It has been explained suprathatJ. W. G. Cavanagh, H. W. Catlingand R. J. Howell betweenthemdrafted Carington-Smith, all the tomb nearly descriptions.The catalogue entriesaccompanyingthe descriptionof each tomb were writtenby the individualspecialistsresponsibleforthe corresponding - H. W. Catling; Other analyticalsectionsin Volume II, as follows:Subminoan Pottery Subminoan Objects- H. W. Catling; Protogeometricand Geometric Pottery- J. N. - E. Moignard;Iron- A. M. Snodgrass;Bronze- H. W. Coldstream;OrientalizingPottery A. Catling; Jewellery |R. Higgins; Faience, Egyptian Blue and Glass- V Webb; - |R. A. Terracottas Higgins; Other Materials- R. D. G. Evely.In addition, the tomb draw on information descriptions providedby R. D. G. Evely(OtherMaterials),J. Cocking H. (Textileremains), J. Musgrave(Human remains)and S. Wall-Crowther (Animalremains), whilethe Catalogue includesinformation fromD. Liddy'schemicalanalysisof pottery. Dr. R. E. Jones,formerDirector of the Fitch Laboratory,kindlyrevisedDr. Liddy's report beforepublication.Valuable advice on a Minoan seal was receivedfromDr.J. Bettsand Dr. I. Pini. Mentionhas alreadybeen made ofthesubstantial financialcontributions made duringthe excavationby the Ephoria of Prehistoricand Classical Antiquities,Herakleion(workmen's ofCrete(earth-moving wagesand I. K. A insurance)and theUniversity equipmentand spoil in manyways,notleastin theemoluments disposal).The BritishSchool at Athenscontributed of theofficers who participatedin different aspectsof thework(Director,AssistantDirector, Directorof the FitchLaboratory,Knossos Fellow,Curatorsat Knossos, Fitch Laboratory Fellow,Cataloguersat Knossos).The School also providedaccommodationand maintenance forexcavationsupervisors,and generoussupportsubsequentlyduringthe Knossos study seasons.The Managing Committeemore recentlyapproveda generousgrantto meet the expensesincurredin thefinalstagesofthepreparationofthisreportforthepress.The British

xiv


Academyin 1980,1981and 1982made grantstoJ. N. Coldstreamand E. Moignardforstudy seasonsat Knossos. to discbyV Battenand L. Steel,with The entiretextofthesevolumeshas been committed efforts towardsthispublication. assistancefromN. Wardle.We thankthemfortheirstrenuous *

#

#

#

*

We distinguish the tombsthus:forthe Teke plots,the lettersA-Qj forthe University site, simplearabicnumerals1-310;fortheFortetsatombs,F/67followedbyarabicnumbers1-15. In thecatalogues,thefindsare numberedin theorderin whichtheycame out oftheearth, and are markedwiththe numbersassignedto themby the excavators.In any but the least disturbedtombsit is hardlysurprisingthat different parts of the same object will have occurrenceofvacatagainstmany numbers;hencethefrequent acquiredtwoor moredifferent entriesin thecatalogues,underwhichreference maybe made to theheadingunderwhichthe reunitedobject is described.For mosttombs,the catalogueswill outrunthe numberingof objectsobservedduringthe excavation;the additionalfindswerelatermendedfromdisiecta membra withinthe tomb. The catalogues also include findsof later periods, infiltrating especiallyfromHellenisticor Roman burials;theseare mentioned,but withoutdescription. Theirfullstudyis reservedfora laterpublication. We referto each individualfind,in discussion,by its tombnumber(or,forTeke,letter) a numberprecededby f fora smallfind. followedby a simplearabic numeralforpottery, of thetomb,thetomb Withintheentryforeach tombin PartI, especiallyin thedescription numberor lettermaybe omitted. In the tomb descriptions,all measurementsare given in metres;in the catalogues,in centimetres. will to FIGS,and PLATES Foreach entryin thecatalogueforsmallfinds,individualreferences own FIG. will likewise bear their be given.Entriesforpotteryvesselsillustrated by drawings but sincethe photographsare arrangedin the same orderas the tombs(PLATES references; 45-262), we give general PLATEreferencesat the head of each potterycatalogue, and individualreferenceto PLATESonly where the photographoccurs on a page well out of numericalorder.An asterisk againsta vesselindicatesthatno photographis included. forthedatingof theotherobjectsand foundation Since potterysuppliesthechronological of thetombs,a phase inJ. K. Brock'ssystemis suggestedwitheach catalogue forthehistory betweena entry.Whereascriptionto a singlephase is not possible,we make a distinction either to which could a vessel LG-EO denotes an thus and period, belong oblique: hyphen to a brieftransitional butLG/EO refers phasebetweenthetwoperiods(see GGP245-6,330). In our references to comparativematerialwe do not includeany publicationappearing themselves. after1994,otherthanarticleswritten bythecontributors thetombsand findsofa verylarge Whenmorethana dozenscholarsanalyseand interpret on thevariousquestions conclusions form different will inevitable that it is very they cemetery, whichmay arise. We have no wish to projectany 'orthodox'approach to such questions; views instead,we attemptthrougheditorialfootnotesto alertthe readerto any alternative in other chapters. expressed We dedicatethesevolumesto honourthememoryoftwomenwho,in different ways,have forthisworkon theNorthCemetery. laid thefoundations ofJamesBrock, achievement We haveall appreciated,withenhancedrespect,themasterly Knossian of the thefirstscholarto charta reliablecoursethroughtheterra EarlyIron incognita

EDITORS'

PREFACE

xv

has Age. His chronological sequencehas stoodthe testof time;and, forall of us, his Fortetsa on everykindof materialfromthe North been an indispensablesource of enlightenment Cemetery. We also rememberwithprofoundgratitudeand admirationthe sterlingworkof David Smyth,formanyyearstheBritishSchool'sHonorarySurveyor. Throughouttheexcavationof the Teke and Medical Facultysites he was our architect,and is thus one of the major contributors to thisreport.As wellas makingthe sitesurvey, on whichall excavatedfeatures are recorded,includingthe tombsreportedhere,he made fielddrawingsof the plans and sectionsofmanyof thetombs,oftenunderharassingconditions, takingendlesstrouble,even in the mostabundantlyrichtombs,to markeven the smallestobject in its correctposition. Later,he preparedthefinished drawingsofall thetombspublishedhere. H. W. C. J. N. C.

ABBREVIATIONS PERIODICALS AAA AD AE AJA AM Ann. Ant.K. AR Arch.J. AS BA Besch

AthensAnnals of Archaeology ArchaiologikonDeltion ArchaiologikeEphemeris AmericanJournal of Archaeology Mitteilungendes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts,atthenischeAbteilung Annuario della R. Scuola Archaeologica di Atene AntikeKunst Archaeological Reports ArchaeologicalJournal Anatolian Studies Bulletin van de Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke

Beschaving BASOR Bulletinof the American Schools of Oriental Research BAR BritishArchaeological Reports BCH Bulletinde correspondence hellénique BritishMuseum Quarterly BMQ B. d. A. Bolletino dell'arte BRGK Berichtder Römisch-GermanischenKommission BSA Annual of the BritishSchool at Athens Bull d'Arch.Marocaine Bulletind'archéologie marocaine BMMA Bulletinof the Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York Cronache d'Archeologia Cron.d'Arch. Dial. Arch. Dialoghi di Archeologia EA Ephemeris Archaiologike GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies IM Mitteilungendes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts,AbteilungIstanbul Journal of Archaeological Science JAS Jahrbuchdes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts Jdl JEA Journal of EgyptianArchaeology Journal of Glass Studies JOS Journal of Hellenic Studies JHS Journal of Near Eastern Studies JNES JOAI Jahresheftedes ÖsterreichischenArchäologischenInstitutsin Wien Kretika Chronika (Herakleion) K. Ch. Monumenti antichi pubblicati per cura della (Reale) Accademia Nazionale dei MA Lincei Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome MAAR Notizie degli scavi d'antichità JV.Se. Ath. Opuscula Atheniensia Op. Praktikates Akademias Athenon PAA Praktikates en Athenais ArchaiologikesEtaireias PAE PPS Proceedings of the PrehistoricSociety PrähistorischeZeitschrift P£ Revue archéologique RA RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities,Cyprus

ABBREVIATIONS RG^M RM St. Etr. %PE

xvii

Jahrbuchdes Römisch-GermanischenZentralmuseum,Mainz Mitteilungendes Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,römischeAbteilung Studi etruschi ZeitschriftfürPapyrologieund Epigraphik

OTHER WORKS Aegyptiaca AGF Alaas Alasia I Alasia III Antro Arkades Atsalenio Ay.Ioannis Ay.Paraskies Blinkenberg BMC Jewellery BMC Terr II Bossert Bouzek Catalogue Cavanagh1987 CBMW CCO CGA CMS Corinth vili Corinth XV.i Corinth XV.2 Corinth XV.3 Cyprusand Crete DAG Délos X Délos XV DorianKnossos ECr EGAW

J. D. S. Pendlebury,Aegyptiaca (Cambridge, 1930) V Webb, ArchaicGreekFaience(Warminster,1978) V Karageorghis,Alaas: a Protogeometric in Cyprus(Nicosia, 1975) Necropolis C. E A. Schaeffer(ed. ), MissionArchéologique d'AlasiaIV Alasia I. (Paris, 1971) d'Enkomi(Paris, 1984) J-C. Courtois, Alasia III. Les ObjetsdesNiveauxStratifies E Halbherr,Antichità dell'Antro di Zeus Ideo (1888) D. Levi, Arkades: una città cretese all'alba della civiltà ellenica', Ann. 10-12 (1927-29), 1-723 K. Davaras, 'Two Geometrie Tombs at Atsalenio near Knossos', BSA 63 (1968), 133-46 J. Boardman, 'Protogeometric graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos', BSA 55 (i960), 128-48 N. Platon, 'Geometrikos Taphos Agion Paraskion Herakleiou', AE 1945-47, 47~97 C. Blinkenberg,Fibulesgrecques etorientales (Copenhagen, 1926) F. H. Marshall, CatalogueoftheJewellery, Etruscanand Roman,in theDepartments Greek, British Museum ofAntiquities, (London, 1911) R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof the Terracottasin theDepartmentof Greekand Roman BritishMuseumii The PlasticVases(London, 1959) Antiquities, H. T. Bossert,AltSyrien (Tübingen, 1951) in the2nd Millennium J. Bouzek, The Aegean,Anatoliaand Egypt:Culturalinterrelations B C (Prague, 1985) duMuséeNationald'Athènes J. Poursat, Cataloguedesivoires Mycéniens (Paris, 1977) W. G. Cavanagh, 'Cluster Analysis of Mycenaean chamber tombs', in R. Laffineur(ed.), Thanatos:les coutumes en Egée à l'Agedu Bronze.AegaeumI funéraires (Liège, 1987), 161-9. H. W. Catling, Cypriot in theMycenaeanWorld(Oxford, 1964) Bronzework J. Boardman, The CretanCollectionin Oxford.The Dictaean Cave and IronAge Crete (Oxford, 1961) P. Courbin, La céramique de l'Argolide géométrique (Paris, 1966). der minoischen und Corpus mykenischenSiegel S. S. Weinberg,Corinth vil.i: The Geometric and Orientalizing (Harvard, 1943) Pottery A. N. Stillwell,Corinth XV.i: The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. (Princeton,1948) A. N. Stillwell,Corinth XV.2: The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. (Princeton,1952) A. N. Stillwell,Corinth The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. XV.3: (Princeton,1984) ActsoftheInternational 'The Relationsbetween Archaeological Symposium Cyprusand Crete, ca. 2000-joo B. C ed. V Karageorghis (Nicosia, 1979) A. M. Snodgrass, TheDarkAgeofGreece (Edinburgh, 1971) C. Dugas, Délos X. Les vasesde l H eraion(Paris, 1928) C. Dugas and C. Rhomaios, Délos XV. Les vasespréhelléniques etgéométriques (Paris, !934) J. N. Coldstream, 'Dorian Knossos and Aristotle'sVillages', in C. Nicolet (ed.), Aux origines de l'héllénisme: la Crèteetla Grèce.Hommageà H. vanEjfenterre (Paris, 1984), 311-22 EtudeCretoises (Paris) A. M. Snodgrass, EarlyGreek Armour and Weapons(Edinburgh, 1964)

xviii


K Platona(Herakleion, 1987) già tonKathegete Eilapine.TomosTimetikos tesEleusinos(Athens,1975) G. E. Mylonas, ToDutikonJVekrotapheion P. Dikaios, Enkomi:Excavations 1948-1958 I- III (Mainz, 1969-71) Schaeffer,Enkomi-Alasia (Paris, 1952) Eumousia: ceramicand iconographiestudies in honourof A. Cambitoglou,ed. J.-P. Descoeudres, Mediterraenan Archaeology Supp. 1 (Sydney,1990) E EarlyGreekTombsnearKnossos.BSA Supp. 2 (Cambridge, 1957) J. K. Brock,Fortetsa: DarkAges(London, 1972) V R. d'A. Desborough, The Greek GDA Greece GG (London, 1977) J. N. Coldstream, Geometric a survey GGP oftenlocal stylesand theirchronology Pottery: J. N. Coldstream, GreekGeometric (London, 1968) J. N. Coldstream, 'Gift Exchange in the 8th Century B. C, in R. Hägg (ed.), The GiftExchange and innovation B. C: tradition GreekRenaissanceof the8th Century (Stockholm, 1983), 201-07 andEarlyRomanGlass(Corning 1979) S. M. Goldstein,Pre-Roman Goldstein Roman 2nd ed. (London, 1981) and Greek A. R. Jewellery, Higgins, GRJ'2 J. N. Coldstream et ai, 'Knossos: an early Greek tomb on Lower Gypsades Hill', Gypsades BSA 76 (1981), 141-65 M. Hartley,'Early Greek Vases fromCrete', BSA 31 (1930-31), 56-114 Hartley P. Ástrom,D. M. Bailey and V Karageorgis, Hala SultanTekkeI H ST Excavations HSTl ^97-W1 (Göteborg, 1976) Hala SultanTekkeIV. G. Huit ExcavationsinArea8, 1974-75. D. Me Caslin, The 1977 HSTlV Underwater Report(Göteborg, 1978) P. Ástrom, E. Àstrom, A. Hatziantoniou, K. Niklasson, U. Obrink, Hala Sultan HSTvill Vili Excavations Tekke 1971-79(Göteborg, 1983) withEuropeandAsia (Oxford, 1956) P.Jacobsthal, GreekPinsand theirconnections Jacobsthal B. C PlasticArt in the VIM Century Dorian A Dedalica. R. J. H. Jenkins, Studyof Jenkins (Cambridge, 1936) K. F.Johansen,Les vasessicyoniens (Paris, 1923) Johansen Kaloriziki (Göteborg, 1973) ofKaloriziki J. L. Benson, TheNecropolis A. Kanta, The Late Minoan HI periodin Crete.A Surveyof Sites,Potteryand their Kanta Distribution (SIMA 58) (Göteborg, 1980) vonMykenai(Munich, 1930) G. Karo, Die Schachtgräber Karo SG KitionandAmathus J. N. Coldstream, 'Kition and Amathus: some reflectionson theirwestwardlinks during the Early Iron Age', in V. Karageorghis (ed.), Acts of theInternational andtheOrient' theOccident between (Nicosia, 1986), 321-9 'Cyprus Symposium Archaeological G. Clerc, V Karageorghis, E. Lagarce andj. Leclant, Fouillesde KitionII. Objets Kitionii etégyptisants (Nicosia, 1976) égyptiens V Karageorghis (ed.), FouillesdeKitionIV. The non-Cypriote Kitioniv (Nicosia, 1981) Pottery deKtima(Paris, 1958) Ktima J. Deshayes, La Nécropole M. S. F. Hood and D. Smyth,Archaeological KS2 SurveyoftheKnossosArea,2nd ed. BSA 198 1) Supp. 14 (London, BSA Supp. 8 (London, 1973) KSD ofDemeter, J. N. Coldstream etai, Knossos:theSanctuary Kretische E. Kunze, Kunze KB (Stuttgart,1931) Bronzereliefs BSA The Cemeteries. M. R. Popham et al, LejkandiI. The IronAge: The settlement. I Lefkandi 11 Plates, 1979) 1980; (Text, Supp. and theirSuccessors V. R. d'A. Desborough, TheLast Mycenaeans LMTS (Oxford, 1964) Kreten: B. Mastambas Anatoliken eis ereunai A. Lembesi, 'Anaskaphikai Mastambas Herakleiou', PAE 1970 (1972), 270-97 derkretisch-mykenischen H. Matthäus, Die Bronzegefässe Kultur,PBF II, 1 (Munich, Matthäus1980 1980) Eilapine Eleusis Enkomi Enkomi-Alasia Eumousia

ABBREVIATIONS Matthäusig8j

xix

Metallurgy

H. Matthäus, Metallgefässeund Gefässunters und ätze derBronzezeit,dergeometrischen archäischen PeriodeaufCypern, PBF II, 8 (Munich, 1985) J. D. Muhly, R. Maddin, V. Karageorghis (eds.), Early Metallurgyin Cyprus,

NaukratisI il JVaukratis Necrocorinthia Nichoriaill

W. M. F. Pétrie,NaukratisI (London, 1886) E. A. Gardner,NaukratisII (London, 1888) H. G. G. Payne,JVecrocorinthia (Oxford, 1931) W. A. McDonald, W. D. E. Coulson, J. Rosser (eds.), Excavationsat Nichoriain SW

OlympiaIV Payne PBF I Perachora Perachora II

4000-500B. C. (Nicosia,1982)

Greece III.DarkAgeandByzantine (Minnesota,1983) Occupation

W. Furtwängler,OlympiaIV Die Bronzen(Berlin, 1890) H. G. G. Payne, 'Early Greek Vases fromKnossos', BSA 29 (1927-28), 224-98 Prähistorische Bronzefunde (Munich, etc) H. G. G. Payne etai, Perachora I. The Sanctuaries ofHera Akraiaand Limenia(Oxford,

!94°)

T. J. Dunbabin (ed.), PerachoraII. Pottery, Ivories,Scarabsand OtherObjects fromthe Votive Hera Limenia Depositof (Oxford, 1962) Perati S. Iakovides, Perati:ToNekrotapheion I- III (Athens,1969) PGP V R. d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric (Oxford, 1952) Pottery PictorialPottery M. Iakovou, The PictorialPottery B. C Cyprus(Göteborg, 1988) ofnth Century Pieridou PGRK A. Pieridou, O Protogeometrikos en Rythmos Kypro(Athens,1973) Pini I. Pini, Beiträge Gräberkunde zurmimischen (Wiesbaden, 1968) PM A. J. Evans, The Palace ofMinos at KnossosI-IV (London, 1921-35) The Palace ofNestorat Pylosin Western MesseniaI, C. W. Biegen and M. Rawson PJV (Princeton, 1966); II, M. Lang (Princeton, 1969); III, C. W. Biegen, M. Rawson, W. D. Taylour,W. P Donovan (Princeton,1973) Protohippalektryon J. N. Coldstream, 'The Knossian Protohippalektryon', in Festschrift für N Himmelmann (Mainz, 1989), 23-6 Protokorinthische H. G. G. Payne, Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei Vasen,Heft 7) (Berlin, (BilderGriechische Vasenmalerei 1933) PTK A. J. Evans, 'PrehistoricTombs at Knossos', Archaeologia 59 (1905), 392-525 Reflexions J. N. Coldstream, 'Some Minoan Reflexions in Cretan Geometrie Art', in J. H. II Betts,J. T. Hooker and J. R. Green (eds.), Studiesin Honourof T B. L. Webster (Bristol,1988), 23-32 G. Rizza, 'Gli scavi di Prinias e il problema della origini dell'arte greca', in Un Rizza 1978 decenniodi RicercheArchaeo logiche,Quaderni de 'La Ricerche Scientifica' (CNR, Rome, 1978) I, 85-138 SamosV H. Walter, Samos V FrühesamischeGefässe:Chronologie undLandschaftstile ostgriechischer Gefässe(Bonn, 1968) Inseln.PBFXYV. 4 (Munich, 1978) Sapouna-Sakellaraki E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, Die Fibelndergriechischen SchäferReliefpithoi J. Schäfer,Studienzu dergriechischen des 8-6 Jahrhunderts v. Chr.aus Kreta, Reliefpithoi Rhodos,TenosundBoiotien(Kallmunz, 1957) SCE E. Gjerstad et ai, The Swedish CyprusExpeditionI - III, IV in several parts, (Stockholm,Lund, 1934-1972) SchachermeyrKreta Schachermeyr, F., Die ÄgaischeFrühzeitIII: Kretazur £eit der Wanderungen (Wien, 1979)Schweitzer GKG B. Schweitzer,Die geometrische KunstGriechenlands (Cologne, 1969) Shales V Karageorghis, Palaepaphos-Skales: an IronAgecemetery in Cyprus(Konstanz, 1983) SteleKontoleontos Stele:tomoseis mnemen N Kontoleontos (Athens,1980) A. Xenaki-Sakellariou, / ThalamotiTaphitonMykenon Taphi (Paris, 1985) Teketholos R. W Hutchinson and J. Boardman, 'The Khaniale Tekke tombs', BSA 49 (1954), 215-28


xx TheAgesofHomer Theraii Tocral UM I UM II UrbanNucleus UrnswithLids I Vergina Vrokastro Wide Ton OTHER

A AAS Bich. BoR C CG D. DA DB. Dh. DR. E ECh EIA ER FL g. H. HL KMF KNC L. LC LR N NAA

toE. T. Vermeide,]. B. Carter, S. P. Morris (eds.) (Austin, TheAgesofHomer:a tribute Texas, 1995) Gräber(Berlin, 1902) H. von Gaertringen(ed.), ThemII. Theräische J. Boardman and J. Hayes Tocra 1963-5: The ArchaicDeposits I. BSA Supp. 4 (London, 1966) Mansion at Knossos.BSA Supp. 17 M. R. Popham et al., The Minoan Unexplored (London, 1984) excavations at theUnexplored L. H. Sacke ttetai, Knossos, fromGreekcitytoRomancolony: Mansionat KnossosII. BSA Supp. 21 (London, 1992) J. N. Coldstream, 'Knossos: an Urban Nucleus in the Dark Age?', in D. Musti dal Miceneoall'AltoArcaismo:dal palazzo alla città and A. Sacconi (eds.), La transizione (CNR, Rome, 1991),287-99 J. N. Coldstream, 'Urns with lids: the visible face of the Knossian "Dark Age'" in : D. Evely,H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds.) Knossos,a Labyrinth ofHistory honour S . in Hood, 105-122 (Oxford, 1994). of paperspresented tonTymvon I. ToMekrotapheion M. Andronikos,Vergina (Athens,1969) the E. D. Hall, 'Excavations in Eastern Crete: Vrokastro', University ofPennsylvania, Publications III. 3 (1914) MuseumAnthropological S. Wide, 'Geometrische Vasen aus Griechenland',J¿//14 (1899) 188-215 IL La TombeT I du XIe siècleavantJ. C. (Paris, 1971) M. Yon, Salaminede Chypre

to thefollowing signify Early,Middleand Late) (E, M and L whenprefixed

Archaic AtomicAbsorptionSpetroscopy Bichrome Black-on-Red Classical Cypro-Geometric Diameter DarkAge Diameterofbase Diameterofhole (beadsetc) Diameterofrim East EarlyChristian EarlyIronAge EarlyRoman FitchLaboratory grams Height Hellenistic KnossosMedicalFaculty KnossosNorthCemetery Length Late Cypriot Late Roman North NeutronActivation Analysis

ABBREVIAI' IONS

OES PA PC PH. PL. PWP RLAHA RS S SMyc. SM-LO T. Th. w W. WP Wt. XRF

Optical Emission Spectroscopy Proto-Attic Proto-Corinthian Preservedheight Preservedlength Proto White Painted Research Laboratory forArchaeology and Historyof Art (Oxford) Red Slipped South Sub-Mycenaean Subminoan- Late Orientalizing,as in F. 214 Tomb Thickness West Width White-painted Weight X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

xxi

CHAPTER 1 THE TEKE SITE Circumstances

of Excavation

When Sir Arthur Evans established himself at Knossos,he acquireda considerableestate, some of which comprisedthe Palace and its immediatesurrounds,where he excavated The restofhisland (apartfromthaton whichhe builttheVilla Ariadneand laid thoroughly. out itsgardens)had greatamenityvalue withinthe milieuwhichhe thuscreatedforhimself and hiscolleagues.Duringhislifetime, he transferred theownershipofthewholeofthisestate to theBritishSchoolat Athensto providea permanentcentreforthecontinuation ofhiswork at Knossosand land in themiddleoftheKnossosarchaeologicalarea sufficient forexcavation fora verylongtimeto come. SirArthur's calculationscouldtakeno accountoftheSecondWorldWar,and theeconomic difficulties which it was followed.The end of the war foundtheVilla Ariadnein need of by care and maintenance work,whilethe land had to be takenin hand. The School's costly Committee faced similar anxietiesat the School,in Athens.This was in theperiod Managing before Sir MortimerWheeler, as Secretary of the BritishAcademy, had persuaded Government to place the financesof all the BritishSchools and Institutes overseason a far sounderfooting. The School accordingly invitedthe GreekStateto accept ownershipof the Villa Ariadne and the land that had formedthe Evans' Estate. Ownershipwas duly transferred after detailednegotiations, and the School's financialresponsibilities wereconsiderablyeased. At the timeofthe transfer, it was agreedbetweenthe Greekauthorities and the School that,in consideration ofthegift,the School shouldin futurebe consultedby theHerakleionEphoria chancediscoveries or impending rescueexcavationsin theKnossosArchaeological concerning extensivezone,thepreciseboundariesofwhichwereratherlooselydefined.And area, a fairly so it was thatformanyyearsafterthe transfer of the Evans Estatethatthe School, at the requestoftheEphoria,wouldexcavateand publishrescuesitesin theKnossosarea. This understanding was stillin forcein 1978when a decisionwas reachedby the Greek authorities to build a substantialpart of the new University of Crete in an olive groveone kilometre north-north westoftheMinoan palace, east ofthemainHerakleion-Knossos road, and northof the Venizeleion Hospital. Previousarchaeological discoveriesin the area1 strongly suggestedthatthisolivegrovemustcontainburiedancientremains.This beliefwas onlystrengthened by discoveriesmade earlier,to the Northof the threatenedsite,wherein 1939-40R. W. Hutchinsonhad excavatedtheKhaniale Teke tholos,and othertombs.2Much morerecently, the School had excavated,piecemeal,a seriesof Dark Age chambertombsin theNiotakisand Koiladhiplotswhichbuildingactivitiesbroughtto lightin thebankbeyond

1MSF Hood, KS', gridsquaresG4, G5. a Hutchinson and Boardman, BSA 49 (1954), 215-22;

Boardman,BSA 62 (1967),57-75.KS*,Site46.

2


thenorthfringeoftheUniversity site,as it was firstcalled.3A tombhad been foundherein the and had been rescuedby Dr. Nikolaos Platon,at thattime 1943 by occupyingforces, of Herakleion.4 These tombs,whichcame to be knownas theTeketombs,are included Ephor in thisreport,designatedby lettersof the alphabet.Amongthose who took part in their excavationare R. Howell,M. R. Pophamand L. H. Sackett.Severalofthemwereplannedby D. Smyth,the School's HonorarySurveyor, who was to play so major a role in the main as itwillhereafter be described. excavationon theUniversity site theNorthCemetery, H. W. C. The road fromKnossos to Herakleion,afterpassingthe VenizeleionHospital,descendsa steepslope at thebase ofwhichone road leads w to the hamletof Teke and anotherE to a numberof suburbanhouses.Buildingin 1975and 1976on the hillslope on the S side of the latterroad uncoveredremainsof fourteenchambertombsof the PG, G and O periods.As thesewereuncovered,the BritishSchool at Athenswas invitedby Dr. S. Alexiou,Ephor of In 1975,M. R. Popham CentralCreteand Keeper oftheHerakleionMuseum,to investigate. and L. H. SackettexcavatedTs. A, B, D, E and F on the A. Koiladhi plot. In 1976,R. J. Howell,assistedby D. Smyth,excavatedTs. G, H, J,K, L, M, N and O on the adjacentM. Niotakisplot, in the angle betweenthe main and the secondaryroads. T. G was already ofa bunkerby occupyingsoldiersin knownsinceit had been discoveredduringconstruction on WorldWar II. NikolaosPlaton(laterProfessor Platon) behalfof the HerakleionEphoria, rescuedmostof the materialfromthe tombat thattime.Duringthe presentexcavationsit became clear thatthe bunkerhad cut partlythroughanothertomb,T. N, and thatsome materialfromthishad been includedin thatrecoveredbyN. Platon.(A smallsegmentofthe sametomblayin theKoiladhiplot,and had been excavatedas T. C byL. H. Sackettin 1975). ofT O could be excavatedsincetheremainderofthe In 1976onlya shortpartofthe dromos in tombwas in theS. Koiladhiplot,to theS. Excavationwas completedbyJ. Carington-Smith S of the in Koiladhi in the A. R. Howell T. excavated plot,immediately 1976 by J. 1980. Qwas Koiladhihouse. A primaryschoolstillstoodon thesiteduringN. Platon'sexcavationin 1943.The entrance to the bunkerwas stillapparentbeforethe mechanicalexcavatorbegan work.It penetrated the hillsideat rightanglesto the secondaryroad, close to the boundarywiththe Koiladhi of T. N, the tunnelturnedat rightanglesto cut Aftercuttingthroughthe dromos property. ofT. G (FIG.9). From N and then of T. the chamber partsofthechamberand dromos through led off,at rightangles,to the SE, cuttingdeeplyinto the thispassage a roundwell-shaft chamberof T. G, thefloorofwhichwas at least 1.00 above thefloorof thebunker(FIG.10). and leaningagainstthesideofthewellwerethe Therewas an ironcannonballin thewell-fill, remainsofa shovelwiththehead ofa pickaxeat itsfoot.The remainsofanothershoveland a werefoundon thefloorofthetombchamber.Possibletracesofanotherbunkerwere pitchfork witha probableshovelhandlein it.The foundcutintotheWedge ofthesametomb-chamber to the have been similar bunkermay example in the groundsof the Villa well-preserved Ariadneat Knossos.

*AR 23 (1977),11-17.L. H. Sackettin BSA 71 (1976)117-36. KS' Site47.

+ KCh1 (1947),633.J//S64(1944),86.

THE TEKE SITE - T. A.

3

Whenworkbegan,theNiotakisproperty compriseda walledgardenwitha fewfruittrees. Withinlivingmemorytherehad been a baker'shut at the top of the slope. The machine uncovereditssquarefoundations as surfacesoilwas removed.Remainsoftwopitswithtraces of burningfoundnear T. L were possiblyconnectedwiththe bakery'sovens.There was a filledand levelledstone-built wellin theNWcorneroftheplot.Therewerehighwallson theS and Woftheproperty. As wellas theslope downto theN therewas a slopeto theWdownto thelevelofthemain road. AftertheW wall had been removedand theland behindlevelled, was found,withwall foundations partofan earliercobbledroad,or kalderimi, borderingit on theE. The kalderimi was onlyexposedfora shortdistance,butappearedto be on a moreN axis than that of the modern road which runs NWtowards Herakleion. There was a stone cannonballin thewallfoundations {supra). Afterthe removalof the wall on the S side of the property, Ts. M and O were foundto extendbeneathtwowell-built of stone to flights stepsleadingup whatmustonce havebeen a little villa to the local charming belonging Agha. The ruinsof thisbuildinglay at the top of theslope.

R.J. H. THE TOMBS Tomb A (fig. 2) No dimensionsand no featuresof the tombcould be distinguished. The tomblay at theNW cornerof the Koiladhi plot. It had been almost entirelydestroyedby one of the square foundation pitssunkbythemechanicalexcavator. In theE faceofthepitpottery was retrieved fromtwopocketsofearth,neitherpenetrating morethan0.25 intothe rock.The first(1.2 below modernsurface)may have been partof a of threelargevessels,1-3. The secondpocket(at 1.70below) niche;it containedfragments marks the tomb floor. Sherds werecollectedfromthemachine'sspoil. possibly POTTERY (PLATE 45) 1. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 30. Rim to belly.Cream slip.Ridge below rim,anotherbetween neckand shoulder.Band on rimand at junctionwith shoulder,neck otherwiseplain. Shoulder: sextuple circles enclosinga zone of oblique bars, the outer circle thickened;band below. A large non-joining *bodyfr.showsa plain bellyzone,withanotherband below. Handle: bars between vertical lines. Band insiderim.PGB. Forbarswithincirclescf.283.54. 2. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 24. Nonjoiningfrs.,base missing.Insetlip; partof bucranium handleand stumpsof verticalstrap.Dark ground.In reservedpanel,tracesof complexmeander(cf.krater, G 80), singlezigzag below.Bands and lines.Bars on bucranium.MG, early. 3. *TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 31. DR. c. 16.

Non-joining frs.,but with complete profile.Rim slightlyraised, concave lip. Flattened handles, flat base. Dark ground.Reservedpanel: double zigzag, interlaced, flanked by verticals. Bands and lines. Curvedstripeson handles,on both surfaces.LG. Cf. BSAxii (1905-06)37,fig.16,L. 4. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 31. Nonjoining frs.,rim missing.Grittyred clay,pale buff wash, unpainted. Horizontal round handle on shoulder,ovoid body,flatbase. Four shallowgrooves at handlelevel.EG (?). Cf.M 20. 5. CONICAL LID. D. c. 20. Rim to near centre. Evertedlip. EarlyLG. FitsA 3. 6. OINOCHOE. Frs. of handle,neck,and shoulder. On shoulder,tracesofmultiplezigzag,rowoftongues withmidrib;barson handle.Plump.LG.

4


7. LEKYTHOS. DR. 3.7. Frs.,base and neck with handle. Soft porous buffclay, matt black and red paint.Ridgeon neck,roundhandle;lowfoot,concave below.Red band underrim,threeblacklineson neck.

Handle: blackbarsbetweenverticallines.Abovefoot, traces of broad red circle on eitherflank.Cypriot BichromeIII 'juglet'.Cf. SCE IV 2, fig.22, 11.RDAC 1984,127no. 8.

Tomb B (fig. 2) No dimensionsand no featureof the tomb could be distinguished. The 'tomb' appeared S ofT. A, in theNWcorneroftheKoiladhiplot.It was observedin theWwall of immediately a foundationpit, only 0.50 deep. Full clearance was impossibleas the shuttering forthe concretecolumnhad alreadybeen constructed. of T. N, largely The featureobservedwas a nicheand mighthave belongedto the dromos destroyed bythewartimebunker.The pottery(i, PGB coarsepithos,2, PGB jar, 3, M-LPG in T. N. is slightly earlierthananything bell-skyphos) POTTERY (PLATE 45) 1. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 40. DR. c. 35. Rim to belly. Fabric as A 4. Undercut lip, strap handle,threegrooveson shoulder.PGB. 2. DRINKING JAR (fig. 56). H. 9.5. Virtually

complete. Heavy fabric. Base rough underneath. PGB. 3. *LARGE BELL SKYPHOS. PH. 10.5. Wall and handle.Dipped. M-LPG. As D 7.

Tomb C (figs. 2, 9) No dimensions. Identified as partofT. N. The featurewas observed,as a niche,1.50deep,in theSWcornerofthefoundation pitin whichT. B was seen. Tomb D (figs. 2, 7, plate 6 a-b) Overall dimensions:5.75 Dromos:L. 4.50 W. 1.15-1.20. Stomion:destroyed.Chamber: 1.80X1. 20.

The dromos may not have been fullyexcavated.It widenedveryslightlyfromits end to and blocking had been the chamber. There is no record of its gradient. The stomion intothechamber.The chamberwas oval There was a stepdownfromthe dromos destroyed. in plan. the was ESE-WNW; The tombwas on theextremeE sideoftheKoiladhiplot.Its orientation chamberwas at theE end ofthedromos. at an oblique The tombwas foundwhen a mechanicalexcavatorcut across the dromos angle.The tombhad been robbed. floor2.50-2.70fromtheentrance;therewereother Severalstoneswereinsituon thedromos disturbedslabsin thefillnearby.There mayhave been a repiledblockingsetwellback from in the secondcent.A.D., theentrance.The chambermayhave been enteredfromthe dromos Afterthe robbing,the roofcollapsed,filling judgingfromthe sherdsin the upperdromos-ñW. the chamberwithcrushedkouskouras, tightlycompactedby a lateroverlayof 3.00-4.00 of accumulatedsoil.1-3 werein thechamber,c. 0.50 abovethefloor.5 was on thefloorin theSE ofthechamber.Othervesselshavebeen recomposedfromsherdsfoundscatteredin chamber and dromos.

THE TEKE SITE POTTERY (PLATES 45-7) 1. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;.56). H. 5.8. DR. 11.7. Nearlycomplete.Reflexroundhandles.Thickbarson rim;horizontalstripeson handles.PGB. 2. SMALL LID. H. 7.6. D. 15.5. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Two opposed suspensionholes. Spatter inside,bars on rim.PGB-EG. Cf. AJA5 (1901)pl. 9, !7-

3. CUP (fk;. 56). H. 8.8. DR. 10.8-12. Base with PGB. Cf.F. no. 434. string-mark. 4. Vacai. 5. BELL-KRATER (fk;.57; plate 46). H. 33.9. D. 35. Three-quarters preserved. Thin cream wash. rim,ridgebelow,roundhandles,low Outward-sloping conical foot.Thick bars across rim,band; ninefold concentric circlesflanking rectilinear panel withsingle zigzag,solidtrianglespointingdownwards,twocrosshatchedhourglasses,and check pattern;bands and lines, interveningreservedarea. Paint on handle stumps.Inside: band at rim,spatterbelow. LPG, a littlelaterthanE no. 221. 6. SKYPHOS (fk;. 56). H. 7.8. D. c. 9.2. Two-thirds preserved.Hard orange-buff clay,greygrits,black paint. Solid paint down to lower body, with decoration in added white. PGB. An early use of whitepaint. 7. LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS (fk;. 56). H. 18.7.DR. 16. Nearly complete. Round handles, high conical foot.Dipped. LPG. Cf.Ay.Ioannis1.13and 1.17. 8. OINOCHOE (piafe 47). H. 14/Nearlycomplete. Thin fabric,micaceousred.Ellipticalhandle,discfoot with string-mark.Three grooves at base of neck. PGB-EG. 9. CUP (FIG. 56). H. 5.9. DR. 9. Three-quarters preserved.Single horizontalroundhandle. Blobs on rimand handle.PGB. 10. CUBOID. 9.2 X 8.8 X 6.6. One cornermissing. Cream wash. Solid, roughlysquared. On fourlong rectangularsides, two rows of fourdouble circles, bands above and below.On uppersquare side,three rowsof threesets,tracesof a thirdand thickercircle being visiblein the centralrow.Base undecorated. LPG PGB. 11. STIRRUP JAR, open mouth. H. 23.8. Spout brokenoff.Strap handles, low conical foot.Bands underrimand at base of neck,enclosingtwo crosshatchedtrianglesoppositespout. Shoulder:in front, two cross-hatchedtriangles,tripleconcave outline; two cross-hatchedlozenges opposite spout. Band between lines; three lines; band round foot. Ring roundspout,wavyverticalon each handle,band in rim.LPG. Cf.E no. 248. 12. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fk;. 57). H. 28.5. DR. 21.8. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Flattened handles.Painton rim,lip reserved.Two singlezigzags on shoulder.Body: A, two rosetteswithindouble

Ts. AD

5

centralmeanderwithperpendicular outline,flanking hatching; B, similar,but with rectilinearcable in centre,and stripsof singlezigzagsabove each rosette. Rosetteto L. ofA. has petalsin double outline;in all others,solidpetalswithoutline.Handlesfullypainted. PGB. Lid D 21willfit.SteleKontoleontos 410 pl. 194. 13. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fk;. 57). H. 39.3. DR. 35. Nearlycomplete.Deep orange-brownclay, paintblack outside,browninside.Round bucranium handles.Dark ground.A: two rowsof solid triangles pointingdownward,cross-hatched lozenges,hatched meander,tworowsofsolidtriangles pointingupwards. B: fiverowsof solid triangles,all pointingupwards. Singlezigzag zone roundfoot.Chevronsdowncentre ofbucraniumhandles.PGB. Op.cit.410 f.pl. 195. 14. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fk;. 58). H. c. 66. DR. 22.5. Five largefrs.preserving wholeprofile. Chocolate-greyclay,misfired;whiteand black grits; streakybrown-blackpaint. Groove on rim, round bucraniumhandles,ringfoot.Dark ground,bands at outer and inner edges of rim. Neck: four birds withfourgriddeddiagonalcrossesand four alternating cross-hatched each birdhas a janiformhead, triangles; triangularcross-hatchedbody,hatchedwingsabove and below,and fan tail. Shoulderzone dividedinto panels containing(i) cross-hatching, (ii) opposed solid dots in the field,largerdownward-pointing triangles, trianglesbelow,(iii) two singlezigzagsbetweenlines. Belly:griddedand checkedmeander.Handlesbarred. Band insiderim.PGB. Op.cit.409 pl. 192c. 15. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 58. DR. 20. Half preserved. Cream slip. Angular lip, strap handles,flatbase. Lightground:spaced bands, two diagonalcrosspanelson each handle.As Ay.IoannisI. 14.LPG. 16. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 17.4. Rim to belly.As D 15, but witha singleelongated crosson each handle.LPG. 17. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 18.Rim to belly.As D 15. LPG. 18. *BELL-KRATER. H. 33.5. D. c. 34. Two-thirds in the preserved.As D 5, exceptforminordifferences design:each set of circleshas a checkedcentre,and barsbetweenthesecondand thirdcirclesfrominside; onlyone band underthe handles;paint underbase. LPG. 19. *BELL-KRATER (fk;.57). PH. 33. D. 34. Rim to lowerbody.Thin creamwash. Shape as D 5. Band; eleven-fold concentric circles enclosing Maltese crosses,the two setsconnectedby row of alternating solidtriangles; band,twolines.Painton handles,band insiderim.LPG. Cf.Ay.Ioannis1.8. 20. CONICAL LID (fk;. 56). H. 12.3. D. 19.5. Half preserved. Knob as miniature pyxis, with single zigzag;band,lines,band. PGB.

6


21. CONICAL LID (fig. 56). H. 12.5. D. 26. Half Umbilicalknob,smallcircleon top.Bands; preserved. bars, spacedbillets.PGB. FitsD 12. Forknob oblique cf.G 9. 22. *KALATHOS-LID. D. 22. Rim and body frs., non-joining.Deep orange clay, chocolate paint. Everted lip, sharp ridge. Band at rim, traces of griddedzigzag;spacedbandsinside,groupsofbarson no. 133and E no 492. lip.PGB. Close to Payne 23. *KALATHOS-LID. Wall fr.Trace of gridded zigzag,singlezigzagbelow.PGB. 24. *KALATHOS-LID (fig. 56). H. 7.1. D. 18.6. Two-thirds preserved,rootof roundhandle. Everted lip, ridge.Outside: pendentwavyline betweensolid linesto base. Billetson rim,rough invertedtriangles, griddingunderbase,bandsinside.EG. 25. PYXIS (FIG. 58). H. 8.5. DR. 7.7. Nearly complete.Coffee-brownclay,on one side misfired darkgrey.Concave lip,twopairsof suspensionholes. Round handles,disc foot.Dark ground;singlezigzag panel.Band insiderim.LPG. 26. *PYXIS (fig.58). PH. 13. DR. 10. Rim to lower body. Vestigial everted lip. Lines and bands, intersectingtenfoldsemicircles,paint on handles. Band insiderim.LPG-PGB. 27. PYXIS (fig. 58). H. 9.6. DR. 8.6. Nearly surface.A smallerversion complete.Greenish-yellow ofD 26. LPG-PGB. 28. *PYXIS. H. 1i.i. DR. 8. Non-joiningfrs.butwith whole profile.As D 27 but the semicirclesdo not LPG-PGB. intersect. 29. OINOCHOE. H. 18.5.Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Straphandle,low conicalfoot.Painton lip. Band at base of neck,withgroupsof pendentlanguettes. Four bands below.Verticalline down handle. Paint underfoot.PGB. 30. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 9.6. Nearlycomplete. Cream slip. Round handle,concave base. Lines and

bands,pendentsolidtrianglesat handlelevel.Handle barred.PGB-EG. Cf.E no. 1376. 31. *OINOCHOE (FIG.58). PH. 17. Base to neck. Cream slip.Lightground.Shoulder:zone of hatched leaves. Spaced bands and lines, belly reserved. PGB-EG. Thickbarson handle. 32. *OINOCHOE (FIG.58). PH. 11. Neck to lower body, mouth missing. Greenish-yellowsurface. Sextuplecircles,band and lines.LPG. 33. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 9. Base to neck.Cream wash. Root of roundhandle,flatbase. Band on neck, flanksdipped.LPG PGB. Cf. Q4. 34. PEDESTALLED KANTHAROS (fig.56). H. 14. DR. 17. Half preserved.Fine orange-buff clay,small chestnut-brown grits,thicklustrousblackpaint.Strap handles, high conical foot with two ridges. Dark ground:hatchedmeanderpanel. Reservedline inside rim.AtticEG II-MG I. SteleKontoleontos 409 pl. 193a. 35. CUP (FIG.56). H. 5.8. D. 10.5. Nearlycomplete. Strap handle. Band, zigzag, lines to base, barred handle. Inside: deep band at rim, a few drops of spatterbelow.PGB. 36. *CUP. H. 6.4. Half. As D 35, but fullypainted inside.PGB. 37. *CUP. H. 6.3. Half.As D 36. PGB. 38. *CUP. H. 5.5. Half.As D 36. PGB. 39. CUP (FIG.56). H. 8. D. 12.8. Nearlycomplete. Strap handle; uneven disc foot with string-mark. Upper part dipped on each flank.LPG. Cf. E no. 1408. 40. *CUP. H. 8.5. Half.As D 39. LPG. 41. *CUP. H. 7.2. Half. Grittyorangeclay.Shape as D 39; rimonlydippedin paint.LPG. 42. CUP (FIG.56). H. 9.4. DR. 11. Three-quarters. Porousyellow-green clay.Straphandle,disc footwith string-mark. Dipped as D 39. PGB. 43. *CUP. H. 8. Half.Profileas D 39; double-reeded handle.No traceofpaint.LPG.

SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY BEAD (fig.157).H. 1.6.D. 2. Dh. 0.5. Badly cracked. Pale brown to mid brown-greyfabric. Depressed sphere. Incised pattern in three zones divided by lines: fringeof dashes eitherside of six domedcircles(impressed). slightly 2. BRONZE RIVET. L. 1.1.D. 0.15. Oxidised.From knifehaft?Perhapshead and uppershaftofsmallpin. 3. IRON SPEARHEAD fr(fig. 156;plate 269). Two pieces: (a) L. 11. W. 4.5. (b) L. 3.5. W. 3.5. Heavily oxidised; dirty.Part of mediumsized weapon with sharp angles at the join with the socket (which is lost).Shallowmidrib. completely FIBULA (fig.157;piate 268). L. 4.6. H. BRONZE 4. 2.6. Heavilyoxidised;crustypatina. In threepieces (springdetachedfromspringarm, pin fromspring).

on Evenlyshapedheavilyswollenbow,threemouldings asymmetric. Catch-plate springarm,twoon forearm. 5. BRONZE COIN. 6. BRONZE FLAKE. 1 X 1.4. Th. 0.1. Featureless. Fromtombfloor. 7. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 2.3. W. 0.6. Th. less than 0.1. Oxidised,in twopieces.Could be partof a ring, Tomb floor,underpot 1. flattened. 8. BRONZE fr.1.8 X 2. Featurelessfr.of thinsheet, oxidised.Fromtombfloor. 9. BRONZE SHEET OR STRIP frs.Seven frs.(four in two pieces each). Largest 2 X 1.6. Th. c. 0.1. Smallesti.i X 1.2.Th. c. 0.1. Possiblyall partofsame object.Fromtombfloor. D 10. 10. CLAY CUBOID. Cataloguedas pottery,

THE TEKE

SITE

Ts. D-F

7

Tomb E (figs. 2, 8, plate 6 c) Remainsof chamber:i.6o wide,0.58+ deep. H. 1.30.Dromos seen in sectiononly,0.80 wide. Chamberfloorwas 0.60 lowerthantheobserveddromos fragment. All thatremainedwas theback halfofthechamber.The tombwas foundwhenmuchofit and thedromos was dug awayin themechanicalexcavationofa foundation pitin thecentreof N of the circuit the Koiladhiplot. It was probablyorientatedESE-WNW; the chamberwas at theE end ofthedromos. Where observed,the dromos-ñil was hard, compact brownearth,with no sherds.The chamberwas fullofkouskouras fallenfromtheroof.A groupoftenLPG vasesremainedon the tombfloor,includingi, amphora,2, jug, 3, bell-krater withfigureddesign,4-55 7-95 bell6, 10, cups.In 3, as a secondaryburial,weretheunburntbonesofa girl,18-21years skyphoi, old. Otherunburntboneswerefound1.00awayfrom3, neartheNEwall,possiblyofa young male. The findsfromthistombhavealreadybeen fullypublishedbyL. H. Sackett,A newfigured kraterfromKnossos',BSA 71 (1976)117-50.Referenceto the figuredkrater3 is made below, pp. 370-1. Tomb F (figs. 2, 7, plate 6 d-e) L. 4.05.W. 1.15-1.25.Stomion: Lengthoverall:5.25.Dromos'. 1.15X c.0.15.Chamber:1.20 X 1.32, up to 0.60 high. The nearlyparallelsidesofthe dromos wereveryslightly undercut.The dromos rose0.80 in verticaldistancein fourshallowsteps,the firstat a mean angle of 8°, the secondat 40, the thirdat 8°, thelastat 160.The stepfromstomion to chamberwas 0.08 deep. The stomion was the had The chamber was in little wider vestigial, blocking disappeared. sub-rectangular plan, thanthedromos. The tomb was on the NE limitof the group of Teke tombs,N by W of T. D - the two chamberswere7.00 apart.The orientation was ESE-WNW; thechamberwas at theE end ofthe dromos.

The tomb was found aftera quantityof potteryappeared during the excavation of foundation pitsin theNEcorneroftheKoiladhiplot.It had been looted. Excavationof the dromos showedtherewas a depositof potterybetweenitsfarend and a line of stones1-2 courseshigh,1.80 towardsthe entrance,perhapsa blockingwall. On theE side of thiswall was a groupof PGB vases- 1, bell-krater withfigures, 2, coarse pithos,3, while was 1.00 further the near its S face.Between4 dromos, bell-skyphos, 4, bell-skyphos along and theentranceweresomesmallstonesand a largeboulder(0.50 long).In theentrancewere moresherds,one at leastbelongingto a vase of whicha fragment had been foundat the W end of the dromos. The chamberwas empty.It is not clear whetherthe dromos vases werein theiroriginalpositionas partoftheofferings fortheearliestknownburialin thechamber,or whethertheyhad been removedfromthechamberto makewayfora subsequentinterment. The contentsof the chamberhad been removedto the farend of the dromos by the robbers. Neithertheynor thosewho made thelatestburialshad entirely clearedthe dromos to itsrock floorand theyhad notonlyleftthebottomcoursesofa blockingwall in place,butthenearby fillup to 0.30 deep. dromos 1.00 NEoftheend ofthedromos was a roughlycirculardepression, 0.05-0.20 belowmodern surface.The originaldepthofthepitwas unknown,sincethevirginrocksurfacehad already been bulldozedforthe house foundations. The depression/grave-pit was seen to containthe

8

KNOSSOSTHE NORTHCEMETERY

skeletonofan equid. Subsequentstudyofthebonesby Miss SheilaghWall partlyarticulated revealed theremainsoftwohorsesand twodogs,showingthatthiscomplex (Mrs.Crowther) had originallycomprisedthe deliberateburialof horsesand dogs of the same kindas the muchbetterpreserved T.79 [infra). W of T. F was a pit withmuchanimalbone and some sherds.It was oval, 1.00 X 1.80 in vertical.StudybyMissWall plan,itsfloorslopingto 0.40 at theS; itsE and Wsideswerefairly in a of an ox of the bones showedtheycomprisedthe skeleton good stateof preservation, whichshe consideredmightwell be modern.The entirefeatureis therefore likelyto be of recentorigin. POTTERY (PLATE 48) 1. BELL-KRATER (fig. 59). H. 39. D. 37.5. Nearly surface,black complete.Red-brownclay,coffee-brown paint. Evertedrim,slopingoutwards;ridge below. bars on rim, and twenty seventeen, Groupsof fifteen, band down to ridge.On eitherside, two eleven-fold circles with cross in centre, flanking elaborate rectilinearcompositionsof alternatingmotifs:A, B, mainly mainlycheckpatternand cross-hatching; and combinationsof solid hourglasses cross-hatching and double axes withoutlines.Figuredscene,above the circles:A, a warriorlevelsa spearwithone hand and raisestheother;he wearsa crestedhelmet,and a short tunic with zigzag across the shoulder,and tasselledhem. Anotherspear has hit the back of a wild goat which tottersto the ground. To right,a a deer,and a large hound. B, a warrior marsh-bird, levels a spear with one hand, and with the other carriesa net shownas a griddedsquare; his dressis similarto thatof thewarrioron side A. Below,broad band and spaced lines,band at foot.Painton handle. Inside: band below rim,spatterbelow.MPG. AR 23 A, 70-3, (1977)15f.figs.34-5 and cover.IV Cret.Congr. pls. 13b, 14. 2. "'COARSE PITHOS. PH. 17. D. of base 16. Base and lower body. Gritty orange clay. Sharply PG. discfoot,veryunevenunderneath. articulated 3. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 59). H. 9.3. D. 9. Nearly complete.Round handles but veryuneven; conical footwithunevenridge.Dipped. LPG. 4. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 59). H. 8.5. D. 8. Nearly complete.Pale buffclay.Verticalwallturningabruptly towardshighconical foot,roundhandles.Dipped to below.LPG. Cf. E no. 435. lowerbody,trickle 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 18. Rim to shoulder,body and base frs.,non-joining.Red clay, thinbrown-black paint.Flat evertedlip, ridgebelow. horizontalhandle. Ring foot. of one round Stump Dark ground. Neck: groups of fourvertical bars. Shoulder: two narrow zones of dogtooth. Belly: a column circleswithMaltesecross,flanking sevenfold Painton rim,butnotinside.LPG. ofchevrons. 6. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 39. Nonjoining frs., giving whole profile. Single round

handles,ringfoot.Painton lip. Handle panels:A-C, hatchedverticalbattlementbetweenverticalcables withcentraldot; D, hatched meander above triple zigzag. Below,double axes and verticalbars; bands and lines.Strap handlesbarred,paint on horizontal handle.MG. By thesame hand as E no. 693. 7. *FOUR(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 32. Nonjoining frs.,rim to lower body. Inset rim,traces of roundhorizontalhandle,flatbase. Hatchedmeander onlyin handlepanel;bandsand lines.MG. 8. *TWO(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 22. Body fr. Red clay.Gross-hatched lozenges,hatchedmeander, horizontal S's; zone of triple white circles below. Bandsand lines.LG. Near to Paynenos. 19and 26. 9. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 35.6. Nonjoining frs.,base missing.Red clay,greycore, dull brown-blackpaint. Inset rim with reservedband. Band below shoulder with added white: single circles between lines. Handle zone: triple circles, dots withinthe outermostcirclewhichis thickened, various quatrefoil designs in the centre; to left, column withtwo arcaded tonguesand two rowsof lozenges. Body below fullypainted, with added whiteon belly:zone of singlecirclesbetweenlines; below each handle,threecolumnsof double circles betweengroupsof verticallines. Below,threesetsof reserved lines; the firsttwo sets are bordered by white lines, and between them is a zone of white double circlesbetweenwhitelines. Handles barred. EO. 10. *POLYGHROME PITHOS. Two bodyfrs.Thick whiteslip insideand outside.Traces of handlestump above. Sextuple circles,the outer circle thickened, blue and red; below,threeblue lines,one alternately red.O. 11. DOMED LID. Rim missing.Slightdepressionin centre.Three zones of runningspiral,band below. EG. Perhapsomphaloid,likeN7 and N8. 12. *DOMED LID. D. c. 18. Rim to near centre. Evertedrimwithcarination.Faint tracesof double circlesin white,on dullblackground.EO. 13. *TRAY. H. 2.1. D. c. 37.5. One third.Coffeebrownclay,dullblackpaint.End ofreflexhandle.Flat

THE TEKE SITE - Ts. F-G rim;grooveoutside,above flatbase. Bars on rim;solid paint outside;thickcircleson floorand underneath. LG-EO. 14. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.2. Body only.Trace of

Tomb

G (figs.

g

creamslip.Thick-walled.Stumpof handle;ringfoot. No trace of ornamenton shoulder.Four lines under handle;twolines;one lineabove foot.LG-EO. E 158, classIIB (iii).

2, 9-10,

plate

7 a-b)

Introduction

FindsfromtheBSA'sexcavationofthistombincludeda trenching toolofmodernappearance. Hence arose a suspicionthatthe areas exploredin 1976 belongedto a tombbroachedby excavatedbyDr. foreign occupyingsoldiersduringtheSecond WorldWar,and thenpromptly N. Platon,thenEphor of Antiquitiesin Crete- a tomb of whichthe preciselocationwas lost.Our suspicionwas confirmed whensherdsgatheredin 1976weretakento subsequently thereservesoftheHerakleionMuseumto be comparedwiththosefromPlaton'stomb.When severaljoins were noticedbetweenthe findsfromthe two excavations,Dr. S. Alexiou,then Ephor of Antiquitiesin centralCrete,kindlyagreed thatall the boxes of potteryfoundby Platonshouldbe temporarily transferred to the Stratigraphical Museumat Knossos,so that thepossibility ofmakingmorejoins could be explored.Duringthestudyseasonof 1979,sixty morevessels(here82-141) could be reconstituted. All materialfromthistomb,as fromthe otherTeketombs,is nowstoredin theHerakleionMuseum. During a visitto Knossos, ProfessorPlaton generouslyagreed thathis tomb shouldbe includedwiththeBSA'spublicationoftheotherTeke tombs.Workingfromhis notesin 1943 and fromour catalogueand photographs ofall thepottery(includingthenewlyreconstituted in Greekthe following detailedaccountof his excavation,conducted vessels),he contributed in difficult circumstances.His textappears here in EnglishtranslationpreparedbyJ. N. Coldstreamin consultation withR. J. Howell who thendirectedthe BSA's excavations.It is followedbyMr Howell'saccountofhisownexploration ofthetombin 1976. The 1943 Excavation

At theend ofJuly1943a Germanmilitary unitstationedin theneighbourhood ofTeke,with theirheadquartersin the house of Dr. EvanghelisHatzakiswhoseland commandeda view overthe main Herakleion-Knossosroad, constructed an anti-aircraft shelter.Its foundations weredug intosoftkouskouras rockat the footof the wall enclosingthe Teke PrimarySchool, situatedon a low riseexactlyat thecornerformedby themainroad to Knossosand thelane leadingeastwardstowardsthe localityKephali. Whilediggingthe galleriesof the shelterthe Germansoldierscame upon the dromoi and theedgesofthechambersoftwoPG-EG tombs, laterdesignatedwiththe lettersN and G duringthe excavationsby membersof the British School in 1976.The officers in commandof the unitinvitedme, as a representative of the GreekArchaeologicalService,to studythe chance findswhichthuscame to light,and to conductan inspectionof the site in order to establishthe characterand the date of the structures fromwhichthefindshad been collected.In theunit'sofficeI was showna groupof aboutfifteen vases,mainlypouringvesselsand hydriaiofmediumsize,a decoratedneckofa largeamphora,and a largequantityof sherds,all of the Geometricperiod.I asked the unit commanderthatthe antiquitieswhichhad been collectedshould be handed over to the

I0


HerakleionMuseum. He readilyagreed to do so, withthe exceptionof about fiveor six unbrokenpouringvesselswhichwereduplicates,whichhe wishedto keep as souvenirs.This ofthe was agreed,on conditionthatthesoldiersshouldallowand assistwiththeinvestigation a of the shelter. halt to the tomb,calling temporary digging An inspectionofthesite(FIGS.9, 10)establishedthatthegallerywhichled fromN to S into the shelterhad been openedwitha widthof c. 1.00 fromN-S,witha slightdownwardslope and endingin foursteps.The passage thenturneda rightangle towardthe SWon thelevel, and withapproximately thesame width.A littlewaybeyondtheturn,thetwowallsrevealed the sectionof the dromos of the tombwhichwas latercalled Tomb G, in the N wall at 1.10 above thepassagefloor,but in the S wall fromrightat thepassagefloor.In the S wall it was of the tombchamber.At thispointthe upper clearthatthe dromos had arrivedat the stomion levelin thefront partofthechamberhad been tunnelledoutbytheGermansoldiers;and the sunkwell,clearlyconstructed tombhad also been disturbednear the stomion by a vertically afterthechamberhad passed out ofuse. Sherdsremainedscatteredall overthe surrounding the Germans had begun to area. At a distance of 1.00 fromthe W flankof the stomion, anotherpassage-gallery ofthesamewidth,at rightanglesto themainshelter, construct clearly withthepurposeofusingitas an approachto themainshelter. Duringthediggingofthisfork theNWcornerofthetombchamberhad been cutawayand clearlyfromthisopeningsomeof disturbedfromthis the contentsof the tombhad been removed.The tombwas afterwards The Germanshad continuedthe main directionand also fromthe frontpartof the stomion. a secondexit,perhapstowards passagebeyondthe S fork;clearlytheiraim was to construct workwas stoppedin was laterbuilt.Duringthisinspection, thesidewherea woodenperíptero bothpassages. made in the entrancegalleryof the shelterwithitssteps,and from Fromthe observations a of ash descendinggentlyin thewallsofthepassage,it becameclearthatthe following layer of anothertomb,later called Tomb N. Clearlythe with the dromos had coincided gallery ran obliquelyin relationto theaxis oftheentrancegalleryoftheshelter. courseofthisdromos A littleway beyondthe stepsmanystoneshad been removed,whichclearlyhad come from Some of themremainedin situhighup in the cornerof the theblockingwall of the stomion. In at the the section corner,at a relatively highlevel- higherthanthe openinginto gallery. theentranceofthe othertomb- thereappeareda sectionofthe tombchamberwithpartof of whichothersherdswerescatteredon the floorof the passage.Clearlyit was itscontents, the entranceand the cornerof the feasible to excavatethistombwithoutdestroying not was therefore this excavation shelterpassage; postponed.(The chamberof Tomb N was of a when the foundations later buildingwerelaid near it,to the E of it,and cut recognised tookplace withthespecialpermissionof which excavation Also the subsequently throughit.) workon the under achieved was commander theunit greatpressuresinceit interrupted only a limited with half and a two It lasted of the shelter. personnel,namelyZacharias days digging of the foreman the of the chief Kanakisthe Museum,and thephylax Museum, draughtsman area. oftheKnossosarchaeological ofpotterythrownout withthesoil Beforeworkbegan,thediscardedsherdsand fragments had been scatteredover the shelter that as those well as were fromthe shelter collected, of Tomb N. and stomion dromos from the come had of them was clear that It many passages. it was reason for that and was collected thus vessels of The quantity fragmentary verylarge, were until of vessels and the number to determine difficult eventually they shape extremely mended. They could not be mended at the time since the Herakleion Museum and its The whole potterycollectedby the Germansclearly workshopwere not thenfunctioning.

THE TEKE

SITE

T. G

n

came fromthew partofTomb G, fromtheopeningwhichhad been createdthere.A smaller numberwouldhavecome fromtheupperlayerofthefrontpartofthechamber,and fromthe stomion. That would explainwhy,duringthe excavation,veryfewpots were foundin the W of the chamber,and also whysome ofthosefoundin the E partwerefoundincomplete, part and were later completedwithsherdsthrownout withthe earth and on the floorof the chamber. Few sherds came fromthe stomion which, as has been mentioned,had been disturbed thoroughly bythewellsunkfromabove.The tombfloorwas 0.40 above thelevelof thepassage.This indicatesa steepinclineforthe dromos, whosefloorwas 1.10above thelevel of thepassage on itsN side,as has been mentioned.It seemsverylikelythattherehad been threestepsin frontofthestomion, ofwhichtracesoftwoweredetected. From the plans of Tombs G and N which were prepared afterthe BritishSchool's the excavation,it emergedthatthe Germanshad changedtheirintentionof constructing mainchamberoftheshelterat theend oftheS fork, whichcutoffa smallpartofthechamber ofTomb G. They wereassistedby the existenceofthe tombchamber,and opened up (their) chamberwithitsfloorone metrelowerdown.They did notopen thisup to thefullextentof the tomb'schamber,the floorof whichwas thusleftat a higherlevel. At firstthe shelter chamberhad not yetbeen opened and consequentlyhad not damaged the contentsof the tomb.Moreoverit appearsthattheGermansdeepenedtheiroriginalpassage,sinceoriginally thechamberfloorofTomb G was found0.40 belowtheleveloftheshelterfloorwhichcutits I did not followthe workforthe completionof the shelter,and the conclusions dromos. itsfinalformcome onlyfromthedetailswhichemergedfromtheBritishSchool's concerning excavation. TheExcavationofTombG

Excavationbeganfromthetomb'sstomion, ofwhichtherightsidewas preservedto a widthof while the left had been cut off the well 0.50, by (FIG.9). The latterhad also encroachedslightly on thefrontpartofthechamber.Clearlyit had been vertically sunkat a periodlaterthanthe latestvases depositedin the stomion of the tomb.Sherdsof thesevases were collectedin the area. Owing to the restricted resourcesthenat upperfillof thewell and in the surrounding our disposaland theurgencyofthework,it was notfeasibleto clearthewellentirely. A little waydownthe sherdsceased. At a slightly deeperleveltherewas onlyan ironball, clearlyof Venetianor earlyTurkishdate,indicating therelatively latedate ofthewell. The chamberprovedto be ofhorseshoeor mushroomshape,2.80 wide on itsNWside,and not more than 2.10 deep. Because the confinedspace did not permitany easy view of the whole chamber,it was verydifficult to make an accurate generalplan. Neverthelessthe impressionwas given that the NE side of the chamber was relativelycontracted,and The w partof the NWside was 1.10long,and symmetrically placed in relationto the dromos. thatwhichsurvivedoftheE partaftertheopeningofthewellwas only0.25; thelengthofthe whole(NW)side did not exceed 2.80-2.90,takingaccountof the portionshavedoffat the W corner.The greaterpartof the roofhad collapsed,and a greatmass of kouskouras had fallen intothemiddleoftheWsideofthechamber.It was thusverydifficult to calculatetheoriginal itscurvature was detected,showingclearly height;towardstheback ofthechamber,however, thattheheightcannothavebeen verygreat. In thetombplan are markedthevasesfoundinsituduringtheexcavation.Theirpositionis shownonlyapproximately, sincetheconfinedspace did notallowa generalviewwhichwould have establishedthe relativepositionof the vases. Clearlycertainvesselshad alreadybeen removedbytheGermanworkmenfromthefrontpartofthetomb,and especiallyfromthew

I2


Mostofthecremationurnswerefoundsmashed,but partbeyondthefallenmassofkouskouras. theirfragments remainedinsituand werecollected.Because oftheurgencyoftheexcavation, aftermending.These notesproved onlygeneralnoteson thevaseswerekept,forrecognition in the end to be insufficient, sincethe piles of sherdsproducedmanyvesselssimilarto one another.Almostall the urnscontainedburntbones,manyofwhichhad been scatteredwith thecollapseof thevesselswhichcontainedthem.The largekraterH and thevase N (which appears to be a large amphora)containedno bones. Near or insidethe urnswere found smallerpots whichaccompaniedthe burials.Most were foundin the smallurn I. In cases wherethepotswerefoundeitherinsideor outsidethe urns,but had got mixedup withthe oftheurnswhenthelatterhad been broken,theirexactassociationis notcertain. fragments withfineshingle(tsaihi). The tombfloorhad been sprinkled The markingof the tombvases followsthe lettersof the Greekalphabet,but nevertheless theywereextractedin theordergivenbelow.By mistaketheletterH was givento twovases, thelargekraterand thelargeoinochoewithscale decoration;thelatteris nowmarkedHi. but its G 80 (HM 12149).Large pedestalledkrater.Brokeninto manyfragments, conicalfootremainedinsitu.Aboveitwerefoundfrs.ofa one-handledcup coatedin brownpaint and witha conical projectionon the base and lightdecorationinside. Near the kraterwas collecteda large and curiousbone of cylindricalshape. In the itappearsbrokenin two. photograph B= G 6-7 (HM 12074-5)Straight-sided pithosand conicallid. F= Gii (HM 12079)Smallnecklessovoidpithos. A= G 8-9 (HM 12076-7)Largenecklessovoidpithos,conicallid. Z = (Not mendedor photographed)Small pithosof coarse brownclay withdomed lid vase Hi fellintoit. brokenabovetheknob.The neckofthefollowing Hi = G 14 (HM 12082)Large oinochoe.Fromnear its neckwas collectedanothersmall decoratedoinochoefoundcomplete(?). Withinthespace ofHi was founda thickbase ofa vase witha centraldepression. A= G 10 (HM 12078)Small necklessovoidpithos.Near by was founda smallunbroken oinochoewithsimilardecoration,i.e. a zigzagpanel on theneck,bands and lineson bronzebowl which the body.5In frontof thisurn had been placed a hemispherical containeda clayvessel(S), wellpreserved.(The bronzebowlwas probablypreserved frs.) whole,and maynotbe thesameas thephotographed = Foundin frs.,partlymixedwiththefrs.ofB and F. M ?G 12 (HM 12080)(Butsee infra) Fromthedrawingit seems to identify. Not describedin theday-book,and so difficult a small urn. to be Hi, Z & M restedon stoneslabs. G 1 (HM 12069)Largeneck-handled ©= amphora. = K G 54 (HM 12123)Kalathos,behindamphora0. I= G 13 (HM 12081)Smallovoidpithos,ribbonhandles.It containedmanysmallvessels, well-preserved: relatively G 23 (HM 12092),oinochoe 1. G 26 (HM 12095),oinochoe 2.

H=

5 The onlyunbrokenoinochoeofthisdescription is G 22, HM 12091:JNC.

THE TEKE SITE

N=

T. G

13

3-6. G 27-30 (HM 12096-9);ofwhichG 29 HM 12098 is not certain.Ribbed oinochoai.One intact,a secondslightly damaged,a thirdlackingneck,a fourth lackinghandle. 7-10. PerhapsG 71, 74, 75 (HM 12140,12143,12144)and 130. Cups: one coatedin blackwitha hole in itsbase, anotherintact,but withpoorlypreservedpaint, twomorein frs. ?G 3 (HM 12071)Belly-handled amphora.Only the lowerpartwas foundin situ.It appearsto be the amphoraof whichthe Germansfoundthe decoratedneckin two withG 3 sinceno otherlargeamphorafromthe pieces.If so, it shouldbe identified tombhad a decoratedneckexceptforG 83 whichhas no base, and G 82 whoseneck bearsonlya narrowzone of trianglesand was smashedintomanyfrs.The amphora G 3 has a deeplyhollowed-out conicalfootwhichis describedin theday-book.

It seemsverylikelythattheotherlargeamphoraemendedfromfragments also came fromthe Wpartofthechamberwhichwas foundempty, i.e. G 2 (HM 12090),G 5 (HM 12073)and G 4 state:G 82 and G 83. (HM 12072).Two othersimilaramphoraewerefoundin a fragmentary Threemorecremationurnsweremendedfromfragments: G no (similarto A), G 105 with lid G 89,6 and G 12 (HM 12080?)withPG decoration.Perhapsbell-skyphoi likeG 77-9 (HM 12146-8)and G 122 constituted thecontentsofthisPG urn,as in othercomparableKnossian cemeteries. Perhapsthe positionof G 12 was in the SE corner,whereotherPG vesselswere also found.If theuse ofthetombbegan in thatcorner,thatwouldbe thesourceofotherPG vesselsliketheoinochoeG 92, thekalathoiG 54 (butG 54 = K above-JNC),55 and 90, the oinochoaiG 24-5, thejug-aryballoiG 107-09, the skyphoiG 41, 123-4 and 128 and the withreflexhandlesG 39, 42, 45-65 1067),117-9 and thepyxidesG 52-3. skyphoi It is not possibleto determinethe positionin the chamberand stomion of the otherlater vaseswhichwerecollectedwholeor in fragments and thenrestored.These include:thevery urnsG 84, 86-7, and 134; a groupofhemispherical fragmentary cupswithlow lip likethose foundin urnI (G 69, 70 72-3, 76, 130); cupswithbroaderstraphandleand moreonsetlip, somedecoratedbutmostfullycoated (G 58-9, 61-4, 131-2); themoreopen decoratedcup G 60; skyphoiwithmoreor less offsetlips G 40, 43-4, 48, 126; the skyphos125 witha zigzagpanel liketheurnsA and G no; the skyphosfrs.G 121 and 1275 also thejug G 68 and theincisedoinochoai138-40, and theotherribbedoinochoaiG 31-2 (?) (likeG 27-30 foundin the urn I); the oinochoai G 93-5; the frs.G 98, 100, 101, 103 and 104; the oinochoaiG 15-17, 20, 21; and thehydriaiG 33-5 and 137. It can be consideredalmostcertainthattheintactor almostintactoinochoaiand hydriaiG 16, 17 and 33-5 were among the vases collectedand handed overby the Germans,but I cannotremember whethertheoinochoeG 20 (HM 12089)was amongthem.This lastseems to be of the Orientalizingperiod; nevertheless its shape is derivedfromLG, to whichthis oinochoecould be assignedbecause of its double handle and itsband of decorationon the neck. It would thusbelong to the same stage as the oinochoe G 21, mended frommany The seriesofpouringvesselsand hydriaiwouldhavebeen foundin theWand front fragments. partsofthetombon theNWwhichweredisturbed bytheGermans.

()This is a pyxis- JNC.

7This is a pyxis- JNC.

!4


G 37 (HM Amongtheamphorae,G 38 was foundcomplete,butG 99 is onlya fragment. 12106)is a LM I A vesselofwhichhardlya quarteris preserved;itsdiscovery perhapsin the dromos earthdoes notpresenta seriousproblem,sincetherewereMinoan tombsin theTeke area. G ofanothersimilar, Othervasescollectedinsidethedoublevase G 49 and thefragments G dish G G the krater foot the 88 krater 112, 113, 135, withitslid G 136; thefragmentary (cf.G 51), thesmallconicallid G 67, and thetrayG 50. A fewpiecesofbronzevessels,from handles,lips,embossedwallsand bases,etc.,perhapsfellintotheNEcornerofthechamberof TombG fromthechamberofTombN whichhad been breachedat thispoint. TombG was usedfromPG timesuntilthebeginningoftheGeometricperiod. N. P. The 1976 Excavation

estimated0.67-0.60 Chamber 2.06 W. 1.06Stomion: ExtantL, overall:5.00 ExtantL ofDromos: X c. 2.20 3.15 Whatremainedofthedromos appearedto rise0.45 in verticaldistanceat an angleof 12.50. and N of which had been destroyed) side The stomion appearedto widenbetweendromos (the chamber.The surviving(s) jamb was unusuallydeep. A slightthresholdwithinthe stomion Its createda step0.10 downintothe chamber,whoseplan was roughly'mushroom'-shaped. floorwas strewnwithsand and smallpebbles.The chamberwall was preservedto a greatest H. of0.88. The tombwas part of the NE-SWline of chambertombsfoundin the Niotakisplotwas SE-NW,the chamberon the SWof T. N. The orientation N-G-H-J-L-K - immediately SE sideofthedromos. ofa bunkerbytroops The tombwas foundbychanceinJuly1943,duringtheconstruction at N. the late of the OccupyingPower,and was investigated Platon, thattimeEphor of by account of his work).Its Platon's of N. translation in Herakleion (see, supra, Antiquities at theNiotakisplot, was undertaken excavation when rescue in re-identified was 1976 position and was destroyed afterpartsof the sitehad been bulldozed,whentheNWend of the dromos some undetermined At was removed. had that it chamber roof of the the survived) (assuming time,a well-shafthad been sunk which passed throughthe frontpart of the chamber, frompotsonce in theprocess;itsfillcontainedsherds,apparently destroying partofthestomion in thechamber. fromthat closeto thestomion; One ofthegalleriesofthebunkerhad cutthroughthedromos in the stomion the destruction added to had which excavated had been gallerya smalldug-out had and tomb roofs of The chamber. and the frontof the collapsed, subsequently dug-out filleduntilthebulldozerbegan work. thoughtheareas belowmaynothave been completely The SWcornerofthechamberhad also been dug away,perhapsbyanotherdug-out.(The end - was founduprightat thesideofthiscutting.) ofa modernwoodenhandle- Pshovel offallenkouskouras of a block fillconsisted The dromos 0.32 thickwithred soil above.There close to thestomion, ofthedromos, in S wall the or mayhavebeen a smallside-chamber, niche, of the dug-outwas Some the had been for it gallery. mostlydestroyedby thoughevidence In thefill not uncovered. was chamber the below 1.00 at least floor, removed,thoughitsfloor, sherds a few and bronze of small as as well and weremodernsherds rubbish, fragments many into the had which of a corner T. from laterseento havefallen dug-out.Upright N, collapsed

THE TEKE SITE

T. G

15

againstthe NE side of the dug-outwas a wooden-handledshovel,witha heavyN European typeofpickaxehead at itsfeet. The soldiershad obviouslyremovedsome ofthecontentsofthechamberwhileexcavating theirdug-out;therestof thetombseemsto have been clearedsubsequently, sincepractically was found on its from a modern shovel and two of floor,apart nothing parts an ironfork.A of sherds found close to the of the chamber a fewscrapsof bronze and group edge (G 83) foundsomewayabove thefloormayhavebelongedto thetomb,f 1, smallbronzefragment, was on the remainingnarrowstripof floorbetweenthe dug-outand the NE edge of the chamber(in thisposition,of course,f 1 mighthave fallenfromT. N). A fewmoreflakesof bronzelayon theflooron theS sideofthechamber. POTTERY (PLATES 49-60) 1. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12069).H. 64. DR. 20. Partsof body restored.Angularoblique rim,slightridgebelow.Strap handles.Disc foot,the edge bevelled.Dark ground.Neck:A, centralhatched cross, columns of dotted lozenge to L., hatched lozengeto R., singlezigzagabove and below;B*, four horizontalstrips,the thirdof dottedlozenge,the rest of singlezigzag. Shoulder:large zigzag,spaces filled by hatched triangles. Bands and lines. On each handle, two panels with diagonal crosses, bars between.Band insiderim.EG. 2. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12070).H. 70. DR. 19. Footand partsofbodyrestored.Shape as G 4. Neck: reserved zone of checked triangles. Shoulder:checkedzigzag,band betweenlines.Belly: A, two tenfoldcircleswithcheckedcentre,flanking rectilinearpanel withthreehorizontalstrips:check, alternatingdiagonals,check; B*, similarcircles,but central panel with checked triangles,check, and checked triangles. Reserved area on lower body. Handlesbarred.Painton rim,just overlapping inside. EG. 3. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12071).H. 79. DR. 23. One handleand partsof neckand body restored.Pink-brownclay,black grits,buffsurface, lustrousblack paint. Evertedrim,slopingoutwards; ridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles.High ringfoot.Dark ground.Neck: quadruple zigzag, hatchedmeander, dogtooth(overone handlethemeanderis interrupted by a singlebattlement). Group of threereservedlines on shoulder.Belly: on both sides, two panels with sextuplecirclesalternatewiththreehatchedvertical meanders. Dogtooth strips above and below the circles,which enclose reservedcrosses. On B* the centralmeanderis flankedeitherside by columnsof single steep zigzag, and quadruple zigzag. All ornamentdrawnfreehand.Group of threereserved lineson lowerbody.Handles barred.Paintcontinues just insiderim.AtticMG I. Cf. Athens216,AJA44 (1940)pl. 23,3. 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12072).H. 68. DR. 17. One handle and partsof rimand body

restored.Evertedlip, slopingoutwards;ridgebelow. Bucraniumhandles. Ring foot.Dark ground,neck fullypainted,upper shoulderreserved.Belly:A, two setsof thirteen-fold and sixthcircles circles,the fifth enclosing a zone of bars; solid lozenges running betweenthe circles:doubleabove,and the following outline cable, hatched cable, double-outlinecable, solidlozengeswhichrununderthe R. circle;pendent hatched chevron to L. of L. circle. B, two sets of thirteen-foldcircles, the fourthand fifthcircles enclosingladderpattern;zones of bars runningabove and below; betweencircles,griddedlozenge chain, mill-sail, griddedlozengechain.In cornersofpattern, hatcheddiagonalabove,cross-hatched trianglebelow. Two curved stripeson handles. Groups of bars on rim,band inside.EG. 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12073).H. 70. DR. 19. Partsof bodyand neckrestored.Lip flat on top, shape otherwiseas G 4. Dark ground,neck fullypainted, upper shoulder reserved. Belly: A, hatched meander between check pattern;B, three sextuplecirclesenclosingbilletsand quintuplecircles, and encasedwithina hatchedcable; spaces filledwith lozenges and chevrons.Set of reservedlines below. Rim: groupsof fiveto eightbars,band inside.Three curvedstripeson handles.EG. 6. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (HM 12074). H. 58.5. DR. 22.5. Partsof body and handlesrestored. Cream slip.Verticallip,ridgebelow.Shoulderslightly convex in profile;sharp carination. Body convex above, concave below.Flat base. Double roundloop handles. Paint on lip and upper shoulder:hatched arcsabove and belowhorizontalladder;solidtriangles immediatelyabove carination.Body: massed scale patternof double arcs, band betweenlines,rowsof runningspiral, lines, band. Handles barred. Paint insiderim.EG. Cf. Hartley no. 10. UrnswithLids,112, pl. 14a. 7. CONICAL LID (HM 12075). H. 43. DR. 37. Slightlyrestored.Knob in the formof a miniature lekythoswith strap handle, conical and carinated body,and slightridgeat base. Sharp ridgesabove and

ï6


below concave stem; two opposed holes below, perhaps for firing.Tall profile, slightlyconvex. band insiderim,zigzagbetweenlines Lekythos-knob; on neck, hatched outlinedtrianglesand zigzag on shoulder.Stem: solid triangles,solid lozenges,bars. Band and lines, net patternwithhatched arcs, net patternwithsinglearcs,band. EG. WithpithosG 6. Urnswith Lids,112,pl. 14b. 8. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12076).H. 62. DR. 21. Nearly complete; small patches of design restored.Large whiteand greygrits,buffslip. Inset lip, two holes close together.Twin loop handles, flattened. Ring foot.Painton lip. Dark ground.Tall singlebattlementabove and below main panels: A, elaborateverticalmeanderin centre,flankedeither side bybold zigzag,squareofmassedrunningspirals, bold zigzag,and cross-hatched lozenges;outerframe of bold zigzag above and below, double zigzag at eitherside. B, centralcolumn of mill-sail,flanked eitherside by double zigzag,huge rosettein double outline (petals hatched to L., solid to R.) with swastikasas cornerfill;outerframeof double zigzag aboveand below,cross-hatched lozengesbetweenbold zigzagsat eitherside.Handlesbarred.Bandsand lines on lowerbody.EG. GGP239 ff.pl. 52 a; GG 99 fig.31 a. 9. CONICAL LID (HM 12077).PH. 9. D. 27. Partly at rim. restored,knobbrokenoff.Curvingin slightly One ridge under break, hole through stem immediatelybelow. Dark ground: horizontal S's withmill-sail.EG. WithpithosG 8. alternating 10. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM clay,a little 12078).H. 23.1. Complete.Orange-buff brownmica,tracesofpolishedsurface,semi-lustrous black paint. Short insetlip, sloping inwards.Twin loop handles, round. Ring foot. Dark ground: reservedhandlepanels withquadruplezigzag,bands and lines. Curved stripes on handles. PGB-EG, Atticizing. 11. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12079). H. 20.4. DR. 10.7. Nearly complete.Black grits,tracesof creamwash. Concave insetlip, rising inwards.Twin loop handles,round.Ring foot.Dark ground.Panels:A, meanderbetweensinglezigzags;B, threequadruplecircles,checkedcentres.Bands and linesbelow.Handlesbarred.EG. 12. SMALL NECKED PITHOS (HM 12080).H. 25. DR. 14.2.Nearlycomplete,partsofshoulderrestored. Greygrits,creamslip.Squared rim,flaton top; ridge below neck. Round handles. Base slightlyconvex underneath,and withoutany sharp edge. Band on neckand above base. Belly:twoquintuplesemicircles each side,enclosing(A) twosolidtriangles, twice,and threesolid triangles;three (B) two reservedtriangles, bandsbelow.Painton handles.Groupsofbarson rim, band insidewitha fewspattered dropsbelow.EG.

13. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12081). H. 29.8. DR. 12.5. Parts of body restored. Creamslip.Insetlip,ridgeon shoulder.Straphandles. Ring foot,circulargrooveunderneath.Dark ground: reservedline round lip, bars above ridge. Handle zones: mill-sail,some diagonalscurved;lines,paintto base. Handles: solid triangles, pointingalternately up and down.EG. 14. OINOCHOE (HM 12082).H. 64.5. Partsofbody restored.Straphandle,anglebelowrim,ridgeat base ofneck.Two bosseson frontofshoulder.Low conical foot. Opposed hatched trianglesbelow rim. Neck: vertical panels with complex meander at centre, flankedby columnsof cross-hatchedlozenges,and scale pattern.Bars above ridge. Net patternfrom shoulderto belly,paintbelow.Handlesbarred.EG. 15. OINOCHOE (HM 12083).H. 40.5. Mouth and partsof neckand bodyrestored.Broad straphandle, broad and low ringfoot.Neck; millsailwithcurved diagonals; above and below,double runningspiral, hatchedwithineach loop. Shoulder: pendentsolid triangles, dotted double zigzag. Belly: complex meanderwithperpendicularhatching,double dotted zigzag; paint to base. Handle: chevronsbetween verticallines.EG. 16. OINOCHOE (HM 12084). H. c. 38. Neck and partoffootrestored.Creamwash.Straphandle.High conical foot.Shoulder:scale patternof double arcs. Belly:cable filledwithbillets;paintto base. Handle: and bars.PGB. columnsofbars,chevrons, 17. OINOCHOE (HM 12085).H. c. 30. Mouth and neckrestored.Straphandle,low conicalfoot.Massed runningspiralson shoulderand belly,also on base of neck;paintbelow.Handle barred.EG. 18. OINOCHOE (HM 12087).H. 25. Partsof body and mouthrestored.Orange-buff clay,mottledredblack paint. Strap handle, ringfoot.Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag in neck panel; bands and lines. V 1,pl. 74 Handle barred.AtticMG I. Cf. Kerameikos no. 1253. 19. OINOCHOE (HM 12088).H. 27.5.Partsofbody and mouthrestored.Fabricas G 18 but withbrown grits.Quintuplezigzagon neck;shape and decoration as G 18. AtticMG I. otherwise 20. OINOCHOE (HM 12089). H. 23.3. Complete. Broad trefoillip, round handle,flatbase. Shoulder: arcaded tonguesbetweenbars. Handle: threebars at upper and lower attachments,three verticallines between.Otherwisefullypainted. Paint inside rim. fromtombG; v.p. 13.)O. Cf.F. no. 1524. (Notcertainly 21. OINOCHOE (HM 12090).H. 34. Lip and parts of handle and body restored.Semi-lustrousblack paint. Holes on neck and strap handle, indicating a ancientrepair.Ridge on shoulder,ribbedimitating under Reserved foot. low conical lip. pomegranate, Neck: diagonal bars, gridded zigzag, tall single

THE TEKE SITE battlement.Shoulder: bars above ridge,downwardzigzag.Nine ribspaintedwith pointingsolidtriangles, a varietyof patterns:stackedarcs, 'tree of life'with spiralcurls,net of verticaland horizontaldouble or triplearcs.Below,paintto base. Handle barred.EG. 22. OINOCHOE (HM 12091).H. 15.7.Partofmouth restored.Orange-buff black paint. clay,semi-lustrous Strap handle, ring foot. Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag on neck,set of reservedlineson belly.Handle barred.AtticMG I. 23. OINOCHOE (HM 12092). H. 12.1. Complete. Cream wash. Round handle attached inside rim. Concave base withstring-mark. Lightground.Paint on rim. Shoulder: pendent solid triangles,crosshatching;linesto base. Handle barred.PGB. 24. OlkoCHOE (HM 12093). H. 10.8. Complete. Strap handle,flatbase. Lightground.Paint on lip, wavyline on neck.Shoulder:cross-hatched triangles, verticalbarsjoiningapicesto band above.Band,lines, band. Handle barred.PGB. 25. JUG-ARYBALLOS (HM 12094). H- 8.1. Complete. Strap handle, flat base. Dark ground. Reservedlineson belly,handlebarred.EG. 26. LEKYTHOS (HM 12095). H. 8.8. Nearly complete.Round handle,concave base. Painton lip, wavyline on neck.Lightground.Detached dogtooth on shoulder;band,lines,band. Handle barred.EG. 27. OINOCHOE (HM 12096). H. 13.3. Complete. Deep red clay,much silvermica, unpainted.Round handleattachedinsiderim,disc foot.Twelvegrooves on neck, ten near-verticalribs applied to body. PGB-EG. Cf. F. nos.473, 1046. 28. OINOCHOE (HM 12097). H. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fabricand shape as G 27. Fifteengrooves on neck,tenverticalribson body.PGB-EG. 29. *OINOCHOE (HM 12098). H. c. 13. Most of mouth restored.As G 27 but with round handle, fourteen EG. grooves,nineverticalribs.PGB--30. *OINOCHOE (HM 12099). H. c. 12. Mouth, As G 27. PGB-EG. neck,and handlerestored. 31. OINOCHOE (HM 12100). H. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fabric as G 27. Round handle,disc foot. Fourlightgroovesat base ofneck.Sixteenribsapplied to body,somevertical, mostcurvingto right.PGB-EG. 32. *OINOCHOE (HM 12101). H. '. 13. Mouth, handle,and mostof neckrestored.As G 31, butwith fifteen ribs.PGB-EG. 33. HYDRIA (HM 12102).H. c. 27.7.Mouth,handle, and most of neck restored, otherwise complete. Cream slip. Verticalstraphandle, horizontalround handles,low conical foot.Massed runningspiralson neck and shoulder,detached gridded chevronson belly,painton lowerbody.Barredhandles.EG. 34. HYDRIA (HM 12103).H. c. 24.8. Mouthand top of neck restored.Cream slip. Handles as G 33, flat base. Gridded ladders on neck, massed running

T. G

17

spirals on most of body, lines and band below. Handlesbarred.EG. 35. HYDRIA (HM 12104).H. 25.8. Part of lip and one horizontalhandlerestored.Cream slip.Shape as G 33. Diagonal barson lip.Spiralhooks,one zone on neck,threeon shoulder.Blank bellyzone, lines and paint below.Bars on verticalhandle,otherspainted. Band insiderim.EG. 36. HYDRIA (HM 12105).H. 18.2. Most of mouth restored.Handles as G 33, disc foot.Spaced bands, cross-hatched triangleson shoulder,bracketson belly bothsides.Painton horizontalhandles,wavyline on verticalhandle.Thickband insiderim.LPG. 37. OVAL-MOUTHED JAR (HM 12106).H. 21.5. Base missing,much of body restored. Traces of burnished surface. Strap handles. Paint on rim. Barred handles,loops round theirroots.Shoulder: detachedirisblooms.Belly:widelyspaced columnsof threeopposed spiralhooks,stipplingin between.LM II. UrnswithLids,114,pl. 14c. AMPHORISKOS (HM 38. NECK-HANDLED 12107).H. 7.6. Complete.Straphandlesto rim,rough base withstring-mark. Unpainted.PGB-EG. 39. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12108).H. 15. DR. 22. Parts of body restored.Large black and white grits,cream wash. Shape as G 115; two rounded reflexhandles,fourconcentricgroovesunder base. Dark ground.Pendentarcsin handlezone; bandsand lines.Barredhandles.Reservedon upper lip surface, band inside;interior otherwise unpainted.PGB. 40. SKYPHOS (HM 12109)(fig.60). H. 9. DR. 15.8. Half rimand one handle restored.Fine orange-buff black paint. Offsetlip, ringfoot. clay,semi-lustrous Reservedline insideand outsiderim,reservedcircle on floor,otherwise fullypainted.AtticMG. 41. SKYPHOS (HM 12110) (ik;. 60). H. 10.5. DR. 14.3. Part of lip restored.Offsetlip, base slightly concave. Groups of bars on rim. Diagonal bars in reservedhandle panel, reservedlines below.Handles and interior fullypainted.PGB-EG. 42. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12111). H. 15. DR. 20. Parts of body restored.Cream wash. Flat rim, groovebelow.Round handles.Three circularridges underbase. Pendentsolid triangles,lines and bands. Handlesbarred.Band insiderim,spatterbelow.PGB. 43. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (HM 12112).H. 8.8. DR. 16. Partsof rim,handles,and body restored.Brown clay.Flat rim,groove,and carination.Strap handles, concavebase. Fullypainted.EG. 44. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (HM 12113). H. 10. DR. 18. Partsof rim,body,and base restored.Clay wash. Hat rim, groove, and carination. Reflex round handles,concave base. Small pendentarcs in handle zone, bands and lines. Bars on handles,continuous bars on rim. Inside, bands in rim and lower body, spatterelsewhere.EG.

!8

KNOSSOS

THE NORTH

45. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12114). H. 15.3. DR. 21. One handle and parts of rim and body restored. Large black and white grits, cream wash. Short everted lip, flat on top; groove, carination. Round reflex handles. Four concentric grooves under base. Single-line battlement in handle zone, bands and lines. Barred handles. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB-EG. 46. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12115). H. 14. DR. 20.5. Parts of rim and body restored. Cream wash. Short vertical lip, flat on top; sloping shoulder, with carination. Round reflexhandles. Ring foot. Oblique bars on shoulder and between handles, bands and lines. Barred handles. Band inside rim, no paint below. PGB-EG. (HM 12116). H. 9.9. DR. 13.2. 47. SKYPHOS Complete. Lip less articulated than G 41. Round handles, disc foot. Zigzag in reserved handle panel, bands and lines, paint overlapping under base. Handles and interiorfullypainted. PGB-EG. (HM 12117). H. 5.4. DR. 9.8. One 48. SKYPHOS handle restored.Poorly articulatedlip, flattenedround handles, flatbase. Fully coated. EG. STRAIGHT-SIDED DOUBLE 49. COARSE PYXIS (HM 12118). H. 13.4. DR. 6.6. Two handles and much of one mouth restored. Gritty red clay, some mica, thick walls. Round handles with knobs. Vertical lips, sharp carination at shoulders, flat bases. No interconnectionbetween the two bodies. Traces of horizontal lines in added white. PGB-EG. 50. SMALL TRAY (HM 12119). H. 2.5. D. 13. Complete. White and brown grits.Thick-walled. Rim rounded on top, to which two reflex lug handles are attached; two holes pierced vertically through each handle. Unpainted. PGB. 51. SMALL LID (HM 12120). H. 5.7. D. 14.7. Twothirds. Cream wash. Rim flat underneath, groove above. Band, lines; bars under rim,band inside. PGB. 52. PYXIS (HM 12121).H. 13. DR. 10. Parts of body restored.Short everted lip, two diametricallyopposed suspension holes. Base uneven and slightlyconcave. Dark ground, two zones of verticalbars. PGB. 53. PYXIS (HM 12122) (fig. 60). H. 10. DR. 9. Complete. Cream wash. Round handles, disc foot. Dark ground; panels between handles, A, crosshatched triangles, B, single zigzag. Paint on rim. PGB-EG. (HM 12123). H. 7.6. D. 22. 54. KALATHOS-LID Parts restored. Cream wash. Everted rim, convex body, high disc foot, flattened round handles. Quadruple zigzag in handle zone, bands and lines; Maltese cross under base. Paint on handles. Bands on lip and inside. EG. (HM 12124). H. 7.8. D. 22.5. 55. KALATHOS-LID Parts restored. Cream wash, uneven surface. Everted lip, concave body, flat base, round handles. Solid

CEMETERY

triangles with outline, bands. No paint under base. Paint on handles. Band inside rim, no paint below. PGB. (HM 12125). H. 8. D. 19.5. 56. KALATHOS-LID Cream wash. Everted concave lip, Nearly complete. ridge below. Concave body, round handles. Band, eight-foldpendent semicircles,bands; no paint under base. Paint on handles. Groups of bars on flat rim, bands inside. LPG. Cf. F. nos. 358, 1018. 57. SMALL CONICAL LID (HM 12126). H. 6. D. 7.6. Nearly complete. Squared rim. Three zones of oblique bars. PGB-EG. Cf. E no. 508. 58. CUP (HM 12127). H. 10. 1. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Elliptical rim, strap handle attached inside, flatbase with string-mark.Fully coated. PGB-EG. 59. CUP (HM 12128) (fig. 60). H. 9.5. DR. 12.6. Handle and part of rim restored. Strap handle attached inside rim. Short offsetlip, flat base with string-mark.Fully coated. PGB-EG. 60. CUP (HM 12129) (fig. 60). H. 6.1. DR. 8.5. Part of rim restored. Cream slip. Strap handle, concave base. Reserved panel: three rows of dots. Handle: Four vertical lines, bars above and below. Otherwise fully coated. EG. 61. CUP (HM 12130). H. 7.2. DR. 8- 11. Nearly complete. Elliptical rim. Fully coated. PGB-EG. 62. CUP (HM 12131). H. 7.2. DR. 9.4-1 1.4. Nearly complete. As G 61. PGB-EG. 63. CUP (HM 12132). H. 7.2. DR. 10.7-12. Nearly complete. As G 61. PGB-EG. 64. SMALL CUP (HM 12133). H. 4.1. DR. 6.1. Complete. Hard orange-brown clay, white grits,fully coated in brown paint. Concave offsetlip, flattened round handle attached inside. Flat base with stringmark. PGB-EG. 65. CUP (HM 12134). H. 8.8. DR. 11.6. Complete. As G 66. LPG. 66. CUP (HM 12135)(FIG. 60). H. 8.2. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Flattened handle attached inside rim, rough base with string-mark. Front dipped in red-brown paint. LPG. 67. CUP (HM 12136) (FIG. 60). H. 7.2. D. 12.4. Complete. Shallower than G 66. Each flank dipped in black paint, down to lower body. LPG. 68. SMALL JUG (HM 12137)(fig. 60). H. 7.5. DR. 6. Complete, burning on rim opposite handle. Gritty orange-red clay, some mica. Round handle, rough base, unpainted, six grooves on neck. PG-EG. 69. *CUP (HM 12138). H. 5.5. DR. 9. Nearly complete. As G 71. Attic MG I. 70. *CUP (HM 12139). H. 5.2. DR. 9.3. Part of rim restored. On handle, diagonal cross between bars; otherwiseas G 71. Attic MG I. 71. CUP (HM 12140) (FIG. 60). H. 5.4. DR. 8.8. Parts of lip and base restored. Fine orange-buffclay, a little mica, chestnut-browngrits,lustrousblack paint. Short

THE TEKE SITE - T. G offsetlip, strap handle, flat base. Handle barred; reservedline inside and outside lip, small reserved circleon floor,no paint under base; otherwisefully coated.AtticMG I. 72. *CUP (HM 12141). H. 5.2. DR. 9. Nearly complete.As G 70. AtticMG I. 73. *CUP (HM 12142).H. 4.5. DR. 9.5. Complete.As G 70, butcrosson handlemoreelongated.AtticMG I. 74. CUP (HM 12143)(FIG.60). H. 5. DR. 9.4. Nearly AtticMG I. complete.As G 71 butshallower. 75. CUP (HM 12144).H. 5.1. DR. 9.5. Complete.As G 74. AtticMG I. 76. *CUP (HM 12145).H. 5.4. DR. 9.2. Partsof rim and bodyrestored. As G 71. AtticMG I. 77. BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12146)(11c;.60). H. 11. DR. 10.6.Much ofrimrestored.Round handles,high conicalfootwithirregular paring.Paintdownto lower body,and all overinside.PGB. 78. BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12147).H. 9.1. D. 9.7. Complete. Micaceous red-brownclay,black paint. Roundhandles,low conicalfoot.Paintas G 77. PGB. 79. *BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12148)(fig. 60). H. 9.1. D. 7.8. Complete. Lower body more rounded, otherwise as G 77. PGB. 80. PEDESTALLED KRATER (HM 12149).H. 69. DR. 49. Partsofrim,handles,body,and footrestored. Many largewhiteand greygrits,especiallyin handles and foot; cream slip. Thickened rim, flat on top; concavelip,offset. Bucraniumhandlesattachedto rim by verticalstraps,each strapflankedby roundcoils whichcurveoutwardsand followtherimat theupper attachments. Eightribson thestembelow.Continuous barson rim,painton neck.Main panels:A, columnof multiplezigzag at either side, complex meanders above and below,framing thefollowing centraldesign: hatcheddiagonal cross,each arm endingin a spiral hook with cross-hatchingin the field,flanked by millsail,verticalmeander,and millsail;B, columnof meanderat eitherside,horizontalmeanderand thick thefollowing central zigzagabove and below,framing design:fourspiralcrossesas on A, the fieldfilledby and nets of diagonal check pattern,cross-hatching, solid and outlinedlozenges.Paint below,interrupted onlyby quintuplezigzag roundfoot.Handles: setsof fourbars separatingdouble axes and hour-glasses on the straps,horizontalbars alternating alternately; withverticallines,and diagonalstrokeson the round coils. Below the handles, panel of thick zigzag. Arcadedrosettesin cornersbetweenstrapsand main panels,petalshatchedon one side,solidon theother. EG. GGPpi 52 D. 81. Vacat. 82. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fkì. 61). H. 66.5. DR. 22.5. Parts of body and neck restored. Shape as G 5. Neck fullypainted,upper shoulders reserved.Belly:A, (FIG.61), two largesextuplecircles

ig

enclosingbilletsand triplecircles,largedotsat centre; in between, net of hatched double arcs enclosing hatchedtrianglesor lozenges,the cornersfilledwith zigzag or complex triangles.B, two rows of seven quintuple circles in hatched cables, the innermost circlesthickened;at leftoflowerrow,semicircles only; small solid trianglesin intersticesabove and below, hatchedwave patternalong centre.Bands and lines below. Groups of bars on rim,band inside.Curved stripeson handles.EG, bysame hand as G 5. 83. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 51. DR. 23. Rim to lowerbody.Orange-brown clay,largeredbrowngrits,lustrousbrown-black paint. Shape as G 3. Dark ground.Neck: meander,betweenzones of double axes with vertical bars. Belly: two octuple circles in square panels, alternating with three columnsof M pattern;the circlesenclose a double crosswithchevronsin quadrants;dot rosettesin the panel corners.Same designon bothsides.Aboveand below,zones of double axes withverticalbars. Bands and lines on lower body. Handles: bars between curvedstripes.AtticMG I. 84. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 40. DR. 14.5. Frs.,rimto lowerbody.Large whitegrits,creamslip. Thickened rim,leaning inwardsand slightlyoffset; roundhandles,plumpovoidbody.Continuousbarson rim,band below. Massed runningspiralsin handle panels,band and lines,largesinglespiral,solid paint on lowerbody.Handlesbarred,paintinsiderim.EG. 85. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 37. DR. c. 16. Three-quarterspreserved.White and browngrits, cream slip. Rising concave lip, bucraniumhandles, ringfoot.Dark ground.Meanderabove cross-hatched lozenges in all four panels; meander below, interrupted onlyby paint underbucrania(to lefton withirregularfilling).Bands and reverse,battlement lines.All handlesbarred.MG, early. 86. *PITHOS fr.,belly.PH. 16. Bands and lines. Similarto G 85. MG. 87. *PITHOS fr.,base. DB. 14.Cream slip.Flat base. Bands and lines. (Wall frs.of several more similar pithoi.)MG. 88. *SMALL LID. H. 6.3. D. c. 13.5. Two-thirds preserved.Flat top, squared rim,suspensionhole; Lines all over,thickbars on rim,band hemispherical. inside.PGB/EG. As G 51 butdeeper. 89. SMALL LID (plate 60; fig. 61). H. 6.6. D. 10.6. Nearly complete. Tall conical shape, truncated biconicalknob.Gear patternabove rim,billets,lines. PGB. FitsthepyxisG 105. 90. *KALATHOS-LID (fig.61). H. 7.2. D. 20.4. Half preserved. Red paint. Concave everted lip with carination.Roots of roundhandles.Flat base. Band, griddedzigzag,lines,band,checkpatternunderbase. Handles painted.No paintinside.PGB. Cf. Payneno. !33-

20


91. *KALATHOS-LID (fig.61).PH. 3.8. D. c. 15.Rim fr.Gentlyevertedlip,flatabove.Band,opposedrowsof diagonals,twozones of zigzagwithchevronfill.Bars on rim,twospacedbandsinside.LPG. Cf.E no. 485. 92. OINOCHOE orJUG. PH. 10. Bodyonly.Small browngrits,cream slip. Uneven surface.Flat base. Lightground:quadruple circleson shoulder,band, spacedgroupsoflines.LPG. 93. OINOCHOE. PH. 31. Most of body preserved, mouthand neck missing.Cream slip. Strap handle, low conical foot.Trace of multiplezigzag on neck. Shoulder:quintuplezigzag,chevronsin spaces below. Three zones of diagonal crosses and verticalbars. Belly: interlockingtriangleshatched in alternate directions. Paintbelow.Handle barred.MG, early. frs.ofbody, 94. OINOCHOE. PH. c. 26. Non-joining neckand mouthmissing.Cream wash. Straphandle, ovoidbody,conicalfoot.Shoulder:opposedtriangles, two zones of oblique lines,slopingto cross-hatched; leftand rightrespectively; millsail;oblique lines as above. Paintbelow.Verticallines down handle,bars acrosscentralpart.PGB. 95. *OINOCHOE (fig. 61). H. c. 26.5. ThreeThin fabric; quarterspreserved;base fr.non-joining. orange-redclay,greycore, some mica, mottledred paint. Strap handle, ring foot. Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag in neck panel; bands and lines. Handle barred.AtticMG I. 96. *OINOCHOE (fig. 61). PH. of main fr.10.8. Non-joiningfrs.of lip, neck,handle,and shoulderto base. Burnt grey clay, brown-blackpaint, soapy surface.Straphandle,ringfoot.Dark ground.Triple zigzag on neck; squat body withone set of reserved lines.Handle barred.AtticMG I. 97. ♦OINOCHOE. PH. 9.5. Neck and shoulder. Fabricas G 95. Straphandle,barred;triplezigzagin neckpanel.(Frs.ofat leasteightmore,as G 96 and G 97.) AtticMG I. 98. OINOCHOE. PH. 8. Neck fr.Small whitegrits, cream slip. Ridge at junction with shoulder.Dots, sigmas,obliquebars;dotson ridge.MG. 99. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 11.2.Neck and shoulder,mouthmissing.Fabricas G 98. Ridge below rim.Strap handles.Neck: A, meanderand B, battlement, both with perpendicular hatching, carelesslyexecuted. Handles barred, with central panelofthreeverticallines.MG. 100. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 8.6. Neck fr.,mouthmissing.Fabricas G 98. Neck panel: MG. meander,perpendicular hatching. 101. HYDRIA. PH. 21.5. Half preserved, neck Creamwash.Fr.ofverticalstraphandle,nonmissing. joining; roundhorizontalhandles,low conical foot. Scales on shoulder; two zones of vertical bars in spaced groups;stackof threechevrons,spaced; lines, paintbelow.All handlesbarred.PGB.

102. HYDRIA. PH. 13.Neckto body,mouthmissing. Attachmentof verticalstraphandle,rootsof round horizontalhandles.Neck: two zones of singlezigzag. Shoulder: three zones of oblique bars, leaning in alternatedirections.Belly:traceof chevronsas on G 101. Handle barred.Paintinsideneck.EG. 103. HYDRIA (?). Frs.,mouthto belly.Cream wash. Verticallip, flaringneck.No handlespreserved.Bars on lip. Massed spirals,separatedby singlelines,on neck, shoulder,and belly; lines below. Two bands insiderimand neck.EG. 104. JUGLET. PH. 7. Rim to lowerbody.Hard red clay,browngrits.Strap handle attachedoutsiderim. Sets of three lines alternatingwith dots, handle barred.EG. 105. PYXIS (fig. 61). PH. 8. DR. 8.2. Upper part. Inset concave rim,two suspensionholes,no handle. Solid triangles,single zigzag, check pattern,single zigzag.PGB -EG. The lid G 89 fits. 106. PYXIS. H. 10. Three-quarterspreserved.Pale orangeclay flaking;fainttrace of decorationin thin blackpaint.Flat lip,slightcarinationat shoulder, ring foot.The onlyvisibledecorationis a zone of hatched obliquebarson shoulder.PGB-EG. 107. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.5. Base to shoulder. CrossThick fabric.Concave base withstring-mark. on shoulder, hatchedtriangles lines,paint.EG. 108. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 7.8. Neck and body; mouthand base missing.Straphandleattachedinside rimand risingabove it. Wavylineson neck,gridded chevronon shoulder,band, lines. Handle barred. PGB. Cf. 0,40. 109. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 5. Upper part. Strap handle attachedinside rim. Neck unpainted,crosson shoulder.S on handle.EG. hatchedtriangles no. *SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 61). H. 21.3.DR. c. 13.Almostcomplete.Orange-redclay, brown-blackpaint. Inset lip, slopinginwards,twin loop handles, ring foot. Decoration as G 10. PGB EG. in. BIRD ASKOS. PH. 6. PL. 9. Rear part. Pinkbrownclay,yellowcore; creamslip.Partsofbodyand tail; rim preserved on one flank. Trace of some attachmentat tail. Feet missing.Wheel-made and squashed. Oblique strokes, thin meander with hatching, paintbelow.EG. perpendicular 112. "KRATER (FIG.62). PH. 12.8. DR. c. 30. Pale brown-black buffclay,pinkcore,fugitive paint.Roots ofstirruphandle,flatrim,slightridgebelowlip. Dark ground;reservedpanel withmeander.EG. Perhaps pedestalled. 113. PEDESTALLED KRATER. PH. 12. DB. 16.2. Pedestalonly.Evertedbase, two slightridgesabove. Bandsand lines.No painton floorofbowl.EG. 114. CAULDRON-KRATER (fig. 62). H. 19.5.DR. preserved.Cream slip.Flat rim,slight 17.Two-thirds

THE ÏEKE ridge below, stronglycarinated shoulder. Round reflex horizontal handles, flat base. Gridded ladder pattern, vertical bars at handle level, bands and lines. Handles barred. Band inside rim, spatterbelow. PGB EG. 115. ^SHALLOW KRATER (fk;. 62). H. 15.3. DR. 27. Two-thirdspreserved. Cream slip. Deeply concave lip, ridge below. Round handles, flatbase. Four sets of sextuple pendent semicircles each side; bands and lines. Thick bars on handle. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB. 116. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. PH. 8. DR. c. 19. Two frs., upper part. Cream slip. Rim slopes outwards. Concave lip and carination, reflex handles. Bars on rim. Quadruple semicircles, alternately standing and pendent; band, lines. Handles barred. Band inside rim,a fewdrops below. EG. (fk;. 62). H. 16.8. DR. 117. CAULDRON-KRATER c. 19. Two-thirdspreserved. Red core, cream slip. Flat rim, concave lip with carination, reflex handles, concentric grooves under base. Pendent arcs in three zones, band, lines, two zones of standing arcs, lines, band. Handles barred. Band inside rim, spatterbelow. (Frs. of two more, with similar decoration.) PGB EG. 118. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 10.3. DR. 16.5. Three-quarters preserved. Fabric as G 117. Offsetlip, round handles, slightlyconcave base. Band, lines, pendent arcs; bands and lines. Handles painted. Reserved inside rim,band and spatterbelow. EG. 119. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.8. DR. 18.8. Non-joining frs.with complete profile.Fabric as G 117. Offset lip, reflex handles, flat base. Bars on rim, band, pendent arcs; lines, band. Thick bars on upper surface of handle, line below. Thick band inside lower body. EG. 120. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.7. DR. 14.6. Base to shoulder. Mottled red-black paint. Offset lip, traces of reflexhandles, concave base. Decoration as G 119, but no bars on lip. Band inside lip. EG. 121. *SMALL CAULDRON-KRATER (fk;. 63). PH. 8.8. DR. c. 18. Rim to lower body. Red-brown clay, white grits,cream slip. Flat rim, straightshoulder with carination below, reflexhandles. Band, lines, running spiral, bands and lines. Thick bars on handles, band inside rim. PGB EG. 122. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 10.4. D. 9.5. Two-thirdspreserved. Conical foot. Dipped to below handles. Incised cross under foot. PGB. 123. SKYPHOS (FIG. 63). H. 9.2. DR. 15. Fine orange-brown clay, lustrous red-black paint. Sharply offset lip, round handles, high ring foot. Band, fourteen-foldinterlockingpendent semicircles, paint below; daub over handles. Inside: reserved line under rim, reserved circle on floor. Euboean SubPG III. Semicircle Eumousia, 26, fig. 2. Kearsley, The Pendent[BIGS Supp. 44, 1989) 40 fig.21 a. Skyphos 124. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 9.3. DR. 15.9. Frs.,

SITE

T. G

2I

with whole profile.Soft orange-brown clay, red paint. Shape as G 123. Band, fourteen-fold interlocking pendent semicircles, paint below and on handles. Interior as G 123. (Frs. of four more similar skyphoi.) Euboean SubPG III. Eumousia,23, fig.3. R. Kearsley, op. cit.40 fig.21 b. 125. SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 6.6. DR. 14. Half preserved. Red clay, grey core, mottled red-black paint; thin fabric. Offset concave lip, round handles, low ring foot. Lines on lip, reserved panel of quadruple zigzag, paint to base and on handles. Reserved band inside lip with groups of bars drawn freehand. EG. 126. SKYPHOS. H. 9. DR. 16. Nearly complete. Soft buffclay, red-black paint. Concave offsetlip, round handles, disc foot. Reserved under handles, and outside and inside lip; otherwise fullycoated. (Frs. of six more, similar.)EG. 127. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). PH. 8.4. DR. 12. Two frs., base missing. Tall concave lip curving into shoulder; round handle. Line on lip, reserved panel of diagonal S's; paint on handles. Reserved line inside rim. MG. 128. SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.7. DR. c. 12. Threequarters preserved. Hard red clay, white grits. Shape as G 127, base slightly concave. Decoration worn: lines on lip, reservedpanel of thicksingle zigzag, paint below with two reserved lines. Paint on handle. Reserved line inside rim. PGB-EG. 129. *CUP. H. 7.6. DR. c. 11.5. Two-thirdspreserved, handle missing.As G 67. (Frs. of three more, similar.) LPG. 130. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 5.2. DR. c. 10.5. Threequarters preserved. Fine orange-red clay, semilustrousblack paint. Short everted lip, not offset;strap handle, concave base. Handle barred, reserved line inside rim, otherwise fully coated. (Frs. of fourteen more, similar.)Attic MG. 131. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 7.9. DR. 11.5. Nearly complete. Thin-walled; thick strap handle attached inside short offsetlip. Rough base with string-mark. Fully coated. PGB- EG. 132. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 8.1. DR. 11.7. Nearly complete. As G 131 but with thicker fabric. (Frs. of fivemore, similar.)PGB EG. 133. SMALL CUP. H. 4.8. DR. 7. Handle missing. Brown grits.Concave lip, slightlyoffset;concave base. Unpainted. EG. 134. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS (fk;. 62). PH. 15.5. DR. 18.5. Frs. of upper part. Hard orange-brown clay,large brown grits,cream slip. Offsetneck, groove below; round handles, six grooves at handle level. EG. PYXIS. PH. 135. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED 9.5. DR. 7.5. Rim to body, roots of one rising handle. Fabric and shape as G 49, possibly fromdouble vase. PGB EG. 136. *SMALL COARSE LID. H. 3.3. D. 10. Two-

22


thirdspreserved.Grittypurple-redclay,some mica, smoothed.Low conical shape, rootsof straphandle acrosstop,lid turneddownwards.WillfitG 1355but theclayis different. PGB-EG. 137. COARSE HYDRIA (fig. 64). H. 16.1.Most of neck and one horizontalhandle missing.Grittyand micaceousredclay,wellsmoothed.All handlesround; disc foot.Incised foliatebands,one at base of neck, twoon shoulderamongthreegrooves.PGB-EG. 138. COARSE OINOCHOE (fig. 64). H. 13.5. Half preserved,withhandle roots.Fabric as G 137. Broad neck, round handle, disc foot.Foliate bands betweengroovesat base of neck and on shoulder. PGB-EG.

139. COARSE OINOCHOE (fig. 64). H. 14. Onelowerneckmissing.Fabricand shape thirdpreserved, as G 138. Incised decoration on shoulder: foliate band,threegroovesbelow.PGB- EG. 140. COARSE JUG. PH. 7.5. Upperpart.Thin gritty orange clay,some mica, smoothed.Handle rounded inside,fiatoutside,and attachedinside rim. Three groovesat base ofneck.PGB-EG. 141. COARSE TRIPOD BASIN (fig. 62). H. 19.8. DR. 27. Much of body and one leg restored.Gritty red clay,some mica,wellsmoothed;verythickfabric. Two lug handles below lip; ridge and carinationat handlelevel,withinciseddiagonalbars between.Flat base,flattened tripodfeet.PGB EG.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL frs.(fig. 156; PLATE269). D. (restored)20. H. (restored)5. Non-joiningfrs.of rim/walland base. Raised from disc casting.Thick, angular lip. Horizontal band of rilling outside below lip. Simple traced horizontalguilloche band below lip inside. Trace of figureddesign below guilloche band (illegible). Base fr. decorated inside with a many-petalled rosette, the centre lightlyembossed, the petals traced. 2. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (fig. 156). D. 16. H. c. 6.5. Nearly three-quartersof the rim, about halfthewall. Distorted.Raised fromplain disc casting.Sharplyprofiledlip. Stringhole pierced in belowlip.Plain. wallimmediately 3. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (fig. 156). rimand one thirdwall D. 16. H. 6.2. Aboutone fifth Raised fromplaindisccasting.Fairlyangular survives. lip.Plain. 4. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 156; plate 269). H. 9.5. Handle H. 4.8. Handle W 7. Handle and part of neck of narrow mouthed vessel with swinging handle mounted on rim. Flat, hammered strip workedto shape for handle, terminalshammered to round section and bent backwards on - threaded througha hole on a small themselves risesabove the completelyplain lip. Cf. that tongue 285.f34. 5. BRONZE LOTUS-HANDLED SQUAT JUG fr. (FIG. 156; PLATE268). Handle W. 7. H. 5.8. Two non-joiningfrs.of handle and a non-joiningrim Five largedomed rivetheads on and neckfragment. the inside of the mouthwithinthe handle span of *which only the two outer in factsecure the handle to the vessel. Fairlylow reliefon what remainsof the lotus ornament. Made by investmentcasting (lostwax)? 6. REMAINS OF BRONZE CAULDRON (fig. 156; PLATE268). Handles L. 10.7. H. 2. Th. 1.6. Many

body fragmentsof a very thin-walledvessel fitted forswing with two horizontalhandle-attachments handles (lost). Probably plain-lipped and round based. An elderly vessel at the time of burial as numerous tinkered patches. Original shape irrecoverable. 7. BRONZE LOTUS-HANDLED SQUAT JUG fr. (FIG. 156; PLATE269). H. 4.8. W. 0.75. Handle fr., brokenaway top and bottom;trace of round lower attachment.Probably to be seen as tripartite,but tracedverticaldivisionsratherthan the originalwax cartoonhavingbeen made of threeroundbars laid sidebyside.A roughishpiece. 8. BRONZE PHIALE fr.(fig. 156; plate 268). 7.1 X 6.8. Floor fr.of reeded phiale (includingcentre). Three joining pieces of vessel raised froma disc casting; reeding hammered. Omphalos not pronounced; the reeding radiates from the omphalos.Could belongto same vesselas thephiale rimfg. 9. BRONZE PHIALE frs.(FIG.156).(Largest)4.5 X 1.7.Nine pieces,all rim.Reedingterminalsrelatively verybroad (1.2).Rim shape suggeststhe shallow,flatbased variety.Could belong to same vessel as the phialefloorfB. 10. BRONZE BOWL frs.L. 13. Two joining rim pieces, much distorted,seem to belong to a bowl distinctfromÍ2 and £3. There are six other rim whichcould belong to Í2 and fj, or this fragments piece- or stillother(s). 11. CLAY LOOM-WEIGHT (fig. 188). H. 5.6. W base 3.6, top 1 X 0.8, Dh. 0.7. Chipped on side and base. Pale brownfabric,some smallstone.Pyramidal, four-sided. 12. CLAY LOOM-WEIGHT. H. 4.5. W base 3.7. X 3.5, top 1.6 X 1.25,Dh. 0.4. Battered,top missing. four-sided. fabric.Pyramidal, Brown-red 13. STONE frs.includingobsidianpieces (five)and marble/limestone (four)up to L. 7.

THE TEKE SITE

Ts. G-H

23

Tomb H (figs. 2, 8, plate 7 c-e) ExtantL. overall3.30 Dromos: extantL. 2.28 W. 0.80-1.18 (at thestomiori) Stomion: 0.72 X c. 0.37 Chamber:1.06 X 0.85. MaximumextantH. 0.57. The NWend ofthe dromos was lost.The dromos wallswerepreservedup to 0.12. The dromos floordescended0.04 vertically fromthestomion as faras itwas preservedat a mean angleofc. wereeccentricand irregular. Therewas a shallowstepup 50. The jambs oftheshallowstomion fromthedromos to thestomion varying0.09-0.12in height.A largeporosblockingslab 0.74 X X 0.48 0.20 lay in the entranceto the chamber,displacedand tiltinginwardsat an angle of 61° fromthe vertical.The roofof the small oval chamberwas lost. The floor,whichwas coveredin coarsesand and smallpebbleswas c. 2.70 belowmodernsurface.A relatively large in plan, had been cut intothe W face of the dromos, 1.62wide, side-chamber, sub-rectangular 0.92-0.71deep fromN-S. Its w wall stood0.34 high;itsfloorwas 0.07-0.12above the dromos floor. The tombwas in the middleof the NE-SWline of chambertombson the Niotakisplot it fromits fellows,and it was set (N-G-H-J-L- K). Its SSE-NNWorientationdistinguished further intotheslopeofthehill.The chamberwas at theSE end ofthedromos. The tombwas foundin investigating theplotaftera bulldozerhad been at work.This work and removed the chamber roof. The tomb had destroyedthe NNWend of the dromos, been looted. previously and chamberpointedto looting.There were Large sherdsscatteredin the area of dromos in stone slabs the dromos which came from thechamberblocking,concentrated nearthe large stomion. while One, of squaredporos (0.47 X 0.25 X o.10) was NWof the main slab [supra), another,to the W,had been squared on one side only.On top of the W end of the largest of a cup, 2, oinochoe,3, werefurther N. lid, 1. Fragments blockingstonewas a fragmentary E of were of main the stone. There was a scatter of sherds Largepieces 4, pithos-urn, blocking and someburntbone in thechamberat thelevelofthetop oftheblockingstone.At thesame levelweretwoseparatedhalvesof a glassbead, £2. Near the centrewerethreefragments of ironpins(fj); Í4, 5, ironpins,werein the same level.Underthesherd-scatter was a layerof soil withfewersherds;here was f65 ironfragment c. 0.05 below the otheriron.There was anothergroupofsherdsand burntbonejust above thefloor.Two lids,5, 6, wereon thefloor on thew sideofthechamber. In theNWcorneroftheside-chamber was a pile offourstones,perhapspartoftheblocking wallofthemainchamber.Otherwise, a fewsmallsherds,a fragment ofan incisedstoneobject above the and a reddish-black brick floor, small,partlyfired, (fi) 0.15 (0.18 X o .12 X 0.035) across the were the finds. lying step only POTTERY (PLATES 6 12) 1. '"CONICAL LID (FKJ.64). H. 13.8. D. 20. Nearly concave,rimturninginward. complete.Knob slightly White on dark: circles on knob, band and lines, detachedgroup of quadruple chevron,two zones of triplecircles.EO. Cf. E no. 776. 2. *CUP (FIG.64). PH. 7.2. DR. 11.2. Rim to near base: handle, non-joining.Deep orange clay,some polishinginside and out. S-profile,hemispherical; straphandle.Unpainted.LM III? 3. OINOCHOE. H. 19.7. Two-thirdspreserved. Polished surface, thin brown paint. Slight ridge

between neck and shoulder,double-rolledhandle, concavebase. Bands at base of neck.On each flank, large triple circle enclosing various zones: A, six wheels,quadruple circle,billets,double circle with centraldot; B, tracesofarcadedrosette.Band at base. Paint on handle and rim. LG EO, Creto-Cypriot type. 4. *TWO(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 39. DR. c. 18. Body fr.,base missing;rimfr.,non-joining.Inset rim,rootsof horizontalhandle. Decorationin white on dark: at handle level, columns of triplecircles

24


beside ladder,zones of triplecircles betweenlines aboveand below.Lowerbody:bandsand lines,always borderedbywhitelines;twogroupsof whitelineson solidpaintbelow.EO. 5. DOMED LID (fig. 64). H. 3.8. D. 14.7. Nearly complete.Slightnippleat top,gentlyevertedlip,two suspensionholes. White on dark: tongues,double A 48 and A 51. circles.EO. Cf.Atsalenio 6. "'CONICAL LID (fig.64). H. 10.9.D. 20.5. Nearly complete. Conical knob, concave on top. Knob: circles enclosing cross with dotted chevrons in quadrants. Bands and lines, fainttraces of white doublecircleson twolowestbands.LG, late. 7. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 16. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, ringfoot.Dark ground. Handle panels,similaron each side:(i) sextuplezigzag (quintuple on B); (ii) tongues with midrib,zigzag below,flankedby diagonal crosseswithchevronfill; (iii)thinhatchedleaves,flankedbycrossesas (ii).Each panel flankedby columnof fourwhitedoublecircles. Bands and lines below, the upper two bands with whitedoublecircles.Painton handles.LG. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.2. DR. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, disc foot.Dark ground. Panels:A, triplezigzag,lozengechainin tripleoutline withdoublechevronsoutside,hatchedbattlement; B, pointedtongues,lozengechain in tripleoutlinewith single chevrons and dots outside, double axes withopposedverticalarcsand hatchingin alternating between;C, triplezigzag,solid leaves,double zigzag, hatchedbattlement; D, doublezigzag,lozengesas in B but in double outline, hatched battlement.White doublecircleson band below,and in columnsflanking horizontalhandles. Bands and lines on belly and lowerbody,paint on horizontalhandles; on straps, diagonal cross between bars, double zigzag below roots.Band insiderim.LG, late.Cf. E nos.691,831. 9. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 31.5. DR. 16. Base missing.Inset lip, painted. Handle panels: jewellerypattern,composed of fourdouble dotted lozengeswithconcavesidesenclosedwithina chainof arcs; pairs of double circlesattachedto apices above and below.Bandsand lines;painton handles.EO. 10. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.3. DR. c. 15. Handles and part of rim missing.Inset lip, rising above shoulder;ringfoot.Paint on lip. Band, lines reinforcedin white. Panels: two hatched leaves alternatingwithstackedW's; tongueswithmidrib, double axe to left,hourglassto right;each whole panel framedon threesides by whitedouble circled betweenwhitelines.Bands and linesbelow,the two in white.LG. Cf. E uppermostsetsoflinesreinforced no. 781. 11. CUP (FIG.64). H. 5.7. DR. 7.2. Half preserved, on base. Fullycoated.LG. handlemissing. String-mark 12. *DOMED LID (FIG.64). H. 4.8. D. c. 18. One-

thirdpreserved.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:octopus, 29, lozengechain,double circled.LG/EO. Reflexions, fig.2.3. UrnswithLids,119,fig.14. 13. *LEKANIS. H. c. 7.5. DR. 19. Three non-joining frs.Hard orangeclay withgreycore,polishedinside and out.Shape similarto H 14. Unpainted.O. 14. LEKANIS (fig.64). H. 7.2. D. 22. Three-quarters preserved.Soft pale orange clay,brownand white grits.Lug handlesat rim,piercedwithtwosuspension holes.Evertedlip,flatbase. Unpainted.O. 15. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS (hg. 64). H. c. frs.ofmouthand 11.Neck to lowerbody,non-joining base. Orange-brownclay,coveredin dull red-brown paint; decorationin mattgrey-black.Surfacebadly pitted.Flaringlip, ridgeon neck,two roundhandles fromridgeto shoulder.Globular body,base slightly concave. Band under rim,horizontallines on neck. Two verticallineson each handle.Quadruplecircles on shoulder,one set in centre,two adjacent sets to each side. Belly:fourlines,reservedzone, one band. No painton lowerbody.CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984, 128,no. 17. 16. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.8. Half preserved,neck missing.Polished.Strap handle,flatbase. Groupsof linesabove and belowbelly.Handle barred.LG-EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 17. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.2. Nearlycomplete.Polished. Straphandle,flatbase. Unpainted.MG. E 158,class II D.

18. LEKYTHOS. PH. 8. Upper half.White grits. Round handle,neck ridge.Lines on rim,ridge,and base of neck;handlebarred.Shoulder:singlezigzag, single-outlineleaves. Three lines above and below belly.LG. 19. ARYBALLOS. H. c. 7. Frs.ofmouthwithhandle, shoulderto belly,and base. Strap handle,flatbase. Badlyworn.Lineson neck,barson handle.Shoulder: reservedpanel of quadruple zigzag. Groups of lines below.Band insiderim.LG. 20. *ARYBALLOS. H. c. 8.5. Non-joiningfrs.Strap handle,flatbase. Verticallineson handle.Body:three lines,one line,band at base. EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 21. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.5. Upper half.Straphandle. Neck and handlepainted;fourlinesabove and below belly,the outerlinesthickened.EO. E 158,class II B (iii);cf.no. 883. 22. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.2. Shoulder to base. Polished.Flatbase. Unpainted.LG. E 158,classII D. 23. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.8. Base missing,surface worn.Strap handle.Traces of linesabove and below belly.LG/EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 24. CUP (fig. 64). H. 6. DR. c. 6.8. Half preserved. Roughbase, straphandle.Dark groundwithreserved panel: two singlezigzags.Handle: bars and diagonal cross.EO. Forshapecf.F. no. 1130. 25. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5. Mouth to belly. Strap

THE TEKE SITE handle. Bands on neck. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles on double outline. Lines, paint below. Verticallineson handle.Two linesinsidelip. M--LG. E 158,classII C. 26. ARYBALLOS. PH. 4. Shoulder to base. Strap handle,flatbase. Shouldertrianglesas H 25, lines, paintbelow;handlebarred.M-LG. E 158,classII C. 27. *CUP. DR. c. 8.4. Rim and shoulder.Offsetlip, carinatedshoulder.Wavy line on lip, rough zigzag panel on shoulder.M-LG. 28. *CUP. DR. c. 8. Frs., rim to belly.Lip gently sidesdippedin paint.PGB. Cf.D 42. offset, 29. *ARYBALLOS. H. c. 9.3. Frs. Strap handle,flat base. Band underlip, two lines on neck,threelines above and below belly. Handle barred. Two lines insidelip.LG-EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 30. *CUP. Rim and body frs.Trace of ringfootand straphandle.Shape similarto H 11. Fullycoated. 31. *LEKANIS (fig. 64). H. 3.8. D. 13.6. Grittyand micaceous orange clay. Evertedrim,groovebelow; flatbase. Double lug handles,each projectionpierced. Incisedzigzaginsiderim.O. 32. NECK- HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 11.Rim and bodyfrs.Creamslip.Groupsofbarson rim.Dark ground:neckpanel notpreserved.Shoulder:diagonal crossesand verticalbars.Bands and lines.Band inside rim.LG. Cf. Payneno. 69; E no. 663. 33. *OINOCHOE (?). PH. 4.8. Neck fr. Tall battlement in single outline. From tall-necked

Ts. H-J

25

pouringvesselas G 17 or 21. EG. Motifas on belly ofG 8. no lip. 34. *SMALL CUP DR. 5. Rimfr.Hemispherical, 35. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 7.5. Rim and body frs.Cream slip. Dark ground.Bands and lines.Band insiderim.MG-LG. 36. *FOUR-HANDLED POLYCHROME PITHOS. Worn frs.of rim, handles, body, and flaringfoot. Almost all decoration obliterated. Traces of the zones: (i) below rim,whitearcaded tongues following on red ground;(ii) blue lozengechain in tripleoutline on red ground,quartered,each quartercontaining smallwhitelozenge;(iii)sextupleredcircleswithsolid centreon whiteground,blue linesabove and below; (iv) on whiteground,blue tongueswithdouble red outline enclosing red dots. Narrower intervening all zones in solidredbetweenblue lines.Not certainly fromthesamevessel.O. 37. *DOMED POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 16. Worn frs.No decorationpreserved.O. WouldfitH 36. 38. *LEKYTHOS (?). PH. 7. Neck and handle,much worn.Tall neck,straphandleto mouth;hole pierced throughsolid top. Bars on handle; large vertical chevronsbetweenlineson neck.EG. 39. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. c. 19. Neck and base frs.Many greygrits,creamslip insideand out. Root of verticalstraphandle attachedto neck. Flat base, ridge above. Stamped circles on handle and neck, borderedbypin-pricks.

SMALL FINDS 1. MINIATURE LIMESTONE ALTAR (?) (fk;. 185: PLATE303). H. 6. W. 5.5. Th. 2. Chipped,partof top missing,generallyworn. Softwhite.Face has handdrawnmotif(horse?foot/leg); sidesplain;top,a linear scratched pattern surface; base with two square protrudingfeet; reverse, with buttons and lost projectionat base, carriesscratchedpatternofbird(?) head. 2. GLASS BEAD. Sub-spherical(fk;. 157).D. 1.5 1.6. L. 1.3. Dh. 0.6. Pale green transparent,withsome goldsurfacecorrosion.LG/EO. 3. IRON PINS (fk;. 157;platk 269). L. of group4.5.

Individualpins (muchof shaftslost)withdisc heads, traceoffinial,bulbbelowhead. 4. IRON PIN fr(fk;. 157;plate 269). L. 3.7. Head D. 1.2. Much oxidized, most of shaftlost. Disc head, perhaps with finial; indistincttraces of mouldings below.Copious clothremains. 5. IRON PIN (?) fr.L. 2.8. W. (of accretion) 1.8. Perhaps lower shaftof pin and a mass of accretion amongwhichare copiousclothremains. 6. IRON PIN (?) fr.L. 3.8. W. 1. Much oxidized.Part of the shaftsof two pins adhering by oxidization. Largepatchofclothremains.

TOMBj (FIGS. 2, 11, PLATE 8) ExtantL. overall:3.06 Dromos: extantL. 1.64W. 1.06 Stomion: 1. 00 wide,0.47 deep Chamber: 1.95 X 1.16 Chamberwall preservedup to 0.90. Chamber floor2.00-3.00 below modern surface. Whatwas preservedofthedromos was irregular. The floorrosea verticaldistanceofc. 0.20 at a mean angle of 50. The stomion was evidently damagedsincetherewas a jamb c. 0.45 on theS side,none on theN; therewereno blockingstones.An irregularly cut step0.14 highled

26


downfromstomion to chamber.The sub-rectangular chamberwas unevenlycut.The chamber floorslopeddownfromdoor to back wall,moresteeplyin thefront, levellingofftowardsthe back. In the E cornerwas a roughlysquaredstonestand0.33 X 0.28 X 0.11,one cornerof whichhad been roundedto fitthechambercorner. The tombwas near the middleof the NE-SWline of chambertombson the Niotakisplot was SE-NW,thechamberon theE sideofthedromos. (N-G- H-J-L-K). Itsorientation The tombwas foundafterthemechanicalclearanceofthebuildingplot.Its upperpartwas removedby the machine,slightly damagingtwo of the vesselsstillupright.It was otherwise itscontentsinsitu. undisturbed, near itspresentmouth,was a bronzepin fragment, Justoutsidethe dromos^ fi3, perhaps Fromsherdsfoundflatand troddenintothe dromos floor partofthe originaltombfurniture. thekantharos56 was recomposed.In thechamber,on thestonestandin the E corner{supra) was an EPG coarsepithos,2, highenoughforitsrimto havebeen damagedbythemachine. - a swept-upinhumationof a woman of c. 22 It containedthe remainsof two interments at the top of the urn,partof the skull,withmaxillaand mandibledetachedand including, towards theside.Beneathwas thecremationofa female,probablyunder30. On the displaced SE side of the skullwere two pieces of a bronzedresspin, laterfoundto have been silverplated,£3.Justunderthe mandiblewas a gold pin,fj, itspair £7was a littlelower,on the othersideoftheurn.Slightly on thesame side,was a roundedstonepellet£5;closerto higher, the skullwas a rockcrystalbead, f6. Among the cremationwas a miniaturerockcrystal doubleaxe, £8, an amethyst bead, £9, a LM III B steatitesealstone,fio and, lowestof all, a burnt.A carnelianbead, fi2, was foundwhentheurn bone pierced plaque, fu, apparently contents weresieved. The unburntremainsperhapsbelongedto an earlierburialwhichwas sweptup and placed in 2, on topofthecremation.Possiblythegravegoodsin theurn,exceptfu, belongedto this secondaryburial, even if some of themhad workedtheirway to the upper level of the cremation. Perhaps,too,thekalathos53, in theWcornerofthechamberbehindtheamphora in thedromos and the 4, (supra) belongedto theearlierburial. fragments In the middle of the chamber,at the back, was the MPG amphora 1 with,inside it, of a MPG stirrup-jar 55, evidentlyplaced as a stopperin i's mouth.In the W fragments vases cornerwas thelargeEPG amphora4, an amphoriskos 3, in itsmouth.The remaining werearrangedbetweenthesethreelargevases(1, 2, 4), roundtheedge ofthechamber.Near theS wallwas theMPG amphora55 betweenitand 1 werean amphoriskos 65 an oinochoe8, witha cup 39), former nested a lid 10, skyphoi11, 15 (the 7, 16, pyxides9, 13, stirrup-jars and cups 12, 14. E ofthese,partlyunder15 and behind1, claybeads (£2)werescatteredin two lines. One, withplainerbeads, was close to the wall; the other,withmore decorative beads,to the W,thoughthisincludedsome plain beads and one of glass.Othersweremore that widelyscatteredto theNEand in thecentre.The twolineswereperhapsseparatestrings in front of extent scattered. and to some were eventuallybroken 1, an Immediately a concentration 1 was and 18. Between 2 a special 17 was inside shallowskyphos amphoriskos These included ofvases,especiallyaround2 wheresomeseemto havebeen stackedoriginally. MPG with a a MPG stirrup-jar 20, cups47, 48 beneathit;also pyxis21, 19, an amphoriskos a shallow an a skyphos22, skyphos24 in whichthe cup 40 was 23 overlying amphoriskos beads were four There nested(partof22 was under24). (£2)in theMPG amphoraclose clay in of was the front 2 to the back wall.Just 35. A tripodcookingpot 46 stood amphoriskos - high-footed stack ofvessels was a fallen and 2 between35 and 21. Between21 skyphos50 was above The cup 45 50, the high-footed cup 49 cups 51 and 54. containinghigh-footed

THE TEKE SITE - T. J

2y

below it. On the floor,betweeni and 38, was the bronze bowl (fi) withthe Phoenician inscription. In frontof 2, againstthe N wall, was a kalathos37, piled high witha heap of vessels on top,high-footed including, skyphoi(27, 31, 34), cups (28-30, 32-3), an amphoriskos (35) withmorecupsbelow(41, 43-4), and a high-footed cup (42). SWof37 stoodtheoinochoe26 with,just beyondit,thetray25. In theWcorner,piledup, behind4, werea kalathos52, and a cup 53. POTTERY 1. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 60. DR. 22. Partsof mouthand neck missing.Large whitegrits. Sharp rim, everted lip, ridge below. Bucranium handles. Foot roughlyarticulated,flatunderneath. Neck: zone of solid triangles, otherwisefullypainted. Shoulder:cross-hatched lozenges.Bellyzone,between broad bands: eleven-fold circles, flanking (A) horizontallydivided panel of lozenges,nine-square checkerboard,lozenges, all cross-hatched,and (B) verticallydivided panel of cross-hatchedlozenges, cross-hatching,and herring-bone.Band at foot, stoppingshortof base. Paint on handles and inside rim.MPG. SteleKontoleontos 408 09, pl. 192a-b. 2. COARSE-NECKED PITHOS. PLATE. PH. 31.5. Base to neck, with stump of one vertical handle. Gritty orange clay, pale orange surface. Ridge betweenneckand shoulder,threegroovesabove belly. Disc foot.E-MPG. 3. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 20.7. DR. 10. Nearly complete. Concave neck, rather uneven.Low conicalfoot.Painton neck,handles,and foot.Flattenedwavy line on shoulder;band, lines, irregularsmears below. Inside, band below neck. EPG. As E 161,'small kraters'group A (EPG), but slimmer. Foundin mouthofj 4. 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c. 60. DR. c. 21. Largelydisintegrated except forneck,base, and belly fr.withhorizontalhandle. Friable red-brown black paint. Flaring rim,flaton clay,semi-lustrous top. Concave neck withmanyrivetholes indicating repair in antiquity.Plump ovoid body, ring foot. Groupsof bars on rim.Neck: singlezigzag between lines, otherwise fullypainted. Shoulder: tenfold semicirclesenclosingsolid triangle;bands and lines. Bellyzone plain, two lines below. Band round foot. Curvedstripeson handle.EPG, perhapsimported:cf. E no. 154. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 47.3. DR. 14. Virtuallycomplete.Rounded rim,straphandles, flat base. Groups of thick bars on lip, neck fully painted, S on handles with circles round lower attachments.Shoulder: quintuplecircleswithsolid centre:splashed on one side. Band above belly,no paint below.Band insiderim.MPG. Cf. F. nos. 157, 212.

6. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 23.2. DR. 12.6. Part of footmissing.Rim slopes inwards; oflidJ 10. Slight just below,twoholesforattachment ridgebelowneck,highspreadingfoot.Neck: irregular wavyline in reservedzone. Shoulder:hatchedzigzag (otherside empty).Bands and lines below.Paint on foot,on handles,and insiderim.EPG. 7. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.65). H. 19.5.Complete.Small whiteand black grits.Spike on disc, airhole,conical mouth.Conical foot,uneven.Painton disc and inside mouth.Handles barred. Rings round bases of both necks and handles. Shoulder: column of blobs, runningup neck; cross-hatchedtrianglesin frontof either side; behind, verticalsbetween wavy lines, flankedby lozengesenclosingintersecting chevrons. Bands betweenlines,line below,painton foot.MPG. AR 23 (1977)r3>fig-31»bottomright. 8. OINOCHOE. H. 16.5. Frontof mouthmissing. Fine orange-buffclay, lustrous black paint. No articulation betweenneckand body.Low conicalfoot. Dark ground. Shoulder: three thirteen-fold semicircles,one cross-hatchedtrianglewith extra outline. Three lines, paint to base. Strap handle, barred.Line insidelip.AtticLPG. AR 23 (1977)12,fig. 30, bottomcentre. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. H. 13.6. DR. 8.4. Complete. Black grits.Sharply carinated shoulder, round handles,flatbase. Neck painted. Belly:wavy linesbetweenbands; linesbelow,band at base. Paint on handles,daub belowroots.Paintinsideneck,a few splashesbelow.E-MPG. For shape cf. BSA 58 (1963) 37» n 4> % 8- AR 23 (1977)!3> fl& 31»bottom,third fromleft. 10. SMALL LID (fig. 65). H. 6. D. 12.2. Complete. Many black grits.Mastoid shape, slightridge near toJ 6. Bands and lines, rim;twoholesforattachment no paintinside.EPG. Forshapecf.E no 508. 11. SKYPHOS (fig. 65). H. 8.9. DR. 12.5. Nearly complete. Fine buffclay, small black grits,semilustrousblackpaint.Shortlip,ringfoot.Dark ground, with reservedpanel: solid trianglesbetween lines. Fullypainted inside. MPG. AR 23 (1977) 12, fig.30 bottomright. 12. CUP (fig. 65). H. 5.1. D. 9. Complete,but for piece of rim. Thin fabric. Slanting rim, handle

28


attached inside. Flat base, with string-mark. Fully painted.MPG. 13. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 7.2. Virtually complete. Asymmetricalneck, sharply carinatedshoulder,roundhandles,flatbase. Painton neck,stoppingshortof rim on one side. Shoulder: groups of pendent bars. Belly wavy line between bands; lines below, band at base. Inside as J 9. E-MPG. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,secondfromleft. 14. GUP (fu;. 65). H. 5.8. D. 9. Red paint.Lip slightly offset;disc foot,roughunderneath.Flanks dipped. MPG. Cf.Ay IoannisI 47. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,top, secondfromleft. 15. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 13.9. D. 15. Virtually complete.Fine orange-buff clay,smallbrown grits,lustrousblackpaint.S-profile, highconicalfoot. Band and linebelowrim;cross-hatched panel flanked circles.Linesbelow,paintto base. Curved bynine-fold stripeon each handle,carrieddown to lowerpaint. Thin reservedline insiderim;otherwisefullypainted, but forsmallcircleon floor.AtticLPG. Cf. E no. 58 withreferences. AR 23 (1977)12,fig.29 b. 16. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.65). H. 22. Complete.Fabric and shape as J 7. Circleroundspike,bars at edge of disc and on handles. Horizontal dashes in frontof spout.Paintinsidemouth.Ringsroundbases of both necksand handles. Comb ornamentscatteredover shoulder.Band, lines;line below,painton foot.MPG. AR 23 (1977) 13, fig.31, top right.Cyprusand Crete 258-9,pl. 44.5. 17. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 13.8. DR. 9.3. Complete. Conical foot.Dots round rim, neck fullypainted.Shouldergroupof pendentbars, twoshortrunsoffloatingzigzag.Band, twolines;line below.Painton handlesand insideneck.EPG. Cf. E no. 60. 18. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS. H. 6.9. DR. 15.6-16.9. Complete.AsJ 31. M-LPG. 19. OINOCHOE. H. 19.5. Part of mouthmissing. Thin greyfabric,over-fired, shoulderflattenedby excessiveheat.Straphandle,flatbase. Band at base of neck. Shoulder: eightfoldsemicircles.Band, three lines;twolinesbelow,band at base. S on handle,line insiderim.MPG, betweenE nos. 225and 487. 20. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 23. DR. 7.1.Nearlycomplete.Small blackgrits.Flattened handles,flatbase. Neck: wavyline,band. Shoulder: flatterwavy line, band between lines. Two bands below,broadband at base. S on handles,paintinside rim.EPG. SmallerversionofE no 205. 21. PYXIS. H. 16.7. DR. 12.2. Virtuallycomplete. Orange-brownclay,black grits.Flattenedrim,very uneven;slightcarinationbetweenneckand body.Base concaveand veryrough.Groupsof thickbars slightly on rim,painton neck.Neck:fourquadrupletriangles, thickenedinside, fringedoutside. Bands and lines

below,paintstoppingshortof base. Painton handles and insideneck,muchspatterbelow.MPG. Forshape cf.Ay.IoannisI 56. 22. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 14.6. D. 15.7. Virtuallycomplete.Softbuffclay,brownand black blackpaint.Shape asJ 15. Band and line grits,flaking below rim;columnof cross-hatched lozengesflanked bytenfoldcircles.Three linesbelow,paint,threelines above base. Inside as J 15. AtticLPG. Cf. Kerameikos IV,pl. 23 no. 2102.AR 23 (1977)12,fig.29 a. 23. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 19.3. DR. 9. Virtuallycomplete. Orange-buffclay, smallbrowngrits,lustrousblackpaint.Straphandles, low conicalfoot.Dark groundwithreservedshoulder panel: on bothsides,groupsofopposeddiagonalbars below,scribblein thinned separatedbysolidtriangles; brownpaint. Handles barred,paint insiderim.Attic LPG; smallversionof GGPpl. 1 a. AR 23 (1977)12,fig. 30, bottomleft. 24. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. H. 7.5. DR. 17.7. Complete.Small black grits.AsJ 31, but withthree circleseach side.M-LPG. eightfold 25. TRAY (FIG.65). H. 5.2. D. 33. Virtually complete. White and black grits.Three round handles rising fromthe rim,slopingwall,flatbase; undersiderough and uneven,twoirregulargroovesnear centre.Three pairs of holes indicatingrepair in antiquity.Bars roundrim,paint on handles.Inside paintedbut for centre of floor: quintuple circle enclosing curved Maltese cross,two freehandarcs in each quadrant. Outside:detachedfloatingzigzag betweenbands: on one side only, line and band below. No paint E-MPG. Cf.E no. 90 forshape. underneath. Small 26. OINOCHOE. H. 15.6.Frontoflip missing. black grits.Concave base. Line on and inside lip, band at base of neck.Shoulder:threegroupsof three pendentbars. Band, threelines;line below,bandjust above base. S on handle. MPG. For shape cf. E no. 211.AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,bottomleft. 27. *HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 9.3. DR. 9. Partof rimmissing. AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 28. CUP (fig. 65). H. 6.2. DR. 8.8. Rim chipped. Short Fabricas J 29, streakyblackpaint;underfired. lip, not offset.Flat base. Fully coated outside, otherwise paintedasJ 29. AtticLPG. 29. CUP (FIG. 65). H. 6.2. DR. 8.2-9. Virtually clay,browngrits,semi-lustrous complete.Orange-buff black paint, streakyin parts. Straightlip, slightly concave.Handle barred.Outside offset;base slightly fullycoated but forreservedline below rim.Inside: reservedline under rim, reservedcircle on floor, otherwise fullycoated.AtticLPG. 30. *CUP. H. 6.2. DR. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.AsJ 29. AtticLPG. 31. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig. 65). H. 7.9. DR. 15.2. Complete.Buffclay,whitegrits.Shortoblique

THE TEKE SITE lip, strap handles, disc foot. Band, four sextuple pendent semicircles,paint to base. Wavy line on handles.Paintunderbase. Inside: broad band under rim.M LPG. 32. *CUP. H. 6.2. DR. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.AsJ 29, butwithtworeservedlinesbelowrimoutside,and the exterior paintstoppingshortofbase. AtticLPG. 33. *CUP. H. 5.9. DR. 8.6. Virtuallycomplete.As J AtticLPG. 29, butthelip is lessclearlyoffset. CUP. H. 9.4. DR. 9.6. 34. *HIGH-FOOTED Virtually complete.AsJ 29. AtticLPG. 35. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 20.9. DR. 7.2. Nearlycomplete.Small whitegrits.Everted lip, strap handles to rim,uneven lower body,high conical foot. Neck: hand-drawn pendent triple semicircles belowband; band betweenneckand body. Shoulder:eleven-foldsemicircles.Band, threelines, painton lowerbodyand foot.Verticalwavyband on handles. Inside, thin band below rim. Paint under foot.MPG. Cf.AJA5 (1901)pl. 9 no. 15. 36. HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 8.9. DR. 9. Virtually complete.AsJ 5. AtticLPG. 37. KALATHOS (fig. 65). H. 14.2.D. 31. Complete. White and black grits,red-brownpaint. Flat rim, ridgebelow,flatbase. Groupsofbarson rim.Band on lip,linebelow.Two sextuplecircleson each side;three lines,band at base. Painton handles,daub carriedto base. Insidepaintedtojust abovefloor.EPG. Urnswith Lids,no, pl. 13b. 38. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 33. DR. 13. Virtuallycomplete.Black grits.Rounded lip, slight angle betweenneck and shoulder,low conical foot. Oblique bars roundrim,neck all painted.Shoulder: two cross-hatched and outlinedtriangleseach side,a small swastikaat each end of panels. Bellypainted, threelines; paint on foot. Handles barred, circles roundlowerattachments. Paintinsiderim.MPG. 39. *CUP. H. 5.8. DR. 8.5. Complete.Thicklustrous black paint; no reservation below lip outside, otherwise asJ 29. AtticLPG. CUP. H. 9.1. DR. 9.1. 40. HIGH-FOOTED Complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 41. CUP. H. 5.8. DR. 9. Virtuallycomplete.Exterior paint stops shortof base, otherwiseas J 29. Attic LPG. 42. HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 9. DR. 9.1. Virtually complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 43. CUP. H. 5.7. DR. 8.4. Rim chipped. Lip not clearlyoffset,exteriorpaint stops far shortof base, and no reservationoutside rim or inside on floor; otherwise asJ 29. AtticLPG. 44. HIGH-FOOTED CUP H. 9.1. DR. 9.2. Virtually complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. CUP. H. 9. DR. 9.3. 45. *HIGH-FOOTED Complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 46. TRIPOD COOKING POT (fig. 65). H. 11.DR.

T. J

2g

7.9 8.3. Complete. Grittybrick-redclay, lumpy surface.Rim aslantand elliptical.Strap handle,legs squarishin section.PG. AR 23 (1977) 13, fig.31, top centre. 47. *CUP (fig.65). H. 6.7. DR. 9.3. Nearlycomplete. asJ 28. Attic Streakypaint.Slightdiscfoot,otherwise LPG. 48. *CUP (FIG.65). H. 6.5. DR. 9.5. Nearlycomplete. AtticLPG. AsJ 29, butlip moreclearlyoffset. 49. *CUP (FIG. 65). H. 5.9. DR. 9. Complete. As J 29. AtticLPG. AR 23 (1977)12,fig.30, topleft. 50. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig. 66). H. 15.8. D. 15.6. Complete.Softorange-buff clay,brownand black grits,a littlemica, semi-lustrous black paint. Rim slightlyelliptical, ten circles in each set. OtherwiseasJ 15. AtticLPG. 51. *HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 8.8. DR. 9. Nearly complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 52. *KALATHOS. D. c. 38. Rim fr.Fabricand shape asj 37. Groupsofbarson rim;band, ninefoldcircles. EPG. 53. CUP. H. 5.8. D. 11.Complete.Thick orangeclay, red paint.Straphandleto rim;thewall to whichit is attached has been pushed inwards.Flat base, very verticalbars.Wavy rough.Reservedpanel ofirregular line down handle. Inside fullypainted. E- MPG; revivalofa Minoan type?Cf.Ay.IoannisV 20. 54. HIGH-FOOTED CUP (fig.66). H. 9.1. DR. 9.4. Complete. Fine orange-buff clay,browngrits,thick and oftenlustrousblackpaint.Clearlyoffset lip. Strap handle,crispconical foot.Reserved:twolinesoutside lip, one inside; circle on floor;line at base of foot; otherwise fullypainted.Handle barred.AtticLPG. 55. STIRRUP-JAR(fig. 66). H. 26.5. Partof mouth and one handlemissing.Blackgrits.Spikeon concave disc, airhole,convexmouth,straphandles,attached slightlyabove disc. Conical foot.Paint on disc and insidemouth.Handles barred.Ringsroundbases of both necksand handles.Cross-hatchedtriangleson shoulder.Band, threelines;line on lowerbody,paint on foot.MPG. Cf. F. no. 245. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31, topleft. 56. KANTHAROS (?) (fig.66). H. 15.DR. c. 18. Half preserved,with one handle. Soft orange-buffclay, brown grits,red-brownpaint. Reserved exactlyas J 54. AtticLPG. 57. BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 7.9. DR. 6.9. Foot and part of body missing.Purplish-brown clay dipped in chocolate-brown paint. S-profile. Lower body reserved.E MPG. 58. *JUG. PH. 9.8. Two frs., non-joining; base missing. Neck slightly concave, strap handle, depressedglobularbody.Paint on neck,overlapping insiderim.Shoulder:groupsof pendentverticalbars. S on handle. Single bands above and below belly. MPG. Similarto E no. 119.

30


59. *TRIPOD COOKING POT. Frs.ofdisintegrated vesselsimilartoJ 46. PG. 60. *JUG. PH. 13. Two frs.,base to shoulder,and shoulder with handle stump; neck missing. Soft Pendentlanguetteson orange-grey clay,underfired. threelines,band on lowerbodyand at base. shoulder, MPG. Handle barred,circleroundlowerattachment. Shape similartoJ 58. 61. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 4.5. Shoulderto lowerbody, withhandlestump.Deep orangeclay,whiteand dark browngrits,brownpaint.Depressedglobular.Crosshatchedtriangleson shoulder,band betweenlines; band on lowerbody.Painton handle.(Not certainly fromthis tomb.) LPG PGB. Possiblyfroma jugaryballosas Q, 11. 62. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 4.5. DR. 6.8. Rim to bellywithone handle.AsJ 57. E MPG. 63. NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 38. DR. c. 25. Half preserved,edge of footmissing.Orange-brownclay, whitegrits,cream wash. Ridge below rim, round

handles, high ring foot. Bars on rim,band below. flanking Large singlecircleswithMaltesecrossfilling, a centralpanel of verticallinesbetweenbands. Paint on handles.Below,band,fourlines;twolines;band on foot.Band insiderim,spatterbelow.E-MPG. 64. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 30. DR. c. 17. Neck and shoulderwith one handle, rim frs. Black grits. Groups of bars on rim, neck fully painted,shoulderreserved.S on handle,circleround lowerattachment. Below,band, threelines.E-MPG; laterPG amphoraehave plain necks.For shape cf.F. no. 212.

65. BELL-KRATER. D. c. 34. Rim and body frs. Orange-brownclay,whiteand black grits.Projecting below.Groups rim,roundedabove; slightthickening of bars on rim,broad band below. Main zone: in centre,verticalband, threeverticallines eitherside, fringedwithhorizontalchevrons.Sextuplecircleson each side.Band below.Inside,broadband belowrim, spatterelsewhere.E-MPG.

SMALL EINDS 1. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (1k;. 157). H. 6.7. D. 15. Complete and intact; surface oxidization.The heavy lip and thickwalls suggest castingratherthanraisingfroma disc. Below thelip, twelve-letterinscriptionflankedby sketchyropepatternin a horizontalzone definedtop and bottom by bands of short, close-set strokes. Text and decorationlightly traced.AR 23 (1977)12,figs.27, 28. Kadmos18 M. Sznycer, On thePhoenicianinscription: (1979)89 932. CLAY BEADS. Over thirtysix, arranged in group by tomb edge, probably froma necklace. Conoid (at least twentythree),biconical (three)and spherical(at least ten) represented.Up to H. 2; D. 2.5; Dh. 0.35. Some of the spherical ones carry incisedpatterns,triplezones of dashes eitherside of concentriccircles;medial zigzags,plain dashes. Cf. D. fi. 3. METAL PIN (flati; 266). L. 5.5. D. sphere0.4, shaft0.25. Tip lost,corrodedsurface.Silvercoated bronze.Two sphericalswellingsat head end, lower moreprominent. 4. 7. PAIR OF GOLD PINS (1k;. 153;flati: 263). L. 6.7. Hammered and workedfromcast wire.AR 23

(1977)13»fi&255. STONE PELLET. 6. STONE BEAD (flail 303). H. 1.D. 1.35.Dh. 0.35. Chipped.Smokyrockcrystal.Spherical. 7. See 4. 8. STONE PENDANT (?) (fig. 184; flail 303). L. 4.05. W. middle1.6, edges 2.1. Th. 0.4 centre.Small chips,unpolished.Rock crystalor quartz.Double axe shape,butno suspensionhole. 9. AMETHYST BEAD, (flail 303). D. 1.1.Dh. 0.15. Chipped.Spherical. 10. SERPENTINE SEAL (HM 2620) (fig. 193;piai l 303). Th. 0.7. D. 1.75. Dh. 0.25. Abraded. Black. Lentoid.Horned goat,withhead turnedback to lick near foot.Guide-lineon edge. Minoan (LM III). AR 23 (1977)12,fig.26. 11. BONE PLAQUE. L. 2.7. W. 2.4. Dh. 0.75. Cornerslost,abraded. Flat plaque withpatternsof dot-and-circlemotifs(rows of two or three) along diagonalsfromcornerto centralhole. 12. CARNELIAN BEAD, (flail 303). H. 0.65. D. 0.75.Dh. 0.17.Chipped.Spherical. 13. BRONZE PIN, fr. 14. CLAY BEADS.

Tomb K (eig. 2) A smallsegmentofthechamberalone remained.It had been strewnwith No measurements. coarsesandand smallpebbles. The tombwas at theSWend oftheNE-SWline ofchambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) in the is unknown. Niotakisplot,about i.oo SWofT. L. Itsorientation

THE TEKE SITE

Ts. J L

^1

What remainedwas foundfollowing the mechanicalclearanceof the plot. The floorwas than T. but most of it had been erodedon thehillslopeto theW.A fewsherds L, 0.45 higher whichmighthavebelongedwerefoundin thearea ofthechamber. POTTERY (PEATE 67) 1. *BELL-KRATER. fk;. 69. H. 41. DR. 34.5. Twothirdspreservedwithone handle; decorationfaded. Red-brownclay,smallwhitegrits.Roundedrim,ring foot.Painton rimand handle(s).Tenfoldcircleswith hourglasscentre,flankinga rectilinearpanel which containsthreenarrowzonesofsinglezigzag,separating apparentlyemptyspaces. Band and two linesbelow. EPG. Inside,broadbandbelowrim,spatterelsewhere. 2. LID OF PYXIS (fig.66). H. 4.7. D. 10.Two-thirds preserved.Fabricas K 5, to whichitbelongs.Conical;

evertedlip,depressionon knob.Two suspensionholes nearrim.Bandsand lines,no painton knob.LPG. Cf. lid ofE no. 1470. H. 8.5. DR. c. 6. Half 3. BELL-SKYPHOS. preserved.Well-turnedconical foot.Paint down to lowerbody;insidefullypainted.EPG. 4. *BELL-SKYPHOS, rimto belly.As K 3. EPG. 5. PYXIS (fk;. 66). D. 10. Rim frs.Pink-brown clay, whitegrits.Evertedlip, flaton top. Bars across rim, band belowlip,reservedarea. M LPG.

Tomb L (figs. 2,8, plate 9 a) Extant L. overall: 2.50 Dromos:L. preserved: 1.35. W. 0.84-0.97. Stomion: 0.65 X 0.29. Chamber:1.75X c. 1.45.Chamberwallwas preservedup to 0.48. The outlineofwhatremainedof the dromos was irregular; it narrowedtowardsthestomion. Whatremainedrosea verticaldistanceof0.06 at an angleof50. A prominent jamb survived on theS side ofthestomion, whichled downto thechamberby a curvedstep0.06-0.08. The chamberseemsto havebeen roughlymushroom-shaped in plan. The tombwas near the sw end of the NE-SWline of chambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) in theNiotakisplot.Itsorientation was SE-NW;thechamberwas on theSE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundfollowing themechanicalclearanceof theplot,whichremovedtheS of the chamber and three stones whichmighthave been partoftheblocking.The floor edge had not been farbelow modernsurface,whichsloped down steeplytowardsthe main road, just W ofthetomb.The chamberhad been partlydestroyed longbefore,and itsoutline,and thedromos, could be made out onlywithdifficulty, forthekouskouras herewas muchweathered and probablydisturbedby rootactivity. The tombhad been looted.Traces ofa modernfireand stomion floor. pitwerefoundin theareajust abovedromos One of the stones(0.44 X 0.39 X 0.13) pulled out by the machineseemedto have come fromthedromos] theothertwomayhavecome fromthesame spotand perhapswereoriginally part of the door blocking.Scatteredsherdswere foundin the dromos, includinglargepieces near the dromos and stomion floor.In the chamber,especiallyin the NE part, therewere at floorlevel,includingpartsofa stirrup-jar, 16. On theE side a kouskouras fallhad fragments crusheda pyxisand lid,1; beneath,and nearerthewall,thebase ofan amphora,7, suggested thechamberhad been robbedbeforethefall.A fewapparently unburntbone fragments were foundon thefloor. POTTERY (PEATE 67) i. PYXIS (Fid. 66). H. IO.2. DR. 9.5. Complete. Yellowslip.Evertedlip,flaton top; twoholesthrough rim,oppositeone another.Ringfoot.Bands and lines. M LPG. Cf.E no. 1470. ia. SMALL LID forPYXIS (fk;. 66). H. 4.8. DR. 10.2. Complete. Fabric as L 1, which it fits.Knob

handle with concave depression, a hole pierced horizontally throughitsroot.Conical shape. Painton and belowknob,linesnearrim.M LPG. 2. *PYXIS (fk;. 66). H. c. 12.9. DR. 10.4. Base to shoulder,and non-joiningrim fr.,much worn. One Flat suspensionhole.Softyellow-grey clay,underfired.

Q2

KNOSSOS

THE NORTH

everted lip, depressed globular body, low conical foot. Bands and lines. M-LPG. (fig. 66). H. 9.6. DR. 7.4. Two3. *BELL-SKYPHOS thirds preserved. Red-brown clay, yellow slip. High conical foot. Dipped in paint to lower body, and all over inside. MPG. H. 9.2. DR. 7. Nearly 4. BELL-SKYPHOS. complete. As L 3. MPG. H. 9. DR. 7. Nearly complete. 5. BELL-SKYPHOS. Soft brown clay,otherwiseas L 3. MPG. 6. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. c. 9 DR. 7. Frs. As L 5. MPG. AMPHORA. H. 49.5. DR. 7. BELLY-HANDLED 20. Two-thirdspreserved. Red-brown clay, white and brown grits. Flaring lip, flat on top. Ring foot. Neck painted, with two reserved lines. Shoulder: zone of thirteen-foldsemicircles interruptedby (A) two panels of cross-hatching and (B) one large cross-hatched lozenge. Band between lines. Bands on lower body and on foot. Curved stripes on handles. Groups of bars on rim, band inside. EPG, perhaps imported; cf. E no. 154. or JUG. PH. 12. Body frs. only. 8. *OINOCHOE Porous buff clay, small brown grits. Plump ovoid. Ninefold semicircles on shoulder, band, three lines; two lines, band. LPG. As AJA 5 (1901) no. 8 and similarto G 92. 9. *NECKED PITHOS (fig. 67). PH. 17. DR. c. 13.5. Rim to lower body with one vertical strap handle. Purplish-brownclay,traces of cream slip. Uneven rim, with thick bars in groups. Neck painted. Quintuple circles, three bands. Bars and diagonal cross on handle. Band inside rim,spatterbelow. PGB. AMPHORA. Neck and 10. ♦NECK-HANDLED body frs.Spaced bands. LPG. As D 15. 11. TRAY (fig. 66). H. 3.8. D. c. 25. Rim to near centre. Buff-purpleclay, large white grits,cream slip. Roots of rising horizontal handle on rim. Concave wall passing gradually into flat base. Outside: band,

CEMETERY

lines, band; eleven-fold semicircles round edge of base, a larger set of circles in the centre. Bars on rim. Inside: band on wall; four lines, band, circles at centre. LPG. AMPHORA. Neck fr.,same 12. *NECK-HANDLED type as L 10. LPG. PITHOS. Frs. Vertical 13. *COARSE NECKED handle(s), grooves below lower attachment. M-LPG. Of same type as E no. 242 and O 6. 14. *COARSE PITHOS, base only. PH. 8.8. DR. c. 20. Rim 15. CAULDRON-KRATER. to belly, no trace of handle. Porous grey-buffclay, white grits. Short concave lip, rim sloping outwards; slight carination below. Band, lines, solid triangles, lines, band. Inside: band below rim, another at lower break. LPG. 16. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 67). H. c. 21.5. Upper twothirds preserved, true neck missing, base restored. Orange-brown clay,white grits.Spike on disc, airhole. Paint on disc, S on handles, loop round handle roots, line at base of false neck. Shoulder: four triangles in double outline, containing checked lozenge and two smaller hatched triangles. Band, lines; band on lower body. MPG. Between E no. 158 and Payneno. 1. PH. 24. DR. c. 33. Two frs., 17. BELL-KRATER. rim to lower body; decoration faded. Red-brown clay, black grits, yellow slip. Flat rim, ridge below; roots of horizontal handle. Band above ridge. Sextuple circles with Maltese cross filling,linked to a central rectangular panel by a diagonal tangent; diagonal strokes in the angle between the tangent and the panel. Paint on handle. Inside: band below rim, spatter elsewhere. PGB. For the design cf. Payne no. 4. 18. SMALL BELL-KRATER. PH. 15. DR. 22. Frs., rim to lower body. Small white grits.Flaring concave lip, slight carination below. Band below rim. Quintuple circles, three lines, paint on lower body. Paint on handles. Band inside rim. PGB.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON OBJECT (fig. 157).L. 3.8. W. 3. Fr.of 'double hook' only one prong of which survives. Doubtless brokenfromsome largerobject. Function not clear. 2. WOOD frs. (Largest piece) 6.5 X 2.4. Th. 0.8.

Solid wood with a charred surface- can this possibly be ancient? 3. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 1.2 X 0.6. Th. 0.1. Three verysmall shapeless scraps of sheet.

Tomb M (figs. 2, 8, plate 9 b-c) extantL. 0.57.W. c. 0.86. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:1.75.Dromos: 0.50 X 0.23 deep. Chamber: 0.80 X to was wall The chamber high. up preserved 1.25 0.96. It lost c. 0.04 in What remainedof the dromos appeared to be wideningfromthe stomion. had a wellat an angle of c. 2°. The NE side of the stomion verticaldistancefromthe stomion, A which SW. on the no was which there of originally 0.05 may step, counterpart squaredjamb

THE TEKE SITE - Ts. L-M

gg

have been as muchas 0.26, led fromthe stomion into the mushroom-shaped chamber,with levelfloor. The tombwas on theSWedge oftheNiotakisplot,perhapspartofa NE-SWbankoftombs to whichTs. O and Qalso belonged.Its orientation was SE-NW,thechamberon theE sideof the dromos.

The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearingoftheplot,whenitsdromos was seen in the scarp leftby the machinein frontof the lowerflightof stairsthatled to the Agha's ruined house.The chamberwas directlybelow the steps;its roofmusthave been destroyed before floormayrepresent theremains theywerebuilt.A channelcut 0.16 belowtheoriginaldromos of a robbingtunnelinto the tomb. The S side of the dromos seems to have been largely destroyed, perhapsat thesametime.The tombhad been ransacked. in thearea ofthestomion Therewas a massofbrokenpottery and dromos, including1, a tray, and 3, anothertray,to 2, a lid foundundera largestoneovertheruinedWside ofthedromos, theE. Intothechamberwas 4, base ofan urnlyingon edge. Partsofthesevesselswerefound strewnacrossthe tomb,fi, ironfragment, was on the E side of the stomion. There was more W W ofthesewas on the two halves of a To the side, pottery including5, skyphos0.15 apart. thebase ofa bell-krater, ofa lid. 6, twoaryballoi,7 and 8. On theNE side was 9, fragments all were found over the chamber and All to these stomion, Fragments possiblybelonging 4. itemsseemedto be 0.05-0.10abovethechamberfloor. Amongthe sherdswereseverallargestones,perhapsremainsof the blockingwall. Under thegenerallevelof sherdswas a scatterofburntbones,withone concentration in thestomion E associatedwithsherdsof a thin-walled another on the side of the chamber near the vessel, entrance.These probablyrepresent where ash-urns were the robbers. points emptiedby POTTERY (PLATES 68-9) 1. TRAY (fig. 67). H. 4.6. DR. 20. Complete base with one third of wall. White grits. Two round horizontalhandles,ridgebelow rim,carinatedbody, concave base. Outside: band, lines, band; handles barred.Concentriczones underneath:spiral,hatched circleat zigzag,spiral,solid triangles,cross-hatched centre.Band insiderim,threespaced circularbands on floor.EG. 2. SMALL LID (fig. 67; plate 69). H. 2. D. c. 10. Three-quarterspreserved.Orange clay,large white grits,redpaint.Domed, withevertedlip.Billetson lip, hatchedtriangles,reservedrosettewithsolid centre. MG. FitsthepyxisM 13. 3. TRAY (FIG. 67). H. 2.7. D. 22. Half preserved. Pinkishclay,pale browngrits,creamslip.Two round horizontalhandlesattachedto rim.Slopingwall, flat base. Outside:band, horizontalS's; painton handles. Underneath,two concentriczones of large hatched chevrons;doublecircleat centre.Inside:bars on rim, broad band, hatched cross with threediminishing chevronsin each quadrant.EG. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.8. DR. 12. Two-thirdspreserved,one handle missing.Small whiteand greygrits.Inset rim,risingslightlyabove shoulder.Ringfoot.Painton lip,lines.Panel (onlyone side preserved):quintuplezigzag,solid petals,outline

tongueswithmidrib,and sextuplezigzag,all flanked by columnsof W-pattern(double chevron).On three sides,outerframeof double circlesin whiteon dark. Handles painted,withbars in reservedstripe.Bands and linesbelow.LG. 5. SKYPHOS (FIG. 67). H. 8.2. DR. 11.3. Nearly complete.Lip gentlyoffset,disc foot.Lines on lip; panel of vertical chevron stopped by bars, lines underneath.Painton lowerbodyand handles.Inside fullypainted but forreservedband below rim and reservedcircleon floor.MG. 6. *BELL-KRATER (?). Base fr.Edge of footbroken all round.Spatterinside.PG. 7. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.2. Nearly complete, but surfacecracked. Polishedbuffsurface,wheel-made. Slightridgeon neck,flatbase. Unpainted.MG. F 158 classD. 8. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 10. Nearly complete. Orange-brown clay,brownpaint.Flaringlip,flatbase. Two lineson neck.Shoulder:threehatchedchevrons, one hatchedtrianglein double outline.Lines,band, lines,paintto base. Handle: bars,interrupted by two diagonalcrosses.Line insiderim.EG. 9. DOMED LID. H. 4.7. D. 20. Centre missing. Whitegrits.Low domed shape,plain rim.Bands and lines.LG. FitsthepithosM 4. Cf. Payneno 29.

34


10. BELL-KRATER. PH. 28.5. DR. 27.5. Half base and one handlemissing.Whitegrits, preserved, smallgrainsof mica. Sharplyevertedlip,sharpridge below.Band; ninefoldcirclesenclosingten-petalled rosette in outline, and flankingvertical hatched meander;band, lines.Painton handle(s).Band below riminside,no spatter.PGB. SteleKontoleontos 410 ff.,pl. !93b. 11. DOMED LID. PH. 7. D. c. 23.5. Rim to near centre,frs.Cream slip. Evertedlip and carination. Band on lip, zigzag, blank zone, zigzag. Inside painted,withreservedline underrim.MG. Cf. E no. 389. 12. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fig. 67). PH. 6.3. DB. 20.8. Base of flaring pedestal, seven ribs preserved. Two lines at base, solid paint above. M-LG. Cf. Teketholos no. 19. 13. PYXIS (fig.67). PH. c. 12.6.DR. 7.4. Frs.,rimto belly,and base. The lower body has disintegrated Insetlip,risingabove shoulder. throughlayerflaking. Two lug handles,verticallypierced,one suspension hole throughlip by each handle. Flat base. Dark ground,horizontalS's in handle panel. Paint stops shortofbase. MG. Forbodyshape and decorationcf. Ann.52-3 (1974-75)23! f-%• 85 fr°mPhaistos. 14. *OINOCHOE or JUG. PH. 14. Shoulder to lowerbody.Buffclay,greycore,tracesofcreamwash. Three spaced bands. Cf. E no 225 (MPG), but probablylater. 15. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 15.Frs. of rim,body,and handle; base missing.Soft pinkbrownclay,dullbrownpaint.Thickenedrim,concave inside; vertical rope handles, ovoid body. Dark ground.Trace of reservedpanel on neck,linesabove. Bandsand lineson body.E-MG. Cf. GGPpi 52 c. 16. NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 31. DR. c. 22. Frs.,rim to belly,lowerbody,base. Creamwashinsideand out, red-brownpaint. Short concave neck, slightridge

below.Root of horizontalhandle.Flat base. Band on neck. Quintuplecirclesclose together, possiblythree eitherside. Two bands above and below belly,band EG. Cf.AD 14 abovebase. Band insiderim,no spatter. (1931-32)3 if.fig.1,5 fromPhoinikia. 17. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Part of handle and mouth missing.Buffclay, polished yellow surface, wheel-made.Unpainted.MG. 18. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 33. DB. 13.5. Frs., belly to lower body, base, and handle. largewhiteand greygrits. Yellow-grey clay,misfired; Stumpof risinghorizontalhandle,plumpovoidbody, ringfoot.Solid painton belly;below,regularbandsto base. Handle painted,withbars in reservedstripe. E-MG. preserved, 19. NECKED PITHOS. H. 37. Two-thirds handlesbrokenoff.Red-brownclay,manywhiteand brown grits. Concave neck, slight ridge below. Attachmentsof two vertical strap handles from shoulderto belly.Flat base. Groups of bars on rim, paint on neck. Two sextuplecircleseach side, two bands; singlebands on lowerbody and above base. Inside:band below rim,spatterelsewhere.EG. Cf. E no. 457. 20. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 37.5. DR. 18.5.Nearlycomplete.Coarse orangeclay,manylarge whiteand greygrits,tracesof creamslip,fadedblack paint. Concave rim,flatabove. Flat base. No paint visible on body or handles. Three grooves below B 5. EG. Cf.E no. 391,Atsalenio handleattachments. 21. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 40. Base to neck, rim missing. Fabric as M 20. Roots of horizontal handle(s), six grooves below. No paint visible.EG. Shape as M 20. 22. JUG-ARYBALLOS.PH. 4.5. Frs.,base to shoulder, and handle. Orange-brown clay, brown paint. Globular,flatbase. No decorationvisibleon shoulder, threelines,twobands,handlebarred.MG (?).

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON fr.1.8 X 1.8.Chip ofweaponblade? 2. CARBONIZED FRUIT. 1.2 X 0.9. Verysmallfig

or largegrape?Burntand broken.Small spherewith kernelvisible.

Tomb N (figs. 2, 9-10, plate 9 d) withT. G, see T. G, supra) and relationship ofdiscovery, (Forgeneralcircumstances extantL. 0.80. W. c. All dimensionsare largelyconjectural.ExtantL. overall:3.00. Dromos: wall Chamber 2.20 Chamber:3.00 wide, irrecoverable. 1.00. Stomion: preservedup to deep. 0.85. The chamberwas probablymushroom-shapedin plan. Other featuresof the tomb's are conjectural. architecture

THE TEKE SITE

Is. M-N

35

NE of the NE-SWline of chambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) on the The tombwas furthest so close to T. G (thoughitsfloorwas 0.78 higherthanthat Niotakisplot.It was constructed The orientation that the two chambers must almosthave- if not quite- intersected. tomb) E at the end of the dromos. seemsto havebeen SE-NW,thechamber The tomb'sexistencewas graduallyappreciatedduringthe excavationof theNiotakisplot mechanicalclearance,thoughtheNEarc ofthechamberwas partlydug as T. C the following previousyear,1975,duringemergencyexcavationon the Koiladhi plot. In 1976,fromthe Niotakisplot perspective,it was at firstthoughtto be T G's side-chamber(thoughit was understoodthatithad been designatedT C in 1975).It had had a turbulent history, including looting,probablyin antiquity. The galleryforthe wartimebunkerhad penetratedthe hillside fromthe NW,slicing the dromos at an oblique angle, beforeits rightangled turnSW,cuttingthroughpart of the chamber, and continuing towards the dromosof T. G. The 1976 bulldozer had furtherdamaged the dromos,almost totally destroyingit. The bunker-diggersmust have removedsome of the contentsof T. N's chamber,since part of its floorhad been cut away (though a large stone slab 0.32 above the floor had apparently remained undisturbed). Perhaps the bunker which had cut into G's chamber had also sliced throughthe extremeSWcornerof T. N. Sometimeafterthe bunkerwas abandoned the W cornerof N's chambercollapsed into it, leavingthe W part of its floorslopingdown towardsT. G at a gradientof 1 in 2. The firstpart of T. N to be excavatedwas thatwhichhad fallen intothe bunker,followedby the area above the slopingpart of the floor.An ash-urnmay have stood here originallysince small fragmentsof burnt bone were found above the sloping floor,and more in the bunker fill. Small flakes of bronze were found in the bunkerfill(samples 1-5), whichprobablybelonged to a bronze object part of which,fi, was crushedunder a stone which had fallenfromN into the bunker,where it lay,0.12 above the bunkerfloor,in an arc 0.27 wide. Many other small bronze fragmentswere found nearby,probably belonging to the same object. f25 a gold boss, was found adhering to the same stone. Just S, on the same side of the stone, was a patch of powderedcopper oxide; a coarse sherd- ?partof the ash-urn- also had adheringcopper oxide. Some of the burntbone fromhere was also stainedwithcopper. FurtherE, a gold ornament,£4, was found0.14 overthe slopingfloor,withi, base of an aryballos,nearby. NEwas an ironspearhead,£5,withf6, ironobject, SE near the chamberwall.JustNEwas f8, anotherpiece of iron. The upperpartof the chamberhad been removedby the machine,but a groupof large stoneblockingslabs stilllay wherethe lootershad leftthem,scatteredacrossthe centreof the tomb.At thislevel,0.50 above floor,werelarge sherdsN and S of the stones.To the S, near the wall, groupsof sherdsbelonged to specificpots (2-4), but elsewheretheywere inextricably jumbled. Patchesof bronze fragments (Samples 6-7, 9) were foundat several floornear thestomion pointsin thechamberand, in one case, in whatremainedofthedromos (Sample 10).A bronzepin fragment, fg, was 0.10 above floorat thechambercentre;bronze fio, were found0.20 above flooron the E side, and therewere others,fu, fragments, towards the centre. A bronze pin fragment,fi2, was found on the E side, with a concentrationof bronze flakesaround it. There were large sherdsin the same area, and there may be others in that part of the chamber inaccessible to excavation under the foundations ofthenew buildingto theE. SherdsfromT. C (1975)belongedto vases foundin T. N.

36

KNOSSOS

THE NORTH

CEMETERY

POTTERY

(PLATES 70-72) 1. *JUG (?)-ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.7. Base to shoulder. Yellow slip. Depressed globular body, flat base. Three spaced bands. EG. As 13.21. 2. PEDESTALLED (?) KRATER (fig. 69 (side A)). PH. 37. DR. 42. Half preserved, base and most of one handle missing. Red-brown clay, large white and grey grits (especially in handles), cream slip inside and out, fugitiveblack paint. Projecting rim, sloping outward; ridge below. Bucranium handles. The lower body has a straight profile, suggesting a pedestal below. Band between rim and ridge, three lines. A: column of cross-hatched lozenges, hollow rectangle of check pattern, column of hollow gridded lozenges with gridded chevron below; large central battlement with perpendicular hatching; column of smaller cross-hatched lozenges, hollow rectangle of check pattern, column of cross-hatched lozenges. B: hollow checked rectangle with vertical strip of check pattern down the centre, hollow gridded lozenges; scant trace of central motif, which includes sets of diagonals alternating with triangles of solid paint; hollow gridded lozenges, hollow checked rectangle with column of hatched vertical zigzag down the centre,ladder pattern. Handles: bars between curved stripes. Below, lines, band, downward-pointing solid triangles with vertical bars on their apices, solid paint down to lower break. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB. 3. HYDRIA. (plate 72). H. 23.4. Nearly complete. Vertical rim, sharp angle below. Base slightlyconcave. Billets on rim. Neck: lines, running spiral with hatched loops, lines, band. Shoulder: four hatched chevrons with vertical bars on their apices. Billets between lines. Belly: three columns of stacked chevrons on each side; lines, band at base. All handles barred. Band below rim inside. PGB. Cf. AJA5 (1901) P1-9> 54. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 12.6. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Sharply everted rim, sloping outward, suspension holes. Two broad grooves,just above flat base. Dark ground: check pattern on shoulder, bands and lines below. Band inside rim. EG. LID (fig. 68). H. 10.2. D. 23. Half 5. CONICAL preserved. Fabric as N 7. Conical knob, flat on top, hole pierced verticallythroughthe centre. Knob: four double chevrons. Dark ground, with two zones of meander with perpendicular hatching.EG. AMPHORA. 6. BELLY-HANDLED Many frs., shoulder to lower body. Orange-buffclay, many mica grains and small black grits. Red-black paint. Attachment of neck at uppermost edge, ovoid body, bucranium handle(s). Dark ground. Shoulder: group of three reserved lines. Between ancillary zones of triple zigzag and dogtooth lies the main belly decoration, seen on the large frs.: (i) vertical

meander, circles, triple zigzag, vertical meander, triple zigzag; (ii) trace of handle attachment, vertical meander, circles, triple zigzag, vertical meander; (iii) circles, meander, trace of handle attachment. The circles are sevenfold, with checked centre, and dot rosettes in the corner of each panel. Solid paint below. If the design were strictlysymmetrical, as is usual in such a vase, the complete composition on each side would be: meander, circles, triple zigzag, meander, triple zigzags, circles, meander. Attic MG I. Cf. G 3. LID. H. 7.4. D. 27.2. Three7. OMPHALOID quarters preserved. Red-brown clay, cream slip, black paint. Central depression surrounded by ridge. Sharp angle at edge of omphalos, concave below. Flaring rim, one handle. Circles at centre, dotted scales, lines; paint at and below carination, scales without dots, lines, band at rim. Barred handle. EG. Cf. E no. 401. LID (fig. 68). H. 8.5. D. 26. 8. OMPHALOID Three-quarters preserved. Fabric as N 7; shape similar too, but with more prominentomphalos. Paint at centre, circles, interlockinghatched triangles;lines, band, lines, scales, lines, band at rim. Handle barred. EG. UrnswithLids, 119,fig.8. PITHOS (fig. 69). H. c. 51. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED DR. c. 24. Rim to below shoulder, and many frs. of body and base. Orange clay, white grits,cream slip, faded black paint. Rounded rim, slight ridge below neck, straight shoulder with carination, fiat base. Traces of risinghorizontal handle at carination. Neck painted. Shoulder: solid triangles, band, hatched leaves, lines. Check pattern in handle zone, bands and lines below. Band inside rim. EG. 10. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 14. Neck and part of body Soft missing. deep orange clay, brown paint. Round handle, globular body, fiat base. Shoulder: solid triangles pointing downward. Bands and lines below, reservedat base. PGB. II. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 17.1. Half preserved. Orangebrown clay,splittingin layers. Everted rim,flaton top. Trace of horizontal handle. Ring foot. Dark ground, zone of solid lozenges on shoulder. Band inside rim, the upper surface reserved. PGB. For shape cf. E nos. 529, 1030. 12. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 8.3. Nearly complete. Cream slip, brown paint. Everted rim, sloping outwards. Flat base. Lines, cross-hatchedtriangles,band, lines, band; paint on handles. Band inside rim. LPG EG. For no. 53. shape cf. Gypsades H. 8.8. DR. c. 7.5. Red-brown 13. BELL-SKYPHOS. in black paint down to lower body,and all clay,dipped over interior.LPG. (?) (fig. 68). PH. 9.5. Frs., base to 14. *LEKYTHOS shoulder. Red-brown clay, yellow slip. Hemispherical

THE TEKE body, ring foot with groove underneath. Quadruple chevron on shoulder,spaced bands. PGB(?). 15. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (no. 68). PH. 9. DR. 17.3. Rim to lower body. Cream slip, brown paint. Offset lip, leaning inwards. Round reflex handles. Bars on rim, band on lip. Lines, thick zigzag, bands and lines. Handles barred. Inside: band at rim, another below the handle. EG. 16. *KALATHOS-LID. PH. c. 8. Two body frs.with handle. Concave profile.Two sets of sevenfoldcircles, band below, paint on handle. Three broad bands inside. LPG. Cf. lid of E no. 691. 17. CUP (fig. 68). H. 8.8. DR. 12. Half-preserved, handle missing. Offsetlip, flat base with string-mark. Reserved panel with two lines, otherwisefullypainted. Interiorall painted. PGB EG. 18. *CUP (FKi. 68). H. 4.8. DR. 9.6. Two-thirds preserved. Fine orange-buff clay, small white grits, semi-lustrous black paint. Short lip, flat base. Reserved line inside and outside rim, barred handle, otherwisefullypainted. Attic MG I. 19. CUP. H. 5.2. DR. 9.2. Nearly complete. As N 18. Attic MG I. 20. *PYXIS. PH. 5. Upper body frs. Depressed globular shape. Dark ground. Panel with single zigzag and two lines. MG. Probably as E no. 643. PH. 8. Upper body with handle 21. *OINOCHOE. root, and frs.of lip. Paint on lip, band at base of neck. Cross-hatched triangles on shoulder, two lines, band. PGB. Similar to E no. 1034. 22. *PYXIS. PH. 12. Neck to lower body. Orange-red clay Globular shape, root of horizontal handle. Band on neck. Shoulder: indistinctmotif,lines below, paint on lower body. Spatter inside. PGB-EG. 23. TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. PH. 45. Base and body frs. White grits, flaking grey-black paint. Plump ovoid body, root of one handle, disc foot. Panels, in dark ground: A: zigzag, meander, zigzag; B: horizontal S's, outline leaves. Bands and lines below. MG, early. Cf. E no 867, and no. 764 for decoration. PITHOS. DB. e. 24. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED 40. Many frs. Hard, grittyand micaceous red clay, traces of cream slip. Short vertical lip, carination below shoulder,risinghandles elliptical in section, flat base. PGB-EG. Similar to Fortetsa A 5 (v. sub N 26). PGB. 25. »COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 22. Frs. of upper part. Gritty grey clay, buff surface. Concave neck, plump ovoid body, root of horizontal handle. Slight ridge at base of neck; groove on shoulder, level with handle root. EG. Probably similar to M 20. 26. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. Frs. of vessel similar to Fortetsa A 5, BSA 56 (1961) 72, pl. 10. PGB.

SITE

- T. N

37

27. CONICAL LID (fig. 68). H. 9.8. D. 22.5. Half preserved. Fabric as N 7. Knob flat on top, two ribs on stem. Dark ground, cross-hatched lozenges between lines. Cross-hatched check on knob. MG. Cf. E no. 837. LID (FKi. 68). H. 7.4. D. c. 26. Half 28. DOMED preserved. Red-brown clay, grey core, cream slip. Central nipple, flaring rim, root of handle near rim. Paint at centre, four zones of billet between lines, band at rim. Bars on handle root. MG. PH. 5. D. c. 20. Two rim frs. 29. *KALATHOS-LID. Everted lip with carination, deep conical shape. Band, two lines,jagged zigzag, two lines, band. Inside: band under rim. EG. Similar to 13.34. 30. *CUP. PH. 3. DB. 5. Base fr. Burnt grey clay, black paint all over. Concave base. 31. *COARSE CONICAL LID (fig. 68). PH. 3.6. D. c. 30. Two rim frs. Clay as N 24, surface smoothed. Inverted rim with carination. Probably belongs to N 24 or N 26. PGB. 32. NECKED (?) PITHOS. PH. 12.5. DB. e. 12. Frs., base to belly,part of horizontal handle. Globular body passing without articulation into flat base. Trace of circles in handle zone, bars between stripeson handle. Spaced groups of two lines and one band. Spatter inside. EG. 33. *PYXIS. Frs., shoulder to lower body. Pink-brown clay, cream slip. Globular. Band, dots, line, broad bands. E-MG. PH. 6.8. DR. c. 10. Rim to 34. *BELL-SKYPHOS. belly.Buffclay,black paint all over. LPG-PGB. 35. *CUR PH. 4.9. DR. 8.5. Rim to lower body. Short concave lip, offset.Band, zigzag, lines. Inside, bars below rim, solid paint below. PGB. Similar to 0,3536. *FEEDING JUG. PH. 8.5. Mouth to lower body: two frs. with round handle and spout. Orange clay, unpainted. Since the frs.do not join, the spout was on the front, not on the side. For shape cf. BSA 12 (1905-06) 49 no. 3210 fig.22. PGB-EG. 37. *PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. c. 14. Frs., base to shoulder. Cream slip inside and out. Trace of horizontal handle, flat base. Band on shoulder; dotted triangles between lines, band; line, paint at base. Spatter inside. LPG-PGB. Cf. E no. 361. Mouth and shoulder frs.Orange 38. *OINOCHOE. clay, grey core, cream slip. Thick handle, elliptical in section. Faint trace of semicircles on shoulder. LPG PGB. 39. *CUP. PH. 4.2. DR. c. 9.8. Rim to belly. Flaring lip, flankdipped in paint. LPG-PGB. D. c. 20. Rim fr.Ridge below 40. *KALATHOS-LID. rim. Groups of bars on rim. Band, wavy line. Inside: band, wavy line. PGB-EG. * 41. PYXIS. Body frs.Fabric, shape, and decoration as N 4.

38


SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE frs.Fivecartonsare markedeither'SF i' or '= SF i' or 'partofSF i' or 'partofSF i?' 1 Cartonmarked'SF i' has 80 verysmallscrapsof thin sheet metal, much the largest3.2 X 2.5. Thereare no featurepieces. 2 Cartonmarked'SF 1' has twofrs.ofwhichone is the lip of a hemisphericalbowl or phiale with plainlip 2 X 2.1. 3 Cartonmarked'partofSF 1?' has 25 frs.,largest 4.8 X 2.8. Includesplain rimof bowl or phiale D. 20). All otherpiecesfeatureless. (restored 4 Cartonmarked'= SF 1' has ninesmallshapeless piecesofsheet,largest1.7 X 1.2. 5 Cartonmarked'partofSF 1' has 50 frs.+ chips, all shapelesspiecesofsheet(largest3.1 X 3). Also (a) phialerim2.1 X 1.4,and (b) tworimscrapsof small cauldron(?), larger3 X 2.4, plain, quite sharpcut. The tinyproportionof rimfrs.amongthiscollection makesitdoubtful whether ithas anyinnercohesion.Ifit and smallcauldron) has,at leasttwovessels(phiale/bowl are involved.(NB: an additionalcartoncontaining40 smallto tinyfrs.ofsheet(largest 3.2 X 1.7)maybe part of the same complexof material.The pieces are all butcouldhavecomefroma vessel.) formless, ia. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2. D. 0.15. Fibula (?) from withouttaper. mid-shaft, 2. GOLD CIRCULAR ORNAMENT (fig. 153; PLATK263). D. 5.5. Beaten fromsheet gold. Dotrepoussédecorationroundrim.Holes forattachment: and twoon rim. one in centre-boss 3. IRON 'PRONG', (piau: 269). L. 23. D. 0.8. Bent; muchoxidized.Supposedto be brokenfromthe fork used duringthe German occupationin diggingthe Teke air raid shelter.This explanationoverlooksthe factthatforksare unknownin Greece and do not,as far as I am aware, belong to eitherAllied or Axis entrenching equipment. 4. GOLD POMEGRANATE ORNAMENT (1kï. 153; PLAIE263). H. 1.5. Damaged. Embossed from thinsheetgold.Froma pin-head(?). 5. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.L. 3.2. D. 1.5.Bottompart ofsocketonly. 6. IRON BLADE fr.D. 2.6. W. 1.4. Th. 0.2. Much oxidized.Probablypartofa smallknife.

7. BRONZE frs.(Largest) 3.5 X 2.5. Four heavily oxidizedfeatureless piecesofsheet. 8. IRON KNIFE (?) fr.3.5 X 2.6. Th. 0.4. Oxidized. Part of blade; littletrace of midrib,and therefore likelyto be knife. 9. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 8. D. 0.4. Oxidized;in two pieces. Plain shaft;no trace of mouldings.NB there are two morefrs.in a separatecarton(L. 3.5) which join,and maybelongto thisobject. 10. BRONZE VESSEL HANDLE (?) (fk;. 157;plate 269). L. 3.5. W. i.i. Th. 0.3. Oxidized. Threeribbed- froma lotusjug? 10a. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.5and 2.8. D. 0.4. Two nonjoining,oxidized,frs.of shaft.There maybe tracesof mouldingon thesmallerpiece. plainhorizontal flakeofmetal. 10b. BRONZE fr.2.4 X 1.5.Featureless 11. BRONZE frs.3.5 X 2.5 and 2.3 X 1.5.Featureless oxidizedscrapsofsheetmetal. 12. BRONZE fr. 0.6 X 0.7. Th. 0.1. Oxidized, shapelesspiece ofsheetmetal.W sideofchamber. 13. BRONZE frs.Two chipsofverythinsheetbronze. scrapofsheet. 14. BRONZE fr.1.8 X 0.5. Featureless 15. BRONZE frs.(Largest)1.4 X 1.2. Four chips of thinsheet. 16. BRONZE frs.(Largest)3 X 1.7.18 smallpiecesof sheetor strip;oxidized,shapeless. 17. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2.3 X 2.1. Eightoxidized, shapelesspiecesofmetal. 18. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2.2 X 2. Three shapeless, oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 19. BRONZE frs.(a) (Largest)2.7 X 2.1,(b) (Largest) 4.8 X 3. (a) Three rimfrs.of smallbowlsor phialai withplainlips.Could all be partofsame vessel,(b) 25 bodyfrs.ofsheetmetal(Chamber). 20. BRONZE frs.(Largest)4.7 X 3.1. Eightshapeless, oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 21. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 3.7 x 3.3. Sixteen shapeless,oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 22. BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 4.4. H. 2.2. Th. at rim of rimof hemispherical 0.2. Much oxidizedfragment thickened. bowl(?); plainlip,slightly 23. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2 X 1.2. Four scraps of oxidizedsheetmetal. 24. BRONZE frs.(Larger)3.2 X 2.8. Two scrapsof sheetmetal.

Tomb O (figs. 2, 1 1, plate 9 e-f) existed.N chamber: extantL. 1.90. W. 1.14-0.90.No stomion ExtantL. overall:4.60. Dromos: 2.00 X 1.50.S chamber:1.15X 1.55.H. 0.90. This tomb,exceptionally, comprisedtwo chambers(n and s) in tandem,the S apparently loss oftheN chamber'sroof,thelatteressentially added aftertheirretrievable becomingpart former. to the ofthedromos leading

THE TKKK SITE

Is. N ()

gg

in itslaterphase rose 1.05 in verticaldistance,at a mean angle of 180.In the The dromos earlierphase (assumingthe X halfwas not thenreçut)it rose 0.44 in verticaldistanceat a mean angle of 190.There had apparentlybeen two stepsout of the chamberthroughthe stomion whenthe X chamberstood,0.95 beyondwhichwas a singlestep and an increasein dromos gradient(from70 to 24o).The entranceto theS chamber,downintowhichtherewas a a smalldistanceintowhathad been the floorof the N chamber.The wallsof extended step, the dromos inwardstowardsthe top; it narrowedsomewhatas it reachedthe N slopedslightly X chamber.The chamberhad been oval in plan; its originalcuttingwas veryclear up to c. itswallswereveryirregular, 0.30 above thefloor,butthereafter havingfallenaway.On the'V in sucha manneras to side froma heightofc. 0.90 above floorthekouskouras was cut straight continuethe line of the dromos. The S chamberwas cut fromthe X chamber'sback wall. Its floorwas c. 0.30 belowtheX chamber.It had roughlystraight sidewalls,a roundedback wall. A flatstone0.38 X 0.48 X 0.08 was in situin its entrance,no doubt the foundationof its blockingwall.The roofwas largelyintact,butwas missingoverwhatwillhavebeen itsstomion. in itsE facewas Niche 1,c. 0.65 ofwhosewidthwas excavated;it At theX end ofthedromos was at least0.45 deep. Its floorwas 0.60-0.70 above dromos floor.Niche 2 was cut intothe S end oftheE dromos wall and intotheadjoiningwall oftheX chamber,c. 0.65 wide,0.40 deep. Thereis no noteoftheheightofitsfloorabovetheadjacentfloors. The tomblayastride(tothex) theNiotakisand (tothes) Koiladhiplots,mostS oftheTeke was tombs,perhapspartofa XE-SWbankto whichTs. M and Qalso belonged.Its orientation SE-XW,thechamber(s)on theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas found(in 1976)whenthemachinediggingfoundations on theNiotakisplotcut theX end ofthedromos and grazedtheX end ofNiche1.A 1.10lengthofthedromos and Niche1 werethenexcavated. ran the dromos under a concrete staircase on the Koiladhi Beyondthat, heavy further excavation too the staircase had been removed and itwas plot,making dangerous. By 1980 the of Mr. S. to excavate that of the tomb that on Koiladhis, possible, through goodwill part lay his in the a of the stair and a concrete to theS. property, processdestroyingremaining part courtyard Betweenthe1976and 1980excavations some0.75ofthedromos musthavebeen destroyed at the sametimeas thestaircase, of construction the which had now been probablyduring building by erectedon theNiotakisplot,covering the1976excavation. The modernstructures {supra) probably datec. 1900.Partsofthemrestedon kouskouras bedrock, exceptwherethegap in thebedrockover theX chamberexisted,and heretheywerefoundedon thehardreddishearthwhichfilledboth chambers. Withtheexception ofNiche1,thetombhad beenrobbedinantiquity. The reddishfill,containingG sherdsofmixedperiods,whichbecamelarger,lesswornand morenumerousas theexcavationwentdown,provedto be robbingspoil,almostcertainly R. There werefragments of R lamps,pots and tilethroughout, but nothinglater.The robbers downintotheX chamber,thenceto theS chamber,ignoringthedromos mayhavedug straight and Niche 1.TheymayhavefoundtheblockingoftheS chamberintact.A numberofsmallto mediumstoneshad been piledto theE oftheentranceto theS chamber,on orjust above the flooroftheX chamber,and one or twohad also beenpushedinsidetheS chamber. The floorand muchofthewallsoftheS chamberwerecoatedwitha thinlayeroffinegreybrownsiltymud, separatingthe kouskouras fromthe robbingfill,whichgrewprogressively harderfromtop to bottom,and was hardestin the S chamber.This suggested8thatthe S

8 The lati*Antonis thisinterpretation ofthesilt. Zidianakis,theSchool'sForemanat Knossos,whodug thistomb,offered


40

chamberhad been floodedand thendriedout and thatthetombhad been lootedand backin winter. In thedromos, on dromos-ftll, filledin wetconditions, therefore, parallelwith probably, wall. Below the levelof itsstoneswas 25 PG oinochoe.Among Niche i, was a low retaining thestoneswas 9, sherdofan EG amphora(?). On theWsideofthedromos, oppositetheniche, lowerthan its floor,was 6, an ash-urn,inverted,stillcontainingburntbone. Ash was also foundstrewnin the dromos at thislevel. Near it, 0.66 above the dromos floor,was a PGB ofan LPG bell-krater, oinochoe,10. Beneath6 was an AtticLPG jug, 7. Fragments 12, were also foundin thedromos. On the On thestepleadingfromthedromos to theN chamberwas 29, PG jug (unbroken). flooroftheN chamber, just W ofthe entranceto the S chamber,in a thinlevelof apparently of25, and fewerstones,werefragments brownerand softer earth,withmorekouskouras lighter, a plain pithosperhapsinsitu.Justto the S, stillnearerthe S chamber,weresherdsof 24, O polychrome pithos,in a heap withsherdsofotherpithoi.Also on thefloor,nearerthecentre, roofO aryballoi,22, 23. This thinlevelmayhavebeen a pre-robbing werethefragmentary of falllevel,thoughthechangewas notparticularly clear.Somewhatabove 24 werefragments thebase ofthe LG pithos,19 (manyofwhosebodysherdswerein the S chamberfill).In its ofcoarsepithoi,c. 0.30 above floor,19's base sherds area wereamphora(?) 17, 18, fragments in N part,was a massofsmashedpottery the the below 18's. c. above floor, including 0.40 just above the of dromos), 15 (EG ash-urn),16 (plain pithos). fragments 14 (MG pithos partly Therewas a heavyscatterofburntbone aroundand below 15; one ofitspieceswas foundc. 0.30 higherin the robbingfill.There was a predominanceof O materialon the N chamber floor,withLG sherdsabove them,MG or even earlierpieces above those,in the reverseof order. properchronological In theS chambertheupperhalfofa MPG stirrup jar, 28, wasjammedbetweena stoneand thebackwall,nextto 27, base ofa LG pithos.£5,partofan ironjavelinhead on theE sideof was empty.Though theentrance,mayalone havebeen insituin thischamber.Niche 2 {supra) the contentsof Niche 1 had been disturbedwithintheperiodof the tomb'suse, itsash-urns and theirlids werein situ.At the S end of the nichewerethe EG pithosand lid, 4, 5, and, identified inside,aryballos,8, and threeironfragments, duringthestudyofthecremation.1, in theN end oftheniche,was a MG pithos,containing 3, a MG aryballos. In thelightoftheevidencedescribedaboveitis suggestedthatafterthetomb'sfirst use,the 1 was cut Niche interment. for fresh out was not dromos probably quite every dug completely all thefill,so thatwhenpotswhichmay wallto avoidtheneed forremoving highin thedromos have been in the nichewerethrownout to makeway forothers,theyfellnot on the dromos thatash was also foundat floor,butwheretheywerefound,0.60-0.70 above thefloor(supra)', reconstruction. this thesamelevelhelpscorroborate Dromos and Niche 1 suggeststwo 'springcleanings'.In EG it was necessaryto rehousePG and EG interments (4, 6, 12). At the end of MG or earlyin LG, 6 and 12 and the smaller to makeroomin theniche dromos potsfoundnearthemwerethrownintothepartly-excavated for1 and itscontents. thus:A theoretical maybe summarised history 1 2 3 4

and N chamberdugin thePG period. Dromos Used in PG. in EG; PG and EG potsremovedto Niche 1. Overcrowded S chamber EG-MG. Collapse of N chamber;convertedinto S extensionof the dromos. have been interment 15. may dug;itsfirst

THE TEKE SITE

T. O

4I

5 S chamberfilledwithinLG. i movedto Niche i; 6, 9 and varioussmallpotsthrowninto S chamberperhapsnow used forinterments in 19 and, later, partlyexcavateddromos. which have final been the use. 24, may 6 Tombrobbed- ?R. POTTERY (PLATES 73-7) 1. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.4. DR. 13.7.Half preserved.Verticalhandlesmissing.Panels identical: triple zigzag, cross-hatched lozenges, meander.MG. 2. OINOCHOE. H. c. 15.5.Base to shoulder,frs.of neck and handle. Cream wash. Round handle, low conicalfoot.Shoulder:pendenthatchedlozengeswith all linesproduceddownward;spaced bands. Painton rim,noneon handle.EPG. 3. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Complete. Handmade. concave.Unpainted.Inside Straphandle,base slightly O 1. CorinthianMG. 4. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 70). H. 36.3. Dr. 18-19. Complete.Unevenrim,slightridgebelow.Flat base. Two roundhandles.Verticalpanel in centreonly,as illustrated,same on both sides. Bands; paint on handles.EG. 5. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 70). H. 8. D. 20.5-22. Nearlycomplete.Straphandles.WithO 4. EG. 6. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 29. Complete.Reddishclay,largegrey-brown grits,cream wash. Unevenrim,flaton top, ridgebelow; another ridge between neck and shoulder. Strap handles, circulardepressionat each root. Sets of grooveson body.Largediscfoot.E-MPG. 7. SMALL JUG (fig. 70). H. c. 9.3. Neck and body muchofsurfacewornaway.Fineorange-buff restored, black paint. High clay,red-brown grits,semi-lustrous strap handle, barred. Reserved zone on belly with scribblein dilutedpaint.WithO 6. AtticLPG- EG. 8. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.6. Complete.Highlypolished grey-brownsurface.Shape as O 3. Unpainted. In O 4. MG. 9. AMPHORA (?) frs(fig.70). PH. 19.5.Cream slip. Battlement and birdin partof bellyzone. Otherfrs* preservepartofhorizontalhandle,a handlerootwith a panel ofdiagonalcheckpattern,a verticalmeander withvarioushatchings, and the beak of anotherbird facingleft.A neckfr.witha hatchedbattlement may also belong.PGB-EG. 10. COARSE OINOCHOE. H. 11.6.Frontofmouth missing; trace of trefoillip. Grittyred clay, well smoothed.Strap handle. Groovesbetweenneck and shoulder.Disc foot.UnderO 6. PGB-EG. 11. DOMED LID (fig. 70). H. 7.2. D. 19-20.4. Half preserved.Elliptical rim. Pair of suspensionholes. Some piecesfoundin O 1. MG. 12. BELL-KRATER. PH. 18.7.D. c. 35. Rim fr.,and other*body frs.withone handle. Cream slip. Rim

slopinginwards,ridgebelow.Groupsof bars on rim. On body,traceofcentrallozengedesign.Inside:band belowrim,spatterbelow.LPG. Cf.F. no. 1467. 13. LEKYTHOS, top. PH. 5. Flaringmouth,handle attachedto neck.On neck,wavyline,twolinesabove and below.Decoratedas open-neckedstirrup-jars like D 11. LPG. 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 35. DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,body,and base, withbucraniumhandle. Plump shape, ringfoot.Paint on insetlip. Traces of panels: tongues,cross-hatched trianglesand lozenges; meanderbelow.MG, HorseWorkshop. 15. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 19. One handle and parts of body and foot restored. Cream slip. Inset lip, slightneck. Twin horizontal round handles,risinghigh above rim; small vertical straps,returningsharply.Ring foot. Paint on rim. Panel: A, B, cross-hatchedMaltese crosses, triple circleat centre;C as A butin theformofa millsail;D as A, with chevron column to L. Meander below. Horizontal handles barred on upper surface, otherwisefullypainted; tall cross and chevronon straps.EG. 16. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 41. Half preserved.Orange-brown clay,greycore,smallwhite and greygrits,yellowslip. Squared lip, flaton top, with attachmentof verticalhandle; shortconcave neck,belliedglobularbody,flatbase. Lip: alternating sets of three diagonal bars; continuous diagonal strokesbetween neck and shoulder; four grooves betweendiagonalstrokeson belly.LPG-PGB. 17. *AMPHORA (?), base only.DB. 16. Softorange clay,greycore,orange-brown paint.Low conicalfoot, fullypaintedbut forreservedline whereitjoins body. EG (?). Cf. G 82. 18. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS, base withfrs.of upper body.DB. 23. Brick-redclay,large greygrits, yellowslip.Flat evertedrim,shortconcaveneck,roots of horizontalhandle on shoulder,plump body,flat base. Fourgroovesat handlelevel.PGB (?). As 13, 19. 19. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 70). H. 53.2, includingfeet.DR. 19.8. Nearlycomplete.Insetlip, almoststraight,risingslightlyabove shoulder.Ring base. Of the threelooped strapfeet,one is too short so thatthe vesselstandsat a list.Paint on lip, triple zigzag.Dark band withpanels:bird,octopus,hatched lozenge crosswithdots,guilloche,octopus,hatched lozengecross,brokenquadruplespiral,bird. Panels: and B, three-headed A, quatrefoil, birds,as illustrated;

a2


C, checkpattern;D, masseddouble lozenges.Under each horizontalhandle a two-headedbird,grazing and regardant.Below,a secondzone ofwhite-on-dark panels: hatched lozenge cross, broken quadruple spirals,six indistinctpanels, hatchedlozenge cross, lozenge cross with dots, octopus, guilloche, one indistinctpanel; under vertical handle, opposed hatchedchevrons;octopus,guilloche,hatchedlozenge cross,six indistinct panels,brokenquadruple spiral, guilloche,one indistinct panel,hatchedlozengecross, lozenge cross with small lozenges in quarters, quadruplebrokenspiral,octopus,octopus,guilloche, LG-EO, BirdWorkshop. Reflexions, 29, cross-hatching. fig.2.4,pl. 2.7-8.AR 29 (1983)52, figs.95-6. 20. *SKYPHOS (fig. 70). H. 5.5. DR. 8.8. Most of inside.Reservedcircle rimmissing. Paintsemi-lustrous on floor.MG. 21. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11.2. DR. c. 9. Half Low conicalfoot.Paintdownto belly,solid preserved. inside.LPG. 22. *LEKYTHOS, frs.of lip,handle,and bodywith base. Shape and decorationas F. nos.893-5. EO. preserved. 23.*ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Three-quarters Grey clay,polished. Round handle, concave base. Slight ridge under lip, continuous grooves from shoulderto lowerbody.O. 24. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 14.2. Concave Cream slip,decorationin red and blue-grey. inset rim, ring base, double and round loop feet. Decorationmuchworn.Tonguesabove handles,inner blue and outerred outlines,emptycentres.Panels,all four flanked by blue chevron columns: A, bird, reverted(head missing),solid body and legs in blue, red forinneroutlineof neckand body,extraoutlines added in blue. B, lotus,red outlinedin blue. C, traces ofbird.D, lotus,veryworn.Below,zone oftongues,as above;deeperzone oftongues;zone ofsquarelozenge panels alternatingwithemptyspaces, each lozenge having a thick red outline enclosing a thin blue outline,and a smalllozenge(red enclosedin blue) at centre.Blue paintto base. Blue and redcurvedstripes on horizontalhandles;on straphandles,blue diagonal crosses and bars. On loop feet,red vertical lines borderedin blue.O. The lid O 47 fits. 25. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS, frs.Orangebrown clay, white and brown grits, cream slip. Squared lip withstampedtriplecirclesoutside;tall concaveneck,verticalhandlerooton shoulder,ovoid body,disc foot.Ridge betweenneck and shoulder; raisedband withstampedtriplecirclesbelow handle root.PGB. Cf. 18.8. forshape. 26. *CUP (fig. 70). H. 6. DR. c. 7.8. Half preserved withouthandle.Fullycoated.LG. Cf.H 11. 27. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 52. DR. 16.5. Two-thirds preserved.Straightinsetlip,risingslightly to rim. Ring base. Three straploop feet.Shoulder,

whiteon dark:hatchedzigzag betweenlines.Panels: A, two-headedbird,hatchedbody and wing,double lozengecolumnto L.; B, as D; C, top of two-headed bird preserved;D, massed double lozenges. Below, zone withwhite-on-dark panels: lozenge crosswith dotted quarters, alternating double lozenge intersected by lateralarcs. Bars on handlesand feet. LG, late.BirdWorkshop. 28. STIRRUP-JAR,top. PH. 8.6. Cream slip. Real neck missing.Spike on disc, trace of airhole.Circles on disc, handles barred, dashes on false neck. Shoulder: tracesof sextuplesemicircles,the centres filled.MPG. 29. JUG. H. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Buffslip. Strap handle.Flatbase. Threegroupsofpendentlanguettes, spacedbands.Paintinsiderim.EPG. Cf.J 58. 30. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 50.8. DR. 16.5. Three-quarterspreserved.Inset lip, broad and flat. Ring foot.Lip unpainted.All fourpanels identical. LG, earlierthanE no. 700. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.3. DR. 14.3. Disc foot. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, risingslightly. Lip unpainted.Four identicalpanels. Shortpanel of LG. singlezigzagunderverticalhandlenotillustrated. 32. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 13.5. Partsofbodyrestored.Risinginsetlip,ringfoot.Paint on lip. Identicalpanels outlinedin white,surrounded on three sides by white quadruple circles,widely spaced. Sets of reservedlines,whiteline above and beloweach set.LG/EO. 33. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47. DR. 15. Partsofbodyrestored.Broad insetlip,highringfoot. Paint on lip. Identicalpanels: triplewhitecirclesat eitherside, above handles,and in zone below.Paint on handles,withwhitecurvedstripes.Below,groups ofreservedlinesborderedin white.LG, late. 34. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Base and frs.of upper body.Insetlip, flat;straphandlewithvertical line; ringfoot.Band at rim,lip otherwisereserved, two whitelines below shoulder.Panels: W-columns motifs: alternative thefollowing lozengecross flanking withsmalldottedlozengein each quadrant;diamond offourhatchedleaveswithsmallcentrallozenge.LG, late; perhaps Bird Workshop.For leaf patterncf. A 4. Atsalenio 35. *BELL-KRATER, rimand upper body frs.PH. 19.5. DR. c. 36. Yellow slip. Rim flaton top, ridge below.Band betweenrimand ridge.Ninefoldcircles enclosingMaltese cross,no trace of centralpanel. Paint on handle. Band insiderim,no spatter.Small similar.LPG. frs.ofanother, 36. AMPHORA (?), twofrs.of bellyand lowerbody. PH. 24. Red-brownclay, large white grits.Belly: to centralrectilinear panels,birds(feetonlypreserved) R. Daub belowhandleroots.EG. 37. NECKED PITHOS (fig.69). H. 38.5. DR. c. 20.

THE TEKE SITE - T.O, T. Half preserved. Large white grits, yellow slip. Bucraniumhandles. Dots round edge of lip. LPG. UrnswithLids,no, fig.3. 38. *PYXIS. H. 15. DR. c. 8.8. One-quarter preserved.Reddishclay,whitegrits,creamslip.Short neckwithprojectinglip, horizontalhandles,globular body, false ring foot. Band on neck, decoration otherwiseas on D 26. band on lowerbody,stopping shortofbase. LPG-PGB. 39. CONICAL LID. PH. 9. DR. 24.5-26.2. Knob handle missing.Ellipticalrim.Convex profile.White zigzag on band at rim,bands and lineswithchain of smalllozenges.LG/EO. Cf.E no. 888. 40. *CONICAL LID. H. 12. D. 21. Half preserved. Circles on knob. Traces of whiteabove and below groupsofreservedlines.LG. 41. DOMED LID. PH. 4.2. D. 20.3. One-third centremissing.Evertedlip,twosuspension preserved, holes. White on dark: dots, double circles,tongues. LG. Cf. 218.61. 42. AMPHORA. Frs.ofrim,bodyand base; no trace of handles.Deep orangeclay,some mica,thicksemilustrousbrown-blackpaint. Surface much worn. Projectingrim,flaton top; low concaveneckpassing gentlyinto body; falseringfoot.Groups of eightor nine bars on rim,freehand.Dark ground.Shoulder: lines,sevenfoldsemicircles,band, groupsof oblique bars sloping in alternate directions,band. Belly

P

43

missing,reserved lines below. Paint inside neck. CycladicSub PG. 43. *COARSE PITHOS. Lower part only. Redbrownclay,small whiteand greygrits,cream slip. Trace of horizontalroundhandle,globularbody,flat base. Incisedverticalchevronsat handle level,three groovesabove and below.PG. 44. *HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fkj.70). H. 12.8. DR. c. 16.Halfpreserved.Creamwash.LPG. 45. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.9. DR. 7.9. Half preserved.Irregularconicalfoot.Paintto lowerbody, and insideonlyon upperpart.LPG. As N 13. 46. *LEKYTHOS. Body frs.,mainlyshoulder.Soft granular orange-buffclay, orange-brownpaint all over.Trace of handle root,and of double circleson shoulderin darkpaint;line above belly.CypriotBoR 1.As 292.62. 47. CONICAL LID. H. 11. DR. 18.2. Two-thirds preserved.Cream slip, decorated in matt red and blue-grey.Knob flaton top. Red and blue lines on solidblue,and redoutlinedin stem;leaves,alternately blue; panels of blue cross-hatching alternatingwith emptypanels, and barred offby red lines between blue; emptyzone; on lip, red line betweenblue. O. FitspithosO 24. 48. DOMED LID. PH. 6.2. D. 22. Half preserved, centremissing.Lip slightlyeverted.White on dark: tonguesin doubleoutline.LO.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON fr.3 X 2.7. The. 0.8. Scrap brokenfrom blade of largespearor sword.Less likely, fromhiltof largeknife. ia. IRON PIN fr. Two pieces L. 3.8 and 2.5. Oxidized;featureless. 2. BRONZE OBJECT. L. 1.3. W 0.5. Oxidized. Perhapsoval mouldingfromshaftofpin or,lesslikely, bow offibula. 2a. GLASS BEAD (fig. 183).Spherical(?) D. 1.4. L.

2. Dh. 0.4. Only halfsurvives.Pale greentransparent glass.Shape distorted (byheat?). 3. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 155;piafe 269). Ext. L. 25.5.SocketL. 9. Blade W 2.7. Much oxidized.Socket continuesinto blade as round, quite slightmidrib. ?Socketdivided. 4. CLAY MUD BRICK. 4.2 x 3.3 x 3.2. Lump. Grey bakedwithchaffand smallstone. fabric,lightly 5. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.

'Tomb5 P WofT. O, whatat firstappearedto be thedromos ofanothertombturnedout to be a modern shaftdug fora fruittree.At the bottom,on itsside,lay the pyxis1, evidently broughtfrom elsewhere. POTTERY (PLATE 77) 1. PYXIS. H. 14.8. Three-quarters preserved. Purplish-brown clay,whiteand greygrits,creamslip. Everted lip, Oat on top. Flat base. Band, sextuple bands and lines,band at base, paint on semicircles,

handles.LPG PGB. Cf.D 26-7. 2. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.ofbase and wall.Spaced bands.LPG. As E no. 285.

44


Tomb Q (figs. 2, 12, plate 10) GreatestextantoverallL. 4.12. Dromos:extantL. 1.34. W. 1.29 (base); 1.23 (top). Stomion: 0.83-0.80wide,0.53 deep. Chamber:2.51 X 2.26. GreatestH. ofchamber1.25. This tomb was excavated in very difficultcircumstances,which preventedits full and S side-chamber. The dromos had been cut down of the dromos investigation, particularly than fromthetop ofthekouskouras, havebeen narrower 2.62 above itsfloor.It mayoriginally its 1.23at thetop,sinceby thetimeofthelatestfill,partsofthe dromos and stomion wallshad througha spalledoff.The dromos mayhave been cut fromanother0.60 above thekouskouras, fill of hard red as the dromos was it was difficult to earth,though layer verysimilar, upper decide. The dromos floorrose a verticaldistanceof 0.06 fromthe stomion as faras it was formedthe excavated,at an angle of 50. A 0.04 stepcut in the kouskouras up fromthe dromos in thestomion, threshold witha 0.08 stepdownintothechamber.The E side ofthethreshold was 0.14higherthantherestforan area 0.15wideon thedromos side,and 0.14on thechamber raised to the same height,by the use of side.The wholethreshold have been mayoriginally stone removed the robbers. The stomion was blocks, squared by preservedto a greatestheight of0.62 above thethreshold on theW side,and up to thatpointcould be seen curvingin with an overhangof 0.06 over the base. The chamberwas an irregularoval in plan, though, to trace.Partat leastofthechamber becauseofcollapsedsides,itspreciseoutlinewas difficult werefoundinsitu.Others floorseemsto havebeen paved,sincesixslabs,mostlyoflimestone, werein therubblefillin thefrontpartofthechamberand mayhavebeen displacedfromthe from0.04-0.10,and the floor frontand E side of the chamber.The slabsvariedin thickness floor.Slabs were0.50 X 0.35,0.45 X 0.35, theyformedwas e. 0.11abovetheoriginalkouskouras X 0.24. The SE-mostslab of red sandstone,0.04 thick,was unique. The heightof the 0.36 chamberwas difficult to determinebecause the roofhad fallen.The fillin the frontof the chamberwas 1.90above thefloor,butpossiblypartoftheroofhad alreadyfallenbeforethat fillwas deposited.This pointwas 2.50 belowmodernsurface.The ancientgroundsurfacewas hardto determine, sincethelayersoverbedrockhad been removedbeforeexcavation.The S Its ground plan may have been roughly side-chamberopened 0.55 fromthe stomion. rectangular,1.76 deep, and more than 0.70 wide. Its floorseemed to slope down slightly There was a slightniche0.09 deep in the chamber'sS wall; 0.80 above towardsthe interior. thefloortheS wallhad been cutback to forma shelf0.30 wide.The roofwas 1.90highat the butdiminished to 1.62at thelowestpointuncovered. front, SE oftheTekegroup,perhapspartofa NE-SWbankto whichTs. The tombwas thefurthest was approximately M and O also belonged.Its orientation SE-NW,thechamberbeingon the E side of the dromos. It lay immediatelySE of the house belongingto Mrs. A. Koiladhi, S oftheplotin whichTs. A-F had been found. immediately of a cesspitnear the SE cornerof The tombwas foundby chanceduringthe construction theKoiladhihouse.A 3.0 m2pitwas dug througha layerof hard red earthto thekouskouras bedrock,whichappeared1.20belowsurface,slopingdownfairlysteeplyto the SE,as though filledwiththesame hard theremayonce havebeen a gullythere.A cuttingin thekouskouras, red earthwas thenapparenton the E side ofthepit. Sherdswerefoundbothabove bedrock and in the fillof the cuttingwhich,once removed,could be seen to be the fillabove a collapsedchambertomb. Near thetop ofthefillweresome sherdsand a piece ofiron,fi (2.17belowsurface)and a piece ofworkedmarble,f2 (2.19below).At c. 2.50 below surface(1.90 above chamberfloor), the originalfillof the chamberbegan to appear,withmanysherdsin the frontpart of the chamber.In the inner,S partthe red earthfillcontinuedto a layerof denselypackedstones

THE TEKE

SITE

T.Q.

45

perhapsusedto helpfillthehollowcausedbythecollapsedroof.Belowthestonelayerwas the rooffall,reachingdown to the chamberfloorin its S edge, but graduallyrising kouskouras towardsthe centreabove the originalchamberfillwhichseemsto have spilledin fromthe beforethe rooffell.The chamberfloorwas 4.40 below surface,and was eventually dromos and a short uncoveredcompletely.The limitsimposed by the cesspitallowed the stomion to be investigated. intothe N edge of thepit the S partof sectionof the dromos By tunnelling further workthere. couldbe excavated;theriskofcollapseprevented theside-chamber In bothdromos and side-chamber thereweretwodistinctstrata,an upperlayerofred earth, The relationship ofthe a lowerofcrumbledkouskouras, bothcontainingmuchbrokenpottery. and frontof the chamber two stratawas not immediatelyobvious. The fillin the stomion moremixed.Materialfromthe lootedtomb but was slightly resembledthe upperdromos-ñ'l, in and the dromos the front of the the stomion to chamber, 2.50 below the part began appear twolargefragments oftheside ofa LM surface(1.90above floorlevel).Lowerin thefill(infra) acrossthe frontof the stomion, III decoratedlarnax 116 were foundstretching dividingthe fillofthe dromos red fromthemoremixedbutpredominantly kouskouras lower,predominantly was an fillofthestomion nearthestomion, and frontofthechamber.On theS sideofthedromos, O aryballos,2, 0.99 above floor.Two smallpieces ofbronze£3,werenear,0.94 above,with another piece to the NW. At the same level, near the side-chamber entrance was a Withthemwere £5, fragmentof a zoomorphic concentrationof coarse pithosfragments. bronze above while floor, askos,114, 0.79 f4, pin,was 0.65 above. These findsappearedas in The lower dromos out of the side-chamber. fill,behindthelarnaxfragments thoughspilling was mainlycrumbledkouskouras and a jumbledmass of sherds,includingsome of the stomion coarsepithoi.fu, piece ofa bronzepin,was near theouterlarnaxfragment, 0.54 above the in Several small small terracotta was front of the side-chamber. and bead, floor, fi2, of the area of the as of bronze seemed to have out side-chamber, did muchof fragments spilled A terracotta was found thematerialin thedromos. bead, fi3, 0.03 above flooron theN side of the dromos. The greatestconcentration of sherdsin the dromos was in the lowestpart of the on S near the side-chamber. kouskouras the fill,especially side, Amongthe sherdswere small flakesofbronzeand a piece ofa bronzepin,£14. The upper part of the looted chamberfillwas mostlyred earthwithsome patches of kouskouras and manystonesof varyingsizes (a large squaredblockwas 0.42 X 0.40 X 0.30) were probablyfromblockingwalls.Throughoutthe fillin frontof the chamberand stomion smallflakesofbronze.Some largefragments ofpotteryincluded manysherdsand, frequently, the upturnedbase of a large O pithos-urn,1, (1.53 above chamberfloor),withtwo small pieces ofbronzenearby.At thislevelsome larnaxfragments (supra,infra) began to appear.A largesidepiece was foundfairlyhighin thefillin thefrontofthechamber.Also in thefront, neartheWwall,0.70 above thefloor,was 3, partofa coarsepithos-urn, otherpiecesofwhich werelowerin the fill.Some pieces ofburntbone werein the same area. There wereseveral piecesofburntclayamongthestonerubblein thesame area and level,perhapsonce used as Anothershapedpiece of burntclaywas foundnear 3. Slightlylowerwas a small rendering. were piece of bronze,and a piece of blue glass -?R intrusion.More smallbronzefragments foundclose to thelarnaxfragment, in the stomion, reachingdown almostto floorlevel.Here was also foundthefoot(fy)ofa zoomorphicvessel,0.10 abovestomion floor(? partof114) and, closeS, partofa bronzepin,:P6. BesidetheWwall ofthechambera smallgroupofvaseswas foundon thefloorundersome kouskouras that had presumablyfallenfromthe roofbeforethe tomb was robbed. These includean aryballos,4, an amphora,5, a jug, 6, a cup witha smalloinochoeinside,8, 9,

46


witha jug stackedon top,7. Underthecup was thefootofa zoomorphicvase resembling 114 {supra).

On thekouskouras floorSE ofthepavedarea {supra) was thefootofa zoomorphicvessel,with a crystalbead at the E edge. Seven morebeads (f8) of the same shape but of different sizes were scatteredover a 0.30 arc along the S chamber wall, evidentlypart of a necklace overlooked bythelooters.A goldleaf-shapedornament, fg, was foundon theSE-mostpaving slab,a goldringwithplainbezel,fio, wasjust E ofthearc ofbeads. As we haveseensupra, thesidechamberwaspartly excavated intotheNfaceofthe bytunnelling Thisfollowed thelengthoftheS wallat itsbase,as wellas a shortstretch ofitsWreturn. cess-pit. The shelfcut0.80 up in theS wall{supra) couldnotbe followed farintothechamber. The deposit kouskouras witha massofsherdsthatseemedto slopedowninto justabovetheshelfwas essentially thedromos. Much oftheside-chamber fillhad to be leftinsitu,foritwas dangerousto maketoo largea tunnel.At floorlevelin frontofthechamberweretwolargishstonesapparently slightly displacedfroman originalpositionin theblockingwall (thelargerwas 0.68 X 0.38 X 0.25). - behindthemwas £15,ironfragment Behind,underand betweenweresmallerpackingstones and fi6, ?partofa pin.Alsoin thefront oftheside-chamber were£17,ironknifefragment, and, W of to of the larnax NE bead. Close the the base to Its narrow it, fi8, last, just glass began appear. the end,and partofthelongsidefacingintothechamberhad beenbrokenoffto use in blocking S fill stomion it had been the wall. It had four The wide, {supra). 1.34long,0.48 legs. placedagainst overthelarnaxbase was mostlycrumbledkouskouras there seemed more red though slightly clay mixedwithit in thearea thathad originally been theinterior of thelarnax.There was a fair amountofburntbonein thefillas wellas a fewpiecesofcharcoal.Alsotwofragments ofan iron a and head and several of of Around (£22), pin(£21) pin fragmentsbronze,perhapspart £19{infra). thelarnaxthefillnearfloorlevelwas redderand harder,as thoughwelltrodden.Therewere severalfragments ofbronzebetweentheS walland thelarnax,and onelargepiecenearitstopwas a of shallow part pan (£19)withitsrimpressedagainsta recesscutinthechamberwall. a miniature io, jug, was foundon the flooragainstthe S wall of the chamberand the vesselsappeared larnax On lifting thebase ofthelarnax,a numberofminiature foot. adjacent had been undisturbed on their where sides, by looters). 11 and 12, they (mostlylying in miniature front of the with were larnax, 21, juglet,then(partlyunderthe aryballoi, just Under the front were 14 (kalathos),16 (aryballos),17 (cup),18 larnax)aryballoi13, 15. part oinochoe)and 24 (kalathos). 23 (miniature 19-20, 22, 25 (aryballoi), (lekythos), Underthecentralsectionweremassed26-27 (cups),28-30, 32-33 (aryballoi), 31 (lekythos), while34 (lekythos) was inside35 (cup).Beneath35 werebronzefragments perhapspartoffig and theleg ofthezoomorphicaskos115. Othervesselswerea juglet,36, twominiature {supra) aryballos, lekythoi, 37-38, aryballoi,39-40, 42, a cup, 41, beneathwhichwerea miniature a smallconicalcup,45. Underthefarsectionofthelarnaxbase werea kalathos, inside 43, 46, overa miniature 47, a pyxisand lid,44, and a bronzeflake,perhapsfromfig. There aryballos, was a miniature 48, neartheN edge ofthelarnaxand a vesselhandlewitha small aryballos, on modelled bull,£25,and a smallstrainerit,£245W of£24was a smallterracotta hedgehog vase in the the floor was in a small To the S, splendidhippalektryon depression spoutedjug,49. detached which were found of small mounted on its miniature tail, Bythe nearby. parts 115, jug SEfootofthelarnaxwas50, miniature hydria. Betweenthelarnaxand thew wallwas an amphora,51, witha skyphos, 52, jammed in its SW were larnax's foot the its cover. mouth,possibly 53, 56, aryballoi,54, smallskyphos, By as them above with iron (onlypartofwhichcouldbe retrieved 55, lekythos, f26, javelinhead, of the side-chamber into the inaccessible itextended fill). part

THE TEKE SITE POTTERY (PLATES 78-86) 1. PITHOS, lower part. PH. 29. Cream slip. Flat base. Trace ofcirclesat upperbreak.O. 2. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.7. Base missing. Round handle, mouth almost flat. Detached solid petals round the mouth;neck painted. Shoulder: rosettes withsolid petalsattachedto freehanddouble circles. Fourwhitelineson lowerpaint.LO. 3. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. of neck 18. DR. 34. DB. 18. Neck and shoulders,bodyand base frs.Grittyorangeclay,greycore,creamslip.Squared rim,flaton top; concaveneck,ovoid body,disc foot; roots of vertical strap handle on lower neck and shoulder.Slight ridge between neck and shoulder. Two setsofthreegrooveson belly.PGB-EG. 4. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.7. Complete. Round handle attached inside rim. Base veryrough,with Upper parts of neck and handle spiralstring-mark. and bothflanksdippedin paint.LPG PGB. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 25.2. DR. 8.5. Nearlycomplete.Buffwash. Rounded lip, concave inside. Strap handles, ring foot. Small pendent arcs on neck. Bars on handles. Inside: reservedlinebelowrim;band. LPG. 6. OINOCHOE. H. 19.Virtually complete.Flattened handle, base slightlyconvex. Paint on and inside mouth.Spaced bands, groupsof pendentlanguettes on shoulder, S on handle.MPG. 7. OINOCHOE. H. 25.2. Complete.Round handle. Conical foot.Paint on mouth.Rectilinearpanel on shoulder:thickzigzag,checkpattern,one and a half lozenges in double outline with solid trianglesin upper corners,cross-hatchinginside the complete lozenge,and cross-hatched triangleselsewhere.Wavy lineon handle.LPG. 8. CUP (fk;. 70). H. 9. DR. 13.4. Nearlycomplete. on Large whitegrits.Straphandle,spiralstring-mark base. Dipped. LPG. 9. OINOCHOE. H. 10.2. Part of mouth missing. Round handle, slight ridge between neck and Exterior shoulder;flatbase, rough,withstring-mark. fullycoated.M LPG. 10. OINOCHOE. H. 15.3. Part of mouthmissing. Grittyand micaceousbrick-redclay.Round handle. Grooves on neck. Disc foot, rough underneath. PGB-EG. Cf.D 8. 11. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete. Strap handleattachedinsidelip. Flat base. Bars on handle. Paintinsiderim.PGB. 12. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Part of mouth underbase, otherwiseas Q 11. missing. " String-mark PGB. 13. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete.As Q, 11, butwithbilletson shoulderinsteadoftriangles. PGB. 14. KALATHOS-LID (fkí. 70). H. 7.1. D. 16.4. Complete.Cream slip.Round handles.Lozengessolid

T.Q.

47

on one side, cross-hatchedon the other. Interior spatterapplied when the vessel was turningon the wheel.PGB. 15. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete. Solid triangleswithattenuatedapices, otherwiseas Q 11. PGB. 16. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Part of mouth missing.Saggingshape, handle attachedoutsidelip, as Q, 11. PGB. on shoulder, otherwise emptytriangles 17. CUP. H. 3.6. D. 6.4. Complete. Strap handle attachedinsiderim,twoirregulargroovesbelow.Flat base withstring-mark. Dipped. MPG. 18. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.6. Complete.Mouth flaton top.Round handle.Footconicalunderneath.Painton lip, wavy line on neck. Shoulder: cross-hatched withconcavesidesand taperingapices.Blobs triangles on handle,paintinsidemouth.PGB. 19. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 20. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.4. Complete.Pale yellowclay, slightly polished. Strap handle, concave base. Unpainted.PGB. 21. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.5. Partoflip missing. Grey-browngrittyclay with mica. Four groovesat base of neck; handle slightlyflattened;verticalribs appliedto body.High foot,flatunderneath.PGB EG. 22. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete. Spiral underbase,otherwise as Q 11. PGB. string-mark (fig. 71). H. 7.9. 23. SMALL OINOCHOE Complete. Flattened handle. Shoulder: three monstrousanimalswalkingto R.: (i) withfelinetail, fourlegsand articulatedfeet,gapingmouth,and high ear; perhapsa griffin, (ii) withdouble wavytail,two articulatedhindlegs and threeunarticulated forelegs, bird-like bodywithsix feathers, equine head and neck withmane,(iii)like(ii)butwithfourforelegs and some hatchingwithinthe body.PGB, based on AtticMG I A, 68, pl. 11b. shape.IV Cret.Congr. 24. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 71). H. 7.9. D. 20. Complete.Largewhitegrits.Roundhandles.PGB. 25. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Complete.Triangles withadditionaloutline,otherwise asQn. PGB. 26. CUP (fk;. 71). H. 5.8. D. 9.8. Virtuallycomplete. White slip. Strap handle. String-markunder base. Handle barred.PGB. 27. CUP. H. 7-8. DR. 10.3-11.9. Complete.Standsat a list;flattened handleattachedinsideoval rim.Fully coated.PGB EG. 28. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.9. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 29. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Complete. Handle attachedoutsidelip,squat shape,otherwiseas Q, 25. PGB. 30. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Complete.String-mark underbase,squatshape,otherwise as Q, 11. PGB.

48


31. LEKYTHOS (FIG.71). H. 10.2. Fine pale yellow convexon top. clay,polishedsurface.Mouth slightly Straphandle.LPG. 32. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.8. Complete. as Q, 11. on shoulder, otherwise Diminishing triangles PGB. 33. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Complete.Asftn butwithtallerneck.PGB. 34. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.9. Complete.Shoulder:one cross-hatchedtriangleand threegriddedchevrons; otherwise as Q, 18. PGB. 35. *CUP (fig. 71). H. 6.2. D. 9.3-9.9. Complete. Cream wash. Strap handle attachedinsideoval rim, underbase. PGB. Cf. Q, 27. string-mark 36. OINOCHOE. H. 8.7. Complete.Strap handle, flatbase. Painton rim,wavyline on neck.Shoulder: cross-hatched triangle with concave sides and attenuated apices.Barson handle.PGB. 37. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.3. Part of rim missing.As Q, 18. PGB. 38. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.4. Complete.As Q, 18. PGB. 39. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 40. JUG-ARYBALLOS.H. 8.3. Complete.Biconical, at belly;griddedchevrons on shoulder; slightcarination handlefully as 11. PGB. otherwise painted; Q, 41. *CUP. H. 5.5. D. 10.Complete.As Q35. PGB. 42. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Complete.As Q, 11 butwithtallerneck.PGB. 43. KALATHOS-LID (fig.71). H. 5.9. D. 14. Nearly complete.Roundhandles.Inside,spatterbelowbands. PGB. 44. FLAT PYXIS (fig. 71). H. with lid 7.6. D. 11. Complete.Thick fabric.Lid withverticallip inset, and flangerestingon the vessel'srim;the lid will fit the body only in one position. All surfaces fully decoratedas shown,butno paintinside.PGB. 45. CONICAL CUP. H. 4-4.8. D. 8. Nearly clay,largewhitegrits,somemica. complete.Brick-red Poorly articulated foot, very rough underneath. Unpainted.ProbablyLM. 46. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 4.4. Virtuallycomplete. Pale orange clay,cream wash. Strap handle,flatbase, wavyline on neck,six small fishon shoulder,single zigzag. Band at base, cross Barredhandle,band insidemouth.PGB. underneath. 47. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 4. Partof mouthmissing.Fabricas Q, 46. Strap handle,slight convex.Shoulder: angleat belly;narrowbase, slightly solid quatrefoilsalternatingwith panels of crosshatching; zone of verticals below. Band at base. Barredhandle,lineinsideneck.PGB. 48. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 3.4. Complete.Fabric as Q, 46. Strap handle,flatbase. Single zigzag on neck, threefloatingswastikason shoulder.Barredhandle,no paintinside.PGB.

49. STRAINER JUG. H. 9.8. Side-spoutbrokenoff, otherwisecomplete.Five holes throughstrainertop, slightlyaslant. Strap handle,flatbase. Paint on top. Neck: horizontal S's. Shoulder: tall cross-hatched Verticallineson handle.PGB. triangles. 50. HYDRIA. PH. 12.5. Mouth and horizontal handles missing.Low conical foot,circulargroove underneath. Neck: cable between wavy lines. Shoulder: single zigzag, hatched arcs with solid pendenttrianglesabove and solid leaves below; two more zones of singlezigzag. Belly:columnof three floatingchevrons.Verticalhandle barred.PGB. Cf. B 2. Atsalenio 51. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 40.6. DR. 13.5.Virtuallycomplete.Slopinglip withsharplower edge. Strap handles, slightridge level with upper attachments. Ring foot.Handles: bars and diagonal crosses.Inside:reservedlinebelowrim,band. MG. 52. SKYPHOS (FIG.71). H. 5.4. DR. 5.6. Complete. Uneven rim. Chevrons drawn with quadruple multiplebrush.LG. 53. *ARYBALLOS, shattered. Similar to Q, 56. M-LG. 54. SKYPHOS (fig. 71). H. 6.6. DR. 9. Nearly complete.Fullycoatedwithwhitepainteddecoration. EO. 55. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.9. Much of mouthmissing. Bars on Strap handle, flat base with string-mark. handle,no paintinside.EG. 56. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.9. Mouth,handleand base clay.Lines on neck,crossmissing.Friablered-brown hatchedtriangleson shoulders,solid paint on lower body.M-LG. 57. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 58. DR. 41. Nearlycomplete.Brickred clay,largewhiteand grey grits,thinbuffwash. Squared rim,flaton top. Strap handles,disc foot.Ridge betweenneckand shoulder, threegroovesaboveand belowbelly.LPG-PGB. 58. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of upper part.As Q,57 butwithhigherneck,and a raisedridge at base of neck with incised diagonal strokes. PGB EG. 59. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Frs.Orange-grey grits,cream slip. Ring foot,thumb clay,grey-brown at handleroots.PGB-EG. impressions 60. *COARSE BASIN. Frs.ofbase,wall and handles. Red clay,greycore, large whitegrits,outersurface smoothed.Flat base; horizontalhandles,ellipticalin section,and risingsteeply. PGB-EG(?). 61. KALATHOS. H. 14. D. 33. Three-quarters preserved.Browngrits.No bars on rim,fullypainted asJ 37. EPG. inside,otherwise 62. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 58.5. DR. 22. Partsof neck and body restored.Orange-brown paint.Flaringrim,flaton top, clay,mica,brown-black slightridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles,ringfoot.One

THE TEKE SITE - T.Q, reservedline on neck. Shoulder:centralpanel with cross-hatchedlozenge net, tenfold three-quarter above.Belly: circleselsewherewithpendentlanguettes on each side,threetenfoldcirclesalternating withfour columnsof cross-hatchedlozenges.Bands and lines below.Groupsof bars on rim,band inside.Painton handles.MPG, imitation ofCycladictype. 63. BELLY-HANDLED amphora.H. 68. DR. c. 23.5. Three-quarterspreserved,much of neck missing. Orange-brown clay,smallblack grits,a fewgrainsof mica;blackpaint.Evertedrim,convexon top,sloping outwards.Singleroundhandles(brokenoff),ringfoot. Painton and insiderim.Neck: quintuplebattlement. Shoulder:solid triangles.Belly:foursevenfoldcircles eitherside,enclosingreservedcrosses,and interrupted by rectilinearpanel: A, as illustrated;B, as A but withoutthe outer verticalzigzags. Cycladic EG I, 408 pl. 191, perhaps Melian. Stele Kontoleontos, theotherside.Eumousia, 26, pl. 6.1. illustrating 64. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 64. DR. 23. Partsof neckand bodyrestored.Fabricand shape as Q 63, paintstilllustrousin parts.Painton and inside rim.Neck: opposed groupsof diagonalsseparatedby solid triangles.Shoulder: central panels of crosssemicircles elsewhere.Belly:on thirteen-fold hatching, each side, fivesevenfoldcircles enclosingreserved crosses,the thirdset flankedby (A) columnsof small solidlozenges,(B) columnsof diagonalbars. Handles barred. Cycladic EG I, perhaps Melian: cf. Kunze, 27,pl. 6.3. JOAI39 (1952)54 fig.fromMelos. Eumousia, (not'6.2' as in text). 65. KALATHOS (FIG. 71). H. 12.3. D. 20. Threequarters preserved. Brown grits. A few drops of spatterinside.E-MPG. 66. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 27. Rim to belly.Fabricas Q62. Evertedlip,flaton top; fr.of bucranium handle. Reserved band below lip. Shoulder:sevenfold circlesenclosingMaltesecross,no of rectilinear panel. No trace of decorationon sign belly.Groupsofbarson lip,band inside.MPG. 67. TRAY (FIG.71). H. 4.8. DR. 21. Three-quarters preserved.Three-handled. No paint underneath. E-MPG. 68. SMALL KRATER (fig. 72). H. 18.5. DR. 20.5. preserved,one handle missing.Many Three-quarters whitegrits.MPG, imitation ofAttic. 69. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA, wall fr.Large whitegrits.Frombellyzone, traceof handleto L. To R. ofcircles,lozengesin double outlinewithsolidfill. M LPG. 70. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 16. DR. 21. Neck. Fine orange clay, lustrous black paint thinnedto brownfordecoration.Evertedlip, slight on neck. ridgebelow.Painton lip. Triplebattlement AtticEG I. 71. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 14. DR.

4g

16.5.Neck.Some mica. Evertedlip,almostflaton top. Paint on lip, band inside. Reserved line on neck. MPG. Cf. Q,62. 72. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs.,PH. oflargest 17. White grits,semi-lustrousbrown-blackpaint. Rising concave lip. Bucranium and strap handles. Two panelspreserved. MG. Horseworkshop. 73. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS, rim and body fr. Concave lip, rim level with shoulder.Most of one panelpreserved.LG. 74. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS, fr.of upper part. LG. PH. 17.5.DR. 13.5.One panel preserved. 75. FOUR-HANDLED PEDESTALLED PITHOS. DR. c. 16. Frs.of upperpart and of ribbedpedestal. Cream slip. Risingconcave lip. Horn-likeprojection above upper attachmentof strap handle. Traces of two identicalpanels: diagonal leaves,dottedand in double outline, cross-hatchingin the field. Three cross-hatched triangles in reserved area under horizontalhandle.Below,traceofzone in whitepaint: groupsoffourverticalbars.LG. 76. PITHOS, two frs.withrim. Cream slip. Rising concavelip. panels withTree of Life,hatchedleaves. LG. 77. PITHOS, fourfrs.withrim.Buffclay,greycore. Risingconcave lip. Stylisedpalm treeswithhatched diagonalbranches.LG. 78. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS, body frs.with straphandle (FIG.72). Greyand browngrits,cream wash. Panels: A, two-headed bird, cross-hatched quatrefoilwithtrianglefill;B, dotteddiagonalleaves formingquatrefoilwithlozenge fill;C, leftedge of bird'sbody; D, missing.Lozenge net in zone below. Panel betweenbars on handle, withdiagonal cross and chevronfill.LG. BirdWorkshop. 79. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS, two frs.withrim and straphandle (fig. 72). DR. c. 18. Buffclay,red core, cream slip. Rising concave lip, sharp ridge. Shoulder:tracesof whitedecoration,massed double circlesin square panels. Panels: double-headedbird, multiplezigzagcolumn,double-headedbird;tracesof birds in B and C; D missing.Zone of lozenge net below; handle decorated as Q, 78. LG. Bird Workshop. 80. PITHOS, two body frs.withhorizontalhandle stumps. Cream wash. Lotus among small panels above handle; below,A, double zigzag, tongues;B, triplezigzag,horizontalS's. Bellyzone: spaced panels withdiagonalhatchingin white.Bars on handle.EO. Lower body of anotherpithos,larger,with similar whitezone. 81. POLYCHROME PITHOS, body fr.Pale pink clay,thickcreamslip,redand blue paint.Upper zone, square: (i) obliteratedlotus (?) in red; (ii) quatrefoil withmidribsand double chevrons,all in red; in blue, small lozengeswithinthe chevrons,and dots on the

50


leaves. Lower zone: spaced panels of red crosshatching with blue dots. O. Many more frs. of polychrome pithoi,withdecorationworn. 82. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 29. Base to shoulderwithhandles. Flat base. Betweenhandles, fainttraceof largewhitetriplecircles,emptycentres. Lines immediately below the area reserved,thoseon lowerbody are in white.Belly zone in white:small doublecircles.O. 83. PITHOS, body frs.(fig. 72). Plump.Bellyzone withwhitepanels: separated by columns of crosshatching:(i) lozengecross,as in drawing;(ii)indistinct; (iii) as (i); (iv) clusterof double circles,as in drawing; (v) as (i); sameseriesrepeatedon otherfrs.EO. 84. NECKED (?) PITHOS, frs.withfullbodyprofile. Red clay,buffslip,red-blackpaint.Clean breakabove shoulder,as thoughforneck. Ovoid body,flatbase, handlesmissing.At handlelevel,sextuplecircles,the outermostthickened.Fully painted below; zone of spacedquintuplecirclesin white.O. 85. NECKED PITHOS, frs.ofupperpart.DR. c. 15. Cream slip. Squared overhanginglip, flaton top; concave neck, ridge,plump body; trace of handle. Painton and insidelip,bars outside.Panels:A, cable, double false spiral with central dots; B, inverted linkedspirals.EG. Cf. 285.71. chevrons, diminishing 86. CONICAL LID. H. 11.D. 28. Half preserved.As N 27 butwithchainofquarteredand dottedlozenges. MG. Found in the same basketas the pithosQ 72, whichitfits. 87. CONICAL LID. H. 10.DR. c. 24. Halfpreserved. Conical knob,slightly convexprofile.Circleson knob, bandsand lines.LG. Frs.oftwomore,similar. 88. DOMED LID, rimfr.D. c. 15. Evertedlip.White doublecircles.LG-EO. Frs.ofthreemore,similar. 89. STIRRUP-JAR, top. PH. 10.5. Flat disc, bellshaped mouth.S on handles,horizontaldashes on frontof real neck. Shoulder; in front,tops of compositetriangles;behind, pair of cross-hatched trianglesfromwhich springsa hatched chevron. MPG. 90. STIRRUP-JAR (?), body frs. Handle root. Shoulder: cross-hatchedtriangleswithdiminishing chevrons;belly:pendentninefoldsemicircles.LPG, classas E no. 141,and here perhapsfromopen-necked D 11.

91. OINOCHOE. H. 22. Lip missing.Strap handle, flatbase. Wavyline on neck;wavyverticalon handle. MPG. 92. JUG, upperpart.PH. 12.5.Cream wash. Round handle.Lines on neck;wavyverticalon handle.LPG. fromanothersimilar. Shoulderfr.withsemicircles 93. OINOCHOE orJUG, twoshoulderfrs.Buffslip. Handle root.Neat cable withsolidcentres,bandsand lines.O. 94. OINOCHOE, upperpart.Buffslip.Handle root.

Neck: threeverticallozenge chains,one dotted,the otherssolid.Thickband insiderim.LG (?) 95. OINOCHOE, bodyfrs.Thin fabric.Partoftwocirclesin neckedbirdon belly,betweenlargeflanking theCypriotmanner,irregularly spaced.LG (?). 96. OINOCHOE, body fr.Spaced circles in the Cypriotmanner.O. 97. OINOCHOE, bodyfrs.Polishedsurface.Spaced withzones circlesin the Cypriotmanner,alternating of orientalizing floralornament:(i) at centre,partof outline quatrefoilwith solid triangularsepals; (ii) chain of quatrefoils,dots and solid paint in the (iii)dottedTree ofLife.O. background; 98. *PYXIS (FIG.72). H. 18.4. Half preserved.Small blackgrits,yellowwash.PGB. Cf.E no. 1436. 99. *PYXIS,twofrs.ofupperpart.DR. c.7. Yellowslip. Flat rim,concaveneck,globularbody.Painton neck; semicircles on shoulder. LPG-PGB. As D 26-7. ninefold 100. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Handle missing.Yellow slip. Globular,with concave base. Bands on neck. Shoulder:spaced starsas E nos. 877,1368.Threelines abovebelly,one below.LG-EO. 101. ARYBALLOS, shoulder. Leaves, alternately hatchedand plain.Barson handleroots.O. 102. ARYBALLOS, mouthto lowerbody.PH. 6.5. Fine orange-redclay, polished surface,matt grey paint.Straphandleattachedjust belowmouth;slight ridge at base of neck. Lines on neck; on shoulder, withdoubleleaves. pendentdoublecirclesalternating Lines above and below belly.Handle: diagonalcross and bars. Groupsof bars on mouth,twolinesinside. EO, perhapsinfluenced byCypriotBoR technique. 103. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 15.3.D. 16.9. one handlemissing.Yellow Three quarterspreserved, wash. Inside,reservedcircleon floor.MPG, imitation ofAttic. 104. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOI, fourrimfrs.from two vessels.D. of both c. 21. Fabricand shape as Q, 68. A: paint on lip, lines, three quintuple circles enclosinggridded chevrons.B: paint on lip, lines; quintuple semicircles enclosing cross-hatched triangles.Interiorsbothfullypaintedbut forreserved line below rim.MPG. Also threemore highconical feetfromotherlargeAtticizing skyphoi. 105. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig.72). H. 18.5.DR. c. 16.3. Two-thirds preserved.LPG. 106. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 72). H. 15. DR. 15.4. Three-quarterspreserved.Brown and black grits, yellowwash. LPG. Frs.of at leastsix morelargebellskyphoias Q, 105-6. 107. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 72). H. 11.7.DR. 10.4. Yellowslip. one handlemissing. Two-thirds preserved, Unevenconicalfootwithridge.LPG. 108. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 12.2. DR. c. 9. Half preserved.Taller shape; paintas Q, 107, but without MPG. trickle.

THE TEKE SITE - T.Q, 109. SKYPHOS (fig. 72). PH. 7.4. DR. c. 12. Thin fabric.Thickcirclesenclosingthincircles.EO. no. KALATHOS (fk;.72). H. 12.6.D. 15.5.Handles missing.Pale and porous yellow-green clay,airholes and black grits,black paint. Stumpsof verticalstrap handle attached inside rim beside miniaturecup. Roughbase. Paintinsideminiaturecup. E-MPG. Cf. E no. 59. in. LEKANIS. H. 6. DR. 19. Frs.withfullprofile. wall, Simpleroundedrim,twogroovesbelow,straight flatbase. Outside: wall fullypainted but for four reservedlineson lowerbody;lotuszones underneath, as illustrated. Inside:bandson walland floor.O. 112. LID. H. 1.9.D. 19.6.Fr.,rimto centre.Flat,with verticallip; hole in centre,perhapswhereknobhandle had been attached.Upper side as illustrated, no paint O. Evidently forlekanisQ in. underneath. 113. COARSE TRAY, frs.H. 1.4. D. c. 28. Th. 1.1. much Grittyred clay,largewhiteand greyinclusions, mica. Flat base, verticaledge, rounded rim rising above floor.One suspensionhole,tracesof a slightly second.Incisedconcentricpatternson uppersurface: oblique bars on rim,grooves,foliateband, detached arcs, oblique bars, groovenear centre.Underneath plainbutsmoothed.PGB (?). 114. BIRD ASKOS, frs.H. c. 20. L. c. 35. Equine head and neck, the muzzle formingthe vessel's mouth.Pelletsadded foreyes,a large whitegritfor the pupil. One shortear preserved,most of mane brokenoff.Five radiatinglines on brow.Seven lines roundneck,a zigzag betweenthe thirdand fourth, but underneathonly.Junctionof horseprotomeand birdbodyvisibleinside.The latteris a shallowwheelmade bowl,ofwhichthesidesare pinchedtogether to formthe bird'sback; partsof the rimare preserved, showing that the back was not closed. Plumage represented by herring-bone pattern;underbelly fully painted.Partof straphandle,barred,forattachment fromneck to tail. Behind,attachmentpossiblyfora miniature vessel(cf.Q, 115) forfilling theaskos.Frs.of twolegs.PGB. 115. BIRD ASKOS. H. 17.L. 24. Complete.Polished yellowsurface.Equine head and neck, withmane, bulgingeyes,shortears, and round muzzle forming

5!

the vessel'smouth.Bird'sbody,each wingtakingthe formofa hookadded in relief, threeshortanimallegs. The miniatureoinochoeon the tail was evidently for thevessel.Straphandlealongtheback,in front filling ofwhichis seateda diminutive male humanfigure, his head bent forward,his hand on his thighs;pellets added forhis eyes.Painteddecoration,in additionto what is clear fromthe illustrations:on the muzzle, diagonal lines representingharness, herring-bone patternabove the muzzle,a small tree-likemotifon either side. Between the harness and each eye, a gridded square with spiral hooks at each corner. Square motifson each shoulder:A, cross-hatched, witheightbranchesattached;B, similar, butwithonly two branches, and the square as a solid centre enclosedin a zigzagframe.A smallswastikato theR. of thehumanfigure.In frontof each wing,a fishand a griddedcircle;underthe wing(B) a hatchedsnake withdottedeye.On theminiature oinochoe,a branch between the comb motifson the shoulder.On the back,checkpatternof griddedsquares;herring-bone Human figure: patternat and near each attachment. paint on eyes,verticalwavylocks of hair streaming down his back, band across waist representinghis girdle,bars across his arms; curvedlines eitherside fromear to chin,representing his beard. PGB. Cyprus andCrete, A, 67-8, pl. 11 259,pl. 44.6-7. IV Cret.Congr. a. Protohippalektryon, 24-5, pl. 4.3-6.

116. MINOAN LARNAX. H. 76. L. 130.Base offeet, 11 X 7. Of the long sides,one is virtuallycomplete; most of the other is preserved; frs.also fromthe shortersides.Coarse gritty orangeclay,greycore;buff slip,brown-black paint.Squared rim;recessedpanels withtwosmallstraphandleson each long side. Solid rock-work withoutlineon all foursides,fromwhich spring(A) papyrusflowerswithspiralleaves; in the field, circles enclosing crosses. Linked tangential spiralsdown eitherside,above feet,bars acrossridge below.(B) similar,but withoutcirclefill.On frs.from *shortsides,similardecoration.Handles barred.Frs. also fromone side of*gablelid,fromwhichalmostall thedecorationhas wornoff;tracesof bars on everted lip,papyrusvolutesabove. LM III A2. AR 23 (1977)17, fig.36.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON WEAPON (?) fr.3X3. The. 0.5. Solid; shapeless.Perhapsbrokenfroma swordhilt. 2. MARBLE fr.(fig. 157).4.2 X 3.7. Fr.of revetment (?) in blueveinedmarblewithchamfered mouldingset offbyincisedline. 3. BRONZE LUMP. 2 X 1.2. Shapeless- resultof bronzeon thepyre? placingsomething 4. BRONZE PIN fr (fk;. 157). L. 4.3. D. 0.2.

Oxidized.Pointlost.Could be dresspin,(large)fibula shaft. pin,or needle/bodkin 5. Vacat: partofpot 114. 6. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 4.3. D. 0.15. Oxidized. Point and lowershaft;whatremainsis plain. 7. Vacat: partofpot 114. 8. SEVEN ROCK CRYSTAL BEADS (fig. 184; PLATE303). (a) 2.6 X 1.4. (b) 2.2 X 1.2. (c) 2.1 X I. (d)

52


1.9 X 1. (e) 1.8 X 1. (f) 1.5 X 0.8. (g) 1.5 X 0.8. Irregularbiconical; suspensionholes in the shorter ends.Slightly smokymaterial. 9. GOLD BEZEL OF FINGER RING (plate 263). H. 3.3. W. 2. Sheet gold. Decorationin dot-repoussé. Hole in centreforattachment, by rivet,to hoop. LM IIIC-PG. 10. GOLD FINGER RING WITH OVAL BEZEL (plate 263). D. 1.3. H. of bezel, 1.5. Gut fromone by piece of sheetgold. Ends of hoop joined invisibly MM-PG. pressure-welding. 11. BRONZE PIN fr(fig. 157; plate 269). L. 3.3. Head D. 0.3. Globe D. 0.5. Oxidized;lowershaftand point lost. Small conical head, elongatedspherical globe. 12. CLAY BEAD (fig. 157).D. 1.5. H. 1.2. Incised decoration:rays round holes, double zigzag round widestdiameter. 13. CLAY BEAD (fig. 157).D. 1.6. H. 0.8. Complete, intact.Fine brownclay,dark brownsurfacefinish. curvedincisedrayssurroundeach Veryfine,slightly suspension hole. Three impressedcircletson the circumference. 14. BRONZE PIN fr(fig. 157;fiate 269). L. 2. D. of globe 0.3. D. of shaft0.15. Oxidized head, globe and upperpartofshaft;plainhead,sphericalglobe. 15. IRON PIN fr.L. 2.3. D. 0.4. Oxidizedfr.of shaft, featureless. 16. IRON PIN fr. L. 5.7. D. 0.2 (actual), 0.8 (oxidized). Oxidized and swollen; incompleteboth ends. 17.IRON KNIFE fr(fig. 157;piate 269). L. 3.8. W.

1.5. L. of rivet1.1. Part of haftof one-edgedknife. Traces of slightflangeson the haft.One rivet(iron) survives;a second has been snapped offflusheither side.Tracesofwoodenhandle. 18. GLASS BEAD, spherical(fig. 157).D. 1.1.L. 1.1. Dh. 0.4. Icygreen,a verylittlepitting. 19. BRONZE PAN (fig. 156).D. 30. H. 6. One large fr.preservescomplete section and much of floor. There are also fourcartonseach containinga number takenup at thetimeof of flakesof sheet,presumably excavation.There are no featurepieces.Raised from a plaindiskcasting.Sharplyprofiledrim.Distorted? 20. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 1.5. D. 0.2. Oxidized; lengthofdresspin shaft,fibulapin or needle. 21. IRON PIN fr.(Two joining)L. 6. D. 0.4. Much shaftpiece. oxidized;featureless 22. IRON PIN fr.(fig. 156). L. 3.2. Head D. 0.8. Oxidized.Disc head and uppershaft;possibletraceof globe. 23. Vacat- pot 115. ANIMAL. H. 6.9. 24. CLAY UNIDENTIFIED Nose, legsmissing.Fromstraphandleofa vase. Solid, handmade. Dull, blackish-brownpaint, peeling AR 23 (1977)17fig.37,bottomrow,no. 3. throughout. 25. CLAY BULL (plate 307). H. 4.7. Solid, handmade. Dull, blackish-brown paint throughout. hoc.cit.bottomrow,no. 9. 26. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 156; plate 269). PL. 25. (Threejoiningpieces,L. 17.)Blade W. 2.5-3. A fr shoulderand upperpartofsocketdoes not preserving join the blade. Only slighttrace of midrib.Section rhomboidal.

CHAPTER 2 THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Circumstances

of Excavation

Early IN 1978,THE SCHOOLwas requestedby Dr. AngelikiLembessis,at thattimeEphorof ofwhat Herakleion,to undertaketrialexcavationsin theland earmarkedfortheconstruction were to be the buildingsof the Universityof Crete's medical faculty.Such trialswould ifancientremainswerepresent,in whichcase moreprolongedexcavationwouldbe determine At ofTasmania),heldtheappointment of necessary. thattimeJillCarington-Smith (University 'Knossos Fellow'.Her wide responsibilities forattendingto the School's interests at Knossos includedconductingthe rescueexcavationsundertakenby the School withinthe frameof referenceoutlinedabove. Afterthe negotiationsbetweenthe School and the Ephoria had been completed,and the decision taken thatthe School should undertakethe work,Dr. in chargein the field,exceptduringthoseperiodswhen was continuously Carington-Smith theSchool'sDirectorjoined theexcavationwhen,naturally, was shared. responsibility It was agreed betweenthe School and the Ephoria, and throughthe Ephoria,withthe thatthe costsof what was to provea verylong drawnout operation University authority, shouldbe sharedbetweenthe School, the Ephoria and the University. The School should undertakethe expenseof supervising the excavationand recordingit,cleaning,conservation and studyof the findsand of publication.The Ephoriapaid forthe labour force,whilethe ofCretepaid fortheearth-moving University equipmentwhichwas suchan essentialfeature ofthisexcavation. The work-force was underthe supervision of thelate Mr. AntonisZidianakis,the School's Foremanof Excavationsat Knossos.The workmenincludeda numberof experiencedmen fromKnossos,and othersrecruitedfromHerakleionand neighbouring villages.Duringthe courseoftheexcavation, whichlastedfromMarchuntilNovember1978,thesize ofthelabour forcefluctuated butneverexceeded20 workmen on anyone day. considerably, The firstgroupofexcavatorswho beganworkon March 20thfounda large,relatively level fieldof some 25 stremmata in extent,veryroughly250 metresnorth-south,and a similar distanceeast-west.The fieldis raisedwellabove theleveloftheKnossos-Herakleion highway, by whichit is borderedon the west. The level fallsaway veryslightlyto the east, more noticeablytowardsthesouth,in thedirectionoftheVenezeleionHospital.To the south-east, southand south-west lies open country, of whichthe silhouetteofJuktasis a conspicuous feature.Nearlya kilometre to the south-south-west is the highestpointof the modern away of 80 metres above the level of the North Fortetsa, village Cemetery.Due south,a kilometre on the west side of Monastiraki ancient away, Kephala (the akropolisofKnossos)is thesiteof themain FortetsaDark Age cemeteryexcavatedbetween1933and 1935by N. Platon,H. G. G. Payne,A. BlakewayandJ. K. Brock.9OtherDark Age graveshave been excavatedmuch

()J. K. Brock, Fortetsa(1957). KS' Site 151.

54


in theangleofland betweentheKnossos-Herakleion closerto theNorthCemetery, road,and theroadup to Fortetsa, main of Dark tombs.10 metres south of the concentration 150 Age in the difficult wereparticularly Workingconditions,neverideal in the NorthCemetery, of the been to clear the site excavation. The first taken the contractors had earlydays by step of its olivetrees,largelyby uprootingthemwitha bulldozer.The site,in consequence,was chokedwiththeremainsofthesetreesat thetimethatthefirsttestswerebeinglaid out and made to excavatethem,and thesitegridwas beingestablished. The initialtechnique attempts forexploring thesiteused extendedbutnarrowtrenchesin an attemptto trapburiedfeatures and explorethempiecemealas theywerediscovered. This proceduremetwithlimitedsuccess, butit soonbecameobviousthatifthewholesitewas to be exploredat all adequatelybeforeit was completely a different surrendered to thebuildingcontractors, approachwas essential. Forcemajeure providedthesolution.The contractors, havinglargelyremovedtheremainsof the olive trees- sometimeswiththe help of dynamite,to the considerablealarm of the - began to excavators shallowlayerof cultivatedtopsoilto exposethe stripoffthe relatively a softwhitemarlofPliocene distinctive whitesurfaceoftheundisturbed kouskouras, underlying age.11This procedurequicklyled to an accelerated rate of discoveryof buried ancient of chambertombs,chambersof suchtombs of thefilled-updromoi features, largelyconsisting whose roofshad collapsed,or simplegravepits.It also became clear thatpart of the site includedtheverydestroyed remainsofa buildingcomplex,thedate and purposeofwhichfor sometimeremainedin doubt. Withthepassageoftime,topsoilwas mechanically strippedfromthegreaterpartofthesite. the soil was not removed,and workduringthe central Unfortunately, stripped immediately thanit need have been weeksof the excavation,late ApriltoJune,was made moredifficult areas whereit was clear the of of bulldozed soil covering through presence huge dumps excavationwould have to be undertaken.The contractorat firstattemptedto meet the excavators'appeals by movingthe dumpsby bulldozerfromone partof the siteto another. oflorrieswas providedintowhich Wisercounselseventually prevailed,so thata shuttle-service soil from the was loaded and removed site,allowingmuchlargerareas of dumped byJCB a kouskouras to be examined as exposed piece. was As successiveareas wereclearedof topsoiland/or dump,the surfaceof the kouskouras necessitated heads of soil. This examined for traces of intrusive skimming usually carefully clean by hand the bulldozedsurfaceof soil smearsand tyremarksleftby the machineand examiningtheheads ofsoilthatremained,clearlyvisiblebycolourcontrastagainstthewhite kouskouras matrix.In manycases,theseheadsofsoilprovedto be no morethansmalllocalized or In othercases, cleaningrevealedthe outlineof filledgrave-pits hollowsin the kouskouras. led to the Similar excavated which were dromoi, procedures systematically. subsequently as the of the buildingcomplexmentionedabove,whichwas identified completeuncovering wall. With an enclosure remainsofa basilicanchurchsurrounded almostwhollydestroyed by T. 244,was nearly itwas associateda numberofbuiltossuaries,ofwhichthemostremarkable, builtof spoliafroma monumental buildingof secondcenturyAD date,perhapsa completely as the remainsof Two otherlarge,but shallowheads of soil were identified mausoleum.12 AD. 16th huts of the century rectangular

10KS'2,Sites cited. 52,53,55 and 56 withreferences 11N. Robertsin BSA 74 (1979),232.

12AR 25 (1979), 58 and fig. 50. S. Paton, A Roman CorinthianBuildingat Knossos',BSA86 (1991),297-318.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE

^

The graveswerenumberedin sequencewitharabic numeralsas theywereidentified and these numbers have been as a retained method of reference. Each one excavated; permanent was excavatedunderthepersonaldirectionofa sitesupervisor, who keptthenotebookrecord withtheregister offinds.Groupswereplannedinsituby thesupervisor at a scale of together In to be donepiecemeal,so 1:20. thecase oflargetombgroups,suchplanninghad ofnecessity thatcleanedmaterialwas notleftinsituat theend ofa workingday.Mr. Smythtiedin every featureto the main site plan, a task made verydifficult by site conditions,not least the removalofsurveypinsbybulldozeraction. constant, thoughinadvertent, Preciousobjectswere transferred withoutdelay to the care of the HerakleionMuseum. Other findswere takenat the end of each day to the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos. werecleanedand shelvedin readinessforsubsequent Here,theverylargequantitiesofpottery study.Completebut brokenvases were repairedas soon as possibleby the late Mr. Petros Hon. M.B.E., theSchool'svase-mender. Petrakis, This stageoftheexcavation,duringwhichthecontractors, thoughpresenton thesite,were notconcernedwithmorethansiteclearance,butwerewaiting,sometimesa littleimpatiently, forthe excavationto end, lasteduntillateJune,1978.By thispoint211tombsof all periods had been excavated,and theplan of the basilicaand itsenclosurewall recovered.Following the advice of Mr. A. H. S. Megaw,the remainsof a largevaultedsubterranean cisternhad in thearea oftheatriumofthechurch.With been foundand excavated(largelymechanically) the agreementof the HerakleionEphoria,operationswerebroughtto a close,and thelarge partyassembledat Knossos forthe operation,dispersed.The second stage,whichlasted fromJulyto November1978,consistedof responsesmade by Dr. Caringtonintermittently Smithand ad hocteamsofassistants to further discoveries made as theresultofthefirstphase ofconstruction workundertaken the thekouskouras surface contractors, by involving trimming at variouspointsand, moreimportantly, the excavationof a complexof deep, broad sleeper trenchesin readinessforlayingthe main concretefoundations of the university buildings.At timesthepressureofworkwas intense,particularly in and duringAugust again October,the latterwhenthe northerly of chamber tombs group (Ts. 282, 285, 286, 292) was discovered. one hundred more were excavated Nearly graves duringthissecondstage.Thougha majority of the gravesfoundin the second stage was of Hellenisticto Early Christiandate, they includedseveralveryimportant Dark Age chambertombs,T 219 withits exceptionalfinds and theuntouchedT. 285 amongthem. In brief,then,the NorthCemeterysiterevealedan almostcontinuoushistoryof use from theeleventhcenturyBC,whenthefirstSub-Minoanburialsweremade,untilat leastthefifth AD,thedate suggestedforthebasilicanchurchand itsassociatedossuaries.That long century historyhad takentoll of, especially,the Dark Age tombs.In some partsof the site space available for burial was evidentlyso prized that many of the Hellenistic and Roman inhumation or collapsedchambersofDark Age tombs.IndividualDark gravescut intodromoi Age tombs themselveshad long historiesof reuse, sometimesfromProtogeometricto times.In somecases thereseemsto have been an intervalbetweensuchuse; T. Orientalizing A. It seemsnot to have been used again 285's primaryperiodof use was in Protogeometric untilOrientalizing. The eventualconstruction ofthechurchand theassociatedossuariesalso contributed to thedisturbance whichtheexcavatorsfoundso cleara featureofthecemetery's In was ancient,and was theresultof the history. everycase it was clear thatthe disturbance was deducedto belongto repeateduse to whichthesitewas put.The lastmajordisturbance Venetiantimes,whenit seemsthatthe sitewas pillagedof stoneforthe defencesof Cândia, in the disappearanceof whateverremainedof the ruinedbasilicaand itsenclosure resulting

56


wall, and any survivingtomb superstructures (in the case of Roman and Early Christian graves). The worsteffects ofdisturbance werefeltin theDark Age chambertombs,forwhichtheir In extremecases,thefillsofboth own frequent reusemaywellhavebeen chiefly responsible. dromos and chamberwerefoundrepletewithbrokenpotterythathad once formedparteither oftheash-urnsor theburialgifts, one or twoofwhichmightstillbe intact,insitu,whetherin thechamberitself, a side-chamber or (as in T. 75) highup in thedromos fill.In practicalterms, thisdegreeofdisturbance meantthatstudyofthecontentsoftheworstaffected tombs(theTs. 34, 56, 57 complex; Ts. 75 and 107) was particularlylaborious, requiringthousandsof of potteryto be spreadout on the sortingtablesat the Stratigraphical Museum, fragments disiecta membra reassembled and passedto thevase-mender forhishighlyskilledattentions. Much the largestrole in the conductof the excavationwas playedby Dr. JillCaringtonSmith,Knossos Fellow,who was in chargein the fieldfrombeginningto end, sharingthe chargewiththeDirectoroftheSchoolwhenhe was presentfromearlyMay to lateJune,and Mr. David Smyth,made a verylarge again in October.The School's HonorarySurveyor, contribution.As well as the verytestingwork of controllingthe main site surveyand forthefinaldrawingsofthecemetery thesiteplan in thefield,he was responsible constructing and the individual tomb here. Among the many individualswho plan plans published contributed to the supervision of the excavationa conspicuouspartwas playedby Dr. W. G. on Cavanagh(at thattimeMacmillanStudent)and Mrs. Anne Thomas. Otherparticipants the site includedMiss M. Alden (at thattimeSchool Student),Mr. P. Avery,Mr. C. J. M. Catling,Mr. R. W. V. Catling,Mr. E. O'Donoghue, Dr. R. E. Jones(Directorof the Fitch Laboratory),Mr. C. Macdonald, Dr. C. B. Mee (at thattimeAssistantDirector),Mrs. E. Preston,theHon. Mrs.C. Ridley,MissJ.Webband Miss S. Young.Fortwodaysin August,to theSchool P. M. Warren(thendirecting Professor assistwithan unexpectedrushofdiscovery, the whole of his excavationat the StratigraphicalMuseum Extension site) transferred excavationpartyto workin theNorthCemetery. Amongthosewho fromtimeto timeworkedon the immediatecare of the findsin the Museum as theycame in day by day fromthe excavation,Mrs. Elizabeth Stratigraphical a Catlingplayed leadingrole.Otherswho gaveinvaluablehelpincludedMiss M. Alden,Mrs. L. Cavanagh, Mrs. C. Mee and Miss C. Rees. The arduous and lengthyworkof pottery byMrs.EleniPetrakou. washingwas undertaken During the main period of activityin May and June,Mrs. Catling, assistedby Mrs. Cavanagh,also actedas hostess,housekeeperand cookfortheexcavationpartyresidentat the Taverna,Knossos. H. W. C. Tomb 1 SW (figs. 5, 13, plate 11 a-c) Overalldimensions: 1.73X 1.32. N and a possiblevestigeofa dromos Onlythebottompartofthistomb'schambersurvived, site. of the downhill the or to with the entrance side, W, wall,whichwould have run E-W, one to theS, and a slight,butclearone to Therewas a pronouncedbay to theN,an indefinite a hole D. 0.27 X 0.22 cut diagonallyintoit,extending theE, containing beyondthechamber, X NW on c. flat limestone An slab, 0.30 0.25, thefloor,slightly 0.15belowthefloor. unworked a have been ofthetomb'scentre,may pot-stand.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. I

57

The tombwas one offourfoundon theS-mostlimitofthearea excavatedin 1978. The tombwas identified beforethe removalof the olivegrove,aftera groupof G sherds had fromlargevessels been noticedamongthe trees,probablybroughtto the surfaceby the plough. The filloflightgolden-brown plough-soilcontainedmodernas well as G material.As the resultof agriculturalactivitythe contentswere in total confusion.These included i, EO and 2, LO aryballos.Sherdsin thefilland on thefloorcame froma MG urn,three lekythos LG urnsand threeEO urns.There weretwo M-LG, two LG, and sevenO smallervessels. Therewere fi- 3 werea pyramidalbronzeobject,an ironbow-tip(?) and a limestonecylinder. somescrapsofburntbone. The N 'bay' was fullofmixedsherds. POTTERY (PLATES 878) i.*LEKYTHOS. Frs.of mouthand body,base. SideE 158,classE (iii)(a). EO. circles,chevron-column. 2. ARYBALLOS. H. 6. Complete. Fully painted, fired.E 158,classD (iv).Cf. 75.16, 28. LO. unevenly 3. CONICAL LID. PH. 4.6. DR. 19. Hole in centre, probablywhereknobwas,chipsin rim.Flat rimbelow carination,suspensionholes. From centre,zigzag, outlinecable,zigzag,each motifbetweenlines.Painton on underside. M-LG. uppersideofrim,shortstrokes 4. SMALL LID (fig. 73). H. c. 6.3. D. 12. Half mostof rimmissing.Eight-pointed staron preserved, knob.Whitelineon band. LG. 5. *DOMED LID (fig.73). H. 6.1. DR. 17.6.Chips in rim.Suspensionholes.Whiteon dark.Centralpattern lost,leaves,brokenspiralmeander.E 163,class E (b). Cf.F. 788 forleaves.EO. 6. ♦CONICAL LID (fig. 73). PH. 5. D. c. 17.5.Half centremissing. Bandsand lines.LG- EO. preserved, mostof 7. SMALL LID. H. 4. D. c. 15.Halfpreserved, rim missing. Shallow hemispherical, with short evertedlip.MG or later. 8. CUP (FIG.73). H. 7.6. DR. c. 10. Half preserved, handlemissing.In handle zone, at least two flanking panelswithdiagonalcross.LG, late. 9. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 13.Halfbodywith complete base. Cream slip. Bars at base of neck, verticalwavesbetweenlines on shoulder.Two zones of S's betweentriplelines,two furthersets of triple lines.Cf. 292.106. LG/EO. 10. *SKYPHOS (FIG.73) H. 10.4. DR. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fullypaintedinside.Whitedouble circles betweenlineson shoulder.E 166,classC. EO. 11. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 37. A third preserved,part of neck and verticalhandle; paint muchworn.Cream slip.Shortinsetlip,plumpovoid body,ringfoot.Paint on lip. Panels: double zigzag, meander,singlezigzag. Bands and lines. Solid paint on handle.MG, early. 12. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. c. 22. DR. c. 16. Frs.of upperbody.Veryworn.Concave insetlip, rising;singlehorizontalhandles.Painton lip. Panels:

(A) and (C), quarteredlozenges,steep singlezigzag, meander,quadruplezigzag.(B) missing;(D), meander and hatched leaves, upper part missing.Paint on horizontalhandles,barson strap.M-LG. 13. *PITHOS. PH. 27. DB. 14.5. Lower part only. Disc foot;bandsand lines.LG (?). 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. (withloop feet) c. 47. DR. c. 16. Half preserved.Much worn. Short risinglip, single horizontal handles, plump ovoid body, three loop feet. Rim painted, lip otherwise reserved. Triple zigzag on shoulder. Panels, all betweencolumnsof intersecting zigzags:(A) and (C), bird, cross-hatched body, raised wing. (B) checkerboard;(D) massed zigzags. Bands and lines; hatchedzigzag roundbelly;betweenloop feet,pairs of outlinedleaves withmidrib,slopingin alternate Bars on horizontalhandles,verticalstripes directions. on straphandlesand feet.LG, late.BirdWorkshop. 15. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44. Nearly complete. Ovoid body, inset rim between slight carinations,tripodfoot.Dark ground.Whitedouble circlesbelowrim.Panels,A, twodecksofguillochewith dotted lozenge centres,one hatched diagonally;B, hatchedvoluteinterlace withcross-hatched fragmentary, centrallozenge,thevolutesat theedgesjoined bybars, some withdependenttongues.Lines and bands; the centralband withfourfold whitecircles.Betweenfeet, cross-hatched crossedzigzags,dottedlozengefill.EO. 16. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 20. Frs.of rim,body,one handle.Slightlyinsetrim,doublereed horizontalhandle. One panel, massed circles. Cf. Payneno. 36. EO. 17. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. DB. c. 14.DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,body,base. Inset concave rim between slight carinations, three lines below edge. Panel, guillochebetweentripleverticals.Bands and lines,the uppermostband withwhitetriplecircles.E 14g,class IV A (i). EO. 18. *JUG. DB. 7.5. Frs. of base, handle, mouth. Fourfoldcircleson shoulder,pairedlines.F. 155,class D (i). EO.

58


SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 158).L. 1.4. W. 0.7. Wt. 3.75 g. Crustyoxidization.Pyramidal,brokenfrom some largerobject. Pierced crosswiseby rivethole. Irregular. 2. IRON BOW-TIP? (fig.173).L. 6.6. D. 1.5,tapering to i.i. Piercedbya longitudinal hole,D. 0.9 to 0.6; tip missing. Traces of wood inside. Very slight The identification is based on curvature. longitudinal

thislast,on the modestsize (too smallfora weaponsocket)and on the occurrenceof largerversionsof such objects in Etruria (e.g. L. Pareti, La Tomba Regolini-Galassi (1947)266, N. 229 no. 8, adfin.(L. 10. D. internally 2.7)). 3. LIMESTONE CYLINDER (fig.186;piau: 304).L. 3.4. D. 0.35. Complete.Greylimestone.Developsflat planehalfway alongone side.Perhapsa cosmetictool?

Tomb 2 SW (figs. 5, 13; plate 11 d) L. overall:4.56. Dromos:L. 2.00. W. 1.32. Stomion: destroyed.W chamber: 1.00 X 1.30. E chamber:1.06 X 1.66. in plan chamber-like The mainchamberwas on theE sideofthedromos, and anothercutting, main was dromos which have been added after the tomb cut. The could slopedup only,on theW, had been destroyed. Therewas a longand fromtheE chamberat an angleof 8°. The stomion whoseflatfloor one on theS. The (e) chamber, on theN side,and a vestigial door-jamb pronounced withroundedcorners. The roofslopedup diagonally was reachedbya step,0.26,was rectangular The W fromtheback,insteadofbeingrounded.The floorwas at least1.40belowmodernsurface. In its butroundedin plan,withsmall,thoughpronounced 'chamber'was irregular, door-jambs. and theE floorwas a pit0.52 X 0.44,up to 0.50 deep.The floorslopeddowntowardsthedromos wasa slight, roundeddroptothedromos-ñoor chamber. proper. Justoutsidethedoor-jambs was The tombwas one offourat the S limitofthe area excavatedin 1978.Its orientation ESE-WSW.

The tombwas foundin the firsttrialtrenchesdug near T. 1. It had been robbed.There wereno blockingstones. were£3, In theupperfillofthetrialwerefi (sealstone)and £2 (glasstessera).In the dromos and pieces of unburntbone. The formerprobablyand the two non-joining dirkfragments, wheremoreunburntbones,mostlylimbs,werefound, lattercertainly came fromthechamber, an it had contained inhumation, probablymale, judging by the objects which showing fs 4-5, 8a (iron finds included2 (SM stirrup-jar) and scattered it. The broken accompanied fu iron fio of the same fs (Pitssocket), (bronzepin fragments), spear), pins), 6-9 (fragments fi2 (bonehandleor sleeve),fi3, 14 (ironknifefragments). In the W chamber,set in the pit,was a coarse SM pithos,1, foundbrokenand scattered. Scrapsofburntbone in thepitindicateit had been a cremation.There was R and probably latermaterialin thelevel. POTTERY (PLATE 88) 1. *COARSE PITHOS (fig.80). H. 33.5. DR. 27. In manyfrs;completesectionrecomposed(handlesdo brownclay,firedsoft, notjoin). Coarse,grit-tempered ash-greycore. Plain, brownsurfacefinish.Probably SM. on tournette. handmade,finished 2. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 73). H. 16.7. Max. D. 16.4. DB. 5.5. Completesection,includingall base, handles and spout. Composed of many.Fine reddish clay. Red-brownsurface.Matt red-brown paint.Airholeat base of false neck, opposite spout. Solid paint on

discus.Painton spoutlip and inside;strokeson spout. Broad strokeson handles. One elaborate triangle, double-outlined, on either side of spout. Two elaborate,latticed,triangleson side oppositespout. Bands below and on body,one immediatelyabove foot.SM. 3. *AMPHORISKOS (fig.73). H. c. 15.W. 10. Large Fine red-brown bodyfrs.(severaljoining)and floaters. 'S' clay.Dark mattplum-redpaint.Trace ofhorizontal D. SM. patternin mainzone and bandson greatest

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 1-9 SMALL FINDS 1. STEATITE SEALSTONE (plate 302). D. 1.4 X 1.5. Max. Th. 0.85. Rough-cut,chippedat one face. Deep olive-greento grey.Irregularcircle.One face untrimmed. Sides irregularly flat,the otherrelatively faceted,beingsmoothedbyabrasion(coarsescratches remain).Intendedno doubtto be a disc,butperhaps brokenin shaping;at presentmore of an irregular cone. Stringholenotyetdrilled. 2. MOSAIC TESSERA. R. 3. IRON DIRK frs.Two non-joining piecesof blade: (a) L. 8. Max. W. 2.95; (b) L. 5. W. 1.85taperingto 1.4. Bothedgesblunted. 4. 5, 8a. IRON PIN frs:non-joining pieces,probably fromsame pin. 4 (lost),L. c. 3; 5, L. 2.6; 8a, L. 2.6; Ds. 0.5-0.6. 6-9. IRON SPEARHEAD frs.(fig. 173).Fourpieces, of which6 formsthe lower blade (at junction with

5g

socket)and 8, 9 and 7 (in thatorder)join to formthe tip of whatis undoubtedlythe same spear.Iron rivet on midribof upperjoined fragment.6, L. 2.75. W. L. 13.1.W. 3.55.Th. at midrib1.2;8, 9 and 7 together 2.4 taperingto 0.4. Th. at midrib1 taperingto 0.4. Flat strongly midribbedblade. 10. IRON SPEARHEAD SOCKET fr.L. 2.6. D. 1.7. This couldbelongto same spearas 6-9. 11. BRONZE PIN frs.Three smallshaftfrs.,L. c. 8.9. 12. BONE, two frs.:(a) L. 2.9. W. 1.5; (b) L. 2.2. W. 1.6. Horn core, probably goat. Sawn fromlarger section of horn- the ends are smooth,thoughnot exactlyparallel to each other.Both frs.have similar ends. 13. 14. IRON ONE-BLADED KNIFE frs.Two nonjoiningblade frs:13, L. 3.3; 14, L. 2. BothW. c. 1.5. Probablyfromthesame knife(straight type).

Tomb 8 SW (figs. 5, 14) EstimatedL. overall:3.00. Dromos: L. 1.80.Chamber:estimatedD. 1.26. Partof the E wall of the dromos and the S (back)wall of the chamberwerefoundin a 1.00 widetrial.The dromos floorwas flatformostofitslength;thechamberfloorwas 0.20 lowerit had probablybeen circular.There were no step,door jambs, or blocking.The greatest preserved heightofthewallswas 0.32. The tombwas one of fourfoundon the S-mostlimitof the area excavatedin 1978.Its orientation was NW-SE,thechamberat theE end. The tombappearedas a veryshallowcuttingin kouskouras, whichlay c. 0.50 belowsurface. Therewereno recognizablefinds;thepottery fromthechamberis as likelyto havecomefrom thegeneralploughsoilas fromthetomb. POTTERY (PLATE 88) i. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 12. Body fr. withstumpsof strap and horizontalhandle. Panel: lozenge chain, octuple zigzag. White-on-darkzone below:spaced triplecircles,alternately singleand in a columnoftwosets.LG, late.

2. *PITHOS. PH. 25 (body fr.).DR. c. 12, rim fr., non-joining.Narrow inset lip, with paint. Panels missing;continuouswhite-on-darktriplecircles in zone below; elsewhere,bands and lines withwhite reinforcement. LG, late.

Tomb 9 SW (figs. 5, 14) Dimensionsunknown. The existenceof a DA tombin the generalvicinityof Ts. i, 2 and 8 was deduced from ofa raggedcuttingin thekouskouras in trialsexcavatednearT. i, designatedhereby discovery Romannumerals.Here thekouskouras descendedsteeplyw- or SW-wards in a seriesofirregular banks. The fillof the ragged cutting(pit-likefeature),lightyellowish-brown withmany kouskouras seemed firm rather and but this was belied finds of unburnt stable, lumps, by (?HL) bone, and HL lamp fragment(VI. fi), part of a workedblock withorange-pinkplaster adhering,a bit of glass,threeminiaturepots (VI, i, 2; V/VI. 4), an aryballos(V. 1) and ofan ironknife(VI. fo). fragments

6o


Belowthekouskouras ofan infant(T. 5). Somewhatabovethebottom was an amphora-burial ofthekouskouras, NWofT. 5, wereremainsofa coarsepithos(VI. 5) and piecesfromanother large,decoratedpot. These twovesselswereassignedto a conjecturalT. 9 whichmusthave been in the vicinity, whose outlinewas too much destroyedby later activityforit to be In and nearthebase ofthepithoswas a massofpoorlyor partiallycharredbone. identified. skullfragments) seemedto have come fromchildren.The Many ofthepieces (teeth,fingers, from this as of have come burial, well as the ironknifeand fragments aryballos[supra)may bronzeamongthepithossherds(V/VI. fi) and an ironobject(V/VI. fa). Tomb 13 SE (figs. 6, 14; plates 11 e-f, 12 a-b) L. overall:4.80. Dromos: L. at least3.50. W. 0.90-1.24.Stomion: 0.82 X 0.30. Chamber:1.00 X 1.44;H. 0.85. The wedge-shapeddromos was not completelyexcavated;it rose 0.50 in verticaldistance betweenthestomion and the excavatedlimit,at a mean gradientof 140.On theN side of the dromos was an irregular nichec. 1.00 X 1.00,itsfloor0.85 abovetheadjacentdromos, 1.30above thelevelofthechamberfloor.On theS sidewas a cutting1.50 X 0.80 whoseshape and odd was thatof the make itsidentification uncertain;itsorientation diagonalangle to the dromos fromwhichall blockingstoneshad been removed, manyHL tombsin thearea. The stomion, had an unusualraised thresholdc. 0.40 wide, and distinctjambs. The small well-cutoval the floorstrewnwithfinegravelor coarse sand containing chamberwas slightly off-centre, water-worn The was 1.52belowmodernsurface. stones. floor tiny The tombwas part of a ratherirregularN-S line- Ts. 14-13-19-55- in the crowdedSE was ENEbyN,WSWbyS. The chamberwas on theE side sectorofthecemetery. Its orientation of the dromos.

The tombwas foundduringthemechanicalclearanceof 2.30 wide channelsN-S and E-W on the 1o-metresquare systemof the sitegrid.Its presencewas observedwhenthe machine touchedthe bronzebowl, 1, in the N niche.The tombhad been robbedin antiquity;the chambercontainedno recognizablepotsor objects,and fewsherds.The blockingstoneswere A pit containingbrownearthhad been dug intothe upperpart of the foundin the dromos. fill.The HL inhumation outerdromos gravesTs. 118and 304 wereat theNWend ofthedromos and another,T. 114,had been dug throughthechamberroof,explainingunburntlimbbones and HL sherdsin thechamberfill,and thefactthattheroofwas onlypartlyintact. fillcontainedR/ECh sherds.The lowerfill,thoughlighterin colourand The upperdromos and a piece ofR or Ch plaster.8, a ?PGB aryballos, morestable,stillhad late tilefragments and fi, an ironarrowhead,werecomparatively highin thefill,but therestofthefindswere the floor.Theywerein twogroups,one c. 0.60-1.60fromthethreshold, on or nearthedromos otherup againstit;stonesfromtheblockingwallwereamongthemboth.Three ofthelargest werein thefirst group,neartheN wall.BetweenthemweresherdsofthePGB-EG pithos,12, and lyingamongstthem in a manner which suggestedtheywere associated were the of an EG? skyphos11 and an EG hydria,14. Nearerthe entrancewere the EG fragments S of12 was 10, head and neckof kalathos-lid, 13, and theEG oinochoai20, 23. Immediately a PGB birdaskos.S ofthis,undersomelargesherds,was thebrokenEG oinochoe18 and S wall,was the almostcompleteLPG-PGB pyxis,9. again,near a stoneclose to the S dromos an EG rim of E of was pithos,and betweenthemtheEG lid, 17. In the 9 15, fragments 0.30 weretheremainsof a PGB-EG pyxis,24, a LPG NEcornerofthedromos nearthethreshold lid,25, and a PGB-EG oinochoe,26. Veryclosewas theEG oinochoe23. In theSWcorner

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 13

61

werethe sherdsof the EG jug-aryballos21. 11 and 14 may have been associatedwith125 theoriginalvesselgroupings are irrecoverable. otherwise, in theN dromos The O interment nicheincluded1, thebronzebowl,3, thebase ofa pithos (theurn)accompaniedbya largearyballos,2, a jug, 5, and twooinochoai,4, 6. Theirupper parts were ancientlybroken.The crematedbone stillremainingin 3, or foundnear it belongedto an adolescentor youngadult.Amongthemwas a curiousobject of softstone, drilledlongitudinally and shaped like a champagnecork.The PG pithosbase, 7, was just S withinthe niche,overhanging thedromos. 27-51 were reconstructedfromsherds recoveredduring excavation,confirmingthe PGB-EG use ofthetomb,and itsabandonmentuntilO. Fromtheseand thevasesrecordedin in thetomb. thetomba dozenash-urnshypothetically add up to as manyinterments POTTERY (PLATES 89-91) 1.BRONZE VESSEL: see f3. 2. ARYBALLOS (fig.73). H. 8.8. Large gaps in wall. Lozengeson mouthand neck,barredhandle,rosettes on shoulder.Bands and lines,reservedraysat base. E 159classII K. Shape as E 933. LO. 3. NECKED PITHOS. PH. 22.4. Frs. of body with base, neck and rim. Two handles, flatbase. Inside mouth,rings,theuppermostthickened. Lip,groupsof strokes. threestraight Neck,whiteon dark,alternating linesand one wavy.Belowreservedhandle-zone,band withtriplewhitecircles.LO. 4. OINOCHOE. H. 18.5. Nearlycomplete.Spaced bands.Cf.F. 1519and 285. 14, 17. LO. 5. SQUAT JUG. PH. 13.Neck and handlelost.Roots of four-reedhandle, square root-corbel.Ring foot. Tear-dropson handle-corbel.Shoulderand body as illustrated. Underside,spaced groupsof rings.Shape as 56.12. By thesame hand as 40.22. LO. 6. ♦OINOCHOE. PH. 18.2.Neck,handle,and much of body lost. Cream clay,red-brownpaint. Rays on shoulder and base, narrow stripes on body. EPC. Cf.34.9. Corinthian, 7. *NECKED (?) PITHOS, base. DB. 16.Yellowwash. Flatbase.Lightground,twobandsabovebase. PC 8. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.1. Neck missing.Browngrits and some mica. Root of strap handle, flat base. Unpainted.PGB (?). 9. PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 8.5. Nearlycomplete;flaking surface. Flat base with stringmark. Octuple semicircles, band, lines;paint on rim,handles,lower bodyand underbase. Band insiderim.LPG-PGB. 10. BIRD ASKOS. PH. 20. Front part only. Wheelmadebody,head turnedslightly to one side,eyes in relief,circularbeak. Ladder patternabove head. Columnsroundneck:chevrons, lambda pattern,bars, chevrons,lambda pattern,solid lozenges on front. Millsailalongbody,traceofsteepzigzagabove.PGB. 11. *SKYPHOS (fig. 74). H. 9.3. DR. 16.6. Nearly complete.Paintunderbase. EG (?). 12. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35. DR. 18.Nearly

complete.Lustrousblackpaint.Insetlip,twinhandles, ringfoot.Identicalpanelson bothsides.Curvedstripes on handles.PGB-EG, closeimitation ofAttic. 13. *KALATHOS-LID (fig. 74). H. 11.5. D. 22. Nearlycomplete.Spatterbelowband inside.EG. 14. HYDRIA. H. 30.8. Nearlycomplete.Squared lip, centraldepressiondown strap handle, low conical foot.HatchedhorizontalS's on shoulder;foliateband withopposed spirals;smallpendentarcs on belly.All handlesbarred.Two bandsinsidelip.EG. 15. *NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 14. Yellow slip. Flaringneck,offset:lines betweenbands, two bands inside.Linesand band on shoulder.EG. 16. NECKED PITHOS. H. 43.5. DR. 21.5. One handle missing.Ridge betweenneck and shoulder. Strap handles,ringfoot.Bars on rim,band inside. Same decoration on both sides. Handle: diagonal crossbetweenbars.PGB. 17. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 74). H. 8.8. D. 24. Nearlycomplete.Reddishclay,yellowslip. Paint on handle.EG. 18. OINOCHOE. H. 23. Nearly complete. Grey bucchero,grey-blackcoat. Strap handle,roughdisc foot;slightridgebelowlip.EG. 19. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 34.6. DR. 28. Nearly complete. Coarse red clay,large whiteand greygrits.Slight ridge where neckjoins body,flat base. Two groovesbetweenhandleroots.PGB. 20. OINOCHOE. H. 35. Neck missing.Straphandle to rim, depression down centre; low conical foot. Handle: solid double axes alternating withbars,and alternatelyvertical and horizontal. EG. Smaller versionofG 14. 21. ♦JUG-ARYBALLOS(fig. 74). H. 8.8. Complete. underbase. Slightridgeat base of neck. Stringmark Line inside rim. Shoulder: three cross-hatched in detail;on theside notillustrated, triangles, differing extraoutlineadded. EG. 22. TRAY (fig.74). H. 5.3. DR. 20. Nearlycomplete. withbars above and Lug handles,piercedvertically,

62


below.Bands and lineson floorinside,withquintuple circleat centre.EG. H. 24. Nearly complete. 23. *OINOCHOE. Bucchero:fabricand shapeas 18. EG. 24. *PYXIS (fk;. 74). H. 6.2. DR. 5.5. One handle broken.Smallstraphandles.PGB-EG. 25. KALATHOS-LID. H. 7.4. D. 22. Three-quarters preserved.Unevenrim.Evertedlip,narrowflatbase. Sevenfoldpendentsemicircles, painton handles;base unpainted.Inside fullypainted;continuousbilletson rim.LPG. 26. OINOGHOE. H. 13.1.Nearlycomplete.Deep red micaceousclay,smoothedsurface.Flattenedhandle on neck;eight attached insiderim,discfoot.Eightgrooves ribsappliedtobody.PGB-EG. Gf.G 27-32. vertical 27. GOARSE GONICAL LID. PH. 12.8. DR. 21. Knob handle missing.Goarse micaceous red clay, whitegrits.Lip turneddownwards,as forstraightsidedpithos.PGB. 28. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 74). H. 7.8. DR. 14.5. Twothirdspreserved, paintworn.On side not illustrated, EG. triplezigzag. 29. SHALLOW KRATER (fk;. 74). H. 9.2. DR. 24. Nearly complete. One handle only, with paint. PGB-EG. 30. DOMED LID. D. 17.5.H. 6.9. Nearlycomplete. At centre,threeconcentricrings,thendouble zigzag, doublearcs,band. E-MG. 31. PYXIS. H. 15.4. DR. 9.8. Half preserved.Flat base. Band insideneck.Painton handles.PGB-EG. 32. TRAY. H. 5.2. DR. 22. Nearlycomplete.Fabric and shape as 22. Bars above and below lug handles. Inside:solid painton wall, bands and lineson floor, circleat centre.EG. sevenfold 33. PYXIS. H. 19. DR. c. 11.5. Nearly complete. Greamslip,flaking;tracesof brownpaint.Ring foot, conical underneath.Paint on neck, inside and out; bodydecorationwornoff,tracesofchevronsin panel; painton handles.EG. 34. KALATHOS-LID. H. 11.7. D. 22. Nearly clay.Shape as 13. Reservedcross complete.Grey-buff under base. Inside: groups of bars on rim, band, spatterbelow.EG. H. c. 23.5. Fragmentary. 35. *OINOGHOE. Bucchero:fabricand shapeas 18. EG. 36. PYXIS (?). PH. 7.3. Everted lip missing.No PGB (?). handles,base concaveunderneath. 37. *OINOGHOE. PH. 7.3. Rim to belly.Handle frominsiderimto carinatedshoulder.Shoulder:crosshatchedtriangleswithoutline,bars on apices; band belowcarination.Handle barred.PGB.

38. *DOMED LID. D. 20.5. H. c. 5. Two fragments, complete profile. White on dark, double circles, B 14. broad band. Interiorfullypainted.Cf. Atsalenio EO. 39. KALATHOS-LID. H. c. 6.5. D. c. 20.5. Half triangles, Shape as 25. Band,cross-hatched preserved. lines;base unpainted.Inside: band on rim,no paint below.PGB. 40. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 22. Evertedlip. Three bandsinside.PGB. 41. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 24. Rim fr.Lip slightly everted.Inside: solid triangleson rim,threebands below.PGB. 42. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Roots of both verticalhandlesand adjoiningbody.Greamslip,red paint. Figuresreserved.Two registers:legs and rear bodyof horse,back of head, wingand tail of sphinx, LO. head-knobofgriffin. 43. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of lower body, two strap feet.Body,red lotus and palmettechain withblue outlines.Feet,blue step meanderbetween verticals. EO. 44. *POLYGHROME LID. D. 22. Fr.ofrim.Everted redarcs.O. rim.Tracesofblue and redstripes, 45. *AMPHORA. DB. 12. Frs.of body,lip and foot. Whiteon dark.Triplecircleson lip and widestpartof body,vertical columns of small double circles on shoulder.Cf. 107.70. EO. 46. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of body, neck and handles. Slightlyconcave neck with carination at joint, horizontalcylindricalhandles. Heavy lines at carination, corner of double square on shoulder. Groupedlinesbelow.EO. 47. *DOMED LID. D. 22. H. c. 3.8. Completeprofile. Evertedrim. White on dark. Double circles.F. 163 classE (b). EO. 48. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.ofshoulder and lowerbody.Softorange-buff clay,chestnut-brown paint,ratherworn.Shoulder: grits,thickbrown-black semicircles.Lower solid triangles,lines,sixteen-fold body:band,lines.AtticLPG-EG I. 49. TRAY, twofrs.Shape as 13.22 butwithtwosets of two grooves under base. Inside: paint on wall, bandsand lineson floor.EG. 50. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 20. Rim frs.Shape as 13.25. Pendentquintuplesemicirclesenclosingsolid Trace ofMaltesecrossunderbase. PGB. triangles. 51. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 21. Frs.of verticalneck,body withhorizontalhandles,and flat base. Fabricand shape like 13*199but smaller.Four groovesat levelofhandleroots.PGB-EG.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ARROWHEAD (fk;.173;piafe 287).L. 5.8. Max. W. 2.3. Large, three-bladedvariety,sharply

pointed;mustonce havepossesseda tang,nowbroken off.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 2. FAIENCE HANDLE (fk;. 182;piati: 292). L. 1.65. W. i.i. Dh. 0.3-0.4. Broken,halfonly,'thistle'shaped, with string-holerunningbehind. Glaze: greenish brown; core: pale buff, medium fine. Crudely modelled,withlumpysurface.

Ts. 13 14

63

3. BRONZE CAULDRON. H. c. 20. D. c. 40. Almost complete,but too crushed and distortedto restore shape.Perhapssimilarto 285. £26. 4. STEATITE(?) WHORL or BUTTON. Shanked. In pot 3.

Tomb 14 SE (figs. 6, 15; plate

12 c)

Chamber:1.00 X 1.38. L. 2.01.W. 0.66-0.80. Stomion: L. overall3.01.Dromos: destroyed. nick of at a mean dromos The ratherirregular angle 140.It had an irregular slopedupwards the no stones remained of had been NE The stomion into its wall. blocking destroyed; jutting itsroofhad collapsed.The rearwall survivedto a wall.The chamberwas roughlyrectangular; heightof0.44; thefloorwas c. 1.25belowmoderngroundsurface.A niche,of roundedplan, was cutintotheS side surface, 0.64 X 0.42,H. preserved0.20,itsfloorup to 0.50 above dromos of the dromos.

wall S ofT. 219 and parallelto it.The S circuitoftheperimeter The tombwas immediately of the mortuarychurchpassed betweenthe two graves.This pair of tombswas somewhat isolatedfromthemaingroupsofchambertombs,ratherto theN ofthemostcongestedpartof was E byS-WbyN. thenecropolis.The orientation as well as the presence of potteryin the dromos, The destroyedstomion, includingtwo in had been the tomb cremation pillaged antiquity. pithoi,suggested The topsoilwas foundverydisturbed,witha mixtureof G and later sherds,scattered of bone, pieces of tileand marbletesserae,fi (bronzefragments), Í2 (claypipe), fragments the lower a brickwithtracesof slag and an equid scapula were also found.In the dromos, fillcompriseda lighteryellowearthin whichwerefound2 and 5 + 50 (LG-EO cremation protomefroman EO polychromelid, 3, a bird pithoi),a miniaturecup, 1 = £3, a griffin A depositof lightbrownsoil 0.08 thick,had as sherds and burnt bones. as well askos,4, roofaccumulatedoverthecollapsedchamberfill.Inside,findsweresetin a hardkouskouras roof No clear order the chamber had been ransacked before the fall,suggesting collapsed. dividedintofour was observedin the arrangementof the contents.These were arbitrarily groups group 1, in the NWcorner,consistedof 14, a polychromepithos,partlyoverlying protome,and 31 , base of a vase. ImmediatelyN was a 24, a LG skyphos,33, a griffin domed lid, 28. Group 2, in the s corner,included 6, 12, aryballoi,11, a hydria,13, a of an iron blade. At the chambercentrewas group 3: 8, a kotyle,and £4, 7, fragments bull's head protomefroma polychromelid and 23, a small conical lid. In the N quarter, group4, were 9, 17, two cups. 7, base of a cremationpithos,15, a polychromelid witha 30, insideit,26, 27, 29, aryballoi.Under 27 was halfa domed lid, 32, ofwhich lekythos, anotherpartwas underthe domed lid 28. Nearbywere £5, chloritespindlewhorl,£8, 9, 10, two glass beads and one yellowbead. Group 5 was in the E corner,including20, a lekaniscontaining19, a skyphos,with2i5 a domed lid,behindit. In frontof 20 were 18, a and £6, a serpentinebead. There werealso two smallvessels,10, 25 and a bovid lekythos, tooth. Thus, two cremation pithoi, 2, 5 + 50, came fromthe dromos, a third in the chamberclose to the SWwall, 14 and a fourth,16, in the centreof the chamber.Group 1 and perhapsgroup2 mightbe associatedwith14; otherassociationswereeven less secure. The dromos niche was foundempty,withoutblocking.It is unknownhow or when it was used.

64


POTTERY (PLATES 92-3) 1. *MINIATURE CUP. DR. 3.2. Fr.ofbodywithlip. Trace oflinebelowlip.EO. 2. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 43. DR. c. 13. Frs. with whole profile.Inset rim, rising slightly. Panels: (A) part of bird, to L.; (B) lozenge cross, hatched outline,double lozenges in each quarter. zones: doublecircles Aboveand below,white-on-dark between lines. Bands and lines. Handles barred. LG-EO, relatedto BirdWorkshop. 3. POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. H. 9.8. Gaps in rim head as and wall. Sharplyevertedrim,plasticgriffin's knob.Paintvirtually gone.Cf.43. EO. 4. BIRD ASKOS (FIG.75). H. 15.7.L. 22.9. Head and mouthof secondaryspoutlost.Birdbodyand conical base thrownas a cup, thewallssqueezedtowardsone anotherand closedto formthebody.ModelledwingPaint tips,head, spoutand handle added afterwards. worn.Wingsdecoratedin panels:scales,zigzag.Dots barredtips.Bandson foot.EO. on wing-bend, 5. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 75). D. 18. PH. 8.5. Knob and mostof rimlost,gaps in wall. Paintworn. Traces of blue tripleleaves,filledin red. For 14.50. EO. 6. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.6. Body only. Shoulder, dottedtongues; dotted,arcadedtongues,line,inverted dot-rosette panels; dotted tongues. White dot embellishment. Rough.LO. 7. *TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. DR. 15.1. Frs.of rim, handle, lower body. Below rim, single white circlesbetweenlines on dark band. Handle panels reserved,sixfoldcircles,the outermostthickened. Bandsand lines.O. 8. BULL PROTOME. H. 4.8. Traces ofwhitepaint. Was theknobofa polychrome lid,as 3. O. 9. *CUP (fig.75). H. 11.DR. 13. Completesave gaps in rim.Fullycoated.F 166class(b) (iii).EO. 10. JUG. H. 8.5. Complete.Strap handle,flatbase. Verticalstripeon handle,two lines insiderim. LG, late. 11. HYDRIA. PH. 12.5. Body only, horizontal handlesand halfverticalhandle.Flat base, cylindrical horizontal handles, ribbon vertical handle. Paint worn. Shoulder,volute-tree,triplecircles.Handlezone,chevroncolumn,triplecircles.Band abovebase. no. 73. EO. Cf.Payne 12. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete.Strap handle, flatbase. Verticalstripeson handle,two lines inside rim.LG. 13. *KOTYLE. (FIG.75.) H. 6.8. DR. 11.5. Gap in wall,halfhandlemissing. Fullypainted.EO. 14. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 52. One foot,half body,one verticaland one horizontalhandle lost. Ribbed feet.Paintworn.Betweenhandles,panels of blue lotus,redfill.Centralzone,one remaining panel: blue bird, red body and feet,upside down. Lower

zone, blue band betweenred and blue billets;below, one panel withblue and yellowborders,blue leafcrosswithred fill.Blue arcadeswithred fillbetween feet.Feet: red bars betweenblue verticals;handles, blue and red bars. For trichrome techniquesee Payne, 281,and/? 188.EO. 15. *POLYCHROME LID. (fig.75.) D. 16.4.Partsof wall and knob missing. Sharply everted rim, in suspensionholes.Paintveryworn.Trace of griffin blue outlinenearedge.EO. 16. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 10.8. Frs. of base, lowerbody,and two ribbedfeet.Paintentirely lost.EO (?). 17. *CUP. (fig.75.) H. 10.8.DR. 13. Gaps in rimand wall.As 9. EO. 18. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.8. Most of base and handle missing.Side-circles,small circles frontand back, cross-bar at handle root. F. 159, class E (ii) (b). LG/EO. 19. SKYPHOS. H. 5.2. DR. 8.5. Virtuallycomplete. Concavelip,notoffset; concavebase. Roughchevrons betweenbars.Groupedbarsinsidelip.LG. 20. LEKANIS. H. 5. DR. 11.7.Complete.Flat base. Inside, thickring at centre and edge of base, line below rim. Handles barred at outer ends. Sides, groupedlines.On underside,fromcentre,dottedleafbetweengroupedrings.Cf.Arkades cross,volute-hooks fig.456. EO. 21. DOMED LID. D. 10. H. 2.3. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. Exteriorfullycoated in red. Whiteringswithband ofzigzag.Probablyfora pyxis. EO. 22. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 75). D. 9.2. Half of wall and knob lost. Domed. Cream slip inside and out,paintveryworn.Traces of red arcade withblue outlineabove red billets.Fits 14. For arcade, Cf. F. 1495.EO. 23. ♦CONICAL LID. D. 16. Completeprofile,two thirdsof wall and rimlost,chipsin knob.Concentric circleson knob,bandson lid. EO. 24. SKYPHOS. H. 8. DR. 11.5-12.4.Complete.Lip not offset,ring foot. Paint continues under foot. Inside,reservedcircleon floor.LG. 25. Vacai.Not traced. 26. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.7. Mouth chipped,handlemissing;pointof ironknifeadhering to belly.Stump of strap handle, flatbase. Band on neck,twolinesinside;trickleunderbase. LG. 27. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.5. Complete. Mouth, rings. Shoulder, five four-spokedwheels. Lower body fullypainted. Cf. 29, probablya pair. EO. 28. DOMED LID. D. 15.8.H. 4. Completesavechips in wall. Suspensionholes. Cream slip. Fromcentre, leaf rosette,zigzag,double circles,zigzag,dark rim.

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

EO, but perhaps archaising; see Gypsadesno. 34. Cf. 14.44. 29. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.2. Complete. Shape and decoration as 27, but lower body ringed. EO. H. 9. Gaps in wall. Spaced side30. LEKYTHOS. circles, innermostthickened; chevron columns. F. 158 class E (iii) (a). EO. 31. Vacat:part of 14? 32. *DOMED LID. D. 20.2. H. 5.5. Two thirdsof rim missing,gaps in wall. White on dark. Massed circles, the central one surrounded by dots. Grouped strokes on rim. Cf. F. 848. F. 163, class E (b). EO. 33. Vacat:part of 15. 34. *SKYPHOS. (fig. 75.) H. 4.8. DR. 8. Complete. Exterior white on dark. Circles on floor,bands on lip. Triple circles between handles. EO. 35. CONICAL LID. D. 8.6. Centre and two-thirdsof rim lost. Tongues; ringson underside. EO. 36. *ARYBALLOS. Fr., top only. Double circles. F. 158, class B (ii). EO. Fr. Two thirdsof lower body and 37. *LEKYTHOS. part of shoulder only.Tongues on shoulder,then band of zigzag. Cf. 26.1. O. 38. *ARYBALLOS. Fr. base only.Bands and lines. O. 39. *SKYPHOS. H. 10.2. DR. 13. Gaps in wall and base. White on dark. Double circles between lines on shoulder. EO. 40. ARYBALLOS. FY., top only. Chips from mouth. Mouth, tongues; shoulder, rosettes and sets of four hatched lozenges arranged as a lozenge. Cf. Arkades fig.189. MO. 41. *CUP. DR. 13. Frs. of lip, handle, and adjoining body. Tall lip. Fully coated inside and out, except reservedline below lip inside. Cf. 19.8. O. 42. Vacat. LID. H. c. 9.2. D. 16.2. Three 43. POLYCHROME quarters of rim lost. Griffinknob. Traces of cream

SMALL

SITE

- T. 14

65

slip, paint worn. Blue outline billets within red ring at base of handle. ?Animal in outer zone. A pair with no. 3. EO. LID. D. 19.6. Frs. of part of rim and 44. DOMED one third wall. Creamy slip. Lines, interrupted by a band of solid lozenges. Inside, bands. Cf. 28. EO. 45. TRAY. D. 30. Fr. of base risingto rim. Red paint. Inside, lines at edge. Outside, line at edge, double leaves. EO. PITHOS. DR. 20. PH. 37. 46. FOUR-HANDLED About one third body, half rim, one vertical handle, non-joining body-sherds. Top frieze, lines enhanced in white. Preserved panels: in two decks, quadrated double lozenges above zigzags; opposed volute lotuses, one set in each deck. Bands and lines enhanced in white, firstand third with triple white circles. EO. 47. *CONICAL LID. D. c. 21. Large gaps in rim and wall, handle lost. Red slip, traces of white paint. At rim,double circles joined by slanted lines. EO. 48. Vacat. 49. *ARYBALLOS. Frs. of body and two thirds of mouth only. Grouped strokesat neck-joint;below, S's, lines. MO. PITHOS. One handle and 50. *POLYCHROME adjoining body, assorted non-joining body-sherds. Paint very worn. Handle-zone, blue, red-dot-filled birds. Under handle, guilloche-knot.Below, lotus and volute-chain, blue with red fill. One fr. of vertical cable with red fill.EO. See 5. 51. *PITHOS. DB. 13. Frs. of base and non-joining body-sherds. Cream slip, bands outlined in white. Above, sixfoldcircles. Bands as F. no. 1328. LO. 52. TRAY. D. 31. Fr. of base rising to rim. Red paint. External decoration as 45. Inside, broad band at edge of base extending up rim, point of outline leaf. Shape as 45. LO.

FINDS

1. BRONZE CHISEL (?) fr.L. 5.3. W 1.6. 2. TURKISH PIPE. 3. Vacat:- pot 1. 4. 7. IRON KNIVES, frs. Two joining masses of, respectively,three and two thin knife-bladescorroded together:(a), present in 4 and 7. W tapers fromc. 4.5 to c. 2.5; (b), also present in both masses but pointing the other way, widens from c. 2.5 to c. 3; (c), present only in 4, W. c. 2. Max. L. (in (a)) 9.3; total Th. (in 4) 2.4. 'WHORL' (fig. 185). H. 0.9. D. 2.9. 5. CHLORITE Dh. 0.7. Wt. 12 g. Worn appearance, base chipped; remnant of polish. Greeny-dark grey. Top given a stepped profile,rounded corners; bottom almost flat,

hollowed about central hole whence radiating lines are cut. 6. SERPENTINE BUTTON or BEAD (fig. 185; PLATK302). H. i.i. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 5.5 g. Scarred and scratched. Black serpentine (?with some steatite). Rounded profile,flatbase; irregularproportions. 7. See 4. 8. GLASS BEAD sphere (fig. 182). D. 1.3. L. 1. Dh. 0.4. Transparent greenish glass split in two. 9. 'Yellow bead' (not traced). 10. GLASS BEAD. D. 1.35. L. 1.4. Dh. 0.25. Badly corroded, misshapen, burnt? 11. IRON PIN/NAIL. Three frs. Remains of textile on smallest. Ls. 2.6; 1.8; 1.6.

66


Tomb 16 SE (figs. 6, 15; plate 12 d) W. 0.94. Chamber:1.30 X 1.20. L. overall:3.60. Dromos: L. 2.20.W. 1.04-1.14.Stomion: inwardstowardsthe top,wereunevenlycut. The sidesof the dromos, whichslopedslightly The dromos floorrose0.52 in verticaldistanceat an angle of 130to a step0.20 deep. The illinsitu,of definedstomion was sealedbytworectangular limestoneslabsside-by-side, apparently whichone was 0.42 long,0.50 high,0.12 thick.The chamberfloorwas 0.45 belowthedromos W wall. The floor.The chamberwas irregularin plan, withcurvingE and S walls,straight back (s) wall rose in a curveto formthe partlypreservedroof.The floorwas at least 1.25 belowmodernsurface. the same The tombwas on the SE limitof the area excavatedin 1978,on approximately W-Eline,and withsimilarunusualSSE-NNW as Ts. 106,26, 40, 112and, someway orientation The chamberwas on theS further E, 18.All alikewereopenedearlyin thelifeofthecemetery. sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundundamagedduringmechanicalclearanceofa N-S channel2.30 wide in thesitegridof 10.00squares.Thoughmuchoftheroofhad fallen,intactblockingslabsand fillsuggestitwas notpillaged. dromos undisturbed fill.The chamberwas filledbyroof-fall, Therewerevirtually no sherdsin thestabledromos in were 1, a miniaturecup, and fi, ironknife high which,just behindthe blockingstones whichmaynothavebelongedto thetomb.0.25 above thefloor,in therooffall,was fragment, 2, anothercup. Near thebackwallwereunburntbones- partofan adultskullto W,limbsto N ofwhatwouldhavebeen skull.Immediately theE and,amongthelatter, piecesofan infant's thecorpse'shipwerea SM stirrup jar, 3 and £2,steatitebutton.NEofthesewas a hole in the tombfloor,D. c.0.15(cf.T. i). POTTERY (PLATE 94) 1. SMALL CUP. H. 4.5. DR. 5.6. Complete.Strap handleattachedinsiderim,flatbase withstringmark. Fullycoated.E-MG. 2. CARINATED CUP (fig. 75). H. 6.8. DR. 8. Nearlycomplete.Softorangeclay,fullycoatedin redbrownpaint. Strap handle inside rim. Rough base. ofMiddleMinoan. PerhapsO, imitation 3. STIRRUP JAR. H. 11.3.D. 10.7.Completesection.

Matt brownpaint. Brownclay,decayed(laminating). Discus and handles continuouslyoutlined; strokes across discus and handle faces. Spout coated in, reservedout (band near root);band near rootof false on shoulder;those neck.Elaboratelyhatchedtriangles eitherside of spoutlinkedby hatchingbelow spout. Bands on shoulder,body and above foot.Circle of SM. painton underfoot.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, fr.of blade. L. 4.9. to 1.Th. at back0.4. Straight Max. W. 1.7tapering type. 2. STEATITE BUTTON (fig. 185; plate 302). H.

1.6.D. Base 2.1,top 1.2.Dh. 0.75.Wt. 7.25g. Chipped and scratchedon sides.Mid and pale brown.Conical, swollensides. slightly

Tombs 18, 28, 31, 63, 69 INTRODUCTION

This confusedcomplexwas firstnoted at an earlystage of the excavation,duringgeneral as moreand mechanicalcleaningwas undertaken further mechanicalcleaningin thevicinity; moretombsappeared.An area c. 5.00 X 5.00 was originallynamed T. 18', but provedto - twochambertombs,Ts. 18 and 28, a ?pitburial,T. 63, a pithosburial containmanytombs

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

SITE

- Ts. 16, 18

67

in 18. 8, a larnaxburial,T. 31 (= 18.11), possiblyanotherin 18.15,the ill-defined T. 69, the HL gravesT. 62 and T. 204 and, to the E, the HL/R T. 32. Ts. 28, 63, 69 and 204 had their findsindividually numbered;theobjectsbelongingto theotherswereall assignedto T. 18'. in thearea wereTs. 28 and 18,theE-mostofa lineofveryearly The twodominantfeatures W-EacrosstheS ofthecemetery. The others(w-E)were8(?),2, 200-202,98 + 106, tombsstrung 26, 40, 112and 16. There was a 14.00gap between16 and 28. All theseearlychambertombs N-S. Except28, all had chambersto theS, and theeffect wereorientated givenin approximately a lightly curvedhillcontourto theS, sincevanished.T 28 was plan is thattheywerefollowing in havingitschamberat theN end;itsdromos was parallelwithT. 18's,1.40apart. exceptional The area betweenthetwodromoi was partlyclosedoffto theN by T 28's chamber,and, to theS, byT. 18'schamberin theE and T. 28's Niche 3 in theW,theHL graveT. 204 spanning was thusformedbetweenthetwotombs.In theWofthis thetwo.A sortofislandofkouskouras withitsN end on a line withT. 28's blockingstone,was a island,parallelto T. 28's dromos, larnax,T. 31, containinga LG-EO interment.E of thiswas the HL T. 62, whose E edge A late cuttingran acrossT. 18'sdromos, at coincidedwiththeWedge ofT 18'sdromos. virtually fill N S Its disturbed brown its c. from T. 18's its unclear. stomion, edge 1.40 edge rightangles, containedremainsof all periods,includingR glass.The cuttingwas followedforc. 2.30 SE of fromT. 18'sdromos, whereit encountered theHL/R T. 32. 1.00E ofT. 62, above thedromos T. 18,werepiecesofa larnax(18.15)perhapspartofT. 31. Some 0.25 S, above T. 18'sE door (18.8). jamb and blockingwallwas an EG pithos-interment T 69 was an ill-defined feature, perhapsonce a chambertomb,thatcutobliquelyacrossthe S halfofT. 28's dromos; at itsend weretracesofan HL grave(unnumbered). Tomb 18 S (figs. 6, 16; plate 12 e-g) See Introduction to Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69. L. overall:5.45 (at least).Dromos: minimumW. 0.70. L.4.40 (at least).W. 1.00. Stomion: X Chamber: 1.30 1.70. rudimentary. The dromos had straight to its parallelsides.It rose 1.60 in verticaldistancefromthestomion excavatedlimit.For0.60 fromthestomion itroseat a mean angleof40o,thereafter at 20o.The blocking,c. 0.80 wide, was foundin situ;its major elementwas a large,possiblyworked limestoneslab (0.40 X 0.40 X 0.20). E of this,fourmediumsized unworkedstoneswereset one upon another, thetop one fallenslightly inwards.E againwas a narrowgap (perhapsonce filledby a flattish stonefoundin the chamber).Beyondwas a large irregularblock(0.35 X 0.20 X 0.14). The uprightsrestedon a flatfoundationcourse of threestones,necessaryto counteract thesharpslopedownintothechamber.The stomion was rudimentary and thedoor The chamberwas jambs ill-defined, possiblybecause of the crumblystateof the kouskouras. Much of the low,roundedroofwas oval, its greatestdiameterat rightanglesto the dromos. to a maximumheightof0.75. preserved, The tomb,in theSE sector,closelyjuxtaposedto T. 28, was furthest E ofanyin thearea of thecemetery of S by E, N by W,chamberto the S ofthe dromos, is dug in 1978.Its orientation unusualforthesite. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalcleaning(see Introduction, supra).Thoughtheupper filloverthestomion had been cut to insertthe EG pithos-interment 8 (infra) partofthedromos thisin practiceprovidedan additionalseal, forit would have been difficult to effectentry withoutremovingthe pithos.The late cutting(Introduction, supra)did not reach the dromos fillsuggestedthetombhad notbeen entered. floor,and itsundisturbed

68


In thedromos, abovetheE partoftheblockingwall,was a brokenbutcompletepithos,85 on itsside,c. 1.50above the chamberfloor,orientatedN-S, itsmouthtowardsthe S. 9, a small PGB cup layjust beyonditsmouth;another,14, was beneathit.Justwithinitsmouthwas a coarseE-MG basin,13, withinwhichwas a juglet,12. It is likelythatthe EG pots 27 (jugfromthepottery basketswereassociatedwithit.This was clearly aryballos)and 34 (miniature) an interment, after thoughno boneswerefoundin 8; indeed,burntbone foundin itsvicinity its removalmay have been spilledfromit. The amberbeads f6-85 probablyall fromone necklace,were froman area 0.14 and 0.30 to the side of the pithosrim,well above the earth,and therewereburnt blockingstones.Mixed withthemwerepatchesofblack-stained in 8. 15 was bonesin thevicinity. It is veryprobablethattheyhad been partoftheinterment a collectionofdisordered A cornerpiece was larnaxsherds,perhapsonce a larnaxinterment. foundin hardyellowearth,in theE partofthedromos, 0.2 N ofthepithosinterment, 8, and at thesamelevelas thelarnaxinterment, betweenthe T. 31, 1.40away,in theislandofkouskouras dromoi of Ts. 18 and 28. 'Undistinguished, unburnt3 bones lay W of,and underneaththese larnaxsherds.ThoughtheHL T. 62 intervenes T. 31,it between15 and thelarnaxinterment in fact,that15 could be partofT. 31 detachedwhenT. 62 was dug.Elsewherein is unlikely, fillwas £5,partofan ironknife, thedromos 0.80 fromtheblockingwall,possiblyfromthefillof thelatecutting, or to be associatedwiththelarnax,15. The gold-mountedrose amethystgem, £3, was foundbeforeTs. 18 and 28 had been itwas 0.90 from defined;subsequentstudyshoweditlayjust insidetheWwallofT. 18'sdromos' in 8, and 0.50 fromthe larnaxsherds15. the larnaxT. 31, 0.70 fromthe pithosinterment Withit were a fewcrumbsof an 'amber' bead; beneathit were some pieces of bone. It is associableeitherwiththepithos8 or thelarnax15. The inhumations. The chamber, filledwithfallenkouskouras, containedtwopoorlypreserved laterburial(2),possiblya youngadult,butofunknownsex,itshead to W,mayhavelain at full amphora,18, lengthacrossthe tomb;some limbbones werebeneaththe SM neck-handled whichwas ratherE of centre.A SM stirrup jar, 19, just withinthe W door-jamb,musthave laybetween18 and 19. The belongedto it.A stone,perhapsfalleninwardfromtheblocking, - lay at a slightly lower male earlierburial(1)- perhapsa young,lightly-built adult,perhaps levelthan(2) withthe skullin the SW,some limbbones to the SE. The positionof thebones suggesteitherthiswas a contractedburial,or it had been pushed aside by the laterburial jar, 20, lyingbetweenskulland legs. party.The onlygiftwas theSM stirrup The bone reportalso refersto crematedbone fromthistomb,includinga partlyburnt hand. An equid tooth,foundin the depthof the chamber,seemedto be associatedwiththe earlierburial. POTTERY (PLATE 94) The catalogue omitsthe following:1, Turkishclay pipe; 5, 7, Hellenistic flaskswith T. 62; 3-4, 6, 10-11, 16-17, 23, 25-6, 28-33, 35-37 and f2, with as T. 31 [infra). burialin larnax11distinguished 2. CUP. H. 4.6. DR. 7. Strap handleinsiderim,flat Frontdipped.PGB. base withstringmark. 8. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 60.7. DR. 33.5. Complete.Orange clay,largewhiteand browngrits, yellowwash.Squared lip,flaton top; straphandlesto lowerangle of lip. Ridge at base of neck.Disc foot. Impressedsinglecircleson lip and handles;circular

depressions at handle roots. Three sets of three grooveson body.PGB- EG. 9. CUP. H. 6. DR. 7.8-8.3. Complete. Elliptical handle attachedinsiderim,flatbase. Frontdipped, tricklebelow.PGB. 12. JUGLET. H. 8.6. DR. 5.1. Complete.Flat base. Three rowsof dots.Handle barred.E-MG; cf.E no. 651. 13. *DOMESTIC BASIN. H. 10.5.DR. 31. DB. 26.5. Nearlycomplete.Grittyorangeclay,largewhiteand greyinclusions,cream slip on all surfaces.Concave

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE offsetlip withstraphandles; convexwall, flatbase, rough.E-MG. Cf. UM II, pl. 55, GD 34. 14. CUR H. 4.8. DR. c. 6.5. Half preserved,handle missing.Flat base with stringmark;fullycoated. PGB-EG. 15. *MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype.H. to base c. 53, L. c. 84, W. c.34, Th. 1.7-2.2.Abouthalfpreserved with one long and one short side missing.Gritty orange clay, thick cream slip on all surfaces. Unpainted.Evertedsquaredlip, H. 2.5-3. Similarto 3 1.11, butthepanelsare framedbyincisedlinesonly, and withoutmidribs.On the long side, two vertical straphandles.Raised ridgeon exteriorat base level. LM III A-B. 18. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (plate 94). H. 44. D. 33.5. Small part of rim,neck and body lost. Recomposed of many. Pinkish-buffclay. Poorly adheringcrackleddarkbrown/blackpaint. Clumsily made- neck much offcentre.Twistedhandles. In: broad band on and below lip; band withinmouth. Out: paint on rim, band at base of neck. Swags surroundlowerhandle attachments; strokesof paint withingrooves. Almost wholly effaced elongated horizontal'S' patternon shoulderabove bands.Bands on lowerbody;bandjust above foot.SM-EPG. i9.*STIRRUPJAR (fig.76). H. 17.7.D. 14.Complete save scrapsof wall; recomposedof three.Brownclay. Poorlyadheringmattdark brownpaint. Air hole at base of falseneck on side oppositespout.Nipple on discus.Distincthorizontaltrimming marks.Probably concentriccircleson discus. Solid paint on handle faces,paintin and out ofspoutmouth.Triangles,one eitherside of spout, two on opposite side. Angles hatched (three strokesat apex, four in base line angles) to leave actual angle reserved; centres

T. i8

69

reserved. Bands below. Paint on foot; underfoot reserved.SM-EPG. 20. *STIRRUPJAR (fig.76). H. 13.1.D. 10.8. Spout and footchipped,otherwisecompleteand intact.Fine brownclay.Poorlyadheringmattdarkbrownpaint. Airholeat base of falseneck on side oppositespout. Nipple on discus. Discus worn- ? circlesor spiral. Strokeson handle faces, false neck root outlined. Inside mouth painted; strokeson spout. Double outlinedcurvilinearhatchedtriangleseitherside of spout. Pair of similar triangles on opposite side, centredon air hole. Hatching arranged to suggest seriesof smalltriangularspaces withineach triangle. The pair of trianglesshare a line whereparallel to createillusionofdoubleoutlining. Groupsofbandson shoulder, bands on lower body, paint on foot. SM-EPG. 21. NECKED PITHOS. PH. 10.3. Shoulder with part of neck. Paint to L. as forhorizontalhandle. EG(?). 22. HYDRIA or LEKYTHOS. H. c. 28. Rim, shoulderand base frs.;handles missing.Yellow slip. Ovoid body,low conical foot.Neck: zigzag between lines. Shoulder: septuple semicircles, hatching between second and thirdin each set. Bands and lines.LPG-PGB(P). Cf. 100.64. 24. OLPE. PH. 13. Base to shoulder. Flat base. Griddedchevrons, bandsand lines.EG. 27. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 7.4. Mouth and handle Polishedsurface.Flat base. Unpainted.EG. missing. 34. *MINIATURE CUP. H. 3.8. DR. c. 6.3. Half preserved.Red-brownclay,thickfabric.Veryshort lip, ellipticalhandle attachedinside rim,roughflat base. Fullycoated. EG? F 167 class D (i), Atticizing. E-MG.

SMALL FINDS 1. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. ia. IRON LUMP. Nondescript lumpofiron.Max. L. 3.R? 3. STONE GEM IN GOLD SETTING (fig. 154; PLATE264). Total L. 3. Amethystoval, 2.2 X 1.6. Agrimiseated,facingL., attackedbylion fromabove. MM III LM I. Gold mountingwithtwistedwireand granulation;back of sheet gold with two loops for suspension.'Teke School',c.800 BC. 4. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R. 5. IRON KNIFE fr.(fig. 173). Fr. of blade, L. 6.2. Max. W. 2.5 taperingto 1.9. Broad curvedtype(blade concave). 6. AMBER BEAD. Reduced to fragments (L. up to in colour. 0.5) and dust.Deep honey-brown 7. AMBER BEADS (fig. 184). Three forms,albeit relatedto each other:round pellets L. 0.9. W. 0.5.

Dh. 0.1 (five,+ six frs.); Oat 'lentoids' L. 1.5. W. 0.9. Th. 0.5. Dh. 0.05 (six, + one fr.); irregular cylindersL. 0.8. W. 0.5. Dh. 0.1. (many frs.).All friable. Deep honey-brownin colour. Perhaps as many as twenty-five specimens originally representedhere. 8. AMBER BEADS (fig. 184). Four forms,albeit relatedto each other:sub-rectangular: L. 0.5. W. 0.3 (one, + one fr.);'plano-convex':L. 1.2. W. 0.9. Th. 0.7. Dh. 0.07 (twofrs.);flat'lentoids':L. 1.4. W. 0.9. Th. 0.6 (one, + one fr.);roundedpellets:L. 0.9. W. 0.6. Th. 0.4 (two, 4- one fr.). Also some 50 unassignablepieces. All friable.Deep honey-brown in colour. Up to twelve examples originally represented. 9. AMBER BEAD(S). Reduced to a mere dust, scarcelyenoughto covera teaspoon.

yo


Tomb 19 SE (figs. 65 16, plate

13)

L. overall:3.75.Dromos: L. 2.30.W. 0.54-0.93.Stomion: W. 0.58. Depth: 0.14.Chamber:1.50 X 1.30max.H. 0.85. Two ill-defined at a mean angle of54o. The dromos was stepsled downto the shortdromos, narrowat itsend,wideningtowardsthestomion. The dromos flooritselfroseat an angleof30; it was separatedfromthe stomion on the by a shallowhollow,0.25 deep, as wide as the stomion] X X floorofthehollow, outside the door a stone c. was 0.26 0.12, 0.32 just jambs, rectangular N as a The door S was well the was defined, placed step. jamb rectangular; jamb irregular, perhapseroded.Though therewas no regularblockingwall,a mass ofwhatappearedto be fallen,unworkedstoneswas foundimmediatelybelow surfaceat the E end of the dromos. Beneaththemwereothers,fewerbutlarger,stillin no apparentorder;belowagain werefour laid in an approximate linejust outsidethestomion, above theentrancestep. more,unworked, These stones,whichbeganc. 0.20 abovethetop oftheentrance,musthavebeen a veryrough butapparently effective blocking.The chamberwas almostsquare,buthad roundedcorners, and a convexN side.Its roofwas largelyintact.Its floor(at least 1.10belowmodernsurface) was strewnwitha filmofmudmixedwithsmall,finepebbles,amongwhichwas set,towards theback,a flatlimestone block0.30 X 0.32 X 0.12,presumably a pot-stand. The tomblaywithintheN-S group14-13-19 and,probably, 55, on theSE sideofthearea of thecemetery excavatedin 1978.Its orientation was ENE-WSW, withthechamberon theE side of the dromos.

The tombwas foundduringthemechanicalcuttingofthesitegrid.The chamber'scontents werealmostintact. fillcontaineda handfulof 'completely The upperpartofthedromos unburnt' uninformative, in filland, a little lower was a tile with There were sherds the bones; fi, many ?dog'sfootprint. neartheWend,just abovethefloor,a patchofcarbonizedearthand burntbone.All thisgave theimpression thetombhad been robbed.Justwithinthechamber,somewhathigherthanthe levelofthestonestepwere,in a neatline,2, a LG lekythos, i, an EO oinochoeand 3, an EO cup,all complete.BelowweretheEO olpe,4, and theLG-EO jug, 65just behindwas a large The with7, thelatestash-urn{infra). EO skyphos, 5. These potscouldhavebeen contemporary - suggesta lastdrinking or ofthesixvases- threeforpouring,threefordrinking juxtaposition pouringritebeforethefinalclosureof the tomb.Furtherinsidewas a seriesof fourash-urns, broken lyingon theirsides,and varioussmallerpots.Nearlyall werecomplete,and apparently was in theLG pithos12,justN ofthestonestand,on The earliestinterment merelybyroof-fall. have stood.Its coverwas probablythe LG/EO lid 27, betweenits whichit may originally mouthand thestand.Inside,withtheburntbonesprobablyofan adult,weretheLG lekythoi 20, 21 and smallpyxis22. Possiblyalso assignableto thisgroupare the LG aryballos26 (beneath12),theLG-EO cup,15 (atitsfoot),theLG cup,23, theLG-EO lid 16 + 18 (16 was 29. partlyunderthefootof13, 18 was N of12) and (madeup ofsherds)theLG lekythos S of 12 was thepithos13, in a morecentral,visibleposition,and therefore perhapsearlier Inside13 weretheLG lekythos than14 (infra). 19, and thebonesofan adult,perhapsmiddle aged, possiblyfemale,togetherwithscrapsof animalbone. The EO lekane,28, nearerthe 12's cup, wall,mayhavebeen 13's cover.An EO oinochoe,17, between13 and 12 (overlying 23) mayhaveaccompaniedit. 14, the rathersmallEO pithostuckedaway in the NWcorner,had the brokenEO lid 24 insideit and another,25, betweenitsmouthand wall. It also containedÍ5, a flatclayspindle whorl,and thebonesofa nottooyoungadult.


T. 19

yl

as indicatedby 7, theEO pithosnearesttheentrance,containedthetomb'slastcremation, the LO aryballos11, foundinside it. The cremationwas of an adult male, witha small a burntfragment of a quantityof bones probablyfromanimalsincluding,mostremarkably, horse'spelvis.Also in 7 were the EO aryballos,9, fs 25 3 (bronze mountings),£4 (iron bracelet)and fourolivepips. 7's mouthwas sealedbytheLG lid 10, setin it upsidedown.At itsfoot,as thoughassociatedwithit,was theEO cup,8. POTTERY (PLATES 95-7) 1. OINOCHOE. H. 21.8. Gaps in wall. Grouped lines on neck and body,triplecircleson shoulder.E 154,classi E. Cf. #987. EO. 2. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. H. 26.7. Complete. Dark handle, ringed mouth. Neck, below ridge, arcadedtongues,zigzag.Body,linesand bands.LG. 3. *CUP (FIG.76). H. 11.6. DR. 13. Complete,coated insideand out.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 4. OLPE. H. 13.9.Gaps in wall. Groupedverticalson handle.Neckand body,groupedlines,triplecircleson shoulderand centralzone. Cf. 75.114. EO. 5. SKYPHOS (FKJ.76). H. 10.5. DR. 12.2. Chips in rim.Whiteon dark.Three lines insidelip. Outside, twolineson lip,twoat join withbody,double circles, thenthreelinesbetweenhandles.EO. 6. JUG. H. 13.9.Complete.Triplecircleson shoulder, on body.Handle groupedlines,outermostthickened, barred.F 155,classII D. LG/EO. 7. NECKED PITHOS. H. 41.1.Completesave chips. Paintworn.Two handles,flatbase. Largetriplecircles betweenhandles,smallerdouble circleslower,then linesand bands.Withlid 10. EO. 8. CUP (fk;. 76). H. 11.4. DR. 14.2. Completesave chips in wall. Tall lip, carinatedat join withbowl, concavebase. Three groovesat straphandle,slightly carination.Fullycoatedand firedto mottledred.EO. 9. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.1. Bodyand handlerootonly. Double circleson shoulder, thenlines.E 157,classII B (ii).EO. 10. CONICAL LID. H. 7. D. 12.Complete.Ringson knob,bandsand lines.Withpithos7. LG. Cf. 132.21. 11. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Complete save chips in wall. Mouth, two bands of strokesbetween lines. Shoulder,quarteredbybands ofdots,in each quarter volutes and a dotted lotus bee. Central zone, quartered as shoulder by vertical rectilinearand curvilinearcable; in each quarter,an outlinerosette withina double circle dotted between the circles. Lower body,quarteredas centralzone, each quarter as shoulder.E 159,class II L. By the FortetsaPainter. LO. 12. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 14. Nearly complete. Flat inset lip passing gentlyinto shoulder.Painton lip.Panels:A, triplecircles;chevron columnsflanking (i) horizontalS's, (ii) double zigzag, (iii) horizontalS's; triplecircles.B, triplezigzag,bars

above apices; hatched meander; dotted double lozenges;chevroncolumns lozenges.C, cross-hatched flanking(i) zigzags, (ii) horizontal S's, (iii) zigzag; cross-hatchedlozenges.D, triplecircles;columnsof chevronand inverted chevron(V's) flanking twotriple circles linked to frameby sets of threebars; triple circles. Bands and lines. Bars on strap handles, interrupted by panel of diagonal crosswithchevron fill;painton horizontalhandles.LG. 13. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43. Gaps in wall. Ring foot.Whiteon dark.Betweenhandles:A, large spaced fivefoldcircles,dots between1 and 2, leaves between3 and 4, flankedby small double circlesat top leftand right.B, as A, but withoutthe dots and leaves. Bands and lines, triplelarge circles. Small double circlesamongthelargerones in secondband, triplelargeones in thethird.EO. 14. NECKED PITHOS. H. 33. Complete, dented before firingabove one handle. Two handles, flat base. Band withinneck.Exterior, whiteon dark.Lines on neck,triplecirclesabove handles.Handle panels: in metopes divided by verticallines, A, quadrated square withdouble lozengeand trianglefill,tongues above lines and triplezigzag, repeat of quadrated square.B, thesame withminorvariations.Bands and lines, sevenfold circles in the top band; white enhancement ofthelowestband. EO. 15. CUP. H. 11.2. DR. 11.6 12.4. Complete. Thin fabric, fullycoated. Strap handle, concave base. LG EO. E 1667, classB (iii). 16. DOMED LID. H. 5.5. D. 19. Nearlycomplete. Short everted lip, no sharp carination. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: double circles, horizontalS's, octopusat centre(as 75.45 and 180). LG EO. 17. OINOCHOE. H. 17.2. Gaps in wall and neck. Double circles,one withcentraldot. Lines on neck and body.E 154,classI E. EO. 18. Partof 16. Vacai. 19. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.3.Complete,whiteon dark. Spaced side circles,centraldot; double circlesbelow handle.Cf.E no. 894. LG. 20. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.3.Nearlycomplete.Eggshell fabric.Strap handle to neck ridge. False ringfoot. Paint inside lip, handle barred. Circles on flanks; down frontand back,verticalcable withdottedeyes;

j2


two lines on back betweenhandle root and cable. LG-EO. E 158-9,class E (iii),Creto-Cypriot. RDAC 1984,135,no. 75. 21. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.8. Complete.Roundhandleto neckridge;disc foot,concaveunderneath. Paintinside lip,reservedarea above ridge.Bodydecorationas 20 but withchevronsdown frontand back,and triangle roundhandleroot.LG. RDAC1984,135,no. 74. 22. SMALL PYXIS. H. 7.6. DR. 3.8. Nearly complete. Eggshell fabric. Rough flat base. Band insiderim.Panels: pendentantithetical spiral;bands and lines.LG-EO; in pithos12. 23. SKYPHOS. H. 6.8. DR. 10.4. Complete.Semilustrousbrownpaint. Lip not offset, flatbase. Paint stopsshortof base. Inside: reservedbelow rimwith groupsofbars;reservedcircleon floor.LG, late;same handas jug 14.10. 24. DOMED LID (fig.76). D. c. 18. H. 5.8. Complete profile,two thirdsof lid lost. White on dark. From centre,tongues,zigzag,double dottedcircles.E 163, classE (i) (b). EO. SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY TILE (plate 308). L. 11.9.W. 10.8.Th. 4.2. Brokenon all sides.Red-brownfabric,withoccasional stoneinclusion.Groovealong one side,by whichan animalpaw imprint (dog)ofL. 7.8. C(?) or later. 2. BRONZE MOUNTING (fig. 158;plate 270).Est. L. repaired fr.9. Strip,Th. 0.15. W. 0.4. Broken; oxidized. partlyrepaired;two non-joiningfragments; Narrowstrip,rectangularsection,terminalsdoubled back on themselves.Minute stitch(or rivet)hole at midpoint. 3. BRONZE MOUNTING (fig. 158; plate 270).

25. *DOMED LID (fig. 76). D. 19.2. H. 5.7. Completesave gap in rim. Suspensionholes. White on dark. From centre, tongues, crossed zigzag, double circles.E 163class E (i) (b). Fitspithos19.14. EO. 26. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.1. Complete.Unevensurface. Straphandle,flatbase. Three linesinsidelip,handle barred. Paint stops shortof base. LG: underpithos 12.

27. DOMED LID. H. 6. D. 19.4.Complete.Shape as 16. Whiteon dark.Triplecircles,dots,double-outline rosetteat centre.LG-EO: withpithos12. 28. LEKANIS. H. 6.7. DR. 17.3.Complete.Flat base, convexsides,barredhandle.Interior:spaced slightly circleson floor,thicklines on sides. Rim, grouped strokes.Exterior:tripledottedcirclesjoined to lines top and bottom on the sides; underside: spaced groupedrings,dottedzigzag in the outertwo.Thick band at edge.EO. 29. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 15.2.Upperpart, withhandle.Shape as 2. LG.

Total L. c. 13.Span (restored) 7.5 X 5.4. Metal W. 0.4. Wt. 2.5 g. Narrowstrip,terminalsdoubled back on themselves,rectangularsection. Minute stitch(or rivet)hole in centre. 4. IRON BRACELET (fig. 173; plate 287). Slightly crushed,but complete.Original externalD. can be restoredas c.9.2; rectangular section,W. 1.2.Th. 0.3. 5. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187; plate 306). Th. 1. D. 3.4. Dh. 0.65. Wt. 12 g. Complete.Pale grey-brown - ? discolouredgreypatch. Regulardisc; plain fabric faces,roundedcornerscome fromhand modelling.

Tomb 24 SW (figs. 5, 17; plate 14 a-b) L. overall7.48. Dromos:L. 5.80. W. 1.08-1.12. Stomion: 0.75 wide, 0.30 deep, c. 0.97 high. X Chamber:1.66 2.10, 1.38high. at thelevelofan illThe relatively by70 1.85fromthestomion, changeddirection longdromos and stepwas io°, beyondthe step,150.The defined,shallowstep.The risebetweenstomion None of the blockingwas in situ; were0.24 and 0.13 wide respectively. jambs of the stomion A step0.20 led forup to 1.00intothedromos. stonesfromit werefoundin frontofthestomion roof the downintotheroughlyoval chamber,itsback wall slightly flattened, (whichsurvived) domed.Therewas a niche,ellipticalin plan,0.88 X 0.56,0.59 wideat themouth,itsfloorup wallsome2.00 fromthestomion. surfacecutintotheN dromos to 0.80 abovethedromos The tombwas in thecentreofa groupoffiveDA chambertombs(30, 45, 24, 25, 56) with chamberson the E, S of the SWangle of the enclosurewall of the mortuary paralleldromoi, was E byS, WbyN. church.Itsorientation The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilstrippingand subsequenthand cleaning,

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 19, 24

73

whenitappearedas a head ofdarksoilwithinitskouskouras matrix.The characterofthedromos wall the dromos had been thoroughly robbeddown showed fill,as wellas thedisplacedblocking to itsfloor. fillwas a consistent The dromos brownearthcontaininga mixtureof G, HL and R sherds; no trace of the originalfillwas found.Near surface,close to the entrance,was fi (bronze wall was £2 (ironobelos fr.),i5 an A cup, was 2.00 fromthe fibulabow); nearerthe S dromos stomion. Bones, some of them burnt, and shells were also found, but were probably unassociatedwiththe tomb'soriginalcontents.£3, a smallworkedstone,is probablyalso of laterdate. Fragmentsof R plasterfoundin clearingthe displacedstonesfromthe blocking a stonemortar, confirmed thelate robbing.Amongthesestoneswerepithosfragments, £5,a stonebasin,f6, a fragment ofglass,£j and an irondagger-hilt, f*j. The chamber roofwas removedmechanicallyin view of its unstable condition.The remainsofa tightly flexedskeletonwerefoundon thefloor,theskull(slightly raised)nearthe Njamb ofthestomion, thelegsdoubledand parallelto therearwall.Besidethefeet,againstthe wall,was 3, a SM/EPG neck-handled amphorastandinguprightwith2, a SM/EPG stirrup in its mouth. jar, The dromos nichewas foundwithoutblocking,filledwiththe same materialas the dromos. Therewereno finds. Thus,thiswas a SM/EPG chambertomb,probablyused once onlyfora singleinhumation, thedromos and stomion pillagedin R or Ch times. POTTERY (PLATE 98) 1. *IONIAN CUP (fig.77).Frs.ofbowlwithrim,one handle,and partofbase. Shinyblackglaze insideand out,reservedline insidelip and on shoulder.Cf. Greek Emporio 135,no. 457. 630-600. 2. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.77).H. 18.6.D. 23. Partofone handle,partof bodylost;recomposedof many.Light brownclay Poorlyadheringmattdarkbrownpaint. Airholeat base of falseneck on side oppositespout. Pronouncednipple.Spiral on discus,strokeson false neck(outerface).Paintinsidespoutmouth,strokeson spout,itsrootoutlined.Strokeson handles.Elaborate triangles,one eitherside of spout, two in opposite space. Double outlines.Each containstwo hatched erectedon thebase line;bands below.Bands triangles on lowerbody,twobandson foot.SM/EPG. AMPHORA. H. 44.2. 3. NECK-HANDLED Complete.Whiteand browngrits,buffslip.Rounded lip, rope handles with diagonal slashes, flat base. Shoulder: horizontal S either side. Loops round handle roots,paint in diagonal slashes. Two bands insideneck.SM/EPG. 4. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 38.4. Much of mouth andneckmissing. As3 butplumper shape.SM/EPG.

5. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 26. DR. 15.Rim to lower body,two frs.Large whitegrits.Concave inset rim. Dark ground, paint on lip. Hatched meander in panels, zone below of diagonal crosses betweenbars;bands and lines.Painton handles.MG, early. 6. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 8.3. DR. c. 13. Lustrousblack paint. Concave insetlip, risingrim. Dark ground,painton lip.Decorationexactlyas E no 409, butwithlozengecrosses(E motif5az withdouble thezigzagpanel. LG. arcs)flanking 7. NECK-HANDLED (?) AMPHORA. PH. 6.8. Neck fr.Cream slip. Bird,head in outline,wingand bodyhatched.LG-EO. 8. TRAY (fig. 77). H. 3.4. DR. c. 25. Fr. with full profile.Cream slip. Concave lip, convex lowerwall curvinginto flatbase. No trace of handle. Outside: paint on rim,reservedband, paint to base. Birdsin panel underneath.Inside:band roundfloor.LG. 9. *CUP. Frs.ofbody,base. Fullycoated.E 166,class B (iii).O. 10. PITHOS. Fournon-joining frs.of panel. Fivefold circleswithvolutespokes.O.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN or FIBULA fr.(fig. 158).L. 4.2. Th. 0.3. Wt. 1.5 G. Surface oxidization; bent; section rhomboid. irregular

2. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4. Max. Th. 2.3 (rectangular section),elsewhereTh. 1.3.Althoughheavilycorroded and unsupported by the finding of any other

74


in thistomb,the parallelssuggestthatthis fragments mustbe a smallpiece ofan obelos. 3 SERPENTINE or CHLORITE OFFCUT (plate 302). L. 2.1. W. 1.9. Th. 1. Black withgreen tones, - sawn on flatsurface,sawn and faceted plano-convex on sides,roundedtopeffected byabrasion. 4. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 5. LIMESTONE MORTAR. H. 33. D. 55. Complete, worn.Cylindrical. 6. LIMESTONE BASIN. H. 20. L. 66. W. 47. Roughly withroundedcorners;oval floorat 4 cm rectangular below rim. Hole at one short end, perhaps for oliveoil. channelling 7. IRON DAGGER-HILT fr.(fig. 173;piate 287). L. 7.1.W. 2.1,brokenoffat second 'neck'. Max. Th. 0.6.

Two iron rivets.Mineralizedtextileremainson one side. Very small and delicate example of standard type. 8. IRON DIRK OR DAGGER BLADE fr.,withTIP OF SECOND BLADE corrodedon to it. Main piece, L. 4.8. W. 2.2. Max. Th. 0.4: too heavyto belongto 7, but the small tip fragmentcorroded on to it could belong. 9. IRON DAGGER frs.(via. 173; plate 287). Three pieces,of whichtwo join to formjunctionof hiltand blade of asymmetrical daggerlikeE no. 192.Together L. 8. W. 3.7 taperingto 1.5.Max. Th. 0.6. Thirdpiece, fromnear tip of blade, L. 4.3. W. 1.7 taperingto 1.5: could wellbelong.Main piece has twoironrivetsnear outeredgesofwidestpartofhilt.

Tomb 25 SW (figs. 5, 19-20; plate 14 c) c. 0.30 X 0.80. L. 3.60+ (notfullyexcavated).W. 1.30-1.40. Stomion: L. overall5.40+. Bromos: Chamber:1.20 X 2.10. The dromos, withparallelsidesas faras excavated,slopedupwardsat an angle of 120.The led bytwostepsdown(0.60) intotheoval chamber,itslongaxisat right muchdamagedstomion The chamberfloorwas 1.80belowmodernsurface. stomion. to the angles The tomblay in themiddleof a groupcut paralleland close to each other(fromN-S: Ts. in theseries(between25 and 30,45, 24, 25 and 56). Ts. 34/57seemto havebeen lateinsertions E in the side. the chamber was with orientation The E-W, 26). matrix withthe whitekouskouras The tombwas foundas a head of dark soil contrasting stomion the had been It of clearance mechanical pillaged; verythoroughly topsoil. following and no blockingremainedin situ.None of the fewremaining had been largelydestroyed, can havebeen in place. contents fillwas removedas level 1 (threebasketsof pottery);part of it was dromos disturbed The rubbleand one or twolargerstoneblocks(largest0.60 X 0.27 X Some clearedby machine. fill stomion mayonce have belongedto theblockingwall. Findsincluded 0.24) in the near the severalgroupsofshapelessbronzefragments (fi, 3, 5, 7 and 9). A scrapofglass,f2, is a sign lid. At thew end was 1, perhapstheknobofan O polychrome oflatedisturbance. of A few of baskets level as 2 The chamberfillwas excavated fragments pottery). (three have been could This inhumation. an of human bone (includingscraps skull) suggest SM/EPG neck-handledamphora.fi3, a bronze accompaniedby 3, a large,fragmentary of thetombis implicitin thecup, 2, and thevase, EPG use fibulafragment, maybe as early. Also in the T. after 34?schambercut into the dromos. may have intruded 4. O fragments fi2. of sheet and a chamberwas a bronzepin,fio, bronze, scrap POTTERY (PLATE 98) 1. *MINIATURE JUG. H. 5.5. Traces of whiteslip. lid. O. Perhapstheknobofa polychrome 2. CUP (fig.77).H. 7.4. DR. 7. Complete.Whitegrits. ridge.Three Straphandletorim,conicalfootwithslight verticallineson handle.Inside:twobands belowrim, one roundlowerbody.SM/EPG. Cf.Ay.bannisVIII 14.

3. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.As 24.3 butwitha wavylineon theneck.SM/EPG. 4. *STIRRUP-JAR,mouthand base. Concave neck, low conical foot.Paintinsidelip,bars on neck,band on foot.PG. 5. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs.of rimand body.White

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 24-6

y5

on dark. Triple circles on neck, fivefoldcircles on reservedshoulder.LO. Cf.F. 864. 6. SQUAT JUG. Frs. of body, handle and neck. Neck, rectilinearcable; shoulder,in metopes,dot-

rosettes,double axes; below, cable with circle fill, arcaded tongues. Triple reed handle, outer reeds barredin groupsof four.Shape as 13.5 by the same hand. LO.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE SHEET fr. 1.6 X 0.9. Wt. 0.5 g. Shapeless. 2. GLASS fr.,R. 3. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.2 X 0.8 X 0.15.Wt. 0.4 g. 4. IRON NAIL fr.L. 5.6. Square section,Th. 0.65 taperingto 0.3. 5. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)1.6 X 1.2 X 0.1. Wt. 2.3 g. Sevenformless one? pieces- originally PIN 6. BRONZE DRESS (fig. 158).PL. 2.2. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.2 g. Tip lost,head bent over above large discmoulding. Tracesofringmouldingson thehead. 7. BRONZE SHEET fr.24X1.3X0.1. Twojoining; formless. 8. IRON DIRK or DAGGER fr.From near tip of blade,L. 3.1. W 2.1. Max. Th. 0.2. Bothedgessharp;

symmetrical. 9. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.9 X 1.6 X 0.1. Wt. 0.9 g. Shapeless. 10. BRONZE DRESS PIN (fig. 158; plate 270). L. 6.2. Head D. 0.6. Wt. 3.5 g. Tip lost;oxidized(split). Succession of fine horizontal mouldingson head. Sectionofshaftround. 11. BRONZE SHEET fr.(Largest)3.5 X 1.2,Th. 0.1. Total Wt. 52 g. 61 pieces and tinyscraps;one piece muchthicker(2.8 X 1.7,Th. 0.25,Wt. 4.8 g). 12. BRONZE SHEET fr.2.0 X 1.5 X 0.1. Wt. 0.6 g. Shapeless. 13. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.9. Th. 0.6. Wt. 2.1 g. Oxidized. Catchplate,forearm and partofsemicircular bow,rhomboidsection.

Tomb 26 SE (figs. 6, 18, plates 14 d, 15 a-c) ExtantL. overallc. i.8o. Dromos:none remains.Stomion W. c. 0.96. (ifcorrectlyidentified): 'Chamber':1.60 X c. 1.70. The originalformsofthisunusualcomplexare uncertain.It comprisedtwoseparategraves, the latera roughlytrapezoidal'chamber'withan apparentopeningeccentrically located,a smallnicheenlargingand distorting itsN angle,withno signeitherofblockingin theopening or dromos beyondit. This overlayan earliergrave of unusual type,consistingof an ovoid in stereo cutting 1.50 X 1.10,at oppositeendsofwhichweretwopits.Pit 1,on theS, was 0.47 X 0.11 0.28, deep; Pit 2, on theN (justwithinthe E jamb oftheentranceopening)0.80 X 0.61, 0.37deep,with,cutintoitsfloor,a bag-shapedhole 0.28 X 0.27,0.30 deep. The tombwas betweenthechambersofTs. 40 and 106,closerto thelatter, on theSE sideof themostcongestedpartofthecemetery; it could also be seen as partoftheNE-SWlinemade up of Ts. 16, 112, 26. Uncertaintyover the tomb's formmakes its orientationequally uncertain. The tombwas foundin an area muchconfusedby excessiveuse. The HL/R inhumation wouldhave been had one, gravesTs. 27 and 29 werecut intothe area wherea SE-NWdromos indeed,existed.No tracesofroofremainedforthe'chamber'. ofall periodswas foundin thetopsoilin thearea ofthegrave.The underlying Pottery grave containedseveralskullburialsand a poorlypreservedsemi-articulated skeleton,perhapsthe finalburial.These are probablyofSM date.In Pit 1 {supra) weretwoskullsand a femur. A SM bronzefinger-ring, fi, was foundbesideone oftheskulls,a plain bronzering,£2,beneathit. Under the secondskullwas a SM/PG bronzedress-pin, f$. There was a thirdskullon the floorofthegrave,betweenthetwopits.In thehole at thebottomof Pit 2 was a bone,while, on the floorof the pit werevariouslong bones thatcould not be attributed to a particular skull.Over Pit 2 was a fourthskull,to whichbelongedclavicle,ribsand hands,a skeletonlaid on itsrightside withthe spineparallelto the E wall of the grave.The legs mayhave curved

76


roundto lie parallelwiththeS wall,butit is farfromclearwhichifanyofthesebonesbelong withthefourth skeleton. below topsoil,whereobjects The lateruse of the tombwas reachedalmostimmediately SM complex.At werefoundon a kouskouras floor,possiblythecollapsedroofoftheunderlying theback of the 'chamber'wereseveralsmallvases- i, a lekythos, 2, a jug and 3, a strainer, all in the SWcorner.In the SE cornerwere 4, 5, aryballoiand 6, pyxis.Of two cremation on one ofthecraniaof pithoi,13, i6, onlysherdsremained.Close to theNE corner(resting thelowerburial)was the crushedO cremationpithos,7. Fourvases wereon itsshoulder aryballoi8-10 and alabastron11, witha skyphos,12, besideit. In theurnwerea silverpin, Í5, a lion'shead pendant,fl6,a gold cap, f7, a steatiteand a faiencebead, f8, 9, a bronze ofbronze,fu, 12, 13. pin,fio and fragments POTTERY (PLATE 99) 1. LEKYTHOS. PH. 7.8. Neck and mouthlost,gaps in wall,smallringfoot.Piriform. Cream slip.Double circlesbetweengroupsofthreelines.EO. Cf. 14.37. 2. *FEEDING (?) JUG (fig. 77). PH. 14.6. Rim to lowerbody.Attachmentof straphandle,apparently as 18.23 anc^ acrossmouth.Probablywithside-spout, 25. LG. 3. *STRAINER TOP. D. c. 8. Fr. Concave upper surface, fullypainted;piercedwithmanyholes,D. 0.5. lid for26.2. LG. Probablyservedas a straining ARYBALLOS. H. Part of base missing.Strap 4. 7.9. handle withbars, narrowconcave base. Three lines insidelip.LG. 5. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.1. Complete.As 26.4 butwith barson handle.LG. 6. *PYXIS (FIG.77). H. 9.8. DR. 7.5. One handle broken.Lip reservedbetweenlines.LG. 7. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 10.8. Frs.Gritty lost. brownclay,tracesof creamslip,patternentirely O. 8. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Gaps in wall, chippedrim. Circle on mouth,dots on neck and handle. Dotted and void tongueson shoulder.Body panels: double fourdotted lozenge,doublelozenge,rosette,triglyph, circles,rosettewithdouble lozenge fill,dottedcircle triglyph,double lozenge with rosettes in upper band. E 159,class corners.Below,lines,cross-hatched II L. LO. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED ARYBALLOS. H. 5. Small gaps in wall. Dark handle and rim; shoulder,body and undersidedividedintosegmentsand coveredin masseddots.Shape as E no. 1367.MO. 10. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 4.7. Complete. Handle,barred;mouth,ringed.Shoulder,fourgroups one and three,between of circlesarrangedvertically themthreelotus-bees.Dark body.E 159 class II K. MO. 11. ALABASTRON. H. 11. Gaps in wall. Coated in darkpaint.Incisedlineson neck. Cf. E no. 1239for shape,butno collar.LO.

12. *SKYPHOS (fig. 77). D. 10.5. H. 6.7. Chips in rim.Unevencoating.Cf.E no. 1417.MO. 13. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 23.5. Frs. of upper body. Cream slip. Broad flatrim,root of on horizontalhandle.Painton lip; hatchedbattlement shoulder. Panel missing, save for column of verticalzigzag by handle; zones below, intersecting hatchedmeanderbetweendouble zigzag. LG, early, BirdWorkshop. Cf.E no. 988. 14. DOMED LID (FIG.77). H. 6. D. c. 29. Three frs. of White grits.Slightridgehalfwayup, reminiscent omphaloid type. Birds among hatched leaves, hatched meander.LG, early.Probablywith pithos 26.13. 15. TRAY (fig. 77). H. 3. DR. 41.4. Fourfrs.,centre missing. Round handle(s). Underneath: hatched meander,cable, billetsnear centre.Inside: circleson floor.M/LG. 16. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 17. Frs., base missing.Insetconcavelip,ovoidbody.Lip: paint withreservedline. Panels: two sextuplecirclesabove quintuple zigzag; bands and lines. Bars on strap handles,curvedstripeson horizontalhandles. LG, late. 17. *STIRRUP-JAR.PH. 3.2. False neckonly.Greybrown clay. Depression on disc, stumps of strap handles,concaveneck. Spiral on disc, solid painton neckexceptat back.SM (?). 18. JUG (?). DB. 5.5. Frs. of base and wall. Traces of creamslip. Rows of circlesbetweenpairs of lines. O. 19. PITHOS (FIG.80). Frs. of rim,body and tripod as foot.Paintworn,butevidenceofpartialre-painting a polychromepithos.Panels: verticalcross-hatching, verticalguilloche above hatched meander,leaves, cross-hatched quadratedlozenges.Below,darkband withdouble whitezigzag. For repainting,see Payne, 281.EO. 20. *CUP. DB. 6. Frs. of body,rim and base. Fully coatedinsideand out.E 166,classB (iii).O.

THE MEDICAL SMALL

FACULTY

SITE

- Ts. 26, 28

77

FINDS

1. BRONZE FINGER-RING (fig. 158). Ext. L. of bezel 2.5. Restored L. 3. W. of bezel 1.5. W. of hoop 0.7. Th. c. 0.1. In many frs., partly recomposed; oxidized (preventingobservation ofjoining of hoop to bezel). No sign of decoration. 2. BRONZE FINGER RING (fig. 158; piate 270). D. 2. Hoop W. 0.25. Wt. 0.8 g. Plain hoop; section planoconvex. 3. BRONZE DRESS PIN (fig. 158). L. 9.8. Th. (bulb) 0.3. Wt. 2.3 g. Slim pin with slight elliptical swelling below plain head. fr. (fig. 4. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-SOCKET 173). From near junction with blade, L. 3. D. 2 (externally).Internal D. 1 tapering to 0.5. 5. SILVER PIN (FIG. 155; PLATE267). L. 6.4 of head 1.8; D. head 0.75, shaft 0.22 to 0.05. Complete, dark grey corrosion products. Silver or lead-silver alloy. Octagonal section to baluster; bordered by three ridges above, fourbelow. 6. SILVER EARRING (fig. 155; plate 266). L. 2.7. H. 2.1. Th. 0.25-0.3. Complete, dark grey corrosion

products. Silver or lead-silver alloy. Subrectangular to circular sectional shaft, ending in a two-sided lion's head. Made in a two-piece mould as a rod, and then bent to shape-? 7. SHEET GOLD CAP (fig. 153) H. 0.5. Cylindrical. 8. SERPENTINE PENDANT (?). (fig. 185 plate 302). H; 1.9. W. 2.3. Th. 0.8. Dh. 0.45. Occasional scratches, one chip. Black. Subcircular disc, with perforationoff-centre.Groove above hole; polished. 9. FAIENCE RIM (fig. 180). D. 3.75. H. of rim 0.9. Total H. 1.2. Missing half, and broken now. Glaze: good blue clear colour. Core: medium hard. O. 10. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.5. Head 0.3. Wt. 0.4 g. Two joining, much oxidized pieces. Very small; head and shaft. Disc head with finial, ring mouldings on upper shaftand small globe. 11. BRONZE PIN fr. L. 12. D. 0.5. Wt. 16.5 g. Incomplete top and bottom; in three pieces; split (oxidized).

12. BRONZE PELLET. 1 X 1.5.Wt. 1.8g. 13. BRONZE PELLET. 1 X 0.8. Wt. 1 g.

Tomb 28 SE (figs. 6, 21, plate

15 d-f)

See Introduction Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69. ExtantL. overall:6.32. Extantdromos L. 4.00. W. 1.20. Stomion: 1.00 w, up to 0.32 deep. Chamber:2.00 X 1.30.Max. H. 0.82. Wherethedromos sideswereunaffected theedgeswerecut straight and by laterintrusions, far So as the dromos rose 1.16 in vertical distance at mean of excavated, parallel. angle 180, in frontof the stomion, wherethe angle was 28o. The shortstomion was exceptimmediately markedby small,irregular doorjambs. The entrancewas blockedby a singledressedslab,in situ,1.16 X 0.55 X 0.13,unusualin beingwiderthanit was high.The well-cutchamberwas an almostregularoval in plan. The roofcurvedup evenlyfromback wall,and was highestat thestomion. The chamberfloorwas 2.20 belowmodernsurface.Therewas a niche('Cupboard on E the side ofthedromos, 0.82 wide,estimateddepth0.60. withitsblockingstonestillin 3') The niche floor was 0.28-0.18 abovedromos floor. place. The tombwas at theE end ofthelineofearlytombs106-26-40-112-28-18acrosstheS end of the site,approximatelysharingtheirorientation(n by W,S by e) with the important difference thatthistomb'schamberwas on theN sideofthedromos, nottheS. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearingof topsoil(see Introduction, supra).Though thechamberseemedrelatively undisturbed thedromos was confusedby theintrusion of (infra), T. 69 (q.v.)intotheSWside,and theinsertion oftheinterment T. 63 intotheupperpartofthe dromos fill,nearitsN end. The nichewas confusedbywhatwas subsequently recognizedas the HL T. 204. The chamberwas disturbed butseemedunrobbed. byroof-fall, The dromos fillbetweenthenicheand thechambercontainedno sherds.AgainsttheE wall, each sideoftheniche'sblockingstone,weretheO pots1, 2; 1, to theN was a coarsepyxis,2, in wretchedcondition.S ofitwas 3, an O miniature S, was a coarsepithos,unfired, aryballos. below in the of2 and 3, werea fewburntbone scrapsand fi, piecesofR surface, Just vicinity

78


with2 the ash-urn.In the chamberthere greenglass.This mayhave been an O interment, and limb bones) in the W and a had been at least one inhumation(thickskullfragments cremation(burntbones,perhapsof an adult and a child)near the brokencoarse pithos5, betweenthetwogroups.The LPG amphora,12, lay neartheentrance,withoutdemarcation besidetheinhumation withthebell-skyphos 15, besideitsneck.At itsfootwerethePGB pyxis in Next 16 and anotherbell-skyphos, 12, thecentreofthechamber,was thecrushedPGB 17. LPG-PGB on with the bell-krater itsside, 11, 13, inside.Two LPG-PGB bellbell-skyphos, - cf. havebeen insidethekrater once 6, 7, wereSE of 11. (Allthebell-skyphoi might skyphoi, PGB a and a PGB T 285.82.) w of 11, N of6, 7, was thepyxislid, 14. 8, oinochoe, 4, cup, wereon eitherside of the LPG-PGB pithos,5, just withinthe entrance.In the SE, near the and bronzerivets,and twoironspearheads wall,weref6, an irondirkwithwoodenhiltplates crematedbone and 10, PGB pithoscontaining f7, 8. In thenichewere9, a veryfragmentary LPG cup; fio, an irondirk,was on the N side. There,too,werebronzestuds,f2, 3, which mayhavecomefromtheLPG burial. POTTERY (PLATE 100) 1. COARSE PYXIS. H. 19.5. Grittybuff clay. Slighttaper to base; strap handles below concave rim,one handle missing.Flat base. Cf. Arkades, fig. 140. EO. 2. *COARSE UNFIRED VESSEL. Frs. In poor condition, but was deep, round-bottomed,with evertedlip.O. slightly 3. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 4.8. Gaps in wall. Poorlyshaped,fullycoatedin darkpaint.EO. 4. CUP (fig. 78). H. 8.4. DR. 11.8. Complete.Thick strap handle. Rough disc foot with stringmark. PGB-EG. 5. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 38.2. DR. 26.4. Nearlycomplete.Grittyclay,buffslip.Lip flaton top. Ridge between neck and body,strap handles, disc foot. Four irregulargroovesbelow shoulder,often LPG-PGB: cf.287.9. merging. 6. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig.78). H. 8.8. D. 9.3. Nearly complete.LPG-PGB. 7. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. D. 8.2. Three-quarters As 28.6. LPG-PGB. preserved. 8. *OINOCHOE (fig. 78). H. 23.7. Complete. Cream slip. Strap handle to rim, high ring foot. Four octuple semicircleson shoulder,encroached upon by paint below. Bars on handle, ring around root.PGB. 9. *NECKED PITHOS (fig.80). H. 35.9. DR. c. 21. Half preserved; one handle, frs. of reverse,nonjoining; worn. Strap handle,withS. Inside: spatter belowband. PGB. 10. CUP (FIG. 78). H. 6.5. D. 10.5-11.5. Nearly complete. Strap handle, stringmarkunder base. Dipped on bothflanks.LPG: E 166classB (i). 11. BELL-KRATER (fig. 80). H. 35.9. DR. 30.4-32.7. Nearly complete. Grey-blackgrits.The reverseside bears the same decoration,except that

the centrallozengeis filledonlywithmillsail.Inside: spatterbelowband. PGB. 12. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 60. Nearly complete.Convexlip,straphandles,ringfoot.Spaced bands. Handles: tall diagonal cross,bars above and below.Band insiderim.LPG: cfE no. 285. 13. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.3. D. 7.2. One handle broken.LPG-PGB. 14. PYXIS LID (FIG.78). H. 6.1. D. 9.7. Complete. Knob in the formof a miniaturepyxis;two pairs of suspensionholes.Reservedcrosson knob.Fora pyxis and the similarto 28.16, but the fabricis different holesdo notcorrespond.PGB. 15. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.2. D. 8.7. Complete. LPG-PGB. 16. PYXIS (FIG. 78). H. 11.2. DR. 6.4. Nearly complete.Cream slip.Two pairs of suspensionholes. PGB-EG. 17. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.5. DR. 8.3. Complete. LPG-PGB. 18. (?) NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 28. Frs., shoulderto lower body.Fine softdark orange surface,red-blackpaint. Ovoid clay,coffee-brown body,shouldersharplycurvinginward.Eleven-fold semicircleson shoulder,intersecting; paint to L. at break, probably for root of vertical handle. Two bands, solid paint frombelly downwards.Euboean I pl. 101.T. 33.4. Sub PG I- II: cf.Lefiandi PH. 12.6. Half of body.Buffslip. OINOCHOE. 19. Globular,withfiatbase. Shoulder: griddedzigzag. Sets of threelines above and below belly; band at base. LPG-PGB. 20. *DOMED LID. H. 11.5. Fr. of wall, complete profile. Massed sixfold circles with dotted zone, triple circles. alternatingwith vertically-arranged EO.

THE MEDICAL SMALL

FACULTY

SITE

Ts. 28, 30

yg

FINDS

1. GLASS VESSEL fr, green. 2. BRONZE STUD. L. 1. Head D. 0.7. 3. BRONZE STUD. L. 1.4. Head D. 0.8. Traces of wood on shaft. 4. IRON DIRK or DAGGER frs. (fig. 173). Three joining pieces, formingtip of blade. Together L. 8.6. W. 1.6, tapering to tip. Max. Th. (in middle) 0.5. Both edges sharp; symmetrical. 5. CLAY LAMP, HL. 6. IRON DIRK frs.(fig. 173; plate 287). Six joining pieces, forminghilt and upper blade. Together L. 26.1. Max. W. (at shoulder)5.4; blade taperssteadily,W. 3.4 at break; Max. Th. 0.6; flatand broad; cannot belong with 4. A different (and less common) type from24.ï*j.Two (originally four) bronze rivets: at first'neck', at first swelling,and two at outeredges of shoulder.Mineralized wood remainson blade (scabbard) and hiltplates.

(fig. 173; plate 287). 7. IRON SPEARHEAD Complete in six pieces. L. 42.9. Socket, L. 8. D. 1.9 tapering to 1.4. Blade, W. at shoulder 3.6, widens to 4.5 then tapers steadily to tip. Th. at midrib 0.9; midrib disappears about half-way along blade. Square shoulders. Present (corroded) weight 235 g. 8. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 173; plate 287). Complete in twelve essential pieces, plus smaller flakes. L. 45.1. Socket L. 8.2. D. 1.8 tapering to 1.4. Blade, W. at shoulder 4.3, widening to 5.2 then tapering steadily to tip. Th. at midrib 1.2; midrib disappears less than halfway along blade. Square shoulders. Similar type to 7, but a slightly larger specimen. Present (corroded) weight 248 g. 9. Vacat. 10. IRON DIRK fr.

Tomb 30 SW (figs. 5, 22, plate 16 a-c) L. overall6.84. Dromos: L. 5.40. W. 0.90-1.14.Stomion: Chamber:1.30 X 1.86. destroyed. The dromos, whoseline was ratherirregularly cut,slopedupwardin twostages,firstat 140 fora distanceof3.40 fromthechamberwhereitreacheda stepc. 25 high,markedbya lineof small,flatstonesset on edge at the top. The second stagecontinuedat 6° foranother2.0 beforelevelling. A lineofslabsin twocourses,roughly0.40 high,0.90 long,0.60 widemarked the approximatepositionof the destroyed stomion. The largestslab was 0.60 X 0.30 X 0.10. There was a step 0.35-0.40 deep intothe oval chamber,its long axis at rightanglesto the dromos. Itsfloorwas 2.0 belowmodernsurface. The tombwas at theN end of thegroupofTs. 30, 45, 24, 25 and 56, intowhichTs. 34/57 intruded.The orientation was E-w,withthechamberon theE side. subsequently The tomb was found after mechanical topsoil stripping as a head of dark soil withthe whitekouskouras matrix.It had been pillaged,the roofdestroyedand contrasting the chamberemptiedfromthe top,afterwhichit was back-filledno earlierthan R times, perhapsduringbuildingoperationswhenthe partlysiltedhole was a convenientdump for debris. The dromos fillof softbrown soil (level 1, fourpotterybaskets;level 2, threebaskets) was not distinguishablefromthe top level of chamberfill(level i-one basket).At the w end of the dromos were i, a skyphosand 2, a smalljug, both O. The large coarse tray,3, came fromthe W end of the E half. In the chamber,level 3 (two baskets) was chiefly rubble, among which were scraps of glass and R tile. The brown soil and kouskouras underlyingthis (level 4, four baskets) rather surprisinglycontained the complete PG neck-handledamphora,4, as well as more R tile and glass. 4 lay on level 6 (twobaskets), fairlyclean fallenkouskouras. The tomb'shistorycan onlybe dimlydiscerned.It may have been opened in EPG and continuedin use untilat leastO times.The slovenlyresetting of thestomion blockingperhaps is notclear,thoughit might belongsto itsfinaluse. The purposeof thedivisionin thedromos be the resultof recutting (and therefore enlarging)the dromos duringreuse,or of diggingout also in reuse. onlya partofthedromos,

8o


POTTERY (PLATE 101) 1. *SKYPHOS. DB. 5.3. Frs.Interiorcoated,reserved band insidelip. Exteriorreservedband on darklip; panels on shoulder;cross hatching,double zigzag. Lineson bowl.EO. 2. JUG. DB. 3.9. Lowerhalfonly.Spaced lines.E 155, classII D. O. 3. COARSE TRAY (fig. 78). D. 30. Coarse buff clay withbrowngrits.Straightsides, incurvedrim. O. 4. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 47. DR. 16.3. Complete, but worn. Orange-brown clay, many airholes,a littlemica,creamslip,blackpaint.Rim flat on top, slightridgeunderneath.Strap handles,ring foot. Bars on rim, band inside and outside lip. curvesin handles.Shoulder:foursextuple Intersecting circleseach side, band betweenlines. Two lines on belly; below, band between lines. Band on foot. Imported PG, perhaps Thessalian; cf. BSA 31

(1930-31)pl. 6 nos. 78, 79 fromMarmariani. Urban Nucleus 293,fig.6. 5. STIRRUP-JAR. PH. 5.8. False neck only; disc chipped.Painton disc,band at base ofneck.PG. 6. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 11.5.Neck frs.Orange clay,brown grits,a littlemica, brown paint.Wheeland stars,chevroncolumnat breakto L. AtticLG II. 7. KRATER (FIG.80). DR. c. 28. Frs.Verticallip with slightridge below it; ovoid body,flatbase. Double circlesbelowlip,bandsand lines.EO. 8. PYXIS. Frs.ofbodyand shoulder.Orangeclay,red paint. Straight,steeplyslopingshoulder,cylindrical body. Shoulder, broken multiple meander; body, bandsand lines.LO-A. Fabricas 9. LID. D. c. 18. Abouta quarterpreserved. withslight everted rim,shallowconical 30.8. Cylindrical linesandbands.For30.8. LO-A. top.Circlesat centre,

SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY BEAD (fig.187;plate 306).H. 1.6.D. 2.1.Dh. Friableyellowmissing. 0.55.Abraded,brokenand a little brownfabric,discolouredblack on exteriorsurfaces. Depressedspherical;incisedpatternof threedouble boundedbylinescomposedofshortdashes. circles, 2. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 3. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 4. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2.1.ShaftD. 0.3. Bent. 5. IRON HORSE-BIT fr.(fig. 173).Small ringand bar, the two set in planes diagonal to one another; fromend of mouth-piece(?). Ring D. 3.1, section about 0.5 Th. , three-quarters complete;strutL. 2.2, section1.1by0.6.

6. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 7. BRONZE WEIGHT? (fig. 158; plate 270). 2 X 253,H. 0.7. Wt. 17.5g. Irregularsoliddiscwithcentral conical cavityone side. Once covered by another material? 8. MARBLE fr.L. 8.8. W. 6.9. Th. 1.9-2.1. Brokenon - from all sides.Whitemarble.Slightcurveto section later. or of veneer? or C(?) largevessel, part 9. IRON NAIL (?) fr. A scrap only, covered in corrosion;section0.7 square. 10. QUARTZ SPHERE (fig. 184). D. 2 average. Slightly chipped,abradedsurface.Possiblya blankfor a bead.

Tomb 31 SE (figs. 6, 21) Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69). (See Introduction: L. c.0.90 W. c.0.50 Larnaxinterment. in itsoriginalposition,c. 0.85 belowmodernsurface.It was in The larnaxwas apparently was betweenTs. 18 and 28. The orientation thenarrow'island'ofotherwise undugkouskouras S as T. same 28's the W, e) by (n by nearly as Ts. 18 and 28 (Introduction, The larnaxwas foundunderthesame circumstances supra). It was incomplete;the SWcornerand W side and S end werepreservedto about halftheir nearby.Only probableoriginalheight.The SE cornerwas broken,butitspieceswerescattered The and theN end was missingentirely. of theE side was preserved, a verysmallproportion almost HL T 62 of the had been It floorwas virtually rifled, diggers by possibly complete. parallelwithit,betweenitand T 18,reachingwithin0.10ofitsSE corner. underthe SW The larnaxwas empty.The earthbelow it was burntin places,particularly thedate were LG a and Ha LG Attic an where found, indicating cup, 17, corner, i6, skyphos, once in fillaboveand besideitwerealmostcertainly in disturbed ofuse.Objectsfoundscattered


T. 31

81

E ofitsNEcorner, it.These include£2,a bead (abovetheN part),3, a G goatprotome, 4, a bird SE a LG S of3, on theedge ofT. 62, 6, a G cup,just offthe corner,io, fragmentary protome, tibia'abovetheE side.The birdand goatprotomes, undistinguished cup,S of6 and an 'unburnt, and thesmallsize ofthepots,suggesta child'sinterment. As thiswas theonlyLG gravein the theotherfragmentary vesselsofsimilardatemade up fromthezembilscan probablybe vicinity, LG pyxis;29, 30, MG assignedto it,including23, 25, E-MG feeding jugs; 28, a miniature miniature skyphoi;31-33, LG miniatureskyphoi(31, Attic);35, LG miniaturecup; 36, LG miniature The MG oinochoe26 mayalsohavebelonged. trayand 37, LG hydria? POTTERY (PLATES 94, 101) The numbersare extrapolated fromthecataloguefor T. 18,q.v. 3. GOAT FIGURINE. PL. 6. Solid, handmade. Ghost of black paint. Rampant, tail up, hind legs attached. Dots for eyes, bar across back of neck. Perhapspartofvessel.G. 4. BIRD FIGURINE. PH. 4.6. Solid, handmade. Joinedto rimofsmalljug. Wingslevelwithbody.Dots foreyes;lines on neck,continuingdown wingsand back.G. 6. SMALL CUP. H. 4. DR. 6.2. Three-quarters preserved, handle broken. Grey-brown clay. Attachment of straphandleinsiderim,flatbase with stringmark. Fullycoated.G. 10. CUP. H. 5.3. DR. 9. Half preserved,handle Flatbase,fullycoated.LG. missing. 11. *MINOAN LARNAX, chest type.Th. 1.7-2.7. Bodyfrs.Gritty orangeclay,greycore,tracesofcream wash. Evertedlip withsquared edge, H. 4.5. Incised line framing thewall panel; frs.also of base, withairhole.Unpainted.LM III A-B. 16. SKYPHOS H. 6.2. DR. 11.5. Three-quarters preserved,one handle missing.Fine orange-buff clay, small whitegrits,a littlemica; black paint,lustrous inside.Flat base. Insidefullypaintedbutforgroupsof barsinsiderim.AtticLG Ha: cf.Agora Vili no. 135,pl. 8. Red-brown 17. CUP. H. 5.3. DR. 5.7. Handle missing. clay.Flat base, stumpof straphandle. Fullycoated. LG. 23. FEEDING JUG (piate 94). PH. 7.5. Shoulderto lowerbody.Thickfabric.Plumpovoidbody,spouton shoulder.Spout: bars above, lines along sides and underneath. E-MG. 25. FEEDING JUG (plate 94). PH. 10.6. Base to shoulderwithside-spout;stumpof straphandle;trace ofanotherhandle,on flank;flatbase. Indistinct motif on shoulder;bands and lines, horizontalS's below belly.E-MG.

26. *OINOCHOE. PH. 8.5. Upper part. Elliptical handle,slightcarinationbelow shoulder.Painton lip, band at base of neck. Shoulder: zigzag, fourlines, band belowcarination.Handle barred.MG (?). Shape as E no. 1434. 28. *MINIATURE PYXIS (fig. 76). H. 7.5. DR. 5. One-thirdpreserved.Fully-coated. LG. 29. *MINIATURE HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig.76). H. 6.9. DR. 7. Halfpreserved.Semi-lustrous paint,thinfabric.Reservedcircleon floorinside.MG, late. 30. *MINIATURE HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 6.7. DR. c. 7. Halfpreserved. As 29. MG, late. 31. SKYPHOS (plate 94). PH. 3.6. Body fr.Soft orange-buff clay,thickblack paint.Verticalgadroons withhatchedtongues.AtticLG I. 32. MINIATURE SKYPHOS (piate 94). H. 4.5. D. 8.8. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Flat base with stringmark.Panels: (A), row of dots above small columns containing dots, three schematic trees, chevrons;(B), horizontalS's, intersecting wavylines. Fullypaintedinside.LG. 33. MINIATURE SKYPHOS (plate 94). PH. 4.3. D. c. 7.2. Base missing.Overhangingconcave lip, ridge below;tracesoftwostraphandles.Upper partdipped in paint.LG. 35. *MINIATURE CUP. H. 5.1. DR. c. 6. Half preserved,handle missing.Thin fabric.Fullycoated. Shape as E no. 1127. LG. 36. SMALL TRAY (fig. 76; piate 94). H. 2.9 DR. 14.2. Two-thirds preserved.Traces of two horizontal strap handles. Concentric zones underneath: horizontal S's, dots, groups of bars, emptyzone, starat centre.Inside paintedbut zigzag,eight-point forreservedzone on floorwithlines.LG. One fr.from upperfillofT. 28. 37. HYDRIA (?) (plate 94). PH. 10. Shoulder and belly fr. Plump ovoid body. At lower break, intersecting wavylineson belly(as on 32). LG.

SMALL FIND 2. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 184).L. 3.1. D. 2.1.Dh. 0.7. Ends chippedand withinternalflaw.Slightly smoky. withlightly convexends;plainand polished,exceptforabradedends. Cylindrical,

82


Tombs 34, 56 and 57 INTRODUCTION

These tombswereexcavatedat a relatively earlystage,and providedthefirst experienceofthe in some areas of the confusioncreatedby the over-closejuxtapositionof chamber-tombs sometimescaused by cemetery. onlytoo clearlytheextentof disturbance They also illustrate in DA cases still further HL/R grave-digging the followed tombs, damageat many by among of elucidatingthe the building,use and destruction of the mortuarychurch.The difficulty sequenceof eventswas aggravatedby the chanceof excavation.Whenworkbegan on T. 34, area,and thepresenceofTs. 56 and 57 topsoilhad notyetbeen strippedfromthesurrounding sincethe twotombsgrewonlyslowly, of the existence of these was unsuspected. Recognition of individualtombs). so muchdamage (see description architecture of all threehad suffered wall of harmful had been a largerobbingpitwhichdestroyed partoftheN dromos Particularly What was in factpartof the and partof T. 57's dromos. T. 56, the SWangle of T. 34's dromos of ofT. 34,whilepartofthedromos dromos ofT. 57 was fora timebelievedto be a side-chamber been T dromos. It has was of as it T. 57 was, almostinevitably, 34's already part dug though as a and thiswas fora timemisinterpreted notedthatT. 34's chambercut intoT 25's dromos, dromos nichebelongingto T. 25. The construction sequenceseemsclear.Ts. 25 and 56 are part of the N-S rankof tombs is concernednone of thesehas necessarily 30-45-24-25-56.So faras horizontalstratigraphy to fitexactlyintothespace betweenTs. was intended to be earlieror laterthananother.T. 34 its 25 and 56, but a slighterrorin alignmentbrought axis too farto the N and led to its intoT. 25. Then, it seems,a need was feltforanothertombthathad to be in the intrusion immediateneighbourhood.Eitherthe need could not be satisfiedby cuttingcupboardsor nichesin existingtombs,or it was fearedthatsuch additionswoulddamage adjacenttombs. So a newtomb,57,nearlythesamesize as T. 34,was cutalmoston thereverseaxisofT 34, so thattheE end ofitsdromos overlappedtheWend ofT. 34's dromos. All threetombshad been thoroughlypillaged, and theirstructureseverelydamaged. foundin morethanone ofthetombs,suggesting ofthesamevaseswerefrequently Fragments thisfactorhas led were all three that not Inevitably, simultaneously. pillaged (though proving) allocationsofvasesto one or otherofthethreetombs. to somearbitrary afterpostmade at thetimeofexcavationwerefoundto need correction Some ascriptions excavationstudy.Thus,25.3 and £15-20belongedin factto T. 34; 34.17, 19-33 and £40-64 belongedto T. 56; and 56. £4-9 belongedto T. 57. Tomb 34 sw (figs. 5, 19-20; plate 16 d-f) Ts. 34,56, 57) (See Introduction: none remained.Chamber:2.0 X L. 1.20W. 0.52-^. 0.70. Stomion: L. overall:2.56. Dromos: towardsits The unusuallynarrowdromos apparentlybroadenedfromthe (missing)stomion the the chamber Near T. of dromos the removed has been the detail but 57. mouth, by cutting at the of side walls either chamber The c. io°. at dromos first, entrance, straight slopedupwards thenformeda continuouscurvewiththebackwall. The latterwas preservedc. 1.0 high.The chamberfloorwas 2.10belowmodernsurface. The tombhad been insertedbetweenTs. 25 and 56 in theN-S group30-45-24-25-56.The was E-W,withthechamberon theE side. orientation


83

The tombgraduallycame to lightduringexcavationofT. 25 (q.v.)whenwhatprovedto be nichebelongingto T. 25. It was ultimately itschamberwas at firstmisidentified as a dromos 'back-todromos the dromos of T. realisedthatits 57 whichhad been constructed overlapped back5.Much damagehad been caused bythelargerobbingpitwhichalso affected Ts. 56 and 57fillwas excavated as layers 1 and 2 (one basket each), thoughthese were The dromos identicalwiththe chamberfillin view of the numerouscross-joinsbetweenthe two areas. of 18 (largeE GreekWild Goat dinos)werefoundas well as a bronzepin, Many fragments of bronze sheet,£31, 33-34, faience,£36 and an iron f35, severalgroupsof fragments at least,came fromfragments £38. A hintof the date of one of the disturbances, fragment, ofglass,f32, 37 and a smallpiece ofmarblerevetment, £39. At theoutset,thechamberfill had been dug as T. 25, layer3 (fourbaskets),a mixtureof brownsoil,powderedkouskouras and brokenpottery.25.3 (SM neck-handledamphora) was found in many fragments, followedby 2 (LO one-handleddish),3-5 (LO polychromepithoi),6-7 (LO cups) and 8 = £40 (faiencephiale mesomphalos).Otherfindsin whatwas in factthe N part of the T. 34's chamberwerefi5 (fragments of bronzesheet),fi7 (partof a smallpolychromelarnax,the restofwhichcame fromT. 56 (15)),fi8 (rock-crystal ofbronzesheet), bead), fi9 (fragments f22 (roundelofkouskouras), of £23 (fragment paintedstone),£24-26 (faiencevase fragments). As the tomb'strue identitybecame clear,the whole of the chamberwas excavated(two baskets),includingan inchoatemass of stone over the floor,perhaps connectedwiththe Near the E side were 9 and 13 (EPC oinochoai,the firstcontaining originaldoor-blocking. an egg),10-12 (O cups),14 (lid)and 15 (EO skyphos).The coarsepithos16 was foundnear thedestroyed In additionwere£27,fragments stomion. ofbronzesheet,and £29 (plasticvase renumbered of 26. burnt bone werefoundhere and therein -owl)subsequently Fragments thefill. POTTERY (PLATES 1024) 1. OLPE. H. 27. Half rimmissing,gaps in neckand body.Exteriorfullycoated save reservedband with rays above foot. On upper body, two confronted squattingfigures, partlyhuman,partlycanine;incised outlineand edgesto yellowband acrosseitherbottom. Whitedot-rosette undereach bellyand behindeach buttock.Heads lost. Traces of red band immediately below figures.Corinthian,LPC/Transitional.AR 25 (1979)54-Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.7. 2. DISH (FIG.78). D. 12.5.Small gaps in rim.Shape as E 1175.Exterior:line at join withrim,two above foot,billetson foot,circle within.Interior:outline guillocheon rim.Tondo of spaced dottedcircleswith solid lozengesat centre.Four cross-hatched lozenges on outeredge of circles.Near the FortetsaPainter. LO. 3. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 18. Aboutthreequarterssurvive,all handles and strap feet.Prong markson horizontalhandles and feet.Paint worn. Traces of blue birds with red fill in handle zone. Centralzone: panelsborderedbyblue and redstripes, red and blue cross-hatching, guillochesquare. Below, redand blue brokenmeander.By thesame hand as 5. LO.

4. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.80). Frs.of body, handles,and strapfeet.Smoothclay withgreycore. Paint extremelyworn, traces of red circles above handles, and below,bands of panels: red and blue red palmetteswithblue volutes,red verticalchevrons, outline.Blue and red lotusand palmettechain above feet.Verticalredand blue stripeson feet.LO. 5. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.78). H. 40.5. Half bodyand one verticalhandlemissing.Prongmarkson feet.Paintworn.Rim, red and blue lines.Top frieze, red and blue brokenmeander.Betweenhandles:pairs of birds,blue withred fill.Band of panels: red and blue cross-hatching, red and blue star;red and white guillocheband. Betweenfeet,blue and red rosette. Red slanted strokeson base. Feet and handles,red bars.By thesame hand as 3 and 285.27 LO. 6. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 12.3.DR. 13. Gaps in rimand wall.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LO. 7. *STANDED CUP. DR. 8.5. Frs.of foot,bowl and handle.Horizontaland verticalalternating strokeson handles, dark bowl. Tongues on foot, circles on underside.Shape as 19. E 167,classE (ii).LO. 8. Vacai(= £40,faiencephiale). 9. OINOCHOE. H. 27.6. Completesave gaps in rim

84


and wall. Fine creamclay,red paint.Mouth painted inside and out. Neck, centralzone of verticalsand double axes, cross-hatched lozenges,enclosedby fine lines.Rayson shoulderand lowerbody,finestripeson body and handle.Corinthian,EPC. AR 25 (1979)52, fig.34. Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.6. 10. *CUP (FIG. 79). H. 11.4. DR. 11. Fully coated insideand out.E 166,classB (iv).LO. 11. CUP. H. 10.6.DR. 11.8.Completesavechipsfrom rim.Interiorfullycoated save reserveddot on floor, line below rim. Handle, alternating grouped horizontalsand verticals. Lip reserved: verticals, double axe, verticals,chevrons,verticals,double axe, verticals.Lines, dark paint to grouped lines above base. Verticalson foot,ringson underside.LO. 12. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 11.8. DR. 12.3.Completesave smallbodyfrs.Fullycoated.LO. 13. *OINOCHOE. PH. 17.3.Body only.Shape and decorationas 9. Corinthian.EPC. Ann.61 (1983)40. 14. *POLYCHROME LID. H. 11. DR. 16.2. Completesave smallgaps in rimand walls,and one handle-ring.Conical, cup handle and rings.Paint virtuallygone; tracesof blue on handle,red on rim and fillet,red S's in centralzone. E 164,class G (b). Probablyfor4. LO. 15. *SKYPHOS (fig. 79). H. 11.5. DR. 12.2. Completesave gaps in wall. Fullycoated. Whiteon dark, veryworn. Traces of two white lines under handle.E 166,classC. LO. 16. *COARSE PITHOS. Frs. Shape and decoration similarto E no. 1644.O. with27. 17. Vacat: 18. DINOS (FIGS.81-2). H. 41. DR. 43.2. Manygaps, protomehandlesmissing.Brownclay,creamslip,redbrownpaint. Rim: guilloche. Tongues, then main and one pair of sphinxes zone of confronted griffins on eitherside of tree.Loop interlace,zone of goats, interlace,thenzone of deer,one liftingits head and lookingback. Fillingornamentof rosettes,one with perchingswallow,triangles,quatrefoilsetc. Large palmetteand volutecomplexon bottom.Interiorfully coated. Middle Wild Goat. c. 630. AR 25 (1979) 54, figs.36, 37.Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.8. 19. STANDED CUP. H. 13. Complete save chips fromrim and wall. Interiorfullycoated, reserved circle on floor,reservedline below rim. Exterior, metopes on lip: double axe, bird, rosette,bird, guilloche, bird, rosette, bird, chevron column, guilloche.Pairs of verticalsbetweenlines on bowl, then dark paint. Foot, tongues.Handle, horizontal zigzag alternatingin panels withcircles.LO. AR 25 (1979)53>% 29-Ann-6l i1^) 4°20. OINOCHOE. H. 23.6. Complete save small chips.Dark ground,reservedbars on handle. Body coveredwithconcentriccirclesof variednumberand size.Varianton E 154,classF LO.

21. JUG. H. 31.8. Gaps in wall, mouth and base. Groupedlineson neck,lowerbody.Double circleson E 155,classII D. LO. thickened. outermost shoulder, 22. OINOCHOE. H. 24.2 Gaps in mouthand wall. Exteriorfullycoated save reservedband between shoulderand neckwithtongues,and reservedbarson handle.Cf.E no. 1526.LO. 23«*JUG.PH. 26.2. Gaps in wall, halfof neck and part of rimlost. Grouped bands on neck and body, circleson shoulder.E 155,classII D. LO. fivefold 24. JUG. H. 26. Gaps in wall. Bands on neck and body,sixfoldcircleson shoulder.E 155,classII D. LO. 25. ARYBALLOS (FIG.79). H. 10. Gaps in neckand wall. Shoulder,threesets of large stackedchevrons with dots between them, alternatingwith crosshatchedlozenges.Handle barred,tongueson lip,dark lowerbody.E 159,classII K. LO. 26. OWL ARYBALLOS. H. 13.2.Complete.Standing base. Pouringhole in rightear,leftear on triangular perforatedto match. Face details outlined. Breast feathersand back of head as scale pattern,wingsas cable forleadingedge, narrowstripeswithrectilinear forothers.Legs and feetbarred.Perhaps withchevrons no. by thesame hand as 5. Forowl vasessee Gypsades, 11.LO. AR 25 (1979)52,fig.31.Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.5. 27. *JUG.PH. 13.8. DB. 6.5 frs.of body and neck. Fourfoldcircleson shoulder,theoutermost thickened, groupedlineson body.E 155,classII D. O. Frs. of 28. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. LO. F no. Cf. handle. of and 1300. neck, part body 29. KOTYLE. DB. e. 4. Frs. of body and handles. Interiorfullycoated. Below handles,a band of dots. Then a band of animals including a lion and a grazinggoat.Rays.Corinthian.LPC /Transitional. 30. *STRAINER CUP (fig. 79). H. 11.3. DR. 12.8. Shape as E no. 1199;elliptical preserved. Three-quarters ofthe withstrainer rim,fitted coveringaboutone fifth - as though for mouth. Chequerboard on interior with Handle: groupsof threelinesalternating strainer. bars.Perhapsbythesamehandas 13.5. LO. 31. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 9.6. DR. 10.8. Partofrimand muchof wall lost.Trace of creamslip.Double strap handle. Handle panels: rosettesalternatingwith lattice;zone of tonguesbelow.Inside:reservedcircles on floor.Barsacrosshandles.LO. 32. *CUP. H. 13.3. DR. 14.3. Half preserved.Fully coated. As 6. LO. 33. *KOTYLE (FIG.79). H. 8.9. DR. 11.2.Complete profilewithparts of both handles. Softpink-brown clay,verywornredpaint.Corinthian.EPC. 34. *SMALL KOTYLE (fig.79). H. 6. D. 7.1.Partsof rimand wall lost.Cream slip,verywornmattreddish brownpaint. Fullypaintedinsidebut forconcentric circleson floorand reservedlinebelowrim.LO. 35. *CUP. H. 11.4.DR. 12.7.Nearlyall rim,muchof walllost.Fullycoated.As 6. LO.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 34 36. *CUP (fig. 79). H. 10.6. D. 10.6. Much of rim, partof bodyand base lost.Thin-walled,finereddishbrownclay,a littlemica,glossyblackpaintfiredredin places. Underneathreservedbut fortwo concentric circles.Import:Laconian (?). 37. *ARYBALLOS. frs.of body.Bucchero.Narrow horizontalgrooves.Cf. O 23. LO. 38. *OINOCHOE (?). Belly fr.(fig. 79). Fine pale yellow clay, semi-lustrous black paint. Figured frieze: part of draped human figuresto L; small SMALL FINDS 1-14. Vacant. 15. BRONZE SHEET, frs. Largest 5 X 4 X 0.1. Total Wt. 100 g. 100 pieces and chips, includinga - would have been a piece witha possiblerivet-head thinaffix. 16. BRONZE SHEET, frs.TotalWt. 134g. 150pieces and chips. 17. Partof56.15. 18. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 184; plate 303). H. 0.6. D. 1.6.Dh. 0.4. Lentoid. 19. BRONZE SHEET. Total Wt. 69 g. 98 pieces (manyverysmall),includingten (Wt. 7 g) of one or moretinkered patches. 20. FAIENCE, frs,with56^44 and £46 (fig. 180; PLATE 292).

21. BRONZE SHEET. Wt. 24 g. 50 small formless pieces. 22. KOUSKOURASROUNDEL (fig. 185). Th. 0.25. D. 0.85. Abraded and powderycondition. White. to edges. Disc, thinning 23. LIMESTONE COLUMN (plate 305). H. 8. W. 12.7.Th. 2.4. OriginalD. 23. Chipped and abraded fragmentfromside of column segment.Softwhite. Detached fromend of 'shaft',expandingslightlyto bevelledcorner,and witha slightlydished end. On sidesare theremainsoffourraysor tongues,outlined in a crudelycut grooveand paintedred. Red paint also on cornerbevel. 24. FAIENCE BOWL fr. 25. (With 56.f52, 58). FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, frs.(FIG. 180; PLATE293). Neck and shoulder frs. (56.f58). Neck: H. 1.9. W. 1.8-1.35. D of mouth opening 0.4-0.6. Shoulder: W. 5.3. Th. 0.2-0.3. Handle fr.(56. £52): H. 1.5. L. 1.3. W 0.5. D. 0.4. Base fr.(34^25): H. 3. DB. 2.5. D at top 4.3. Th. 0.5-0.2. Core: white,smooth. Glaze: colour gone, now greenish skin; black inlay in background (56. £58). Decoration on shoulder: two rows of stylizeddrop-shapedpendants.Above base: poorly modelled calyx leaves. O, 675-650 BC. Cf. F. no. 1558. 26. and 56.f59). FAIENCE (With 36, ARYBALLOS, frs. (fig. 180; plate 293). Neck

85

figureto R. followingbull. Cross-fillingornament above bull's back. Corinthian. Transitional. Careless work. 39. *OINOCHOE (?). Shoulderfr.Clay as 38, black and purple polychrome, incised:tonguesalternating blackand purple;scale pattern,alternating blackand purplerows.Corinthian.LPC /Transitional. 40. *OINOCHOE. frs.of lower body.Clay as 385 worn red-brownpaint. Fine lines,tip of ray below. Corinthian.E/MPC. Cf. 13.

(5*>.f59): H. 2. W. 1.6. D. of mouth opening 0.6. Shoulder(34. £25,36): D. 1.5-2.Th. 0.2-0.3. Broken into many pieces, surfaceworn. Core: white,with finesmoothtexture.Glaze: thickskinof green,black infilling.Shoulder: three rows of simple stylized patterns.O. Cf. E no. 1557. 27. BRONZE SHEET, frs.Wt. 27 g. c. 30 pieces. 27a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.1.5 X 1. Wt. 1 g. Lip of bowlor phiale. 28. Vacat: Ringhandleofpolychrome pithos. 29. Vacat:= pot 26. 30. EGGSHELL. L. 3.5. W 2.5. Th. 0.3. Completely scattered. White,probablyfromhen. 31. BRONZE SHEET, fr.Wt. 178g. no smallpieces and chips. 31a. BRONZE VESSEL (?) frs.(Largest)2.3 X 1.8. Four body pieces decorated in low relief;parallel verticallinesand linesofdots. 31b. TINKER'S PATCH (?) fr. L. 1.5. W. 2.2. roundedcorners;tracesoftworivets. Rectangular, 31C. BRONZE CASING (?) fr.1.3 X 1.3. Veryfine sheetpickedoutwiththreehorizontalridges. 32. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 33. BRONZE SHEET, frs.Wt. 72 g. 65 formless pieces. 34. BRONZE VESSEL, fr.L. 7. W. 1.4.Wt. 9 g. Four joining,one floatingpiece of flatverticalhandlewith raisededges- cup or kantharos. 35. BRONZE PIN, fr.Upper shaft;ringmouldings, smallglobe.L. 1.2. 36. See 26. 37. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. ofcorrosion. 38. IRON LUMP Consistsentirely 39. MARBLE, fr. 40. FAIENCE PHIALE MESOMPHALOS (fig. 181; PLATES294-5). Complete but broken into pieces,veryfriable.Glaze: pale turquoiseblue, with yellow on details. Core: white friable. Inside: extended lotus flower with striated sepals, and marguerite flower on knob of phiale. Outside: confrontedpairs of animals against backgroundof stylizedplants,round small centrallotus flower.Cf. LindosI, no. 1138.O.

86


Tomb 40 SE-SW

(figs. 5, 6, 23, plates

17-18)

L. overall:6.50.Dromos: L. 4.60. W. 1.40-1.12.Stomion: 0.96-0.26. Chamber:1.82x 1.78. The W wall of the dromos was straight, the E describedan unevencurve.The dromos rosea verticaldistanceof 1.80fromthestomion to itsend at a meangradientof 160,neartheend was a 'step'0.48 m high,at an angleof52o.The bottompartoftheblockingwall,twolargestones setuprightacrosstheentrance(larger0.55 X 0.60 X 0.10)and a smallerone, to theirE, were was shallow and, despite the in situ,but above lay many stones in disarray.The stomion a of door wide. There was down to thechamberfloor,which steepstep0.65 jambs, presence was at least2.55 belowmodernsurface.The cornersof thesquarishchamberwererounded. In itshypothetical secondphase itwas at least1.85high;therestored The roofwas destroyed. first was c. 1.40. phaseheight The tombwas close E of the mostcongestedpartof the cemetery, partof the E-w line of The was ESE-WNW. tombs106-26-40-112-28-18acrosstheS end ofthesite.The orientation chamberwas on theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearanceoftopsoil.The chamberand theS partof had clearlybeen robbed fromabove and then,perhaps, backfilled.R glass the dromos an uncertainarea ofthistombcould mean therobbingtookplace no earlier from fragments R thanthe period. fillwas sterilekouskouras backfilland mayhave been undisturbed The N partof the dromos S sincethetomb'soriginalburials.The part(Level 1) was filledwithbrownearthcontaining floor. wornpolychromesherdsand 1, anO pithoson its side,up to 1.00 above the dromos SM Beneaththe disturbedstonesabove the blockingwall was 2, a possibly amphoriskos, thrownoutbythelootersiftheyreachedtherealchamberfloor. For 2.00 below groundsurfacethe chamberfillwas brownearthcontainingquantitiesof LG-LO sherds,includingmanypolychromepieces and a noticeablequantityof unburnt bone,perhapsthrownup fromtheoriginalSM burialhorizon.High in thisfillwere3, a LO of a bronzefibula.Lowerdowna numberof LO pots appeared oinochoeand fi, fragments the the of round chamber,fromNWto NE. Startingin the NW,thesewere4, a edge ranged a small 6, an oinochoe;7, a plasticvase (demon);8, an aryballos oinochoe; lekythos; 5, large witha and 9, plasticvase (cock).Below 8, and between7 and 9, was at leastone urn-sherd O pithoi,32, 33, were smallquantityof crematedbone withinits curve.Two fragmentary laterassembledfromsherds,as wellas an alabastron,22, a pyxis,27, and an oinochoe,36, twoLO interments; all LO. All these(including3) probablyrepresent 7, 8 and 9 musthave beengroupedtogether. whoseupperpartcontainedO sherds Below thismaterialwas a levelof fallenkouskouras, 10. The lowest0.25 ofthe EO the back the chamber's centre of the wall, lekythos and,against it was probably covereda SM deposit.Though therewas some disorder, rooffall{kouskouras) due to successiveSM burial parties,followedby the rooffall; the majorityof pots was unbroken.14, a flask,and 15, a stirrupjar, were near the N wall. To the E were a small oinochoe,18, a cup, 19, and a stirrup jar, 20. Nearbywas a confusedheap ofunburntbone two and fragments teeth,representing perhapsthreepeople,one a youngadult,noneveryold. There weretwoscrapsofburntbone in thislevel.Also foundweref2, gold leafrosettewith attachedorganicmatterand £3, scrapsof an ironpin. Close S of thesewere the shoulderhandledamphora16, the stirrup jar, 12, was equidistant jar 21 beside it. Anotherstirrup from11 and i6.fi2, partof a largeironfibula,was between12 and the mouthof 11; fi3, anotherpartofthesamefibula,wasjust N of 16 and 21. Justinsidetheentrancewerefs6, 7,

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

SITE

T. 40

87

manypiecesofironpin,and fio, fromthesieve,couldbe added to them.Also fromthesieve, belongingto theSM deposit,werefs, ironring,£B,silverring,f4, smallgold wirehoop,fg, carved bone pin, fn5 anotherverysmall one. fi45 bone attachment,fi6, bronze fibula ironfibula,all identified fragment, fi7, fragmentary subsequently, may also have been SM. There SM findsdo not separateclearlyintoindividualgroups,but a tentative reconstruction would be: earlierburial- 11, 13, 17-20, Í2-5 and heaped up bones; later burial- ?i2, 14-16, 21, f6 + 7 + 10, 8, 9, 11. The tombwas disusedbetweentherooffallovertheSM depositand LG- 22- 46, repaired - one LG, 315 one LG/EO fromfragments fromtheupperchamber-fill, includedeightpithoi 45; threeEO, 24, 30, 32 and threeLO, 23, 33, 46. PerhapsLO usersremovedsomeofthe later interments,for LO pots were in situon the floor,while LG-O vessels were only fragments. They,too, musthave been responsibleforthe blockingas found,and may have thrown1 intothedromos. The laterlootersevidently saw,and smashed,thetwoLO urns,but did notnoticethesmallerLO itemsnearthewalls. POTTERY

(PLATES

1057)

1. *COARSE PITHOS. PH. 62. Three-quarters of body; one broad strap handle, non-joining. Coarse grey-brownclay, large white (marble) and grey grits, thin cream wash. Ovoid body, disc foot. Groups of four shallow grooves above and below belly. Three circular depressions below handle root. O? 2. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS (fig. 83; PLATE 106). H. 8.4. D. 7.2. Complete and intact. Light brown clay. Matt reddish-brownpaint, fugitive. Deep band in and out (in, divided by fine reserved band); paint on handles. Parallel vertical strokes in handle zone. Three bands on lower body, paint on foot. SM. OINOCHOE. PH. 9.5. 3. NARROW-NECKED Neck, mouth and handle lost. Fully coated in dark paint. Shape as E no. 1410. LO. H. 23.5. Complete. Lines on neck 4. OINOCHOE. and body, fivefoldcircles on shoulder, the outermost thickened.E 154, class E (i). LO. 5. LEKYTHOS (FIG. 85). H. 10.5. Gaps in wall and foot. Tongues on mouth, barred handle, stripes on lower body. On shoulder, three rosettes, two crosshatched lozenges. E 189, class J. By same hand as 13.5. Cf. Ay.Paraskies,fig.14, no. 7. LO. 6. OINOCHOE. H. 22.5. Gaps in wall. Conical neck, globular body, ring foot, S-shaped handle. Handle vertically striped. Neck, double circles. Body, side circles, crossed by transverse bands at shoulder and lower body,to enclose fourfoldcircles. LO. 7. MONKEY ARYBALLOS. H. 11.7. Complete, save chipped rim and one thumb. Mouth attached behind head, handle to centre back. Mouth, tongues. Handle, chevronsand rectilinearcable. Face fullymodelled with painted details. Body clothed in dark short-sleeve garment, legs and snakes spotted. On right elbow, rosette;on both wrists,bracelets. For monkeyvases, see E 207 and Arkades, fig.597. LO. AR 25 (1979) 53, fig.32.

8. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.5. Complete. Side-circles, crossed by lines at the shoulder. At front,bees; back, chevrons. Handle, barred with central 'X'. Cf. 229.17. EO. H. 15.5. Complete, save 9. COCK-ARYBALLOS. chips in comb and tail. Mouth and handle in centre back. Tongues on mouth, chevrons on handle. Reserved guilloche between dot-bands on neck. Upper wings as scales, lower as narrow stripes, chevron edges. Rest of head and body coated in dark paint, details incised. AR 25 (1979) 53, fig.32. LO. 10. BICONICAL LEKYTHOS. H. 8.5. Gaps in wall. Bucchero. Impressed pattern on waist. Cf. E no. 1326. LO. 11. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 83). H. 26.8. D. 22. Complete intact. Light brown clay. Matt reddish-brown paint. Deep band on mouth in and out. Paint on handles. Horizontal 'S' pattern either side in handle zone. Three bands below handles, a band on lower body,paint on foot. SM. 12. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 83). H. 14. D. 11.2. Wt. 237 g. Complete, intact; light brown clay. Matt dark brown paint (fugitive).Air-hole at base of neck. Bold strokes on handle faces, strokes on spout. Four elaborate triangles on shoulder, double outlined, each with two hatched triangularareas in bottom half. SM. 13. FLASK (fig. 83). H. 15.7. D. 12.4. DR. 4.2. Wt. 302 g. Complete, intact; lightbrown clay. Matt reddish brown paint. Paint on lip in and out, strokes on handles, band at root of neck. Horizontal S in shoulder zones above bands; paint on foot. SM. 14. FLASK (fig. 83). H. 15.3. D. 12.1. DR. 4.5. Wt. 302 g. Complete; cracked. Matt red paint. Ornament as 13. SM. 15. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 84). H. 13.7. D. 10.9. Wt. 225 g. Recomposed of two; complete. Red-brown clay. Red-brown paint (fugitive).Ornament as 12. SM.

88


16. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 84). H. 37.2. D. 30. DR. 12. Recomposedof many;complete. Coarse red clay, heavy temper; laminated. Matt brownpaint.Painton lip in and out,band at base of outlined;groovesin handles neck,handleattachments triangle painted.In handle zone large cross-hatched withpendentspiraleitherside. Bands below and on lowerbody,painton foot.SM. 17. FLASK (fig.83). H. 15.5.D. 12.1. DR. 4.1. Wt. 311 g. Complete, intact. Dark cream clay; matt dark Ornamentas 13 and 14. SM. brownpaint(fugitive). 18. SMALL OINOCHOE (fig. 83). H. 10.6. D. 7. Wt. 101g. Complete (handle reattached).Fine dark cream clay. Matt brownpaint. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Coated to just above greatestdiameter (mouthreservedinside).SM. 19. CUP (FIG.83). H. 6.3. DR. 6.2. Recomposed;part of rim and wall lost. Lightbrownclay; dark brown paint.In: painton lip,band on mid-wall.Out: stroke on handle, lip reserved.'Scribble' in handle zone, turninginto verticalparallel strokeson side. Band belowhandle,footreserved.SM. 20. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 84). H. 10. D. 8. Wt. 159g. Complete; chipped; recomposed. Red-brownclay, dark brown paint. Air-hole at base of neck. Disc outlined with asymmetriccross painted with the nippleas itscentre.Handle outlined.Spout paintin, bold strokeson outeredge. Spaces betweenhandles and spout have verticalchevronbands. Opposite, smallerchevronbandseithersideofa doubleoutlined cross-hatched triangle.Bands below shoulderand on body,painton foot.SM. 21. STIRRUPJAR(fig.84). H. 14.2.D. 11.5.Complete, intact.Reddish-brown clay;mattdarkred paint.Airhole at base of falseneck.Spiral on disc,centredon as 12 and 15. SM. nipple.Ornamentotherwise 22. ALABASTRON (fig.85). PH. 11.Footand lower circle.Neck, bodylost.Mouth,tongues,cross-hatched betweenrectilinear cable,lotusbee. Below,rectilinear cable.Bythesamehandas 13.5. LO. 23. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. c. 16. DB. e. 13. Frs.ofrim,wall and base, one and a halfreededfeet, handles.Veryworn.Belowrim,blue and redtongues; thenblue and red zigzag panel, blue and red lotus, blue and red chevroncolumn.Main band, blue and redlozengeswithblue diagonalarcades.Betweenfeet, Handlesbarred.LO. blue and redrosettes. 24. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 15. Frs.of rim, body,part of handles,base and two strapfeetwith prongmarks.Worn.Below rim,small lozengeswith diagonalcrosses.Betweenhandles,pairsofbirdswith red bar fill. Band of panels: red and blue crosshatching,red and blue rosettes,alternatingwith blanks.Band ofredand blue leaves.Betweenfeet,red Handlesbarred.Cf. 229.7, W same and bluerosettes. hand.EO.

25. POLYCHROME LID. DR. 22. Frs.ofrimand wall. Worn.Tracesofblueand redzigzag.EO. Fits23 (LO). 26. POLYCHROME LID. DR. 19. Frs. of rim and wall.Tracesofcreamslip.Fits24. EO. 27. *PYXIS (FIG. 85). DR. 7. Frs. of half rim and adjoining wall only. Flat inset rim, squat body, perforatedbracket handles. Arcaded tongue on shoulder.Cf. 107.78. LO. frs.of rimand 28. *TRAY.D. c. 27. Fournon-joining lineson wall,circleson floor.Interior, floor.Exterior, strokeson rim,spaced circleson floor,squigglesin space. LO. 29. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. DB. 7. Frs. of base, wall,neck,and mouth,halfof handle.Neck, zigzag between lines. Body, spaced side-circles, transverseshouldercircles.At base of neck, lotus, a bee. LO. volutedlozenge.In front, 30. PITHOS. Fr. of panel. Fan-tailed bird with splayedwingsenhancedin white.EO. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (plate 105).PH. 33.5 DR. 16. Rim to lowerbody.Cream slip.Shortflatlip, plump body. Paint on rim, lip otherwisereserved. Panels:A and D missing; Shoulder:hatchedmeander. B, withmidrib;C, check blockof fourhatchedquatrefoils fr. lines, hatchedzigzag,lines.One non-joining pattern. with between lowerbody,possibly from feet, diagonal loop late. as 1.14. LG,late.BirdWorkshop, leafpattern 32. NECKED PITHOS. DR. 28.5. Frs.ofneck,wall, base,twohandles.Interiorfullycoated.Exteriorwhite on dark. Neck, triple circles. Eightfoldcircles in whitecirclesbetween reservedhandlepanel. Eightfold linesbelow.Dark paintto base, twowhitelinesabove ringfoot.EO. 33. NECKED PITHOS. DR. 16. H. 40.2. Frs. of neck, body, two vertical handles, base. Complete grouped profile.Interiorof neck,thicklines.Exterior, lineson neck,theoutermostthickenedand enhanced in white. Between handles, panels with fourfold circles.Below,two zones of circles,fourfoldabove, triplebelow.Band abovebase. LO. 34. DOMED LID. H. 4.1. D. 17.5. Three-quarters preserved. Flat everted lip. Deep groove, sharp carination;verylow dome.MG. 35. DOMED LID. D. c. 20. Two rim frs. Broad evertedlip, slightcarination.White on dark: bars between lines, hatched chevronsalternatingwith smallspirals.LG. 36. *OINOCHOE. DB. 11.Frs.ofbody,base, mouth and partofhandle.Fullycoated.E 154,classF. LO. 37. ♦OINOCHOE. H. c. 22. Gaps in wall and base, handle lost. Mouth fullycoated outside. Fourfold and eitherside ofhandle. circleson shoulderat front, Groupedlines.Relatedto E 154,classE. MO. 38. CUP. H. 12. DR. 12.5. Gaps in wall, handle Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).MO. missing. 39. CUP. H. 11.8.DR. 14.Gaps in wall and rim.Fully

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

coated save reservedline below lip and dot on floor.E 166, class B (iii). MO. KOTYLE. H. 13.4. DR. 14. 40. HIGH FOOTED Gaps in wall and rim. Interior coated save dot on floor, reserved line below rim. Handles barred. Handle panel: three horizontal zigzags between verticals. Lines, dark on lower body. Foot, zigzag between multiplelines. Rings on underside. LO. 41. *CUP. H. 11.6. DR. 13.5. Large gap in wall, handle missing.Shape and decoration as 39. MO. 42. *HEN PROTOME. PH. 3.5. Roughly modelled with beak and comb. Spatter decoration. O. 43. *CUP (FIG.84). H. 10. DR. c. 12.5. Half preserved, most of rim missing; non-joining frs. of lip and shoulder. Strap handle. In front panel, hatched battlement and meander combined. Handle: tall diagonal cross between bars. Reserved circle on floor inside. LG, early.Bird Workshop. SMALL

SITE

- Ts. 40, 44

8g

44. *CUP. DB 5.7. Base and lower wall only. Fully coated inside and out. E 166, class B (iii). MO. PITHOS (fig. 8; plate 105). 45. FOUR-HANDLED PH. 17. DR. c. 14. Frs., rim to belly,base. Cream slip. Broad flatlip, ovoid body, flatbase; trace of loop foot, root of strap handle. Paint at rim, lip otherwise reserved. White-on-dark zone on shoulder: hatched zigzag with single circles in field, two lines above and below. Panels: two-headed birds, column of intersectingzigzag to L. White-on-darkzone on belly: triple circles between lines. LG/EO. Bird Workshop. Cf. O 27. 46. RELIEF PITHOS. Frs. of base, belly, neck with shoulder, and one strap handle. Rim missing. Red core, large grey inclusions. Yellow wash. Neck, in relief: lotus chain, stamped rosettes, triple tongues. Body, groups of three grooves only. Lotus chain around high foot. LO.

FINDS

FIBULA fr.2.4 X 2.2 X 1.1. Wt. 10 g. Spring,spring-arm,bossed bow and part of catchplate of a Sapouna-Sakellaraki Type Va. 2. GOLD ROSETTE (fig. 153; plate 263). D. 3. Thin sheet; embossed details. Three holes for attachment.LM II- III type. 3. IRON PIN, scraps. 4. GOLD WIRE HOOP (plate 263). D. 1.5. Ends overlap and are twistedaround the hoop. M-LG? 5. IRON FINGER-RING (fig. 173). D. (external) 2.2. Th. at bezel 1.3, at thinnest point 0.7. Complete; heavilycorroded. 6. 7, 10. IRON PINS. More than 45 pieces in all, to total L. of some 85 cms. Section varies from0.9 to 0.4. Th. (corroded). 6 consists of four pieces which join to L. 4.4. Th. 0.4. Not complete. 8. SILVER FINGER-RING (fig. 155; plate 266). W 0.6. D. 2. Th. 0.25. Two joining fragments,but over half lost; corroded mauve-grey,and friable.Plain, and of D section. 9. BONE PIN (FIG. 192; plate 309). L. 4. W at head 0.5, shaft0.35-0.2. Th. 0.3-0. 2.Three pieces of a once larger object, much abraded. Vaguely rounded side protrusionat head, square section. 10. See 6. 11. BONE PIN. (? shell). 12. 13. IRON ARCHED FIBULA. Five pieces (four 1. BRONZE

joining) fromthe bow, springand pin of a large fibula. The fourjoining pieces of the bow and spring,which are both rathermore than halfpreserved,have L. 12.3; the springspiral has D. 1.9 (external); average Th. 0.6. The fifthpiece, L. 4.5, is probably fromthe catch-pin. 14. BONE ATTACHMENT (fig. 192; plate 309). H. 4.8. W 2.1. Th. of sides 0.2-0.45. Dh. 1 at top, 1.4 X 1 below. Rather abraded and scratched, some chipping; and split in two. Mammalian limb bone. Pattern of bulges, ridges and grooves most probably put on by lathe. Compass drawn circles on sawn base, to aid shaping of this area. 15. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R. 16. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). 2.4 X 2.1 X i.i. Wt. 10 g. Part of forearm,two small bosses and a larger, central boss, probably of a SapounaSakellarakiType III. 17. IRON ARCHED FIBULA. Three non-joining pieces of the catch-pin and spring of a smaller fibula than 12/13. Two pieces from catch-pin. L. 5.4 and 2.1. Average Th. 0.5. Third piece consists of spring spiral, D. 1.3, to which are attached short lengths of the catch-pin (L. 2.2) and the arch (L. 1.2). On one side of the springspiral is preserved a clear impression of textilefromthe grave shroud. 18. SHELL, SPINY OYSTER (spondylus gaedaropus). 4.3 X 4.1.

Tomb 44 SW (figs. 5, 24; plate 19 a) L. overall:5.40.Dromos: L. c.3.40. W. 1.06.Stomion: Chamber:1.90 X c. 1.60. destroyed. The dromos had evenlycutparallelsides,slopinginwardstowardsthetop.It rosea vertical distanceofc. 1.00fromtheapproximate to itsend and at a mean angle positionofthestomion

go


of 130.The blockingwall,stomion The and adjacentpartofthechamberhad been obliterated. chamberappearedto have been round.The roofhad been destroyed; theback wall survived to a heightof0.60. The floorwas at least1.00belowmodernsurface. - 44, 48, 60, 61- withsimilarlinesto E and W, The tombwas theN-mostof a line offour NW on the sideofthemainconcentration was E byS,WbyN. oftombs.Itsorientation matrixafterhandThe tombwas firstseen as a head of dark soil withinits kouskouras blockingwall and partof cleaningan area previously mechanically strippedoftopsoil.Stomion, the chamberwere destroyedby the enclosureof the mortuarychurch,the S-mostpart of whoseWwallcutrightacrossthetomb. wall consistedofa thickpinkplaster'floor'supportedon a layerofstonesc. The perimeter 0.50 thick,.Belowthesewas a fillof brownearthrightdownto thechamberfloor.The only findin thechamberwas a bitofan ironknife. Tomb 45 SW (figs. 5, 24, plate 19 b-c) L. 3.70.W. 1.36.Stomion: L. overall:5.40.Dromos: 0.25 X c.0.65. Chamber:1.80 X 1.50 withparallel sides, sloping This small, neatlycut tomb had a relativelybroad dromos weretwostagesin itsstone there stomion was an of The at preserved; angle 140. upwardsevenly a on slab stones rested field Four courses of 0.75 X 0.44 X 0.16,lying carelessly piled blocking. fromthefinaluse. former the but of the the latter resited, flat, originalblocking, probablypart A step(0.25) led fromstomion to the oval chamber,whoseroofwas lost,back wall preserved 0.80 high.The chamberfloorwas 2.00 belowmodernsurface. was E by N, W by S, The tomblay withinthe N-S group30-45-24-25-56.Its orientation withthechamberon theE side. as a head of darksoil contrasting The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilstripping matrix.Two HL inhumationgravesoverlayit- T. 49 above and withthe whitekouskouras acrosstheNEsideofthechamber,T 55 in theWhalfofthedromos, cuttingintoitsS edge.The tombwas muchdisturbed. was excavatedas level 1 (fourbaskets).Though it containedmuch broken The dromos disturbed no numberedfindswererecoveredduringexcavation.In thehomogeneous, pottery, a coarse of remains were the floor above the and on fill(level2 twopottery pithos, baskets), 3. amphorae,4, 6, and a bell-skyphos, 1, twoEPG stirrup jars, 2 + 5, 7, twofragmentary Onlythelastwas foundcomplete.OtherobjectsincludedÍ2, partofa silverpin,f4, remains ofa bronzefibula,£5+ 6 + 7, an ironspearheadand £8,ironspearhead. POTTERY (PLATE 108) 1. "'COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 14. DB. 16.5. Many frs.includingbase. Orange clay,greycore; whitegrits.Squared lip, flaton top; ridgebetween neckand shoulder.Ridge above narrowfoot,bevelled base. Triple circles stampedoutside lip, at base of neck,and on shoulder. 2. Vacatpartof5. 3. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11.1. DR. 8.4-9. High conical foot.Upper two thirdsof body coated inside and out; carefulspiralroundlowerbodyinside.EPG. 1.17. Cf.Ay.Ioannis 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. oflargestfr. 21. DR. c. 20. Frs. of rim,neck withshoulder,and

base. Squared lip,flaton top,sharpouteredgeswith groove below; ring foot. Quadruple circles on shoulder;fullycoated above withwhitetriplecircles on lip and at centreofneck;painton lowerbodyand foot.EO. 5. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 85). H. 11.8.Complete.Spike on disc,straphandles,highflaringfoot.Painton disc, bars down frontof true neck, paint inside lip. Shoulder: shortverticalbars. EPG. Cf. Ay.Ioannis VIII.7. 6. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c.49. Upper parts,and frs.of base. Reddishclay,greycore,white and greygrits,buffsurface.Squared lip, sharp rim;

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 44-5, 48 ridgebetweenneckand shoulder,plump,ovoidbody, flatbase. Detachedspiralson shoulder.Two bands on lowerbody,one at base. Loops round handle roots. Band insiderim.EPG, early.Cf.E no. 160. 7. STIRRUP JAR (FIG.85). H. c. 14.Upperpart,belly fr.,base. Concave disc withoutspike,straphandles, tallthinfalseneck(trueneckmissing), air-hole;plump ovoid body,highconical foot.Concentriccircleson

g!

disc, handles barred,ringsaround roots;horizontal dashes on falseneck. Shoulder,compositetriangles: on front,concavedouble outline,verticalhatchingto L, horizontalto R., withzigzagbelow;on back,as in drawing.Band betweenlines,twolines,band on foot. EPG. 8. CUP H. 10. DR. 13. Most of rimand partofwall lost.Bellycoated,worn.E 166,classB (iii).LO.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE COIN. 2. (?) SILVER PIN fr.L. 3. D. 0.4. Wt. 1.5 g. Much - pin shaft? oxidised 3. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)1.7 X 1.2.Th. less than0.1. Wt. 1.5g. Affix(?) ratherthanvessel. 4. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.4. Wt. 1.8 g. Forearmand catchplatelost.Springof one completeturn;non-joining pin fragment. Blinkenburg I.i2a = Sapouna-Sakellaraki Ig. Scrap of metalwiththis piece (twistoftwothinrods)non-belonging. 5-7. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 173; plate 287). Completein fourjoiningpieces,ofwhich6 comprises mostofsocket,7 (twopieces)junctionwithblade and 5 tipofblade.TogetherL. 24.8. Socket:L. 10.5.D. 2.2 taperingto 1.6. Blade: W. at shoulder3.3 tapering

steadilyto tip.Th. c. 1.5,withno perceptiblemidrib after first2 cms of blade. Badly corroded; one shoulderofblade chipped. 8. IRON SPEARHEAD (tip only) (fig. 173). Six joiningpieces; togetherL. 19.8. W at firstbreak3.4, then slightlyconvex edges convergingto blunttip. Max Th. 0.5. Barely perceptible midrib. From a size. spearheadofsubstantial 9. BRONZE TWEEZER fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.2. W 1.9. Wt. 3.3 g. Part of arm, whole of blade fromone side;blade relatively broad. 10. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 192). Fr., brokenat both ends; PL 3.8. W. (tapering)0.8-1.0. Dh. 0.55. Squared,each side bearingirregular groups ofinciseddiagonals.

Tomb 48 SW (figs. 5, 25, plate 19 d-e) L. overall:7.48.Dromos: L. 5.60. W. 1.10-1.20.Stomion: Chamber:2.68 X 1.65. destroyed. The dromos outlinewas slightly It an at evenangleof 12.5o.A step irregular. slopedupwards from dromos down to chamber floor must mark the inner (0.24) roughly edge of thedestroyed stomion. The back wall of thechambersurvived0.12 high.The remainder, and theroof,were The floor was at least below 2.00 modern level. The chamber had evidently destroyed. ground been oval in Three courses of what remained of the wall wereinsitu, originally plan. blocking width 0.40 high,surviving 0.70. The tombwas secondin a groupoffourcloselyjuxtaposedin a N-S line(Ts. 44, 48, 60, 61) immediatelyN of the N-S line- 30-45-24-25-26. The orientationwas 50 S of E-W, the chamberon theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalremovaloftopsoilas a head ofdarksoil contrasting withthe kouskouras matrix.The NE side of the dromos and the NE side of the chamberwere from c. from the wall the foundation trenchoftheenclosurewallof destroyed 0.65 blocking by themortuary church. Formostof itslengththerewererelatively fewfindsin the dromos. At theW end, however, the fillof a robbingpit extendedover the whole widthof the dromos, from1.80 fromthe wall. In the area of the were found fi and In the f2 blocking pit (glassfragment) (gold umbo) brown were bronze three fibulae light pit-fill fragments (fia, 5, 7-8, 10) (f2a, 3, 6) and a fibulaspring(f% 73. ARYBALLOS (fig. 87). H. 8. Complete.Mouth, tongues.Handle barred.Shoulder,quadrupletongues. Lowerbodydark.E 159,classK. LO. 4. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.5. Gap in wall, chipped lip. Radiating lines on mouth, uneven tongues on shoulder.Below,unevenbands.LO.

13Thenumber from 8 inthepottery 34.£40wassubsequently giventothefaience phiale,transferred catalogue.

96


5. POINTED ALABASTRON. H. 15.Chips fromlip Pinkmicaceousclay,flakysurface. and wall-surface. Cf.E no. 1527.East Greek? 6. SMALL BELL-KRATER (fig.89). H. 22.5.DR. 17.6. Complete.On thereverseside,splashesofpaintbelow ofE no. 11. S's. SM/EPG,largerversion theinterlocking 7. Vacat. 8. SQUAT OINOCHOE (fig. 90). PH. 14.3. Large gaps in shoulder,wall and mouth,handle missing. Brownclay,dark red-brownpaint, added whiteon some animals, rosetteson neck. Shoulder,grazing deer in mixedsilhouetteand outline.Below handle, spider-likeoctopus. Bands: dark with white dotrosettes, inverted lotus-buds, thick chevrons. Underside,large outlinetongues.East Greek?about 630.AR 25 (1979)55,fig.39. Ann61 (1983)40, fig.9. 9. KOTYLE. H. 8.3. DR. 11.5.Gaps in rimand wall, one handlelost.Betweenhandles:A, net pattern;B, cross-hatchedlozenges. Rays. Double circle on underside.LO. H. 9.3. Some 10. LEKYTHOS, mushroom-topped. surfacechips.Granularred clay,fullycoated in semilustrousorangepaint.Straphandle,ringfoot.Pairsof groovesbelow neck-ridgeand shouldercarination. CypriotRed Slip II. Cf. SCETV.2,fig.43, 6. 11. OINOCHOE (figs. 87, 88). H. 30.7. Small gaps in neck,body,foot.Buffclay,creamslip,darkbrown paint, faded. Mouth coated, guilloche on neck. Animalfriezes:on shoulder,goose, griffin, goat, on eitherside of lotus and palmette complex. Below, betweenbands of loop interlace,friezesof grazing goats,and fallowdeer withdog. Fillingornamentof rosettes,swastikasand lozenges.Lotus and palmette frieze.Triple rib handle, diagonal stripesbetween dots. Rotelles,quadrated with trianglefill.Middle WildGoat,c. 630. Cf.Arkades 125,fig.107.AR 25 (1979) Ann. 61 40. (1981) 54. 12. SQUAT JUG. H. 22. Largegaps in base and wall. Grouped lines inside mouth.Outside, tall triangles and lions and guillocheon neck,black-figure griffins on shoulder,withtreeof life.Lines and bands,rays. Triplecircleson underside.Handle, fourribs,outer onesbarred,innerones dark.LO. AR 25 (1979)53 and fig.30. Ann.61 (1983)40. 13. ARYBALLOS (fig. 87). H. 7.5. Handle missing, gaps in walland mouth.Tongueson mouth.Shoulder, centralrosette,pendentbee-lotuses,dottedvolutes fromfrontto back, stepped meander. Lines and bands.E 159,class K. By the same hand as 13.5. Cf. fig.15,no. 107.LO. Ay.Paraskies, 14. POLYCHROME LID (fig. 87). D. 8.5. PH. 6.5. Frs. with cup handle and one ring.Traces of blue triangleand guillochewithred fill.E 164,class G (ii) (b). LO. 15. POLYCHROME LARNAX WITH LID (fig.92). Larnax: L. 39.4. W. at corner,25, in the middle23.8.

H. 21. Lid: L. 39.3. W. 25.5. Th. 1.1-1.4.Complete. Rathercoarse grittyred-brownclay,chaff-tempered. Panels inset on sides. Stringholes on lid, corresponding with pierced lugs inside rim. Ornament in blue and red, indecipherablebut for tracesof concentriccircleson one long side. Lid also decorated.LO. originally 16. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,parts of wall, two strap feet,verticalhandles. Paintworn.Betweenhandles,birds.Below,guilloche, faded panel-bands.Red and blue tonguesbetween feet.Feet,redbarsbetweenblue lines.LO. 17. *STAND. DB. e. 27. Frs. of base and neck,with ridge. On base, triangles between lines. Neck, guillochebelow ridge,double circlesabove. Perhaps for40. LO. 18. DINOS (FIG.89). H. 35. DR. 41. Gaps in rimand wall. Fullycoated inside.On eitherside of shoulder, applied volutesenclosingdaisies.Betweenthem,(A) daisies,withpalmettependentfromfirstand second, (B) loop interlace.Below,large guilloche.Dark base withreservedcentraldot. LO. AR 25 (1979)55. Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.4. 19. STANDED CUP (fig. 87). H. 12. DR. c. 11. Complete profile,but no handle preserved.Panels: rosette.LO. birds,flanking 20. CONICAL OINOCHOE. PH. 18.8.Frs.ofneck, handle, and part of shoulder.Fine pink-buffclay, firingto cream surface,black paint, added red and yellow.Dark ground,red yellowand black stripeson shoulder,withoutlineincision,yellowband thentwo fill. deer.Dot-rosette rowsofsilhouette lions,panthers, LPC /Transitional. Corinthian, 21. PHIALE. DR. c. 28. Frs.ofrim,handleand wall. Buffclay,creamslip,red and darkbrownpaint.Dot squares and billets on lip, eyes beneath handles. ornament.Red Betweenhandles,geese.Rosettefilling stripes,dottedsaltiresand billets,rays.Interiordark withreservedline and outlinelotustondo.Chian, c. 640 BC.Ann.61 (1983)40. 22. *KOTYLE. Frs. Fine cream clay, red-brown paint.Betweenhandles,fineverticals,squiggles.Fine fullycoated withreservedline below stripes.Interior, EPC. Cf.AJA45 (1941)38, fig.18. rim.Corinthian, 23. KOTYLE (FIG.87). Non-joiningfrs.of wall, lip and one handle. Handle barred. Betweenhandles, verticalsand squiggle panel, one double axe. Fine lines. Interiorfullycoated, reservedline below rim. LO. 24. OINOCHOE. PH. 10.3. Mouth and neck only. Cream clay,red-brown paint.Mouthfullycoated.On neck,trianglesand strokesbetweenfinelines,double EPC. axes and verticalson eitherside.Corinthian, 25. *MINIATURE DINOS. DB. 5. Frs.of base and halfofbody.Globularbody,evertedlip.Dark band on ofmouthcoated.LO. interior lip and shoulder,

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

Frs. of neck 26. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. and handle. Grouped verticals between paired bars. Handle, double reed, barred. LO. 27. Vacai. POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. 28. CYLINDRICAL Rim sherds. Red and blue stripes.Cf. 285.18. LO. 29. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.5. Frs. of base, shoulder, handle. As 34*25, and a pair to it. LO. 30. NECKED PITHOS. H. 39. Gaps in wall. White on dark, triple circles on neck, sixfold circles in reserved panel between handles, first and last thickened. Bands and lines, triple circles on topmost. Prong marks on handle-roots.Cf. Arkadesfig.287. LO. 31. SQUAT JUG. Frs. Orange clay with pale core, dark brown paint with added red. Double tongues with outline triangles between the arches, band with red stripes,broken meander. LO. OINOCHOE. Neck and 32. NARROW-NECKED mouth only. Mouth coated. Below mouth, eyes. On neck, diaper pattern. LO. PITHOS 33. *POLYCHROME (fig. 90). Frs. of body, one handle, one foot. Paint worn. Lower body, arcade, red and blue lotus and palmette chain, rosettes.LO. 34. Vacai SMALL

SITE

- T. 56

gy

35. *LID (FIG. 87). D. 17. Part of rim and one quarter of wall missing. Conical pillbox shape with knob. Bands. Probably for30. Cf. Arkadesfig.287. LO. 36. *JUG. Non-joining frs. of mouth, handle, and wall. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder,grouped lines. F 155, class D. LO. LID (fig. 87). D. c. 16. Frs. of 37. *POLYCHROME lid and knob. Blue guilloche with red fill,blue and red triangles. Cf. 285.15. Fits 16. E 164, class G (ii) (b). LO. AMPHORA. H. 46.7. D. 15. 38. NECK-HANDLED Nearly complete. Large white and grey grits, cream wash. Rounded rim, round handles with diagonal slashes, loops around the roots. Band below rim inside. SM/EPG. AMPHORA 39. NECK-HANDLED (fig. 89). H. 26.7. Most of neck missing. Fabric as 38. Strap handles. Shoulder: similar decoration on the reverse, but with three central verticals and one wavy line to R. S's on handles, loops round roots. Band inside rim. EPG. 40. *DINOS. Non-joining frs. of rim and body. Coated inside and out. In reserved band, guilloche, chequerboard, lozenges with circular top and bottom. Probably with 17. LO.

FINDS

1. IRON NAIL frs. Two joining pieces. Together L. 9.7. Head, D. 1.6. Shaft, square section, Th. 0.6 taperingto 0.5. 2, part of 3. IRON KNIFE frs.(FIG. 174; plate 288). Three joining pieces fromblade and beginning of hilt of a broad-bladed knife. Mineralized remains of organic sheath. L. 9.2. L. of blade 8. 3 (part). IRON DAGGER HILT, frs. Pommel and upper hilt are preserved in the two joining frs. with small flanges and two bronze rivets. Mineralized remains of organic hiltplates. L. 5. Max. W. 1.6. 4. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 95.5 g. Some 70 pieces + chips. 5-39. Vacant,(see p. 95) 40. BRONZE SHEET frs. Wt. 89 g. 100 formless pieces and chips. 41. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159). L. 2.1. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.5 g. Plain; pin shaftor part of fibula. 42. 43. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, frs.of lower body. Core: white, fine smooth. Glaze: blue/green, with some yellow.Broken at join line. Cf. AGF, 213. 44, 46. FAIENCE PYXIS. H. 5. H. of registers1.36. D. of rim 5.1. D. foot 3. Broken into many pieces, and surface worn and discoloured. Core: fine smooth yellow cream. Glaze gone, except for some green. Second half of seventhcentury.Cf. AGF, 157. 45, 47. IRON NAIL in two joining frs. (fig. 174; PLATE 288). Traces of copper and wood on shaft.

Overall L. 7.8. Head 3X3. Shaft, square section. Th. 1 tapering to 0.6; tip missing. 48. SHEET BRONZE frs.Approximately500 pieces, up to 8 X 5 X 0.1. Total weight 1.5365 kg. 49. BRONZE RING (?) fr.(fig. 159). L. 1.8. W. 0.3. Wt. 0.5 g. Sector of plain hoop ring (?), section round. Fibula (?) fr.(adhering are two scraps of gold leaf 0.1 X 0.3 and 0.1 X 0.2). 50. BRONZE PIN frs.(fig. 159; plate 270). (a) L. 2. D. of head 0.4 (b) L. 2. W 0.25. Combined Wt. 1.4 g. Head and upper shaft and non-joining fragment of slim pin with disc and finial head, horizontal ring mouldings on the shaft. VESSEL? Many frs, 51. GLAZED TERRACOTTA body Th. 0.7. Glaze: canary yellow with crazed surface, originally green? Core: very hard dark clay. Inside surfacewheel-ridged?Cf. 85. £2, 6. 52. FAIENCE HANDLE. With 34-f25. 53. BRONZE PIN? (fig. 159; plate 270). L. 2.9. W. 0.4. Wt. 1.1 g. Tapering shaft, round section, upper part hammered fiat and folded double. Repair to fibula? 54. SMALL SILVER RING. D. 1.6. W 0.2. Th. 0.1. Wt 0.8 g. Intact. Plain hoop, planoconvex section. 55. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS. Neck and fragmentsof lower body only. H. 2.8. W 1.8. Body H. 2.65. W. 2.9. Th. at top body 0.5, at bottom 0.3-0.2. Two other frs. 56. Vacai

g8


57. CLAY ATTACHMENT. H. 4.8. D. 5. Dh. 1.8. Battered segment from top of turned cylinder (modelled). Pale brownfabric,not well fired.One pegginghole (D. 0.35)betweentop and 'ball': tracesof blackpaint.Cf.57. £5-8forbetterpreserved pieces. 58. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, neck and shoulder. With34.f25« 59. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, neck.With34^26. 60. BRONZE PERFORATED DISC (fig. 159;plate 270).D. 1.9.Th. 0.1. Wt. 2 g. Purposenotclear. 61. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159).L. 2.3. D. 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Head and tip lost; part of shaft,withtrace of fine horizontal ringmouldings. 62. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159).L. 2.3. D. 0.2. Wt. 1 g. Tip and lowershaft, probablyroundsection(oxidised). 63. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 159; plate 270). H. 1.7. W. 1.3. Wt. 1.2 g. Scrap of lip and neck of aryballos? 64. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 65. BRONZE VESSEL fr.2.5 X 1.5. Lip of bowl or phiale(muchoxidized). 66. BRONZE VESSEL fr5.Larger1.7 X 1.2.Two frs. ofwallofphialemesomphalos, reededbody

67. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCH. 2.1 X 1.9. withtworivetholes. Fragment 68. BRONZE STRIP. L. 9.7. W 1. Incomplete; brokenfromsomething larger. 69. BRONZE VESSEL fr. L 9.4. W 1.2. With inturned(folded)lip,shapenotclear. 70. BRONZE SHEET frs.,decorated (plate 270). (Larger)2.6 X 2.4. Horizontalreliefridges. 71. BRONZE PIN OR FIBULA fr.L. 2.7. W 0.4. Eitherpin shaftfr.withpart of mouldingor fibula bow,ditto. 72. BRONZE PIN frs.(plate 270).Total L. 4.1. Head D. 0.6. Non-joining head fr. with horizontal mouldings+ tipand partofshaft. 73. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCH frs. (Largest) 2.8 X 2.2. Five pieces (all complete) with rivet holes. In addition,in the basketsfromlayer 1 were 129.5 § of bronze sheetfrs.(c. 90 pieces), including a largerpiece 10.7 X 8 X 0.15. Wt. 47.5 g. In two other baskets in the same layer were 106 pieces, Wt. 157g. 74. EGGSHELL. Some scraps; white hen's egg probably.

Tomb 57 SW (figs. 5, 19, 20) Ts. 34,56, 57) (See Introduction: Chamber:1.55X 1.10. L. 1.30.W. 0.60. Stomion: L. overall:2.50.Dromos: destroyed. seemto splayfromthepointwherethestomion As preserved, thesidesofthenarrowdromos A lineofthreestonessetagainsta step was. There is no upwardslopeto thedromos. originally mark the in situ and positionof the door blocking,ofwhichthey (0.15deep) mayhave been walls eitherside of the entrancewere chamber would have been the lowestcourse. The at obtuseanglesto it. There wereangularjunctionswiththe side walls,whichthen straight, describeda continuouscurveto formtheback wall.The roofwas lost;theback wall survived to 0.80 high,whilethechamberfloorwas 2.10belowmoderngroundsurface. This may have been the final tomb to have been squeezed into the N-S line Ts. thatis,T. 34 had been slottedintothegap betweenTs. 25 and 56. Its 30-45-24-25-56,after, chamberon theW side (actuallyitwas WbyN-E by s) makesitvery W-Eorientation, roughly unusual in the cemetery(though,see T. 229). It was constructedso thatthe S side of its ofT 56, whiletheE end ofitsdromos chambercutsthedromos overlaps,and confusestheWend abusedbythelargerobbingpit). ofT. 34's dromos (thisarea was further The tomb'sexistencewas onlyappreciatedat an advancedstagein theexcavationofT. 34's whichexposedthe destroyed and the consequentmechanicalremovalof overburden dromos, chamberand showedtherehad been twotombsback-to-back. was excavatedas layer2 (twobaskets),but was The fillof whatremainedof the dromos ofmudbrick, fromthefillsofTs. 34 and 56. Insidethechamberwerefragments indistinguishable and 4 scrapsofboneand manysherds.1 (E Greekbirdbowl),2 (LO oinochoe),5 (LO aryballos) A of number in the chamber,withf± (bronzepin),£5-8 (terracotta wereidentified objects). collected. madeup,inpartorwhole,fromthefragments othervasesweresubsequently

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 56-7, 59 POTTERY (PLATE 1 13) 1. BIRD BOWL. D. 13. Complete profile, about half the bowl and one handle lost. Interior fully coated save reserved ring on floor. Bird to R. between cross-hatched lozenge metopes. Lower body dark withreservedstripe.E. Greek. 650 or a littlelater. 2. OINOCHOE (FIG. 91). Gaps in wall and foot. Collaredneck,supernumerary spout,sharplytapered body, stemmedfoot,double reed handle. Handle barred, neck cross-hatched. Verticals on spout. Groupedspacedlineson body.LO. 3. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Gaps in wall. Tongues on mouth.Hatchingon neck.Shoulder,arcadedtongues; arcadedtongues.E 159,classL. LO. below,inverted 4. *SKYPHOS. DB. 4.4. Non-joiningfrs.ofrim,wall and ringfoot.Fullycoated.LO. 5. JUG (FIG.91). PH. 17.3.Upper halfonly.Collared neck,handle to collar,flatdisc mouth.Mouth,dark. Handle, alternatingtriplehorizontalsand verticals. Neck, below ridge,solid zigzag. Shoulder,retorted joined spirals.Groupedlinesbelow.Cf. TocraI, pl. 55, no. 921.LO.

99

6. POLYCHROME LID. PH. 7. Frs.oflid and knob. blue bands.E 164,classG (ii)(a). LO. Red stripes, (FIG. 91). Frs. of neck, handle, 7. OINOCHOE shoulderand body.Flat shoulder,triplereed handle. Mouthfullycoated. Neck,invertedtriangles.Handle, outer reeds dark. Shoulder, head and tail of seamonster. Belowhead,rosette.Fine lines,rays.LO. 8. *JUG. PH. 26. Frs. of body,parts of mouthand handle. Sixfoldcircleson shoulder,groupedlineson mouthand body.E 155,classD. LO. 9. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 91). H. 38. Gaps in wall, one and a half feet missing.Paint worn. Traces of red lozenges and red and blue chequers betweenhandles,red and blue chequersforprincipal band. Betweenfeet,redand blue rays.A pairwith10. LO. 10. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.92). DB. 18. Frs. of shoulderand wall, one verticalhandle, and one strapfoot.Paintworn.As 9. LO. 11. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 92). D. c. 18. Frs.of lid, centreand knob lost. Paint worn. Traces of red guilloche.Fitseither9 or io. LO.

SMALL FINDS 1, 3. Vacant. 2, 4. BRONZE PIN OR FIBULA fr.(fig. 159).L. 3.5. Wt. 1 g. In twopieces;oxidized;split. 5-8. CLAY CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS, seven(fig. 188; PLATE307). Broken.Solid, wheel-made.Hole in middle.Fromthelegsof a modelof a table?5, 6: H. 8.8. D. 4.8. Dh. 1.7. Much battered and broken condition,with many pieces missing;poorlyfired. Pale brownfabric,greyto the centre,coated in a whitekouskouras concretion. thesame shape Essentially as 7, withhere a pair of opposed peggingholes (D. 0.35). There are two small areas of red paint preserved.7: H. 8.7. D. 4.9. Dh. 1.7-1.8 X 2. Rather

battered,chipped, poorlyfired.Pale brownfabric, grey at the centre, coated in a white kouskouras concretion.Cylinderof clay apparently'turned'on the wheelto the desiredshape; top slightly hollowed, and with two cross-pegholes- in this case placed above each other(D. 0.35). Base flat.Once coveredin - whichwas solidpaintedred and whitepaint/plaster blackat end zones,withverticalstripesofthesame on the 'ball' and immediately belowit. 8: H. 3.6. D. 5.2. Dh. 1.7.Batteredbase segmentfromsimilarto above, much chipped.Pale brownfabric.Some black paint survives. 9. BRONZE SHEET fr.3.7 X 3.4. Wt. 7 g.

Tomb 59 SW (figs. 5, 26; plate

20 b)

PitO.66 X O.66 A sub-rectangular withoutotherfeatures. cuttingin thekouskouras, The gravelay close (i.o) W of thechamberof T. 82, 4.0 SWof the dromos of T. 56, itsmain axisNE-SW. The gravewas foundwhentopsoilwas strippedmechanicallyduringthe main searchfor othersubstantial chamber-tombs S of theN-S line 30-45-24-25-56.It lay ratherhigherthan mostoftheDA graves.It immediately adjoinedtheatypicalDA T. 80 (q.v.)and was fora time as side-chamber or dromos-niche ofthattomb.It was too severelydisturbedfor misinterpreted itshistory to be understood. The Ó oinochoe, 1 and LPC aryballos,2 were disturbedby the bulldozerbeforethe

ïoo

KNOSSOS

THE NORTH

CEMETERY

excavation.The gold ring,fi5 was foundin disturbedsoil (level i, one basket)and is not fromthegrave.3 and 4 (fragments ofO polychrome certainly pithoi)werefoundin thegrave; twomorevasesweresubsequently from foundwiththem. made up fragments partly POTTERY 1. *OINOCHOE (fig. 90).PH. 16. DB. 9. Mouth, neck and half body lost. Arcaded drops at base of neck,S's betweenlines on shoulder.Traces of white enhancement on bandsand lines.LO. 2. ARYBALLOS. H. 6. Complete save handle and partof mouth.Fine creamclay,darkpaint. Pointed. Shoulder,dots. Frieze of runningdogs in silhouette, LPC /Transitional. groupeddots,rays.Corinthian, 3. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of rim, body, base and strapfeet.Decorationcompletely lost.O.

4. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of base, three ribbedfeet,body.Worn;tracesofa lotuschainin blue abovebase,bluebarson one foot.MO. 5. ♦POLYCHROME LID. Frs.of domedlid for3 or lost.O. 4. Paintcompletely 6. TRAY (?) D. 22.2. Aboutone thirdpreserved.Red paint. Two petals of lozenge with incised outline. Betweenthemsilhouetteof dog runningR., incised outlineto one back leg.Inside:purpleand red spaced rings.LO.

SMALL FINDS 1. GOLD FINGER RING (fig. 153; plate 263). D. 1.4-1.9. Crushed. Hoop of sheetgold, ridged.Ends soldered.G. clumsily 2. CLAY WHORL (plate 306). H. 2.3. D 2.6. Dh. °-35~°-9-Wt. 10.5 g. Badly shattered,ends lost and much of surfacetoo. Pale brown fabric,redder at a piercedcylinderonce,unevenly surface.Presumably piercedstringhole.

3. Vacai. 4. GLASS VESSEL frs.R. 5. BRONZE VESSEL, fr.2.3 X 1.5.W 0.25.Wt.2.75g. Plainlip ofbowlor phiale. cut-out(?).L. 1.5.Wt.0.1g. 6. BRONZE fr.,leaf-shaped In addition,in layer2 were 60 bronze sheetfrs.Wt. 90.2 g, the largest 4.5 X 3.4; one with cloth remains.

Tombs 60 and 138 introduction at T. 60 a featureappearedin theN wallofthedromos Duringexcavationofthechamber-tomb whichwas at first itsE end,besidethestomion, thoughtto be a niche,or sidechamber.As work itwas seen thatthiswas,in fact,partofthechamberofa smallchamberadvanced,however, tomb,T. 138,whichhad been dug at rightanglesto T. 60 so thatthechamberpartlyoverlay took up mostof the while its own dromos and immediatelyadjacent dromos, T. 6o's stomion distancebetweenT. 60 and T. 48, nextto the N. The bottomof T 138'schamberwas up to 0.80 abovethesurfaceofT 6o's dromos. Tomb 60 SW (figs. 5, 27, plates 20 c-d) L. 6.62. W. 1.15-1.10.Stomion: L. overall:8.85. Dromos: 0.50 X 0.30. Chamber:1.60 X 1.94.H. c. 1.00.

theroughlyparallelsideswanderingone or was cut somewhatirregularly, The long dromos more roseat 70,thereafter thedromos twodegreess oftheirlongaxis.For 1.50fromthestomion the and floor the chamber in between of was a difference there at ii°; height 1.50 steeply, was partlypreserved;a ratherroughstoneslab,0.31 X 0.15 The stomion mouthofthe dromos. X 0.05 on its floorwas probablythe loweststoneof the originalblockingratherthan the in frontof butimmediately The blockingas foundwas notbuiltwithinthestomion, threshold.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE -Ts. 59-60

I0I

thejambs, coveringalmostthefullwidthof the dromos. It was up to 0.50 high,made up of a in of stone,chiefly re-use,the lowerstoneslyingflat,threeupperstones,side-bymiscellany side,on end,thelargestc. 0.45 X 0.30. A step0.10 led downintotheroughlyoval chamber, muchoftheroofofwhichhad fallen.The back wall however, was preservedto itsfullheight. Towardsthebackofthechamberwas an ovalpit,0.45 X 0.41,0.10 deep. This tombbelongedto a N-S line of DA chambertombs,Ts. 44-48-60-61, withsimilar linesto E and W,on the NWside of the main concentration of tombs.The orientation was In the space betweenT. 60 and T. 48, nextto the N, werethe HL/R inhumation ESE-WNW. graves,Ts. 73 and 84, whilethesimilarT. 88 was at themouthofthedromos. The tomb was firstseen as a head of dark soil withinits kouskouras matrixafterhand was not only cleaning an area previouslymechanicallystrippedof topsoil. The dromos disturbedby T. 138 (q.v.)butby a robbingpit 1.92 X 1.90 close to the stomion, cuttingearlier fill.A bronze coin (£7)in the dromos fillhintsat an HL grave destroyedin the course of robbing. Formostofitslengththedromos was filledwitha uniform lightbrownsoil,containing many sherdsderivingfrompots whichhad evidentlybeen clearedfromthe chamber.Inventoried in themiddleofthedromos, includeda cremationpithoslid, 1, a skyphos, finds,concentrated an of iron and a bronze f2. The robbingpit in the SE 2, fragments sword,fi, fragment, corner of the dromos from the rest of the dromos fillduring (not kept entirelyseparate as well as iron bronze blade,fli, excavation)contained, pottery, fs, fragment, fj9 bronzecoin. Some dromos fill remained undisturbedbeneath the pit with a content of sherds and, in frontoftheblockingwall,thelowerhalfof an amphora,5, and an aryballos, immediately in NE the and SWcornersrespectively. The robbingpit had partlydisturbedthe blocking 4, wall. The chamberwas excavatedfromabove. The firstmetreofdepositwas a darkbrownsoil, a levelof kouskouras withpatchesof soil. There was G and O potteryin theupper overlaying of fill,fragments glass(fg, 12, 13), scrapsofbronze(fio) and an ironO pin (fu). On thetop of the kouskouras was a groupof vases whose associationmustdate fromthe robbingof the tomb.These werea pithos,7 + 9, a bell-skyphos, 6, a lid, 10, an oinochoe,11, a stirrup jar, and of another The in difference theappearanceofthefillis probablynot 12, part pithos,13. of chronologicalsignificanceas the lower kouskouras included a mixed group of sherds, PG-LG: a bell-skyphos, 14, and an ironfragment, fi4« Close to theentrancewas an ironpin, fi55 at theback of the chamberwas therest(15) of the cremationpithoswhichjoined 13, a ofunburntbone on thetop ofthe feeding jug, i6, on thes side.There weresome fragments butthedate ofanyinhumation is uncertain. kouskouras, POTTERY (PLATES 114-15) 1. CONICAL LID. Frs. of centreand wall. Hollow conical knob. Bands and lines, enhanced in white. EO. 2. SKYPHOS (FIG. 93). H. 7. D. 15.2. Nearly complete.Softorangeclay,tracesof creamslip inside and out,streakyred-brown paint.Lip: linesin cream slip overblackband; also inside.Painton lowerbody overlappingunder base. Inside, reservedband on lowerbody.Euboean LG II (T. 138).Eumousia, 29, fig. 3. *MINOAN LARNAX. Plain wall frs.Th. 1.8.

Grittyorangeclay,greycore,creamslip.LM III A-B. (T. 138). 4. SMALL OINOCHOE (?). PH. 4. Base to shoulder, stumpofstraphandle.Manywhitegrits.Flat base. No decorationvisible on shoulder,band on belly,lines below.PGB (?). Cf. 285.140. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c.50. DR. 16. Fragmentary,crumbling.Rounded rim, flat base. Neck fullypainted. Shoulder: two sevenfoldcircles each side,threelines.Two lineson lowerbody,band at base. S on handles.Thickband insiderim.EPG.

I02


6. *COARSE PITHOL Frs. of several vessels, (i) Whitegrits,dark red core, cream slip; straightrim withstampedcircles,root of straphandle,(ii) Body sherds,yellowwithhard whitegrits;fingergrooves. dark core, neck, handle and body (iii) Grey-yellow, sherds;straphandlewiththumbholesat base; below, roughgrooves,(iv)Bodysherds,roughsurface,cream withgreygrits;stampedrows of quadruple circles withstrokes betweentheouterpairs.LO. (T. 138). 7. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.93). H. 43. DR. 18. Three-quarters bases non-joining. Inset preserved, concavelip,risingrim.Bucraniumand straphandles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A-C, hatched battlement, triplezigzag, cross-hatchedlozenges;D Hatched is cross-hatched. similar,but the battlement meander below, stopped by bucrania. Columns of silhouettebirdson straphandles,bars above. Bands and linesbelow.MG, Horse workshop;forbirds,cf. 292.45 and 149. 8. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.2. DR. c. 6.4. HalfAs 14. EPG. mostofrimmissing. preserved, 9. Vacatjoined to 7. 10. OMPHALOID LID. H. 8.5. D. 23.5. Threequarterspreserved.Handle brokenoff.Cream slip. Inside:threebands,solidat centre.MG. 11. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. Frs.ofbody, neck and handle root only.Barred body.Neck and double Atfront, handledark.Spaced circles,leaf-band. tongueswithdottedlozengesbetweentheends.Lines, LO. smallcircle-rosette. quintuplecircleenclosing 12. *STIRRUP JAR. PH. 9. Base and lowerbody;fr. of belly,non-joining.Buffslip. Band and threelines belowshoulder;bandson lowerbody,painton conical underbase. As 31. PG. foot,overlapping 13. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Shortconcavelip,rising rim,singlehorizontaland straphandles,ringfoot. Paint on rim, lip otherwise reserved. Shoulder: hatchedbattlements. Panels,all betweencolumnsof intersectingverticalzigzags: A, C, massed double lozenges; B, D, two vertical hatched meanders forminga square design. Below, hatched meander between zones of billet; bands and lines. Bars on horizontal handles; on straps, bars across three verticallines.LG, relatedto Birdworkshop. 14. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 93). H. 7.7. DR. 5.8. Nearlycomplete.Creamslip.EPG. 15. Vacat: joins 13. 16. FEEDING JUG. PH. 9.5. Base to neckwithside spout;handleand mouthmissing.Cream slip.Bronze between stainon shoulder.Flat base, no articulation neckand shoulder.Both flanksdippedin paint.LPG (?),perhapswithbaskethandleas AJA5 (1901)no. 16. 17. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 32. DR. c. 17.Rim to lowerbody,frs.Insetconcavelip; thinline zone on rim,lip otherwisereserved.White-on-dark

above handles; chain of double lozenges,chevrons above and below.Panels,betweencolumnsof crosshatching:A, hatchedmeander;B, tracesofmotifwith diagonalleaves(cf.104.4); C, lozengecrossenclosing small quarteredlozenges; D, missing.Zones below: vertical chevrons;in white,grid enclosing double circles;bandsand lines.Painton handle.LG. 18. CONICAL LID. H. 9.3. D. 18.5.Three-quarters concave,rimturnedslightly preserved.Knob slightly outwards.Reservedcrosson knobwithcross-hatched quadrants.LG, early. 19. *DOMED LID (FIG.93). H. 5. D. 17.5. Nearly complete. White-on-dark:tongues, zigzags, dots, doublecircles.LG-EO; cf.19.27. 20. OINOCHOE. DB. 7.8. Frs.of base and handleroot. Thickly-packedside-circles;at frontmassed smalldoublecircles.LO. 21. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 21. One thirdbodyand base lost,gaps in wall and neck. Burnt.Mouth,handle and neck barred.Eyes on lip. Spaced side-circlesenclosing small double circles. Frontand back, large quintuple circleswith small doubleones at eitherside.LO. 22. OINOCHOE. PH. 14. Neck to below bellywith rootofdoublehandle.Thickfabric.Hard orangeclay, air-holes,whitegrits,not polished;mattblack paint. Neck: twolinesnearbreak,band at base. Body:seven intersected betweenbands on shoulder, fillets by large sevenfold circles on each flank, the outermost thickened.Double circleof thickand thinband with small double circleat centre,thricerepeatedwithin is missing). largecircleson flanksand on back(thefront Filling of small quintuple circles (the outermost thickened)betweenshoulderlines and largeflanking circles,twosetson one side,threeon theother;also in columnsof two on frontof shoulder,eitherside of a bisectedcross;and on bellywithintheflanking circles; of and on back.Painton thehandleroot.LG; imitation CypriotBoR II (Cf.292.94). RDAC1984,128no. 15. 23. TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. DR. 18. Frs. of upper and lower body. Panels: on either side, quadrated squares with lozenge fill;in centretwo spaced quintuplecircles,the innerones free-hand, dots in the space. Between them, small double freehandcircles.Bands and lines enhancedin white, EO. circleson theuppermost. largewhitefivefold 24. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 15.2.Frs.of rim,body.Handles and base lost. Betweenhandles, largesixfoldcircles.Bands and lines,on the topmost, largewhitetriplecircles.Dark lowerbody,EO. 25. CONICAL LID. PH. 8. PD. c. 16. Frs.of centre and wall. Rim lost.Flat knob on stem.Top of knob reserved.Tongues,linesenhancedin whitedots,lotus and palmettefriezewithwhitedots.Interiorcoated, savereservedcircle.Triplecirclein centre.LO. 26. *DOMED LID (fig. 93). H. c. 3.8. D. c. 18. Frs.


I03

White-on-dark: solid circle,double leaves,leaveswith midribalternatingwith double invertedchevrons, lozengechain.LG, early. 27. CONICAL LID. D. 18. H. 10.8. Most of rimand wall lost. Disc knob on tall stem.Spaced two-thirds circlewithstrokesin space on knob.Bands and lines. band. Perhapsfor24. EO. S's insteadofpenultimate 28. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 93). D. 16. PH. 4. Knob and one thirdwall lost. Domed, withshallow evertedrim.Decorationalmostcompletely lost,traces ofzone ofsingleredcircles.EO. 29. *PITHOS (FIG.92). DB. 14.2.Base, partof wall, and upper body only.Panel: threetreesof life,the centreone withtrianglestop and bottom.Bands and linesto base. MO. 30. STIRRUP JAR. H. 25.5. Gaps in body. Sharp spike on disc, air-hole,conical foot.Spiral on disc, solidpaintat edge continuingdown handles.Nozzle: paintbelow and insidemouth,dashes below.Circles roundhandleroots.Shoulder:fourcompositetriangle withstraight doubleoutline,dashesbetweentriangles on the base. Each triangleencloses a cross-hatched lozenge flankedby simple hatchingwithinlower angles.MPG. Cf.F. nos. 37,218. 31. STIRRUP JAR. H. 20.5. Half preserved,spout missing.Sharp spikeon disc,slightridgenear base of falseneck. Thin straphandles,air-hole,low conical foot. Spiral on disc, band at base of false neck. Handles:verticalwavyline betweenstraight line,ring

round root. Shoulder: composite triangleswithin straightdouble outline with various fillings:(a) enclosesthinconcave lozenge at centre,withfringe, and hatchingwithinlower angles; (b) alternating groups of threediagonal bars below,cross-hatched triangleabove; (c) as (a) but the lozenge contains horizontalhatching, MPG. (d) missing. 32. BELL-SKYPHOS (FIG.93). H. 13.6.DR. 9. ThreeWhitegrits, creamslip.Wavylinein quarterspreserved. reserved zone.Reservedcircleon floorinside.SM/EPG. 33. *PITHOS. Frs. of body and one handle-root. circles. Largefivefold 34. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of one horizontal rim.Quintuple handle,neckand shoulder,out-turned circleswithsmall circles,lines and bands, quintuple outermost betweenlines.O. thickened, 35. *LEKANIS (FIG.93). DB. 5. Frs.Completeprofile. Nickedrim,ribbonhandle.Unpainted.LO. 36. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Fragmentary. Hard buffclay,purplish core, cream slip, fugitive black paint. Neck coated; eightfoldcircles, single bandsonly.Similarto 5. EPG. 37. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Body frs.only. Hard orange clay,red core, black paint. As 5, but ninefoldcircleson shoulder, singlebandsonly.EPG. 38. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 16.5. Shoulder to lower body,stumpof straphandle.Ovoid. Shoulder:crosshatchedtriangleflankedbycolumnsofcross-hatching. Bands and linesbelow.LPG (?).

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON SWORD frs.Two joiningpieces of severely worn and corroded hilt (?) of sword. Mineralized remainsof wood. TogetherL. 9. W. 2.7, taperingto 2.2. Max Th. 0.5. No signsof flanges;widestpart in middle.Could belongto 4 below. 2. BRONZE STRAP fr.1 X 0.4 X 0.1. Wt. 0.4 g. Incompleteeach end. 3. LIMESTONE SUPPORT (plate 305). H. 14. D. 32. CentralhollowD. 24. Ratherbattered.Softwhite. base, and side facets(up to six or seven), Rough-hewn ofwhichtwoare morecarefully cut. Centreof upper face contains a circular,shallow recess (2.3 deep), rimmedby a low ledge,suitablefortakingthebase of an urn. Reutilizedpiece, as fragmentary decorative motifat edge shows.Perhapsforsteadyingcremation urn(T. 138). 4. IRON SWORD BLADE fr.(fig. 174).L. 14.6. W. 2.5, taperingto 0.4. This appears to be the lower blade ofa straight, one-edgedswordor largeknifelike E no. 1612 (fromtheroughlycontemporary Tomb P). Mineralizedremainsofwood. Massivesection,Th. at back 0.8; cuttingedge blunted,Th. 0.3. As noted,1 maybe fromthehiltofthesameweapon. 5. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two non-joining

piecesfromblade: (a) L. 4.6. OriginalW. 2.4; (b) L. 2. W. 2.2 Straightblade. 6. BRONZE frs.Wt. 0.5 g. Three oxidizedcrumbs. 7. BRONZE COIN. 8. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 0.6. W 0.4. Wt. 0.3 g. Incompleteeach end. 9. GLASS VESSEL frs.R. 10. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 2.3. W. 0.35. Wt. 0.6 g. Twojoining;incompletebothends. 11. IRON PIN (FIG.174).Three piecesjoiningto form complete pin. L. 9. Head D, c. 2. Shaft squaresectioned,Th. 0.5 at firstbreak, taperingto point. Slightlybent;corroded,so thatthehead appearsas a somewhatshapelessmass. 12. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 12a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.1.2 X 0.5. Wt. 0.7 g. thickbodyfr. Relatively 13. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 14. IRON KNIFE BLADE fr.PartoflowerbladeofoneMineralized remainsofwood.L. 4.8. W. 1.9, edgedknife. to 1.5.Straight, fromsamebladeas 5. tapering possibly 15. IRON PIN fr.(FIG. 174). Near-completepin of same type as 11, but smaller.L. 7. Head D. c. 1.6. Shaftsquare-sectioned, Th. 0.4. Tip missing.

Î04


Tomb 61 SW (figs. 5, 28; plate 20 e-f) L. overall:6.io. Dromos: L. c.4.60. W. 1.34.Stomion: Chamber:1.90 X 1.20. destroyed. The dromos outlinehad a slightcurvearoundmidpoint.The dromos slopedupwardsat angles A from dromos down to chamber floormustroughly from the the 5°-i4°. step (0.14) varying marktheinneredge ofthedestroyed stomion. The roofoftheoval chamberwas lost;theback wall survivedto 0.60 high.The floorwas 1.40 below moderngroundsurface.There was a smallniche0.65 X 0.45,oval in plan,itsfloor1.0 higherthanthechamberfloor,immediately S ofthechamber.Itsrelationship to T 61 is quiteuncertain. The tombwas one of a groupof fourcloselyjuxtaposedin a N-S line (T 44-48-60-61) WoftheN-S line30-45-24-25-56.Its orientation was closeto E-W,thechamber immediately E on the side. The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilremovalas a head of darksoil contrasting withthesurrounding whitekouskouras matrix.It was thoroughly plundered. a homogeneous The upperfillofdromos and chamberwas dugas a singlelevel,1 (fourbaskets), In thechamberthisoverlay level2 (one brownsoilmixedwithkouskouras, littlepottery. containing a HL or R tile massof stoneand rooftile.This featuremightrepresent basket),an incoherent and itsblockingin theprocess.Such thestomion gravecutintotheupperchamberfill,destroying havebeen destroyed, perhapsduringCh buildingactivity. hypothetical grave(s)willsubsequently Level4 (twobaskets), ofkouskouras, laybetweenthebottomofthisdebrisand the largely consisting floor.The potteryfromthe fillswas heterogeneousincludingSM, PG, G and O. Several of the same SM neck-handled amphoramaypointto the tomb'suse earlyin the fragments The niche contained twosmallLG pots,1 and 2. cemetery's history. (supra) POTTERY (PLATE 116) i. LEKYTHOS (fig.93).H. 11.3.Complete.Red-brown browntracesoflightslip,fugitive clay,polishedsurface, Flat blackpaint.Roundhandleattachedto neck-ridge. base. Band underlip,twolines,band on ridgeand at base of neck.Shoulder:threetriplecircles.Sevenlines on belly,band at base. Verticallinesdownhandle.LG. BoR. RDAC1984,132no.40. Closeimitation ofCypriot

ALABASTRON. H. 10. 2. TREFOIL-LIPPED Complete. Strap handle, narrow concave base. Three double circles on shoulder. Band at base. Paint on handles and inside rim. LG-EO. E 159, class G (i). Creamslip. 3. PYXIS (FIG.93). H. c.7.5. Fragmentary. LG-EO. Grooveunderneath.

Tomb 63 SE (figs. 6, 21; plate 21 a) Cremationpit.D. 0.30. Depth c.0.30. fillofT 28 (q.v.). A smallpitcutintotheuppermostdromos The gravewas in theE partofthemostcongestedarea ofthenecropolis,on itsS side.No orientation. of Is thisa distinct FoundduringtheexcavationofT. 28's dromos. tomb,or a finalinterment insteadofbeingplaced in thechamber?The groupwas placed on a T 28, setintothedromos, but not deliberatedeposition.T. 28 was disturbed, layerof pebbleswithinitspit,suggesting this that believe to is no reason there in so were stones and its position, blocking plundered, late is the of date The PGB/EG-MG chamber. from the was removed enoughto group group be laterthanthelastLPG-PGB materialin T. 28. The pitcontaineda fragmentary urn,5, overthetop ofwhichbone was found.Therewere a ribbed also a skyphos, 1, juglet,2, a pyxis,3, an aryballos,4, a juglet,6, and an oinochoe, filland theoverlying fromthedromos collected sherds were topsoil. 7. Joining

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

POTTERY (PLATE 1 16) 1. SKYPHOS. H. 9.3. DR. 12.6.Nearlycomplete. Short concavebase. Insidefullypaintedbut offset; lip,slightly forreserved bandat rimwithgroupsofbars.MG. 2. OINOCHOE. H. 13. Complete.Grittymicaceous red clay.Straphandle,disc foot.Six grooveson lower neck,elevenverticalribson body.PGB-EG. 3. PYXIS (FIG.93). H. 8.8. DR. 5. Complete.Same designon bothsides.MG. 3a. PYXIS LID (FIG.93). H. 5. D. 7.2. Partof knob brokenoff;possiblyin formof a bird,the forepart Hole throughstem.MG. Fits63.3. missing. 4. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.6. Complete. Strap handle,flatbase; fullycoated.M-LG.

SITE

- Ts. 61, 63, "IV 65

l0^

5. *PITHOS fr.PL. 10.5. Body fr.Two groups of reservedlines.G. 6. JUGLET. H. 7.2. Complete. Strap handle, flat base. Handle barred.MG. 7. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.4. Complete. Red paint.Straphandle,flatbase. Fullycoated.G. 8. *JUGLET.PH. 5.3. Bodyonly.As 6. MG. 9. KALATHOS. H. 8.4. D. c. 17. Half preserved. Everted concave lip. Flat base with bevelled edge. Irregularstarunderneath.Thick bars on rim;inside fullypainted but fortwo reservedbands. PGB. Not fromT. 63. certainly

'Tomb' 65 This designationwas givento a shapelesshead of darksoil visiblein its kouskouras matrixa shortdistanceSWofT. 61,investigated at thesame timeas Ts. 6o561 and 138.It provednotto be a tomb.The excavatedarea was roughly5.00 squareat thesurface;testsreachedover3.00 intothefilling. The upperlevelcontainedthefamiliarfillofbrownsoil mixedwithkouskouras, includingR debris,HL and earlierpotteryencounteredin all the pillagedgraves.As workadvancedin whatcontinuedobviouslyto be made ground,the anticipatedsignsof tombconstruction(s) failedto materialize, whilethecutting(ifsuchitwere)in thekouskouras remainedformless. No of level was detected. change Deep in thefill,severaldisplacedporosblockswereuncovered, builttomb.But briefly raisingthe hope thatthefeaturemightproveto be a much-destroyed the blocks proved merelyto be a featureof the fill; nothingwithwhich theycould be connectedunderlaythem. Excavationstoppedbeforethe bottomof the fillwas reached,it beingclear that,ifthere had everbeen a tombhere,it had been totallydestroyed A possible by subsequentactivity. explanationforthe featureis thatit had been a quarrypit forthe extractionof kouskouras, of themortuary withtheheterogeneous subsequently (perhapsin thelifetime church)refilled debrisofwhichthedisturbed topsoiloverthesitemustbythattimehaveconsisted. Cataloguedmaterialrecoveredfromthefillrangedin datefromPGB to LO. POTTERY (PLATE 116) 1. JUG-ARYBALLOS (fig.93). H. 10.3.Rim and foot chipped.Trace ofcreamslip.PGB. 2. SKYPHOS (fig.93). H. c. 8.9. DR. c. 18. Frs.,rim to lowerbodywithhandle,and non-joining base. Fine orange-buffclay, small brown grits,a littlemica, lustrousblack paint.Body gadroonedin imitationof metal;tonguewithchevronson each gadroon.Under base: hatchedleaves witha midrib,radiatingfrom centre(missing);dot rosettesin field;fourcircles,dots underfoot.Exactlythe same designinsideon floor. AtticMG. 3. *CUP (FIG.93). H. 7.8. DR. c. 14. Halfpreservedin severalfrs.Whitegrits.Reservedpanel of quadruple

zigzag, flankedby bosses. Handle barred. Reserved circleon floorinside.MG; earlierthan75.93. 4. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 93). H. ofbowl 8.4. DR. c. 14. Three frs.of rimand body, with upper part of one leg; ring handles missing. Micaceous reddishclay,whitegrits,grey-brown core. Shallowbowl withbeginningof flatbase. Massiveleg withtwo deep groovesoutside,separatedby rib with horizontalnotches.Frs.withattachments ofothertwo legs.PGB-EG. Cf. 100.3. 5. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 93). PH. 7.5. DR. c. 14. Four frs:rim,upper part of leg, and two morerimfrs.withpartsof ringhandlesand

!06


verticalstraps.Micaceousred clay,whitegrits,biscuit moreuniform than4. Roundringhandlesattachedto fromshoulderto shoulder;verticalstraps,flattened, lowerbody.Massiveleg, roundedinside,flatoutside withthreeverticalgrooves.Diagonalnotchesbelowlip; on shoulder, groupofsixhorizontal grooves.PGB-EG. 6. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 18. Belly fr.Buffslip.PGB.

7. CYLINDRICAL LID. H. 5.9. D. 19. Flat base, convexside.Interior, unpainted.Lines.EO. 8. ANIMAL VASE (LION?). Fr. of breast.Massed dots.LO. 9. TRAY. Fr.of base only.Interior, tongues,reserved in dark band. Exterior,circles,paired voluteswith outline tear-drops above and below, bar in one outlinedlozengein theother.LO. interstice,

SMALL FINDS 1,2. Vacant.

3. EGYPTIAN BLUE, JUG frs.,wall (plate 296). 5 X 3.2 Th. 0.4-0.9. Crumbly, brightsoftblue.

4. EGYPTIAN BLUE, reededhandleofvessel(PLATE 296). PH. 5.7. W. 2.2. Th. 0.8. Fabricas 3.

Tomb 69 SE (figs. 6, 21; plate

216)

Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69). (See Introduction: No significant dimensionswere established.No featureswere positivelyidentified-see infra. generaldescription, withT 28, at the E end of the line of earlytombs106-26-40-112 The tombinterlocked couldhavebeen NNE-SSW. -28-18 acrosstheS end ofthesite.The orientation The tombwas firstnoticedbecause it had destroyedthe S end of the W wall of T 28's dromos. It appeared as a head of brownearthcontainingseveralfairlylarge stones,and a W of T. 28. It had one skull.It was laterseen as a veryirregularcuttingin the kouskouras wall. At WSW from T. c. 28's W dromos a of distance 1.00) running fairlystraightedge (over the S end was a narrowbut distinctbulge in the tomb'soutlineand betweenthisand the skull [supra)were some unburnt'uninformative,gracile' pieces of bone. The distance betweenthe skulland the bulge (c. 1.80-1.90) and its width(0.55) suggestshere was the remainsof a HL/R grave.Apart fromthisthe tomb came down to a 'floor'0.88 below surface,at the S end of whichwas a small,squarishpit, 0.45 X 0.40 X 0.35 deep, empty apartfroma stone,and itspurposeunknownAt the N end was a cutting,possiblya niche, withfloor0.34 above thatofthe tomb.In it was 2, partofa LO pithos;i, a LO miniature cup, was 0.20 E of it at a slightlyhigherlevel in the fill.An O oinochoe,3, was made up fromsherds. fillof T. 28 was in two sections,the dividingline approximatelyfromthe The dromos wall to a pointjust N ofT. 28.1 againstthe E dromos T pointwhere 69 cut T 28's W dromos in thefill sterilebackfill.Sherdswereplentiful kouskouras stable N line was wall. ofthis hard, Ó dromos were T. as 28's level T. of 28's as taken and were S oftheline, 1, pots 1-3. up part ofT. It seemslikelythatthe SWoutlineofT 69 (supra)continuedintoand acrossthe dromos material be associated should in dromos line S of the 28's material the actually 28, and that fromtheT. 69 fill.This, in combination,mightrepresentan O tomb,orientatedNNE-SSW, to which1, 2 and 3 (supra)actuallybelonged.The witha possiblechamberin 28's dromos wall would thenbe explainedas a destroyedblocking in dromos T. in 28's the stones cutting was observed No chamber wall. duringexcavation,however,and theE wall ofT. 28's dromos LO interment The was unaffected. presumablyrepresentedby T 69's 1 and 2 may have the to addition been a deliberate tomb,or an unconnected,laterpithosburialin a shallow pit.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE POTTERY 1. MINIATURE CUP. DR. 6. H. 4.3. Complete, at biscuitstage.Fullycoated inside squashedslightly and out.E 166,classB (iii).MO. 2. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. c. 20. Frs.of base, nonjoining body sherds,one rim sherd. Pink clay with blackand whitegrits.Stampedcircleson edge ofrim; grooveson body.Cf. Q,57- LO.

"IV 65, Ts. 69, 75

wy

3. *OINOCHOE (fig. 92). Frs. of body,neck and mouth.Whiteon dark,worn.Lines on neck,tongues on shoulder.Chain ofenclosedopposedvolute-florals, withbars supportingdouble lozengesbetweeneach pair.Lines.EO.

Tomb 75 W (figs. 4, 29-30; plates 21 c-e, 22) L. overall:n.6o. Dromos: L. 9.75.W. 1.10-1.30.Stomion: 0.35 X 0.78. Chamber:2.15 X 1.60. The dromos, whosesidesnarrowedslightly for5.80 ofitslength,thencewidenedagain to its mouth.It rose 1.64fromthestomion to itsmouthat a sloperangingfrom50 nearthestomion to X X at in There was a the 1.20 stomion, 150 midpoint. largedoor-slab,displaced, 0.50 0.10, cantedat an angleof30o in thedirectionofthestomion. There was a stonethreshold-slab the widthand depthof thestomion, on whichstoodtworoughlysquare stones,thelarger0.20 X 0.20 X 0.15,perhapsonce partof the originalblockingwall. The sub-rectangular chamber had lostitsroof;thebackwallwas preserved 0.60 high.The floor,whichhad been strewnwith finegravel,was 3.00 below moderngroundsurface.Two stone blocks on the floor(one insitu)mayhave been standsforcremationpithoi.There was a nicheon theN side evidently ofthedromos, 1.50fromthestomion, 0.90 wide,1.10deep,0.68. high,itsfloor0.40-0.55 higher thantheadjacentdromos surface.Immediately above itwas a second,laterniche,1.40wide,up to 0.74 deep,0.50 high,itsfloor1.15belowmodernsurface. - was theN of a N-s series The tomb- one ofthelargestin thecemetery (75-107-132-129) in theW centreof thenecropolis.Its orientation was E by S-Wby N, deviatingby one or two degrees to the S of the mean orientationof the main groups of chamber tombs in the cemetery. The tombwas firstseen as an inchoatehead ofdarksoilagainstthewhitekouskouras matrix, uncoveredafterthisarea had been mechanicallystripped.Though superficialdamage was caused by HL grave digging{infra)the tomb remainedsubstantiallyuntouchedfromthe momentofitsfinal,LO, use. As suchit is a paradigmofthecomparatively chaoticconditions createdin a tombrepeatedly usedforseveralgenerations. Between40 and 50 cremationpithoi wererecovered;pithoihad been committed notonlyto thechamberand dromos nichesbut,at theend, to a pit in the dromos fillabove thestomion. At some time,a largeamountofpottery, includingseveralcremationpithoi,was smashedand thrownoutintothedromos. Excavationofthedromos locatedtheremainsofmorethanone HL inhumation. The firstto be foundhad cutthrougha groupofO vasesat theE end,nearthestomion. Onlytheleg bones remained,withwhichare to be associatedtheHL bottles,2 and 4. The grave(notseparately w in theupperfillweretracesof numbered)was orientated roughlyNW-SE.Some 1.50further anotherHL burial,a lowerjaw to whichadhered(£4)a bronzedrachma(perhapsa Cretan imitation ofa coin ofRhodesofc. 200 BC).Nearbywas £5,an HL terracotta lamp.The upper, ratherhard dromos fillwas removedas layer1 (twobaskets),quicklyexposingthe groupof O vases damagedby the HL grave{supra).The depositcontainingthe groupof O vases (layer 2-fivebaskets)consistedof brownsoil and kouskouras, mixedwitha littlesmallrubble.There were35 vases (includingten cremationpithoi)packed in veryclose together, in two tiers,of whichpartof the uppertierhad been cut by the HL grave,in particularthe O polychrome

K)8


pithos,i and theEO jug, 5. 3 was a detachedpartofthepolychrome pithos,13 with,nearit, thedamagedO jug 6. The maingroupofpithoicompriseda nearlycompletepolychrome example,7, containing an aryballos,i65 a smallfragment ofchippedstone,0.005 X 0.004 (identified duringstudyof thecremation) and a bronzepin,fig, an almostcompletepithos,8, holdingthearyballos,21. 10 was a polychrome pithos,as was 13 withitslid, 25, an O aryballos,24 and a cup 26. 14 a was completepolychrome pithos,20, was coveredbytheO plate, pithos.A lastpolychrome lid fragment, 27 and aryballos,28. Closelyassociatedwith 9 and containeda polychrome thesepithoiwerea fragmentary lid, 11, mostof an oinochoe,12 and cylindrical polychrome blackcups,17, 22, werewith14; a completeO muchofa second,15. Two veryfragmentary O lid,29. 0.40 w ofthemaingroup jug, 18 was at theE end ofthegroupwitha fragmentary stoodthe MG pithos,19, containingan aryballos,30. Beneath19 was the nearlycomplete ofan O jug. jug,31. 0.50 s weresomefragments When thismain group had been lifted,a second level, less well preserved,was found crushedin verytighttogetheragainstthe outerface of the upper(later)niche. underneath, These compriseda veryfragmentary pithos,32, containinga cremationand an polychrome remains of a cremationbelow it. There was had the a kalathos, 33, 37. complete aryballos, below it,and a fragmentary halfa polychrome lid,34, with36, a skyphosfragment pithos, in the the and from chamber from the of which came other 3, pottery deposit layer 35, pieces in the view of the the must dromos This vases, series; particularly [infra). group predate upper of broken dromos main of the are with the vases, chamber, deposit probablypart cross-joins whose seriesof cross-joinswithmaterialin the chamberarguesstronglythatthe original sourcewas in thechamber. In theshallow,Whalfofthedromos baskets),severalpatchesofburnt (layer2 threepottery ofpyres wereisolatedin thefill,in one ofwhichwas f6- bronzepellets, material Premains perhapsmelteddropletsfromsomeobjectlaid on thepyrewithitsowner. fillwas removedas layer3 (threepotterybaskets),whichbegan to More of the dromos massesofbrokenpottery a depositcontaining of4.50 fromthestomion, for a distance uncover, much confusedby the was The whole or some whole, nearly vases). deposit (including in frontofand at thelevelofthelowerniche. ofa ragged'wall' acrossthedromos, construction Judgingby the brokenpotteryeitherside of it,in itsmake-upand underneathit,this'wall' musthave been builtduringwhateverprocessit was thatcreatedthe massivedromos pottery thatcame fromin front deposit.Forinstance,thepithos172 was reassembledfromfragments of the wall, in its make-up,and beneath it. The Praisos-typelekythos,209, was nearly in frontof it,withinit,underit,and fromthechamber. repairedfromfragments completely is uncertain;perhapsitwas to holdback spoilin theWpartofthedromos The 'wall's'function ofthestomion. whilea spacewas beingclearedin front Vases were isolated in the dromos deposit duringexcavationboth on the W side of the w side the E. On and the wall (layer2, twobaskets)weretheMG pithos,38, withfg, dividing the MG neck-handled an ironknifefragment, amphora,39 (moreof whichcame fromE of thewall,fromthe chamber,and fromthe nichefill),a lekythos 40 (whichjoined fragment, 41, a MG pithos,42 (moreofwhichcame fromthe fragmentary, 43), a ParianLG skyphos, chamberand nichefill),the LG EO lid, 45, and a Creto-Cypriot 43. Beyondthis lekythos, fillofreworked dromos the the 2 to W,layer (one basket)verylargelycomprised original group, the W of side the Still on little with 'wall',layer3 (one basket),below kouskouras, very pottery. ofcremated themainpotterydeposit,containedmorepottery, charcoal,and loose fragments iron of iron fu the swords) pins),fi3, 14 (fragments bone, (ironknife,spearsocket, objects


T. 75

109

and fi5 (partofa smallironspearhead).In theequivalentdepositE ofthe'wall' (twobaskets) E of the 'wall5wereisolatedin was fi6 (bronzefibulafragment). Identifiable vase fragments a MG of which was in thechamber),a lid, three baskets layer4 comprising cup,46 (more in in the the niche a chamber,partly fill), nearlycompleteEG kalathos-lid 47 (alsopartly (part of whichwas in the chamber),a pithosfragment, 49, a nearlycompleteO aryballos,50, a EG kalathos-lid fragmentary (moreofwhichwas in thechamber),a largeMG pithosfragment withrust-stainfroman iron object, 52, a nearlycompletelid, 53, two-thirds of an EG O birdvase,55. There werealso a glassbead, fi7, an iron kalathos,54 and a fragmentary fi8 and a bronzepin,£30. knife-hilt, Whenthe'wall' was removed(layer3 (B), one basket)muchofa LG pithos,56, was found, moreof whichcame fromfurther w in the dromos, and an ironjavelin-head,£20. Below the 'wall' was a massofcrematedbone and severalironobjects- £21,(knife, etc),£22 (spearhead, etc),£23(spearheador swordfragment). The brokenpotterythathad been coveredby the 'wall' was removedas layer3 (three ofan ironknife,spearheadsand a sword, baskets).Withthiswas a bronzepin,£25,fragments f26, and some faience beads, £27. While fragmentsfromthis part of the deposit were subsequentlyfoundto join with other parts of the deposit and with materialfromthe came fromhere alone. What seemedto be chamber,196 (lid) and 214 (aryballosfragment) thelast remainsof thishuge depositwereexcavatedas layers (twobaskets).This contained theE-MG oinochoe,57, otherfragments ofwhichwerefoundin thechamber.f28 was a fish vertebraamulet,£29a bronzespectaclefibulafragment. The lastskinofsoil overthedromos floorwas dug as layer5 (threebaskets);materialfromit was subsequently foundtojoin withthe main potterydeposit,and it is clear thatlayers3, 4 and 5 are different of aspectsofthesameverylargedeposit.In thelowestpartwerefragments bronze,£31,a bronzevase handle,£56,and an ironweapontip,£57. The chamberwas excavatedfromabove afterthemechanicalremovalof topsoiland fallen roof.Its fillwas dug as layer6 (eightpottery baskets).It containedoversixtyvasesand a large numberof ironobjects.It was certainly in disarray, withitsroofcollapsed,and the blocking stoneof its doorwayfarout of place. Here and there,piles of brokenpotteryrecalledthe confusionof the main depositin the dromos. Of eighty-one vases made up fromfragments from all duringpost-excavation study depositscombined,sixtybelongedin partor wholeto the while of those were made chamber, twenty up fromfragments comingonlyfromthechamber. This evidence,takenwiththeveryscrappynatureof thefindsotherthanpottery, and the almostcompletelack of preciousobjects,suggeststhatthe chamberwas rifledduringthe O period,thatmost(but not all) of the pots it containedwere broken,large quantitiesbeing shovelledout intothedromos, whichmusthavebeen completely clearedoffillat thistime.The must have been over the of and the filling replaced pile debris, blocking'wall' builtin it,and on it. What is the connectionbetweenthisactivity, and the depositionof the complexof cremation fill[supra)? pithoiand associatedvasesfoundin theupperdromos The chambercontents werefairly distributed over the in someareasin twotiers, floor, evenly of relativelyintactvessels,in otherslittlemore than piles of sherdssubsequentlyto be recomposedas vases.Fromthecentreof the E (back)wall,clockwiseroundthechamberwere the following majoritems:pedestalbase of a largeMG krater,117, subsequently completed fromfragments scattered elsewherein thechamber,a LG pithos,68, containing thearyballoi thefragmentary 89-91, an ironpinfragment (L. 0.125)identified duringstudyofthecremation; + and E-MG in the niche polychrome oinochoe,58 pithos,67, 65 (fragment fill)withthe 66, coveringitsmouth.Nearbywerecrushedremainsof an O pithos,63. completeskyphos,

no


thelekythos, JustinsidethedoorwayweretheLG pithos72, a lid,64, overit,containing 87, and a lumpofearthwithclothimpression notedduringstudyofthecremation. Adjoiningitwas a LG hydria,73, and theMG pithos,74 + 109, containing a lid,84, and thetwoaryballoi, a a and a of bronze of bracelet,£32, 85-6, bead, £3ia, group glassbeads,£335a fragment in NW anotherwas identified of the cremation. At the other side of the the duringstudy doorway, corner,was a mass of brokenpotteryfromwhichfivemorecompletevases weremended:-a domedlid,76, twokalathoi,77, 80, and twoMG cups,78, 79. Beneathwerefoundfragments oftheearliestpithosin thetomb,theEG straight-sided no, otherpiecesofwhichwerein the dromos deposit,part of a polychromepithos,106, a nearlycompleteMG cup, 107, and a - two underthesevases,wereseveralironobjects immediately completelid,108. On thefloor, smalljavelin-heads, knife, £20,a broad-bladed £51and twoflataxes,£52,53. roundthechamberto theNEcornerwerefoundan EG kalathos,nearlywhole, Continuing from 61, theremainsofa MG pithos,62 (laterlargelyrecomposedbytheadditionoffragments thedromos 69, a nearlycompletelid,70, nearby).This pithospartlycoveredtheMG lekythos, and mostof a LPG PGB flask,71. In the NE cornerbeneaththeselast was the shattered ofwhichcame fromthedromos buccheropithos,81, withitslid,81a, otherfragments deposit. Belowagain,rightin thecorner,was an EG kalathoslid, 118. In the E halfof thetomb(still underthelargepithoi67, 68, in thelowerlevelofpottery, clockwise), movingapproximately werea smallPGB oinochoe,105, twocups,ioi, 104, a completejug, 103 and a juglet102. Towardsthecentreofthetombwerethetwoskyphoi, 97, 99, a cup,100 and an oinochoe,98, bothcomplete.Slightly lower,threevases,in, 112, 120, werenested,aryballosin LG cup, werea G coarselid,92, threeMG In theSWcorner, overthefloor, in LG cup,respectively itself and LG cups,93, 96, 96a, a completePGB/EG ribbedjuglet,95 and an AtticMG skyphos, werethepedestalfootofa polychrome on or nearthefloor, pithos, 94. Justinsidethedoorway, a 1165a polychrome cup,MG or earlier, pithosbase,115, completeolpe,114, and a miniature justinsidethedoorway(ironjavelin-headand axe-adze, objectswerechiefly 113. The remaining centre near the chamber (irondirk,ironpin,£54)or in theE halfofthechamber.From £48,49), E-Wthesewere£39-41,piecesofgoldfoil,£43,a bronzefragment, £44,ironjavelin-headand and socket and a two knife, dirk,£j5, £47,an obelos,£37,iron dagger,£|6, spear javelin-heads rivet.A reusedstone bronze a bronze iron axe, £35, spectaclefibula,f38, £36, pin fragments, conuluswerealso found. borecore,£j2 and a serpentine in foundexclusively studyfromfragments Amongthevasesmade up duringpost-excavation the chamberfillwere lids (141, 145, 152, 183), a kalathos(161), an aryballos(157), an oinochoe(201), a pyxis(207), a flask(200), twoskyphoi(170 and 212), a kotyle(158), a jug (197) and fourcups(167-169, 199). The uppernichewas excavatedas layer7, comingat once on a groupofvases- MG pithos 121, containingLG lid, 123, an O aryballos,124, and a faiencebead (L. 0.048) identified duringstudyof the cremation.There,too, was the LG/EO pithos,122, withlid, 175, two of aryballoi,127, 129, and a smalloinochoe,128; withinthiscremationa smallfragment and a three were also There was found lids,125-6, 131, completecup, duringstudy. glass ofthedromos 'wall'; 130. This grouphad been placedin theuppernicheaftertheconstruction it mighthave been done eithershortlybeforethe burialof the finalgroupof pithoiin the dromos fill,or at the same timeas thatburial.The lowernichewas founddisturbedmuchin themannerof the chamber;perhapsthe twoprocesseswereconnected.It was excavatedas layer7- one basket.On the nichefloorwerethe bases of two cremationpithoi,133, 135. Othervaseswerea miniature 132, a LG lid,134 (believedto belongto 56) and a EG skyphos, iron also two There were bellkrater, £58,59. javelin-heads, 136.

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

(PLATES 1 17 29) 1. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 37. DR. 19.8. Much of rim, handles and body lost. Discoloured ash-greyin patches, Pburnt.White slip. Flat rim, three loop feet. Red and blue decoration, almost completely obliterated.Trace of red bands. LO. 2. *BOTTLE, HL. 3. Vacai part of 1. 4. *BOTTLE, HL. 5. *JUG. DB. 5.5. PH. 10.8. Lower body only, grouped lines. EO. 6. *JUG. H. c. 27.5. DB. 11. Most of rim and neck, part of body lost. Fr. of round handle to neck. Sevenfold circles on shoulder, the outermost thickened; bands on body. Bands inside rim and neck. E 155,class D. LO. PITHOS (via. 97). DR. 20. H. c. 7. POLYCHROME 35. Gaps in wall and rim. Strap feet. Extremelyworn. Between handles, red lozenges; zone of chequerboard, tall red and blue rays. Between feet, lozenges. Feet barred. By the same hand as 57.9 and io. LO. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 15.3. Gaps in wall and rim, one vertical handle lost. Unevenly fired. Below rim, band with white lines. Between handles, overlapping spaced circles. Bands and lines, fourfoldwhite circles on second band. LO. 9. PLATE (plate 119). D. 18. Offset rim, slightly convex floor.Plain. LO. 10. ^POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 94). DR. 16. Frs. of rim and non-joining body sherds only. Decoration almost lost, but traces of panel with pair of confrontedbirds,blue and red fill.EO. 11. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. H. 5.6. Frs. of rim,wall and top. As 285.18. LO. 12. *OINOCHOE. PH. 11. Body only. Fully coated. As 15. E 154, class E LO. PITHOS. H. 38.7. D. c. 19. One 13. POLYCHROME horizontal, one vertical handle lost, ditto much of rim and wall. Worn white slip, remains of ornament in red and blue: traces of blue and red bands, zone of red concentriccircles.As 14. LO. PITHOS. H. 38. DR. 21.5. 14. POLYCHROME Complete save chips from rim. Strap feet. Traces of cream slip, and red panel-borders below rim. Decoration otherwiseentirelylost. LO. H. 13.5. Neck and mouth lost, gaps 15. OINOCHOE. in wall. Fully coated. E 154, class F. O. 16. *ARYBALLOS. H. 6.5. Chips in rim. Fully coated. Cf. 28. E 158, class D (iv). LO. 17. *CUP. DB. 5.4. Base and adjoining wall, nonjoining body frs.Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). O. 18. JUG. H. 13.5. Complete. Worn, exterior coated, with traces of white lines at base of neck and handleroot. Cf. E no. 1185. LO. PITHOS. H. 30.5. DR. 17. 19. FOUR-HANDLED Nearly complete. Concave lip, rising rim, ring foot.

SI IL

T. 75

nI

POTTERY

Paint on lip. Four panels of hatched meander; zigzags above, (A) triple, (B) double; quartered and dotted lozenges below. On strap handles, panels of double and single zigzag. MG. 20. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 38. DR. 19. Three out of four handles, part of wall lost. White slip, red and blue paint. Handle zone, panels with antithetic birds. Chequerboard zone on belly, red and blue bands. Two lower zones of rays. Red and blue strokes on looped feet.34 may be its lid. EO 21. ARYBALLOS (fig. 94). H. 5.6. Gaps in rim and wall. Mouth, hatched band. Handle barred. Shoulder, five lotus bees, Grouped lines to base, one zigzag. Spiral on underside. E 159, class K or close. Cf. Ay. Paraskies,fig.14, 106. LO. 22. *CUP. DR. 12. Frs. of rim and wall only. Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). O. DB. 8. Frs. of base and non23. »JUG/OINOCHOE. joining body sherds. Quadruple circles on shoulder, outermost thickened, gap between firstand second. Grouped lines. E 155,class D, or 154,class F. O. 24. ARYBALLOS (fig. 94). H. 5.6. Three-quarters of mouth lost, gap in wall. Mouth, rings. Handle barred. Lines on neck. Shoulder, arcaded tongues. Bands and lines. E 159, class K. LO. LID. D. 18.5. H. 10.4. Two 25. *POLYCHROME thirds of wall and most of knob missing. Red line at edge and base of knob. Interior of knob blue. E 164, class G (ii) (a) or (b). MO. With the pithos 13. 26. MINIATURE CUP. H. 4.7. DR. 5. Chip in rim. Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). LO. LID. Two non-joining frs. 27. *POLYCHROME Paint lost. E 164, class G (ii) (a) or (b). MO. 28. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.3. Complete. As 16. LO. LID. PH. 13.5. Fr. of centre 29. *POLYCHROME with two thirdsof knob and one ring. Unusually thick fabric. Traces of red paint on cup and blue at its base. E 164, class G (ii) (b). MO. 30. ARYBALLOS (flati: 123). H. 6.8. Complete. Strap handle, slight disc foot. Paint in rim, line down handle. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles flanked by oblique lines. MG. With pithos 18. 31. JUG. DB. 5. PH. 18. Handle, most of neck, and one third of wall lost. Grouped lines. F. 155, class D, withoutcircles. EO. PITHOS. DR. 20. Frs. of rim, 32. *POLYCHROME wall, base, two vertical handles, one strap foot with prong marks. Traces of red and blue lines. LO. KALATHOS 33. MINIATURE (fig. 94). H. 3.6. DR. 10.5. Complete. Flat floor,straightsides, ribbon handles below rim. Fully coated. LO. LID. D. 18.2. PH. 6.4. One 34. POLYCHROME quarter of wall and knob missing. Alternate red and blue tongues between red and blue rays. Perhaps for 20. EO.

II2

KNOSSOS

THE NORTH

35. NECKED PITHOS. H. 40. DR. 17.5. Gaps in wall and rim, one vertical handle missing. Four handles, ring foot. Dark neck. Between handles, reserved panel with fivefoldcircles. Bands and lines with fourfoldwhite circles,reservedband with pairs of large fivefold circles, band and lines enhanced in white, dark paint to foot with two pairs of white double circles. LO. 36. *SKYPHOS. DB. 4.4. Frs. of base, wall, rim and one handle. Fully coated. E 166, class C. EO. 37. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.1. Complete. Mouth, rings. Handle barred. Cross-hatched triangles,three chevron columns. Dark lower body. E 158, class C, late. EO. PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 18. 38. FOUR-HANDLED Nearly complete. Thick black paint. Concave lip, risingrim,bucranium handles. Ring foot. Paint on lip. Four panels with hatched meander and triple zigzag; hatched meander below. MG, Horse workshop. AMPHORA. H. c. 47. Frs. of 39. NECK-HANDLED rim, neck, body and base. Brown grits,semi-lustrous black paint. Rounded lip, plump ovoid body,ring foot, strap handles. Many rivet holes, indicating ancient repair. Dark ground. Zones of dotted diagonal crossed with vertical bars on lip and belly; on neck, panels of quintuple zigzag and dogtooth. Bands and lines. Handles barred. No paint inside. MG, Atticizing. Perhaps with pithos 38. 40. Vacat:part of 43. 41. SKYPHOS (fig. 94). H. c. 9. DR. c 14. Frs. Pale brown clay, much mica, porous texture; dull streaky brown paint. Parian LG I; cf. Délos XV, pl. 30, Ae 60. Eumousia28, fig.59. PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 19.5. 42. TWO-HÀNDLED Nearly complete. Flat lip. Stirrup handles, ring foot. Handles flanked by bosses just below lip. Paint on lip. On the reverse,lozenges dotted and quartered (as on 19), billets, hatched meander. Handles: diagonal crosses between bars on vertical strap, curved stripes on bucranium. MG, Stirrupworkshop.Cf. E no. 440. (fig. 94). H. 18. Nearly complete, 43. LEKYTHOS restored. Orange clay, airholes; matt black paint. Traces of polished surface; worn, pitted and flaking. Round handle attached to neck ridge, flat base. Band at rim and on ridge, two lines at base of neck. Lateral circle on body drawn free-hand. Band at base. Paint on handle. MG, imitationof Cypriot. With pithos 38. RDAC 1984, 133 no. 56 (beforerestoration). 44. *JUGLET. PH. 9.5. Frs., base and handle missing. Cream slip. Wide and tall concave neck, bellied body. Neck: two zones of dots. Belly: simple lozenge crosses in small panels. Paint on lower body. LG, late. 44a. *DOMED LID. H. 4.2. D. c. 19.5. One quarter preserved,centre missing.Everted lip. White on dark: diagonal bars between lines on lip; quintuple circles enclosing dots, latticed triangle in field; zone with latticed rectanglesbetween bars. O.

CEMETERY

45. DOMED LID (itg. 93; plate 123). H. 6.5. D. 20. Three-quarters preserved. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: octopus, opposed double semicircles, double circles. LG-EO. 45a. MINIATURE PYXIS (fig. 94; plate 124). H. 6.3. DR. 3.8. One handle missing. Orange-red clay, fullycoated. Stringmarkunder base. Round handles. LG. 46. *CUP. H. 6.9. DR. 10.6-11.0. Nearly complete. Lip offset,otherwiseas 100. MG. LID (fig. 94). H. 8.2. D. 23. 47. CONICAL Complete. Circles on knob. LG. 48. KALATHOS (plate 129). H. 9. D. 20.4. Nearly complete. As 80. EG. 49. *PITHOS. Fr. of body and handle only. Under handle, lines enhanced in white, band with white quadruple circles. O. H. 10. Gaps in wall and handle. 50. LEKYTHOS. Rings inside mouth. Side circles, six double circles at front.Cf. E no. 1048. EO. 51. *KALATHOS. PH. 7.8. Lower part, rim missing. As 80, except that the handle zone is empty. EG. Also, rim of another,similar. PITHOS. PH. 31. Rim to 52. *FOUR-HANDLED lower body. White grits.Flat lip, stirruphandles as 42. Plump ovoid body. Paint on lip. Cross-hatched lozenge panels above strap handles. In panels, hatched meander, billets; in belly zone, diagonal crosses alternatingwith bars. Bands and lines. Stirrup handles fullypainted; on straps, diagonal crosses and bars. Iron stain. MG; by hand of E no. 479 and Gypsadesnos. 61 and 62. 53. DOMED LID (fig. 94). D. 5.2. Gaps in rim. At centre, Maltese cross with lozenge centre, then triple circles with strokesbetween the outer ones. EO. H. 9. D. c. 21. Two-thirds 54. *KALATHOS. preserved.As 51. EG. 55. BIRD ASKOS (fig. 94). L. c. 22.5. Parts of body, secondary spout and handle missing.Eyes and mouth marked; volutes from back of head to neck. Double line at base of neck, concentric lines following wing outline. Decoration on tail worn away. LO. H. 45. DR. 24. PITHOS. 56. TWO-HANDLED Nearly complete, but very worn. White and brown grits. Unusually wide mouth, concave lip, slight neck with ridge. Ring foot. Bucranium handles, with deep vertical trough in centre. Paint on lip. Panels in white on dark, mainly obliterated: apparently three square panels each side containing a bird, separated by columns of cross-hatched lozenges and/or squares; single zigzag above each bird. Handles painted with white loop in concavity,and white cross below. Traces of a belly zone in white with vertical divisions. Bands and lines. LG, late. The lid 134 belongs. H. c. 24. Frs. Small brown grits, 57. OINOCHOE. specks of silver mica, semi-lustrousred-brown paint.

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

Globular body, ring foot. Neck panels: triple zigzag between lines. Bands and lines; bars on strap handle. E-MG. 58. Vacai:joins 65. base. Slight ring foot. VESSEL, 59. »CLOSED Coated in dark paint. O. 60. »CONICAL LID (1k;. 94). D. 15.6. H. 6.3. One third of rim missing. White on dark. Solid circle at centre,lines. F 164, class E (ii) (b). EO. 61. »KALATHOS. H. 8.8. I). 21. Three-quarters preserved. As 80, but no reserved circle on floor inside. EG. PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 17.2. 62. FOUR-HANDLED Three-quarters preserved. Concave lip, rising rim; bucranium handles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: multiple zigzag, thin hatched meander. Cross-hatched lozenges and multiple zigzag passing below strap handles but interruptedby bucrania. Bands and lines. Bucranium handles barred; on straps,quadruple zigzag betweenbars. MG, late; by hand oï Gypsades no 63. PITHOS. DR. 16.2. Base, 63. »FOUR-HANDLED irs. of wall, two thirdsof rim and adjoining shoulder. One horizontal,one vertical handle. Between handles, sevenfold circles, outermost thickened; dark paint to base, traces of circles as above, in white. EO. 64. CONICAL LID. H. 8.7. D. 20.5. Complete. Knob with bevelled edge, circles above. MG. H. 23. Nearly complete. Deep 65. OINOCHÒE. orange-red clay, white grits,cream slip. Strap handle, sagging body, ring foot. Reserved neck panels: inverted hatched triangles, billets. Bands and lines. Bars on handles. E-MG. 66. »SKYPHOS (iï(î. 94). H. 10.4. DR. 13.6. Gaps in rimand wall. White on dark. Traces of whitelinesbelow lip inside,betweenhandles outside.F 166,class C. EO. PITHOS. Frs. of body and one 67. POLYCHROME horizontal handle only.Decoration lost. O. 68. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 49. DR. 13. Nearly complete. Flat lip with upturned rim, low conical foot. Lip reserved. Panels: tongues, three zigzags, dotted battlement. White-on-dark zones below: large triplecircles under handles, smaller triple circles round belly. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Paint on horizontal handles, single line down strap handles. EG, late. H. 31.3. Nearly complete. 69. LARGE LEKYTHOS. Red-brown clay, yellow slip, semi-lustrous paint. Flattened round handle attached to neck ridge. No articulation between neck and body. Ring foot. On neck, tree with hatched leaves between columns of lozenges in triple outline, vertical bars below the L. column. Handle: diagonal bars between vertical lines. MG, precursorof Praisos type. LID. D. 15.5. H. 5.8. Gaps in rim. 70. DOMED Shape and decoration as 145. EO. FLASK. H. 19.2. Nearly complete. 71. LENTOID

SITE

T. 75

„^

White grits. Flaring lip, strap handle; lentoid body, rising to point on one side, flat on the other. Line inside rim. On each flank,gridded cross withincircles, groups of bars round edge. LPG PGB. PFFHOS. H. 40.5. DR 13. 72. TWO-HANDLED Complete. Inset lip sloping upwards, disc foot. Paint only on inner edge of lip. Panels: on each side, lozenge chain above quadruple zigzag, Hanked by lozenge crosses. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Paint on handles. EG, late. 73. HYDRIA. H. 28.6. Complete. Yellow slip. Flat base. Groups of bars on lip, band inside; bars on vertical handle, paint on horizontal handles. On belly, hatched zigzag between verticalson each side. LG. 74. Vacat:joins 109. PFFHOS. DB. 10.5. PH. 13. 75. »POLYCHROME Base and one strap foot only. Traces of red and blue paint. (). LID. D. 16.5. H. 6.8. Parts oí rim 76. DOMED missing.Maltese cross at centre,arcades at rim. EO. 77. KALATHOS. H. 8. I). 19.3. Nearly complete. As 80 but withoutupper zone of scribble. EG. 78. »CUP. H. (>. 565 4i- IRON CORRODED MASS, in two

252


joining parts,of six SPEAR- or JAVELIN-HEADS and an OBELOS. Withinthe mass, seven distinct one of themcomplete: componentscan be identified, (a) apparentlycomplete SPEARHEAD, L. 49.5; socket,L. c. 15,D. 2 (internally 1.5);blade has slightly hooked shoulders,whereW. 3.8; verystoutmidrib detectable,(b) SPEARHEAD, even larger,preserved in twodetachedlengths,centreofblade lost,restored L. over40. (i) socket/blade-socketL. 7.3,W. ofblade 4.2, taperingto 2.7 (ii) blade near tip, L. 4.5. (c) SOCKET and partofBLADE, twojoiningpieces,L. 17,socketL. 9; blade W. 3. Joiningsocketfr.ex-f$2. (d) SPEARHEAD, complete,composed of 53d + 41 (ii) + 82 part. L. 38, socketL. 10, Blade W. 4.9. Th. c. 0.8 (e) SPEARHEAD, composed of three joiningpieces,tiplost.Fr.in themassjoined to partof 56 and 41 (ii). SurvivingL. 41. Socket L. 9. Blade widensfromshoulderto Max. W. 4.2. (£) lengthof OBELOS, L. 9.2 X 2.0. 54. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD,frs.Fourjoiningpieces, one of which is oxidized to 46/7, formcomplete blade ofjavelin-head. L. (blade only) 31.2. W. 2.6, taperingto point;faintmidrib,maxTh. 1. 55. FAIENCE DISC BEADS, nine (fig. 183; plate 301).D. 0.7-0.9. H. 0.2-0.3. Dh. 0.2-0.3. Remainsof graduatednecklace. Originallyglazed green. Core off-white, porous,mediumhard. 56(i). See53(e). 56(ii), 62, 91. IRON SPEARHEAD, completesave tip,composedof threejoiningpieces.L. c. 29. Socket L. 7.5. D. 1.5 (internally 1.1);blade, W. 4.4 at square shoulders,widens to 4.8; finemidrib,Th. 0.8. An unusual piece, with disparitybetween the short, slendersocketand theverywideblade. In appearance resembles 53 (d). 57. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Two joiningpieces from the 'hull' of a fire-dog;togetherL. 18.2; sectionof a horizontalbar,c. 2.3 by 0.9. Two smalllengthsof rod are corrodedon to one ofthepieces. 58. IRON DOUBLE AXE (fig. 178). Complete;L. 17; blades asymmetrical,respectivelywith L. 7.4 and W. 4.3; and L. 6, W. (measuredfromshaft-hole) 4.3. Shaft-holeelliptical,c. 3.5 by 1.4. Both bladeedgesare wornto a diagonalform.Corrodedweight, 789g. 59. BRONZE VESSEL fr.D. 16. H. 3.6. Wt. 69.5 g. Three joining pieces of rim of hemisphericalbowl withplainlip.Raised froma disccasting. OR FACING- SCABBARD BRONZE 60. QUIVER? (FIG.170 PLATE284). (Largest)11 X 6.3. Wt. 42 g. Very many pieces of thin sheet; hint of tracedornament,butillegible.Foundbelow42- part ofsameobject? 61. IRON CORRODED MASS (cf. 53), in two joining parts,of sixJAVELIN-HEADS, withloose piecesjoining;tracesof twoOBELOI also embedded

in the mass. Six distinctitemscan be identified:(a) JAVELIN,existingL. 31.6; socketL. 8, near-complete D. 1.4 (internally1.1); blade W. 3, taperingto 1.3 wherebrokenoffshort,(b) anothersimilar,running the reverseway:existingL. 28.5, socketL. 7.6, D. 1.5 (internally1.1),blade W. 2.7, taperingto 1.7 where brokenoffshort,(c) blade of a third,even slenderer JAVELIN, withjoining tip to make L. 21; Max. W. javelin,L. 5.5. (e) socket only1.9. (d) tip of a fourth and partofblade ofjavelin-head,L. 36.8; socketL. 8, D. 2.2; blade, W. 3, taperingto 1.2 wherebrokenoff short.(£) socketand partofblade ofa similarjavelinhead, socketL. 7.3, D. 1.7,blade W. c. 2.5. On to one piece of (e) is corrodeda lengthof obelos , L. 10.3; theotherobelosis visibleonlyin cross-section. 62. See 56 (ii). 63. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Three pieces knife;partof joiningto formmostof a long,straight tang and tip of blade missing.ExistingL. 20.3, with blade, Max. W. 3, has only0.8 of the tangsurviving; both edges straight;W. at finalbreak 1.2; Max. Th. 0.3, at back. 64. IRON DOUBLE AXE. Veryheavilycorroded but substantially completedoubleaxe. L. c. 21; blades W. at L. c. 9 fromshaft-hole, apparentlysymmetrical, edge c. 6; one blade chipped.Shaft-holeapparently circular,with traces of carbonized wood inside. Present(severely corroded)weight,1308g. 65. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169; plate 284). L. 1.1. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 0.3 g. Head and partof shaft.Disc head withfinial.Mouldingson shaftbelowhead,either sideof'bulb'.Verydelicate.Foundin theO pot41. 66. Vacat: partof37. LUMP. 2.8 X 2. Wt. 8.7 g. FormlessBRONZE 67. meltfromthepyre?Foundin theM-LPG pot 61. 68. BRONZE COIL-ORNAMENT? (fig. 169). L. coiled, 2.5. D. 0.6. Wt. 1.9 g. Fine drawnwire,tightly widerone end ofwireless than0.1. Slightly thickness thantheother.Coil of c. 20 turnsofwire.This might be partofan elaboratefibula,or ofa bead necklaceof the type found in the Macedonian EIA (Vergina I, 225-7).Foundin theM-LPG pot 61. 69. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Larger)L. 1.6. Wt. 0.5 g. FromtheM-LPG pot 61. Two pieces,formless. 70. FAIENCE: DISC BEADS, frs.of two or more. Insidepot 136. 71. FAIENCE DISC BEAD, two halves. Inside pot 121, belowpot 118. 72. IRON SCRAPS, two.2.1 X 0.9 and 1.8 X 0.9. 73. FAIENCE DISC BEADS, sixteen(fig. 183;plate 301).D. 0.7-0.9. H. 0.3-0.2. 74. IRON DIRK fr.Part of hiltof a dirk,withthe ExistingL. 6.5; W at second'neck' upperend missing. Max. Th. 0.6; threeironrivets at shoulders 3.4; 1.3, Mineralizedremainsof organichiltplates. surviving. tomb. Fromtopof'stereo'underlying

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 285-6 75. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joiningpieces. PL. 20.4. Socket L. 11; D. 1.2. Blade Max. W. 3, taperingto 2. Littletrace of a midrib.Mineralized organicremainsin socket. 76. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169).L. 0.8. Head D. 0.7. Wt. 0.75 g. Two non-joiningpieces. Disc head and part of shaftwithringmouldings.Fromthe PG pot 7977. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 169). L. 0.6. D. 0.7. Wt. 0.4 g. Incomplete.Mushroomhead. 78. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 169).7.5 X 5. Wt. 33 g. Rim piece of hemisphericalbowl, composed of severaljoiningfrs. 79. IRON FIRE-DOG fr.Piece fromthe 'hull' of a c. 2.4 byonly L. 17.9;sectiona thinrectangle, fire-dog. c. 0.2. Foundwith30 and 31/32 whichare nota pair; thisfr.,whichcannotbelongto either,is perhapsfrom thematching piece to 30. 80. IRON OBELOI frs. Pieces of two (or more) obeloi. (a) comprisesfivejoiningpieces,to a totalL. of 45 cms.; (b) containsfivemain pieces and many scraps, not all of which may belong to the same example,to a total L. of 74.5. The section in both casesis c. 1 squared.Foundwith31/32. 81. IRON OBELOS frs.Sevenpieces,ofwhichsome join, givinga totalL. of 45.4; the roughlypyramidal head,Th. c. 2.2,is preservedon one piece. 82. IRON OBELOI frs. Forty four pieces, plus smallerscraps,froman unknownnumberofobeloi,to a totalL. of 287; twojoiningpieces,L. 19.5,forma tip.Withthesewas baggeda piece fromtheblade ofa weapon(probablya JAVELIN-HEAD),L. 5.9, W. 1.7, taperingto 1.2. Two spearhead socketsremovedto join 53(c) and 53(d) + 41 (i) respectively. Probably notall fromthesamelevel. 83. IRON JAVELIN TIP(?) or OBELOS fr.L. 5.5. Sectioni.i X 0.8, rectangular. 84. IRON RODS, frs.Two joining lengthsof two rods corroded together: Ls. 10.7 and 5, circular These rodscouldbe section,D. c. 0.5; slightcurvature.

253

like 219.^65 as beingfroma 'fire-basket' interpreted the onlyevidencefor above, but if so theyconstitute thepresenceof suchan objectin thistomb.Probably foundwith31/32. 85. 4i(iii). IRON JAVELIN-HEAD, two joining pieces. L. 32. Socket L. 1.3. D. 1.5; blade, W. 3 at squareshoulder, tapering.MidribTh. c. 1,runsforc. 8 oflengthofblade. Foundwith49. 86. IRON DIRK fr.Two joining pieces, forminga dirk-hilt of the standardtype,L. 9.8, withpommelat first 'neck'0.9; at first tang;W. at 'ears' 2.3 (restored); swelling2; at second'neck'0.9; at shoulders3.3; three one in grip.Mineralized twoin shoulder, bronzerivets, remainsoforganichiltplates.Foundwith61. 87. IRON SINGLE AXE. Complete single tanged axe. L. 13.4;W. oftang3.2, ofblade at cuttingedge 6. Present(corroded)weight,270g. Foundwith61. 88. IRON SINGLE AXE. Nearlycompletetanged axe, of smallersize than87. L. 8.7, withtangbroken offshort;W of tang2.8, of blade at cuttingedge c. 3. Present(corroded)weight,109g. Foundwith61. 89. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Fivepiecesfromthe'hull' of a fire-dog.The longest (a) has L. 15.7, section W 1.3,Th. 0.8 taperingto 0.4; probably rectangular, to one of the terminals;of therefore at the transition theotherpieces,(b) (twojoining)has L. 10.4,section2 by 0.8; (c) and (d), Ls. 9.5 and 4.7, also have flat section;(e), L. 5.3, has squaresection. 90. IRON OBELOI and RODS. Two straightrods oxidizedtogether, composed(a) of twopieces,L. 22.5 and (b) fivesmallerfrs.,twoofwhichjoin, whosetotal L. is 25. 91. See 56. 92. IRON PLATE frs.Three joining pieces of the same typeof flatironplate as 283. £6o and 73. No cleardatingcontext. Uncatalogued BRONZE SHEET and SCRAPS includea rivetL. 0.6. There is also an uncatalogued IRON PIN fr.L. 1.5.

Tomb 286 N (figs. 3, 51; plates 44 a-b) L overall:c. 2.45 L. ofdromos: W. 0.66 Depth c. 0.15 Chamber:0.95 1.50W. 0.80-0.70. stomion: X 0.92 The outlineoftheshortdromos was uneven.It roseonlyslightly fromthestomiontowardsits end at an angleof 2°. The stomion was incomplete, a squarishjamb on theS side,vestigialon theN. No blockingremained.Fromthe outeredge of thestomion to the chamberfloorwas a drop of 0.20, at an angle of 42o. The oval chamberhad lost its roof;0.36 of the back wall survived. The tombwas immediately N ofthedromos ofT. 285,partoftheratherirregular N-S lineof chambertombs(292-287-286-285-283-294-306)forming theN-mostelementin thatpartof

254


thecemetery was ESE-WNW, thechamberon theE side of excavatedin 1978.The orientation the dromos.

The tombwas foundas a resultofthemechanicaldiggingofthefoundation trenchesofthe N-mostbuildingoftheMedical Faculty.It was bothsmalland shallow.The pit CT.284' (fullof animalbones)was cutintothedromos, almostat rightangles,and suggestedan HL inhumation an HL The tombhad been of was foundjust N, in T 286's dromos). grave(a fragment cup robbed. Two groupsofpots,likelyto havebeen actualinterments, remained.Near theNEsideofthe chamberwere 2, fragmentary EG pithos,and 4, EG aryballos.Opposite,in the S of the in a linefromit,6, EG cup,5, EG were3, fragmentary EG pithos,and, extending chamber, in the werein fragments oinochoe,1, EG aryballos, 7, EG pithos,and 8, EG shallowskyphos, fill. POTTERY (PLATE 231) 1. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Handle brokenoff.Polished orangesurface.Narrowflatbase. Unpainted.EG. 2. *NECKED (?) PITHOS. PH. 18. Base and lower body.Buffwash. Plump ovoid body passing gently intoflatbase. Spaced bands. Spatterinside.As 3 but smaller.EG. 3. NECKED PITHOS. H. 37.5.DR. c.21. Two-thirds preserved.Large white grits.Rim flatabove. Flat base. Groups of bars on rim. Shoulder: sextuple circles with hourglassat centre. Band inside rim, spatterbelow.EG. Cf.F nos.382,387. 4. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Rim slipped. Polished orangesurface.Concave base. Unpainted.EG: with pithos2.

5. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 7.3. Complete.Thick fabric.Deep groovebetweenbellycarinations,high and roughdisc foot.Painton lip,wavyline on neck. Shoulder: bars, dots, billets,paint below. Handle barred.EG. Near 3. 6. CUP (FIG.143).H. 8.1. DR. 11.8. Complete.Rough surface,stringmark under base. Front dipped in paint.EG. Near 3. 7. *NECKED (?) PITHOS. Base and wall frs.similar to 3. EG. 8. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. DR. c. 17. Fr. of upper part.Buffwash.Low verticallip,straphandle.Band on lip; singlewavyline,continuingoverhandle.Inside: band at rim,spatterbelow.EG. Cf.F nos.394-5.

Tomb 287 N (figs. 3, 51; plate 42) not preservedChamber: 1.66 X 1.16. L . 2.70 W. 1.00-1.05 stomion: L. overall:3.80 dromos: Preserved H. 0.94 was interrupted The line of the dromos by nichesand side chamber.It rose fromthe step downintothechambera verticaldistanceofc.0.70,firstat an angleof 130,then26o.The step and blockingwere lost. The descended0.45 into the chamberat an angle of 74o. Stomion but its S and E walls were slightlycurvedand its corners chamberwas sub-rectangular, rounded.The floorof the chamberwas at least 1.85belowmoderngroundsurface.Most of sidechamber(2 on plan,FIG.51) openedoffthe cutsub-rectangular theroofwas lost.A finely of 0.45. It had 1.66 X 0.90, reachedby a step down fromthe dromos S side of the dromos, narrowdoorjambs; one of the roughlyrectangular blockingslabs was stillin situ(c. 0.50 X 0.40),seton end,coveringhalftheopening.Itsroofwas intact.Niche 1was cutintotheWpart floor.Its roofwas of the N dromos wall, 1.16 X 0.60; itsfloorwas 0.40-0.16 above the dromos lost.Niche3 was cutintotheE partoftheN dromos wall,c. 0.15fromniche1,0.86 X 0.95, its floor0.24-0.32abovethedromos floor,on thelevelofthefloorofniche1.Itsroofwas lost. The tomb was part of the rather irregular N-S line of chamber tombs the N -mostelementin thatpart of the cemetery (292-287-286-285-283-294-306)forming thechamberon theE sideofthedromos. was ESE-WNW, excavatedin 1978.The orientation


Ts. 286 7

2$$

The tombwas foundwhen the foundationtrenchforthe N centralblockof the Medical and theemptyniche1, causingminimal FacultybuildingpassedovertheWsendofthedromos chamber had been looted. The The damage. deeplycut HL T 288 lay at rightanglesto T N S its end on the side of the erstwhilestomion and the SWcornerof the 287, impinging of cut. Its whose roof it was above thechamberfloor,and chamber,part floor,however, 0.57 thosewhodugitmaynothavereachedthefloordeposit. 1 was a LG pithospartlyoverlying the E partof the side chamber,1.00 above the latter's floor.It appearedto be brokeninsitu,and was probablya laterinterment, unconnectedwith thistomb. There werebronzeflakes,partof an obsidianblade and a workedpebble in the dromos fill and upperchamberfill.A line ofpiledstonesstretched acrossthedromos betweenniche3 and thesidechamber.The loweststoneswereon fill0.30 abovethefloor;amongthemweresherds (3) laterjoined to 11, PGB amphora,the bottomof whichwas on the chamberfloor.The stonesmusthavebeen fromtheblockingofthechamber,perhapsalso fromtheside chamber, neatlystackedbythosewho had robbedthetomb. In the chamber,9, a coarse pithosand 15, coarse cauldron,wereagainstthe S wall,with 10, was N of 9, while11, [supra) 13, amphora,smashedupsidedownon 15. The bell-krater, was in the centreat the back. A M-LG pithos,7, lay smashednear the entrance.All these were suitableas ash-urns;9 had containedan adult cremation,15, a quite youngadult cremation. Mostofthesmallervaseswerein theS ofthechamber,but22, 23, bell-skyphoi, in theN,and 2, cup,werehighin thefill.2 [supra), 8, a hydria,17, coarselid, 12, 12a, straightsidedpyxisand lid, 19, pyxisand 16, cup wereperhapsassociablewith11 [supra), the only PGB urn.The LPG oinochoe,14, lay nextto 15 [supra) of similardate; theymayhave been depositedtogether.13, the earliestvase, was MPG, 9-10 were LPG-PGB - small pots of - 18, 20-21 (stacked similardate werefivePGB bell-skyphoi The side by 9), 22, 23 [supra). chamberappearsto have been looted;withthe exceptionof f4 (bronzerivet?) foundin 30, onlypotswerefound.Manyofthesewereintact,or nearlyso. This chamberwas evidently intendedfora singleburial,a youngpersonwhoseunburnt skull in were a small on its side near E the end. and oinochoe bell-krater, fragments 24, 24, 25, beside it,were LPG, as were 27, pyxis,28, small lid, 29, 34, cups; the othersmallvases scatteredroundwere PGB- 26, pyxiswith35, smalllid; 30, 31, 3ia~33, oinochoai.The unburntbones implysecondaryburial- 24 was a theke ratherthan an ash-urn(n of the X was a of burnt as thougha tokenpyre).Niche 1 however, pottery, matter, patch0.50 0.30 was empty.In niche 3 were the LPG cups, 4-6, obviouslyscatteredwhen the niche was robbed. POTTERY (PLATES 231-3) 1. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41. DR. 15. Half preserved.Concave insetlip, risingrim. Broad ring foot.Lip reserved.Panels:A, rectilinear tongues,birds flankingmeander,double zigzag. The birds have reservedeye with dot, clawed feet,hatched wing almostas large as body,and fan tail. B similar,but withhorizontalS's as lowestmotif.LG. 2. *CUP (fig. 143).H. 6.1. DR. c. 9. Half preserved. Stringmarkunderbase. Fullycoated.PGB. 3. Vacatpartof287.11. 4. *CUP (fig. 143). H. 5.1. D. c. 9. 2.Two-thirds

preserved. Stringmark under base. Fully coated. LPG-PGB. 5. SMALL CUP. H. 4.1. D. 6.4. Complete. Round handle insiderim.Flat base withstringmark.Upper partdippedon bothflanks.LPG. 6. *CUP (FIG.143).H. 6.8. DR. 8.4. Nearlycomplete. Stringmarkunderbase. Fullycoated.LPG. 7. *PITHOS. PH. 14.2. Base fr.Thick fabric.Disc foot.Bandsand lines.M-LG. 8. HYDRIA. H. 23.2. Complete.Whitegrits.Ring foot,unevenand unsteady.Cross-hatched triangleon

256


shoulder.Belly: A, cross-hatchedlozenge chain; B, groupsof fourbars. Straphandle:tall diagonalcross between bars; paint on horizontal handles. Band insidelip.LPG. Cf.E no. io 15. 9. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 30. DR. 214. Nearly complete. Orange clay,inclusionsof straw and large brown and white grits, buffslip. Lip concave above, squared at side. Thumb depression under root of each strap handle. Broad flatbase. LPG-PGB. 10. BELL-KRATER (fig. 143). H. 23.7. DR. 21. Nearly complete. Slight ridge below lip. Handles clumsily formed. Inside, spatter below band. LPG-PGB. 11. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 24. Neck and lower body, non-joining.Ridge below flaringrim.Traces of bucraniumhandle.Slightring circlesenclosing foot.Paintinsidelip. Belly:nine-fold solid Maltese cross,flankingcentralrectilinear panel withcheckpattern,zigzag and chevronfill.Curved stripeson handleroots.PGB. 12. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS (fig. 143). H. 13.9. DR. 11.Nearlycomplete.LPG-PGB. 12a. SMALL LID (FIG.143). H. 5.7. D. 13.6. Twothirdspreserved.Shortknobhandle,withthickcross, chevronsin thequadrants.PGB. Forpyxis12. 13. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 53. DR. 15.3.One handleand partof bodymissing.Buffslip. Thickenedlip, sharpangle below.Flat base. Bars on rim,band inside.S on handles,loop aroundroot.Two circleson shouldereach side.MPG. eleven-fold H. 17.6. Complete. Cream slip, OINOCHOE. 14. lumpysurface.Flat base. Painton lip, spaced bands; on shoulder,one cross-hatchedtriangle in front. Handle barred,loop roundroot.LPG. 15. COARSE CAULDRON. H. 17.6. DR. 25. Complete.Deep orangeclay,inclusionsof strawand large brownand whitegrits;buffslip. Ridge below evertedlip. Straphandles,spreadingout to longspool at rim,withmetallic'rivet'on one side. attachments Flatbase. Unpainted.LPG-PGB. 16. CUP. H. 7.5. DR. c. 13. Nearly complete; rim clay,blackpaintmisfired. squashed.Hard grey-black Flatbase withstringmark.A waster.PGB-EG. 17. COARSE CONICAL LID. H. 15.2. D. c. 21.5. Micaceousredclay,smoothedoutside. Halfpreserved. Spike on knob handle. Unpainted. Shaped for pithos.PGB. straight-sided 18. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.1.DR. 6.7. Complete.As 21 butlessbelliedand withslightridgeon foot.LPG. 19. PYXIS (FIG. 143). H. 11.6. DR. 7. Nearly complete.Thickbarson rim.LPG. 20. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.9. DR. 7. Nearly complete.As 21 butwithslightridgeon foot.LPG. 21. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 143). H. 8.5. DR. 6.8. Nearlycomplete.LPG.

22. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.9. Nearly complete.As 21, but withpronouncedridgeon foot. LPG. 23. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 7. Complete. As 21, butwithslightridgeson lowerbodyand foot. LPG. 24. BELL-KRATER (fig. 143). H. 22.5. DR. 21. Complete.Whitegrits.Slightridgebelow lip. Inside, spatterbelowband. LPG-PGB. 25. OINOCHOE. H. 18.3. Complete. Cream slip. Ring foot.Lumpysurface.Three septuplesemicircles on shoulder,solid paint below.Handle barred,loop roundroot.LPG. 26. PYXIS (fig. 144). H. 12.9. DR. 10. Complete. Two suspensionsholes, opposed. Slightridgebelow No painton lip. lip. Zigzag withfillof solidtriangles. PGB. Withlid 35. 27. PYXIS (fig. 144).H. 12.DR. 8.2. Complete.Two conical suspensionholes,opposed.High and irregular foot.Band on lip. Large thickzigzag;on reverse,two of the upper spaces filledby cross-hatched triangles. LPG. 28. SMALL LID. H. 4.2. D. 8.8. Complete.Knob flat above; slightgroovenear rim.Two suspensionholes, opposed. Dipped fromhandle. Possiblybelongingto thepyxis19. LPG. 29. *CUP (FIG.144).H. 6.6. D. 10.3.Nearlycomplete. Shortflaringlip, flatbase withstringmark.Bars on handle.Insidefullypainted.LPG. Cf.D 35. 30. OINOCHOE. H. 13. Complete. Grittyand micaceous red clay. Strap handle inside rim. Slight disc footwithstringmark.Nine groovesat base of neck.PGB-EG. Cf.D8,ft 10. 31. OINOCHOE. H. 9.8. Lip broken off.High conical foot.Painton lip; handlebarred,loop round root.PGB. 31a. OINOCHOE. H. 10.8. Complete.Cream slip. each enclosing Conical foot.Shoulder:threetriangles, a solidlozengewithoutline,and twodoublechevrons. Painton lip; S on handle,loop roundroot.PGB. 32. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.8. Complete.Cream slip. Flat base, unevenand lumpy.Painton lip, lines on neck. Cross-hatchedtriangleson shoulder,lines, paintbelow.Handle barred.PGB. 33. OINOCHOE. H. 10.8. Complete.Flat base with stringmark.Paint on rim,scribbleon neck, band. bars at apices. Shoulder:fourcross-hatched triangles, Handle barred.PGB. 34. *CUP H. 6.3. D. 9.6. Complete. Yellow clay. Shape and decorationas 29. LPG. 35. SMALL LID (FIG. 144). H. 4.8. D. 11. Nearly complete.Two suspensionholes,opposed. No paint on knob.PGB. Withpyxis26. 36. TRAY (FIG.144).DR. c. 30. Frs.ofbase and side. Unpaintedsaveband at edge ofbase outside,and line at base ofwallinside.O.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 287, 292 37. SKYPHOS. DR. 4.2. Frs. of body, base and handle.Fullycoated.O. 38. ♦CONICAL LID. D. c. 20. Rim frs.Bands and lines.LG. 39. *NECKED PITHOS. PH. 15. Base and lower body.Creamslip.Flatbase. Spaced bands.PG. 40. *HYDRIA. PH. 13. Frs.,shoulderto lowerbody withone horizontalhandle.Cream slip.Same dotted cable designon bothsidesof belly.Curvedstripeson handles.PGB. 41. HYDRIA (FIG.144).PH. 17.5.Completeprofileof body to base of neck, gaps in wall; mouth, neck, vertical handle and one horizontal handle lost.

257

Shoulder, bracket with circle and semicircle fill, rosettebelowcentre.Triplecircleat each side. Below, band of reservedguilloche.Handle zone, largetriple circles between smallerones. Bands and lines, the topmostwithwhitedouble circles.Traces of white lineson lowerbands.Forshapecf.Payneno. 79. LO. 42. ♦CONICAL LID. PL. 9.5. Wall fr.Cream wash. Oblique spiraltree;tracesof bird(?) each side. Band inside.PGB. 43. *OMPHALOID (?) LID. PH. 4.3. D. c. 22. Rim frs.withroundhandle.Cream slip.Carinationabove flatevertedlip. Inside,spaced bands. E-MG. Cf. F. no. 401.

SMALL FINDS 1-3. Reassignedto T. 29 2. f1-3. 4. BRONZE RIVET? (fig. 162).L. 1.2. Head 0.5 X ofvesselrivet(?),ofwhichthe 0.6. Wt.0.3 g. Fragment head is lost.In addition11.8g of second,mushroom, werefoundin layer1. bronzefragments, uncatalogued, 5. LEAD STRIP WEIGHT or HINGE (fig. 193;

PLATE266). L. 3.5. H. 1. Th. 0.14 each, 0.3 together. Brokenat ends,whitesurfacecorrosion.Rectangular ribbon,foldedoveralonglength. 6. LIMESTONE POMMEL (fig. 186; plate 304). H. 2.2. D. 4.3. D. socket1.0.Over halflost,surfacerough. Black(burnt).Plano-convexsection.

Tomb 292 N (figs. 3, 53-4; plate 43) 0.86 X 0.34 Chamber: extantL. 2.40 W. 0.80-1.16. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:4.20. Dromos: 2.08 X 1.80ExtantH. 1.38 couldnotbe fullyexcavated:itmayhavebeen long,in viewofitsgentlegradient The dromos and the tomb'sgreatdepth.What remainedwas narrow,wideninggraduallytowardsthe to the excavatedlimit,2.35 rose 0.30 in verticaldistancefromstomion chamber.The dromos had smalldoorjambs forming belowthemodernsurface,at an angleof7.5o.The shortstomion but curvedon the innerside. The two loweststonesof the rightangles withthe dromos, in the were still situ; upper(0.86 X 0.23 X 0.12) occupiedthewholewidthbetween blocking thejambs, and was upright;thelower(0.66 X 0.36 X 0.17)was flat,supplemented by chock stones,c. 0.20 above thetop oftheupperslab a verytallstone(1.00 X 0.46 X 0.40) was setin the N dromosstomion angle.All theseand manyotherblockingwall stonesfounddisplacedin and wereprobablyspolia. thechamberor dromos wereoflocal whitelimestone, to chamberfloor.The chamberwas rhomboidalrather There was a 0.30 stepfromstomion in plan,withacuteNWand SE angles.The cornersweresharplycut,thesides thanrectangular The wallswerevertical,withno signof thespringof theroof,whichmust straight. surviving have been high.The floor,lightlystrewnwithfinegravel,was at least 3.00 below modern surface.Nicheshad been cut intothe dromos facesat varyinglevels.'Niche 1' provedmerely of the robber above the chamber. On theSWside,closeto surface,mayhavebeen part cutting 'Niche 2'; itsoutlinewas neverclear,itsflooruncertain, and itwas empty.Immediately below was Niche3, partlysetbackfrom,partlyoverhanging Niche4, extantsize 1.36 X 0.50,floorat least1.00 belowmodernsurface.The floorprobablyonce extendedto thedromos edge.Its roof had been dug away.Niche4 was belowagain (extantsize 1.30 X 0.86, floorat least1.58below modernsurface)and a small,unnumbered, emptynichebetweenit and the chamber.Their floorswerec. 1.00 above dromos floor.On theN side,near thechamber,was Niche 5, highup

258


muchof (0.80 X 0.50,floorat least1.36belowmodernsurface).Its roofwas partlypreserved; itsblockingmayhavebeen in place. Niche 6 (notcompletelyexcavated;W. at least 1.46,depth0.76, floorat least 2.48 below modernsurface)began c. 1.00fromthestomion, itsfloornear dromos floorlevel.It was divided fromthe dromos a cut of 0.20 0.12 by neatly ridge kouskouras, wide, high,on whichremained fourstonesoftheblockingwallithad once supported. The tomb was part of the rather irregular N-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-286-285-283-294-306)formingthe N-mostelementin thatpart of the cemetery excavatedin 1978.The orientation was E by S, Wby N. The chamberwas at theE end ofthe dromos.

One of the most mechanically dug foundation trenches for the N-most building of the Medical Facultypassed over the tomb's chamber which, being so deep, was untouched. The tomb firstappeared as a head of brown earth N of T 287, and was at firstsupposed possiblyto be the spoil heap of the robbers of T. 287. It later proved a separate cutting,with ragged, formlessoutline, covered by a mound of hard, stickybrown earth, to which spoil fromthe Medical Faculty building foundationtrenchhad been added, so that it was 1.30-1.80 above general ground level. This preventedfullexcavation of the dromos. the Robbers had apparentlydug the tomb fromthe top, destroyingthe edges of the dromos, chamber roof,perhaps 'Niche 2', the roofsof Niche 3 (in whole), 4 and 5 (in part). The fillof the tomb comprised:and chamber (1) Upper fill,over dromos (2) Remaining contentsof niches fill (3) Lower dromos (4) Upper chamber fill (5) Chamber's floordeposit But thisdivisionwas only perfectlyreliable in the case of (2). The differencebetween (1), (3) and (4) was of location, not soil change. With (4) and (5), it was not always easy to distinguish pots on the floorwhen the tomb was robbed fromthose thatfellor were thrownon it. The contentsranged fromPGB-LO. Niche 5 was MG, Niche 4 LG-EO, Niche 3 EO-LO; Niche 6 may have been O. A MG niche implies the chamber was already crowded in that period. The LG-O niches indicate later intermentswere made in the niches ratherthan clear out earlier chamber burials. With the exception of the MG 45, 56 all the numbered pots in and upper chamber fillwere LG-LO; many were ash-urns.They are verylikelyto the dromos have come fromthe niches. Though therewere also numerous small LG-O pots on the floor, therewere no late ash-urns.The three recognizable urns of the floordeposit were MG; each had a number of smaller MG and also PGB, PGB-EG pots near enough to suggest connection.The tomb's historywas probably:(a) PGB, PGB-EG pottery-? interments (b) At least threeMG intermentsin the chamber interment. (c) MG intermentin Niche 3 ? one otherMG dromos in niches LG-LO interments (d) and chamber (e) Looting,when niche contentswere throwninto both dromos The upper pit-likefillwas brown soil as in the mound over the tomb,mixed withverylarge kouskouras lumps,mistakenforbedrock. It contained fi-9, 9a, 10-ioa, 11-14 and the O lids as numerousbronze flakesand scraps of burntbone. Justbelow Niche 3, as faras as well 2 1, in frontof Niche 5, Niche 4's floor level, objects were found near the N side of the dromos,

includingfi2a, 13a, 14a, 15, 18-22 and theLO kotyle,16. As fi2a, 15, 19, 21 wereglass


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beads,and Niche4 had remainsofa necklace,theremaybe a connection.The ironpin £25, thesilverring£26 and theMO cup 14 wereon thesame sideoppositeNiche 3; thePC kotyle and an ironring,werein filloverthechamber. 15 was c. 0.50 NW.£23, 28, javelinfragments Also foundwere£24,terracotta horsefragment, £79,carvedbone handle.In Niche 3, a large flatstonemoreor lessuprightin thefillto theE mighthavebeen partofitsblocking. fillwas similarto the upper,containingmanysherds,burntbone scraps The lowerdromos and bitsof bronze,including£78, rimof a phiale,near the footof the stone'pillar'by the chamberentrance[supra). More of it (£36)was foundhighin thechamber,near theentrance and (£46)withthe sherdsof the LG/EO pithos41. £77,bronzebowl fragment, was among smallerdisplacedblockingstonesbehindthetwoinsitu.Also foundwere£73, ironknife,£74, bone attachment, set uprightagainstthe £75,glassbead. There weresome larnaxfragments dromos wall at theW end ofNiche 4, partlyoverlapping itsentrance,perhapsonce in reuseas partoftheniche'sblocking. The characterof theupperchamberfillsuggestedthattherobbers,aftertakingwhatthey wantedfromthechamberused it as a dumpduringtheirclearanceoftheniches.Aboveand aroundthefirstpots thatappearedwas muchloose kouskouras; beneath,the same brownsoil thathad filledthe dromos. These potswereon a levelc. 1.00 above the chamberfloor.In the NWcornerwerethesmashedLG pithosand lid,31, theEO jug, 25; SE,theLO oinochoe,26 NW.Under 26 werethe EO lekythos 33, aryballos34, and alabastron35. In the NE corner werethe EO oinochoe32, the lid 28, perhapsbelongingto the EO polychrome pithos42, whosesherdswerejustbeneath.In theSE cornerlyingfacingthebackwallwas theonlypithos to retainany of itscremation.This was the EO 27; the cremationhad been 'poor', butwas otherwise uninformative. Near 27 was theneckoftheEO amphora44, whosebase was on a lowerlevelin theSE corner.20 was also near 27, Wofwhichweretheremainsofa LO pithos, 29. Between27 and the back wall was the LO aryballos,36. At thislevel £35-44 were - £35,silvermountedboar's tusk,was scatteredin the centreof the chamber,unattributable 0.30 fromthe centreof the back wall. £49, ivoryhaft,somewhatbelow 31 [supra), mayhave to it. belonged The chamber'scentrebelowthesepotswas fullofstones,probablydisplacednotonlyfrom theupperpartof the blocking,but fromthe nichestoo. Centrallyplaced was a well dressed 0.66 X 0.60 X 0.20, lyingat an angle;belowitsNWsidewas a squareslab oflocal limestone, notso wellfinished block0.52 X 0.39 X 0.13; to theS was a piece ofgypsum0.41 X similar, 0.40 X 0.24. Some of the smallerstonesseemedbrokenfromlargerworkedblocks.Taken withthelarnaxfragments in thedromos suchspoliaevokesa previousMinoan presence. [supra), These stonesoccurredfrom0.95-0.45 above the floor.Beneaththemin places werecavities largeenoughforthepassage of a smallpot. The brownearthgraduallygave way to a paler was notclear. typewithsmallkouskouras lumps,thoughthedemarcation Therewerecollectionsofsherds,somerecognizableas pots,aroundand underthesestones. The LO aryballos,37, was betweenthesquareslab and thedoor.Close to theNEside ofthe slab weresherdsof a LG/EO pithos,41, with£46 [supra)on top. In the NE cornerwas 42 and itsassociateditems.S of thisgroup,againstthe back wall,was the LO aryballos, [supra) In theSE cornerwereintermingled sherdsofthreeash-urns,theEO amphora,44, right 46. in thecorner,theLG-EO pithos40 to theN,theO polychrome pithos43 to theW.Near 44 was theLO cup,55; w of43 werePitslid 38, and theO jug, 39. Under the square slab were some of the sherdsof 45, the only MG urn in the upper chamberfill;therewereothersto theW.Also undertheslab were£47,twoverysmallpieces of gold leaf.Under the nextstonewere bronzesheetfragments, £45.Justunderthe stones

26o


were£50-51(irontweezersand bronzefibula),£52-53 (glassbeads,perhapsbelongingto the Niche4 necklace,infra). £48 was partof a bronzetweezertowardtheNWcorner,0.55 above thefloor,therestofwhich,(£58-9)was foundfurther SW,0.25 above thefloor.It mighthave sherdsin a massofunrecognizable with LG The iron knife to the £54lay 31 {supra). belonged was near,but lower(0.23 above floor).Near the E the SWcorner- £57,javelin fragments, cornerwas a sandcoreglassfragment, £56. The massofbrokenpotterycontinuedunderthe of round the stones,particularly edges the chamber,to 0.25 above the floor.The onlyother MG vase was oinochoeneartheentrance. 56, recognizable floor werepotsofeveryperiodPGB-O, thoughtheonlyash-urns On or nearthechamber weretheMG 57, 64 and 114. Althoughno earlierurnswererecordedduringtheexcavation, made up werethefinePGB straight-sided pithos amongovera hundredvesselssubsequently of a PGB 144 withbirdsand trees(itspieceswidelydispersedall overthetomb),a fragment neckpithos234, and halfof an EG pithos150. Many of the smallearlypots foundin the excavationmay have belongedto thesedisplacedurns;some,however,seem to have been associatedwiththeMG urns.There werefourinstancesofearlypotsbeingstackedwithMG pots.Most oftheLG-O potswerealso small,and werein clearspaceson theflooror in gaps betweenearlierpots. There were some instanceswheretheywere foundunder MG and earliervases. The brokenMG pithos114 lay in the NE cornerfacingthe back wall,withtwolids,123 (EG) and 125 (MG) betweenitsmouthand thecorner.On top ofthesewas thePGB lid,61, above the LG-EO aryballos,54. Between114 and the N wall was the M-LG oinochoe63; round,or under 114 were the PGB lekythos113, PGB-EG oinochoai 92, 115, 134, the PGB-EG smalllids 120, 126. Under 126 was theLG-EO aryballos133. The EO 118, 119 jug-aryballos,122, were in a lekythosand miniatureoinochoe and the LG-EO miniature clearspace S of 114's base, perhapsfallenfromtheEO pithos42 some distanceabove.Near 114's base werethebone ornamentÍ69 and a bitof obsidian.In theurnwerepiecesof two ironknives(£70),theotherpartsofwhich(£66,68) wereon thefloor0.60 and 0.40 to theW, suggestingthat objects found in the same area as f66, 68 mightalso belong to 114's Near £68werethePGB lid,79, and theG coarsetripodjug, 78. On theirfarside, interment. f66 was among a group of pots and objects, includingMG cups, 82, 91, 101, a MG oinochoe,100, a Phoenicianoinochoe,80, a CypriotBoR juglet,96, dittolekythos62, a PGB lekythos, with, 81, theM-LG aryballos,95, Amongthesewere£67 (javelinfragments) bronze Near were bronze and of 62, £60, spearhead. £63, just above,£64-65, pair javelins, £71,ironaxe. A MG oinochoe,103, in theNWcorner,0.20 away,was almost pin fragments, certainly part of the group.A LG/EO hydria,83, (on top of 101, supra)mighthave fallen fromthe LG 31 0.30-0.40 above. The positionof the EG olpe 98 underthe MG 82 {supra) undisturbedMG group, of thisapparentlycomparatively lendsweightto the homogeneity and was the beside stood that displacedto theE duringlooting. group 114 originally assuming In thiscase, the odd mixtureof pots in the E cornerwould be unconnectedwithit. The brokenMG pithos64 lay on its side,base to the NW,close to the back wall. At and partly underitsfootwere the Naxian MG I skyphos87, the PGB-EG oinochoe,76 and the LG 99. Nextto 65, beside64's mouth,laytheAtticMG largelid,65, coveringthePGB lekythos, II skyphos68, inside which were the two M-LG aryballoi 66, 67. Below 68 was the PGB-EG oinochoe,104 overlyingthe LG-EO aryballos105, whose positioncasts some Beside/under ofwhatotherwiseappeareda coherentMG interment. doubton the integrity the E side of 64 werethe MG lekythos116, MG olpe 121, M-LG aryballos130, the glass vessel£86, PGB-EG lid 112, oinochoein and, stacked,PGB-EG oinochoe109, MG cup


26i

no and PGB-EG lid 129. £72, knife,was under64. If the associationof M-LG material withthisinterment is correct,it musthave been late in MG. The laterpotterynear 64 could havereachedpositionaftertheMG pieceswerein place. These includethefineLG lekythos and thewall. N was theMG cup 108 coveringa LG-EO aryballos 106, between116 [supra) N of 108 were 107, 128, LG-EO aryballoiand 131 and 132, halfa CypriotBoR lekythos. 127, thatjoined 132. These may have been connected with 41 (supra),though it was another,60, was higher.An EO alabastron93 was between64 and 116 (supra)] considerably againstthebackwall,somewhatabove 64. PartoftherimoftheLG amphora117 was at the footof64; therestwas notrecognizedduringexcavation.It mayhavebeen theurnassociated withsome of theLG potson or near thefloor,but in viewof theirwide dispersal,and 117's itis unlikely itwas in thechamberoriginally. condition, The largestpiece of thebrokenamphora57 was parallelto the S wall,itsbase towardthe back wall. Betweenit and the S wall were:the Naxian MG II skyphos50, the PGB-EG lids 48 on top; thesame,51, in a PGB-EG lid 52, 58, 49 insideit,the CypriotBoR II lekythos itselfin theE-MG lid 53 on topoftheE-MG oinochoe74; theM-LG oinochoe59, Between 73. At and partlyunder57's footwas a neat 59 and thewall was the LG-EO jug-aryballos, 69 withinAtticMG II skyphos70 on top of71, PGB-EG lid pile oflittlepots- PGB lekythos insidePGB kalathos-lid 89 was in a clear space near the LG oinochoe 72. The LG lekythos S was near the wall. bone handle, £61, 90. 74, E-MG oinochoe,was on theother 90, against sideof89; theCypriotBoR II oinochoe94's sherdswerein theSWcorner.The EO aryballos 88 was in thecentreofthechamber. In Niche3 was a pile ofO pots- 3, kalathos,8, cup,6, 9, skyphoi, 4, mug,7, lid,beneath EO and and the whichweretheO miniature lid, 10, 12, 11, 13, MO miniature lekythos, cup, EO was Close on the of the floor, N, 5, hydriawithbull's head edge remaining skyphos. E were a small of the vases bronze bronze fibulae, fi6, 16a, spiral,fi6b, and a glass protome. w wall the of Niche were the LG oinochoe23, the bead, fi*j.The E partwas empty. 4 Against In MG and the centre were the O amphoriskos 22, aryballos,24. jug, 18, the EO cup, 17 and mug,19. Near thesewere £31, bronzespectaclefibula,f33a, bronzefibula,£32, 33, glassbeads. The beads mayhave rolledaway from£27,to the s, groupofyellowglassbeads fillbeads fi5, 19, 21, 34 and £52-53 foundas thoughthreadedin Pgraduated sizes(cf.dromos from0.30 above the chamberfloor,fi7 in Niche 3, perhaps,with£27, once all partof one necklace).Niche5 was partlyhiddenbehindthe'NE column'ofthechamberentrance(supra). It containedtheMG pithos137 and lid 139, a juglet138 and spoutedskyphos,140. £76,at theback,was a carvedcolumnfragment, presumably belongingto the fillabove. The fillof Niche6 was indistinguishable fromthatofthedromos. Near itsroofweretheLO jug, 135, cup, 141. On itsfloorwas f79a, ironrodfragment. 136, and skyphos, POTTERY (PLATES 234-50) 1. POLYCHROME LID. Rings only.Red paint. E 164,classG (ii)(b). O. 2. POLYCHROME LID. PH. 6. Knob only.One thirdofwalllost.Balustershape.Red paint.O. 3. OPENWORK KALATHOS (fig. 144). H. 15.2. DR. 15. Small gaps. Flat base, straighttaperedbody, holes looped handlesabove rim.Piercedbytriangular forbasket effect.White on dark, worn. Traces of verticalson handles,and cross-hatching betweenthe piercedsections.EO.

4. MUG. H. 8.1. DR. 7.6. Gaps in rim.Coarse pink clay.Unpainted.EO. 5. HYDRIA. H. 19.4. Complete save chips on rim and animalspout.Handles and lip coated.Neck,tree withdottedoutline,flankedby two pairs of double circles. Shoulder, arcaded tongues with dotted outlines.Details of bull's head spoutpainted.Below, band withtriplewhitecircles,thenpanels: guilloche, massedzigzags,dottednet. Lines and bands to base. EO.

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6. *KOTYLE (fig. 144).H. 4.2. DR. 9.5. Complete, unpainted.EO. 7. DOMED LID. D. 12.2.H. 3.4. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. White on dark. Net pattern, zigzag,doublecircles.#163,classE (i) (b). EO. 8. *CUP. DR. 7. Frs.of rim,wall,base and handles. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).O. 9. *MINIATURE SKYPHOS (fig. 144).H. 3.6. DR. 7.3. Gaps in rim, White on dark. Double circles betweenhandles.E 166,classC. MO. 10. LEKYTHOS. H. 6.5. Gap in rim. Side-circles, smalldoublecirclesfrontand back.E 159,class E (iii) (b). EO. 11. MINIATURE CUP. DR. 5.6. H. 3. Complete. Fullycoated.O. 12. DOMED LID. D. 8.3. H. 2.4. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. Cream slip. Groupedlines.E 163,classE (i) (a). EO 13. *MINIATURE SKYPHOS (fig.144).DR. 5.5. H. 3. Chips in rim. White on dark. Double circles betweenhandles.E 166,classC. MO. 14. *CUP. DR. 7. Frs.of rimand wall. Fullycoated insideand out.MO. 15. *KOTYLE. D. 15. Frs.of rim,one handle,wall. Cream clay, red-brownpaint. Between handles, verticalstripes;below,horizontalones. Interior,fully coatedsavereservedlinebelowrim.Corinthian.EPC. 16. *KOTYLE. Frs. of wall and one handle. Bars betweenlineson handle,linesbelow.LO. 17. CUP. H. 5.1. DR. 8.6. Complete.Highlypolished yellowfabricwithsmall air bubblesand whitegrits. Unpainted.EO. 18. JUG. H. 9.3. Complete.Whitegrits,semi-lustrous brownpaint. Concave base. Paint stopsjust above base. Bars on handle. Band inside rim. MG. Cf. I35-I19. MUG. H. 8. DR. 6. Complete. Coarse, fig.60, no. 49. EO. unpainted.As 4. Cf.Ay.Paraskies 20. Vacatpartof40. 21. Vacatpartof44. 22. AMPHORISKOS. H. 15.8. Chipped rim. Fully coatedoutside,and insidemouth.Imported:cf.F. no. 1403. 23. OINOCHOE. H. 22.4. Complete. Ring foot. Handle barred.LG, Atticizing. 24. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.3. Chips fromrim,gaps in wall.Fullycoated,worn.E 158,classD (iv).EO. 25. JUG. H. 22.8. Complete save gaps in neck. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder,outermostthickened, groupedlines.E 155,classD. EO. H. 28. 26. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. Completesave chips in rim.Large ovoid body,ring foot.Lines and bars on handle. Double circles on neck,fivefoldon shoulder,sevenfoldon lowerbody, the two centralones missingin the groupbelow the handle.Lines.LO.

27. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 20. circles,the Complete.Handle panels,pairsof fivefold outermostthickened,joined by two lines; in three panels these have tonguesabove and below,in the fourththree tongues,outline flankingsolid. Dark paintto base,withone groupoflines.Verticalhandle and tripodfeetbarred,horizontalhandles dark. E 150,classV B (i) or close.EO. 28. POLYCHROME LID. H. 11.9.D. 19.1. Knob and rim chipped. Cream slip. Traces of lines at rim, decorationotherwiseentirelylost. E 164,class G (ii) (a). EO. 29. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 36.5. DR. 12.8. Gaps in wall,halflowerbodylost.Dots betweenlines below rim. Sixfoldcirclesbetweenhandles. Below, bands of fivefoldcircles between lines. Handles barred,darkbase. E 150,classV A. LO. 30. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Foot only.Cream slip.Shaped as plasticsnake.O. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 34. Rim to lower body. (Also non-joiningring base with loop feet*.)Concave insetlip, risingrim;painton rim,lip otherwise reserved. Lozenge chain and hatched meanderin all panels. Bars betweenbars on straps. Barson loop feet.LG, late. 32. OINOCHOE. PH. 29. Handle missing,large gaps in neck and wall. Whiteon dark.Band on lip. sevenfold Double circlesat base ofneck.On shoulder, circles,the threefrontsetsjoined by bars withthree lozenges above each bar. Grouped lines, the EO. thickened. outermost 33. LEKYTHOS. Praisos type.H. 24.5. Complete save chippedrim.Whiteon dark,veryworn.Traces oflozengeson neck,doublecircleson shoulder.Panels on body:leafcross,quadratedlozengewithcirclesin thequarters,massedcircles?or guilloche?Lines.From as 75.209. EO. thesameworkshop H. 5. Complete.Lines on mouth ARYBALLOS. 34. and lower body. Handle barred. Shoulder,dotted leaves,chevroncolumns,dottedlozenges.E 158,class B (iv).EO. 35. TREFOIL MOUTHED ALABASTRON. H. 10.2.Completesave chip in handle.Groupedlineson no. 27 body,double circleson shoulder.Cf. Gypsades and evidently older).EO. (cruder, 36. ARYBALLOS (fig. 144).PH. 10.4. Base lost,gap in wall, surface flaked. Handle and neck barred. Tongueson mouth,rosettesand lozengeson shoulder. Below,lines,and darkpaintto base. By thesamehand as 13.5. Cf.Ay.Paraskies, fig.15,no. 100.LO. 37. ARYBALLOS (fig. 144). PH. 4.1. Upper halfof finethinfabricwithhighpolish. bodyonly.Extremely Shoulder, panels of elaborate lotus bows. Below, no. panels of palmettetreeand volutes.Cf. Gypsades tsa Painter.LO. 55. By theForte 38. "«CONICAL LID (fig. 144).D. 21.1. H. 12.6.One

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE thirdof rimand wall lost.Knob and rimdark.Lines and band, triplewhitecircleson band. E 163,class C (iv).EO. 39. JUG. PH. 11.3.Most ofneckand handlelost,gap in wall. Dipped on eitherside. For dipping,though notonjug, see E 187.O. 40. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 145).PH. 47. base missing. DR. 16.5.Three-quarters Large preserved, whitegrits,yellowslip.Flat insetlip. Panels:A, as in drawing;B, hatchedquatrefoilwithcalyxof hatched columnsof multiplezigzagon each side; C, chevrons, checkpattern,triplezigzagabove and below,hatched chevroncolumneach side;D, birdsand solidquatrefoil, zigzags above and below. Belly zone, with vertical underA and C, hatchedmeander;underD, divisions: sixlargetriplecircleswithvariousfillings (seedetail)and a smallerversion of B to left;under B, a similar each side,and triple compositionbut withquatrefoils in chevrons thewheels.Whitereinforcement connecting bandsand lineson lowerbody.Bars on roundhandles; on straps, barsenclosing lozengecrosspanels.LG/EO. 41. FOUR-HANDLED NECKED PITHOS. H. 40.5. DR. 15.Nearlycomplete.Yellowslip.Ring foot. Paint inside rim, reservedabove. Same panels on reverse,whitepaint in frame.Zone of whitedouble in bands circlesbelow handles;whitereinforcement and linesbelow.LG/EO. 42. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 22. Frs.ofrim, wall, one horizontalhandle, both verticalhandles. Decoration virtuallylost, but trace of one rosette panel withred and blue petalsand yellowcentre,one see E 188 and large red outlineleaf. For trichrome, BSA 29 (1927-28),281.EO. 43. ♦POLYCHROME LID fr.,perhapsfor42. 44. AMPHORA. H. 80.2. Gaps in wall,creamyclay. Paintextremely worn.Dark band at mouth,lozenge and volute tree at neck. At join of neck and body, panels: double semi-circlesat corners of panel, guilloche,blank, zigzag, wheel, double semicircles withcirclein centre,blank,repeatofpatterns.EO. 45. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.145).PH. 41.5. Half preserved, lip missing. Orange-red clay. Bucranium handles, ring foot. Identical panels. Column of silhouette birds on straps, bars on bucrania.MG. Horseworkshop. 46. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Gaps in wall,chipsin rim. Bucchero.Cf. 107.21 and 22. LO. 47. ARYBALLOS (plate 241). H. 8. Parts of body and handlemissing. As 105. LG-EO. 48. LEKYTHOS (fig. 145;plate 239). H. 11.5.Parts ofbodymissing.Fine orangeclay,buffinside;redslip, mattblackpaint.Round handle.Shoulder:two triple circles in front.Paint on handle. Cypriot BoR II. RDAC1984,129no. 26. 49. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11. Three-quarters Domed. As 71. PGB-EG. preserved.

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50. SKYPHOS (fig. 145).H. 8.2. DR. 11.One handle broken. Slightlylopsided. Soft orange-brownclay, paint.Sigmas verymicaceous;creamslip,red-brown in panel on reverse.Inside,reservedcircleon floor. Naxian MG II. Eumousia, 27,fig.5d. 51. LEKYTHOS (fig. 145). H. 12.4. Complete. Slightlylopsided.Surfaceuneven,slightanglesabove and below belly; otherwiseas 48. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129no. 28. 52. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11.Nearlycomplete. Domed. As 71. PGB-EG. 53. SMALL LID (fig. 145). H. 7. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Domed; square rim, flat top; one suspensionhole. Insidefullypaintedexceptnear rim. E-MG. 54. ARYBALLOS (plate 241). H. 8.2. Gaps in body. Deep orange clay, pale orange surface,polished. Concavebase. Unpainted.LG-EO. 55. *CUP (FIG.145).H. 9.8. DR. 13.3. Gaps in rim. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LO. 56. OINOCHOE. PH. 10.2.Base to neck.Bucchero; greyclaycoatedin blackpaint.Flatbase. MG. 57. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 70. DR. 21. Nearlycomplete.Slightridgeon neckat upperhandle attachment.Ring foot.Reversesimilar,withminor differences: neck, meanderwithbillet frameabove and below only;shoulder,at centre,meander,dotted and quarteredlozenges. Handles: two tall diagonal crossesseparatedby groupsof threebars. MG. For decorationcf.pithoi75.109 and E no. 440. 58. *SMALL LID. H. 4.4. DR. 11.8.Nearlycomplete. Domed. As 71 butwithband aboverim.PGB-EG. 59. OINOCHOE. H. 23. Nearly complete. Deep orange clay, olive-brownpaint. Ring foot. Barred handle.M-LG. 60. ALABASTRON. H. 7.5. Complete. Suspension holes in neck. Paint on mouth.Neck lines. Inverted voluteson shoulder,thengroupedlineswithone zone of billets.Circles under base. For shape, cf. F. no. 1373.EO. 61. CONICAL LID (fig. 150). PH. 27.2. D. 27.5. Two-thirdspreserved,finial missing.Cream slip. Hollow knob; two firingholes pierced through concavestem;ridgebelow.Three verticallinesacross stripeson knob. PGB. Suitable for straight-sided 26, fig. pithos144: AR 29 (1983),52, fig.94. Reflexions, 2.1.pl. 2. UrnswithLids,112,fig.5. 62. LEKYTHOS. PH. 6.6. Neck ridgeto base. Fine orange clay,whitegrits,polished; mattblack paint. Flattened handle. Lines on neck, paint on handle. One triplecircleon shoulder,fourlines.CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984,129no. 29. 63. OINOCHOE. H. 24.5. Nearlycomplete.A large and lesselegantversionof59. M-LG. 64. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (plate 240). H. 47.5. DR. 19. Three-quarterspreserved.Yellow slip. Inset

254


lip, risingrim.Rough disc foot.Stirruphandleswith bucrania.Painton lip. Panels:A as shown;B similar butwithquadruplezigzag above. Verticalprojections at upper corners of panels. Curved stripes on bucrania; on stirrups,triplezigzag between bars, below.MG. Stirrupworkshop. chevrons 65. CONICAL LID (fig. 145).H. 20.4. D. 23.5. Part of rimand top of miniaturevase missing.Miniature oinochoerestingon solidconicalknob.On body,faint traceofwhitedoublecircleson twoupperdarkzones. LG. Urnswith Lids,116,fig.7. 66. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.4. Complete. Slight carinationat belly,flatbase. Line insidelip.M-LG. 67. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.4. Complete. As 66 but larger.M-LG. 68. SKYPHOS. H. 12.6 . DR. 18.4.Nearlycomplete. Fine orange clay,a littlemica, lustrousred-brown paint.Disc foot.Inside:reservedband belowrimwith fully groupsofbars;reservedcircleon floor;otherwise painted.Attic,MG II. 69. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.8.Rim chipped.Whiteand black grits,cream slip. Slight ridge on neck, low conical foot. Scribble on neck, ñve quadruple on shoulder.Handle barred.Band insidelip. triangles PGB. 70. SKYPHOS (FIG.145). H. 7.4. DR. 12.5. Nearly complete.Softorangeclay,some mica, brown-black paint.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.Attic,MG II. 71. SMALL LID (fig.145;plate 247).H. 3.6. D. 10.6. Complete.Cream slip. One suspensionhole. Thick barson rim.PGB-EG. 72. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 145). H. 6.9. D. 16.6. Complete.Creamslip.No paintunderbase. PGB. 73. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Completebut worn. Buffslip. Flat base. Two zones of birds to L., (i) standing,reservedeye, silhouettebody; (ii) flying, reservedand dotted eye, hatched body,silhouette wings outstretched.Under base, panel of crosshatchingacrosscentre,hatchedtriangleto one side, on handle, tripletriangleon theother.Cross-hatching bars between lines below root. Inside lip, bars betweentwolines.LG-EO. 74. OINOCHOE. H. 20.6. Partofmouthand handle As 59 butwithtriplezigzag.E-MG. missing. 75. OINOCHOE. PH. 16. Mouth missing,handle broken. Carination and groove on shoulder,low conical footwith groove underneath.Neck: steep zigzag withapices filled.Bars on handle root.PGB. Cf. 104.84. 76. OINOCHOE. H. 9.5. Complete.As 104 butwith double inner circles on flanks,enclosing ribbed quatrefoilson one side, Maltese cross on the other. PGB-EG (?). RDAC1984,134no. 62. 77. PYXIS (FIG. 145). H. 8.8. DR. 7.4. Complete. Spatterbelowband inside.MG. 78. COARSE TRIPOD JUG (FIG.146).H. 11.8.DR.

6.3. Nearlycomplete.Grittyredclay.Lopsided.Thick straphandle;tripodfeetroundin section.M-LG. 79. SMALL LID (plate 247). H. 3.8. DR. 11. PGB. Complete.As 71 butbroaderand shallower. 80. OINOCHOE (fig. 146; plate 236). H. c. 15.7. Neck with handle; belly to base. Orange clay, crumbling;thickred paint all over,even underbase. Metal-likeprojectionsbelow handle root,and beside at rim.PhoenicianRed Slip. RDAC upperattachment 1984,123no. 4. 81. LEKYTHOS. H. 15.7. Complete. White grits. Slight ridge between neck and shoulder. Poorly articulated disc foot, string mark underneath. Shoulder: cross-hatchedtriangleswithintripleor quadrupleoutline.Handle: bars betweenlineswhich continuedowntheneck.PGB. 82. CUP (FIG.146).H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete. Lopsided.Whitegrits,creamslip.Bosseseach side of meanderpanel. Handle barred.Inside,reservedcircle on floor.MG. 83. HYDRIA (FIG. 146). H. 25. DR. c. 7. Nearly complete.Wide grooveunderfalseringfoot.Differing motifsin belly zone: A, solid triangle;B, hatched lozenges, emptycentres.All threehandles barred. Two bandsinsiderim.LG/EO. 84. Vacat. preserved. 85. *SMALL LID. H. 3.6. Three-quarters PGB-EG. As 71 butshallower. H. 13.2. Complete. Coarse 86. OINOCHOE. micaceousred clay,smoothed.Strap handle; conical foot,flatunderneath.Six groovesat base of neck, verticalribson body.PGB-EG. fourteen 87. SKYPHOS (fig. 146). H. 6.3. DR. 11.2. Rim doublezigzagonly. chipped.Fabricas 50. On reverse, Inside,floorfullypainted.Naxian, MG I. Eumousia, 27>% 5a88. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.0. Body only. Badly flakedsurface.Double circleson shoulder,grouped lines below.E 157,class B (ii). EO. RDAC 1984, 129 no. 30. 89. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(fig. 146). PH. 17.5. Cream slip, pale brown paint. Leaf quatrefoilon shoulder,two bands of zigzag between lines, dark base. Fromthe same workshopas 106 and 118. See no. 10.LG. also Gypsades PH. 15.Base to neckwithhandle *OINOCHOE. 90. stump.Round handle, flatbase. Handle: wavyline lines.Otherwiseas 23. LG. betweenstraight 91. CUP (FIG.147).H. 9. DR. 13.6.Nearlycomplete. red-brownpaint. Bars and solid paint Semi-lustrous on handle.Reservedcircleon floor.MG. 92. OINOCHOE. H. 10.5.Nearlycomplete.As 104 on each flank,and swastika butwithribbedquatrefoil on shoulderin front.PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984, 134, no. 65. 93. ALABASTRON. H. 7. Complete save chipped

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 292 rim. Pierced lugs on neck. Lines on neck, dotted leaveson shoulder.Body,zigzagsbetweenlines,band. Cf.F no. 1051.and also 292.60. EO. 94. *OINOGHOE (FIG.146).H. 19.Mostofneckand partsof body missing.Deep orangeclay,smallwhite slip,mattblack paint; surfacemuch grits,red-brown worn. Interiorgrey-buff. Ring foot,double round handle.CypriotBoR IL RDAC 1984,127-8no. 12. 95. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.5. Lip to lower body. As 66. M-LG. Polishedsurface, flaking. 96. ♦SACK-SHAPED JUGLET. Shattered. Soft orange clay, red slip, matt black paint. Flattened handle,tubularbody,vestigialfoot.Bands and lines on body;no otherdecorationvisible.CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,131no. 37. H. 11. Nearly complete. 97. LEKYTHOS. Apparentlyas 48 but withone quadruple circleon shoulder.CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129no. 25. 98. OLPE. H. 10.4.Complete.Thickcreamslip.Flat base. Spaced lines. Shoulder:cross-hatched panel at centre,threebarsat each sidependentfromneckline. Barson handle,ringroundroot.EG. 99. LEKYTHOS. H. 12.5. Rim chipped. As 69 centres. exceptthatthe triangleshave cross-hatched PGB. 100. OINOCHOE. H. 12. Nearly complete.Thin fabric.Neck offcentre.Broad disc foot.Neck panel: double zigzag, irregularbars above. Bars between lineson handle.MG. 101. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete.Buffslip. Shape and decorationsimilarto 108. Reservedcircle on floor.MG. 102. OINOCHOE. H. 11.2. Nearlycomplete.Fabric as 86. Fourgrooveson neck,tenverticalribson body. PGB-EG. 103. OINOCHOE. PH. 15.5. Body only.Bucchero: fabricas 13.18. Uneven ringfoot,stumpof round handle.MG. 104. OINOCHOE (fig. 147).H. 10. Complete.Fine greyclay,polished orange surface;mattgrey-black paint. Large and small circles on flanks,drawn freehand;at centreon each side, a Maltese cross. staron shoulderin front.PGB-EG (?). Eight-pointed RDAC1984,133-4no. 64. 105. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.2. Nearlycomplete.Polished yellowsurface.Narrowflatbase. Unpainted.LG-EO. 106. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.H. 24.5. Two thirds of mouthlost,chipped base. Fabric as 89. Bars on edge oflip and handle.Two bandsofopposedarcades on neck.Shoulder,chevroncolumns,thena band of dottedscales. Below,S's betweenlines. Lines, dark foot.Cf. 89. LG. 107. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Rim chipped.As 105 but withreddishtingeon lowerbody.LG-EO. 108. CUP (FIG. 147). H. 7.8. DR. 12.3. Buffslip. Handle barred.Reservedcircleon floor.MG.

265

109. OINOCHOE. H. 10.1. Most of mouthmissing. As 10 but with double inner circles. PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984,133-4no. 66. no. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete.As 108 butwithunevenbase. MG. in. OINOCHOE. H. 11.3.Nearlycomplete.Orange surfaceoutside and inside, with greycore; ribbed on each flank;otherwiseas 104. PGB-EG quatrefoils RDAC (?). 1984,133-4no-63112. SMALL LID. H. 4. DR. 11.1. Complete.As 71 butwithband at rim.PGB-EG. 113. LEKYTHOS. H. 12.Nearlycomplete.As 69 but the triangleshave cross-hatched centres,and the foot is lowerand broader.PGB. 114. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.2. DR. 18.5. Three-quarters preserved. Flat inset lip, bucraniumhandles withstirrups,poorlyarticulated disc foot. Paint on lip. Panels same on both side. MG. Bossesnear rimeach side of stirrupattachment. Cf.F no. 423. Stirrupworkshop. 115. OINOCHOE. H. 12. Complete.Fabric as 86. Strap handle; rough conical foot,flatunderneath. Eightgrooveson neckbutno ribson body.PGB-EG. 116. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. PH. 29.2. Rim missing.Cream slip.Round handleto neckridge,ring foot.Neck: columns of cross-hatchedlozenges and invertedchevronflankingherring-boneat centre. Handle: bars between lines, horizontal on front, verticalat sides.MG. 117. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. D. c. 10.5. Rim fr.Cream slip.As 104.27. LG. 118. *LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 6.7. Neck and handle only.Grouped lines on neck. Fromthe same workshopas 89 etc.EO. 119. *MINIATURE OINOCHOE. Frs. of mouth and handle,body.Surfaceflaking,burnt.Bucchero. O. 120. *SMALL LID. H. 3.9. DR. 11.5. Nearly PGB-EG. complete.As 71 butshallower. 121. OLPE (FIG. 147). H. 10.6. Complete. Thick creamslip.Handle barred,ringroundroot.MG. 122. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 2.9. Complete. Everted lip, vertical neck, flat base. Shoulder:solid leavespendentfromneckband. Two verticallinesdownstraphandle.LG-EO. 123. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 147). H. 7.8. D. 26. Nearlycomplete.Polishedsurface.EG. 124. 'JUGLET fr.'Renumberedas f86 (partof glass vessel). 125. CONICAL LID. PH. 8.5. D. 22. Knob missing. On twoupperbands,tracesoftwowhitelines.MG. 126. *SMALL LID. H. 4.3. DR. 11.6. Complete. As 71. PGB-EG. 127. Vacat: joins 132. 128. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Parts of body missing. As 105. LG-EO.

266


129. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11.Complete.As 71. PGB-EG. 130. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.5. Rim chipped. Semilustrous brownpaint.As 66. M-LG. 131. ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Nearlycomplete.As 105 butslightly lopsided.LG-EO. 1312.LEKYTHOS. H. 11.3. Nearly complete.Flat base; otherwiseas 48. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984, 129no. 17. 133. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.2. Lip and partof handle As 105. LG-EO. missing. 134. OINOCHOE. H. 10. Nearlycomplete.As 104 but withhourglasson one flack.PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984,133-4no. 67. "35-JUG or OINOCHOE. Fr.ofwallonly.Sevenfold circles on shoulder,grouped lines, the outermost thickened. E 154,classE or 155classD (i). LO. 136. CUP. DR. 7. H. 5.3. Complete. Fully coated insideand out.Whitelineson lip.E 166,classC. LO. 137. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 45.7. DR. 19. Three-quarters preserved. Inset lip, rising rim. Bucraniumhandles,flatbase. Painton lip. Identical panels.All handlesbarred.MG. 138. JUGLET. H. 8.9. Complete.Flat base. Handle barred.M-LG. 139. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 147). H. 6.5. D. 18. Complete.Polishedsurface.MG. 140. SPOUTED SKYPHOS withdetachablestrainer (fig. 147). H. 9.8. DR. 11. Complete. Strainer:one hole in centre,fiveequallyspaced near edge; groups of bars round upturnededge, remainderof upper surfacefullypainted. Rough surfaceunderneath, shallowcoil brokenoff,unpainted.Skyphos:shortlip breakon intowhichthe strainerlid fitscomfortably; rimsuggesting a risingloop handle.Side spoutplaced offcentre.Panels: quadruplezigzag in front, slightly triplebehind.No paintinside.MG. 141. *SKYPHOS (fig. 147). H. 10. DR. 10.9. Complete. Fullycoated. White lines on lip. E 166, classC. LO. 142. FLAT PYXIS (fig. 147). H. 6.6. DR. 12.5. Centreof base missing.Orange clay,chestnut-brown grits,darkbrownpaint.Two pairsofsuspensionholes, Attic,MG I. opposed.No paintunderneath. 143. LID forFLAT PYXIS (fig. 147).D. 14. Nearly complete, knob missing. Fabric as 142, and Attic,MG I. suspensionholescorresponding. 144. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig. 150). H. 47.4. DR. 18.5. Two-thirdspreserved. Fine pinkbrownclay,yellowslip.Flat base. Twinloop handles, the rootsflattened.Round the body fifteen trees,all withtriangulartrunks.Except forthose under the handle roots, all have double stems and spiral branches; on each one perches a large bird, their bodieseitherchecked,or solidwithinhatchedoutline alongtheback.The fourtreesunderthehandleroots,

withoutbirds,all havesinglestems;on one theleafage takesthe formof a lozengenet,on the otherthreea massof zigzags.Handles:barsbetweencurvedstripes on each member,verticalbars across roots. Paint insiderim.PGB. The lid 61 maybelong.AR 29 (1983), 26, fig.2.1, pl. 2. UrnswithLids 52, fig.93. Reflexions 112,fig.5. 145. THREE-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.8. DR. raisedfoot. 19. Nearlycomplete.Flat insetlip,slightly Painton lip. Panels:A as shown;B, smallsolidleaves above meander,cross-hatched leaves below; C, as B butwithcross-hatched lozengesbelow.MG, late. 146. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.2. DR. foot.Above 25.5. Gaps in wall and foot.Fenestrated handle,lines. Handle panels: threemetopes,massed zigzagson eitherside of a double outlinequadrated lozengewithdot filland dottedbackground,framed by small double circlestop and bottom.Below,lines and bands withtracesof whiteenhancement.White circlesabove and belowthehandleand at thesidesof thepanels.E 149,classIV A (ii).EO. 147. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.8. DR. 18. Nearlycomplete.Yellowslip.Flat insetlip,ringbase, birdsand triple tripodfeet.Painton lip. Confronting zigzagin all fourpanels;A and B as shown;C and D, birdswithoutcolumnof chevron.Triplewhitecircles in zones above and below,and in columnsbesidethe horizontalhandles.Barson loop feet.LG, late. 148. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 50.5. DR. 18. Straight-sided, risinglip,ringbase, loop Fragmentary. feet(onlyone preserved).Band at rim,lip otherwise reserved reserved. Band belowshoulder, line,bandwith quintuplewhitecircles,dotsbetweensecondand third circlesin each set,crosswithdots in the centre;the circlesextendupwardsacrossthe reservedline,white lines above and below. Panels, all flankedby white vertical lines and columns of cross-hatching:A, meander;smalloutlinequatrefoilwithdottedspaces enclosedin whiteand darksquares,betweenhatched quatrefoilpanels withdouble chevroncalyx; single centralcolumnof chevron. windsof meanderflanking twohatchedzigzagsabove and B, hatchedbattlement, solidleaves;D, below.C, twohatchedzigzags,meander, lozengecrosswithsmalldottedlozengesin quadrants above and hatchedbattlement (centralpanelsmissing), below.Curvedstripeson horizontalhandles,vertical linesbetweenbarson straps.Bellyzone:whitecirclesas Barson loop feet.LG, late. on shoulder. 149. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.147).H. 57.5. DR. 20.5. Nearlycomplete.Ring foot.Insetconcave Bucraniumhandles.Paint on lip. lip, risingslightly. Identicalpanels. Column of silhouettebirdson each The lid 155 fits. strap.MG. Horseworkshop. PITHOS. PH. 40.5. Half TWO-HANDLED 150. preserved,rim missing;handle stumps.Ring foot. identical.Painton handles.EG. Panelsapparently

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 151. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 38. DR. 13. Base missing.Flat insetlip, painted.Shoulder:triple a circlesbetweenlinesall in white.Panels alternately bird and a quatrefoilwithlozenges,alwaysbetween cross-hatchedcolumns with white reinforcement. Paint on horizontalhandles; on strapsverticallines betweenbars. Bellyzone, in white:triplecircleswith centraldot, alternatingwithsets of nine bars with multiplebrush,whitelinesabove and below.LG, late. 152. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Fragmentary. Rising concave lip, painted. Disc foot. Identical panels: double zigzag, S's, guilloche, S's, double zigzag. Curved stripes on horizontal handles; on straps,doublediagonalcrossbetweenbars.LG/EO. 153. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 45. Threequarterspreserved,lip and handlesmissing.Shallow ringfoot.Panels: A, tongueswith midrib,hatched lozenges,hatchedmeander,leaves in double outline. B, upperpartmissing,tongueswithmidribbelow.C, lozengesbelow.D, upperpartmissing,cross-hatched tongues with midrib, hatched leaves, hatched meander,lozengesin tripleoutline.*Fr.of strapwith bars,lozengesin tripleoutlinebelowroot.LG, early. 154. TRAY (FIG. 147). H. 4. DR. 23.4. Two-thirds preserved.Buffslip. Round reflexhandles.Dots on rim.Inside,circleson floor.EG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972),84. D 37155. CONICAL LID. H. 12.5. D. 24.8. Virtually complete.Knob flatabove: crossof fourintersecting lines,paintin quadrants.MG. Perhapsforpithos149. 156. CONICAL LID. D. 13.8. H. 7.2. Gaps in rim. Red clay.Tracesofwhitescales.For157. EO. 157. PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 14. Max. D. 18.5. Gaps in rimand wall.Fabricand decorationas 156. EO. 158. NECKED PITHOS. H. 56. DR. 19.8. Gaps in body.Four handles.Barredrim,groupedwhitelines volutetrees.Belowvertical on darkneck.On shoulder, handle, outlined cross-hatched dotted lozenges. Handles barred. Lines, then dark lower body with groupedwhitelines.E 149,classIV A (ii).EO. 159. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 54. DR. base to handle zone; upper part 15.7.Fragmentary: Flat lip, slightridge and otherbodyfrs.,non-joining. at rim; ring foot. Paint on lip. Shoulder: white metopes,alternatingoutlinebirdswithraised wing, and lozenge crosses.Panels,all betweencolumnsof withwhitereinforcement: A, vertical cross-hatching hatched meander; B, opposed arcs intersectinga lozenge,all in doubleoutlineand hatched;C, hatched quatrefoilwith midrib,central circle, imposed on all in doubleoutlinewith largelozengewithchevrons, hatching;D, largelymissing,probablyas C. White belly zone: hatched zigzag between lines; another whitezone below,withgroupsof fivebars. Curved stripeson horizontalhandles;on straps,tall diagonal crossbetweenbars.LG/EO.

T. 292

267

160. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 147).H. 56. DR. 16.2. Gaps in lip and body.Rounded rim, slightangle below lip, ridgewherehandlejoins neck. Ring foot. Same decoration on both sides: crosshatched lozenges and hatched meander on neck, hatched meander on shoulder. Handles: panels containingsilhouettebirds with raised wing.Band insidelip.MG. (One handlefromT. 283.) 161. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 14. DR. 9. Half of upper part. Flat inset lip, painted. White withinpanel and borderinglinesbelow. reinforcement LG. PITHOS. PH. 18.5. 162. FOUR-HANDLED Shoulder and belly fr.On dark zone below panel, whitedecoration.LG. indistinct 163. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fig. 147).PH. 6.7. DB. 20. Base withlowerpart of stem. Orange-buff grits,small particlesof silver clay,chestnut-brown mica. *Frs. of stem with two ridges,floorof bowl, fullypainted.AtticMG. perhapsbelonging, 164. LARGE SKYPHOS (fig. 148).PH. 11.8.DR. c. base missing. 18.One-thirdpreserved, MG, late. 165. DOMED LID. H. c. 8.3. D. c. 24. One-third Cream slip. centreand mostofrimmissing. preserved, Fullypaintedinside.EG. 166. CONICAL LID. H. 12. D. 22.3. Much of knob missing.Cream slip.Flat knob,tracesofMaltesecross. LG. 167. CONICAL LID. H. 10.2. D. 22.5. Half preserved.Cream slip.Flat knob,circles.LG. 168. DOMED LID (fig. 149). H. 5.8. D. 21.5. Half preserved.Pair of suspensionholes. White on dark: octopusat centre,cable, opposed double semicircles, doubleintersecting zigzag,band at lip.LG-EO. 169. DOMED LID (FIG.148).H. 5.3. D. 21.4.Threequarters preserved. Everted lip. White on dark: outlinerosettewithmidribs,interlocking sixteen-petal horizontalS's, cable, hatchedzigzag,dotson lip. LG, early. 170. DOMED LID (fig. 148). H. 5.3. D. 20.8. Twothirdspreserved.Everted lip, one suspensionhole preserved. White on dark: outline rosette,cable, horizontalS's, hatchedzigzag,dotson lip. interlocking LG, early. 171. *DOMED LID (FIG.148). H. 5.2. D. 21. Threequarterspreserved.Evertedlip, pair of suspension holes. Whiteon dark: centreas 172, threezones as 169. LG, early.UrnswithLids119,fig.10. 172. DOMED LID (FIG.148). H. 5.7. D. 21. Threebuckled.Evertedlip,pair quarterspreserved;slightly of suspensionholes.Whiteon dark:hatchedchevronleaves at centre,interlockinghorizontalS's, cable, doublecircles,dotson lip.LG-EO. 173. *CONICAL LID (fig. 148). H. 9.5. D. 21.5. Nearlycomplete.Knob: quadruple circle,enclosing cross with hatched triangles in quadrants. All

268


decorationwhiteon dark. LG-EO: matchespithos 148. 174. CONICAL LID. H. 10.8. D. 23.3. Threequarterspreserved.Flat knob,slightbevellingat edge: reservedcross.LG. 175. *SMALL TRAY (fig. 148).H. 2.3. DR. 17.Grey core. Roots of reflexhandle at rim. Solid paint underneath. Inside,spacedbandson floor.LG. ♦CONICAL LID. D. 14. H. 6.8. Complete 176. lost. Exteriorfullycoated, worn. profile,two-thirds EO. 177. CONICAL LID. H. 9.5. D. 21.2.Three-quarters preserved,much of knob missing.Knob concave above,motifnotclear.LG. 178. *DOMED LID. H. 3.5. D. c. 15. Half preserved in threefrs.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:dots on lip. No otherdecorationvisible.LG-EO. 179. SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 12.5.Three-quarters As 71. PGB-EG. preserved. 180. SMALL LID. H. 4.6. D. 11. Nearlycomplete. Conical: broadflatknob,slightridgebelow.Whiteon dark:circleson knob,threepairsoflines.LG-EO. 181. *OINOCHOE. DB. 6.2. Frs.of body and base circleswithsmall only.Ring foot.Spaced intersecting doublecirclesin spaces.Nippleson shoulder.LO. 182. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE (fig. 148). PH. 22. Gaps in mouth,neck, lip, base and lower body. Rope handle. Lines on neck, tree of life in doubleoutlinewithdots.Shoulder:darkgroundwith pattern in reserved patches. In panels, octofoil, massed zigzags,dottedquatrefoil,dottedquatrefoil. Below,lines,bandswithtracesofwhitedoublecircles. Lines and bands withwhitetriplecircles,chequered bands.LO. 183. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 14.5. DB. 7.6. Body,base of neck and part of base only. Large gaps. Groupedlines,outermostthickened,on neck and body,quadruple circleson shoulderand body.LO. 184. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 149).DB. 14.2. foot,body,rim,one Non-joiningfrs.of fenestrated horizontalhandle. Prongmarkedthroughbase and hole in thecentreofbase. Paintrubbed. fenestrations, Tracesofredverticalsbelowrim;twobandsofcircles, (a) in red with dots between them, (b) larger, outermost blue,withdotsbetweenand red,innermost a red rosettein thecentre.Band ofpanelsoutlinedin redlinesand blue dots.Tracesofblue linesand circles on base. MO. 185. »POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 149). Frs. of lowerbodywithrootsoftripodfeet,non-joining body sherds.Trichrome.Bands: (a) blue lotus,(b) panels: one remainingbirdin blue,fantail,red wingand tail withyellowfilland red bars at tip. Red fleurs-de-lys and blue and redvolutetreesabove feet,blue arcades with red columns between them. For trichrome

technique,see BSA 29 (1928-29),280, and E 188.EO. 186. »POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 24. Base, part of rim.Blue red-edgedbands of wall and two-thirds withwhitequadruplecircles.EO. of 187. JUG/OINOCHOE. PH. c. 19.5. Two-thirds body only. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder and body, betweengroupedlines.E 154,class E, or 155,class D (i). O. 188. »FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 35.5. Lower half. Ring base; loop feet, diagonal cross betweenbars.LG. 189. »DOMED LID. H. 5.2. D. 19.5.Half preserved. Evertedlip,pair of suspensionholes.Whiteon dark, veryworn: octopusat centre,horizontalS's, double circles,band at lip.LG-EO. 190. »DOMED LID (fig. 149).H. 6.2. D. c. 21.5.Half preserved.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:outlinerosette at centre,cable, interlocking S's, hatchedzigzag,dots on lip.LG-EO. 191. DOMED LID (fig. 149). PH. 6. D. c. 21. Half centremissing.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark: preserved, no trace of centralmotif,quintupletriangles,zigzag withfilledapices and dots,doublecircles,dotson lip. LG-EO. UrnswithLids,119,fig.12. 192. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 15. Body only, gap in wall. Fabric as 89 etc. Shoulder, zigzag betweenlines;volute-forks pendentfromlowerline. Below,bandsofS's. Cf. 106, bythesame hand.LG. 193. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(FIG.149). H c. 26. DB. 6.5. Gaps in mouthand neck,about halfbody missing.Fabric as 89, fromthe same workshop. Grouped lines on mouthand neck, barred handle. Band of cables at base of neck. On shoulder,six wheels; below,solid lozenges. spoked billet-rimmed Body,rowsofzigzagsbetweenlines.LG. 194. »LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. H. c. 24. About two-thirdsof body missing.White on dark. Worn. Trace of one panel on body,double outlineon leaf cross.Fromthesameworkshopas 33. EO. 195. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.2. Bodywithgap,and fr.of mouth.Tongues on mouth.Side-circlewithzone of billets,and strokesbetweenthe outermostwithdots betweenthem.Small double circlesfrontand back. EO. 196. ARYBALLOS (fig. 149). Max D. 7. DB. 2.8. Upper body, wall and non-joining base. Mouth, tongues.Shoulder,threeswans withbarred wings. thenpanelsseparatedby Band ofhorizontalchevrons, bands of dots. In the remainingones, double circle, quadrateddottedlozenge.Band of verticalsbetween wavylines,band ofchevrons.E 159,classL. Forbirds, cf.i? no. 1280.LO. 197. ARYBALLOS. H. c. 7.5. Upper and lowerparts of body,partof corrugatedcentralsection.Biconical. Bucchero.Cf.E no. 1326.LO. 198. LEKYTHOS. H. 7.9. Two-thirdsof body and

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 292 smalldouble circles.E 159, handle only.Side-circles, classE (iii)(b). EO. 199. ♦POLYCHROME LID. D. 20. Two-thirdsof wall and knob lost. Conical withknob and bevelled edge.Paintlost.O. ofrim 200. ♦POLYCHROME LID. D. 22. Two-thirds and adjoiningwall.Conical withbevellededge.Panels of red and blue cross-hatching, red and blue doubleoutlinelozenge.By thesame hand as 34.3. LO. 201. *POLYCHROME LID. H. 6.5. D. c. 19. Onelost.O. thirdofrim,partofwall.Paintentirely 202. LEKYTHOS, Bichrome.Frs. of mouth,body and handle. Pale buffclay,cream slip,black-brown and pinkpaint.Flaringlip, globularbody.Inside lip: pinkband, fourblack lines; outside,pinkband, five threesetsoffiveblack blacklines.Shoulder:evidently concentriccircles each side, the outermostcircle thickened,the central set higherthan the others; below,pink band betweenblack lines. No paint on handle. Probably two-handled.Local imitationof CypriotBichromeIII. RDAC1984,127no. 11. 203. ARYBALLOS. Frs. of body,mouth and foot. Bucchero.Biconical.Cf.E no. 1326.O. 204. ARYBALLOS. Fr.of upperbody only.Tongues withdottedoutline.Lower,circleenclosingcinquefoil. By theFortetsaPainter.LO. 205. ARYBALLOS. Two non-joiningfrs.of body.A, double bows, billets.B, part of similarbow. By the FortetsaPainter.LO. 206. *ARYBALLOS. Frs. of wall. Cross-hatched on shoulder.E 158,classIIC. LG-EO. triangles 207. ARYBALLOS. Max D. 6. PH. 6.2. Mouth and handleand upperbodyonly.Cross-hatched triangles, dotted,on shoulder.E 158,classII C. LG-EO. 208. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.6. PH. 4.4. Greaterpart ofbody.As 206. LG-EO. 209. OINOCHOE. PH. 5.6. Bodyonly,gaps in wall. Deep orangeclay,whitegrits.,mattblackpaint.Iron stainon lowerbody.Root of straphandlebarred;flat base. Shoulder:threeeight-point stars.Spaced bands. Perhapssameclassas 104 etc.PGB-EG. 210. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3. Frs.of lowerbody only. Creamslip,bands.Cf.E no. 1530;as 285.22. LO. 211. SACK-SHAPED JUGLET. Part of body and handle-root.Coarse porous fabricwith buffinner layer,redpaint.PhoenicianRed Slip. RDAC 1984,123 no. 3. 212. *AMPHORISKOS. PH. 5.5. Fr.ofshoulderand mouth.Bucchero.O. 213. *HIGH-FOOTED KOTYLE. PH. 9.6. Fr. of base, lower body, and non-joining frs. of wall. Rectilinearcable, lines to foot.On foot,lines with band ofgroupedstrokes. Interiorfullycoated.LO. 214. *FOOTED VESSEL. DB. 6.8. Frs.of footand lowerbody.Whiteon dark.Body,dotsbetweenlines, tongues.Foot,pairsoflines.O.

269

215. FEEDING CUP. Two frs.of body and spout. Offsetlip. Lines on lip, then bands of panels with spoutin one ofthem.Massed zigzagson eithersideof spout;linesradiatingfromspoutto edge of itspanel. Lines.LO. 216. *SKYPHOS. DB. 13. Four frs.of lip and body. Lines on lip, triple circles and grouped verticals betweenhandles.Interiorcoated. E 166, class B (ii). LO. 217. *SKYPHOS. DR. 14. Four frs. of rim and adjoiningwall,withone handleand rootoftheother. lines Interiorcoated,reservedline belowlip. Exterior, on lip. Shortstrokesbetweenlines;verticalsbetween handles.Handles barred.Below,lines.E 166,class B (ii). 218. SKYPHOS. DR. c. 12. Three frs.of rim and adjoiningwallwithhandleroots.Dark micaceousclay, brownpaint. Inside fullycoated,withreservedband below lip. Between handles, panels: wheel, zigzag, rosette.E 165,classB (i). MO. 219. TALL-LIPPED CUP. DR. 11.5.Frs.of lip only. Panels: narrowrectilinearcable, rosettewithdouble quartercirclesin the corner,cable, rosette.Partsof otherpanelswithlotuses,bee and triplecircle.LO. 220. CUP. DB. 5.3. Non-joiningfrs.of footand wall. in circles, Ring foot.Interior,centraltongue-rosette dots betweenthe ends. Dark paint to just below the lip. Exterior,rays,cable, band of panels of rosettes and doubleaxes. LO. 221. *KOTYLE. Frs. of wall only. Interior,fully coated. Exterior,lines below lip, then dark paint to base. E 166,classA. LO. 222. *KOTYLE. DB. 4.5. One-thirdof base, nonjoining frs.of wall. Cream clay,red paint. Interior coated. Exterior,lines,thenpaint to base witha few reservedlines.Corinthian, EPC. 223. TRIPOD CUP (fig. 149). H. 14.3. DR. 14.5. with Gaps in rimand wall,handlelost.Straight-sided evertedlip,pointedfeet,straphandle.Whiteon dark. Interiorfullycoated with line below lip. Grouped strokeson lip. Body,bands':crossed zigzag, outline leaves, crossedzigzag, verticals.Lines. Feet barred. EO. 224. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c. 40. Fragmentary:parts of neck, lower body and base. Roundedrim,ovoidbody,*ringfoot.MG. 225. OINOCHOE. PH. 14. Neck and shoulder,with handleroot.Whitegrits.Irregularridgebetweenneck and shoulder.Barson handle.E-MG. 226. OINOCHOE. PH. 13. Neck and shoulderwith straphandle,mouthmissing.Handle: doublediagonal crossbetweenbars.E-MG. 227. SMALL FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 9. DR. 8. Halfofupperpartin twofrs.Insetconcavelip, reserved.Panels (some smallerfrs.not illustrated): A and C, lozengechain,chain of double lozengeswith

270


small dottedlozengesin angles above and below; B and D, row of single detached circles, quintuple zigzag.LG. MiniatureofE no. 831. 228. KALATHOS-LID. H. 6. D. 15.4. Half preserved.Cream slip. Shape and decorationas 72, butonlyfourlinesbelowspiral.PGB. 229. STRAINER LID forskyphos.D. 12.5. Nearly complete.Shape as 140, butwithtwoconcentricsets of smallerholes. Upper surfacefullypaintedbut for reserved band nearedge.No paintunderneath. MG. *CONICAL LID. Frs.As N 27. MG. 230. 231. *LEKYTHOS, Praisos type.Frs. Cream slip. Shape as 116. Dots on rim, meander below neck on shoulder.Belly:zones ridge,cross-hatched triangles ofmeanderand cross-hatched lozenges.MG. 232. PITHOS (?), fr. Shoulder panel: gridded meander,EG (?). PITHOS. H. c. 35. 233. *NECK-HANDLED As 218.27, butwithcontinuousbars in Fragmentary. zone roundbelly.LG. 234. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Rim fr.As 285.79, withinciseddecoration:opposed groupsof obliquebars.PGB. 235. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Two shoulderfrs. Whiteon dark zones above and below main panel, designsindistinct.Strap handle: trace of diagonal crossbetweenbars.LG-EO. 236. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. of largestfr. Flat insetlip, ringbase, stumpsof 39. Fragmentary. feet. Dotted lozengechainabove handles.Panels, loop all betweencross-hatched columns:A and C, bird;B and D, elaboratelozengecross.Below,whiteon dark thinzones ofsingle metopalzone,designsobliterated; whitecirclesabove and underneath.LG, late. Bird workshop. 237. SQUAT OINOCHOE. Max D. 18.8. Frs. of shoulderonly.Exteriorfullycoated in black paint, incisedtongues.Cf. BSA 73 (1978),51,no. 7, pl. 11,7a. LO. 238. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. e. 35. Frs. Too to reconstruct. shattered Impressedcircleson sidesof straphandle,S's on uppersurface.Circlesof various sizesin band betweenhandles,circlesin zones on the body LO.

239. MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype.PL. 63. Th. 1.5-1.8. Frs.,rimand base. Orange-brown clay,large whiteand greygrits,buffslip,red-brown paint.Holes piercedvertically throughuppercornerand base. On squaredprojecting lip,wavylinebetweenbands.Tops of panels on long side A, betweenverticalthree-line divisions:(i) spiral volutes,perhaps top of tree; (ii) spiralwithsolid background;(iii) partof floralmotif with spiral and fringedcentre,solid wave pattern along upperborder.Base frs.withloweredge of side B: to left,panel of tricurvedarch; centre,trace of cuttlefish (cf.294.63) withhead reversed;wall stylised fr.withwavytentacle.LM III A2. 240. *DOMED LID (FIG.149).D. 22. Half rimand some adjoiningwall. Shallowevertedrim,suspension holes. White on dark. Hatched leaves, cable, small double circles.Billetson rim.LG-EO. UrnswithLids, 119,fig.13. 241. KOTYLE. DR. 16. Frs. of rim and adjoining wall only.A, panel of verticalrectilinear cable; three horizontalpanels: wavy line, chevrons,wavy line; verticalrectilinearcable. B, lines. Cf. Payneno. 159. MO. 242. POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 22. Frs.of rimand wall. Red and blue arcade, red and blue lozenges. For185? EO. 243. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 44. Threemostofrimand shouldermissing. quarterspreserved, Short inset lip, reserved. Ring foot. Band above handle with white lines. Panels: bars, hatched battlement. Below,groupsof reservedlinesbordered in white.Curvedstripeson handle.LG, late. 244. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS (fig. 149). H. c. 11.9. Half preserved, base non-joining. Salmon-pink clay,orange surface,mattblack paint (muchworn). Strap handlesto neck ridge.CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,128-9no. 18. 245. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS. Frs. of neck, shoulder, and handles; mouth missing.As 244. CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,129no. 19. 246. *JUG or OINOCHOE. DB. io. Partsof base, body and handle. Sixfold circles on shoulder, outermostthickened.Widelyspaced lines.InvertedS on handle.E 154,classE or 155,classD (i). O.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.8 g. Piece of shaft,roundin section;traceofmouldings? ia. SERPENTINE VASE. L. 3. W. 2. Th. 1.1Broken mottled.Withchannel.Minoan? spoutfr.Grey-black, 2. BRONZE AND LEAD WEIGHT (fig. 171;plate 286). D. 2.6. H. 1.6.Wt. 84 g. Cylinderoflead, sliced on one side to have one verticalface,coveredin very thinbronze.Bothlead and bronzehorizontally ridged holeoffcentre,D. 0.3. and grooved.On underside,

3. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 171).W 0.8. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.2 g. Smallpiece ofspring. 4. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171;plate 286). L. 3.8. Head D. 0.6. Wt. 2 g. Disc head withsmallfinial;spherical 'bulb', withthreeringmouldingson the shaftabove and below.Tip lost;split(oxidized). 5. BLACK STEATITE WHORL or BUTTON (fig. 185). H. 1. D. 2. Dh. 0.7. One chip, scratched. Roughlyconical.

THE MEDICAL

FACULTY

6. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171). L. 1.3. W. 0.2. Wt. 0.3 g. Could belong to eithera dress pin or a fibula. 7. BRONZE AND LEAD SHAFT (figs. 171, 193; PLATES 266, 286). L. 7. D. (including bronze) 0.6, bronze 0.1 thick.Wt. 8.2 g. Three parts,all broken and corroded. Irregular lead strip, section oval, roughly formed,clad in thinsheet copper or bronze. Pin shaft? 8. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.7. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.6 g. Could belong to eithera dress pin or a fibula. 9. IRON PIN fr.Head and part of shaft of a pin of the type of 60. fu, 15 and 107. fi7, etc. Head D. 2.1, with finial,shaft too corroded for detail to be visible, but a swelling is detectable a short way down and the D. of the shaftat the break is c. 0.4. 9a. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 0.8. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.2 g. Could belong eitherto a dress pin or fibula. 10. IRON PIN (?) fr.Corroded head of a pin, perhaps of a similar type to 9. Head, D. c. 2.3, Th. c. 0.6. *ioa. LEAD STRIP WEIGHT or HINGE (fig. 193; plate 266). L. 3.9. H. 0.9. W 0.18, 0.5 together. Complete, white surface corrosion. Rectangular sheet, doubled over a 'rod' (now lost)? 11. Vacat. 12. IRON KNIFE fr.Hilt of a knife: L. 3.3. W 1.6. Th. 0.25; straightsides; a bronze rivet is preserved in the hilt. 12a. GLASS BEAD sphere (fig. 183). D. 1.2. H. 1. no Dh. 0.2. Yellow cream colour - opaque, iridescence. Underneath- some gold iridescence with fold lines and small stringhole. 12b. BRONZE frs,two: one FIG. 171. (a) 4 X 1.5. (b) 4.7 X 1.3. Wt. 8.5 g. 13. SERPENTINE VASE, fr. 13a. METAL ROD and COVER (fig. 193; plate 266). Lead. L. 5.8. D. 0.35. Bronze L. 1.2; W 3.4; Th. 0.05. Ends lost, corroded surface. Circular rod of lead, held in bronze sheet casing. 14. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4.7. W. 0.6. Shaft D. 0.2. Wt. 2 g. Slim shaft, grooved section, one terminal hammered flat into a part ellipse. Threaded on the shaft are two cylindrical sheet metal beads. Related to 20? 15. GLASS BEADS, two (fig. 183). D. 0.9-1.2. L. 0.9-1. 1. Same as 12a. 16. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4. H. 3.1. Wt. 5.3 g. Complete, in five pieces. Swollen bow with stud finial, large rectangular catchplate. IV; Sapouna-Sakellaraki {Blinkenberg Vila). 16a. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 3.4. H. 2.3. Wt. 3.3 g. Complete, in four pieces. Sailshaped catch-plate, large boss on centre of bow with two prominent ring-mouldingseither side. Spring of two turns.Cast. Sapouna-Sakellaraki lile. 16b. BRONZE SPIRAL, small. D. 0.9, wire 0.15. Wt. 0.4 g. From finger ring with spiral terminals? Fine wire,neatlycoiled in two complete turns.

SITE

T. 292

271

17. GLASS BEAD, spherical (fig. 183). D. 1.65. Badly corroded - speckled black and gold surface, with laminations. Cf. 280. fi. 18. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; PLATE286). L. 4.3. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 1.6 g. Centre of shaft lost. Domed head, multiplefinemouldings on shaft. 19. GLASS BEADS, spherical, two (FIG. 183). Material as 12 + 15. D. 0.9-1.0. L. 0.8-1.0. Dh. 0.25. fill,not near any niche.) (In dromos 20. BRONZE FITTING (fig. 171; plate 286). H. 2. W. 3.2. Metal D. 0.5. Wt. 10.5 g. U-shaped object, split (oxidized), its terminal apparently hammered flat,but broken away. Handle? 21. GLASS BEAD, sub-spherical (FIG. 183). Half only. D. 1.8. L. 1. Dh. 0.7. Dark, translucent,honey colour. 22. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 2.1. 'Bulb' D. 0.2. . Wt. 0.5 g. Middle of shaft; small 'bulb', with fourneat ring mouldings below. 23. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs. Two joining pieces from the blade of a javelin. Together L. 7.5. W. 3.3 tapering to 2.7; small midrib,Th. 0.8. 24. CLAY HORSE fr. (plate 311). PL. 3. PH. 3. Triangular in section. Forepart with neck, forelegsand body broken off.Fine orange clay, trace of red paint. Sharp mane. Harness painted. Could be part of Attic MG pyxislid. 25. IRON PIN. Tip only.L. 5.3. Shaft D. 0.4, tapering to point. 26. SILVER FINGER RING (fig. 155; piate 266). D. ring 2.1; hoop 0.25. Complete, black corroded surface. Silver or silver-leadalloy. Unbroken circle. 27. GLASS, remains of graduated string? (FIG. 183; PLATE 301). Five beads. green, Spherical, transparent. D. 1.25; six glass beads (smaller) now decayed, milky white, porous. D. 1.15-1.0. Dh. 0.6-0.5. Five ring-shaped beads, same material, smaller. (In Niche 4.) 28. IRON RING. Details lacking. 29. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; piate 286). L. 2.1. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Tip lost. In two pieces; split (oxidized). Disc head with small finial; fine ring mouldings above and below a small 'bulb'. 30. IRON NAIL (?) fr.Piece fromthe shaftof a large nail or rod. L. 7.1. Section c. 0.8 squared. 31. BRONZE SPECTACLE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4.3. D. 1.8. Wt. 7.2 g. Catch and part of pin lost. What remains, intact. Wire of rhomboid section (at least in part). Spirals of fourcomplete turns. 32. Vacat. 33. GLASS BEADS, frs. (a) dark blue glass beadstiny,ring-shaped, (b) bead glass, spherical (?), now broken. Golden-yellow corrosion. 33a. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. c. 3.5. H. 2. Wt. 2.75 g. Part of bow lost; heavily oxidized. 'Sail' catchplate. Solid, elliptical bow. IVd. Sapouna-Sakellaraki

2y2


33b. GOLD LEAF frs.,foundwith33 and 33a. 34. GLASS BEAD, spherical(fig.183).D. 1.25.L. 1.2. Dh. 0.3. Opaque, creamycoloured withfold lines, smallstringhole.Cf. 12. 35. BOAR'S TUSK in SILVER MOUNT (fig. 155; PLATE311).TuskL. 7.5; W. 2; Th. 1.2. SheathL. 4.2; elliptical2.1 X 1.5; Th. wall 0.07; knob D. 1.4. Tusk partlychipped;sheathofsilverhas holeforsuspension (D. 0.35)and slitat side(damage?). 36 + 46 + 78. BRONZE PHIALE MESOMPHALOS frs.(FIG.172;PLATE286). D. c. 22. Rim fr.L. 7.6. H. 2.6. Th. 0.2. Base fr.7.5 X 7. D. ofboss 4.2. Total Wt 67.4 g. Severaljoiningfragments composenon-joining elementsof rim,wall and base. Plain rimabove bold reeding.Centreof thevesselconceivedof as a manypetalled rosette.The walls are unusuallythick;the neat.Oriental? workis particularly 37. BRONZE ROD fr.(fig. 171).L. 3.3. Th. 0.3. Wt. 2.3 g. Sectionround;brokenbothends;misshapen. 38. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171;plate 286). L. 5. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.3 g. Probablycompleteand intact.Tiny conicalhead, two ringmouldingson the shafteither sideofa 'bulb'. 39. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.4. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.5 g. Tip ofpin or fibulapin. 40. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 1.5. W 1. Wt. 0.5 g. - couldbe tipofpin or fibulapin. Twisted + 41 42. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 171;plate 286). Combined L. 6. W. 1.4. Wt. 4.3 g. Two non-joining partof the elliptical pieces,betweenthempreserving VIII ( = Sapouna-Sakellaraki bow of a Blinkenberg IXb)

withscrapsofbothspringarm and forearm.Trace of ringmouldingson the arms,of traced lines on the longaxisofthebow. 43. BRONZE AND IRON DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig. 171;plate 291). L. 5.2. W 1. Wt. 11.5.Tweezersiron,of shoulderedtype,withremains of a bronzesuspensionringthreadedthroughthetop ofthespring. 44. ANIMAL HEAD' (? SHEEP) (plate 311).PL. 1.5. PH. 1.2.Buffclay;wornbrown-black paint;solidpainted. 45. BRONZE SHEET fr.10 X 8. Th. 0.1. Wt. 27 g. 46. See 36. 47. GOLD LEAF, two frs.Ls. 1.5, 0.9. Irregular shapes. 48 + 58 + 59. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (FIG.171;plate 286). L. 5.3. W. 1.7.Wt. 6 g. Complete, in three pieces. Pinched spring,broad shoulders, wide,splayingblades. relatively 49. IVORY HILT? (fig. 192 plate 301). H. 11.1. W pommel2.1; shaft3.2; horn3.3. Th. shaft2.9. Pitted, scratched,muchof socketand hiltarea lost,mostof pommel edges too. Ovoid to circular in section, interiordrilledout in successivestages(socketD. 1.2; depth10). Side loop broken.Above recessedzone at loop,occasionalpurplepatches(staining?).

evenmore 50. IRON TWEEZERS fr.Partofanother, fragmentarypair than 43. Part of one arm only survives,L. 3.5, but the top sectionof 1.5 pinched is againpreserved;armsections,c. 0.8 X 0.4; together space betweenarmsratherwiderthanin 43, c. 1.4. 51. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig.171;plate 286). L. 2.5. W 0.8. Wt. 3.4 g. Catchplate,pin and springlost. Oval boss on bow set offby a bead mouldingeither side,tracedlinesabove and below.A neatand elegant III. piece.Sapouna-Sakellaraki GLASS BEAD, 52. spherical(fig. 183). D. 1.25. L. 1.05.Dh. 0.7. Opaque, creamcoloured. 53. GLASS BEAD, ringshaped(FIG.183).D. 1.25.L. 0.8. Dh. 0.9. Opaque, white. 54. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Two joining pieces withjunction of hilt and blade of a straight one-edgedknife.L. 7.8. W. ofhilt1.2,ofblade 1.4;Th. of blade at back, 0.4; straightedges; one iron rivet preservedin hilt. 55. GOLD LEAF STRIP fr.L. 1.6.W. 0.35. 56. GLASS VESSEL? partof neck?(FIG.183; plate 301). H. 1.7.W. 1.5.walls 0.2-0.3 Th. neck0.8. Core mauve-red inside break. Wall pale yellow, with striations.Perhapsneck and brokenbase of handle fromglassjug? Cf.E no. 1650. 57 + 84. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Threejoining pieces, to formsocket and part of blade of small javelin head. TogetherL. 18.6; socketL. 8; D. 1.6 0.6) at top; 1.2) taperingto 1.2 (internally (internally blade, Max. W. 2.2, taperingto 2 at last break;small midrib,Th. 0.6. 58, 59. See 48. 60. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.7. D. 0.5. Wt. 1.6 g. Partofshaft;split(oxidized);sectionround;no trace ofmouldings. 61. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 191; plate 310). H. 5. Th. 0.15-0.35. D. 2. D. socket1.1. Some surface abrasion, half lost in longitudinal split. Mammalian limb bone. Ends sawn and interior gouged out. Cylinder,fastened,by peggingholes at each end; one withbone peg (D. 0.4). Incised 'lotus ofgilding. remnants bud' patternon exterior, 62. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.2. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.4 g. Partofshaftofpin or fibulapin. 63. BRONZE SPEARHEAD (fig. 170;plate 286). L. 27.5. W. 3. SocketL. 9.5. Wt. 143 g. In threepieces, complete,muchoxidizedand battered(sockettwisted, edges turned, etc.). Undivided socket. Angular narrowblade. shoulders, relatively 64. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Threejoiningpieces, plus one scrap,to formsocketand part of blade of javelin-head. TogetherL. 22.9; socket L. 8. D. 1.7 1.2),taperingto 1.4 at top; blade,Max. W. (internally 2.7,taperingto 1.2at lastbreak;smallmidrib,running forc. 7. 65. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 178; plate 291).

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Completein threepieces.L. 35.5;socket,L. 8.5. D. 1.7 which 1.2);blade,Max W. 2.5 at shoulders, (internally appearsloping;midrib,Th. c. 1.4,runsforc. 11. 66 + 70 (i). IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE (fig. 178).Completein fourjoiningpieces. L. 26.8; hilt,L. c. 5, W. 1.1,has one iron rivetvisible;blade slightly curved on both edges, the cutting-edge being concave;W. 1.6, graduallytaperingas it curves;Th. at back 0.4. 67. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joiningpieces, to formsocketand partofblade. L. 21.9;socket,L. 8, is crushed;blade, Max W. 2.8, taperingto 2 at last break;slopingshoulders;midribTh. c. 1.4,runsforc. 968 + 70 (ii). IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs. Two joining pieces, formingpart of blade of oneedged knife;L. 8.4. W. 1.4. Th. at back 0.4. Straight edges? 69. BONE ORNAMENT (fig. 191; plate 310). L. 4.05. W. 3.05. Th. 0.25-0.40. Dh. 1.35. Split,a little abraded; 'upper' side polished. Mammalian limb bone (bovid or equid). 'Eye'-shaped, plano-convex section. 70. See 66, 68. 71. IRON SINGLE AXE (fig. 178).Completesingle tangedaxe, of smallsize. L. 10.5;tang,W. 1.4; blade, W. at cutting edge 3.6, Max Th. 0.7. Present (corroded)weight103.5g72. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Threejoining pieces,to formmostof knife;part of hiltand tip of blade missing.L. 17.6;hilt,L. 5, W. 1.2,Th. 0.25, has two bronzerivets(cf. 12); blade curvedin the same way as 66 + 70 (i); W. 1.2, taperingto 0.6 at last break,Th. at back0.3. 73. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hilt and partof blade. L. 6.8; hiltbrokenoffat rivet-hole at top end, W. 1.2; blade, Max. W. 1.9, Th. at back 0.3; edges apparently straight. 74. BONE ATTACHMENT (fig. 191;plate 310).H. 2.15.D. 3.1. Abradedsurface,polishedonce; halfsplit away. Plano-convex(domed); withtop incised with and side vertically banded,thetwozones rosette/rays dividedbyhorizontalgrooves.D-shapedsocketpasses horizontally(H. 1.2); withsmall peggingholes both vertically in base (two survive, D. 0.15), and (D. 0.35) inside. horizontally 75. GLASS BEAD, disc (fig."183). D. 1. W. 0.17/8. Dh. 0.4. Straightsided, with rounded edge. Glass white, semi-translucent,wider and thinner than faiencediscbeads.Cf. 285. fi9c. 76. LIMESTONE COLUMN (?) fr.(plate 305). H. 11.7.D. top 15.2,shaft10.6. Brokenone side,chipped and scratched.White,soft.Top zone with groove; underthis,with expandedband of petalscontracting apparentcolumn shaftmarkedoffby two or three crispridges.

T. 292

273

77. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 172).7 x 3.2. Wt. 6.8 g. Partof rimof a bowl,raisedfromplain disc casting. Foldedrim. 78. See 36. 79. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 191; plate 310).H. 11.05.D. 2-2.5.D. socket1.1-1.6.Th. walls0.6. Broken,lowerend lost;choppedand abradedsurface (polished).Equid metatarsal.Probablysplitforease of held at ends by pairsof bronzecross-pegs production, (hollowshanked,flatcircularhead D. 0.55). Incised chevrondecorationin verticalpanels (16), withend zonesmadeup offourhorizontal ribs.Once gilded. 79a. IRON ROD fr.L. 5.5. Sectioncircular,D. 0.9, taperingto 0.5. Purposeuncertain. 80. IRON ROD fr.L. 4.5. Sectionapparently square, Th. 0.6 (toothinto be froman obelos).Straight. 81. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 3.5. W. 0.2. Wt. 0.6 g. Pin and partofshaft. 82. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig.171;plate 286). L. 4. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.75g. Tip lost.In twopieces.Disc head, withfinial.'Bulb' on shaft,withfiveringmouldings above and below. 83. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 1.6. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.5 g. Partofshaft;featureless. 84. See 57. 85. IRON PIN fr.Head and part of shaftof heavily corrodedpin. L. 7.3. Head apparentlydome-shaped. D. c. 2.5; shaft,D c. 0.5. Impressionof clothvisiblein corrosionon shaft. 86. GLASS AMPHORISKOS, fr. 87. IRON PIN frs.Fourfrs.,joiningto formthe tips of twopins,(a) L. 6.1. Max. D. 0.4. (b) L. 4. Max. D. O-3588. IRON ARROWHEAD (fig. 178).Completebut forbrokenend of tang.L. 8.5; tang,surviving L. 1.2, sectionc. 0.4 squared;blade,rectangular section,c. 1.6 X 1.1,taperingto point. 89. IRON CHISEL. Complete. L. 8. W remains constantat 2.2, whileTh. tapersfrom0.6 at buttto the cutting edge (somewhat blunted). Present (corroded)weight,59.5 g. 90. IRON HORSE-BIT (?) fr.(fig. 178).Partof one mouth-pieceof a jointed bit (?), heavilycorrodedso that the original dimensions are hard to discern underneath.It is in the formof a rod witha loop at either end, to which was once attached, at right angles, a cross-bar (presumablythe cheek-piece). Original L. c. 11.6; loop at eitherend, D. (external) 2.2; centralrod had rectangular section,c. 1.4 X 0.8; the cross-piecewas attachedto thisa littleoff-centre, about 5cm fromone end and 6.5 fromthe other;the remainsof this,too,showa rectangular section,c. 1.5 X 0.5. 91. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hilt and partof blade of small,straight-edged knife.L. 4.8 W. of hilt 2.2,ofblade c. 2.0.

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Tomb 293 (HL) See under T. 280. POTTERY (PLATE 210) i. OINOCHOE. PH. 9.7. Mouthand handlemissing. Micaceousredclay,thickand heavy.Poorlyarticulated disc foot.Six groovesat base ofneck,nineteengrooveson body.EG: withpithosburial,T. 280.

Tomb 294 N (figs. 3, 52; plate 44 c-e) 1.10.Stomion: W. L. as excavated:2.80. W. o.75-(estimated) RemainingL. overall:4.28. Dromos: 0.80. 1.80. Chamber: (estimated) (estimated) Depth0.24. The dromos was narrow, butwidenedas it approachedthestomion. It rosea verticaldistance of 0.08 fromthestomion to thelimitof the excavation,at an angle of 1.50.The N side of the stomion had been destroyed;the s had a square door-jamb.There were no blockingstones. Therewas a 0.09 stepfromthestomion to chamber,muchofwhichhad been destroyed bythe Medical Facultyfoundation trench.The remainingchamberwall describeda smoothcurve, a circularor oval plan. Roundthepreservededge ofthechamberwas a bench0.07 suggesting wide. The floorwas strewnwithverysmallpebbles. high,0.24 It was basically a side chamberwas cut intothe S side of the dromos. 1.35fromthestomion the dromos Its floorwas 0.23 below oval in plan; it extendeda littleway intothedromos. floor, a in the centre.There had been blockingwall the step had a curioustongueof kouskouras thelowestcourse foundedon theside-chamber floor,on thelineofthetrueedge ofthedromos] was insitu;therestwas represented oppositethispoint.The N bya pile ofstonesin thedromos and S nicheswere almostoppositeeach other,near the chamber.They were (or had been) The N nichewas at least 1.00wide, offthetomb'sorientation. theywereslightly rectangular; floor.The S niche,whichcontaineda up to 0.40 deep; itsfloorwas c. 0.70 above the dromos larnax(infra) was c. 1.60 X 0.50, itsfloorc. 0.85 above thedromos floor;theE and S partofits had tilted. floorwereinsitu,buttheN half,abovetheside-chamber, N-S line ofchambertombs(292-287The tombwas neartheS end oftheratherirregular excavatedin 1978. theN-mostelementin thatpartofthecemetery 285-283-294-306)forming was ESE-WSW. The chamberhad been on theE sideofthedromos. The orientation forthew wall oftheN-mostcentralblockof The tombwas foundwhentheN-S foundation mostofthechamber,a littleofthe theMedical Facultybuildingcomplexwas cut,destroying dromos and halftheniche.An HL grave,T. 295,orientatedN by E, S byW,had just impinged on theremainsofthechamberwall;itwas fullofG pottery. the fillwas hard reddish-brown The dromos earth,hallmarkof robberactivitythroughout in had been the larnax which terracotta of the sherds There were painted many cemetery. side-chamber,burntbone scraps, the LG goat protome9, bronze vessel fragment,f*j9 terracotta whorls,beads,fj, 6, 8. The lastwas amongdisplacedblockingstones.Perhapsall Near theN nichewas £2, squarishlumpof in theside-chamber. theseobjectswereoriginally been robbed- much had almostcertainly the chamber lack of In view of the blocking, glass. In thechamber,on thebench,were12, Attic ofitscontentsmayhavegoneintoT 295 (supra). on the with10, MG lekythos, MG mug,11, M-LG juglet(cf.thosein theside-chamber, infra), werejust withinthe floornear them.A M-LG miniaturecoarsejug, 13, and fg, whetstone, entrance. The N niche was emptyexcept forsome egg shells,apparentlyancient. The S niche side was missing;the contained6, remainsof a plain larnax.The larnaxwall on the dromos otherswere more or less intact.The E halfof its floor,supportedby the niche'sfloor,was


T. 294

275

intact.The N part (above the side-chamber)had tilteddownwards.The larnax was 1.10long, c. 0.50 wide. Within6 were 5, an O coarse pithos,smashed, and withinits remains the O pots 1 (cup), 2 (jug), 8 (aryballos)and fi, bronze object, f4, clay bar, £5, bronze earring. N of the E end of 6, at a level where the niche floormighthave been expected, were the EO cups, 3, 4. Aftertheirremoval,7, LO plastic vase (hybridsiren-bull),appeared. Instead of the floor of the niche, there was brown earth under and around 7, the upper expected kouskouras fillof the side-chamber.NW of 7, the kouskouras (ie. the side-chamber roof)was intact; it was in excavated to reach the brown stratumbeneath, which 7 was found. Here were 14 (sherdsof a LO pithos), almost directlybelow 7 with, furtherS, 13a, LO lid and 15, sherds of a LO dinos, fio, 11, fragmentsof iron knives,fi2, terracottaanimal head, all c. 0.32 above sidechamber floor.The miniaturelekane, 22, was the only LO vase on the floor.In the upper fill were cremated bones, uncremated bones which might have been human or animal, a few sheep bones, and a tooth. In the lower side-chamber fillwere very few sherds,except small pieces of 63, a painted larnax of differentfabric from 6. Near the floor were pieces of unburnt bone. On the floor were two larnax feet in situat the E end, and, between them, undisturbed,fiveM-LG juglets, 16-20. Two others,23, 24, were on the W side. Against the SE wall were 21, LG small feeder,fi6, clay whorl/bead, fi7, collection of pebbles/gaming pieces, fi7a, shell, and 22, supra.Among the remains of the blocking were fi3, 14, clay whorls/beadsand fi5, iron fibula fragment.The earth throughoutthe chamber seemed very disturbed. It is suggested that when T. 294 was being constructed,its dromosstrucktwo larnakes, 6 where it was found in 1978, the painted larnax, 63, in the NE niche. The wall of 6 on the dromosside was then removed; it was subsequently used for the intermentsin the coarse O urns to which the single number5 was given in the field. When the side-chamber was dug, the SE part of its roof struckthe earlier cuttingfor the larnax so that the N part of the larnax formedpart of the side-chamberroof.The cuttingfor the larnax had been slightlylarger than the larnax itself,so that W of the larnax was a gap in the roof throughwhich the top of 7 showed. 3, 4 had perhaps been thrown out of the 5 interment. It is furthersuggested that the painted larnax was moved by the tomb-builderfromthe N niche into the side-chamber,where its feetwere found. The MG-LG 16-20 between the feet suggest re-use. The larnax would have been smashed by the tomb-robbers(hence its many sherds in the dromos, as well as side-chamber lower fill).The unburntbones may have come fromit,but whethertheywere originalcontentsor M-LG re-use is unknown. It is difficultto explain how the LO 14, 13a, 15 and 7 got into the upper fillof the sidechamber. 22 on the floor may mean the side-chamber was re-used for this late interment. Perhaps they were removed for investigation, smashed, and then thrown back. Such a reconstructionexplains the tomb's history:(1) Larnax burialsparallel to each other (2) T. 294 cut throughthem. Firstknown,MG, use of the chamber. Firstknown use of sidechamber,M-LG. (3) Larnax 6, used as niche forO interment (4) Side-chamber re-used forLO interment,including7 (5) HL T. 295 cuts chamber (6) Tomb robbed (7) J97^destructionof chamber That this is very much a minimum statementis shown by the restorationof twelve urns

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fromfragments collectedduringexcavation:threeMG, fiveLG, one EO, one MO, one LO. Some ofthesmallerpotsare as earlyas PGB. Thereis no evidencethata larnaxeverstoodin theN niche;thereis no evidenceto showhowthisnichewas used. Editor's note: The featuresreportedabove are open to morethanone explanation.There are numerousinstancesin theN cemetery ofthere-useofantiqueterracotta larnakes,almost in In niches or side-chambers. T. two larnakes were so re-used,one in the S invariably 294, in than former. The S niche one the side chamber. The latter was earlier the niche, probably The withitslarnaxwas used fora LO interment based aroundthetwocoarsepithoi5 (supra). of niche and is but that the s niche was made later side-chamber ambivalent, juxtaposition thantheside-chamber is as likelyas thereverse,as is thehypothesis that7, etc.fellthrougha holeconnecting thetwoas thattheywerepushedup frombelow. POTTERY (PLATES 251-6) 1. CUR DR. c. 8. H. 6.8. Mostofringand handleand someupperbodymissing.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 2. *JUG.Frs. of handle,body and rim. Quadrated lozengeson shoulder.Lines.VariantofF. 155,classD (i). O. 3. CUR H. 6.5. DR. 7.7. Gaps in rimand wall. High handle.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii)or close.EO. 4. CUP. H. 6. DR. 7.8. Complete. Fullycoated. E 166,classB (iii).EO. 5. *COARSE PITHOI, twofrs.A, DR. c. 43, DB. 24. Frs.of squaredrim,flatbase and body.Orange clay withlarge whitegrits.Grouped grooves.B, DB. 20. Orange clay withblack gritsand greycore. Frs. of base and wall. Ridge at base, grouped grooveson body O. 6. *LARNAX. Frs. Coarse brownclay,black grits. Cream slip, otherwiseunpainted.Body sherds,one to verticalhandle,top of one end. Too fragmentary but shape verylikeBSA 53-54 (1958-59), reconstruct, 229,fig.24a,VI I. LM III A-B. 7. PLASTIC VASE. H. 25. Mouth and tail-tiplost, gaps in underside. Bird-body,bull-head spout, human-headspoutwitharms to bull's horns,handle fromhuman head to centreback, two stumpfeet. Details of Daedalic head, arms,necklace,bracelets and bull'shead in darkpaint.Breast,stylised feathers; shownas scales on upperpart,dotted wings,feathers bars on tip.Centreback and undersidedark.LO. AR 25 (1979)coverand 55. Ann61 (1983),41,fig.11. 8. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 2.5. Frs. Biconicalbody with centralverticalsection.Bucchero.Cf.40.10. LO. 9. GOAT PROTOME. H. 4.6. Ears and hornsworn. lid,as 14.3. LO. Probablypartofpolychrome 10. LEKYTHOS (?). PH. 10.4. Body only.Surface cracked,no paintvisible.Stumpofroundhandle,flat base. MG (?). brown 11. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.Semi-lustrous paint.Flatbase. Handle barred.M-LG.

12. MUG (FIG.151).H. 7.7. Nearlycomplete.Hard orange-buffclay, some mica, lustrousolive-brown paint.Handle barred.AtticMG II. 13.MINIATURE COARSE JUG. H. 4.5. Handle missing.Micaceous red clay, smoothed. Stump of straphandle;flatbase withstringmark.Two grooves on neck.M-LG. 13a. *POLYCHROME LID. Frs. of rim and adjoiningwall,partof knob.Traces of blue on knob, blue and redlineson lid. E 164,classG (ii)(b). LO. 14. *TWO-HANDLED NECKED PITHOS. Frs.of body, two double arch handles. Tenfold circles betweenthe handles. White zigzag on band below handles.E 150,classV A, or close.LO. 15. DINOS. H. 20.5. DR. 34.5. One-thirdofrimand wall lost. Interiorfullycoated. Exterior,cream slip. Rim, chevrons.Shoulder,runninghoundsin mixture of outline and silhouette with reserved details, aboverunninghareto L. in outline.Tail of confronted rightdog becomes tail of last of a stringof leaping dolphinsto R., solid,withreservedand inciseddetails. Fill of swastikas,grouped tongues,quatrefoils,and volute tree below belly of righthand dog. Below, bands of double chevrons,pointed arches,latticed chequers, centralpointed leaf-rosettes.LO. AR 29 (!983)>52, 53>% 9716. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete.As 20 but bodymore rounded.M-LG. 17. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.As 20 but narrower neck.M-LG. 18. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete.As 20 but narrower body M-LG. 19. JUGLET. H. 7.6. Complete.As 20 but broader and shorterneck.M-LG. brown20. JUGLET. H. 9.1. Complete.Semi-lustrous black paint.Concave base, straphandle.Three rows ofdots,handlebarred.M-LG. 21. SMALL FEEDING JUG. H. 6.5. Buff slip. Aryballos shape with side spout and flat base.

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 294 Shoulder: pendent tongues, double zigzag below, lozenge cross with spout and handle. Paint below stopsshortofbase. Line downstraphandle.LG. 22. MINIATURE LEKANIS. DR. 5. H. 3. Complete. Interior,line halfway down. Strokeson rim. Betweenhandles,zigzag. Lines below.Handles barred.LO. 23. JUGLET. H. 8.9. Complete.As 20. M-LG. 24. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.As 20. M-LG. 25. CONICAL LID. H. 8.2. D. 17.5Three-quarters preserved.Cream slip. Knob: hatched cross above, stemreserved.Carelesshatchedleaves.MG. 26. CONICAL LID (FIG.151).H. 10.8. D. 21. Onethirdpreserved,most of wall missing.White grits, cream slip. Two broad ribs on stem,flushwithflat knob. Reserved cross on knob, solid paint in quadrantsand centre.MG, late. 27. DOMED LID. D. 17.H. 3. Gaps in rimand wall. Flat rim.Fromcentre,lozengerosette,double zigzag, groupedlines,squiggles,darkrim.EO. 28. CONICAL LID (FIG.151).PH. 13.6.D. 26. Twothirdspreserved,top missing.Cream slip. Body of miniatureclosed vesselas knob.MG. For decoration cf.292.116. 29. SMALL LID. H. 5. D. c. 13.5. Two-thirds preserved, most of rim missing. Cream slip. Hemispherical; squaredrim,withdots.PGB-EG? 30. CONICAL LID. H. 10.4.D. 21.5.Halfpreserved. White grits,greycore. Knob concave above, with doublecross;threesharpridgeson stem.LG, early;cf. Fno. 1337. 31. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. c. 30. Lower part,withfrs.of panels. Cream slip, soapy surface, muchworn. Plump body,singlehorizontalhandles, flat base. Panel: hatched battlementflanked by diagonalcrosseswithtriangleand dottedchevronin each quadrant. Paint on handles. Bands and lines. LG. 32. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 17. Rim to bellyfr.Whitegrits.Insetconcavelip,risingrim.Paint on lip. Triple zigzag, irregular.Panels: hatched meander,billets. Cross-hatchedlozenges running under strap handle. On strap,panels of tripleand singlezigzag.MG. Cf. 75.52. 33. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 20. Frs.of rim,handle zone, belly and base. Pink-brownclay, creamslip. Flat lip, plumpbody,ringfoot.Paint on rim. Elongated hatched meander.Panels, only one preserved:elaboratelozengecrossformedof opposed hatchedchevrons,hatched-outline lozenges in each compartment.Intersectingvertical zigzag to R. Below: cable, hatchedzigzag, bands and lines. LG. Birdworkshop. 34. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 42. DR. c. 17.Base to belly;frs.ofrimand upperbody.Buffslip. Slightlyconcave lip, plump ovoid body,ring foot.

277

Paint on lip. Panels: small solid leaves, hatched meander; hatched lozenges running under strap handle. Bands and lines. Bars on strap; horizontal handlesmissing. MG. TWO 35. (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. Upper part.PH. 20. DR. c. 13.Also lowerbodyand base frs.Red core. Concave lip, reserved.Bucraniumhandle,disc foot; plump ovoid body. Panels: triple circles, hatched meander, triple circles; bands and lines. Handle barred.MG. 36. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 20. Frs. of rim and wall, one horizontal,one verticalhandle. Between handles, double circles, the outermost thickenedwithwhitedots.In each interstice, top and bottom,a double outlinebee. Below,band withlarge whitetriplecircles,lines,band withlargewhitetriple circles,bandsand lines.F. 150,classB (i). LO. 37. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 32. DR. c. 13. Rim to lowerbody,frs.Straightlip, rising,painted. Slim ovoid body. Panels: A, tongues with midrib, hatchedbattlement, quintuplezigzag,all flankedbyW columns. B, quintuple zigzag, hatched battlement, cross-hatched W columns. lozenges,also withflanking Belly:triplewhitecircles.Bands and lines,paint on handles.LG, late. 38. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 36.5. DR. 19. Base, large partsof wall, one horizontalhandle lost. Between handles, columns of opposed half circles, tongue rosettesand double dotted circles.Vertical handle barred. Bands and lines, the topmostwith whitedoublecircles.F. 150,classV B (i). MO. 39. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 17. Neck and bodyfrs.,withpartofbase. Greycore,thickblack paint.Roundedrim,rootsof straphandles,ringfoot. Neck panels: hatchedmeander,dogtooth.Bands and lineson body.MG. 40. "CONICAL LID. H. 10.4. D. 18. Two-thirdsof wall and rim lost,gaps. Worn. From centre,bands, lines,straight-hatched largezigzagwithdottedcircles in lowerinterstices, lines,bands.EO. 41. *PYXIS (FIG.151).PH. 9.8. DR. c. 8. Rim to lower body,in two frs.Cream slip. Insetlip, like miniature pithos;twinroundhandles.MG. 42. KOTYLE (FIG.151).DR. 12. PH. 9. Frs. of one side and handle. Fine creamyclay,chocolatepaint. Interiorcoatedwithreservedline belowrim.Exterior, wirebirdsbetweenverticalsin handlezone; finelines, darkpaintto base. Line on handle.Corinthian.EPC. 43. COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. PH. 18. DR. c. 9. Fr.,rimto lowerbody.Micaceousred-brown clay,smoothed.Long concave neck, shortshoulder withcarination, roundhandle(s).Bodyslightly convex. Incised: two groovesbelow rim.Neck; fourgrooves, two roughzigzags,six grooves.Diagonal notchesat carination; two rough zigzags, three grooves. LPG-PGB.

278


44. LEKYTHOS. PH. 14.5.Mouth,handleand base missing.Fine clay, pale orange below, red-brown above; smallwhitegrits.Matt brownpaint,polished surface.Stump of round handle to neck ridge;line below ridge, another at base of neck. Body: lines withlargeand smallconcentriccircleson intersecting flanks,drawn freehand.On front,small compassdrawndouble circles,two on shoulder,one on lower body; another circle on back of lower body. MG: ofCypriotBoR. RDAC1984,133no. 57. imitation 45. LEKYTHOS. DB. 3.1. PH. , withbase, 7.5. Half body, base. Mouth and handle lost. Side-circles, outermostthickened.Three double circlesat back. Creto-Cypriot type.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 46. *KALATHOS (fig. 150).PH. 21.5. D. c. 37. Frs., base missing.Trace of cream slip. Splash of paint betweenbands inside.EG. For shape cf. 104.60; for decoration, 75.137. 47. *POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 22. PH. 7. Fr. of wall. Worn.Traces of red and blue lines,blue rosette withreddotcentre.MO. 48. *JUGor OINOCHOE. DB. 4.8. Frs.of handle, wall and base withstringmarks.Tracesofside-circles, quadruplecirclesat frontand back,lines,rays.O. 49. ARYBALLOS. PH. 3.5. Shoulderto bellyfr.Redbrownclay. Sagging globular body. Cross-hatched M-LG. triangles. 50. ARYBALLOS. PH. 3. Shoulderto bellyfr.with rootof straphandle.Orange-brownclay,creamslip. Globular.Decorationas 49. M-LG. 51. OINOCHOE? DB. 7. Frs. of base, wall and shoulder. Fine cream clay, dark paint, incision. Tongueson shoulder,thenanimals,lion, boar; rays. LPC /Transitional. Corinthian, 52. CUP. DR. 12. Fr.of rimand wall.Interiorcoated. lines;betweenhandles,one band of verticals Exterior, withdots.Nippleat endofband.Darkpainttobase.EO. 53. *TRAY. DR. 30. DB. 25. Three frs.of rim and adjoiningfloor.Interior,broad bands on floorand rim,edged in white.Groupedwhitestrokeson rim. wall darkwithwhitelines.Broad bands on Exterior, floor,edgedin white.LO. 54. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Handle missing,gaps in body.A fewwhitegrits;surfacepolishedbut uneven. Mouthsharplyeverted,flatbase. Unpainted.LG-EO.

55. *NECKED PITHOS. DR. 13. Two handles,frs. ofbodyonly.Lines on neck.Panels:X in squarewith doublelozengefill,guilloche.Bands and lines.EO. 56. *PITHOS. DB. 10.2.Base and partoflowerbody only.Bandsand lines,someenhancedin white.EO. 57. *PITHOS, body fr.Triple white circlesround belly,threesetsoffourreservedlinesbelow.LG? 58. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs.of bodyand partof shoulder,one verticalhandle.Handle, X and bars. Band of whitecross-hatchedchevrons.Bands and lines,enhancedin white.E 149,classA (ii).EO. 59. PITHOS. DR. c. 21. Frs. of rim and body. Between handles, quadruple circles framed in guilloche. Below, band with white zigzag between lines.Groupedlines.E 150,classV. O. 60. DOMED LID. D. 21. H c. 8.5. Three non-joining frs. White on dark. From centre, rays, arcaded tongues,dots.F. 163,classE (i) (b). MO. 61. *DOMED LID. D. 19. PH. c. 6. Two non-joining frs.of rim and wall. White on dark. From centre, groupedlines,triplecircles,groupedstrokes.F. 163, classE (i) (b). EO. 62. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 15. Frs.,rim to belly.Cream slip.Wide insetlip, slimovoid body. Paint on lip. Panels: multiplezigzag betweencrosshatched lozenges; flankingcolumnsof whitetriple circles.LG, late. 63. MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype(plate 256). H. c. 68. Th. 2.5. Frs. of rim and walls, withtwo feet and part of gabled lid. Grittypurple-buffclay, creamslip,brownpaint. Projectinglip. Raised ridge round painted panels, punched with single circles. Running vertically outside the panels and continuingdown the feetis a solidwave panel along each edge; verticalwavylines in between,threeon long sides, one on shortside. Panels: on long side, parts of elaborate design based on linkedpapyrus; on short side, part of stylised cuttlefish.,head reversed and outlined; three wavy tentacles preserved.LM III A2. 64. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 20. Base to shoulder;neck and handlesmissing.Cream slip. Ring foot. Trace of vertical handle root on shoulder.Reservedpanels on shoulder:smallhatched leaves.Bandsand lines.LG.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE OBJECT (fig.172).D. 0.8. H. 0.5. Wt. 1 g. withcentral hole,inwhichappeartobe remains Bead-like, - function notclear. ofiron.Partofsomething larger 2. GLASS, SQUARISH LUMP. Brilliant yellow opaque glass.Probablypartoftessera.R? 3. CLAY WHORL or BEAD (fig.187;plate 306). H. 3.3. D. 2.8. Dh. 1. Wt. 29 g. Chipped at end. Redbrownfabric,somemica.Cylindrical.

4. CLAY BAR (fig. 187).L. 10.2.W 1.7.Th. 1.4.Ends broken,chipped. Fine brown fabric. Rectangular to shape. sectiontrimmed 5. BRONZE EARRING (fig. 172).D. 1.6.W 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Twistof wire,one terminalmuchfinerthatthe other.Might equally well be a twistedpin shaftor fibulapin. 6. CLAY BEAD. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.6. Third lost,

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE remainderfriable.Grey,unbaked(?) fabric.Depressed sphere. Incised patternof groups of near vertical dashes either side of two grooves around circumference. 7. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 172; plate 284). L. 3.2. W. 1.8. Wt. 2.1 g. Much oxidizedstripof sheet,edges strengthened by foldingover,veryneatly.Two rivet holes. Part of bracelet?Part of a vessel handle? In addition,0.75 g of bronze fragments, uncatalogued was foundin layer2. 8. CLAY BEAD (fig. 187;plate 306). H. 1.8. D. 2.2. Dh. 0.7. Third lost, friable. Dark grey-brown, unbakedfabric.Depressedsphere.Incisedpatternin ofdashesat eitherside ofband of threezones:fringes concentriccirclegroups,each zone dividedoffby a groove. 9. SLATE WHETSTONE (fig. 186; plate 304). H. 4.1. W. 1.85.Th. 0.65. Dh. 0.3. Occasionalchip.Greybrownslate. Rectangularslab, main side hollowed fromstroppingaction. Pierced for suspension at roughlyroundedend. 10. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hiltonly:L. 4.7. W. 1.7.Th. at back0.35; has one ironrivetin place. 11. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Partof straight blade: L. 4.3. W. 1.4. Th. at back 0.3. Probably belongsto,butdoes notjoin, 10.

12. CLAYHEADANDNECK OF ANANIMAL.

Ts. 294, 306

279

H. 5.5. Brokenfromfigurine.Ears missing.Dull red stripesroundneck. 13. CLAY (?)BEAD (fig. 187; plate 306). H. 1.1.D. 1.7. Dh. 0.45. Half lost. Red to brownfabric.Hand withhole through width. rolledcylinder, 14. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187;plate 306). H. i.i. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.47. Wt. 5.5 g. Chipped. Redbrownfabric,once paintedbrown-black. Cylindrical. 15. IRON FIBULA fr.(fig. 172).Bow and coil of a smallminiaturefibula:greatestL. 3.3, withtinycoil, D. 0.7,surviving at one end. 16. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187;piate 306). H. 1.7.D. 2. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 7 g. Broken,chipped.Redbrownfabric,once painted red. Cylindricalto subspherical. 17. STONE PEBBLE GAMING SET (?). (fig. 186 PLATE302). Six ovoid/discwhite/translucent pieces (2.5 X 2 to 1.7 X 1), marble, quartz; seven ovoid/spherical grey/black pieces(2.3 X 1 to 5 X 1.3), igneousrock;two angularstone frs.Perhapsone of the dark pieces should be included here, givinga pairedsetofpieces(sixmena side). Unworked. 17a. SHELL (Glycimeris glycimeris). 18. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Partofa straight blade: L. 2.2. W 1.5.Th. at back0.25. 19. EGGSHELL. L. 5, originallyby 2.8 X 2.2. - hen'segg? Fragmented

Tomb 306 N (figs. 3, 54; plate 44/) L. 1.70.W. 0.90-1.00. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:2.80. Extantdromos: 0.74 wide, 0.28 deep. Chamber:2.00 X 1.80. towardsthestomion. was excavated.What remainswidenedslightly Onlypartof thedromos The dromos floorrosec. 0.02 in verticaldistanceat an angle of c. i°. The dromos and chamber floorswereseparatedby a clearlycut ridgeof earth0.05 higherthanthe dromos floor,froma outside the to the of the whose floor was 0.18 0.20 cut chamber, point neatly door-jambs edge X belowtheridge.A large,irregularly limestone block 0.12 thick)layon top (0.50 0.45, shaped oftheridge,and mayhavebeen partoftheblocking.The chamberwas a wellcutregularoval in plan; itsfloorslopeddown0.08 fromfrontto back,at an angleofc. 2.5o.Partofa nichewas excavated,cutintotheN faceofthedromos, 0.45 deep,at least1.15wide,itsfloorc. 0.94 above thedromos c. floor, 0.50 high. The tomb was at the S end of the rather irregularN-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-285-283-294-306) formingthe N-mostelement in that part of the cemetery excavatedin 1978.The orientation was ESE-WNW. The chamberwas on theE sideofthedromos. The dromos and niche were hit by a bulldozerclearinga temporaryroad, at thispoint to grubout a treeroot.As well as the treedisturbance,a Turkishor relatively attempting modernstructure had been builtacrossthedromos, c. 1.70fromthechamber.The HL Ts. 307, had been cut at to its one either side ofthestomion. Their floorswere dromos, 308 rightangles than the dromos and not have done much harm.The tomb floor, theymay considerably higher had beenlooted.

28o


nextto theniche,just above and at thelevelof was in thedromos, Mostofthetomb'spottery itsfloor,wherea massof sherdsand theLG-EO aryballosi, theO lekythoi, 2, 4, thePGB were fallenstones, found. Under the were oinochoe3, and halfa terracotta whorl,fi, pottery a were few bronze and below them from the flakes, sherds, niche-blocking; among perhaps one or twochipsofburntbone,£2,halfa terracotta whorl,f3, ironstripfragment, Í4, bronze sheetfragments, thelastunderthestoneon thestomion ridge.The lowerlayerofsherdsseems to have been potsremovedfromthe chamberand smashed.Amongthemmusthave been a verylargecoarsepithos,otherpiecesofwhichwerein thechamber,fromtheentranceto the ofwoodenhaft, centre.Near theentrance,N ofthesepieces,were£7,ironaxe and fragments At theback the coarse sherds. The O was and 12, miniature lekane. among pithos pithos10, the was the wall ofthechamberwereremainsoffiveLG urns.7 opposite entrance;SW against was 8, then13, 9, 24. With7 was theLG lekythos, 11; just SWwas fu, bronzeobject,fg, terracotta whorl,was beneath8; f8, ironjavelin,was in, or below,g. g and 24 werebroken 18. NE and partlymixed;belowthemwas theLG-EO lid 15, and theM-LG tripodskyphos, WSWof 13, nearthe S was fi4, bronzefragments. was fig, bronzespectaclefibulafragments; was the EO wall,was the LG lekythos, 19. Near the entrance,underthe coarse fragments, aryballos,20. 13 was between8 and thechamberwall. or bench,c. 0.50 long,0.20 In theN ofthechamber,againstthewall,was a smallplatform wide,0.03-0.04high.Itstopwas greasyand black,as thoughburnt.The earthofwhichitwas made was also dark.By itsSE cornerwereremainsofa MG pithos,14. Underthebenchwas of an ironjavelin,£20. Between14 f2i, bronzesheetfragments. Among14 was a fragment and the benchwas fis- ScatteredW of 14 were G cups, 16-17, 21-23 and fi2, irondirk fi6, dirkor swordfragment, fi7, bronze and iron fi3, javelin head fragment, fragment, but all slightly and were the other was below lower, SW, just weapons 7; cups £17 fragments. morelikelyto have belongedto 14. There wereverymanyscrapsof and perhapstherefore burntbone in thetombfill. nichewas bare. The dromos POTTERY (PLATES 257-60) 1. ARYBALLOS. PH. 9.5. Body withpart of strap handle. Trace of polishing.Flat base. Unpainted. LG-EO. 2. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.2. Gaps in wall,base chipped. Coated in dark paint, worn. Traces of white sidecircles.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 3. OINOCHOE (?) (fig. 151). PH. 9.5. Base to shoulder,with part of strap handle. Cream slip; worn.PGB. Forshapecf.292.75. flaking, 4. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.4. Gap in mouthand wall. Shoulder,doublecircles.Groupedlines.MO. 5. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.3. Completesave chips from mouth. Barred handle, lines on mouth and neck. Triplecircles,groupedlines.E 157,classB (ii).EO. 6. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.8. Complete.Flat base. Lines on mouthand neck.Shoulder:cross-hatched triangles withoutline.Verticallinedownhandles.LG. 7. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 17. Flat insetlip,discfoot.Painton Two-thirdspreserved. lip. Panels:A, hatchedleaves,hatchedlozengechain, pointed tongues with midrib; B, hatched leaves,

hatchedlozengechain; C, D, as hatchedbattlement, shown.LG. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. (withfeet)42.6. DR. 15. Nearlycomplete.Insetlip, almostflat.Ring base, threeloop feet. Paint on rim.White on dark zones above and below panels: triplecirclesbetween lines. Panels: hatchedbattlementand lozengechain, flanked by cross-hatched columns; white Bands and lines below,borderedin reinforcement. white.Painton horizontalhandles;on straps,diagonal crossesbetweenbars.Barson loop feet.LG-EO. 9. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 14.5. Nearlycomplete.Bronzestainson body.Flat insetlip, disc foot.Panels: A, B, as shown;C, double circles, doublezigzag,hatchedmeander,doublezigzag,triple circles,all between columns of cable; D, complex meander as in B but between columns of massed zigzag.Bands and lines.Painton horizontalhandles, barson straps.LG. 10. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. H. 47.5.DR. 17.2. Gaps in rim and wall. High-swung double reed

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 306 handles,one withcentralsectionlost.Whiteon dark, veryworn.On shoulder,ninefoldcircles.Below,faint tracesof band of panels: A, lozengetree,two?birds with cross-hatcheddotted bodies, the rest lost. B, ninefoldcircle,lozenge tree,quadruple circle with strokein outer spaces, lozenge tree, the rest lost. Below, two bands of large ninefoldcircles. O. Cf. Arkades fig.254. 11. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(?). PH. 15.5. Lower half.Creamslip.Ringfoot.Bandsand lines.LG. 12. MINIATURE LEKANE. H. 3. D. c. 9. Gap in walland base. Flatbase,straphandles,nickedrim.O. 13. PYXIS. H. 20. DR. 9.3. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Flat insetlip,discfoot.Band at rim,lip otherwise reserved.Hatchedbirdwithraisedwingbetween(A) lozengecrosses,(B) leaf crosses(cf.F. motifi2r) with in fill.Lozengechainon belly midrib,doubletriangles below; bands and lines. Curved stripeson handles. LG. Birdworkshop. 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 151).H. c. 38. DR. 18. Two-thirdspreserved;*base non-joining. clinkered Greyinside;in parts,burntgreyall through, and cracked.Flat insetlip, bucraniumhandleswith stirrups, ringfoot.Painton lip. Panels:A as drawn;B, hatchedmeander,dottedlozenge chain. Bands and lines.Bars on bucrania,twodiagonalcrossesbetween barson each strap.Spatterinside.MG, early. 15. DOMED LID. H. 3.8. D. 15. Nearlycomplete. Evertedlip, pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark decorationobliterated. LG-EO. Withpithos9. 16. *CUP H. 8. DR. c. 11.5.Half preserved.As 17. MG. 17. CUP (FIG.151).H. 7.7. DR. 12. Complete.Purplebrownclay.Flat base withstringmark.Fullycoated. MG. E 166,classB (ii),developed.Withpithos14. 18. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 151). H. (withlegs) 9.3. DR. 8.5. One handle brokenoff. Grittyorange clay, many large white and brown inclusions; unpainted. Sharp carination below shoulder.Round handles,flattenedtripodfeet.One groove above carination,two below. M-LG: with pithos9. 19. LEKYTHOS (fig. 151).H. 11.5.Complete.Deep orange clay,polished; fugitiveblack paint. Round handleto neckridge.LG: withpithos9. Imitationof CypriotBoR. RDAC1984,132no. 41. 20. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.7. Mouth chipped,handle lost.E 158,classB (iii).EO. 21. CUP. H. 8.5. DR. 11.5.Nearlycomplete,handle broken.As 17. MG. 22. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12. Complete.As 17. MG. With pithos14. 23. CUP. H. 11.DR. 15.2.Nearlycomplete.Orangegreyclay.Oblique lip, offset;flatbase. Fullycoated saveunderbase. E 166,classB (iii).LG. 24. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 14.5.

28l

Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Insetconcavelip,rising rim.Disc foot.Painton lip. Panels:A, B, as shown;C, double D, tongueswithmidrib,hatchedbattlement, zigzag.Bands and lines.Painton horizontalhandles. Straps:diagonalcrossesbetweenbars.LG. Cf. O 30. 25. NECKED PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 20. Two-thirds preserved.Cream slip. Shape as 26, withringfoot. Painton neck.Panels: tworowsof hatchedchevrons, two rowsof intersecting wavylineswithhatchedfill. Handlesbarred.Bands and linesbelow.EG. 26. NECKED PITHOS (fig.150).H. c.44. DR. c. 22. Half preserved;base fr.,non-joining.White grits, cream slip. Bucranium handles. Paint on upper surfaceof rim. Panels: sevenfoldcircles with gear at leastfourcentralcolumns:(i)-(iii) pattern,flanking as shown,(iv) almostall missingbut perhaps as (i). EG. The lid 27 fits. 27. CONICAL LID (FIG.152).H. 10.7.D. 22. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Tall truncated knob, horizontally pierced;no paintabove.PGB. 28. CONICAL LID. H. 7.6. D. 18.2. Two-thirds preserved. Flat knob, rim slightlyeverted. Knob: reserved cross within triple circle, solid paint in quadrants.Bands and lines.LG, early. 29. DOMED LID. PH. 4.2. D. c. 16. Half preserved, centremissing.Evertedlip, pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark:traceof octopus(?) at centre,zigzag, blankzone,doublecircle,lineson lip.LG-EO. 30. *DOMED LID (FIG.152).H. 4.6. D. 19.5. Twothirdspreserved.Evertedlip,pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark.LG-EO. 31. *DOMED LID (fig. 152).H. 3.3. D. 17.5.Nearly complete.Cream slip inside.Whiteon dark:Maltese cross(?) at centre.LG-EO. 32. CONICAL LID. H. 6.1. D. 14.2. Rim chipped. Circleson knob,bandsand lines.E 163,classC. EO. 33. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.150).DR. 22. Frs. of rim,horizontalhandles,body,halfbase. Belowrim, blue arcades.Handle panels:enclosedpalmettes, lotus, birdswithsplayedwingsand tail. Below,tworowsof panels alternatelypatternedand void. Upper row, quatrefoil guilloche,leafwithlozengecentre,leafand volute square. Below, traces of net, double dotted lozenge.Bythesamehandas E nos.1021and 1383.EO. 34. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 152).DR. 22. Frs.of walland conicalknob.Tracesofguilloche.For33. EO. 35. CUP. DR. 14.7. H. 10.7. Gaps in rim and wall. Reserveddot on floor,line below rim,otherwisefully coated.E 166,classB (ii).EO. 36. PITHOS. DB. 12.7.Frs.ofbodyand base. Handle panels: A, betweenverticalzigzags, guillochewith solid lozenge edges; B, zigzags. Below, bands and lines.EO. 37. *JUG,mugtype(FIG.152).H. c. 15. DR. 10. Frs.: rimto belly,bodyand base frs.handlemissing.Cream slip.LG. Perhapsa feeding jug like26.2.

282


38. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 10. Frs. of mouth,body and handle; most of neck missing. no. 48 butwithgroupsof bars Cream slip.As Hartley in bodyzone. LG.

39. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 27. DB. 17.5.Base to belly.Cream slip. Profileconvexabove and concavebelow;flatbase. Band belowbellyand at base. PG (?).

SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY WHORL or BEAD. H. 1.85. D. 2.75. Dh. 0.6. Wt. 12.5g once. Half lost,chippedand abraded. fabric.Cylindrical/disc. Grey-brown 2. CLAY WHORL or BEAD. H. 1.1.D. 3. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 15.5g once. Half lost,chipped.Dull pinky-brown with fabric,chocolate-brown paint. Cylindrical/disc angledcorners. 3. IRON STRAP fr.L. 3.3. W 2.1, taperingto 1.9. Th. 0.3 throughout. Straight edges; purpose No cleardatingevidence. unknown. 4. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)3 X 3.34.Wt.5.9 g. 5. BRONZE ROD. fr.(fig.172).L. 1.5.D. 0.5. Wt. 0.8 g. Could be part of pin or fibula shaft,but might equallycomefroma rivetshaft. 6. BRONZE AND IRON frs.Wt. 18.5g. Small mass of bronzeand iron;the bronzescrapsunidentifiable, thougha piece of'wire'mightbe partofa pin shaft. 7. IRON SINGLE AXE. Completesingletangedaxe, withtracesofwoodenhandleadheringto tang.L. 9.8; tang W 1.8; blade W. at cuttingedge 2.5. Present (corroded)Wt. 105.5§• 7a. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt.4 g. Two pieces. 8 + 13. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joining pieces of javelin-blade. Together L. 15.8. W. 2.4, taperingto 2.1at lowerbreak.No realmidrib. 9. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187). H. 1.1. D. 2.8. Dh. 0.55. Wt. 10 g. Chipped,abraded.Dull redbrownfabric,somemica.Disc. 10. STEATITE 'WHORL' or BEAD. H. 1.25.D. 2. Dh. 0.65. Half lost,chipped.Black,polished.Slightly taperingappearance. 11. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 172;piate 284). L. 3.6. W 0.6. Wt. 1.85 g. Found withironpellet adhering throughoxidization.Tool (?) withsmallwedge-shaped

blade,slimtangbentat rightanglesat theend. Partof a largerobject? 12. IRON DIRK fr.Hilt of dirkof standardtype.L. 8.9; pommel-tang,W 0.3; W at 'ears' 2.4; at first 'neck' 1.2; at firstswelling2; at second 'neck' 1.2; at shoulders(restored)3; flanges,Th. 0.6. One bronze in first rivetsurvives, swelling. 13. See 8. 14. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 7 X 4.6. Wt. 16.7 g. Amorphouspiecesofsheetand a nodule. 15. GLASS VESSEL, base. 16. IRON DIRK or SWORD fr.Piece ofblade: L. 5. W 2.6, taperingto 2.4. Max Th. 0.7. Could belongto thesameweaponas 12. 17. BRONZE AND IRON frs.Wt. 12.3g. Oxidized mass of iron containing small pieces of bronze, perhapsincludingpiecesofpin shaft.Irredeemable. 18. IRON FIBULA fr.Part of the catch-pinof a fibula,withcatch-plateadhering.L. 4.5. Section,D. included). 0.4 (0.8 withcatch-plate 19. BRONZE SPECTACLE FIBULA fr.(fig.172;plate 284). D. 1.7.Wt. 2.5 g. Wire coil, oxidized,broken on underside. perhapsfourturns.Traceofstartofspring 20. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Socketonly:L. 8.2. D. 1.6(internally), taperingto 1.4at thetop. 21. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)5 X 2.7. Wt. 10.6 rivets g. Two of thelargestpieces containflat-headed tinker's and are evidently patches. 22. BRONZE VESSEL (?) fr.(fig. 172).L. 2.3. W 2.1. Wt. 1.5 g. Two joiningpieces,muchoxidized.Partof lower attachment(withrivet)and startof a small verticalstraphandle. In addition,therewas 0.2 g of bronzescraps(two)in layer1,notcatalogued.

Tomb 310 SE as a pyre,perhapsto be associatedwithT 219. This featurewas identified L. (N-s):2.45.W. (E-w): 1.68. cornersto NWand SW,straight The pyreconsistedof a Pi-shapedcuttingwithrectangular N,W,and S sides.It mayhavebeen open to theE. church'scolonnade,and thusverycloseN The pyrewas 1.00N oftheS sideofthemortuary of the irregularN-S line of tombs N-most of T 219. The latterwas the of the dromos - on theSE sideofthearea ofthecemetery excavatedin 1978. 219-14-13-19-55 in 1978,when not but The pyrewas firstlocatedand briefly fullyunderstood, investigated,

THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 306, 310

283

trench.A largerportion itsNWcornerwas clippedby a Medical Facultybuildingfoundation trenchin 1979,and the remainspartly of itsSWcornerwas removedby a NW-SEfoundation excavated. The 1978excavationwas made fromthe trenchside; it showedseveralburntlayersin the narrowexposedsection,and produceda faiencebead. The 1979workfounda richreddishbrowntopsoilwhichproducedEC h and HL materialincludinga large HL flaskand lamp Belowthiswereat leasttwosuperimposed fragments. layersofburningseparatedbyc. 0.20 of A sterile ash-contaminated. sectioncut NE-SWacrossthe feature fine, yellowearth,slightly showedtheash layersto be thickest neartheWwall,taperingupwardsfromtheretowardsthe had takenplace in a hollowbesidethewall.The upperpyrewas c. E, as thoughthecremations 2.00 long,stoppingshortoftheSWcorner,and a greatestwidthof0.90. It was 0.42 deep,and the burninghad been intense.The natureof the fuel,thicktwigsand smallbranchesup to 0.05 in diametercould be seen; theydisintegrated upon touch,exceptone pieces (Sample 1). fi, bronzeflakes,£2, 3, faiencedisc beads, came fromthispyre.The lowerpyre(0.22 thick) showeda slightdivisionin the section,and may representtwo cremations.It was a little narrowerthanthe upperpyre.It was not completelyexcavated;itslengthis unknown.In it were£4, rimfragment of a bronzevessel,£6, piece of bronze,£5,manyfaiencebeads, and some burntcereal grain (Samples 3 and 4). Sherds foundwere burnt. Some may have belongedto T.219.71, 80, and perhaps31. earth, Apartfromthepyres,CT.'310 was filledwithhard,finesterile,yellowkouskouras-type whichalso underlaythepyresat 1.90belowmoderngroundsurface.This levelwas excavated forsomecentimetres withoutfinding otherpyres;stereo was notreached. SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE FLAKES. 2. FAIENCE DISC BEADS. D. 1.0-0.8.W.0.2.Dh. 0.3. 3. FAIENCE DISC BEAD. Same dimensions. 4. BRONZE VESSEL, rimfr. 5. FAIENCE DISC BEADS. Two groupsof beadssome fusedby heat and coveredin greyash. Same dimensions (30).

6. WOOD. 6.6 X 5.2 X 2.8. Burntand disintegrating lump. 7. CEREAL GRAINS (plate 311). 0.6 X 0.3 X 0.2 each. Burnt, friable; some 50 odd represented. 8. CEREAL GRAINS. 0.6 X 0.3 X 0.2 each. Burnt, brittle. Eightpiecesrepresented.

CHAPTER 3 THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS theS ofchambertombsforming ABOUTiooMDUES OF theUniversity siteliesa concentration Traces of limitof the NorthCemetery.Severalgroupshere have alreadybeen published.14 moreappearedin 1963whena newwaterpipe was laid E-w at theedge ofan olivegroveon theW side of the modernroad, oppositethe main entranceto the Venizeleionhospital(FIG. 55). The positionsof sevenpossibletombswerethenplottedand muchpotterywas collected fromthepipe trench,includingpiecesofG cremationurns. fromDr. (now Withpermissionof the GreekArchaeologicalServiceand encouragement in The owner was carried out here S. Alexiou,a briefexcavation September1967.15 Professor) no on condition that oftheolivegrove,Mr. I. K. Davelis,gave his consent damagewas done of land c. 45m long and to olive roots.Operationswere thus confinedto a narrowstrip nowheremorethan6m wide,on eitherside ofthewaterpipe betweentheolivetreesto theS and thevineyard fenceto theN.16 is requiredforthetentombsdiscoveredin thisexcavation.All had Onlya briefdescription been thoroughly looted,some (e.g.nos. 10, 11)apparentlyin recenttimes.Nowherewas any theneed fordetailedplans.Veryfewwholepots depositfoundinsituon a tombfloor,tojustify werefound,butthecataloguealso includesa selectionofsherdsfromeach tomb,to establish itsperiodofuse. THE TOMBS

F/67 Tomb 1 (fig. 55) ofcomponentpartsavailable. No dimensions scarpmayhaveindicatedthewall ofa chamberwhosefloor 1.40belowsurfacea kouskouras S ofthepipe trench. was foundat 2.10belowsurfaceimmediately The tombwas between16.50and 19.00beyondthe E limitof FIG.55, wherean area 2.50 to theN. fenceprevented was openedS ofthepipe trench.The vineyard exploration 0.60 abovethefloor,notinsitu,and accompaniedbypiecesofLate Archaicstampedpithoi, f2. Other was a small deposit- lid, 9; PC kotyle,10; skyphos,12; iron swordfragment, the floor R With HL and included which in the were pottery. upperfill, cataloguedpieces sherds. PG-O few a and of bone two levelwereonly very scraps

14KS2nos.52 and 56 withrefs. ■5Directed by J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley. Preliminary reports:AR 14 (1968),22 fig.35; BCH 92 (1968), 9861;AD 23 (1968)B 412;KS2no. 55.

16 Only the w half of this area is shown in FIG. 55. Nowhere in the E part could the outlines of a tomb be established.

THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS POTTERY (PLATE 261) 1. BELL-SKYPHOS. Wallfr.Pendenthook,outlined; paintinside.SM-EPG. 2. BELL-SKYPHOS. D. c. 18. Rim fr.Pendentcrosshatched triangle within double concave outline; verticalswithwavyfringe.Inside:reservedline under rim,paintbelow.EPG. 3. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. Wall and handle frs.,two vessels.Fullycoated.PG. different 4. STIRRUP-JAR.Upper part. Spike on disc, strap handle, airhole. Trace of bars on nozzle, lines on neck; compositetriangleon shoulder,hatchedonly withinlowerangles.PG. 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. Frs.of shoulder and belly,withstumpof horizontalhandle.Shoulder: thick zigzag, eightfoldsemicircles separated by columns of compass-drawn single circles. Belly: eightfoldpendentsemicircles,trace of motifbelow. Curvedstripeon handle.LPG-PGB. 6. BELL-KRATER (?). Wall fr. Vertical cables. Spatterinside.PGB.

Ts. 13

285

7. *PITHOS. Shoulder fr., hatched meander. MG. 8. OINOCHOE (?). Bodyand base frs.Polishedbuff surface, thin brown paint. Disc foot, concave underneath.Quadruple zigzag,hatchedleaves above and below;spacedbands.LG. 9. CYLINDRICAL LID. fig. 152.H. 6.2. D. 14. Part of rim missing,strap handle brokenoff.White and browngrits.Fullycoated;triplecirclesin added white, worn.EO. Cf. E no. 1218. 10. KOTYLE. fig. 152. H. 6.3. DR. 8.2. One handle and much of rim missing.Softpink-orange clay; semi-lustrouspaint, brown-blacknear rim, red below and inside. White stripe under handle outside, reserved line inside rim. Corinthian, EPC. 11. ♦POLYCHROME PITHOS. Wallfr.,worn.O. 12. SKYPHOS. fig. 152. H. 7.4. DR. 11.6. Half worn.Buffslip.Straphandles.Band on lip preserved, and lowerbody;no paintinside.EG.

SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN. PH. 2.3. Head and partof shank. head,raisedouteredge,spikeat centre,two Cylindrical groovesoutside.Two groovesaboveand belowswelling.

2. IRON SWORD. PL. 3. W. 3.8. Blade fr., broken at both ends. Corroded and encrusted. Midrib.

F/67 'Tomb' 2 (fig. 55) No tomb. To followup thefindofG sherdsin 1963,thepipe trenchwas enlarged0.50 N-wardbetween moreEIA pottery. At 1.10below 3.00 and 7.50 E offig.55, withoutlocatinga tombor finding an surface equid skullwas found,perhapsa recentburial.From2.40-3.40belowsurface(where theexcavation was abandoned)EM I sherdswerefound(Red Burnished and Wiped). F/67 Tomb 3 (fig. 55; plate 5 a) Chamber:1.50 X 1.15.No othercomponentmeasurable. The floorofa smallellipticalchamberwas only0.50 belowmoderngroundsurface.In the waterpipe trenchthe N side had grazed the stomion, while the dromos was visiblein the s section. The upperchamberfillcontaineda fewPG-LG sherds;on thefloorwas partofa R tile.In thecentreofthefloorwereseveralstoneslabs,perhapsfallenfromtheblockingwall. One of them(0.45 X 0.34 X 0.25) was worked.Beneaththemweresome skulland bone fragments, and thebronzepin,fi. SMALL FIND 1. BRONZE PIN. L. 8. Complete,bent.Conical head, baluster, threegrooves,globe,threegrooves.Sectionround throughout.

286


F/67 Tomb 4 (fig. 55; plate

5 b)

Dromos: W.varied0.50-0.70S-N was uncovered,and partof twoledgeseither near thestomion, Partof thedromos, evidently floorwas 0.80 belowmodernsurface. sideofit,0.40 belowsurface.The dromos to thes Later(exploration The tombwas foundin 1963whenthepipe trenchcutthedromos. being preventedby the rootsof an olive tree)an area 1.80 X 0.20 was opened to the N a cuttingin thekouskouras. following of the MG In 1963muchpotterywas collectedfromthe pipe trenchincludingfragments io, the Creto-Cypriot 14. In lekythos, pithos,3, EO pithos,5, 6, the LG hydriafragment, 1, thelid,9, and ironfragments, £2-4, werein theloose earth 1967,theMG pithosfragment, ofthesurfacelevel.4, LG pithos,was on itsside on theE ledge,containingthearyballos,11 was 0.20 NW.More pieces of 5, 6 and fi, ironspearheadfragment. 13, lekythos fragment, floor. werefoundwitha smallheap ofpithossherdson thedromos POTTERY (PLATE 261) 1. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. fig. 152. Body fr, with stump of strap handle. Reddish clay. in panel Silhouettedbirdson handle,cross-hatching to L., hatched meander below. MG. Cf. 292.45, 1492. *TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. Body,horizontal handleand base frs.withringfoot.Reddishclay.Long reservedpanels with hatched meander; bands and linesbelow.MG. 3. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Body fr.withroot of straphandles; reservedhatchedmeanderbelow, bandsand lines.MG. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 39.5. Half mostofrimmissing, partofone horizontal preserved, handle. Concave lip, inset; ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: multiple zigzag, hatched meander, crosshatchedlozenges.Bands and lines. Paint on handle. no. 19. LG, early.Cf.Payne 5. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 14. Half ofrim withshoulderand straphandle,trace of horizontal handle root. Cream slip. Short inset lip, painted. Panel: large quadruple circles, the outermost thickened;small double circles in field. Paint on handles.EO. 6. *PITHOS. Body fr.,horizontalhandles.Paint on handle,two whitelines on band below; lines; band withlargetriplewhitecirclesgroupedin pairs;lines, band. EO.

7. PITHOS. Shoulderfr.EO. Cf.E no. 895 forrosette. 8. PITHOS. Shoulder fr.,with root of horizontal handle.Cream slip.Whiteline on upperband, single whitecircleson handleroot.EO. 9. DOMED LID. D. c. 21. One-third preserved, centremissing.Lip slightly everted,pair ofsuspension holes. Whiteon dark: at centre,pairs of half-leaves, hatched;tongues;triplecircles,dots on lip. LG. Cf. 218.61. 10. HYDRIA (?). Shoulderfr.Double zigzag,tongues, horizontalS's. LG? 11. ARYBALLOS. FIG. 152. Frs., neck with strap handle,shoulder,belly,flatbase; mouthmissing.Soft orangeclay,veryfriable.No painton neck,linedown handle. Shoulder:irregularswastikas;lines.LG-EO. cf.lekythos Forswastikas 218.15. 12. *LEKYTHOS. Body fr.,fourlines. Fabric and shape as 218.41. Imitationof CypriotBoR, M-LG. RDAC 1984,132no. 51. 13. *LEKYTHOS. Bodyfrs.Polishedorangesurface. Large sets of circles on flanks, the outermost thickened:smalldouble circlesdown frontand back. LG-EO. E 158ÇclassE (iii)b. 14. *LEKYTHOS. Neck, body and base frs.Thin brownpaint. Flaringmouth,neck ridgewithhandle attachment, narrow conical foot. On flanks, irregularlyspaced circle sets; trace of chevronson frontand back.LG. E 158,classE (iii)a.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.PL. 12.3.Socket(max. D. 1.6) withblade shoulder,max. W. 2. Corroded and Cf.E no. 1620. encrusted. 2. IRON SPEARHEAD. PL. 10. Part of socketand blade,brokenat bothends.Shape as above.

3. IRON SPEARHEADS, two frs.,adhering,each brokenat both ends, (a) PL. 6. W. 2.5, withmidrib, (b) PL. 9.4. W 2.1,slighttraceofmidrib. 4. IRON KNIFE. Fr.near point.PL. 7. Max. W 1.5. Brokenat bothends.

THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS

Ts. 4-7

287

F/67 Tomb 5 (fig. 55; plate 5 c) at least1.60 X 1.60.Chamber:2.40 X 1.80. L. overall:3.60. Dromos: floor1.00 SE of The base of a substantial blockingwall was builtacrossthe slopingdromos N a of the dromos which the chamber could have the stomion, at the side leaving gap through floor.Resting been robbed.Three blocks,all worked,and perhapsreused,wereon thedromos on themand leaninginwardswas a slab 1.00 X 0.60 X 0.10,witha rubblestoneeach side of it. Fromtherethe dromos where a 0.40 step led down to the sloped gentlyto the stomion its corners rounded. There was a buttress of unquarried chamber, approximately rectangular in the centre of the back wall. kouskouras exactly WofT. 4, orientated The tombwasimmediately thechamberon theNsideofthedromos. SE-NW, The tombhad been foundin 1963 when the pipe trenchhad crosseddiagonallyathwart stomion and chamber.In 1967excavationto theN ofthepipe trench(workon theS was dromos, An overallsurface barredbyan electricity pole) uncoveredthechamberand partofthedromos. LR 1.20deep,contained combedwareand manyurnsherds,includinga non-joining stratum, werein a depositresting pieceofT 4.5. PiecesoftheSM 1, 2 {infra) againsttheouterfaceofthe floor.Therewas partofa R tileon thedromos floorbetween wall,0.40 abovethedromos blocking In the chamberweretwo strataoverlying the floor(1.80 belowmodern blockingand stomion. In theupperfillwas LR pottery and urnsherds,including theLG 3, 4. Therewas no surface). - 6, EO; 8, LG and lid,9) in theS R intrusion in thelowerfill,butmanyurnfragments (pithoi No potterywas in situon the part.FurtherN werethe SM amphora,1 and hydria,2 [supra). chamberfloor;therewerebonesofa childin theNpart,in thearea of1 and 2. POTTERY (PLATE 262) 1. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 43. DR. 17. DB. 16.8. Two-thirdspreserved.Large white and browngrits,buffslip.Evertedlip,roundhandles,disc foot.Neck fullypainted. Thick and thinbands on shoulder,two wavy lines on belly,one band; two bands nearfoot.Painton handle(one restored), band insiderim.SM. AR 14(1968),22 fig.35,L. 2. HYDRIA. DR. c. 15.Frs.ofneck,shoulder, handles and lowerbody.Large whitegrits,tracesof buffslip; surfacepittedand flaking.Thickened rim,root of straphandle below lip, globularbody.Band on rim and at base of neck. Shoulder: two lines. Strap: verticalwavylines. Paint on horizontal intersecting handles.SM. 3. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Rim and shoulder fr.Slightlyconcave insetlip; rootsof horizontaland vertical handles on rim, lip otherwise reserved. Lozenge chainwithbars. Panels:hatchedbattlement; columnofwhitetriplecirclesto L. LG, late. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 14. Rim and

F/67 'Tombs'

shoulder fr. Short inset lip, reserved; paint on upturned rim. Panel: vertical chevrons,chain of crossed double lozenges with double chevron fill; lozengecrosswithchevrons,to R. Whitereinforcing lineabovepanel. LG, late.Cf.E nos. 695, 831. 5. NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 12.Neck and shoulder fr.Projectingrim,shortverticalneck.Panel: opposed diagonal leaves in outline, dotted background. Horizontalhandlerootto R. Band insiderim.EO. 6. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. Shoulder fr.Small circles,arcaded tongues.Panel: lozenge-and-volute patternlikeE no. 732.EO. 7. *PITHOS. Shoulderfr.Carefulhatchedmeander. MG. 8. DOMED LID. D. c. 14.5.Fr.withcompleteprofile. Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:centralmotifobliterated, arcade,dotson lip.LG-EO. 9. ♦CONICAL LID. fig. 152.H. 6.8. D. 13.One-third preserved.Exteriorfullypainted,no whitedecoration visible.LG-EO.

6 and 7

These referto pointsin the 1963 pipe trenchat whichEIA sherdswere collected.Nothing further was foundin 1967.

288


F/67 Tomb 8 (fig. 55) L. c.3.50.W. 1.50.Chamber:c. 1.75X 1.50. L. overall:c.5.00. Dromos: was cleared,including2.50 of the SWface,whichleaned of The outermost part the dromos N-wardsin a gentleincline.The chamberwas dromos floor descended The inward. slightly in elliptical plan. was SE-NW,thechamberon theN sideofthedromos. The tombwas N ofT. 4. Itsorientation was dug up to thevineyard The tombwas foundin 1967on removalof spoil.The dromos chamber. a located the which fence,beyond sounding werea fewscrapsofPG and G pottery. The tomb'sonlycontents F/67 Tomb 9 (fig. 55; plate 5 d) W. 0.60. Chamber:0.90 X 0.75. Dromos: and dromos, therewas a step0.15highto thestomion The smallchamberwas kidney-shaped; whichcouldnotbe excavated. The tombwas 1.00 S of the pipe trench.There is no recordof its orientation,but the chamberwas on theN sideofthedromos. ER potteryand glasswerein thechamber'sloose upperfilldownto 0.70 belowthetop of overthe floor.In this the chamberwall. A hard brownstratum, 0.15 thick,lay immediately levelweremanylargechunksofcoarsepithoi,1, LG-EO cup, 2, EO cup,3, LG-EO pithos 4, LG lid,5, O lid,and ft, ironknife.On thefloorwas nothingbuta fewscrapsof fragment, burntbone. POTTERY (PLATE 262) 1. CUP. DR. c. 12.5.Two frs.,rimto lowerbodywith handle. Thin fabric.Offsetlip, bellied body. Fully coated.LG-EO. E i66f,classB (iii). 2. CUP. DR. c. 10. Rim fr.Concave lip, not offset. Tongueswithmidrib,barsbelow.EO. 3. PITHOS. Body fr.Whiteon dark:double lozenge chainbetweenlines.LG-EO.

4. DOMED LID. Wall fr.Whiteon dark:interlocking horizontalS's, singlecompass-drawn circles,hatched leafdesignat centre.LG. 5. POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 20. Rim fr.Cream slip, traces of blue and red paint. Zone of billets. O.

SMALL FIND 1. IRON KNIFE. PL. 4.3. W. 1.7.Fr.,brokenat bothends.As F/67.4.4.

F/67 Tomb 10 (fig. 55) W. 0.75.No othercomponentmeasurable. Dromos: excavatedslopeddownfrom1.10belowsurfaceto 1.50.A slightstep That partofthedromos markeditsouterlimit. on theN was SE-NW,thechamberevidently The tombwas 4.00 E ofT. 3. The orientation sideofthedromos. was clearedto thevineyard The tombwas foundduringtestexcavationsin 1967;thedromos fence. the chamber for the was made no search beyond fence; fillseemedto havebeen dug in recenttimes.It contained The loosebrownsoilin thedromos veryfewPG and G sherds.

THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS - Ts. 8-14

289

F/67 Tomb 1 1 (fig. 55) Dromos: L. c.3.00. W. 0.90-1.20.No othercomponentmeasurable. The dromos top appeared0.10 belowmodernsurface.The floorslopedNata gentleincline, thencame a steeperdescentin thecentral(0.70)partofthedromos, thatstomion and suggesting S partofthechamberhad been destroyed the water The chamber cannot have been by pipe. more than 1.00 N-S since its N edge was foundin a small soundingon the S side of the fence. vineyard There is no recordof orientation,but the chamberwas evidentlyon the N side of the dromos. The tombwas foundduringtestexcavationsin 1967- no traceofit had been seen in In were a fewfragments of PG-LG pottery, R glass and 1963. the loose fillof the dromos burntbone. F/67 'Tomb'

12 (fig. 55) MG- O pottery butno tombwas foundin a trial10.00-12.00E ofFIG.55, immediately S ofthe trench. pipe F/67 'Tomb'

13 (fig. 55)

A smallPG oinochoe,1, and fragments ofan O polychrome pithos,butno tomb,werefound in a trialat 13.00-14.30E of FIG.55, immediately S of the pipe trench.Stereo was reachedat below modern surface. 1.40 POTTERY (PLATE 262) i. SMALL OINOCHOE. fig. 152. H. 8.9. Part of mouth missing,otherwise complete. Round handle attachedbelow rim,flatbase withspiralstringmark.Both flanksdipped in thinbrownpaint. M-LPG (?). Cf. 207.4-5.

F/67 Tomb 14 (fig. 55) Chamber:c. 2.00 X 1.80.No othercomponentmeasurable. Onlythechamberwas excavated;itsshape is notrecorded.Stoneson theS side ofthetrial mayhavecomefroma blockingwall. The tombwas oppositeT 10, 2.00 S of thepipe trench.Its orientation was not recorded, butthechambermusthavebeen on theN sideoftheunexcavateddromos. The tombwas found in a trialin 1967.The limitsof the chamberwereestablishedby tunnelling intothe N and S sidesofthetrial.A nearbyolivetreeprevented a searchforthedromos. ThoughthereweresherdsofPG and G tombvesselsin theupperfillR tilepersistedto 1.70 below modernsurface.There were onlyburntand unburntbones and EIA potteryin the loweststratum, abovethefloorat 2.10belowmodernsurface.The SM stirrup immediately jar, was S near the of the floorin twopieces. 1, edge POTTERY (PLATE 262) i. STIRRUP JAR. FIG.152.H. 13. Partsofbodyrestored.Spikeon disc,airhole;low conicalfoot.Spiralon disc, bars on handles,mouthand falseneck.Fourcompositetriangles, band betweenlines.SM. AR 14 (1968),22 fig.35 R.

2go


F/67 Tomb 15 (fig. 55) Dromos: W. 0.90. No othercomponentmeasurable. No detailsofdesigncouldbe recorded. was SE-NW.The chamber The tombwas 4.00 E ofT. 8, and parallelwithit.The orientation was presumably was on theN sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundin 1967whenthedromos tracedN of the pipe trench,up to the vineyardfence.No attemptwas made to findthe chamberN ofthefence.There werea fewscrapsofEIA and modernpotteryin theloose fill, whichappearedto havebeen turnedin recenttimes.

CHAPTER 4 SPORADIC FINDS POTTERY 1. DOMED LID. H. 11.5.Fr.ofwall,completeprofile. Massed sixfoldcircleswithdottedzone, alternating withvertically arrangedcircles.EO. FromtestS of T. 28. 2. FLAT-BOTTOMED OINOCHOE (plate 138). DB. 16. Frs. of base and adjoining wall only.Fine creamyclay,chocolate paint. Black figureanimals: body,legs,part of head of goat, bird body and feet (head missing),feet of lion (?). Rays. Corinthian, Transitional. FromT. 101,HL. 3. CASSEROLE. DR. c. 22. Half preserved,handles

broken off.Dark red clay, very micaceous; rough bellied surfacein and out. Roundedlip,sharplyoffset; body,flatbase. Stumpsoftwoverticalhandles.Incised decorationin handle zone; thickscribble,two thin lines, thickscribble,two thinlines. EO. As BSA 73 (1978),47 no. 24. FromT. 161,R. 4. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID (fig. 135; PIATE210).D. 9. H. 6.8. Frs.of two-thirds of top and smallsectionsofwall.Paintworn.Top plain:alternate red and blue rayswithblue outlineson side. Interior, blue ringson top.LO. FromT. 281,HL.

SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, frs.Three nonjoining frs.of blade, togetherL. 9.1. Max. W. 1.8, taperingto tip. Curved type,blade concave, back convex.Th. at back0.5. ProbablyG. FromT. 5, HL. 2. IRON PIN fr.Head and uppershaftof pin of the same basic typeas 107.fi7» L. 3.9. Head, D. 1.9,with a smallprotuberance on theupperside; shaft,section 0.4 squared.FromT. 124,R. 3. IRON OBELOS, frs.Six small joining pieces, togetherL. 8.5. Section c. 1.6 X 1.3 (corroded), taperingto c.0.7 squared.FromT. 158,LR. 4. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, fr.From curved blade. L. 5.5. W. 2.4, taperingto 1.9. Max. Th. (at back) 0.5. Both edges curve and taper,the cutting edgeconcave.EIA type,cf.18.£5.FromT. 158,LR. 5. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.7.D. 0.2. Wt. 0.35 g. Tip and partof lowershaft;could be fibula.FromT. 213,HL, whichalsoproduced6.75g ofbronzesheetfrs.inlayer1. 6. LEAD WEIGHT (?) (fig. 193;plate 266). D. 2.55. Th. 0.15. Wt. 11 g. Edge chipped,surfacecorrosion. More or lesscircularsheet,witha patternon theface of five punched dots surrounded by a freehand scratchedline.FromtestE ofT. 75.

7. SILVER PIN or FIBULA fr.(fig. 155;plate 267). PL. 6.6. D. 0.3. Five frs.,corroded- much missing. Circularsectionedrod,one end turningback on itself, the otherwrappedabout by a stripof silver(W. 0.4. Th. 0.1) withmilled edges. Brokenat both ends, it resemblespartofa fibulapin. FromT. 119,HL. 8. BLACK STEATITE WHORL or BUTTON (fig. 193; plate 302). H. i.i. DB. 1.75. Dh. 0.45. Some scratchesin polish. Traces of verticalfacetsremain. FromT. 187,HL. 9. IVORY or BONE PIN SHAFT (fig. 193).PH. 5.4. W of head 1.1. Th. of head 0.5; of shaft0.4. Very abraded; shaftbroken. The flat,rectangularhead bears on each side two verticalrowsof threedotted circles.FromT. 244,ProbablyECh. 10. CLAY LOOMWEIGHT (fig. 193).H. 3.2. D. 3.8. Dh. 0.6. Pale brownfabric,occasionalchip and grey discolouredpatch. Biconical appearance caused by pinchingin top to takesuspensionhole. FromT. 244, ECh. 11. WHITE MARBLE STATUE, fr.(plate 305). PL. 5.4. PW 4.7. PH. 6.7. Toes ofleftfooton a featureless ground.HL or R. FromT. 244,ECh.

Polychrome byRosemaryRobertson. pithos,Tomb 285.41,withlid53. Watercolour

KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM andH. W.CATLING,Editors VOLUMEII

DISCUSSION

with J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh J. M. Cocking R. D. G. Evely R. A. Higgins R. J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE

N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 28 Published by

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1996

Publishedand distributed by The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHopy The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 904887 189

Glos. Produced Ltd.,Stroud, Publishing bySutton Printed Bridgend. byWBG Limited,

IN MEMORY OF

JAMESKINGDOM BROCK AND

DAVID SMYTH

CONTENTS ListofIllustrations ListofTables

xi xiii

PARTII The pottery 5

The Subminoanpottery, byH. W. Catling Jars Stirrup Flasks SmallOinochoai Thelastron('FeederVase') Neck-handled Amphorae Shoulder-handled Amphorae Shoulder-handled Amphoriskos Belly-handled Amphoriskos Neck-handled Amphoriskoi Hydria NeckedPithos Coarse Pithos HandmadeJuglet Two-handledBowl Open Shapes Conclusions

295 297 301 301 302 302 303 303 303 303 304 304 304 305 305 305 305

6

The Protogeometric and Geometricpottery, byj. N. Coldstream Neckedpithos Straight-sided pithos Ovoid necklesspithos Conicallid Domed lid Neck-handled amphora Belly-handled amphora Stirrup-jar Hydria Oinochoe >g Lekythos Aryballos Pyxis Smalllid Ringkernos,and lentoidflask Birdaskos House modeland fenestrated stand

311 311 314 317 325 327 331 335 338 340 342 347 351 356 359 362 365 366 368

viu

CONTENTS

Krater Kalathos Skyphos Kotyle Cup Plateand tray Larnax Imports: 1 Attic 2 Corinthian 3 Argive 4 Thessalian 5 Euboean 6 Cycladic 7 East Greek 8 Cypriot 9 Phoenician AbsoluteChronology Fabricand Technique DevelopmentoftheKnossianstyle 7

The Orientalizing byE. Moignard pottery, Pithoi Lids Amphorae Hydriai Oinochoai Jugs Olpai Lekythoi Alabastra Aryballoi Pyxides AnimalVases Kratersand Dinoi Stand,Lekanidesand Basins Kalathoi Trays Skyphoi Kotylai Cup Larnax Fabricand Technique Chronology Imports Note on thegraffito, byA. W.Johnston

368 376 378 384 385 390 392 393 402 402 403 404 404 405 406 408 409 412 414 421 421 427 432 433 434 438 44° 440 442 443 448 449 451 452 452 453 453 455 457 459 460 46x 462 463

CONTENTS

8

byD. J. Liddy analysisbyAtomicAbsorption, Pottery Introduction Methodology Atomicabsorptionspectrometry procedure Experimental Data Analysis The samplesand resultsofanalysis An Archaeological Note,byJ.N. Coldstream Discussion Aegean5material Levantineand Cypriotmaterial Conclusions

ix

465 465 466 466 467 469 471 471 473 474 481 487

PARTIU The objects 9 Subminoan,byH. W. Catling

517

10 Jewellery, byR. A. Higgins

539

11 Bronze,byH. W. Catling

543

12 Iron,byA. M. Snodgrass

575

13 Faienceand glass,byV. Webb

599

14 Terracotta, byR. A. Higgins

611

15 Textileremains,byj. Cocking

613

16 Othermaterials, byD. Evely Introduction Stone Clay Ivoryand Bone Silverand Lead Amber Perishables Objectsofa laterdate

621 621 621 626 629 633 634 635 636

PART IV The burials 17 The Subminoanphase in theNorthCemetery, byH. W. Catling

639

18 The burialcustoms,byW. G. Cavanagh

651

19 The humanbones,byJ. H. Musgrave on theN CemeteryCremations Appendix:Generalinformation

677 694

x

CONTENTS

20 The animalbones,byS. Wall-Crowther

703

21 Epilogue,byThe Editors

711

Bibliography

725

Index

737

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 The graffito on thearyballos107.84. 2 Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)for'Aegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:first sector. from cluster 3 Dendrogram analysis(Ward'smethod)for'Aegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:secondsector. 4 Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forAegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:thirdsector. 5 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerialfromthe N Cemetery(groupsL and M) Instituteof of the Archaeology(IA) and the Louvre(LV): sectorshowingclassification Cypriotsamples. 6 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantine material: sector showingTell Ajjul, Tell Farà and Cypriot groupings. 7 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerial:sectorshowingLevantinegroupings. 8 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerial:fourth sector. Maximum and minimum number ofcremationurnsovertime. 9 10 The numberofcremationurnsperyear. 11 The numberof urnsper perioddividedby the numberof tombsin which theywerefound. 12 Histogramofurns(amphoraeand pithoi)per tomb. vesselsperperioddividedbythenumberofurns. 13 Oil flasksand drinking 14 The numberof drinkingvesselsper tombplottedagainstthe numberof jugs. 15 Weightfrequencyhistogramof the individualurn cremationsfromKNC the higher plottedagainstcomparativedata fromTorone to demonstrate scoresfromKNC. - frequency 16 LOLPCF - lengthoflongestpostcranialfragment of histogram collectionsof bones fromKNC weighingmorethan 200 g plottedagainst data fromToroneto demonstrate thehigherscoresfromKNC. comparative 17 Map oftheKnossosarea in theEarlyIronAge.

463 475 477 479

482 483 484 485 661 662 663 665 671 673 687 689 713

LIST OF TABLES 1 Groups of samples selected foranalysis. 2 Sample preparation. 3 Elementsmeasured and associated conditions. 4a Potterysamples fromthe Knossos N Cemeteryand resultsof analysis 4b Potterysamples analysed fromthe Insituteof Archaeology (London) 4c Potterysamples analysed fromthe Louvre and resultsof analysis 4d Potterysamples fromCypriotsitesand resultsof analysis 5 Sample analyses. 6 Membershipsof individual clusters. 7 Group compositions,expressedas means and standard deviations 8 Outliers and oddmentsremovedat the firststage. 9 Comparative data, Fitch Laboratory Databank. 10 Comparative data, otherlaboratories. 11 Summaryofresultswithrespectto the initialgroupsbased on styleand fabric. 12 Total bronzes by count and by weight. 13 Counts and percentagesof different bronze-types. 14 Percentagesof different categoriesof bronze by count and by weight. 15 Numbers and date of tombs containingtextileremains. 16 Inhumationsand cremationsin SM contexts. 17 Variables used in the analysis of the tombs, and statistics for the N Cemeterytombs. 18 Main differencesin design between Bronze Age and Dark Age chamber tombsat Knossos. Dark 19 Age tombs; groups 1 & 3*, and 4-6. 20 Duration over which tombswere used. 21 Vases otherthan pithoi containingashes. 22 Tombs in which more than 5 urns are foundin any one period. 23 Tombs withan hiatus indicatingre-use. 24 Relativelysecure associationswithurn burials. 25 Form used to record informationon each collection of burntbones. 26 Some data on weightsof individualurn burials. 27 Some data on the lengthof the longestpostcranialfragment(LOLPCF). 28 Some statisticson the prevalence of dental caries in ancient Greece. 29 Informationof the cremated remains. 30 Dental pathology. 31 Shells foundwithcremated remains. 32 Animal and fishremainsfoundwithcremations. 33 Horse bones fromTomb F. 34 Measurementsof the horses fromTomb 79. 35 Measurementsof dog skeletonI. 36 Measurementsof dog skeletonII. 37 Equid bones fromTombs 152, 161, 162, 163 and 168.

467 468 469 489 493 496 496 497 504 507 511 511 513 514 544 545 546 617 651 653 655 656 659 660 664 666 668 679 686 688 693 694 701 701 701 703 707 708 709 710

PART II

THE POTTERY

CHAPTER 5 THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY H. W. Catling Introduction ALLTHEpotterywhichon groundsof taxonomy(fabric,formand This CHAPTER CONSIDERS albeitindividualpieces were foundwithPG material.The finish)precedesProtogeometric, the startswith question'Whatis Subminoan?'.The answergivenherewill section,therefore, fornot classifying notsatisfy everyone;it maynot satisfy anyone.It is a justification certainly thematerialas LM III, on theone hand,PG on theother. landmarkin thehistory ofKnossos.It seems The openingoftheN Cemeteryis a significant appropriateto recognizethatlandmarkby adoptingit as a milestonein the evolutionof Minoan decoratedpotteryso that,by definition, it is recognizedthatall the potterystill be Minoan characteristics should preserving categorizedas Subminoan(SM). Thoughin strict termsof Minoan ceramic development,this will raise some eyebrows,it nevertheless acknowledgesthe break at Knossos symbolizedby the beginningof thislong-livedburial ground,whichwill surelycome to be seen as an importantfactorforunderstandingthe Cretan Dark Ages. No great violence is done to existingclassification,formuch of the materialstudiedhere anywayconformsto acceptedideas of the characterof SM pottery. A limitednumberofvases (particularly thegroupin T. 200) shouldperhapsalso be seen as LM III C, on theunderstanding thattheircontext SM. By recognizing thatpossibility for is,afortiori, theearliestmaterialfromthesite,we can betterdefendtheclassification as SM ofvasesfound withsomeoftheearliestPG material. Examinationofthe74 vasesstudiedhereas SM has emphasizedtheimprecision oftheterm an felt most at the outer limits of the classification. How do 'Subminoan', imprecision strongly we recognizetheend ofLM III C on theone hand,and thebeginningof(Cretan)PG on the other?The Minoan tradition was as persistent as theMycenaean;and thedifference between Late Minoan III B (thirteenth century)and Subminoan(roughlythefirsthalfof the eleventh wasjust as greatas betweenLH III B and Submycenaean'.So wroteDesboroughin century) l 1972. Much earlier2he had said The arrivalofProtogeometric influence in severalways:in theactual (sc.in Crete)mayshowitself ofthepotter, in an improvement in thefabric, in a moreexpertuse ofthewheel. . . first, technique intheexisting andwithclearer resulting lines;then,intheintroduction shapesbeingmademorefirmly ofnewshapes,and lastly, in theintroduction ofnewschemesofdecoration, and decorative motives, bothas appliedtothenewshapes,oras adaptedtotheexisting shapes. These are guide-lines, indeed,butnotalwaysenoughfortheindividualcase. 1 ODA

57.

2/^^237.

296

H. W. CATLING

in Partof the difficulty comesfromthe different experienceon the mainland(particularly in an understandable reluctance to use and what Crete. There is Athens) happened SM traitsside-by-side withthe ceramic thatconcedesthe survivalof distinctive terminology the directionfrom that the PG. To some this is conditioned by phenomena distinguish degree whichthe individualceramicscholarapproachesthe problem.In recentyearsit has been seen in PG terms,so thatit has become naturalto regarda complexas quite substantially PG if it forit blursthefactthateasily wholly comprisesanyPG material.This is unfortunate, SM time after theevolutionofmaterialin traits survived for some considerable recognizable PG in form,ornamentand finish.By extension, thiscan be seen as an Crete,omnium consensu, illustrationof the ambivalence of some of our language used in archaeological in argument. forcircularity The problemcentres, characterisation, languageoftenresponsible as termsto and 'Subminoan'.These began,surely, indeed,on suchtermsas Trotogeometric' describecategoriesofpottery, forwhich,incidentally, bothrelativeand absolutechronologies so could be established.But theyhave also, insensibly, takenon a muchwiderconnotation, thatProtogeometric has come also to be understoodas a particularperiod,witha beginning and an end,one thatis quitedistinct fromwhatwentbeforeand whatcame after.This leads to a typeof archaeologicalfalsesyllogism of the kind'Allpotterydecoratedwithconcentric circlesis Protogeometric; thesevaseshave been foundwithconcentriccircle-decorated vases, therefore too'. The pointhas onlyto be made in thatextreme theymustbe Protogeometric formforitsweaknessto be seen. To recapitulate, it seems,in the case of the EIA potteryof Crete,to be moreaccurateto SM vase shapesand typesof ornamentat a timewhen the survival of specifically recognize was modellednoton thepastbuton thenewdevelopments muchotherpotteryin circulation in Athensand Atticawhichwe termTrotogeometric', thanto lumpall thismaterialtogether I accept thatthismay merelybe to and describeit as Trotogeometric' withoutdistinction. bothcraftsmen and an innovator, isolatethedifference betweena conservative potter/painter in thesameshop. perhapssitting I maynot I havetherefore includeda numberofvasesfromgroupscontainingPG pottery. have done so consistently, and thereare surelyothervases SM in traditionfoundwithtruly PG fellowsthatI have overlooked.There is no similarproblemat the upperend of mySM thatthe seriesstartswithmaterialwhich,on its own,might withthe reservation spectrum, wellbe classedas LM III C. This surveyconsiders 74 vases found in eighteen separate tombs (Ts. 200-202 are as SM, three consideredas a singletombforthispurpose).Though 21 tombsare identified are There here. not considered and are no and contained forms, finds, eighteen 282) (149,153, nineofwhichoccuronce only.The stirrup jar is themostcommon(26 examples),followedby theneck-handled amphora(sixteenexamples). The serieschieflycomprisesclosed shapes;the open shapes- bowl,cup, deep cup- each occur onlyonce. The threeneckedpithoiwerefoundin PG company(T. 48). Though the seriescontainsvases of a considerablesize range,smallvases forma majorityof the shapes and at leasthalftheexamples. of the shapes among the eighteentombsis of and distributions The relativeproportions interest. First,fouroftheeighteenshapesbetweenthemaccountfor73% ofall SM vases,viz. 8.1%; flasks, jars, 35.1%; neck-handledamphorae,23%; neck-handledamphoriskoi, stirrup amphoraein 55.5%, flasksin 6.7%. Stirrup jars werefoundin 83.3% of tombs,neck-handled 11.1%,neck-handledamphoriskoiin 5.5%. No tombhad more than sevenof the eighteen shapes(T. 40, with44%). Ts. 121and 207had five(31%),Ts. 2, 48, and 98 each had three(19%).

THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY

2g7

Numbersof SM vases in each tombvaried fromone (six tombs- 16, 56, 160, 186, 208, (207,20.5% of all SM vases).Only one othertomb(40) had tenor more F/67:i4)to fourteen vases.Two tombs(48, 121)containedsevenand eightvases respectively, six tombs(2, 18,45, and In where from three to five. two cases 98, 112, 200) (Ts. 160,186) onlyone vase was found, On it is certainonlyone burial/cremation was involved. the otherhand,in 121,wherethere werethreeburials,sevenvaseshad been deposited. Variationin fabric,technique,and finishis moreapparentthanreal; the series,indeed,is source,presumablyKnossian. sufficiently homogeneousto suppose a singlemanufacturing withsome The fabricofthesmall-medium vases is fairlyfine,sometimesgranularin texture, vesicles,and a rangeofcolourthatis normallybrownor lightbrown,occasionallyvaryingto cream,or tonesof red. Inclusionsare fewand small.Firingis even,no morethanmediumThe surfacefinishis usuallysmooth,a lightercolourthanthe hard;someexamplesare softer. thecolour biscuitthroughtheself-slipping process.Paintis nearlyalwaysmatt,oftenfugitive; from red via reddish-brown to dark almost black. brown,occasionally (uncommon) ranges is never even where are the more Drawing slovenly, patterns verysimple; complexdesigns(e.g. ofspace,and thecontrolofline. 200.3) are executedwithgreatcare,bothin thefilling is The fabricofthelargervases(neck-handled amphorae,belly-handled amphorae,kraters) sometimes much fine black with inclusions coarser, coarser,usually many (grit;sometimes, to tonesof brown,witha fewexamplesreddish-brown sand). The colouris predominantly red. A minorityis pinkish-buff, or pinkish-cream,and finertextured.The firingvaries fromhardto soft,and maybe uneven,withgreycoresofvaryingthickness. The considerably surfacesare usuallyself-slipped, occasionallyratherrough,in varyingtonesofcreamthrough darkcreamto lightbrown.The colourrangeofpaintis thesame as thesmall-medium vases. Ornament,otherthan banding,is confinedto the shoulder-zoneof closed vases (always excepting200.3) and variesfromextremesimplicity (the'S' patternon amphoraeand flasks) to greatlinearcomplexity (200.1, 2, and 3). Closed

Shapes

stirrup jars The 26 vases are fairlyheterogeneousin size and form,thoughcertaingroups suggest themselves. Withina rangeofheightsfrom10cm to 25.2,thirteen examplesare between10and cm nine between and four 20 between and 25.2.Withina rangeof 20 cm, 15 high, examples 15 diametersbetween8.0 and 19.3,fourteen are between 8 and 12,six between12 and examples six between 16 and The between and diameter is a usefulindicator 16, 19.3. relationship height of relationships. There are two main groupings,one often (160. 1; 121.3; 18.20; 112.3;

within a rangeofheights of12.6 I2I.2; 40.15; 98.20; 40.21; 40.12 andF/67:i4.i) where,

to 14.8cm,thediametersfluctuate betweena minimum of75% oftheheightto a maximumof The second within a 84%. grouping(oflargerjars), heightrangefrom17.3to 23.8,comprises 186. 112. the diameters fluctuate betweena minimum of 2; 1; 200.1-3; 18.19; 24-25 98-10; 80% to a maximumof 88.5% of the height.A thirdgrouping,of three,(45*5; 48.1 and from63% to 67% ofthe 207.19), in a heightrangeof 11.8to 20.1,has diametersthatfluctuate - 64% None of the vases can be the linked; proportions height. remaining varyconsiderably 80% % The first two (45-7); 72% (48.4); (40.20); 94% (16.3); 98 (2.2). groupingshave in the same tomb in the in the 112.2 and little first, examples (e.g.112.3 second), chronological attachesto them.The thirdgroupingconsistsofjars foundwithPG material. significance

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There is varietyin the relationshipof the accessories spout,falseneck,handles,disc, In all buttouchingit,or slightly the the is level with the often disc, nipple. majority, spoutlip above or slightly below.A few- 45*7; 48.1 and 98.20 - have spoutsconsiderably lowerthan thedisc,angledawayfromthefalseneck.Everyjar has a nippleon thedisc,butthereis much fromthealmostimperceptible excrescenceof 16.3, viatheprominent of variety, cone-nipples 1 160. and and 'teat' to the unusual modelled attached to others, 40.12, F/67:i4.i carefully thedisc of 112.2. Withthe exceptionof 16.3, everyjar has an air-hole,usuallyclose to the falseneck,on thesideoppositethespout.Thoughthehandlesofmostjars are no higherthan thediscto whichtheyare attached,theyare higheron 2.2; 40.20; 45.7; 48.1; 48.4; 200.1 in thisfeature;200.1 should to detectanychronological and 207.19. It is difficult significance be one oftheearliest jars,whileT. 48 containsPG material. been chosenas the chiefcriterionforidentifying Shape has somewhatarbitrarily groups withinthismaterial;themain elementreliedupon is bodyprofile.This methodhas isolated seventeen to fivegroups,ofwhichtwoaccountforonlytwojars each. Sixjars jars attributable are treatedas singletons, one (200.3) as exceptional.This lastbeginsthearrangement, forits from the inevitable to the foot. The is almost body spherical,apart divergence ring completely in in this are the order which from theydepart optimumsphericalshape. groups arranged 1 (98.10 and 200.1) havea slightupwardshiftin theircentreof The twolargejars of Group but are stillnearlyspherical;theyhave significantly higherringfeetthan 200.3. In gravity is morenoticeable,though shift of the centre of and the 2 200.2) gravity Group (112.2 upward and theringfeetare littlehigherthan200.3. Group i86.i, with98.20 'near' them) 3 (18.19 The twojars in has a profilesensiblydepressed,witha centreofgravity roughlyin mid-body. thegrouphave ringfeetas Group 2, but 98.20 has a low cone-foot.Group 4, all smallerjars

(18.20; 40.12, 15, 21; I2I.2 and F/67:i4*i, withi6o.i 'near'thegroup)is theclearest

instance:all thejars have a depressedglobularprofileand incipientcone-feet.The three apartfromthe othersin havinga ratherhighercentreof examplesfromT. 40 standslightly Theirsimilarity is close enoughto supposea commonorigin.i6o.i, 'near' Group4, gravity. The fivejars of Group is dumpier,and has minorpointsof decorativedifference. 5 (45.5, 7; slim,oval profile.All 48.1, 4 and 207.19), thoughofvariedsize,are alikein theirrelatively but 45.7 have a centreof gravityat mid-body;45.7 is a littlehigher.48.4 has an incipient but45.5 and 48.1 havesplayingfeetof cone-foot; 45.7 and 207.19 havequitehighcone-feet, a kindotherwise 16.3, 40.20 and 121.3 are alikein missingin theseries.Of the singletons, standapartfromeach other.2.2, butotherwise theirpronounceddepressedglobularprofiles, and incipientconelargestofthemediumsizedjars, has a depressed,almostbiconicalprofile, in itsaccessories,especiallyitsconeas Group 1,is distinct foot.24.2, a largejar, superficially accessories. foot.The smalljar 112.3 recallsGroup3, butis slimmerand neater,withdifferent The painteddecorationof thejars is, superficially, closelyhomogeneous.The accessories whilethebodyof attention, (handles,falseneck,disc,spout)usuallyreceivesomeperfunctory on orjust bandsofdiffering thejar is dividedintozonesbygroupsofencircling composition, a band of but not invariably, and on thelowerbody.There is normally, belowtheshoulders, sometimesleavingthe 'lip' of the foot painton the foot,sometimescoveringit completely, reserved.The space betweenthe shoulderbands and the lower body bands is, withthe exceptionof 200.3, leftreserved.The smallcrossdrawnon 121.3 must,so faras concerns Distinctiveornamentis concentrated the designof the vase, have been unintentional. upon the shoulderzone, arrangedto respectthe spout,falseneck and handles.Such ornament variesformtheextremely complex(200.3) to theverysimple(48.1). witha largesoliddotat the sometimes ornamentis thespiral, Forthedisc,themostfrequent


299

centre(40.15; 121.2). Exceptionsare theconcentric circles of45.7; 112.2, 3; i6o.i, theencircled crossof40.20, thehatching of 16.3 and thesolidpaintof 2.2; 45.5; 48.1; 98.20 and 207.19. The falseneck itselfis consistently reserved;only 40.20 and 121.3 have a successionof and theneck-root. 200.1 have a band ofpaintencircling strokes, though16.3; 18.20; 48.4 There is some varietyin the treatment of the spout.Though thereis solid paint insidethe ofnearlyeveryjar, 98.10 has a reservedbandjust insidethelip,thensolidpaint, spout-mouth whilethe insideof 121.3's mouthis reservedexceptforpainton the lip. The spoutoutside ofthejars do),paintsurrounding theroot(16.3; 112.2, mayhavepainton thelip (three-fifths 3 and 160. 1) and, in the greatmajorityof cases, a verticalpanel of horizontalpaintstrokes fromlip to root. Exceptionsare 48.4 (whereverticallines convertthe strokesinto ladder pattern), 45.7 (verticalzigzag),16.3; 112.2, 3 and 160. 1 (reserved,apart fromthe paint the root- see above). There is some varietyin handle decoration.The most surrounding schemeis,again,a verticalpanel ofhorizontalpaintstrokes;otherformsincludethe frequent conversionof the strokesintoladderpatternby outliningthe handlesin paint (16.3; 45.5; otherwisereservedhandles (40.20), partlycoveringin solid paint. 200.2), simplyoutlining has solid at 207.19 paint thehandletops,strokesbelow.Threejars ofGroup5- 45.7; 48.1, On 200.1 thereare groupsof oblique strokes. 4 have strokesarrangedin groups. 200.3 has horizontalzigzags,neatlydrawn;thehandle-roots are outlined. The decorationoftheshoulder-zones is themostconspicuousfeatureofnearlyall thejars. The mostfrequent schemeuses theavailablespace as fourquadrants,twoofwhich,between thespoutand thehandles,actuallyexistwhiletwomoreare artificially createdon theopposite side ofthejar, oftenhavingtheair-holeat theirapices.In each quadrantis drawna triangle, To accommodate these trianglesto the double-, occasionallytreble-outlined. frequently intrusion ofthespout,theyare drawnwithconcavesidesadjacentto thespout;forthesakeof no doubt,twomatchingsidesare concave,witha straight base-linerestingon the symmetry, uppermostencirclingband. These are balanced by similarconcave-sidedtriangleson the oppositeside,producing,in the absence thisside of a spout,whatlooksat firstsightlikean elongatedverticalellipse as the centrepieceof the ornamentalscheme.The vase-painter - createdby sometimes showsawarenessoftheeffect he has- surelyinadvertently pickingout thisellipsewitha verticalpanel of small chevrons(200.3), or shortsuperimposedstrokes (112. 2). Veryrarely(121. 3), all threesides of the trianglesare concave, leaving a semiThe spaces in thisone case are ellipticalspace betweeneach triangleand the ground-line. hatched.In somecases,triangles on theside oppositethespoutare straight-sided, so thatthey are not dividedby an ellipsebut by a parallelogramor by linesconverging fromthe air-hole downwards(18.20; 24.2; 112.3; I«i.3 and i6o.i). It has been suggestedby some scholars3 thatthereis chronologicalsignificance in the changefromcurvilineardesigns(i.e. those,in ourcase,resulting in theellipse)to straight linedesigns(i.e.parallelogram or converging lines); thiswould suggest,if so, that 18.20 etc. are later than,forinstance,40.12, 15 and 21. nor deniesit. It maybe Though thismaybe so, the N Cemeteryevidenceneitherconfirms noted,though,that112.2 has theellipse,112.3 a parallelogram. 22 out of 26 stirrup jars are decoratedwithtriangles;theyare distinguished by theway in whichthetriangles are filled.In themoreelaborateexamples,individualtriangles on thesame vase are not necessarily treatedsimilarly; in some cases,indeed,each trianglehas a different - an identical filling(48.4; 200.2); in othersthereare threeschemes pair and two different 3 E.g. GDA58.

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H. W. CATLING

again,and fromeach other(2.2). 112.3 has twotypes,in pairs.On 160. 1 are threealike,the fourthquite different; 186. 1 also has threealikeand a fourthdifferent, but the difference is muchless apparent.Several have all fourtrianglesidentical(40.21; 24.2). 121.2 is very unusualforhavingthenormalpairoftriangles on thespoutsideoftheshoulder, butonlyone on theoppositeside,setin thecentre. The normaldecorativeschemeenrichesthe individualtrianglesby fillings of concentric arcs or is also rare Two Uniform (rare) hatching (common). cross-hatching (2.2; 112.3; 160.1). jars (45.7; 48.4), bothGroup5, do notfollowtheseschemes.45.7 has a pair of triangleson the spoutside,one ofwhichis equallydividedbetweenverticaland oblique hatching;the other hatched,and theotherhalfpartlyhorizontally hatched,partly trianglehas one halfvertically takenup withneatlydrawnzigzag. On the oppositeside the triangleshave dissolvedinto antithetic hatchedareas eitherside of a centralpanel of dot-filled lozenges.48.4, withthe fourdifferent of trianglesalreadynoted,has two largelyfilledwithvariousarrangements concentricarcs,while the othertwo have cross-hatched base-anglesand fringedlozengethe otherangle-hatched.The shaped motifspendentfromthe apex, one partlysolid-filled the of recalls decorated vases the earlier, fringing elaborately FringedStyle.4Concentricarcs - in a are of two types of three with as dot-centre, (200.3), and anglegroups scale-pattern an in This scheme leaves at the centre of the triangle filling, groups(200.1). emptyspace lines. which,on 200.1, containsgroupsoffringed parallel seen in itssimplest The mostcharacteristic fillingpatternforthe trianglesis angle-hatching, formon, e.g. 40.21; F/67:i4.i, wheretwo anglesare hatched,one leftreserved.On other area examples(e.g. 18.19; 112.2) all threeanglesare hatched,leavinga roughlytriangular reservedat thetriangle's centre.This area mayin itsturnbe treatedas a triangleto be anglehatched(seen once on 200.2, twiceon 200.3, threetimes(all thatis preserved)on the carelesslydrawn98.10, and at least twiceon the badly damaged 16.3). Several times,as thoughto relievethe tediumof his work,the painterintroduceda minorvariation,as on ofone angleon one triangletreatstheangleas thoughitwereitselfa 186. 1 wherethefilling kind feature thatmayhave passed unnoticed.But thevariationsseen on, say, of triangle;the or 2.2, whereone trianglehas 2OO.2,wheresomeanglesare treatedwithantithetic hatching, in each angle,anothera uniquedesignwherethreeconcentrictriangles a different treatment are erectedon the main triangle'sbase-line,and much of the interspacepicked out by musthavebeen meantforthecustomer's eye.Veryoccasionallythepainterwearies hatching, of the basic schemeand produces(18.20) whatlooks at a quick glance like angle-hatched ofalternating on one sidebutis actuallya slovenlyarrangement hatchingacrossthe triangles surfaceofthetriangles. Three Group5 jars are quitedifferently treated;45.5 and 207.19 have ratherperfunctory in theshoulderspaces,while48.1 has similarly linesofpaintstrokes arrangedgroupsofvery spindlyscribble.

40.20 has distinctlydifferentornamentfromthe rest of the series. The quadrants arrangedto look separatingthe spoutfromthehandleseach containboldlydrawnchevrons, like a palm frond.At the centreof the oppositeside is an outlinedcross-hatched triangle flankedon eithersidebysmallersetsofchevrons. of bodyornamentis, in broad terms,homogeneous,alwaysinvolvinga The arrangement

4 BSA55 (i960), 17and n. 38; 30-37.LMTS 173.Schachermeyr, 122ff. Kreta,


301

with,normally, verybroad,on theshoulder, groupofbands,at leastone ofwhichis relatively a minorgroupon the lowerbody.2.2 is unusualin havingits second bandingon its high centreofgravity, ofa singlebroad band. The threeGroup4 jars from40 (12, 15, consisting all and are reserved betweentheshoulderband and thefoot;at theirshoulders 21) F/67:i4.i is a broad band betweenpairs of finebands. The significanceof the considerableminor variationsin theseshoulderband arrangements is not apparent,thoughthe T. 40 evidence a that givenpainterrepeatedhisbandingpatterns. suggests 200.3 is exceptional in the rich decoration of the body below the shoulder bands, wherethereis a neatlydrawnnet-pattern, or chequer-boardoflozenges,alternatelycrosshatched and reserved,the reservedlozenges each picked out by a circle-and-dot.The abnormal ornamentcontinuesin the solid paint that covers the lower body and foot, recallinga verycommon featurein the design of CypriotProto-WhitePainted stirrup jars.5 FLASKS

The fiveflasks(40.13, 14, 17; 121. 1, 5) are verysimilarin formand decoration;the differences are of trivialimportance.The triofromT. 40 varyonlyfrom15.7-15.3in height, and 12.4-12.1in diameter,thepair fromT 121from12.6-11.8and 10.1-9.8respectively. The is from a maximum of to a 83% (121. 1) diameter-height relationship narrowlydefined, minimumof 78% (40.13). The heaviestof the T. 40 flasks(17- 311g)is only2.9% heavier thantheothers,whichbothscale at 302g. The profilesare depressedglobular,witha slightly varyingcentreofgravity, relatively high on 40.13, 14 and 121.5, loweron 40.17 and 121.1. The accessoriesare nearlyidentical slim cylindricalnecks, trumpetmouths,a pair of opposite vertical handles attached belowthelip (121.1, 5), or further below,leavingthelips clear.All have a high, immediately cone-foot. virtually - a band of Ornamentis standard painton thelip in and out,horizontalstrokesofpaint fromtop to bottomof the handles,an elongatedhorizontal 'S' on the shouldereitherside, the neck-rootoutlinedwithpaint (not on 121.5), a group of encirclingbands below the shoulder(one broad band betweenpairs of finebands), a singleband below the centreof gravity(missingon 121.5) and, on the T. 40 trio,a band on the foot,leavingthe foot'lip' reserved. SMALL OINOCHOAI

Two examples(40.18; 121.4) differ somewhatin theformoftheirrisinghandles,butshould be taken together.They are close in size (heights10.6 and 11.3,diameters7.0 and 6.4 40.18 weighsioig, one thirdof the mass of theflasksin the same tomb.Their respectively). depressedglobularprofilesare dissimilar;40.18 has a highcentreof gravity, 121.4 is much lower.The accessoriesincludea simpletrefoilmouth,incipientcone-footand risinghandle. The diameter of 40.18 is 66% of its total height,76% of the height to the lip. The corresponding figuresfor121.4 are 56.5% and 76%. Both have risinghandles,but 121.4 is witha sinuousoutline,ofratherclumsyappearance.Bothare partlycoated(including higher, thehandles)withdarkpaint;theinsideof themouthis reserved,strongly thatthe suggesting coatingwas brushedon, notdipped. 5 Pieridou,PGRK,pl. 14.9.

H- w- CATLING

302 THELASTRON ('FEEDER VASE')

The one example,121.7, is 10.5high,diameter7.4; the diameteris 70% of the totalheight, 88% of the heightto the lip. The profileis depressedglobular.The accessoriesincludea baskethandle over a widelyflaringmouth,prominentspout set at an acute angle, and of the handleprojectsbeyondthe lip as a kindof incipientcone-foot.The back attachment 'spur'.The handle,mouthin and out,spoutand upperbodyare partlycoated in darkpaint whoseoutlineon thebodyis consistent withdipping. NECK-HANDLED

AMPHORAE

Seventeencompleteand fragmentary examples were identified,distributedamong nine tombs.T. 207 containedfour,T. 48 three,Ts. 24 and 98 two.Therewas one in each ofTs. 18, as PG;6 There are,certainly, been identified 40, 45, 56, 200 and 208. The shapehas previously in PG contexts. Butthereis common with PG The is more material. shape probably examples no doubt thatit is a SM shape; its presencein T. 200 is unambiguous,supportedby the instancein T. 40. of smoothhandles One- 207.30 - standsapart fromthe othersthroughthe substitution characterise theseries. forthetwistedhandleswhichotherwise The amphoraeall have an ovoidbody,concaveneckand flaringmouth.The handlesare Bases are flat,thoughthe underfootmay be attachedunderthe rimand on mid-shoulder. concave(98.11) or have an incipientfoot-ring (40.16). The vases arrangethemselves slightly in threegroupson groundsof size, so thatGroup 1 (eightexamples)has a heightrangeof narrow 51-44cm,Group2 (fourexamples)38-32 cm and Group3, 27-23cm. Thereis a fairly range in height/diameter proportions,froma maximumof 81% (40.16, Group 2) to a minimumof 65% (48.9). The mean is 71.5%.Though themajorityis wellfashioned,18.18, so thattheneckand handleappearmuchoff-centre. forexample,was badlythrown, Ornament is standard throughthe series, with minor variations that seem of little There is alwaysa band of painton the rim,whichmayextendinside;withthe significance. all havea band ofpaintwithinthemouth. of exception 40.16 and 98.11, whichare reserved, in With the two bands this has possibleexceptionof 98.11, thereis a broad 24.3 position. is band at theneck/shoulder junction.207.51 alone in havinga horizontalband of scribble bands on theneck.The shoulderis setofffromtherestof thebodyby a groupof encircling setoffbytwobands,and The lowerbodyis similarly wellbelowthelowerhandleattachment. a finalband is placed eitheron or immediatelyabove the foot.The handlesare the most roundthan oval in section,tooled accessories.They are heavy,more frequently distinctive beforefiringto appear twisted,by gougingchannelsout of the clay down and roundthe handle,fromrightto left.These channelswerethenpickedout in paint.The lowerhandle attachments are usuallyboldlyoutlinedin paint,sometimes (40.16) witha swagpendentfrom band. On 200.4 thiscontinuesovertheshoulderbandsontothebodyas a swirl theneck-root '£*pattern(cf. There is a standardornamentin each shoulderof horizontalelongated ornamentof flasks).Exceptionsare 40.16, which has a centrallyplaced triple-outlined It is flankedeithersidebya stemmed itslowerangleshatched,itsapex cross-hatched. triangle, in is the Also 45.6, which, place oftheelongated'S' patternhas fragmentary untypical spiral. Withthismustbe threesmallenclosedspiralsin each shoulderzone, arrangedhorizontally.

6 E pls. 14and 138,no. 205.


303

taken48.9 wherethespiralsare replacedbycompass-drawn concentric circles;a SM vase has a symptom been decoratedwithPG pattern-work, ofthedeath-throes oftheSM style. SHOULDER-HANDLED

AMPHORAE

Two examples,40.11 and 207.25, werefound,heights26.8 and 31.5,diameters22.0 and 22.5 withheight-diameter Fromthe ovoid respectively, proportionof 82% and 71% respectively. body a prominentneck rises,mouthmore flaringon 40.11. Bases are flat.The vertical handlesare mountedhorizontally on the shoulder.The decorativeschemeis essentially the same in both cases- solid paint on the neck (on the inside of 40.11 as well, reservedon 207.25). The bodyis dividedup bya groupofbandsbelowthehandles,band(s)on thelower overthefoot.Handles are paintedand theirattachments bodyand painton, or immediately with exaggeratedlyemphasized paint. In the shoulderzone are horizontalelongated'S' close to those used to decorate flasksand neck-handled patterns, amphorae. SHOULDER-HANDLED

AMPHORISKOS

of diameter/height, Representedby 40.2, height8.2, diameter7.2,proportion 85%. It has a vertical handles mounted depressedglobularprofile,high ringfoot, horizontallyat the diameter. The decorative scheme solid on the rim and neck, greatest simple places paint a inside save fine reserved band. Below the in handle which is a designof zone, repeated are drawn three bands. There is on the foot,leavingthe hastily parallelstrokes, encircling paint foot'lip' reserved.The handlesare painted,butnotcompletely. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS

The fragments 2.3 have been restoredas thisshape. If correct,theprofileis ovoid,theneck Therewas solidpainton therimoutside,an elongatedhorizontal'S' on theshoulder, flaring. whilemuchof the body is takenup witha successionof broad and narrowbands. Handles and footare lost. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORAE

The two examples,112. 1 and F/67:5.i, are close in size (41 and 43 high,33 and c. 34 diameterrespectively) witha diameter/height proportionof c. 80%. Necksare high,concave and relativelyslim. Bodies are broad ovoid, 112.1 with a lower centre of gravitythan F/67:5.i. The upturnedhorizontalloop handles are attachedjust above the greatest diameter.Insidethemouthsare deep zones of solidpaint.The flatof 112.1 's rimis reserved apartfromwellspaced strokesofpaint.F/67:5.i's neckis monochrome;112.1 has twofine reservedbands.The treatment oftheupperbodyis unlikethedecorativeschemesofanyother SM vases discussed for shouldersare almostentirely coveredbyan arrangement of here, large broadand finebands; 112.1 has a finewavyband in one ofthereservedspaces.In thehandle zone F/67:5.i has twobroad horizontalwavybands above an encircling band; 112.1 has a - 112.1 is flat, singlebroad wavyband. Both have banded lowerbodies. Bases are reserved F/67:5.i is a disc. NECK-HANDLED

AMPHORISKOI

A groupofsixfragmentary vasesfromT. 207 (io5 26, 28, 29, 46, 64) decoratedwithhanddrawnconcentric semicircles suggestsa phase veryclose to theend of SM whennew ideas of and decoration were The largest(28) is shape gainingcurrencyin thetraditional workshops. 26.1 high,16.4 in diameter,a diameter/height of The 62%. smallest forwhich proportion

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H- w- CATLING

The body outlineis thereare completedimensionsis 46- 17.5,12.0 and 68% respectively. rim and a ringbase. from to shoulder with a broad vertical handle neck, ovoid, low, relatively The decorationdividesthe vesselinto so manyzones withthe use of bands, or groupsof bands,though28, 29, 46 and 64 havepaint-coatedlowerbodiesand feet.Wherepreserved, thereis a band of paint insidethe mouth.Handles are eitherreserved,stripedor have a featureis the appearanceof hand-drawnconcentric verticalwavyline. The mostdistinctive 10 has four in the shoulder-zone, oftenrestingon the uppermostshoulder-band. semicircles On there are four and number is uncertain on the three. The 26. sets,28 46 29 fragmentary additional ornament of double zigzaglines, groupsrestingon twofinebands,with,below,the 64 is also elaborate,wherethe uppershoulderornamentis, again, interspacecross-hatched. cross-hatched zigzaglines,above a broadband fromwhichdependthreegroupsofconcentric semicircles. HYDRIA

There is one fragmentary thoughitsDR example,F/67:5«2, itsdimensionsnotrecoverable, of 15pointsto fullsize. The bodywas globular;the straphandlewas attachedbelowthelip. Thereare bandson rim,base ofneck,shoulderand lowerbody.The horizontalwavyband in to which, thehandlezone recallsthedecorativeschemeofthebelly-handled amphorae(supra), ofcourse,thisshapeis closelyrelated. NECKED PITHOS

laterhistory, This unusualSM shape,whichwas to have a longand distinguished particularly are and 6. as an ash container, is represented veryclose to the SM-EPG They by 48.3, 5 in F. tombTheta.7They varyin heightfrom39.0 to 33.3 witha close counterpart threshold, and in from to diameter cm, greaterthantheirheight(106% 5 have a girthslightly 35.4 34. 3 The profiles,all a little version. slimmer is a much at and 101% respectively). 6, 87.5%, 6 different than of with a centre are different, ovoid,5 throughitsslimness. 3, gravity higher All have thickened,roundedlips,low necks,flatbases, withverticalloop handlesmounted muchlowerthan the others).The on the shoulders(6's handlesare, relatively, horizontally of3 and 5 also reserved therim-tops withreservedinteriors, ornamentalschemesare similar, apart fromgroupsof strokesof paint,witha broad band below.The whole of 6's rimis painted.The bottomof the handlezone is definedby a groupof broad and finebands; the lowerbodieshave eitherone broad (3 and 6) or severalfinebands (5). 3 and 5 have a broad band ofpainton thefoot,5 has finebands above thepaintedfoot.The handlesare painted. The deep handlezone of3 and 5 havepanel designsbased on a central triglyph edgedbyjoining withwheel(3) or horizontal flanked by cross-hatched or chevrons, semicircles, lozenges(5), or rosette

chevron wavyline, (3). The evendeeperhandlezone of6 merelyhas a horizontalscribbled groups

COARSE PITHOS

to givea fullsectionofa pithosare datedSM in thelightofthe (2.1) reconstructed Fragments twodecoratedvasesfromthetomb.It is 33.5 high,diameter27.0 at therim.The broadovoid bodyis set offby a ridgefromtheflaringneckand rim.The base is flat.There is a vertical handlefromrimto shoulder.

7F. 16,no. 117,pl. 18.


305

HANDMADE JUGLET

as it is theonlyexampleofitskindrecognized The fragmentary stateof 121.6 is regrettable, The on thesite.The rathercoarsefabricis notdistinctive, apartfrombeingreducedin firing. and strokes a character to the vase. of incised vertical lines vertical provide specific panels Open Shapes TWO-HANDLED BOWL

98.9, on the SM-EPG threshold,is a hemisphericalbowl, on a slightlyraised base with metallicform.The decorationis concaveunderfoot, and twococked-uphandlesofultimately heavy,monochromeinside,the upper and middlebody coated witha reservedband at the levelofthehandleattachment, pickedout by a slimwavyband. There are finebandsbelow, and finebandsat thefoot. CUP 1

Illustrated flaringlip,standing onlyby 40.19, whichis 6.3X6.2, withdeep bowl,and slightly withverticalhandleattachedat therimand lowerbody. on a relatively cpne-foot, prominent There is an internallip-bandofpaintand a second,lowerinteriorband. The rimoutsideis and so is thefoot.There is a band on thelowerbody,and a fairlytightzigzagscribble reserved, in thehandlezone. cup 2 There are twofragmentary examples,207.20, 21, of a formclose to the SM/EPG division. Both are 7.2 cm high,but differin diameter(c. 7.4 and c. 5.4). The bowl is globular,with evertedrim,flatbase withslightly concaveunderfoot, and verticalhandle.The contourofthe which covers the outside it was shows paint partly appliedbydippingtwice. Conclusions This is not the place fora generalre-examination In the preceding of Subminoanpottery. I have described the features of seventeen decorated pages characterizing shapeswhich,by I considerSM, althoughtheyincludeitemsfoundwithPG vases.I have explained definition, that,eitherbecauseoftheirformor theirdecoration,theyare oftheSM, notthePG class.At theupperend of the scale,I have chosento regardthe establishment of the cemeteryas the of that the earliest vases on the site on beginning SM, accepting might, intrinsic grounds,be classedas LM III C. Whileitis easyto arguethattheT. 200 complexis probablytheearlieston thesite,and that T. 207 probablycontainsthe latestSM vases, the evidence forarrangingthe restof the materialin relativesequenceis notcompelling. Examinationofthehorizontalstratigraphy of thecemeteryis suggestive of certaingroupings, but not sufficiently a to be convincing strong indicatoron its own of the relativesequence of graves.On the otherhand, F/67:i4«i, a stirrup jar ofGroup4, is a considerabledistancefromthiscluster.On thepositiveside,Ts. 45, and 48 207, whichare all largishchambertombsmore or less in a line in the N and SW seemto forma groupwheretheSM vases are bothfoundwithPG quadrantofthecemetery, and themselves exhibit moredevelopedcharacteristics thantheobviouslyearlySM material, vases.Betweenthem,theyaccountforall thestirrup of jars Group5. Ifwe are rightaboutthe of T. we the 200, primacy might expect potteryin the SM tombs in its immediate

3o6

H. W. CATLING

to showcognatequalities.Such a relationship is difficult to sustainin detail, neighbourhood link NE 1 there is a with its T. the though neighbour, 98, providedby Group stirrup jars in both tombs.Furtherafield,NEof98, Ts. 40, 121,and 160,thoughdisparateas tombs,are close-knit in theircontents, havingnearlyall theGroup4 stirrup jars; theyare withintenmetresofeach other.On the otherhand, F/67H4.1, a stirrup of jar Group 4, is a considerabledistance fromthiscluster.Equally,thereis a separationof over40 metersbetweenTs. 18 and 186, whichshouldbe linkedthrough sharingstirrup jars ofGroup2. A different kind of emphasismightbe laid on the whereaboutsof tombswithout neckhandledamphorae.Fourof the eight,16, 112,121,and 160 (perhapsall inhumations)form a fairlyclose group.Of theremainder,2 and 186 are close to each other,as are F/67:5 and 14. Both pairs are separate fromthe largergroup. Almostcertainly,this distinctionhas forneck-handledamphoraeoccur throughoutthe SM use nothingto do withchronology, ofthecemetery, withT. 200 and continuingto T. 207,perhapsthelatestofthe SM starting series. If T. 200 is theearliesttomb,withvaseswhosedecoration(200.1, 3) perhapslooksback to LM III c, thegroupnevertheless cannotbe veryfarremovedin timefromT. 112,for200.2 and II2.2 are not onlyGroup 2 stirrup jars, but have similarshoulderdecoration.This in turn,takesus close to i86.i, (froma tombwhoseriteis closestto T. 200). But,as we have seen, 186 takes18 withit (presenceof Group 3 stirrupjars). We may therefore tentatively attribute thesetombsand theircontentsto Phase One in thecemetery's use,viz: T. 200-202 T. 112 T. 186 T. 18

(Threestirrup jars,neck-handled amphora) (Two stirrup jars,belly-handled amphora) (Stirrup jar) (Two stirrup jars,neck-handled amphora)

becauseofitsGroup1 stirrup jar linkwithT. 200 is: Probablyverycloseto thisgrouping, T. 98

bowl) amphorae,a two-handled (Stirrup jar,twoneck-handled

amphoralinkwithT. 112,mightbe placed: Perhapsalso here,becauseofthebelly-handled T. F/67:5

(Belly-handled amphora,hydria)

fromPhase One jars by Phase Two is representedby group 4 stirrupjars (distinguished small vases.Neck-handled selection of and a wider flasks smallersize and simplerornament), amphoraecontinue.The phasecomprises: T. 40 T. 121 T. 160 T. F/67:i4

amphora, (Fourstirrup jars, threeflasks,a smalloinochoe,a shoulder-handled a cup) a shoulder-handled amphoriskos, a handmadevase) a smalloinochoe,a thelastron, (Two stirrup jars,twoflasks, (A stirrup jar) (A stirrup jar)

and perhaps: T. 24

amphorae) jar,twoneck-handled (Stirrup


307

PhasesThreecomprisesthegravesthatoverlapwithPG, namely: T. 45 T. 48 T. 207

(Two stirrup jars,neck-handled amphora) (Two stirrup amphorae,threeneckedpithoi) jars,threeneck-handled two neck-handled four amphorae,six neck-handled amphoriskoi, (Stirrup jar, cups)

- 2, 16,56 and 208- cannotbe accommodatedin thesephases.Ts. 56 and 208 Fourtombs each containmerelya neck-handled belongto any of the amphoraand could,theoretically, threephases.Ts. 2 and 16 containstirrup jars whichstandapartfromtherestofthematerial. to be muchlaterthanPhase One. Theyare unlikely To speak of a continuousdevelopmentin SM potteryas illustratedby the N Cemetery There is clearlya gap betweenPhases One and Two during tombsis to be over-optimistic. whichnew shapes appeared, the size of stirrupjars diminished,theirshape altered(see In Phase Three, thereis analysisby groups,supra)and shoulderornamentwas simplified. anotherobviousjump forward, withoutmuchclue to theprocesseswherebyittookplace. New shapes appeared (some of thempart of the developmentwhichbroughtPG to Crete),old jars whichcompriseGroup 5, withtheir shapeswere changed,seen in the slimmerstirrup minimaldecoration.There seemslittledoubtthattheneck-handled very amphorapersisted, thethreephases.It was theonlyshapeto do so. largelyunchanged,throughout our materialis perfectly at home in itsKnossianmilieu.Desborough8has Unsurprisingly, collected references to what was usefully previouslyknownand published,notablythe SM the Fortetsa and AyiosIoannis tombs,and the Spring from the groups Gypsadescemetery, Chambergroupat the Caravanserai.To thesemay be added J. N. Coldstream's'Knossos 1951-61:PG and G potteryfromthe Town',9wherea small amountof SM and SM-EPG materialis described.More recentcontributions includeM. R. Popham'saccountofthe SM settlementmaterial fromthe Unexplored Mansion, and P. M. Warren's preliminary of SM materialfromoccupationdepositsin the Stratigraphie MuseumExtension description site.10 Of particularinterest are theGypsadesgroupsVia and VII. Tomb VII11containedat least threeburials,one in a larnax,and mayhavebeen in use forsometime,so itscontentsare not It containedsix stirrup necessarily closelycontemporary. jars, twobelly-handled amphorae,a small oinochoe,a spouted cup, and a small pyxis.There is some varietyin the shoulder decorationofthestirrup jars, fromthecurvilinear FringedStyleofVII.8, to thestraight-sided to angle-hatched trianglesof VII.7. The majorityof the stirrup jars are small.It is tempting see thisgroup as partlyspanningthe gap betweenPhases One and Two, illustrating the developmentthatmusthave takenplace betweenthosetwo phases. The fourfragmentary vases fromVia (a largelydestroyedtomb) includedtwo stirrupjars, a flask,and a neckhandledamphorawithcurvilinear ornamenton theshoulder.The size ofthestirrup jars and theformofthetriangles withwhichtheirshouldersare decoratedrelatesthisgroupcloselyto PhaseTwo. Notableis a tombat AyiosIoannis12excavatedin 1959,probablyopenedand used in LM II, 8 GDA373. 9 BSA 67 (1972),63-98. 10UM II, 59-66 (Fopham);AR 29 (1983),76-87 (Warren).

11BSA 53-54 (Ï958-59)»205-8, 247-9, figs.27-9,pls.55-7. ■*BSA 63 (1968),205-18.

3o8

H. W. CATLING

thereafter robbedbeforeitsreusefora doubleinhumation burialaccompaniedby thoroughly two stirrup the other B.2 jars (one B.3 height16.0) and a belly-handled height24.5, decorated with bands our 112. 1 and 24.4, both in size and amphora wavy recalling decoration.Particular interest attachedto thebronzepinsfoundinsituon theshouldersofone oftheskeletons. thisgroupbestfitsintoPhase One, thoughnot Thoughthereare differences, withitsearliestelements. The graves at Ayios Ioannis dug in part by R. W. Hutchinson and in part by T. J. Dunbabin, subsequentlypublishedbyJ. Boardman as TrotogeometricGraves at Ayios Ioannisat Knossos'13illustrate the ambivalenceof our Phase Three,withwhichsome of the Tomb IV, indeed,(stirrup AyiosIoannis materialmustbe contemporary. jar, neck-handled shouldbe earlierthan amphora,two thelastra,a skyphos,a shoulder-handled amphoriskos) our Phase Three (albeitBoardmantentatively suggestsa MPG date), perhapstransitional betweenPhasesTwo and Three.The tombitselfseemsprobablyto have been a pit-cave,but used ratherdifferently to the fashionin whichour Ts. 186 and 200 were employed.Ayios Ioannis T. VIII is a good matchforour Phase Three (fourstirrupjars, two neck-handled a thelastron, a tray,and fourcups. amphorae,a belly-handled amphora,a hydria,a skyphos, Two other neck-handledamphorae were associated, but in ratheruncertainfashion). IndividualpiecesweredatedbyBoardman'SM-EPG' ( a stirrup jars, jar), 'EPG' (twostirrup The restare 'MPG' a 'E-MPG' (a stirrup jar, thelastron). belly-handled amphora,tray, cup), or C?MPG' The complexis supposedto consistof swept-upburials/cremations placed in a in readinessforthe reuseof a main chamberdestroyed side-chamber beforethe excavation an extendedperiodofuse,starting notlongafterPhase tookplace. The groupmustrepresent Two and continuing Phase Three. beyond a chambertombnear Isopata,14excavatedin 1958, Consideredfromthe SM perspective, could be allocatedto Phase Three- thereis a neck-handled jar. But amphoraand a stirrup date of MPG for Coldstream's theambivalenceof thismaterialis wellillustrated original by and its decoration theshape ofthestirrup thegroup.Fromhisperspective, straight jar, sparse publishedat thesame time,contained triangles stampeditas MPG. The EPG tombat Teke,15 thatthe tombpartlyoverlappedPhase a stirrup jar (no. 5) akin to our Group 5, suggesting it. Three,thoughdoubtlessoutlasting Tomb Of theFortetsatombsexcavatedby Payneand Blakeway,and publishedby Brock,16 its Pi was classed by Brockas SM. He suggestedthatit had been looted of largervases, supposingthemto have containedcremationsand to have occupied a vacant space in the all tombfloor.But thisneed nothave happened;thetombmayhave containedinhumations, The our T. traceof whichhad gone (as we supposewas the case withthe SM use of 40). contentsofT. Pi suggestthatitwas used morethanonce,withan intervalbetweenuse; it has a stirrup belongswithPhase One, twoothers(nos.13 jar (no. 9) whichbysize and decoration17 withtwocups (nos. 10 and 16)which and 15)whichwouldbe at homein Phase Two,together go verycloselywiththecup in T. 40. There are severalshapes(kalathoi,ajar withfalsespout, and a slimjar) unrepresentedin the N Cemetery.Tomb Pi has no certainPhase Three takesus intoPhase Three- and beyond.Brockinterpreted element.FortetsaT. VI certainly and Payne'snotesto meantherewereno morethanthreeor fourburials.In thiscase,thefirst ™BSA55 (i960), 128-48. 14BSA58 (1963),38 and pl. 12c. 15Op.at. 34-8, pls. 11-12.

16F. 8-10 and pl. 3, forTomb Pi; 11-16and pls.4-7 forT. VI. 17F. pl. 132.


309

thelastburialare likelyto havebeen separatedby someappreciableperiod.A rathertenuous linkwithPhase Two is the shoulderornamentof F. no. 137,a stirrup jar, paralleledon the of Two T. More shoulderof the neck-handled Phase 40.16. convincingis the link amphora and a whose shoulder ornamentsofdotbetweenF. no. 40, a stirrup our 45.7, stirrup jar, jar filledlozengesset offby a backgroundof quite finelydrawnhatchingare so close in design and executioneven to suggestthe same workshop,if not the same hand. That would be a PhaseThree synchronism. convincing The materialfromthe Knossos SpringChamber18has obvious linkswithPhase Two, decoratedwithparallelverticalstrokes, and a notablyforthe shoulder-handled amphoriskoi bothofwhichpointto our T. 40. The SpringChamberstirrup jar cup withsimilarornament, wouldbe quiteat homein PhaseTwo. MuseumExtensionsiteidentified as SM by P. M. Warren The materialat theStratigraphie be classed as SM. Forinstance,our assessment of what offers to this maylegitimately support T. 40 is linkedby its cup to Warren'sSM pit.19Elsewhere,Warrenhas founda shoulderbell handled amphoriskosclose to 40.2.20 From another SM pit came a fragmentary is close to ornament of central and whose wheel-design very triglyph flanking skyphos21 panel froman adjacentpitwas also theornamentof our neckedpithos48.3. A kalathosfragment oftwoofthreeT. characteristic decoratedwitha centraltriglyph edgedbyjoiningsemicircles, necked 48 pithoi. in tabularform,viz: Some ofthesuggestedsynchronisms maybe summarised Phase One

AyiosIoannisTomb (Hood/Coldstream) FortetsaT. Pi (Part) GypsadesVI

PhaseTwo GypsadesVIA FortetsaT. Pi (Part) T. VI (Part) PFortetsa S. M. Extension(Pits) SpringChamber AyiosIoannisT. IV AyiosIoannisT. VIII (Part) PhaseThree AyiosIoannisT. VIII (Part) FortetsaT. VI (Part) S. M. ExtensionPit IsopataTomb TekeTomb A studyof the relationship betweenKnossian SM and contemporary materialelsewherein But a Crete,or withthe Submycenaeanof the mainlandis beyondmytermsof reference. be made to call further attention to relations between Crete and at pointmay Cyprus this 18PM II, 123 f. Greatly improvedillustrationsof the SpringChambermaterialhave been publishedby Popham, UM II, pls.49-50.

19AR 29 (1983),85, figs.60 a and b.

2oLoc. cit.fie. 61. 21 Op. cit.87, fig.66.

iS

H. W. CATLING

This byDesborough.22 period,ofwhichconsiderablenotehas alreadybeen taken,particularly concernstheexceptionalstirrup from all other which stands stirrup jars we jar 200.3, apart have considered,not only fromthe N Cemetery,but fromthe whole Knossos area. It is withreservedlozengesenclosing conspicuousforthenetofcross-hatched lozengesalternating and for the use of solid to cover the lower dot-and-circle, paint partofthebody.Bothfeatures are knownin Cyprus,whereone or two horizontalbands of linkedcross-hatched lozenges occuron severallargePWP stirrup datedto thefirst jars of Late CypriotIII B,conventionally halfoftheeleventhcenturyBC.These includeajar fromKaloriziki,23 twofromGastria-J/ß&y, in withanotherthree privatecollectionswhichveryprobablycame fromAlaas^ and together anotherfroman unpublishedtomb at Kouklia-SA^ky.25 The same use of cross-hatched a tripod lozengesis foundon severalotherPWP shapes,includingpyxides,an amphoriskos, and a zoomorphicvase.26Equally,thereare severalinstancesof the use of solidpainton the lowerbodiesofPWP stirrup or veryprobably jars, includingsixexamplesfromGastria-i4/ß&y, fromthatsite.27 It is probablethereis a connectionbetween200.3 and Cyprus;itmaynotbe accidentthatit is associatedwiththe tomb containingthe fragmentary four-sidedbronze stand,whoseCypriotoriginseemsveryprobable.28

22GDA118-19. 23Pieridou,PGRK,pl. 17.2. 2*Alaos,pl. 55, T. 15.10;pl. 63, T. 19.13;pl. 69, B5, B8 and Bio; pl. 70, B9 (all HadjiprodromouCollection).RDAC 1977, pl. 38, T. 1.2. 25Kouklia,Skales(1951),T. 1.84. 26Pyxides-Alaos,pl. 76, H.2; pl. 85, 63; RDAC 1977,pl.

- Alaas, pl. 68, A.9 39, T. 3.6. Amphoriskos (Hadjiprodromou).Tripod Skales,pl. 130,T. 67, nos. 57A and B. Zoomorphicvase- Alaas,pl. 78, K.4. 27Alaos,pl. 57, T. 16.15;Pi- 60, T. 17.25;pl. 64, T. 19.4;pl. pl. 83, B.i (Severis). 70,B.6 (Hadjiprodromou), 28RDAC 1984,pl. 15.

CHAPTER6 THE PROTOGEOMETRICAND GEOMETRIC POTTERY J. N. COLDSTREAM THE PITHOS In discussing thepotteryfroma cemetery it is naturalto beginwiththe largelyofcremations, which served as urns. Those with decoration pithoi, painted displaythe KnossianG styleon thelargestscale,and formthebasisofourinternalrelativechronology. Withinthe standardovoid series,the G necklesstypewithtwo or fourhandlestakesover withlow neck,and twohandleseitherverticalor horizontal. graduallyfroma PG predecessor a the transition is formcurrentonlyin PGB and EG. All three third,straight-sided, Spanning in have related coarse or plain wares,best consideredunderthis closely types counterparts G to the ovoid general heading. Corresponding type are a few experimentsin incised all MG. Coarse versions of the bucchero, straight-sided pithosare in redmicaceousfabric.For the PG ovoid varietywithneck,the coarse counterpartsare in grittyorange clay,usually coatedin a lightslip.Coarse neckedpithoiwithverticalhandlescontainedsomeoftheearliest cremations at Knossos;withthesewe shallbegin. The Necked

Pithos

a. with vertical handles (i) CoarsePG. Broad low neck; straphandlesto rimor just below; globularor plumpovoid body,withgroupsofincisedlines. E-MPG: LPG-PGB:

J 2 fr.,O 6, 285.3 and 59 firs., 285.58. 28.5, 287.9, 175.23, 0,57.

A fragmentary SM prototype,2.1, has a depressedglobularbody withno sign of incised broad base. J 2, no less squat, introduceswhat decoration,restingon a flatand relatively of PG: a heavydisc foot(forthelargervessels),and a groupof appear to be twoinnovations incisedlineson theshoulder.On subsequentmembersoftheE-MPG groupthelinesmaybe towardsplumpovoid.F no. repeatedon thebellyand lowerbody,whiletheshapeprogresses 242,froma MPG context,belongshere. In the later PG group the pottersmake a more consistenteffortto reinforcethe rim, at first(28.5), but eventually tentatively achievinga crisp,squaredprofilein 175.23 and Q, The latter to thenextclass;theheight vessel,and itscompanionF. no. 1002,lookforward 57. is alreadymorethan50 cm,and thehandleshavebegunto retreatbelowtherim. A universalfeatureofthisPG typeis theslightridgewheretheneckjoins thebody.

J. N. COLDSTREAM

3i2

Handle to neck; LPG-LG.Broadneck,growingtaller;ovoidbody,becomingslimmer. (ii) Coarse squaredlip. LPG-PGB: PGB-EG: EG: LG:

285.61 18.8; Q,3, 58, 59, frs. 280.1; 104. 1 frs. 78.1.

As the size grows,proportionschange. The necks of 285.61 and 18.8 are alreadyhigh attachedbelowthelip. These are thelatestcoarse enoughforthehandlesto be comfortably pithoito serveas cremationurns.Thereafter280.1 (78.5 cm) and 78.1 (morethan85 cm) wereused forinfantinhumations. Theirslimmerovoidbodiesand tallernecksbeginto recall the paintedneck-handledamphorae,exceptthattheirnecksare much broader,and their handles diminutivein relationto theirvast size. Similar pithoi have been foundin the in ourcemetery, ofPhaistos;29 thesametypecontinuesintoEO (98.2). settlement (iii)PG-EG,painted. Straphandleson shoulder. LPG: PGB: EG:

28.9. 13.16, L 9 fr. M 19, 285.71, Q 85 fr.

These differfromthe coarse PG pithoiin thatboth handle attachmentsspringfromthe shoulder,and the neck is narrower;but the painted versionsdo not settledown to any circles consistent ofshape.The earliest,F. no. 244,is perhapsMPG; concentric development - and virtually the onlydecorationfoundon have alreadybecome the canonicaldecoration thisclass in the F. series.Our firsttwo pithoi,however,also have rectilinearmotifsin the are hitchedto the circle-sets on 28.9, wheretheinnermost centre.The elaboratecomposition recall the antithetic F. no. the bell-krater centrebywavytangents(cf. spiralsofLM III C. 712) bound are the circles On 13.16, an unusuallywell-proportioned by an loosely together piece, and foot the usual motifof PGB. M 19 is conservative, ring lacking hourglass,a favourite handle is the feature of this decoratedwithcirclesonly;L 9 is verysimilar.The latest pair designwithdiagonal crossesbetweenbars,whichtakesover fromthe earlierS motif(e.g. 28.9) fromPGB onwards;and in tombM no othervesselis obviouslyearlierthanEG. Our mostadvancedpieces,285.71 and Q, 85, combineEG cableswitha darkground.AfterEG thistypeis seenno more,apartfroma singleLG example,F. no. 593. B. WITH HORIZONTAL

HANDLES

PGB-EG.Verticalneck,flatbase,incisedlineson shoulderbetweenor belowhandles. (i) Coarse PGB: PGB-EG: EG:

13.19. 175.12, 175.62.

M 20, M 21 fr.,283.101.

29L. Rochetti, Ann.52-3 (1974-75)181ff.figs.12-14.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

3^

A homogeneousclass,not appearingbeforea late stageof the corresponding paintedpithoi, B (ii). Earliest,perhaps,are the clumsily-made and extremely plumppair Mastambanos. 69 and 77. Thereafter thebodyshape changesfromstout(13.19) to slender.Our latestexamples are close to F. no. 391,froma whollyEG tombgroup.The shape continueselsewhereinto A 21. nos.46, 55 and 58, and Atsalenio LG, assuminga moreelegantovoidform;see Mastamba handles. Shortconcaveneck,flatbase; lightground. (ii)PG-EG,painted; single-arc SM/EPG: E-MPG: EG:

48.6, 48.5, 48.3. J 63. M 16 fr.,286.3, 129.5 &•>G I2? 229.18, O 4.

The threepithoifromtomb48 are theearliestknownexamplesofthisclass,goingback to a SM/EPG stageprecedingthe introduction of concentriccircleson thisshape. transitional Their decorationconsistsof a wavyline in the SM tradition(48.6), and fringedcentrallines motifson flankedon 48.5 by concavecross-hatched lozenges,and on 48.3 by quitedifferent each side- perhaps the earliest vessel to present an intentionalcontrastbetween the decorationofitstwofaces.On one side,groupsofsigmasare connectedand intersected by a continuousline,as thoughto rendera horizontalversionoftheschematic'tree5seen on some bell-kraters contemporary (e.g. 285.60). On the other,a singlefringedcircleenclosesa solid Maltesecross,no doubtborrowedfromAtticPG importslike207.7. The same motifrecurs, fringeless,on J 63, whose unusually narrow base with ring foot relates it closely to bell-kraters. Somewherewithinthisearlygroup,perhapsbetweentheT. 48 trio contemporary and J 63, lies F. no. 117froma whollyEPG tomb,wherethe decorationcombinesfringed centrallineswiththeearliestappearanceon thisshapeofconcentric circles. Once established,the concentriccirclesfora time exclude all otherornament.There followsa carefully made pair withslightly higherand narrowerneck,evertedrim,medium ovoidbodyand a pronounceddiscfoot,F. nos. 206 and 282, datedby contextrespectively to MPG and LPG. Afteran interval,our seriesends withseveralless carefulpieces withsaggingbodies and, once again, flatbases. 286.3 and G 12 share a straightoblique neck,similarin general to F. nos. 387 and 392 froman EG tombgroup;the standingsemicircles on the proportions circulardecorationis supersededby two bellyof G 12 look especiallymaladroit.Thereafter, rectilinear decorationwhichmust wavylineson 229.18 (cf.F. no. 347)or,on O 4, Atticizing be contemporary withtheearliestnecklesspithoi. Virtuallyforgotten duringthe remainderof the G sequence, this class was to enjoy a in revival EO. vigorous 292.41, withtwohorizontaland twoverticalhandles,is a harbinger ofthisrevival,decoratedlikenecklesspithoilatein LG (typeC(i)). withbucranium handles. Disc foot,evertedlip. (iii)PG-EGpainted, LPG: EG:

O 37, 147.1 fr. 306.26, 306.25.

For slightlylargerpithoi,40 cm or more high,double handles were prudentlysupplied. Earliestis F. no. 222 fromtheMPG tombV,verysquat,resembling a largepyxiswithsharply evertedlip and discfoot.O 37 is a tallerand moreovoidversion,itsbodyprofileintermediate

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J- N. COLDSTREAM

betweentheelegantpairF. nos. 208 and 282 ofclassB (ii).Nextcome twoPGB pithoi,similar in shape butverydifferently decorated:F. no. 1029wheretraditional circlesflanka crowded 1 with a centralrectilinear and no. bold and schemebased on panel; Gypsades earlyAtticizing a largecentralmeander.Below,on both,the PG lightgroundhas givenplace to continuous thickbands- and eventually, on the EG pair fromT. 306, to Atticizingdark-ground bands and lines.These lasttwopithoisharethe saggingbodyprofileof theirB (ii) contemporaries, and theirdecorationis in a stateof ferment typicalof the time:crowdedcircleson 306.26, central columns which include cables; on 306.25, horizontalstripsof clumsily flanking hatchedzigzagsand intersecting lines. wavy ApartfromF. no. 1424,an unusualMG pithoson a tallribbedpedestal,thisclass has no future; but,as we shallsee, it musthaveplayedsomepartin thegenesisofthenecklessovoid G pithos. The Straight-sided

Pithos

Low verticallip,straight shoulderwithpronouncedcarination,tworisinghorizontalhandles on theshoulder, flatbase. Decorationand contextsin theN CemeteryconfirmBrock'sconclusionthatthisshape is confinedto the PGB and EG periods'at Knossos.30No featureof the earlierPG 'practically To be sure,ithas a smallrelativein thestraightpithoipreparesus foritssuddenintroduction. sided pyxis,made in Crete fromLM III B into PG. Neverthelessit will be argued in our Epiloguethatthearrivalin PGB ofthestraight-sided pithosas a cremationurnis butone of severalsymptoms at thistimeof a revivalof interestin ancestralMinoan customsand artforms.Here the re-usedMM I pithos132.9, withdifferently disposedhandlesbut a very similarbody shape,providesfoodforthought.A moreimportant consideration, however,is ofthe LM III C as urns for some of had served thatsomeexceptionally already large'pyxides' in Crete.31 earliestcremations (i) Coarse PGB: PGB-EG:

283.52, 285.7. G 49 (double,miniature).

and verymicaceous; 285.7 is exceptionallyheavy,and its The fabricis deep red, gritty, Each of the full-sizepithoihas a lid preserved,made in the same surfacewell smoothed. fit to overthelow lip. Traces ofwhitedecorationsurviveon all fabricand speciallydesigned of threevessels;forthecircles 283.52 and thespacedbandingof285.7 comparerespectively in Fortetsatomb F. nos. 343 and 345,bothfromthePGB tombOD. G 49 has a counterpart alien to PG and G vases are double since a Minoan idea, A;32theysuggestthe revivalof tradition.

30F. 147. The coarse pithos285.7, among its smashed containedpartofan AtticLPG skyphos(285.152) fragments, whichmightsuggestan EPG date; but it was clearlynot in smallvesselswereLPG and PGB. situ,and theneighbouring

31E.g. Kanta, 281 f. pl. 54.4-5 fromKritsa. See most E. Melas,Anthropologika 5 (1984)31 f. recently 32BSA56 (1961)72,A 4, pl. 10.

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(ii)Painted PGB: EG:

D 12, 283.11, 292.144, 107.114. 107.178, N 9, 175.37, 75.110, G 6, 134.74 fr.,175.63 fr.

These pithoiinauguratea longperiodwhenthepaintedpithos-urn was theleadingshape in a in theKnossianrepertoire, with lid the same matching style.They displayon the equipped largestscale theproto-orientalizing aspectsof the PGB phase and itsEG sequel. At no time were theythe onlyavailablepaintedurns;but theirunusuallyrichdecorationargueshigh to status,and indeedthetombswhichproducedthemalso yieldedmetalofferings appropriate families highup in thesocialhierarchy. To determine theirrelativeorderwithinthePGB-EG sequenceis an important butdifficult task.Oftentheyare amongthe oldesturnsin tombsused by manysubsequentgenerations; thus,even in unplunderedtombslikeT. 75, upheavalscaused by laterburialshave shattered themand dispersedwhateverofferings theymay have housed. Contexts,then,are of little from clues afforded help apart vague by the chronologicalbracketsof the entirecorpusof within each tomb. the internalevidence of style,especially the There remains pottery correlation betweengradualchangesin shapeand ornament;in general,theusualprogression fromstoutto slendershape is paralleledby a growthin size,and by a changefroma PG free fieldon a lightgroundto G horizontalzoningwithever-increasing areasofdarkground. We beginwithD 12, relatively small(H. 28.5 cm),veryplump,and nearestin shape to the LM III C pyxis-urns. The proportions are likeF. no. 350,buttheinsetlip (whichthelid D 21 willfit)anticipatestheG ovoidtype;theidea could havebeen takenfromimportedAtticMG I pyxideslike283.46. In the decoration,new motifsare injectedintothe old PG schemeof circlesflanking a rectilinear panel: the circles,reducedto two per set,encloselargerosettes oriental thecentralpanel is now occupiedbya rectilinear cable34on one recalling jewellery;33 and on the a other hatched meander of Attic G motifs side, by origin.Atticizing rarelyoccur on thisclass,and neverplaymorethana subordinate in their but decoration; we mustbe part for their in occasional a the wake of flow ofAtticMG I imports. prepared appearance steady Then followthreeremarkable unitedbythecommontheme pithoiwithpictorialdecoration, ofthespirati tree,and probablypaintedall threeby thesame hand. 283.11 followstheplump proportionsof D 12 on a muchlargerscale, large enoughto need massivedouble-reeded handlesforsecurity. Itsstrangeappliedribbing, a uniqueexperiment perhapsbasedon thesmall vesselsmade underCypriotinfluence quasi-bucchero (Oinochoe,typeE), dictatesa verticalaxis to thedecorationin harmonywiththisTree Painter'sfavourite theme,and also withthemuch tallershape of his two subsequentpithoi.In our searchforpossiblelids,we note how the minimalnecksof 283.11 and 292.144 eventually giveplace to the insetlip of 107.114. The onlysuitablelids have a plain conicalprofilewithornamentalknobs,theirrimsoverlapping somewayon to theshoulder.The hugerosetteon 283.31 echoestheverticalemphasisofthe whilethehorizontal For 107.114 bodydecoration, zoningof 292.61 providesa livelycontrast. themostlikelycandidateis 107.126, showingtracesofan attachment in theformofa bird. The iconographyof the Tree Painter'sthreepithoi,culminating in the two picturesof a

33Cf. K. R. AsiaticJewellery Maxwell-Hyslop, Western (London, 1971) 254 pl. 234, ornamentson crowns worn

by femalefiguresamong the Nimrudivories. 34Otherwisenotseen at KnossosbeforeO: F. motif11 as.

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naturegoddesswithtreesand birdson 107.114, has been examinedin a previousarticle.35 There it was arguedthatthe two sidesof 107.114 portraya deliberatecontrastof seasons, - an appropriate showingthegoddessarrivingin springand departingat theonsetofwinter LM III themefora cremationurn,recallingthealternation betweenbirth,death,and rebirth. visible when older chamber tombs were and re-used,were pictoriallarnakes, reopened a as source for this the the suggested possible painter'simagery;indeed, goddess, birdand the all tree on the larnax spiral figure 107.214 (FIGS. 114-16). That the goddess's wheeled a chariot is a confirmed platform represents bya LM III B larnaxfromKavrochorion which36 latticedbox is attachedto a verysimilar'skateboard'. Here we are moreconcernedwiththeTree Painter'sstyleand hisplace in Knossianvasein contemporary The spiraltreeand itssimplified derivatives recuras abstractmotifs painting. work(oinochoeG 21, lids 13.17, 218.135), perhapswithinhis own workshop.Of his two kindsofbird,neitheris new.The curioustriangular creatureson thetreesof 107.114 have a roundedbirdsof clumsypredecessoron the stirrup-jar 207.3, but no future.The gracefully 283.11 and 292.144 betraya LM III C ancestry,37 recallingalso thefiguredLPG kraterE 3; themoreelaborateversion,withvariousbodyfillings and longsinuousneckhatchedin double in the outline,is reducedto singleoutlinein thehandsofthegoddess,withdottedeyefloating field.Provincialadaptationsofthispainter'sworkcan be seen on pithoiofthesame shape at wherebirdsand treessprawlchaoticallyoverthe surface,butwithoutthe goddess; Prinias,38 anotherPriniasfragment, showinga commandingmale figureunderthehandleof a similar well be a Knossian pithos,39 might importin ourpainter'stradition. The goddessof 107.114, occupyingalmostthe fullheightof a tall panel, is by farthe Closelyrelatedare the ladies underthe largesthuman figurein Geometricvase-painting. handlesof F. no. 1440,perhapsa slightly earlierexperiment by the same hand; commonto bothportrayals are thelonghatchedneck,theoutlinefacewitha dottedcirclefortheeye,the the open mouth,and the absenceof a nose. But whereasthe figuresof F. no. 1440 eyebrow, look back to the Minoan snakedeity,our goddessdisplayssome Near Easternfeatures:the and perhapsalso the thanto Minoan or Mycenaean,40 wingsbelongmoreto Syriantradition tallpolos;and therendering ofthehairshowssomeknowledgeoftheoriental'layerwig',long movement. beforeitsadoptionbyvase paintersat theoutsetoftheconventional Orientalizing Her garments,however,have a homespun look. The long rectangulardress,with the setsthefashionforall drapedwomenin Cretanart ofa shawlovertheshoulders, suggestion of the PGB The dresspatternsmakeher a walkingillustration downto the seventhcentury. and check of ladder abstractrepertoire: mill-sail, pattern griddedsquares. pattern, Althoughthe Tree Painter'smanneris echoed in the treesof 107.178 and the birdsof 134.74, EG pithoiof thisclass showmuchless inventionin theirdecoration.The general tendencynow is towardshorizontalzoning,firstseen on F. no. 1440;and on thelowerbody bandsand linesin theAtticMG manner ofdark-ground encroachment thereis an increasing fill vast areas of the surface,as on G 6, allowed to are N motifs sometimes (e.g. 9). Single as no. and also F. no. and 10; or, on 75.110 and F. no. 706, the same 197 Hartley 175.37,

35 Coldstream, BICS 31 (1984) 93 ff.,on 283.11 and 26, fig.2.1; Urnswith 107.114; for292.144 see id., Reflexions Lids112,fig.5. 36A. Lembessi,ADChr.31 (1976)351pl. 274b. 37Cf.Schachermeyr, Kreta122ff.,figs.23-4, 27,pl. 17a.

38C. Rizza in Antichità Cretesi (StudiD. Levi,Catania, 1977)

II, 153 ff; CretaAntica,100 anni di Arch.Scuola Italiana (Rome, 1984) 242 figs.451-4. 39CretaAntica 250 f. fig.470. 40P. Demargne, La CrèteDédalique(Paris, 1947) 288.

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narrowmotifis repeated many timesin successivezones. In the shape, apart fromthe innovation is theconversion ofthelow neckintoan inset ofthebase, a significant attenuation above the shoulder (75.110, 107.178, 175.37), underthe influenceof lip risingonlyslightly the new ovoidnecklesstypewhichwas now becomingestablishedas the mostusual formof urn. Straight-sided pithoicontinuethroughG in otherpartsofCrete;41at Knossos,apartfroma afterEG. rarerevivalin EO (O pithostypeE), theyvanishfromtherepertoire The Ovoid Neckless

Pithos

a. early experiments PGB-EG, closelyAtticizing: G 10, G no, 13.12. EG, earlylocal adaptations: G 8, G 11, 107.125, 292.150 fr.,100.43 frG 13, G 84 fr.,104. 119 fr.,283.14, 283.23, O 15, 218.50. EG, withslightcollar: The debutof the ovoidpithoscoincideswitha generalmovementtowardsAtticizing shapes G ornament,underthe influenceof AtticMG imports.The Atticversion,42 and rectilinear at KnossosbyF. formofurnin Attica,is nevertheless represented thoughneverthepreferred ofthisprototype, no. 454. The earliestKnossianexamplesincludethreeveryclose imitations made whentheexuberantPGB-EG stylewas stillin fullvigour;thiswe inferfromthegeneral contextsof tombsG, 13 and 100. Everydetailof the Atticmodel is here reproduced:in the ringfoot,and the doubled shape,the flatinsetlip, the tautovoid body,the well-articulated in the severe schemewitha handles almost the decoration, rising vertically; dark-ground loop a at handle sometimes narrow zone under the handles reservedrectilinear level, (13.12), panel and setsofthreereservedlinesto breakup thelargearea ofsolidpaintbelow.It is likelythat theworkshopof thesepithoialso producedequallyclose copies ofotherAtticshapessuchas werecurrentat thistime.43 The conversion to theovoidpithoswas not,however, a tidyprocess.Fora timeit coexisted withbothearliertypesand, as we have seen,influencedboth in different ways:witnessthe rectilinear EG decoration of some necked no. Atticizing pithoi(O 4, Gypsades 1) and, on the latest straight-sidedpithoi, the transformationof the low neck into a risinginset lip. Converselythe older typeshad some effectin shapingthe earlydevelopmentof the ovoid no. 86, whichcombine pithoi.Amongtheveryearliest,stillPGB, are F. no. 691 and Gypsades an insetlip withthecircularPG ornamenttraditional to theneckedpithoi;thenew shape,so it seems,arrivedbeforethenew decoration.Next,in EG, come thehugeG 8 (H. 62 cm) and thesmallG 11, bothofwhichcombineold and newelementsin theirdecorationand,likethe contemporary belly-handled amphorae,varythe designson the two sidesof thevase. G 11, liketheamphoraG 5, is 'bilingual'betweenPG circlesand a G meanderscheme.On G 8, meanderand zigzagsare absorbedintovast and floridcompositionswithmotifsborrowed fromthe PGB repertoire of straight-sided pithoi;otherlargevesselsfromthistomb,such as the oinochoe G 15 and the kraterG 80, were made in the same workshop.When the decorationis whollyAtticizing, meandersare drawnwitha thickbrushand a heavyhand,as 41GGP255f.,pl. 56a, c-d; 259,pl. 56e. 42GGP23 n.5,'globularpyxis'.

43E.g. oinochoai283.30, 292.63; skyphoiG 40, 125.

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J. N. COLDSTREAM

on E nos. 770 and 779.The ancillarychainofdottedlozengeson 100.43, a motifnotseen in betweenthetwophases AtticbeforeMG II,44confirms thatKnossianEG spansthetransition ofAtticMG.45 Anothergroup looks back to the necked pithos in retaininga slightcollar,usuallyin addition to the inset lip, sometimesin lieu of a lip (G 13), and on 283.14 awkwardly combinedwitha minimalinnerflangeto takethelid; as oftenin EG, the decorationof this last vesselmixesthe meanderwithlocal curvilinearmotifs.No less experimentalare the handles.As alternatives to therisingloops oftheAtticprototypes we findhorizontalstraps(G bucrania as on the necked with the additionof twovertical 13), (107.125) larger pithoiand, on O one of the four-handled formwhichwas to become of the first 15, straps appearances normalin thenextphase. B. THE MG OVOID PITHOS

Havingdisplacedboth oldertypesof urn,the ovoid pithosnow settlesdown to a standard formwiththickwalls,a slightly risingconcavelip,a plumpbodywitha lowercentreofgravity thantheAtticmodel,a massiveringfoot,and a heightof around40 cm. To lifttheseheavy withstirrups to the rim) vesselsfourhandlesare usuallyprovided:two bucrania(sometimes and two verticalstraps.The decoration,applied in thickand oftenquite lustrouspaint,is and predominantly dark-ground Atticizing, thoughoftencoveringmoreofthesurfacethanon in are normallybarred,sometimeswithsmall vessels Attic. Handles large contemporary motifs barredoffin panels;spacesunderthebucraniaare oftenfullypainted. whichwillbe described Standardization makesitpossibleto discerntwodistinct workshops, beforethegeneralrunofMG pithoi. (i) TheMG Horseworkshop

«5-3» «3«-3» O *4 fr.,0, 7« fr->«8-395 129.1, 60.7, 75.223 fr.,292.45, 292.149, 283.12, 132.4, 218.23, 75.38, 125.7. The outputofthisprolific workshopincludesthesixMG pithoiofBrock's'firstgroup',46Teke B 6, Gypsades nos. 58-9, and what seems like a Knossian exportto tholos no. 11,Atsalenio Arkades.47 The workshopis named afterthe horseson 125.3 and the Atsaleniopithos,the ofanimals. onlytwoMG vesselsbearingrepresentations to plump are and These pithoi robust,developingin shape fromglobular-conical heavy Decoration and vertical bucrania handles of There are four ovoid. straps. pairs always coverstheupperhalf.Panelsbetweenthehandlesare subdividedintotwoor morehorizontal strips,themotifsoftenbeingvariedfromside to side.A longpanel,or a continuouszone,is wherespace permits(218.39; F. no. 452),theremaybe placed belowthehandles;veryrarely, in a narrowstripabove.As usual largeAtticizing schemes,the hatchedmeanderdominates, and dottedlozenges as the most common supportedby zigzags, cross-hatchedlozenges is not ancillaries.Local invention,however, whollystifled.Leaves (125.7) and simplified the PGB curvilinearrepertoire,and the from tongues (O 14, Q, 72, 218.23) survive hatcheddiagonal crosses(132.2), the include of this rectilinearimprovisations workshop " GGP2±n. 3. «GGP 241.

46F. 148,nos.426, 837,596, 608, 530,452. 47Arkades 433 fig.580.

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'tartan'patternof Gypsades no. 59, and the elaboratedmeandersof 283.12. The bucranium handlesare alwaysbarred,withsolidpaintbelow; on theverticalstraps,bars may alternate withchevrons(218.23), or enclosesmallpanels containingstars(132.4, 283.12) or tongues

(21839)

The twofigured bythesamehand,showhorsesin rapidmovement, paintedin pithoi,certainly On bothvasesthereis a suggestion a roughbutlivelystylequiteunlikeanyAtticcounterparts. of in of two of the four of Atsalenio a chariot is the the horses parsprototo; panels impliedby doubling B 6, and moreexplicitly panelof125.3. bythereinsleadingoutofthepicturein theonlyfigured in a Therethehorseis accompaniedbya hound pursuitofa largebird, themewhichmightwell The lidforthispithos,125.4, carriesa friezeofsilhouette havebeeninspired bya larnaxscene.48 birdswithlong legs,and long neckmeetingthe head at a sharpangle.These birdsrecurin verticalcolumns,each perchedon itsneighbour's back,on thestraphandlesof 60.7, 75.223, 292.45 and 292.149, and on thehandlesoftheamphora292.160 whichmustalso havebeen paintedin thisworkshop.These creaturesbear some resemblanceto the 'kangaroo'birdsof in KnossianMG. viewofanystandardized PGB,49and provideourfirst typecurrent (ii) TheMG Stirrup workshop

Four-handled:175*39,75*1659218.9 fr.,292.114, 75.109. Two-handled: 75*42, 107.110, 292.64, 218.43. These pithoicorrespond to Brock'ssecondand thirdMG groups,and help to bridgethevery minordifferencesbetween them.50Common to all is the flattenedstirruplinkingeach bucranium handleto therim,sometimes flankedbyslightbosseson therimsuggestive ofmetal The idea for such handles was (e.g.74.42). probablysuppliedbyAtticizing pedestalledkraters like75.117 which,tojudge fromitsdecoration(cf.107.110) mayalso comefromthisworkshop. Whena pairofverticalstraphandlesis added,theyare alwaysdecoratedwithdiagonalcrosses and bars;thestirrups are treatedin thesameway,withbarson thebucraniabelow. Earliestare thefour-handled pithoi175.39 and 75.165 whoseinterior spatterharksbackto local PG tradition, whilethethickbrushwork of 175.39 recallsEG. This pair introducesthe normalsyntaxforfour-handled workshop's pithoi:horizontalstripsofequal depthabove and below the handlepanels,and slightvariationsfromside to side. Meandersand bulkycrosshatchedlozengesare theleadingmotifs;also favouredare arcadedtongues(292.114, F. nos. 423, 444),billets(75.42, 75.165) and lozengesdottedand quartered(F. nos. 423, 440, 1391); the last tworecuron the amphora292.57, perhapsanotherproductof thisworkshop.The two-handled in theirdecoration,allowingno ornamentbelowthe pithoiare morerestrained and thethinner meanderof75.42, implya laterstageofMG. handles;thisrestraint, MG painted (iii) Other pithoi

MG, early:

1.11 fr.;two-handled, four-handled, 104.26 fr.,24.5 fr.,175.40, 306.14, N 23 fr.

48Cf.AAA(1971)217fig.4. The pose ofthehorses,withthe forwardbend of theirforelegs,recalls the LM III B pyxis fromKydonia,Kanta pl. 93.2.

49F. motif17a;cf.esp. thekraterAy.IoannisLu. 50F. 148, nos. 444, 423, 440, 1391 ('second group'); nos. 841,665, 642 ('threeindividualpithoiofrelatedtype').

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320

MG: MG, late:

F 6 fr.,75.19, 292.137, 294.32 fr.,283.103 fr.,O i, 218.137 four-handled, fr.;two-handled, 125.8. four-handled, 107.118 fr.,75.121, 75.62, 218.128, 218.37, 132.5, 107.64, 283.16 fr.;three-handled,175.41, 292.145; two-handled,106.25 fr-> 285.39; handlesuncertain, 294.35 fr.

the dogtoothof theformeris 104.26 and 24.5 standunusuallyclose to theAtticprototype; an Atticancillarymotifnotoftenfoundin CretanMG. PoorrelationsoftheStirrupworkshop, or perhapsearlyexperiments, maybe seen in 175.40 and 306.14. F 6 is bythepainterofF. no. 693, who preservesthe PGB cable and favoursextremevarietybetweenhandlepanels, someofwhichare vertically divided.51 LaterMG pithoiforeshadow one or morefeaturescharacteristic ofLG. First,thethinningout of the meander,a processwell illustrated by 107.118, 75.121, 75.62 and 218.128, a quartetforminga close group.Secondly,the returnto singlehorizontaland fullypainted handlesin preference to barredbucrania- as on the two three-handled pithoi(a still-born - includinga meander and on 218.37, but therethe decorationof the straps experiment) - tellsus thatwe are stillin MG (whereasthelinesdownthe acrosstheirroots passingstraight strapsof 132.5 anticipatea laterLG practice).Third,the avoidanceof any ornamentbelow a thehandlezone,evenon four-handled pithoilike218.128 and 107.64 whichalso illustrates fourthand mostpredictabledevelopment: of the shape to a slimovoid.The the attenuation barrel shape of 285.39, coupled with its flattenedand verticallyrisinghandles, looks thememoryof thestraight-sided old-fashioned, extremely reviving pithos;but itsdecoration, as we shallsee,placesitin an advancedstageofMG. A fifth late MG featureis the occasional intrusionof square metopalpanels,filledwith quatrefoil (218.37) or swastika(285.39). These twomotifs appearonlyrarelyin KnossianLG, ofAtticLG I. They indicatesomerenewed butare fullyat homein themetopalcompositions - if onlytransient - withthe Atticstyle,fromwhichwe learn thatKnossian MG, contact intotheperiodofAtticLG withAtticMG II, overlapsslightly thoughlargelycontemporary 1.52 (iv) MG bucchero pithoi

75.81, 283.22. alternative to thepaintedpithosin a rareand short-lived This pair,withF. no. 415,represent with MG times.These buccheropithoimay well have been made in the Horse workshop, whichtheycorrespondexactlyin shape. Contemporarywiththemare a fewbroad-based oinochoaiin thesametechnique(OinochoeC(ii));buttheyhaveno LG successors. Atticizing C. THE LG OVOID PITHOS

LG painted pithoiwill be presentedunder two broad At the riskof over-simplification, the more conventional pithoidefinedand listedas LG by Brock,usually categories.First, is thanbefore',53 somewhatslimmerthanin MG. Theirdecoration,'moreformally geometric 51Also fromthe same workshop:BSA 67 (1972) pl. 25, G 24; later,Payneno. 30, earlyLG.

52GG/>244. 53F. 148f.

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derivedmainlyfromthe MG stock,and almostalwaysarrangedin narrowhorizontalstrips. In contrastto the somewhatmonotonousornamentof thesepithoiare thosewithschemes based on the square metopalpanel, made withinor under the influenceof the LG Bird the These pithoi,decoratedwitha repertoire ofmotifsthatis largelynew,forestall workshop.54 in feet. Orientalizing tripodlooped polychromes introducing Althoughthereis some overlapbetweenthesetwotypes,our secondcategorywillinclude in anywaybytheinnovations all pithoiinfluenced oftheBirdworkshop. (i) LG, conventional

LG, early: LG: LG, late: LG/EO:

218.33 219.38, 229.27 fr.,132.10, 292.153 fr.,75.163 (all four-handled); (two-handled). 107.109 fr.,107.111, 283.20, 306.24, 306.9, 19.12, O 30, 306.7, H 7, 292.161 fr., 283.56, 107.117, H 10, O 31, 283.49 (all four-handled); M 4, Q,73 fr.,Q,74 fr.(two-handled). 229.1, 132*6, 75.171, 75.164 fr.,H 8, 26.16 fr.,75.68 (four-handled); I3«-75 218.25, 218.57, 218.64 fr.,O 33, «94-37 fr.,292*243 fr>98-"5 fr-> 75.72 (two-handled). 218.132 fr., 107.30, 218.24, 292.152 fr., 292.41 (necked), 229.6 (fenestrated foot)(all four-handled); 75.122, O 32 (two-handled).

An earlyLG group,55 a plump ofwhich219.38 is typical,preservestwoMG characteristics: ovoid form,with panels in which the meander still plays a dominantrole. Among its thecross-hatched ancillaries, however, lozengechainalreadyhas an attenuatedand cramped and the decoration no extends below the handle roots.Horizontalhandles, look, longer the usual MG are and following fullypainted;verticalstrapsare barred,in practice, single contrastto theverticalstripesappliedthereon thelatestLG pithoi. of Duringthe centralstageof LG, as the decoratedarea decreases,so the old hierarchy motifsbreaksdown.Meandersgiveplace to battlements, moreadaptableto a reducedscale. The twomotifs coincideon 283.20 and 306.24, in different thebattlement panels;thereafter is muchfavoured,sometimesno broaderthan the lightermotifswhichaccompanyit (e.g. 292.161). Oftenthedecorationis limitedto a massoflightermotifs only,drawnin a fussyand miniaturist manner(H 7, M 4, O 31, 283.49). Two unusualschemescall forspecialcomment.First306.9, on whichthe verticalcables contribute to thelivelyvariationbetweenthefourpanels,continuesthetradition ofdistinctive MG pithoiF 9 and F. no. 693 notedabove. Secondly,the leaf-and-chevron motifof H 10 allowsattribution to thepainteroffourotherpithoi,56 all withverysimilardecoration;butthe considerabledivergences in theirshape,fromthealmostglobularF. no. 781 to theattenuated ovoidformof Gypsades no. 64, makesit unlikelythattheywereall thrownby thesame potter. We therefore as thechiefcriterion forplacingLG relyhereon decoration,ratherthanshape,57 pithoiin chronological sequence.In spiteofa generalmovementtowardsattenuation, plump LG pithoiare notalwaysearly.

54F. 149IV B, 'Birdgroup'listedas EO; cf.GGP246 ff. M(Jt.brock's groupA, t. 148.

56F. nos.781,1409;Gypsades no. 64; Widefig.17(Anopolis). 57Brocks stagesA and B are distinguished mainlybyshape.

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An importantnoveltyat thisstage,thoughnot yetveryoftenapplied,is the additionof - two or threein a set- to some of the dark areas. Perhapstheir whiteconcentriccircles earliestappearanceis on the fragmentary 107.109, bearinga floridmeander-basedscheme confinedto the spaces by the stillin the MG tradition:herethewhitecirclesare tentatively handles. Later theyspread to one (283.49) or two (H 7) dark zones below the main decoration,sometimescontinuedin verticalcolumnseach side ofthehandlesoftwo-handled pithoiso as to framethe reservedpanel on threesides (H 7, H io9 M 4). Sometimesthe lowergroupsofreservedlinesmayalso be borderedin white(283.49, H 10). Later in LG the white circles occur more frequently,oftenaccompanied by white enhancement of reservedlines.Here we have a phase whenpithoiseem moreoftento have in relationto the twohandlesthanfour.Indeed,thestrapsofthelatterare so smalland flimsy size of the vesselthattheyappear to be more ornamentalthan functional.Their normal decorationis nowa verticalline,as seenon thehandlesoftheotherclosedshapesat thistime. oftheselateLG pithoiare thenarrower and higherfeet(229.1, 218.57, O 33, Characteristic 75.68) and the narrowermouth,the lip now oftenbeing partlyreserved;the lowerbody and mayevenbe concave(H 8). As forthedecoration,a typicalpiece profileis oftenstraight, is thetwo-handled and itscrampedlozengechain;to the 229.1, withitselongatedbattlement morepopularbattlement, Among multiplezigzags(218.25, 57, 64) providean alternative. thesmallermotifs, the'blind'undottedlozengesof218.64 and 75.72 do notoccurbeforethis stage.On 75.72 the intrusionof smalllateralmetopeson the main compositioncreatesa schemefoundat thistimeon manyothershapes.58 a brieftransitional a fewpithoiare decoratedin a mannersuggesting stagebetween Finally, LG and EO.59 To be sure,the PGB-EG stockof 'orientalizing'curvilinearornamenthad use witnessthecablesof306.9 and thefrequent neverwhollyvanishedfromtheG repertoire: of tongues,arcaded (107. 111) or otherwise,as an ancillary.Now, however,new and larger in an otherwiseG context.Thus, motifsof easterncharacterbegin to appear tentatively we see a crude'Phoenician'palmetteand with on the elaborate alternating lozenges 218.24, theguilloche;thelatter,seen also on 292. 152,60is destinedto becomea leadingmotifofEO. The extremely narrowpanelsof 107.30 and 218.132 have a Subgeometric look,as does the chaoticdesignof 75.122 revealinga totalcollapseof LG discipline.O 32 stillretainsa LG compositionbelow and the wide spacingof the white lozengechain,but the three-metope EO revivalof circleslookforward to EO. The neckedpithos292.41 leads to a whole-hearted earliest of its also seems the thisshape; 229.6, withits fenestrated class,61which pedestal, of similar mustsurelyoverlapin timewithEO polychrome shape.62 pithoi decoration (ii) LG, withmetopal (a) FromtheBirdworkshop

LG, early: LG:

85.2, 26.13 fr.(bothtwo-handled). 40.45 fr.,219.87 fr.,283.76 fr.,204.33 fr.;(¿78 fr.,Q, i63«3 (two-handled); 79 fr.(bothfour-handled).

58GGP251,252 nn. 1-5. 59GGP24.SstageC; cf.F. nos.732,87^, i 4°*3I &•>I*I4 &•>229.29 fr.(all four-handled).

severaladditionscan now Withinthismostinnovativecircleof KnossianLG vase-painting63 can be betterunderstood. and theinternaldevelopment be made to therepertoire, An early LG stage, still recallingthe plump and floridlydecorated pithoi of MG, is of the workshopare the plumpshape and the suggestedby 85.2 and 26.13. Characteristic broad zone below the handles;also the elongatedmeanderswithheavyoutlines,and the verticalzigzag which were to become the chief'triglyph'motif columnsof intersecting separatingmetopalpanels; but neitherthe birdsnot the metopalsystemshave yetarrived. - longsinuous These are firstseen on 163.3. There thebirdshaveall theusual idiosyncrasies neck,raisedwingwithhatching, predatoryclaws,and droopingfantail;herea contrastwith an importedmetopalpiece, the AtticLG I bird skyphos75.162, willhelp to bringout the buttwoindividualflavourofthisworkshop.Otherpithoiofthisstageare sadlyfragmentary, headedbirdscan be made out on 40.45, 219. 87,64283.76, Q78 and (¿79; one birdon Q, ofthebirds'bodiesand had threeheads.Also in characterare thevariousfillings 79 evidently to chevrons as alternatives (219.87, 283.76), diagonal crossesin simplehatching: wings, the later Zonal motifsnotpreviously on pieces,cross-hatching. panels(Q, 79) and, especially cable (163.3), combinedon 294.33 knownfromthisworkshopincludethenow old-fashioned withthehatchedzigzagwhichalso appearsin whiteon thedarkshoulderzone of40.45. This wereto becomemorefrequent on thelaterLG pithoiof and thelaterwhitedecoration, motif, thisworkshop. withoutany traceof the tripodlooped The shapes,so far,have been mainlytwo-handled, feetintroducedinto the workshopfromF. no. 988 onwards. The birds on that pithos, however,are close enoughto thoseof 163.3 to indicatethatlooped feetwerealreadybeing added at thiscentralLG stage- especiallyon bulkierpithoimorethan45 cm high,forwhich theymightbe neededas extrahandles.65 In contrastto The lateLG pithoiare all large(H. 44-52 cm),loop-footed and four-handled. the bucraniaof the earliertwo-handledLG pithoi,the horizontalhandlesare now single. allowforfourspaciousmetopalpanels,in whichbirds Straphandlesofgenerousproportions alternatewithlinear motifs;sometimesall the motifsare linear (104.3). I*1the flanking the usual intersecting verticalzigzag may sometimesdegenerateintomerecross'triglyphs' hatching(292.236). Metopaldesignsincludethecheckerboard (40.31, 104.4, O 19), thenet ofdetacheddoublelozenges(104.3, O 19, O 27), and complexvariationson the themesof quatrefoil(40.31, O 19, 104.4) and lozenge cross (292.236, 219.31). In general,the of the decoration,coveringat least halfthe surface,is in sharpcontrastto the flamboyance and restraint of 'conventional5 austerity pithoiat thistime.On 1.14 eventhespaces between theloop feetare decorated,in anticipation ofmanyEO polychrome pithoi. The birdsof thislarge group- large, sprawlingand tightlyencased withinthe square - are by a hand unknown frame amongthe F. finds.Oftenthe wingis omitted;the body is usuallycross-hatched,apart froma suggestionof plumage on the strangethree-headed creatureofO 19. There thepainterhas allowedhisimagination to runriot.Each ofthethree 63 GGP

246 ff.

64This piece,withlargeconcentric circlesin one metope, mayperhapsbe froma belly-handled amphora;cf.Widefig.21.

65 Loop feet: F. nos. 988, 1366, Hs. 50 and 49 cm. Smallerpithoiwithringfeet:Paynenos. 27, 28, Hs. 32 and 42 cm.

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a typicalpose of thewater-bird; heads portrays one pecksat the ground,or water;a second looksto thefront, a for about to restitslongneckand beak upon itsback, poised flight; third, is composingitselfforsleep.The space belowleavesroomfora diminutive withat offspring leasttwoheads,and perhapsa thirdobliterated a in crack the surface. The by originof this in LM I lentoid be the most of Minoan for a of class art-forms, fantasy may sought permanent sealstones66 showsgroupsofswansinjust theseposes. Anotherfeatureof thislate groupis the invasionof subsidiarywhite-on-dark decoration, witha repertoire goingfarbeyondthe simplecirclerowsof the 'conventional'pithoi.White ornamentappearsmainlyin thezones above and belowthemainmetopes,sometimes added to thedark-on-light zonesofmeanderand thelike(O 19), butmoreoftenreplacingthem.As on F. nos. 1441 and 1501, these dark zones are usually divided into small metopal in the handlezone. On O 19, versionsof the repertoire compartments, enclosingsimplified the orientalguillochekeepscompanywith amongthe wide varietyof whitemetopalmotifs, the neo-Minoanoctopus,the latterestablishing a linkwithDomed Lids B (iv). This typeof decorationcontinueson theEO Praisoslekythoi, amongwhich75.209 looksverycloseto the Birdworkshop. (b) Influenced bytheBirdworkshop LG: LG, late: LG/EO:

60.13, 107.113, 287.1. 126. 1, 292.151, 292.147, 306.8, 292.31 fr.,292.148, 75.56. 218.29 fr.,292.40, 79.4, 292.159 fr.,292.235 fr. all four-handled) otherwise (75.56 two-handled;

Of thismiscellaneouslot the firstthreeare slim,likemost'conventional'pithoi.Thereafter, almostall have the plumpproportions customaryin the Bird workshopand, fromlate LG In feet. the the decoration,the workshop'sinfluenceappears in onwards, tripodlooped variousways,whetherin the metopal syntax,or in the drawingof the birds,or in other or metopalmotifs(e.g.themasseddoublelozengesof60.13), or in thefillingofthetriglyphs, the birds of and close are in meander. 126.1 the zones of Especially merely elongated A 4; butin thesubsidiary whitedecorationno painter 292.151, bothby thehand ofAtsalenio of the Birdworkshopwould have been contentonlywithrowsof circles.The eccentricand somewhatchaotic painter of 75.56, with its old-fashionedbucrania, had no similar thedecorationis whollyin white,as also on itsuniquemetopallid made to match. inhibitions; The ornamentof 292.40 displaysa restlesseclecticismof motifand syntax,a heady mixtureof old and new,which is symptomaticof the transitionalLG/EO stage. The In the Tree ofLiferelatesthisfinepiece to E no. 1047,butthehand is different. experimental the same three works and by painter, 292.235, metopal designs of 79.4, 292.159 on the LG lozengeand quatrefoilproducea varietyof geometricized flower, improvisations includinga veryschematiclotus consistingof a lozenge intersectedby verticalarcs. The ofshapebetween79.4 and 292.159 implies,once again,thatthesamepaintermight contrast workformorethanone potter.

66 Evans, PM IV, 492 figs. 426-7; Boardman, Greek Gems& FingerRings(London, 1970) 101, pls. 94-5: cf.

Coldstream,Reflexions 29, fig.2.8.

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THE LID Lids werebeingspeciallymade forcremationpithoifromPGB onwards,even thoughtheir purposemightalso be servedby kalathoi(typeC) untiltheend of EG. In shape,lidsfallinto two main categories:conical,withcentralknob; and domed,withoutknob.Small lids,less are consideredbelowin connectionwithpyxides. than15cm in diameter, The Conical

Lid

Unlikemostdomed varieties,theselids were made to fittheirpithoi,oftenechoingtheir decoration.ExceptforthecoarsetypeA, rimsare notarticulated. Apartfroma fewearlylids D bandsrecallingthekalathos-lid O the inside is leftunpainted. withinterior (e.g. 20, 5), A. FOR COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED

PITHOI

Verticalinverted lip. PGB:

283.18, 285.157, 13*27, 287.17, 219.60, N 31 fr.

These lids, oftenat least 30 cm in diameter,share the deep red, coarse, grittyand very micaceousclayofthepithoiforwhichtheywereintended.Wallprofiles are straight or slightly convex;knobsmay be broad, flatand rough(219.60; cf.F. no. 486) or smallerand more carefully shaped,witha shortconcavestemand a slightspikeon top (287.17). Decoration, is confinedto bandsin added white,matchingthecorresponding whereanysurvives, pithoi. In shape thisclassgoes withBrock's'primitive which a also include fine decorated types',67 counterpart belongingto thePGB straight-sided pithosF. no. 350. B. WITH ORNATE KNOBS: CONICAL FINIALS OR MINIATURE VASES

PGB: EG: PGB-EG: E-MG: MG: LG:

306.27, 107.126, 107.122 fr.,283.31, 292.61, D 20. 107.138, 107.106, G 7. 106.24, 107.139, 283.35. frs.perhapsfromsimilarlids. 107.154 (withfourhandles). 218.92, 107.103, 75.84, 283.74, 294.28. 292.65.

306.27, whichfitsthe PGB neckedpithos306.26, stillhas somethingof the kalathosin its ornament.Then followsa seriesofhugeand floridly decoratedlidsmade shapeand semicircle to coverthe wide mouthsof PGB and EG straight-sided whose near-vertical pithoi, body is answered the of the lids. So vast is the scale that the stems,whensolid, profile by steepslope need firing holes(G 7, 283.31, 292.61); on 107.106, thelargestofall (D. 38 cm),thestemis hollow.Latertheshape settlesdownto a gentlerslopein harmonywiththeshouldercurveof thenecklessovoidpithos.107.154, an unusualEG experiment, has fourhandlesanswering to those of the new pithosshape. From then onwardsthe decorationconformsto the dark G repertoire ofthepithoi. groundand predominantly Atticizing

67F. 162, class B.

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behindboth typesof ornamentalknob.On a much Attic,too, is the originalinspiration smallerscale,importsliketheAtticMG I pointedpyxis,283.9 + 46, introducethe idea of theconicalfinial,and also of theribbedstemof typeC below;and on someAtticMG I flat flatpyxis.When enlargedto thevastscale pyxislids68thefinialis combinedwitha miniature ofthePGB and EG lids,thefinialsinvitedecorationin theirownright.In MG, as thesize and intoa roundedknob. gradientofthelidsdecrease,so too thefinialmaybecomeflattened are here The miniaturevases, unknownon the F. lids beforethe LG Bird Workshop,69 in a PGB Even the idea is full from onwards. Attic,the though represented sequence in PGB-EG versions of the remains Knossian. Thus we see minuscule repertoire wholly (G 7) and even of the tall straight-sided pithos, globularpyxis(D 20, 107.154), thelekythos with(107.138) or withouthandles(107.106). Unattributed of smalland baseless fragments vases,likethehydriafr.285.35, maywellhavebeen brokenoffsuchlids.FromMG onwards the miniaturesreston the solid invertedconical knobs of typeD: thereare traces of a and thelid of Payneno. 31 (earlyLG) miniatureon 75*84 fromthe MG StirrupWorkshop, bears a neck-handled amphora.The miniatureoinochoeof 292.65 recallsthe lid of F. no. whichalso favoursneck-handled 1366fromtheBirdWorkshop, amphoraeon itslids (F. nos. lid in on The tradition of miniatures survives the 988, 1047). pyxis the EO white-painted lids in lids and also the cauldrons some type 292.38, crowning polychrome (O ring-handled III C). C. KNOBS WITH RIBBED STEMS

EG: MG: MG, late: LG, early: LG:

100.53. 132.143 *3*-*3> 125-45 292.155, 218.107, N 27, Q, 86, 218.96; also 75.81a, 283.22a, bothbucchero. 75-I41* 294.26, 283.47, 125.9. 107.132, 283.60, 134.6, 294.30, 75.123. 218.49, 229.2.

weremade onlyfornecklessovoidpithoi.The earliest,100.53, richly This and thenexttype70 mannerof 100.43, attemptsclumsilyto combinea multi-ridged decoratedin theAtticizing stemwitha conicalfinial,as on AtticMG pyxislids (cf.283.9); on F. no. 531 theattemptis On 132.14 thefinialis reducedto a merespikerisingfroma broad flange, moresuccessful. butthereafter disappears.The otherMG decoratedexamplesbelongto a homogeneousgroup like218.23.71 The knobnowhas associatedespeciallywiththepithoioftheHorse Workshop twoor threeribson thestem.The a broadtop,flator slightly concave,itsedge overhanging darkgroundornamentechoes the Atticizingstyleof the pithoi,in a singlebroad zone of meanderor lozengechain,latticedor in solidpaint.To thisgroupbelong125.4 withbirds and- in shape- thelidsofthetwobuccheropithoi. theupperedge now is a groupwithmoreverticalribbing, SpanningtheMG-LG transition in variousways,or omitted. alignedwiththe ribs;the crosson the knobmay be simplified Afterthe change to LG the wall decorationis no longerAtticizing(107.132, 283.60). Thereafterthe ribs are reduced to one only; the typebegins to lose its consistencyand 68E.g. Hesperia17 (1948) pl. 41,1. 69F 164, class G(i), 'EO'. 70Both included in Brock's Class C(i), F. 163.

71 Cf. also F no. 837, Teketholosno. 17 (surely with no. 11) and Gypsadesno. 5.

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individualcharacter, mergingwiththenexttypewithplainconicalknob.DuringLG reserved added whitelines(229.2) and zonesofdecorationgivewayto bandsand lines,and eventually circles(218.49). 72 D. PLAIN KNOBS, INVERTED CONICAL

PGB: EG: MG: LG, early: LG: LG, late: LG/EO:

D 21. G 9; O 5, 175*499bothwithhandles;N 5. I75-44» TS-^8» 75-I4o, 294.25. 219.26, 283.17, 132.35, 306.28, 218.131, 60.18. 219.52, 292.174, 292.166, 107.32, 107.101, 218.65, 218.77, 75.177, 19.10, 283.19, 107.133, 75.473 75-64> 132.215 O 40, 292.167, Q, 87, 218.127. 75*i435 i75*67*H 6. 218.77, 75.150, 75.179, 292.173.

The firsttwo,withtheirtentative button-like to thesmallstraightknobs,belongrespectively sidedpithosD 12 and thehugeovoidpithosG 8. No lessexperimental are O 5 and 175.49» In MG, when thistypefirst whosehandlesand interiorbandingstillrecallthe kalathos-lid. becomes common,73the knob assumes its usual inverted-conical form,e.g. 175.44. Less is the almost stem of and which theEO shape.The 140, 75.138 typical cylindrical anticipates knob'sregulardecoration,a reservedcross,is anotherlegacyfromthekalathos-lid. So far,thelidshavecarriedat leastone zone ofornament.This theylose in LG in favourof bandsand lines,or linesonly(292.167, Q, 87). On theknob,thereservedcrossis retainedfor a time,and thendisplacedbya setofconcentric circles.Towardstheend ofLG white-on-dark circlezones appear. Their elaboratedformon 292.173 is exactlymatchedon the pithos 292.148, forwhichthislid was surelyintended.Broader and shorterknobs are a usual featureofthelatestLG and transitional LG/EO lids. The Domed Lid Domed lids are usuallywithoutknobs,and most were not originallydesigned to cover cremationpithoi.That theyhave a lifeoftheirown is indicatedby theirfrequentoccurrence outsidethecemeteries, and by theirpresencein some tombs(e.g.T. 132and theTeke tholos) in largeand homogeneoussets.Providedat firstwitha singlehorizontalhandle at the rim, and later witha pair of adjacent string-holes near the rim,theirouter surfacecould be on theirgeneralresemblanceto the bronze displayed,hungup on a wall. Brock,remarking votiveshieldsfromtheIdaean cave,suspected'some religiouspurpose'.74Indeed thisand no othertypeof G and EO lid appears among the offeringsin the Knossian sanctuaryof Demeter.75 in domesticcontexts;76 lid Theyare also common,however, doubtless,a shield-like was thought to be no lessprotective ofhouseholdgoodsthanofhumanashes.

72This lid can hardlyhave been intendedforthe MG pithos218.50 uponwhichitwas found. 73Cf. F nos. 423, 596, 642, 841, 1391. Several of our MG lidsprobablyalso belongto thistype:1.3, fragmentary

147.2and3, 292.125.

74F. 164f,classE. Cf.R. W.Hutchinson. BSAaq (iq^l) 221f. 75KSD 21 no. 23.7,pl. 10. 76BSA 55 (i960) 166 f., 170;BSA 67 (1972)78, 84 f.,89 f. Domed lids also abound in G levelsabove the Unexplored Mansion,UM II, 83.

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Abundantfindsfromthe N Cemeteryallow a clearer and fullerview of theirstylistic sequence.Unexpectednoveltiesincludea smallgroupofMG domedlidswithknobs,and the decorationsomewhatearlierthanon thepithoi;possibly regularappearanceofwhite-on-dark the new techniquewas firstadoptedas a generalruleby the makersof theselids,aimingto simulatethe appearance of bronze shields.In the ornamentof the laterclay-groundlids, he thought, was a possible Brocknotedan 'archaistictrend'forwhichreligiousconservatism, reason.Anotheris theiralmostcompleteindependenceofthepithoi,whichoftenmakesthem hardto date. Their decorationis closelyrelatedto pithoionlyin the curvilinear styleof EG In in of late LG. between to a lesser the white-on-dark and, extent, theyvirtually ignorethe MG a rectilinear oftheprevailing Atticizing style: lightgroundremains austerity dark-ground zonesin whichseveral therule,thewholesurfacebeingcoveredwithmanynarrowconcentric The newfindshelpto definea largelynonmotifs survivefromthelocal PGB-EG repertoire. MG phasein thedevelopment oftheselids. Atticizing schemesof in thefirst Domed lidsare hereclassified place accordingto thetwoalternative towhite-on-dark thewholesaleconversion decoration, duringthecourseofLG; and then occurring at increases inwhichthebreadth ofthecentral domesteadily ofprofile, bya consistent development in diameter. relation to the decreases theexpenseoftheoffset rim,whiletheheight gradually A. CLAY GROUND

lids:highdome,broadand steeplyslopingrim.One horizontalhandle. (i) Omphaloid EG: MG:

N 7, N 8, 218.90, F 11 fr.,218.135 fr.: 13.17, 292.123, 292.165 fr. 6o.io, 292.139, M 11 fr.

In the first,a highumbilicalboss, oftenwitha shallow Two groupscan be distinguished. centraldepression(N 7, 8), risesfroma verybroadand steeplyslopingrimwhichoccupiesat leasta thirdofthewholeprofile.The interioris unpainted.Outside,decorationis appliedin the EG manner,eitherin broad masses(N 7, 8; cf.F. no. 401) or in closelypackednarrow zones repeatingthe same motif(218.90, F 11; cf.F. no. 488). The patternon 218.135 is oftheTreepainter. drawnfromtherepertoire Omphaloid lids of the second group have a broaderdome, stillsharplyoffsetfromthe sometimes belowthecarination.The top is flattened, slopingrim,and witha deep re-entrant In the crownedwitha raiseddisc as on 292.123 (cf.F. nos. 402, 719). decoration,massive nos. tholos motifs ofEG (13.17, 292.123 and 165; cf.Teke curvilinear 42, 44) are succeededby cf. F. no. 389). The motifs, a syntaxof narrowconcentriczones, some leftempty(M 11; billets includethewidelyspaced rectilinear but in no wayAtticizing, typicalof MG (60.10); a create strongimpressionof these,togetherwith the solid-spokedwheel of 292.139, interioris usually The MG next of the radiationfromthe centre,also characteristic type. bandedor fullypainted. andshorter dome rim;one horizontalhandle. (ii)Lidswithlower MG:

132*15916 fe,17-20, 23, 39 fr.;125.11, N 28.

foritsthickcreamslip, The fabric,sharedby someofthelateromphaloidlids,is remarkable the N of the for 28, top ofthedome is gently slightnipple polished.Except alwayscarefully

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The homogeneousgroupof ninefromT. 132,all rounded;therimis now less sharplyoffset. in bandedinside,displaya narrowrangeofmotifsdrawnin a miniaturist manner,sometimes as manyas ten (132.17) zones: gridpattern,billets,singlezigzag,intersecting wavylines, lozengechainand horizontalS's. Sometimesalternatezones are leftempty(132.15, 20, 23); a radiatingeffect is achievedthroughspaced billets(132.23, N 28), double-lozengecolumns and (125. 11) especiallythe elegantmedallionon 132.18 composed of four'trees' and a slenderrosette.77 Evidenceforplacingthislight-ground typein MG comesfromT. 125,in whichall thefour urnsare in thenormalAtticizing dark-ground styleofthatphase.In additionto 125.11, with themalso is an earlyPraisos-type lekythos 125.2, bythesamehandas 132.18. Fourofthelids fromtheTeke tholos also belongto thistype:nos.39,41,43 and 54,thelastverysimilarto 125.11. lids,withstring-holes (iii)Handleless MG: LG, early:

175-475 107.91, 107.158, 175.45 fn,40.34, O 11; also 107.90, 218.142, withknobs. 218.69, 218.123, 218.125, 218.30, 26.14 fr.

ofthehandleby a pair of suspensionholes,78 theselids showno Apartfromthereplacement consistent in shapefromtheprecedingtype.The MG knobbedgroup,to whichthe difference largeand fragmentary 175.45 may also belong,betrayssome influencefromconicallids of and could have been made especiallyforpithoi;butthey,too,havesuspensionholes. typeD, The decorationis now more eclectic.Heavy Atticizingmotifs,such as the meander,the battlement and themultiplezigzag,maybe added to thepreviousrepertoire, oftenbringing the lidsintocloserrapportwithcontemporary the is more like that of thepithoi, pithoi; fabric,too, thepolishedcreamslipbeinglessin evidence.The almostflatcentreofthedome allowsfora rosette(218.123), or spaciouscentralmedallionwhichmaycontaina heavyand old-fashioned a reservedcrossborrowedfromtheknobsofconicallids(40.34), or a circleofslenderhatched leaves(218.69, 130) as on earlyLG pithoi;or even a quartetof typically Cretanbirds,with wingsraised(107.158). Otherbirds,in superimposed pairs,alternatewithhatchedleaveson thefr.26.14, whichfitsand seemsto belongto an earlypithosfromtheBirdWorkshop, 26.13; butthestyleofthebirdsalso suggests a linkwiththeMG HorseWorkshop (cf.292.45, 149). For a briefrevivalin EO of the clay-ground domedlid,withrathermannereddecoration, see O domedlidsB(i). B. WITH WHITE-ON-DARK DECORATION

No handle;suspensionholes;no paintinside. (i) Various earlyexamples

LG,early:

132.335 283-57* 283.68 fr.,283.69-70, 292.169-71, 190; 60.26 fr., 40.33 fr.

77The lid shownwiththe pithosWide fig.17(LG) bears a laterand lesscoherentversionofthisdesign.

78Handle and hole(s?)coincideon the EG fr.F. no. 401, butnotapparently on anylid fromtheNorthCemetery.

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in white-on-dark Experiments beginon domedlidslongbeforethegeneralacceptanceofthe new techniquein LG on othershapes. Five lids fromF. tomb TFT echo the shape and lidsin variousways:thereare low omphaloion four(nos.664, decorationofMG clay-ground zonesofno. of which the first twoalso havea handle;and thebillet-and-zigzag 676,667,679), like 60.10 and These features are reminiscent of lids our 132.20. might 674 clay-ground to laterarchaism,wereit notfortheoccurrenceoffivewhite-on-dark plausiblybe attributed lids in a pure MG contextabove the UnexploredMansion, of whichthe onlyone witha completeprofilehas a low omphalosand a hatchedzigzagon thebroadrim.79 This hatched zigzag is also popular as an outer motifon the lids listed here (e.g. 292.169-71); but now it no longeradornsthe rim,whichin itsLG formhas shrunkto an above the restingsurface.The centralreservedcrossof 283.70 exiguouslip risingslightly recalls the knobs of earlyLG conical lids; othermotifs,like the small hatchedleaves of 132.22, are also at home on earlyLG pithoi.In generalthe decorationis morevariedand morecomplexthanon laterLG lids. LG white-on-dark lids (ii) Standard

LG, later,and LG/EO:

292.172, 292.240, 19.27, 60.19, 306.30, 104.127, 218.61, 2I8.IO9, 2I8.I2I, 134.46, 163.2, 75.125, 219.76, 79.3, 306.31, F/67: 4.9, I34.57-

Firmassociationswithpithoiare few;but 19.27 and 218.61, foundwiththelate LG pithoi LG form. domedlid in itsmoststandardised thewhite-on-dark 19.12 and 218.57, illustrate The diameteris usuallybetween18 and 21 cm. The veryshortrim,less sharplyoffsetthan turnedupwards;itmaycarrydots,barsor billets,but flat,and sometimes before,is sometimes of at leastthreezones is almostalwaysoccupiedby double is oftenleftplain. The outermost circles;perhapstheiruse as an ancillaryornamenton thepithoimayimplya wishto bringthe urns into harmonywiththeirlids. Other commonmotifsare the cable, opposed double semicircles (75.125), horizontalS's, and outlinetongueswhichoftenbecome the petalsof a centralrosette.Otherpatternsin the centralmedallionincludethereservedcross(218.109), thewhirligig (163.2), and segmentedchevronleaves(292.172). The overallgridof 134*47 is an unusualdeparturefromthenormalzoning. lid continuesintoEO withoutmuchchange. This orthodoxtypeofwhite-on-dark (iii) Withmassedcircles

LG, lateand LG/EO:

134*56, 134*58, 134*70, 126.2, 126.9.

zones of bars or dots,hereformthe onlymajor Circles,withor withoutnarrowintervening motifofdecoration.The shape is as typeB (ii) but thecirclesare largerand normallytriple. Theirpresencein T. 134,as wellas thepithoiassociatedwith126.2 (126. 1) and F. no. 584, beforethe end of LG; but theirproductionmaylast confirmtheirappearanceconsiderably wellintoO.

79UM II, 71-2,depositGD nos. 26-30; thecompleteprofileis no. 26, pl. 54.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

33I

(iv) The Octopus group

LG/EO:

292.168, 75.45, 75.180, H 12, 306.29, 292.189, 19.6.

The shape and outerzones are as B (ii),but the centralmedallionenclosesa revivalof the Minoan octopusin simpleoutline.The uppermosttwotentaclesare divorcedfromtheother thata painterofthistimeshouldreduce six,butattachedto thehead. It is hardlysurprising the octopusto a near-symmetrical format;even so, the placingof the head and bodyabove oftentaclessuggestsdirectinfluencefromrediscovered thefullcomplement specimensofthe trueLM I B Marine style,ratherthan thatof subsequentLM phases when the creatureis inverted and dockedofsomeofitslimbs. are no. 52 and fourmorepublishedbyAlexiou,80 These sevenlids,together withTeketholos homogeneousenoughto be theoutputofa singlepainter,relatedthroughtheO 19 octopods to theBirdworkshop.81 OTHER LIDS

A coarse and heavyflatlid, 100.27, could have coveredone of the threecoarsepithoifrom thislargelyninth-century tomb.It is stampedeighttimeswiththedesignof a strangesphinx withbirdliketalons,raisingone forepaw. The conicalcap and straight wingrecalltheorientalcreatures on the bronze F. no. but is the 1469; inspired quiver, body equineratherthanfeline, as muchlateron an AtticLG II shallowskyphos.82 The mastoidlid 218.47, coveredwithradiatingrowsofdoublecircleson a creamslip,was foundwiththelate MG pithos218.43. Perhapsit bringswithit thefourlidsofsimilarshape fromE tombP,assignedbyBrockto LG.83 The Neck-handled

Amphora

The SM typewithrope handles survivesinto EPG, eventuallyto be supersededby the PG amphora.There is an appreciableoverlapbetweenthetwotypes,indicatednot Atticizing contexts butalso bysignsofmutualinfluences. onlyby A. SM TYPE (CONTINUED)

Diagonally slashed handles to rim or just below,lightground,usuallya horizontalS on shoulder. SM/EPG or earlyEPG: EPG:

i8.i8, 56.38, 207.51, 207.50, 24.3, 24.4, 48.9, 207.30. J 20.

Our seriesbegan withthe SM piece 200.4, distinguished by a deeplyconcaveneck and a the doublycurvedprofileof Minoan tradition.The plumpglobular-conical bodypreserving of thisSM shape intoEPG is towardsa straighter, tallerneckand a tautovoid development PG type,thoughneverso slim.The doublecurve, body,probablyinfluenced bytheAtticizing alreadyminimalin 207.50 and 207.30, neverquite disappears.The base is flator slightly 80KCh4 (1950)294 ff. 81Coldstream,Reflexions 27-9,

figs.2.3, 2.4.

82Athens784,SchweitzerGKGpl. 65. 83F. 163,classD.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

332

concave.Handles,as in SM, are flattened and thenslasheddiagonally, to resemblerope (with theexceptionoftheplainstrapsof207.30; cf.E no. 213). The neck,usuallyplain,maysometimes carrya wavyline (207.51, 48.9), repeatedon the shoulderofJ 20. As anotherrare deviationfromthe usual S on the shoulder,concentric circlesare once (48.9) borrowedfromtheAtticizing PG amphora. the F. tombs this was tentatively assignedto MPG because of the contextof Among type no. 213 in tombIV. This dating,no less tentatively followedin the publicationof the Ay. an associationin a single-burial Ioanniscemetery,84 from tomb receivedsomefurther support - ifcorrectly at Isopata.85But now it seemsthattheselaterexamples so dated- marktheend ofa longseriesextending throughSM and EPG. B. ATTICIZING

PG TYPE

Taller neck,slimmerovoid body,straphandlesto well below neck,flatbase. Lightground circleson theshoulder. body,usuallywithconcentric EPG, earlyor conservative: EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB:

175-36 fr.,45.6 fr. 80.2. 48.10, 48.8; smaller, J 38. 287.13,1 5; smaller, E i, 28.12, D 15. 175.61 fr.,A 1 fr.

At once the Atticmodel was adapted to local taste.It may well account forthe slimmer doublecurveand theretreatofthehandlesbelowtherim;but thetraditional proportions, in MPG The Attic even the SM is still evident (287.13). ringfootis a recalling type whichdoes not reachthelocal seriesbeforeMPG.86Likewise,in the decoration, refinement fromlightto darkground,and verysoon fromconcentric theAtticPG sequenceprogresses all throughthelocal EPG and MPG, suitablesemicircles;87 to the more circleson theshoulder on therimand a lightbodywithfull with bars Knossianpottersprefera darkneck however, circleson theshoulder.This does notmean thattheCretanversionswerein thefirstinstance On thecontrary, modelledon veryearlyAtticPG amphoraebearingfullconcentriccircles.88 associationswithAtticimportsin F. tombsVI and XI,89and also TekeJ,precludea dating to smallerEPG earlierthanAtticLPG. Even if Cretansmightsometimesapplysemicircles was forsetsoffullcircles.The on amphoraeand otherlargeformstheirpreference shapes,90 piece at theveryend ofAttic onlyextantAtticimportofthisform(285.129) is a dark-ground in theCretan PG, whencircularornamenthad passedout offashion;butitfindsno reflection series,whichhad alreadypartedcompanywithAtticprototypes. Our examplescomplementa seriesalreadywell documentedfromthe F. tombs.From verticalsand floatingzigzags,we learn thattheAtticizing shape was 175.36, withis fringed morereadilyassimilatedthanthecircleornament.Likewisethedetachedspiralslooklikethe buthad yetto master circleson Atticimports, who had seenconcentric workofa vase-painter theuse ofcompasswithmultiplebrush.The unusualmotifon 48.8, latticedlozengewithina On smallerpieces,latticedlozenges(80.2) couldhavebeen borrowedfromCyprus.91 chevron, 84BSA 55 (i960) 129 f.,Li; 145. ss BSA 58 (1963) 38, III. 1. 86BSA 55 (i960) 142, Vase B.

v PGP6ÏÏ.

88E.g. Kerameikos I pls. 41.591, 56.556.

wPGPiS'F. 213.

90E.g. type C, infra.

13.7. 9iCf.SCEIV2,fig.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

333

to circles.Otherwisefullcirclesremainthe rule throughout or trianglesJ 38) are preferred EPG and MPG, as in theF. tombs.Handlesusuallybear elongatedS's. DuringLPG circlespass out of currency, leavingnothingbut spaced bands on a wholly S's are on the vase; handles, replaced by two or more diagonal crosses.E 1 light-ground theprocessofchange,combiningthenewhandlemotifand a lightneckwithcircles illustrates stillon the shoulder,thoughnow enclosingMaltese crosses.The developedLPG amphorae withbands only,28.12 and D 15 (cf.E no. 285,Ay.IoannisI. 3-4) are amongthetallestand in thePG series.Light-ground slimmest The sadlyfragmentary examplesare rarethereafter. a PGB in 175.61 offersa glimpseof typically fantasy:birds facing opposite directions, supportedby close zones of the zigzag and solid trianglemotifswithwhichthe creatures' bodies are filled.On A 1 circlesreturnin an elaboratedPGB-EG formenclosinga zone of bars(cf.M io, 283.54). G successorsto thisseries,we shouldtake note of a Beforeconsideringthe dark-ground smallerlight-ground relativeofthetwoPG types. C. PG AMPHORISKOI

EPG: MPG: LPG:

(LIGHT-GROUND)

56*39; 207.22, 26, 28, 29, 46, 64, 77 fr. J35. Q5.

a miniatureof theAtticizing PG typeat an earlystageand decorated 56*39 standsby itself, witha fringed like that of 175.36. composition The otherfiveEPG pieces,all fromthe same tomb,are of a typeunknownamongtheF. corpus, matched only by a later PG example fromKourtes92which has long lacked companions.The neck is broad and vertical,the handles come to the rim; a well-shaped ovoid-conical butmuch bodyrestson a highconicalfoot,notunlikethebodyofa stirrup-jar93 slimmer.Decoration consistsusuallyof concentricsemicircles,standingon the shoulder, pendenton theneck,and drawnfreehanduntil207.77. A verythinhatchedzigzag is a less motifon theneck(207.46, 64). Verticalwavylinesrundownthehandles;thelower frequent and footbear solidpaint. body The datingof the group fromT. 207, as withso manyothervesselsfromthattomb,is somewhatconjectural.Freehandsemicircles,thoughcommonin AtticSubmycenean,are lower foreignto Subminoantradition.The neat ovoid-conicalshape and the dark-ground PG prototype on whichthesemicircles are at home.One possiblesource bodyarguea foreign of inspiration is the Euboean LPG amphoriskos, at Knossosby 285.124 and by represented anotherfroman Ay.Ioannis tomb,94 both withstandingsemicircleson the shoulder.Even thoughboth have handles attachedat the neck,the same LPG potterat Lefkandimight attachhandlesto neckor rim.95GrantedthatEuboeans did notapplypendent indiscriminately semicircles to thisshape,thatmotifmighthave been takenfromEuboean-influenced skyphoi like 207.12. Althoughsemicircleswere not widelyused in Crete beforeLPG, a Euboean derivation wouldimplyan EPG date fortheT. 207 group;forthatis whentheimportsmust have arrivedand, giventhe alacritywithwhichmostlocal pottersmasteredthe time-saving 92 AJA 5 (1901) pl. 9.15; L. Rochetti, Ann. 66-67 (1988-89) 220 no. 117. 93Cf. PGP 256 on the Kourtes amphoriskos.

^BSA 78 (1983) Pi. 33e. 95 Desborough, in LefkandiI, 311, pl. 141, P 23.2-3.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

334

couldhardlybe muchlaterthantheirimported compasswithmultiplebrush,theamphoriskos all In contrastto theelegantcontoursofthe At the is rare thereafter. events, shape exemplars. whichprogresses earlierpieces,the body ofJ 35 (MPG) has begun to sag- a deterioration in Q 5 froman undisturbed LPG floordeposit.On thislastvesseltheshape has been further assimilatedto thatof the normalneck-handled amphorawithhandlesto the neckand with while the semicircles on the shoulder have been replacedby a wavyline. ringfoot, pendent The Kourtespiece, whichlooks like an exportfromthe Knossos area, now findsits place betweenthesetwolaterexamples. A strangehybridvessel,207.3, relatedto thistypebut withan animal protome-spout is hereconsideredamongthestirrup-jars. placedon itsshoulder, D. ATTICIZING

G TYPE

Dark ground,decoratedon neckand shoulder. EG: MG:

G 1. 134.42. 134.15, 292.160, 292.57; smaller,292.224 fr.,Q51; miniature,

returnsin the late ninthcentury InfluencefromAttica,dormantsince the tenthcentury, a conversion to of Attic MG.96 Hence the bodywithgroupsof dark-ground throughimports attenuation oftheshape,and theprovisionofa well-formed reservedlines,a further ringfoot. The exception,G 1, is also the earliestof thistype,and the onlyone to drawitsornament fromthelocal PGB-EG rectilinear stock. All othersare Atticizing in decorationas wellas in shape.The rangeofmotifsis consistent withAtticMG II; twoof them,the dottedlozengechain (134.15) and thehatchedmeander hook(292.224) do notoccurin Atticabeforethatphase. The mainmotif,usuallya hatched meanderbetweenancillarystrips, is placed in thereservedneckpanel. On Atticoriginalsone - a secondpanel mayoccupy or- veryrarely or morezonesmayrununderthehandleroots97 But KnossianMG potters,who lovedebullientimprovisations a smallpartof the shoulder.98 on Atticthemes,maysometimescoverbothshoulderareas withdecoration,whileenlarging theshapeto a giganticsize.The bestexampleis 134.15 (73 cm)whichfarsurpassesanyAttic originalin theexuberanceofitsornament.The outlinedtonguesin thelowestzone showthat MG could stillplay an ancillaryrole in largeAtticizing PGB-EG repertoire the curvilinear schemes.The rope handles,however,are at thistimea whollyAtticnotion,99 requiringtwo and owingnothingto the SM-EPG precedentof coils of wet clay to be twistedtogether, slashedhandles. It is onlyin MG thatthe decorationof neck-handledamphoraeeverattractedthe most of the day. One fromFortetsa,withrope handleslike 134.15, has ambitiousvase-painters was at a timewhenanyfiguredrepresentation shoulderpanelscontainingtetheredhorses,100 MG the best from to come the workshopsof largestamphoraeappear veryrare. Some of are of handles on the birds the cremationpithoi.Thus exactlyas on the 292.160 panelled Horse from the three and workshop.Similarlyon pithoi 292.149, strapsof 60.7, 292.45 96The onlyrecordedAtticimportof thisshape,BSA 55 (i960) 168 no. 79, is MG II or later (cf. 219.93 fr.),but a Cycladicpiece,283.91, is a veryclose copyofan AtticMG I original(see below).

97E.g. Kerameikos Vi pl. 29.866. m GGP

25 nn. 5, 6. "Cf. Eleusispl. 242.165. »ooBSA 56 (1961) pl. 8, A 2.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

335

ofbillets(anotherlocal motif)and squarelozenges,bothlatticed 292.57 therarecombination and quarteredwithdots,recallsthe ornamenton pithoiof the Stirrup-handle group,e.g. 75*165 and F. no. 423. The circles,however,seem to have been borrowedfromthe bellyProvincialCretanversionsof these handledamphora,on whichtheylie more comfortably. at Arkades101 and Vrokastro.102 and have occurred large grandioseamphorae Towardsthe end of MG the size is reducedand the shape attenuatedyetfurther. Already theshape is losinganydirectcontactwiththeAtticseries.The talland narrowneckofQ, 51 pointsthewaytowardsthenextand finalG type. E. LATER G TYPE

Smaller;veryslimbody,tallnarrowneck.Dark ground. MG: LG:

G 99-100 frs.,175.55 frs.,107.193 fr.,134.14. 104.11, 27, 58; 218.27.

These small and slenderamphoraewere also commonin domesticuse.103The contextof tombG and theuncouthmeanderson thenecksofG 99-100 implythatthetypewas already in EG or earlyin MG. 175.553withitsunusualfigure-of-eight current shareswithG 99 motif, a poorlyarticulatedneck,also characteristic of our earliestcompleteexample134.14. This how theAtticsyntaxof thelargerMG amphoraehad been scaled downand piece illustrates In the neckpanel, the MG meanderis succeededin LG usuallyby thinvertical simplified. columnsofornamentunderlined vertical bya horizontalstrip;noteespeciallytheintersecting on the T. a motif of the Bird 104 amphora, regularancillary zigzag workshop.Alternatively theneckmaybe filledby severalhorizontalstripsas on F. nos. 652 and 681. The onlyother decorationis in a zone at or below the handle roots,containingopposed groupsof oblique bars(134.14, 104.58), or diagonalcrossesbetweenbars(107.193), or singleobliquesbetween bars (104.27); all butthefirstare local simplifications oftheusual double-axe-and-bars motif seen in thispositionon AtticMG originals.F no. 673 may marka laterstageof LG when continuousbands takeoverthebodyfromthepreviousdarkgroundwithgroupsof reserved lines. The typecontinuesinto EO (F no. 1335) in a light-ground formwithverysimple rather like a relation of the ornament, poor Praisos-type lekythos. The Belly-handled

Amphora

The full-sizedamphoraeare best treatedin a singleseries.They respondin variousways, to the influenceof Atticand Atticizing slowlyat firstand neverwithany greatconsistency, thatwe now possessa steadysequenceoftheseimportsfrom Cycladicimports.It is fortunate the tenthcenturyuntilthe earlyeighth,a sequence more continuousthan forany other in PGB and EG, drawingon importedshape. The local seriesreachesan impressive floruit severalsourcesof inspirationfortheirexceptionally floridornament.Thereafter, when the importscease,theshapevirtually dropsoutofthelocal repertoire.

101Arkades fig.396. 102Vrokastro pl. 28. 103BSA 67 (1972) 78 f. On the Cycladic affinitiesof this

shape see, most recently,N. Kourou, in I Naxos dia mesouton aionon(Athens, 1994), 278-9 pis 17-18.

J. N. COLDSTREAM

336 A. FULL SIZE

EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB: EG:

207.43 (small);L 7, J 4 fr.(imports?) J 1, Q, 62, Q,66 fr.,100.74 fr. F 5 fr.;smaller,ioo.i. 287.11 fr.,65.6 fr.,D 14 fr. G 2, 4, 5, 82; 283.59 fr.,O 36 fr.;104.12, 23, 16 fr.

A well-established SM type(e.g. H2.i, F/67: 5.1) has a globularbodywithflatbase, single handlesat thebelly,and narrowconcaveneck.The neckis dark,sometimes withone or more reservedlines.On the light-ground the line is the most usual motif, body wavy interspersed withbands betweenlines.The bellyzone is alwaysdecorated,and sometimesthe shoulder too. This SM typesurvivesintotheSM/EPG contextofF. VI (nos.70, 84), slightly lessplump, and withmore varietyin the decoration;comparable,thoughmore ornate,are Ay.Ioannis VIII. 15and V.l. To thisgroupbelongsour 207.43, wherethewavylinehas been transformed intoa thinzigzagclingingto theupperedge ofthebellyzone. None ofthesepiecesbearsany a nativetradition closeresemblanceto AtticPG. On thecontrary, persistsintothelocal LPG in thetalllight-ground F. nos. and decorated 140 243 onlywithspacedbands,and amphorae D 15. A local characteristic influenced ofthat like neck-handled evidently by amphorae phase ofall theseamphorae,throughout themainPG series,is thestraight profileofthelowerbody. After207.43, however,our own seriespresentsa verydifferent picture.L 7 and J 4, a ovoid similar with broader and rounded neck,plump body and ringfoot,are closely pair in a normal AtticLPG scheme for the follow decoration,they thoroughly Atticizing shape.As In additionthe a ofclosely-packed concentric circleson theshoulderof light-ground body.104 a latticedpanel on one side,and a latticed shoulderof L 7 bears centralrectilinear motifs, ofJ theAtticLPG skyphoi J 15 andJ 22); thesemicircles lozengeon theother(cf.respectively by 4 enclose small solid invertedtriangles;and the dark paint of the neck is interrupted reservedlineson L 7, and by a narrowzigzag zone on J 4. This pair willthenbe the only ratherthanfull knownlargevesselsof KnossianEPG- iflocal theybe- to carrysemicircles circles,whichwouldindeedlook unhappyon the sharplycurvingshoulders.Brock,however, CycladicratherthanAttic; diagnoseda verysimilarpiece,F. no. 154,as an import Atticizing whichit evento thesmallenclosedtriangles and thisnowfindsa good parallelfromNaxos,105 shareswithJ 4. The clay of our pieces,darkerthanwhatis normalforlocal PG, seemsto of F. no. 154quitewell.None of the threeamphoraein question, matchBrock'sdescription in Naxian clay.My however,containsthe mica whichis usual, thoughnot omnipresent,106 ownimpression is thatthefabricofL 7 andJ 4, thoughfarfromtypical,does notlie outside what is possible in Knossian PG. I see these two vesselsas exceptionallyclose copies of - and also fromF. no. 154- in thereservation of fromtheirprototype PG, differing Atticizing theirneckswhich,as we haveseen,has local antecedents. At a timewhenthe characterpersistedintothe ninthcentury. Once begun,theAtticizing and Attic had become of other rare, amphorae belly-handled Cycladic very shapes import continuedto reach Knossos duringthe period of AtticEG. They introducedto the local At once the a modifiedshape withnew proportions, dark-ground. predominantly repertoire 104Cf. Kerameikos IV pl. 10.1073, pl. 11.1098. 105Cf. Ann. 45 (1983) 122 fig.1.

106E. Walter-Karydi,AA 1972, 416.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

337

neckbecomesstraighter and taller,and the evertedlip more carefullymouldedwitha flat ovoid body now carriesthe main decorationon the belly,still surface. The medium upper witha centralrectilinear sometimes based on concentric circles, panel (207.52, AtticEG I). A littlelater,two more imports,Q, 63 and 64 (CycladicEG I), combinebellyand shoulder - withrectilinearAtticizingmotifsin a reservedzone on the - mainlycircular decoration neck. Later still(100.39, AtticEG II; F. no. 269, Cycladic EG II), the lip of the larger amphorae is reinforcedby a ridge below,and the singlehandles have been replaced by double-arcbucrania.All thesemodifications appear in the local versions,MPG in Cretan As for at the same timeas on thebell-krater. was about the terms; reinforcing ridge adopted on the latticed a for based there is local theintervening rectilinear motifs, preference patterns lozengeJ 1, Q, 62, 100.74), whileMaltesecrossesare oftenenclosedby the circles(Q, 66, had reducedtheAtticdogtoothmotif(e.g. 100.74, F 5). BythetimeofF 5 local improvisation ofmuchLPG work.To thisphase also belongsthe scale characteristic 207.52) to a miniature smalleramphoraioo.i, withsinglehandles,but barredin the mannerof the nextgroupof importsto whichwe shallnowturn. A freshbatch of importedAttic MG I amphorae (G 3, G 83, N 6) seems fairly homogeneousin shape and decoration.The bodyassumesa slimmerovoidform,surmounted reinforcing ridge.Decorationis now confinedto by a muchtallerneckwitha well-defined on the broadreservedzones on bellyand neck.The hatchedmeanderbecomespredominant it alternateswiththe neck zone, betweenancillarymotifs.On the belly,placed vertically, traditionalcircleswhichare themselveshedged in by ancillaryunitson all foursides.The bucraniumhandlesare barredbetweencurvedstripes. Cretan adaptationsof thisformare eclectic,displayingmuch more imaginationthan in previousphases. Some minor divergencescan be put down to local conservatism:the areas on the avoidanceofa broad neckzone withmeander,thesurvivalofsomelight-ground on thehandlesforcurved shoulderor lowerbody(G 2, 4, 5, 82; O 36), and thepreference stripesonly,withoutbars (exceptions:D 14, F. no. 339). On some examples,especiallythose out thelowerbodyprofilereassertsitself.But at once of EG, thelocal habitof straightening thereare adventurousnew experiments,unknownon the Atticprototypes.On the PGB amphoraF. no. 339, wherethe bellycompositionsimplifiesan older versionof the Attic scheme (cf. 287.11), a shoulder zone presentseight strangearm-raisinggoddesses or In thesamespiritare thejaniformbirdsin theneckpanelsofD 14. The bellyzone mourners. ofthisvase containsan Atticmeander,takenout ofitsusual contextand fancifully filledwith checkpattern;itappearslatticedon thebellyofa contemporary from Forte tsa.107 amphora EversinceEPG (e.g.F. no. 60) Cretanpaintersoflargevesselshad oftenvariedthedesigns on the two sidesof thevase. At leasttwo EG paintersof belly-handled amphoraecarrythis notionto extremelengths,ringingthe changeson threedistinctrepertoires of ornament:(i) the old PG circles,with check patternand other PG ancillaries,e.g. G 2; (ii) the new PGB-EG motifs,mainly curvilinear and of oriental origin; and (iii) the Attic MG compositionswithmeanderand rectilinearancillaries.Sometimesthe painteraims at the greatestpossible contrastbetweenthe two belly designs.Thus on G 5 we find(A) Attic hatchedmeanderbetweenconservativePG checkpattern;and (B) PG circlesinterspersed withPGB-EG billets,wrappedwithina proto-orientalizing witha net cable,thefieldstuffed

•07BSA 56 (1961) pl. 9, A 3.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

3g8

of quarteredlozenges.On otherpieces by the same hand, G 4 and 82, similarelaborated - cable, mill-sail,and PGB-EG motifs circlesare accompaniedby threeof the moststriking On 104. 23109a slightly laterhand combines(A) a simplified hatchednetpattern.108 rendering oftheAtticMG circle-and-meander formulawith(B) hatchedrunningspiralbetweencables. motifson bothsides.The 'bilingual' By thesamepainteris 283.59, withfreehandcurvilinear as G and are of the for 104.23 confirming pieces 5 greatestimportance relativechronology, EG with a central of Attic MG. do the of Knossian they stage contemporaneity in AfterEG thereis verylittletraceof thebelly-handled formamongthe tombofferings; MG the best hands, so its seems, turnedtheirattentionto the neck-handledamphora. of thisshape in MG and LG.110 Domesticcontexts, however,have producedneckfragments survives The LG fragments and to this 98.11 107.148 probablybelong shape,whichcertainly intoEO in a modifiedform(45.4 fr.). B. AMPHORISKOI

EPG: EG:

Ji7>a85-«4>J3>J6283.41.

This headingconceals two quite distinctshapes,separatedfromone anotherby at least a century. to thefull-sized The EPG group,farfrombearinganyresemblance belly-handled amphora, have theirnearestrelationsin the bell-kraterand -skyphosfamily;it is only the slightly narrowermouthand the absence of any interiorpaint below the neck whichplaces them They evolvefromSM antecedents(e.g.2.2, 40.2) amongclosedratherthanopen shapes.111 withoutany signof outsideinfluence.Decorationis limitedto wavylines,floatingzigzags, and schematictrees(285.114). The globularshape ofJ 17, likeAy.IoannisIV2, is languettes, fromSM (cf.40.2) exceptthatthelow conicalfootis moreclearlydefined. indistinguishable is towardsa tallerovoidbody(285.114), comparableto F. nos. 41, Thence thedevelopment out J 3). 60 from tomb VI. Later and still,butalso withinEPG, thelowerbodystraightens 49 The latest,J 6, is unusualin possessinga lid,J 10; foritsthinhatchedzigzag cf.the neckhandledamphoriskos 207.64. ofthebelly-handled Aftera longinterval, amphora.The careful 283.41 is a trueminiature fineEG amphoraeG relates it to the and framed concentric bychequer-board billets, squares, and 82. 2, 4, 5 The Stirrup-jar a. normal type False neckwithstirrup handle,spikeddisc,air-hole;trueneckto side.Usuallyfourcomposite on shoulder, lightgroundbelowwithspacedbandsand lines. triangles SM/EPG:

24.2, 55.2 fr.,48.4, 207.19 fr.,45.7, 45.5, 48.1.

108The two amphorae, Vrokastro 169 fig. 102, perhaps theinfluence ofthispainter. reflect 109Coldstream,'Bilingualamphorae...'in Eilapine. 110E.g. BSA 67 (1972)pl. 24, G 11-12;UM II, 82, pls. 53

(GD 2), 56 (GE 2). 111Althoughclassedas smallkratersby Brock(F. 161class calledamphoriskoi by A), theyhavebeen moreappropriately Desborough(PGP 239).

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

EPG: MPG:

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

33g

80.1 fr. 219.9, 60.30, 60.31, 175.30, J 7, J 55, J 16, 207.70 fr.,L 16 fr.,285.156, 285.110, Q89 fr.,242.1 fr.,O 28 fr.

was tracedby of thishardysurvivorfromthe Late Minoan repertoire The PG development Pi F. tombs and VI and XI his on between Brock.112 (SM) Basing analysischiefly comparisons from the SM what seemed to be some obvious his view he noted E-MPG)113 changes (in in of SM to the ovoid customaryfor plump prototype: shape,fromthe depressedglobular in closedPG shapes,withhigherconicalfoot; theshoulderdecoration,fromconcave-outlined triangleswithspaces trianglesand compositions coveringthe whole field(SM) to rectilinear between(PG). On our stirrup-jars, however,thesechangesdo not coincidewithany great hencea considerableoverlapin thisshape'sdevelopment. Indeed,themovement consistency; towardsstraightoutlinesfortrianglesalreadybeginsin SM (18.19, 40.20, 98.20, 121.2, i6o.i), especiallyin thenarrowspacesbetweenthetwonecks(40.15; evenF. no. 13).Three vessels,in particular,combine Brock's 'early' and 'late' features:48.4 stillhas concave triangleselaboratedin a SM manner,althoughthebodyis alreadyovoid;24.2, by contrast, combinesa SM depressedglobularbody (also 55.2) witha pronouncedconical footand on theshoulder. whollyrectilinear triangles Afterthesetransitionalpieces the shape settlesdown to the usual plump ovoid of PG, arrivein MPG (L 16, maystilloccurin EPG (80.1). Checkfillings althoughconcavetriangles and are no. when the draw cf. F. no. 1), 158,Payne triangles apartfurther Q, 89 fr.,285.156; continuesin reducedin size. The processof diminutionand correspondingsimplification 285.110 and J 7. Rarer motifsat this late stage include multiplezigzags (175.30) and also thecombmotifonJ 16 semicircles (O 28 fr.),bothwithsolidfillings; standingconcentric freehandpendent On the last piece, the extraordinary and 207.70 fr.,of Cypriotorigin.114 semicircles on thebellylookforward to theLPG open-neckedtype.As in F. thedisappearance of the spike,leavinga flator concave disc (207.70 fr.,242.1, 219.9, 285.110) is a late hereconfinedto theMPG phase.In LPG thenormaltypeis represented feature, byF. no. 287 and Payneno. 2, bothofwhichecho the decorationof the open-neckedvessels;but none of ourpiecesseemsas lateas these. B. WITH OPEN NECK

Taut ovoidbody,highconicalfoot,no air-hole. M-LPG: LPG:

207.3. D 11, 175.29; probablyalso thefrs.O 13, O 90, 100.62, 219.17.

The experimental butis bestincludedwiththisfinalformof fantasy207.3 is hardto classify, Knossianstirrup-jar. The animalprotome-mouth, is cautiously again ofCypriotderivation,115 attachedto therimbya thirdstrutted handle.The improbablebirdson theshoulder, one with legsbentbackward,are theearliestin post-Minoanvase painting.

112F. 152 f.

113Cf.,however, Catling,pp. 308-09 in thepreviouschapter. 114On Cypriotstirrup-jars, however,the occurrenceof this motif is over a century earlier, on Proto White

PaintedWare; and by Cretan MPG the shape was already defunctin Cyprus.Cf. Coldstreamin Cyprus and Crete285 f.,n. 10. 115Cf.A. Pieridou,RDAC1973,95 pl. 17,esp. nos. 6-7.

J- N- GOLDSTREAM

340

oftheunusuallyornateF. no. The decorationofthemainLPG groupfollowstherepertoire D in on the neck latest vessel tomb XI: the (as 11), a lozengecolumnbetween 141, triangles on thebelly(as hatchedtriangles on theshoulder(as D 11 and O 13), and pendentsemicircles be and The central on the shoulder may replacedbygriddedzigzags, 219.17 lozenges Q, 90). of horizontal(100.62) or vertical(175.29; cf.F. no. 287).As on somelaterMPG stirrup-jars thenormaltype,thehatchedtriangles are no longercomposite.Shape and decorationin this theoutputof a singleworkshop;116 theornamentis groupare veryhomogeneous, suggesting several other LPG shapes.117 drawn with a neat and sure and can be matched on hand, always mostlikelysuccessoris the Ratherthanthehydriaas suggestedbyBrock,118 thestirrup-jar's Ifso, theopen-necked lekythos. stirrup-jar maybe seenas a halfwaystagebetweenthenormal and the earliest (hereTypeA). lekythoi type The Hydria Large plain banded hydriai,with minimal bracket decoration, were in the domestic The fromtheend oftheBronzeAge and persistthroughto theseventhcentury.119 repertoire more ornate shape could also be renderedin coarse ware (G 137). As tomb offerings, occur versionsbeginin LPG, reacha climaxof exuberancein PGB and EG, and thereafter onlysporadically. A. PLAIN DOMESTIC

TYPE, SMALL VERSIONS

Spaced bands,pendentbrackets. LPG-PGB: LG:

G 36. 78.2 (miniature).

but the functionof withPG burials,120 Full-sizeddomestichydriaiwereoccasionallyoffered A is offered clue to the to have been seems thesesmellier byF. no. symbolism symbolic. hydriai that the one-handled which with a a PGB miniature cup suggests hydria cup mouth, 514, plain was the hydria'scomplementin a libationset. As is apparentfromhydriaifromdomestic thecenturiesoftheEarlyIron thebracketornamentremainsunchangedthroughout contexts, rim from handle attachment of the but the (G 36) to mid-neck(78.2) is lowering upper Age; consistent withtheornatesequence. B. ORNATE

to mid-neck.Zoned decorationon neck,shoulderand Mouldedlip,upperhandleattachment belly.

LPG: LPG-PGB: PGB:

287.8. 283.92 fr. 107.185fr.,107.108fr.;N 3, G 101fr.,Q50 (miniature).

116To thosealreadymentionedadd F. nos. 248, 288, 305; Payneno. 3. 117E.g.jug 207.57, lekythos 218.67, oinochoe100.33. 118F. 147,153;see nextsection.

119BSA 67 (1972)66 ff.fig.1 (SM, PG); 55 (i960) 163(PGB); 68 (1973)35 pl. 12no. 30 (O). 120Ay.bannisVu; F. nos. 1188,1485.Our frs.100.13 are probablyofthistype.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

EG: MG, late: LG: LG/EO:

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

^

G 33, G 34, G 35, G 103 fr.,13.14, 218.53; 104.10 (later?). 104.78, 104.90. 104.91, 75.73. 292.83.

Exceptforthefoursmallhydriaifromtomb104, thebodyfollowsa predictabledevelopment fromglobular(LPG) to slim ovoid (LG). Sometimes,and especiallyin PGB, the shape is allowedto sag, the horizontalhandlesbeingplaced well below the belly.The mouldedlip, There is no alreadypresentin LPG (287.8), oftenassumesa sharpmetallicformthereafter. decoratedhydriai in the shapingof the base, but in generalthe more carefully consistency haveringfeet. The fulldecoration,however,providesthe best clues to dating.Afterthe neat semicircles followedby the and hatchedtrianglesof LPG come the floridcombinationsof PGB motifs, G 31-33, EG. The related of characteristic of ornament group closely massing spiraliform in thestyleofthepithoiG 6 and G G 103 and 13.14 are theoutputofa fineEG workshop, 8. In the belly zone, vestigialreminiscencesof the traditionalbracketornamentof the domestichydriamaybe seen in the hatchedmotifsof G 33 and 107.185, as also of F. no. B 2. A popular alternativein thispositionis the widelyspaced groupof 493 and Atsalenio chevroncolumns,whichlinkour N 3, Q50 and G 101 withan examplefromKourtes;121 this motifgoes back to the earlier PG hydriaAy.IoannisVIII. 8 and even recursin EO (14") AfterEG, a considerablegap in thefull-sizeseriesis partlyfilledby the foursmallhydriai fromtomb 104. In the shape,the plain flaringmouthsand the dumpyglobularbodies set themapartfromthelargervessels.The carelesssub-PGBdecorationof 104.10 maybe much withtheir laterthanitseems.The stars,zigzagsand metopalbirdsoftheotherthree,together MG vessels of Attic but the matched on miniature can be II,122 intersecting zigzagon shape, theneckof104.91 takesus intoan earlystageofLG. The revivalof the full-sizehydria,withmouldedlip,beginswith75.73, bearingshoulder decorationin themannerof themoreconventional pithoi.123 Finally292.83, withitshighly mannerof the domed lids A (ii). The individualsilhouettebirds,continuesthe miniaturist intoO times. ornatehydriasurvives sporadically, C. COARSE

redmicaceousclay,inciseddecoration. Gritty PGB-EG:

G 137.

undecorated.The Shape and fabricare wellmatchedbya hydriafroma PGB welldeposit,124 lightfoliatebands of theincisedornamentrecuron thetwooinochoaiin the same fabric,G 138-9, evidently partofthesameset.

121AJA5 (1901) pl. 9 no. 10. L. Rochetti,Ann.66-67 (1988-89)216no. 112. 122E.g. CVAAthensI pl. 4.17; for birds and stars, the V 1 pl. 98 no. 813. skyphosKerameikos

123E.g. O 32, F. no. 824. The hydriaTeketholos no. 24 also belongsto thisphase,and was datedtoo earlyin GGP243 n. 7pl.53f('MG'). 124BSA55 (i960) 160no. 2 pl. 42.

j- n. coldstream

342

The Oinochoe I includeunderthisconventional FollowingDesborough'snomenclatureforPG vessels,125 all vases with a trefoil and a handle heading pouring lip passingfromrimto shoulder.Within thisdefinition fallsa largefamilyof shapesin widelydiffering sizes,no doubtservingseveral other than the of vessels with narrow necks wouldbe moresuitablefor purposes pouring wine; oil or liquid unguents.In the interests of consistency, all trefoil-lipped pouringvesselswith handleto rimare heredescribedas oinochoai,includingtypesdesignatedby Brockas 'small jugs and aryballoi'.126 A. PG TYPES, FULL SIZE

H. over15cm. AfterEPG, flatbase. S on handle. (i) Globular, light ground. EPG: MPG: LPG:

O 2, 285.123. 285.96, 229.23, J 26, 175.31, Q,6; J 19, 100.11 fr.,Q,9i. 287.14, G 92 fr.(orjug).

Unlikethe smallerPG typeB, theseglobularvesselshave no obviousprecursorsin the SM Afterthe loss of the EPG low conicalfoot,the base becomesincreasingly broad repertoire. throughMPG and LPG. Decoration,betweenspaced bands,is at firstconfinedto groupsof pendentlanguetteson the shoulder,and sometimesa wavyline on the neck.DuringMPG, fromJ 19 onwards,concentricsemicirclestake over on the shoulder,withcross-hatched (287.14) as a LPG alternative. triangles it is likely OinochoaiofthisPG typeare welldocumentedin theF. tombs.127 Nevertheless, thattheyweredesignedoriginally forhouseholduse,sincein decorationand bodyshapethey PG domestic exactlymatchthecorresponding jugs (typeA). a PGB phase of The fr.D 31, withhatchedleaveson theshoulder, mayperhapsrepresent thistype.128 Thereafterit is not seen again untila revivalin EO, withfullcircleson the shoulder(O oinochoetypeA). toovoid, dark Narrowringor low conicalfoot.Handle barred. (ii) Globular ground. LPG: PGB:

287.25, Q,7, 28.8, 100.33. 285.141, 175.17, D 29, 219.7.

These oinochoai,made and decoratedwithmuchgreatercare thanA (i), alreadyshowsome mainlandinfluence, e.g. fromverylate AtticPG importslikeJ 8 and F. no. 1446.The shape from progresses globularthroughplumpovoid(LPG) to theslimmerand moregracefulovoid of PGB,129alwayswitha narrowfoot.The narrow-necked 219.7 looksforwardto the giant oinochoaioftypeD.

^5 rep 45fr.

126F. 156,classesI A-E 127F. nos. 182(EPG); 142,216,225 (MPG); 274(LPG).

128Also F. no. 34.1fromtombOD. 129Cf.F. no. 443.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

343

Semicirclesstillpredominateas the main shoulderdecoration,and even the earlierPG languettespersiston D 29. In an unusuallydeep orangefabric,100.33 *san exceptionally finepiece, decorated with a profusionof rectilinearLPG ornament;the characterand withopen neck.The battlement stirrup-jars precisionofthedrawingrecallsthecontemporary zone on itsbelly,withitsunusualgriddedfillingornaments(squaresand fish-tailed lozenge), has a curiously NorthGreek130 lookat a timewhenKnossosmayhavebeen receivingimports liketheamphora30.4. fromthatdirection, B. PG TYPES, SMALL

H. lessthan15cm. Barson handle. (i) Sidesdipped

EPG, early: M-LPG:

55.1. 207.4 fr.,207.5 fr.,F/67: i3-i(?). Q, 9 (fully-coated),

F. no. 69 fromtombVI providesa close For 55**5 associatedwitha SM/EPG stirrup-jar, A SM is of similar biconicalshape,buthas itshandlerising (40.18, 121.4) prototype parallel. - as also were the otherwiseclosely the and was from the foot above rim, high dipped V. 7, 9 and 10. comparableSM/EPG trioAy.Ioannis The flat-basedQ, 9 is froma laterPG context,and takeswithit thepair fromtomb207. F/67: 13.1 mayperhapsbelonghere,althoughitsbroadneckmightsuggesta laterdate. A, various (ii)Miniatures oftype MPG: LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:

285.97, ioi, IO2. flatbase, 285.74, 287.32; 207.60 (miniature); conicalfoot,285.75, 76. flatbase,G 23; conicalfoot,287.31, 287.31a. 134.29, conicalfoot;75*198 fr.;104.42, flatbase.

The firstthree,foundinsidetheMPG bell-krater ofthelight-ground 285.82, are miniatures A in its MPG echo globulartype (i) phase; likewise285.74 and 287.32, withtheirtriangles, itsLPG stage(cf.287.14). In LPG anotherseriesbegins,followingthe more elegantdark-groundtypeA (ii) with conicalfoot,thickbands sometimestakingthe place of the darkgroundon the lowerbody. FromPGB onwards,decorationmayappearon theneckas wellas on theshoulder. (iii)Squatbody, flatbase.Lightground,wavylineon neck.Barson handle.H. 9-11 cm.131 PGB: PGB-EG: MG(?):

285.84, 140, 143; 287.33, G 24, 13.37 fr.,218. 113, Q,36, 75.105, 285.146; 285.120 (miniature). 283.38, D 30; darkgroundvariant,100.31. 31.26 fr.

130Cf.BSA 28 (1926-27)172ff.fig.24, Boubousti. 101L.I. t. 157, small jug class C, especially no. 37b

fromtomb OD.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

344

A standardised PGB type,closelyrelatedto contemporary lekythoi (typeB), and slow-pouring a when the neck is tall as well as narrow similar function probablyserving especially (Q, 36, 75.105). Cross-hatchedtrianglesformthe usual shoulderdecoration,usually outlined. Inverteddogtooth(285.146, D 30), griddedchevron(285.120) and hatchedleaves(283.38) are rarealternatives. In F. thistypepersistsintoMG contexts132 withvariousshouldermotifs and a moreglobularbody.Our fr.31.26 mayperhapsbelongto thislaterstage. andcomposite (iv) Carinated PGB: EG:

218.82, 100.14 fr.;104.84, 292.75, 104.43, 3°6*3 fr.,107.207 fr. 286.5 (miniature).

A variantofB (iii),also withlekythoi closelyrelatedin bodyshapeand decoration (typeB (ii)).A carination on theshoulder, ofa composite vessel.Thistakes withgroovebelow,givestheimpression theformeitherof twosuperimposed oinochoai(218.82, 100.14; cf.F. no. 432) or of a squat oinochoeresting as theotherPGB examples(cf.F, no 1464).The distinction depends upona pyxis, in thechoiceof decoration: but is also manifest largelyon theplacingof thewidestdiameter, shouldertriangles forthe oinochoecomponents, singlezigzagor spiralforthepyxisbases.A In theshapingofthefootthereisno consistency. debasedminiature, 286.5, isfroman EG context. C. ATTICIZING G TYPES

Broadbase,ringfoot;darkground. Attic MG I-IL H. at least20 cm. Reservedpanelon neck.Handle barred. (i) Imitations oflarge EG-MG: LG:

283.30, 292.63, 292.59, 292*74» 104.100, 75.57 fr.,75.65, 283.10, 292.225 fr.,292.226 fr.,175.64 fr. 292.23, 292.90 fr.,285.11, 283.1; 79.7 (lightground).

In spiteof theirvirtualabsence fromF.,m it now appears thatthe Atticizingbroad-based the eighth oinochoewas thecommonestformof largepouringvesselat Knossosthroughout a with the earliest I and MG like G 18 The Attic model, relatively 19 provide imports century. like283.30 and 292.63 thus tallroundedbodyand a gracefulconcaveneck;closeimitations fallintothelocal EG phase. Later,in MG, themoretautand compactbodyoftheAtticMG withoccasionallapses towardsa II shape (107.141, 285.67) is also followedquite faithfully, to motifs the Attic Of the two usual multiplezigzagis preferred panel saggingprofile(75.65). themeander,whichon thefrs.292.225-6 has an uncouthEG look. Occasional concessions to local tasteare seen in thebilletsof75.65 and thespiralzone whichon 175.64 invadesthe usualdarkgroundofthebody. In LG the base becomes slightlynarrowerbut the shape is not radically changed. look, AlthoughAtticimportsare now scarce,292.23 (and 292.90 fr.)stillhas an Atticizing massedlineson thebodyforthe in substituting Atticoinochoai134 and followscontemporary

132F. nos. 1393, 1401, 1434, all with MG pithoi. 166 Apart tromthe importno. 441 thereis only the tr.no. 591.

134Cf. especially Hesperia30 (1961) pl. 15, O 7.


3^

previousMG dark ground.By the timeof 283.1, however,decorationhas spread to the shoulder and become assimilatedto the local stock. Finally 79.7, with circles on the shoulderand a light-ground bodypunctuatedwithgroupsof linesbetweenbands,prepares the way for the revival in EO of the old PG globular type with shorterneck (see O oinochoaitypeA). Undecorated. (ii)Bucchero technique. MG:

i3-l85 I3*«35 *3-35fr«;292.56 fr.,107.177 fr.;125.1, 292.103 fr.

The typeof 13.18 closelyfollowsthe profileof the AtticizingMG oinochoe and, like the of a temporaryvogue forthe bucchero pithoi(typeB (iv)),is symptomatic corresponding in The frs. and this 292.56 107.177 seem to be fromsmaller,squat and phase. technique A also MG. more narrow-necked different, ovoidshapeis represented vessels, by 125.1, butits MG. contextis exclusively Attic MG lekythos-oinochoe oflarge (iii)Imitation EG:

283.2 fr.

F. no. 1506,witha tall slow-pouringneck, representsthe Atticprototype.Our fr.,more decorated,has somecloseparallelsin AtticMG I.135 floridly (iv)Smallandsquat PGB: EG-MG: MG-LG:

0,23. 292.100, 285.48, 107.81, 104.29. 104.94, no, 112.

Q, 23 is froma closedPGB context.In spiteofitslightground,thebodyshapeand broadring footare Atticizing136 and belong here. The extraordinary processionof monstersis too rendered for us to fathomthe painter'sthoughtsor intentions. there Nevertheless sketchily seemsto be a wishto differentiate betweenthethreecreatures. The leaderoftheprocession, a is quadruped, combinesa gaping beak and high ear witha felinetail; perhaps a griffin intended.In theothertwomonsters, indicesofhorse,birdand insectare mixedtogether; one wonderswhetherthecontemporary horse-bird askoi,likeQ, 115 fromthesame deposit,may havebeen in thepainter'smind. The four dark-groundvessels require little comment. As on many of the Attic themain(and oftentheonly)decorationconsistsofcross-hatched on counterparts,137 triangles theshoulder.The threedottedminiatures fromT. 104havetheirround-mouthed counterparts in thesmalljugs,TypeC.

135GGP 17 pl. 3m. Cf. especially EA 1898, pl. 3, 10 from Eleusis. 136Cf. KerameikosVi pl. 83 no. 864; Hesperia 37 (1968)

pl. 21, 4; LefkandiI pl. 117, Toumba iq.i. 137See previous note.

J- N. COLDSTREAM

346 D. THE GIANT OINOCHOE

H. at least30 cm. Verytall and narrowneck,globularto ovoid body,conicalfoot.Handle: barsbetweendoubledverticallines. PGB: EG: MG, early:

LG/EO:

107.128, G 16, G 94 fr.Variants:G 21 (verticalribs),107.142 fr.(carinated). G 15(broadbase). 218.44, 107.131,G 17,G 14, 13.20fr., 218.32,218.28. Variant: G 93 fr.,107.129.

218.83.

Anotherremarkable Easternaffinities wererightly noveltyof PGB, withoutlocal antecedents. detectedbyBrock,whosaw theonlyF. example,no. 500,as theprecursor oftheCreto-Cypriot class.138 The model,however, is notin thenativeCypriotrepertoire butratherin a closelysimilar at KnossosbyPayneno. 84.139Whereasthe shapeofPhoenicianRed Slip,perhapsrepresented laterCreto-Cypriot oinochoaiat first thesevesselsare at once covered copyCypriotdecoration, witha profusion of ornamentin the currentKnossianstyle.Their largescale and exuberant decorationlinkthemwithmanystraight-sided pithoi,belly-handledamphoraeand ornate all in In fact,personal a reserved for the hydriai, painted style upperreachesofKnossiansociety. as which or well as account for their distribution connections, preference family highstatus, may seen is confined to four other rich tombs do not tombs; (as above) only (219, 283, 285, 292) havethem.As withothershapesin thisstyle, theverylargest140 comesfromtombG. WithinthePGB-EG seriessomedevelopment can be seenfromglobularto ovoid,and from thegreatervarietyof PGB zonal ornamentto the moremassiveand repetitive EG schemes. Three variantsoccur. G 21, fromthe workshopof the PGB Tree Painter(cf. the pithos achieved by verticalgrooving.The 107.114), has a body resemblinga pomegranate,141 tojudge from on the neck of the carinated recalls another orientalmodel;142 swelling 107.142 the lack of a base and the flaringof the lowerprofile,it is just possiblethatthiswas the ornamental knobofa giganticconicallid evenlargerthan107.106. The thirdvariant,G 15, is a hybridformembodyingsome featuresof the broad-basedAtticMG lekythos-oinochoe (typeC (iii)),includingthemeandersand thechevronson thehandle. decorationtakes Our mainseriesendswithG 93 and 107.129,143whosesoberrectilinear Teke tholos no. 29, withan us a littlewayintoMG. A morematureMG stageis represented by a broad base and darkground.Aftera considerablegap 218.83, muchsmaller Atticizing versionwithslimovoidbody,heraldsa revivalin EO (O oinochoaitypeE). E. COARSE RED MICACEOUS

Small; disc footwithstring-mark.144 ribs;narrowneck withincised lines,strapor round handle. (i) Globularbodywithappliedvertical

PGB-EG:

292.86, 202.102, 283.40, 100.7, 285.132, 285.145, G 27-32, 63.2,

293.1 (vertical grooves);104.35 (verticalincisions). I3»26; Q,2i (miniature);

138F. 155f.,Cypriottype(i). 139BSA 29 (1927-28)251pl. 9.15;thoughtbyPayneto be a local imitationbut 'the general effectis verylike that of certainSyrianwares'.Cf.Berytus 21 (1972)135no. 261; SCEll pl. 126,3AmathusT. 13.39.

140G 14: H. 64.s cm. 141Or possibly see below,typeE. somniferum: papaver 142E.g. 283.50. 143Withthelattercf.GGPpi 53gfromMilatos. 144F. 157,'SmallJug'classI E.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

347

These curiouslittlevesselshave a longeasternancestry.145 They followtheshape,thoughnot verticalgrooving.146 the fabricof CypriotBlack Slip I- II vesselsdecoratedwithsuperficial and These are the EIA descendantsof Late CypriotIII ribbedjugs in Buccheroware,147 of been containers to have III Base Late of liquid Ringjuglets,thought ultimately Cypriot somniferum.148 opiumbecausetheirshaperesemblesthecapsuleofthepapaver The contextsof the Knossian versions,wheneverclosely datable, fall mainlywithin F. no. 92, bears verticalgrooveslikethe contemporary PGB-EG.149An E-MPG forerunner, with the exceptionoftwopieceslistedabove (and also F. no. 509),the CypriotBlackSlip; but, main PGB-EG groupis decoratedwithappliedribs,recallingthe Buccheroof Late Cypriot to III. This apparentarchaism,hardlya time-saving device,mayperhapshavesomereference hintat theoriginalcontentsofthesevessels. theopiumpoppycapsuleand thereby (ii)Plain.Incisedlineson neck,bodyundecorated. PGB-EG:

Q, io, D 8, 287.30, 292.115; O io, G 138-9 frs.

ribbedtype;theothers, A varietyofshapes;292.115 is a plainerversionofthenarrow-necked ovoid form ofPGB, typeA (ii). are related to the usual O from the broad-necked 10, apart F. CRETO-CYPRIOT

Globular;largecircleson flanks. LG: LG-EO:

60.22 fr. 79.11 fr.,106.16 fr.,H 3.

theflanking verticalcircles The Cypriotmodel,on whichhorizontalbandsand linesintersect of late withsmallcirclesfillingthefield,is represented by eighthcenturyimports BoR II (e.g. in F.150indicate that the Knossian IV Contexts and White Painted (229.11). 292.94) O to the of this shapebelongsmainly period(O oinochoai,D (i)).Here,however, development our seriesbeginswithan exact copy,60.22, whichcannot be appreciablylater than the theCypriotdecorationbeginsto be modifiedin variousways:by Cypriotoriginals.Thereafter of 'wheels' (H 3), and by the of the small circles (79.11), by the substitution suppression oflocal LG neckornamenton 106.16. intrusion The Jug This termembracesall round-mouthed and necked closed pouringvesselswitha handle attachedat therim.151 Theirfunctions are evenmorediversethanthoseofvesselsdescribedas

145Coldstreamin Cyprus andCrete, 257f. 146SCE I pl. 137; IV.2, 77 ff.fig.10. Closest to ours are thosefromPaphos (Ktima167ff; Shalespl. 141)on whichthe groovesextenddown the body insteadof,as elsewherein Cyprus,stoppingat theshoulder. 147SCEIVlc, 425 fr. 148R. S. Merrillees, Antiquity 36 (1962)287 ff.

149Q, 21 (PGB), 293.1 (EG). Those in tombsG, 13 and 100 are unlikelyto be any later;thosein tombs104 and 292 are equallyunlikely to be earlier. 150F. 155f.classC (ii).N.B. nos.974and 1300,stilldecorated withcirclesrelatedto theCypriotmodel,butfoundrespectively withtheEO pithosno. 072and theLO pithosno. 1208. 151F. 155,'oinochoe'classII A-C.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

348

and thefeeding oinochoai;in additionto pouringtheymayincludecooking,ladling,drinking, ofinfants or invalids. A. PG TYPES

Mainlyglobular, lightground. EPG: MPG: LPG:

O 29. J 58 fr., J 60 fr.,100.22 fr. frVariants:219.73 (tripodfeet),218.31 (sidesand top dipped),207.57 0,92 dark (ovoid, ground).

The firstfivejugs belong to the globulartypeused in domesticlifeas water-pots,as an alternative to thehydria;severalhave been foundat thebottomof a well.152 Decorationand as the same lines the oinochoai bodyshapedevelopalong contemporary (typeA(i)),languettes on theshouldergivingplace to semicircles in thecourseofPG. Likewise207.57 corresponds to thedark-ground ovoidoinochoe(typeA (ii)),and bearscarefulrectilinear decorationin the manneroftheLPG open-necked jars. stirrup B. MUG TYPE'**

Broadneck,belliedbody,flatbase. Dark ground. MG: LG: LG, late:

I35*I5 292.18. 104.114, 306.37 fr.,163.6, 75.197 (fully coated). 14.10, 78.8, 75.44 fr

is ladling.Althoughthe The purposeofthesecompactlittlevesselsis notclear;one possibility in of our earliest F. back to the reserved PGB,154 panels pair place themwell sequence goes down in MG. The shape could have been influencedby orientalbronzejugs like F. nos. 1571-2,or evenbybroadAtticMG mugslike294.12; buttheprofileneversettlesdownto a intoEO (107.15). regularform.This typesurvives C. THE JUGLET1"

H. usually8-10 cm.Tall and narrower neck,belliedbody,flatbase; low centreofgravity.

EG: MG: MG-LG:

coated);G 104 fr. 134*12(coarse);134.32 (fully fr. 63.6; 294.19, 107.182 125.12 fr.,106.7, *8.i2; 104.45, 62, 69-72, 92-3, 97-8, 102, in; 107.71; 134.7, 10, 26, 43; 218.34, 59, in; 292.138; 294.11, 16-18, 20, 23-4-

thissmallshape settlesdown to a regularform,almostalways Aftersome initialexperiment forboth shape decoratedwiththreerowsof dotsbetweenlines.There are Atticparallels156 I52BSA55 (i960) 159ff.nos.5-13. 153F. iw classB (i). 154 No. 449, withthe PGB pithosno. 448; thenno. 838,

with the MG pithos no. 837. •55F. 155classII B (ii). 156E.g. KerameikosV. 1,pl. in no. 831.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

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34g

a local originis likely, and decoration.Nevertheless based on a slightly tallerand coarsePGB version(F. no. 429) whichis hardlymodifiedin our 134.12. Some decoratedearlyjugletstoy withreservedpanels in a darkground,in the EG-MG manner:for107.182 cf.F. no. 707 froman EG context.Others,like63.6 and 294.19, are modelledon thebroaderAtticMG II The more normaldottedformwithnarrowerneck,however,is alreadypresentin mug.157 It remainsvirtually tombG and in theequallyearlycontextoftheArchaneshousemodel.158 in MG and LG few later with (218.34, 59) contexts, remarkably (tombs125, 106) unchanged the usual three rows of dots. from (e.g.134*7»294#I1) departures Dottedjugletsare also knownin a domesticcontext.159 Whatevertheirprecisepurposemay well over be in the tombs,theirpresencethereseemsto be a matterof personalpreference; halfour examplesoccurin largesetsin twotombs,no. 294 and thecomplexformedby nos. 104 and 134. D. THE OLPE160

Slim ovoid body,narrowneck,flatbase; the handle usuallyrisesabove the rim. Bars on handle. EG: MG:

18.24 fr-104.36, 292.98. 292.121,

218.35,

104.115.

Allsixfallintothefirst ofBrock'stwosubdivisions: 'angleatjunctionofneckand shoulder, mostly EG-MG'. The carries fromthelocal PGB-EG black,mainly earliest,18.24, griddedchevrons in thelanguettes and lightgroundof 292.98. Otherwise, the stock.PG tradition also survives decorationis dark-ground withAtticizing reserved For and for with its 292.98, 104.36 panels. in unusualstrutted there are the PGB-EG from Archanes with the handle, good parallels group in themannerofthemainbodyofjuglets. shrinemodel.161 104.115bearsdottedornament LG olpai, representedby Brock'ssecond subdivisionwitha more curvilinearand less articulated returnto a verysimplelight-ground scheme.This versionpersistsintoEO, profile, oftenwiththeadditionofcircleson theshoulder. E. FEEDERS

Spouton theshoulder.Variousshapesand sizes. These vesselsforthe absorptionof liquid nourishment are subdividedaccordingto the of the handle. Each to contain at leastone vesselwitha however,happens position category, strainer for the of or infants invalids.162 top,providedspecially feeding acrossmouth;'drinking handle, (i) Bucket jar'.163 LPG(?): PGB: LG:

60.16 fr. B 2. 26.2 fr.withstrainer top (26.3).

157Cf. CVAAthensi, pl. 3 no. 15 fromtheIsis grave(MG II). 158KCh4 (1950)pl. 31,9. 159BSA 67 (1972)91 no. 56 pl. 26. ' E i55 classII C (i).

161KCh4 (1950)pl. 31,6 and 2 respectively. 162Othershapeswithstrainertops;theoinochoe100.33, the skyphos292.140. A smallerspoutedvesselwithopen mouth,292.21, is classedherewitharyballoi. 163E 153.

J- N. COLDSTREAM

350

This typegoesbackin Creteto LM III A.164 In SM it assumesa conicalfootand thesidesare a version which into EPG in F. no. 623 and in severalfromAy. dipped (121.7), persists Ioannis.165 Of theirflat-bottomed 60.16 is stilldipped, successors, (closeto Kourtesno. 16)166 but B 2 has rectilinear PGB ornament.The frs.26.2, witha detachablestrainertop 26.3, mustpresumably havehad a sidespout. handle torim (ii) Vertical PGB: EG-MG: LG:

0,49 (fixedstrainer top),134.41, 242.2 fr.,218.54. 31*25fr-, 31*23 fr. 106.20 (anthropomorphic).

The handle maybe placed eitherat rightanglesto the spout(Q, 49, 134.41, 31. 25)167or oppositeit, as on the otherfourexamples here. For the formerarrangementsthereare Phoenicianprecedents;168 but Phoenician feeders,unlikeour Q, 49, have strainerholes piercedthroughthe shoulderby an open spout. This versioncame to Cypruswherewe also findcounterpartsto our feederswithhandle oppositethe spout,and it appears that fromthe beginningof Cypro-GeometricIII open strainerspouts were supersededby a narrowertubularform169 as found on all our pieces. We need not, then, look beyond Cyprusforthe immediatesource of this category,and the transmissionfromthe east is III or,in Cretanterms, unlikelyto have occurredbeforethebeginningofCypro-Geometric PGB. The shape of Q, 49, froma PGB deposit,takes withit 134.41 and 242.2; the busy rectilinear ornamentof the unusuallylarge 218.54 recallsthe PGB 'drinking jar' B 2. The from an has from Arkades170 and 106.20 anthropomorphic early findat counterparts Knossos.171 The Arkadesfeederis ovoidand includesa birdin itsdecoration,butthehuman the tubularspout.The Knossian elementsare similarto ours- includingthe 'arms' flanking vessel,thoughlackingthe 'arms',is closerto oursin itscylindrical shape,and in itsmultiple four-handled on the It was found with an shoulder. pithos zigzagpanel equallyextraordinary on whichthe ornamentincludesHathorichumanfacesin an otherwiseorthodoxrectilinear scheme,probablyearlyin LG.172 F. COOKING JUG

and micaceousorange-red Coarse,gritty clay;decorationconfinedto groupsofincisedlines. These are smallversionsof cookingshapes foundin domesticcontexts,albeitmainlyin in the form.Most are too smallto be anythingotherthan symbolicofferings fragmentary and on the show traces of 100.8 and G but two of the rim, 68, tombs; burning largerjugs, musthavebeen eitherpersonalchattelsor vesselsused at thefunerary ceremony.

164Kanta, 281: 'thelastron'. 165Ay.Ioannis1.2, II. 2, IV.5,6. Teketholos no. 104,a PGB receptacleforjewellery(Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)5 pl. 9), linksthisshape throughbody profileand fabricwiththe ribbedoinochoaitypeE, made underCypriotinfluence. «* AJA5 (1901)pl. 9) 16. 167This vesselseemsto havehad twohandles,likea latterdaystirrup-jar.

168S. Chapman, Berytus 21 (1972) 61 fT.nos. 168-9; wim Westen ed. H. G. Niemeyer(Mainz, Culican, in Phönizier 1082) 4.7ff. 169E. Gjerstad, OpAth3 (i960) 118 f. fig.12. 170Arkades 245 fig.291. i?»AJA i (1807) 262 fia 11.

mArt.cit. 256 fig.4.

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^

(i) Flatbase.H. usually7-9 cm. PG-EG: MG-LG:

100.8, G 68; 75.95 (ribbedminiature). 283.42 (plain),134.34, 104.81, 219.24, 219.77 (plain),294.13 (miniature).

The shape showsa generaldevelopment fromnarrow(PG) to broader(LG) bases,continued in EO in the fabric,the further There is also a progressiveimprovement yet (292.4, 19). - becomingmuchless in the later contentof impurities the mica especially group.Similar contrastsmay be notedbetweencomparablejugs in the use deposit(PG) and the upperfill (LG-EO) in a Knossianwell.173 (ii) Tripod feet.H., withfeet,10-15cm. PG-EG: MG-LG:

J 46, 100.9 (plain). handles,plain). 219.67 (twohandles),292.78; 306.18 (horizontal

Of thesevesselsonly 100.9 showsany traceof burning,and none is large enoughto have been convenient forkitchenuse. An assumptionthattheirpurposein thetombswas symbolic is supportedbythecuriouscompositeminiature, Teketholos no. 109. Our earliergroupfillsa gap in thedomesticsequence,in whichno exampleshave hitherto beenrecordedbetweentheMinoanprototype174 and LG.175In thecourseofourseriesthefabric in thesamewaysas fortheflat-based is improved butconsistently jugs; theshape,too,is similar, broaderto accommodatethe tripodfeet.Broadestof all is 306.18 withhorizontalhandles:a cauldron(liketheMinoanprototype) ratherthana jug,butincludedhereforconvenience. The Lekythos Here we groupall unguentvesselswitha roundmouthand a tallnarrowneck,and a vertical handle attached halfwayup the neck. The termincludes some typeslisted in F. under 'oinochoai' and 'smalljugs and aryballoi';176 and also the Cretan imitationsof the eastern known as in the shape 'juglet' Cypriotterminology. A. EARLYANDEXPERIMENTAL: LARGE H. over20 cm. LPG: PGB-EG: MG:

E 2, 100.64 fr»? 218.94. io7.i3o(?); 104.17 (cylindrical). 75-69-

The birthof the Cretanlekythos in LPG maybe explainedas a transformation of thelatest, under influence: the side of the older open-necked,stirrup-jars foreign spout shape is 173BSA 55 (i960) 162 no. 31 fig.5 (PG), 170 nos. 111-13 (LG-EO). The fourcoarsejugs listedin F. underMug type (i) seemto belongwithour earliergroup. 174P. Betancourt,The 160fig.116. ofMinoanPottery, History

175BSA 67 (1972)8; 86 fig.9, F 26. 176F. 154 ff.,oinochoai classes II E, F: small jugs and aryballoiclassesII A (ii),(iii),(v) and II E (i)-(iv).Cf. RDAC 1984,123n. 11.

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352

removed,and the stirrupreplacedby a singleverticalhandleattachedmidwayup the neck. The idea forsuchvesselsmayhave come fromimportseitherofAtticLPG (e.g.F. no. 76) or fromPhoenicianBichromevesselslike107.80. The formeris themorelikelysource,sincethe characteristic neckridgeof theorientalmodelis notyetimitated,as it was to be in thelater typed on Long accustomedto capaciousunguentvessels,the Knossiansmade theirfirstlekythoi withthe same ovoid body shape; in this the same generousscale as theirlateststirrup-jars, decorationon oinochoaitoo (typeA (ii)),as also in thesemicircle theyresemblecontemporary in PGB-EG were tried out but the shoulder.Otherlargeexperimental provedto be shapes still-born: the cylindricallekythos104. 17,177perhapsbased on an earlierCypriotflaskas Brocksuggested;178 and a sharplybiconicalvesselfromAnopolis.179 Unique, too,is 75*69, a a MG decoration with flaringand ridgedlip of largeglobularlekythos combiningAtticizing orientalappearance. This cannot be much earlierthan the emergenceof the slim ovoid - in the productionof - if somewhattenuous PraisostypeD, and may indicatea continuity at a time when smaller versions predominated.Especiallyhard to place is large lekythoi Praisos but 107.130; theshape anticipatesthe type, the spiralmotifsseem to be in thePGB has an experimental look. and thewhite-on-dark spirit180 B. NORMAL EARLY TYPE

H. usually7-12cm. Globular.Barson handle. LPG: PGB: EG:

218.67, Q,3i. Q,i8, ft 34, ft 37, ft 38, 218.71, 218.116, 285.90 fr.,292.69, 282.81, 292.99, 292.113, 104.80, 104.86, 107.159, 107.160 fr«,104.55, 104.82. Carinatedvariants:104.37, I75*5* &•>104.24. G 26, ft55, 104.83, 104.57, 104.79, 283.78, 134.27, i34-3°-

neat The handlesofthefirsttwoare attachedonlyjust belowtherim,and theirmeticulously - especiallythe trianglesof 218.67 decorationrelatesthemto the open-neckedstirrup-jars lozenges(cf.D 11). In themainPGB group(cf.E nos. separatedbya columnofcross-hatched downtheneck,but theglobularshape remains is lowered the handle from tomb OD) 355-6 in as the setfromtombQ,, thebodyis allowedto with low conical sometimes, foot; normal, smalloinochoai(typeB): wavy to that of decoration The usual contemporary corresponds sag. motifwhichmaybe cross-hatched, lineon theneck,and on theshouldera triangular stacked, and also from tomb trio or treatedas a hatchedor griddedchevron.An abnormally 104, large a w^h variant does the as on the a have instead careful neck, sharp 104.37 zigzag 107.160, anglenearthebase (cf.F. no. 371).The othertwocarinatedvariantsalso have equivalentsin witha pierceddisc shape among the oinochoai(e.g. 292.75); 104.24 is a rhytonsprinkler itsfoot,and thefr.175.48 maybe froma similarvessel. acrossthemouthand holesthrough At a laterstage,butprobablyno laterthanEG,181thebodyassumesa depressedglobular

177Cf.F. 451and thefr.Teketholos no. 26. 178F. 155 no. 2; nearestis SCE IV.2 fig.5 no. 2; cf. also Shales358, (vii). This shape seems to die out afterCyproGeometricI; cf.V. andJ. Karageorghis, AJA60 (1956)353f. 179Wide42 fig.29.

180As also thefr.Teketholos no. 26. 181F. no. 1008,foundwiththe LG cups and skyphoinos. a laterstage;butin thesame context 1003-6,mayrepresent fromour main is the lekythosno. 1007, indistinguishable PGB group.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

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353

becomemoreperfunctory, and theneckdecorationis shapewithflatbase,theshouldermotifs confinedto linesonly.In a sharplycarinatedform,a miniaturelekythos of thisstagecrowns theknobhandleofthevastconicallid G 7. C. CRETO-CYPRIOT'82

Ridgeon theneckat handleattachment. These variousimitations of orientalshapes and fabricshave been examinedelsewhere,183 but in a Cypriotcontext.Here some attemptwillbe made to relatethemchronologically to the Knossiansequence.This is no easy task,sincetheirdecoration,too, followsthe eastern models;some datingclues,however,are offered by the contexts.Althoughthe moreevolved is in well documented our new findshave thrownmuchinteresting F., type(iv) already light on itsmoreexperimental antecedents. H. 9-11 cm. Depressedglobularbody,flatbase; straphandle,coated.Polished (i) Trefoil-lipped. mattpaint. orangesurface,

PGB EG(?):

292.76, 92, 104, 109, in, 134, 209 fr.

A curioushybrid,and perhapsthe workof a singlepotter.184 Althoughthe clay is local, the shinyorangesurfaceand the mattgrey-black paintarguethe influenceof CypriotBoR. All but the last bear circleson the flanks,filledeitherwithMaltese crossor ribbedquatrefoil; butthecirclesare drawnfreehand.The disturbedstateof these,too,are ofCypriotderivation, tomb292 offers littlehelptowardstheirdating,buttheirclumsyand experimental lookseems to place themwiththetomb'searlyburials. H. 9-12 cm. Globularbody,flatbase; roundhandle,coated. (ii) ClosecopiesofCypriot types. Polishedsurface. MG: MG-LG: LG: EO:

125.16 fr.,218.41, 219.56. 283.24, 292.202 fr.(Bichrome);107.201 fr.,175.60 fr. 61. 1, 306.19, 283.83. 218.2 fr.,6, 19, 84, 118.

Bichromelekythoi, whetherimported(frs.A 7, 106.39) or local, have not previouslybeen recordedin Crete.Our 283.24 is a close copyof CypriotBichromeIII.185On 292.202 the and the thickening of the outer dispositionof the circlessuggestsa two-handledvessel,186 circlesis hardlyto be expectedbeforeperiodIV in Cyprus,or LG in Cretanterms. For all the otherpieces, the frequently importedBoR lekythos(cf. 285.45) suppliesthe model. Divergencesare only minor: flatbase instead of the Cypriotring foot,and the loweringof thethickband fromthebellyto thebase. Slip is rarelyadded as in Cyprus,and thetoneofthesurfaceis usuallylighter;but60.1 and 175.60 evenreproducethedeep orange of the originals,and the Cypriothabit of polishingthe surface,not usual in Cretan G, is 182F. i58f.classE. 183RDAC1984,122ff. 184Hartley no. 29 (Episkopi) looks similar, but the

neck is tallerand the circlesdifferently disposed. 185Cf. SCEl pl. 135, LapithosT. 410.1. 186Cf. 104.8 (Black-on-Red).

354

J- N. COLDSTREAM

are close enoughto suggestvesselsmade to order,for alwaysfollowedhere.These imitations themarketing ofthesameunguentas was bottledin theCypriotimports. Two alternative typesof decorationappear on the Cypriotoriginals.Our 306.19 follows we shall therarerscheme,wherethebellylinesare intersected bylargecircleson theflanks;187 oftype(iii).Otherwisethesimpler see moreofthisschemeon thetallerand looserimitations and linesroundthebelly. alternative is followed:smallsetsofcirclesspacedon theshoulder, are MG.188Contextsenableus to followa The earliestcontexts, as fortheCypriotimports, in in shape: in MG (218.41) the shoulderis well rounded,but becomesflatter development LG (308.19), preparingthe way forthe biconicaland somewhatlumpyprofilesof the EO groupin tomb218. Taller,H. up to 17cm. Ovoid body,roundhandle. (iii)Freer adaptations. MG: MG-LG: EO:

134.3, 28; 75.43, 294.44. 107.191 fr.,283.84 fr.,229.22, 218.4. 218.15, 16, 88, I2O.

The firsttwo unusuallycombinea Cypriotshape withlocal MG decoration,cross-hatched and, liketype(ii),have trianglesand dotson a darkground.The othersare all light-ground but theirorangesurfacepolished.The G examplesfollowtheCypriotintersecting scheme,189 stackedchevrons downthefront, ornaments As filling circlesare drawnfreehand. theflanking on theflanksand even (218.4) or smallcirclesmaybe added, thelattersometimesintruding on the neck (e.g. 229.22). The largecircleson the flanksare abandonedin the EO group, leavingonlyspacedgroupsoflineswithminimalor no ornamenton theshoulder. F. no. 453,75.43 is froma MG context;thebodyas a plumpand Likeitsclosecounterpart roundedovoid,withflatbase. Thereafterthe shape becomes attenuatedwitha straighter lowerbody,acquiringa ringor discfootfrom218.4 onwards. H. 9-11 cm. Globularbody,low conicalfoot;roundhandle,barred.Solid (iv) Evolved type.190 ornamentsdownfrontand back.Very variousfilling on paint neck;largecirclesetson flanks, fineand thinfabric. LG: LG-EO:

19.20, 19.21, 219.64. 283.15, 14.18, 107.33, 107.34.

attainsa standardised Here theCreto-Cypriot form,nowwhollyassimilatedto local lekythos In thefullypaintedneck,theconicalfootand thelackofanyconcernwithpolishing tradition. thesurface,thesecrisplymade lekythoi departfromtypes(i) (iii)as fromtheCypriotmodels; the On the fewexamplesfrompre-LGcontexts,192 theyfollowCyprusat severalremoves.191

187Cf.SCEll pl. 13,2,Amathustomb8.10. 188A fr.imitating schememaybe froma the intersecting earlier(EG) domesticcontext:BSA 67 (1972)77, 91 slightly andCrete 261pl. 46, 8. no. 57pl. 26; Cyprus 189This typealso includesF. no. 1432,withthemoreusual Cypriotschemeofsmallcircleson theshoulder.

190p. i58f.classE (iii,a-b). 191Close to 107.34 is Copenhagen3893{CVAI, 19,II Cc pl. 26,2),presentedas CypriotWhitePaintedIV in SCE IY2 fig. 28 no. iq. As Brocksuspected(F. 150).itis Cretan,notCypriot. 192Gypsades no. 106 (PGB!); F. nos 763, 1395.CCO no. 241 (DictaeanCave) also has an earlylook.

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3^

neckis not yetfullypainted,and it is onlyin LG thatthe typebecomescommon.Stacked chevronswerethenthe favouredfillingornament,as in F.; the cables of 19.20 representa rare departure.At the transitionto EO small circlesbecome more usual than chevrons; occasionally(107.33), as laterin EO,193the handlemay riseto the rim,and the neckridge maybe omitted.This typewas to become even morepopularin EO, the shape developing fromglobulartowardsovoid-conical (O lekythoi typeA). D. THE PRAISOS TYPE.194

Tall: H. at least20 cm. Slimovoidbody,roundhandle. These elegantvesselsare the successorsto the largeexperiments of typeA. The firsttwo with normal darkand varieties, decoration,runconcurrently light-ground throughMG and LG. A thirdclass,includingtheeponymouslekythos fromPraisos,195 is whollyofEO, bearing richwhite-on-dark ornamentin thetradition oftheBirdworkshop(O lekythoi typeD). (i) Normaldark-ground technique. Ridge on neck, ringfoot.

MG, late: LG:

292.116, 231 fr. 19*2, 29 fr.

The fr.292.231 preservesa ridgedlip likethatofthelargeglobularMG lekythos 75.67, last - and apparentlyin of the experimentaltypeA. In style it conforms to the more profile decorationofthispair, complete292.116, preservedfrombase to neckridge.The Atticizing based on a meanderwithperpendicular relatesthemto lateMG pithoilike218.27; hatching, theshapematchesthatofsmalland slimneck-handled amphoraeofthisperiod,typeE. A LG with restrained decoration confinedto theneck,preparesthe example,19.2, characteristically for the even more EO attenuated class with white-on-dark ornamentand flatbase. way Minimalor no ridge,roundhandlewithbars,disc or falsering (ii) Light ground, creamy surface. foot. MG: LG: LG/EO:

125.2. 292.89, 106, 192 fr.,193; 218.93; 107.104, 181 fr. 1.9 fr.

Made in a whollynon-Atticizing theselekythoi sharethefabricand styleofthedomed tradition, A The surface is in coated a thick lids,type (ii). creamyslip,carefully polished;decorationis in thin in zones which a arranged widelyspaced singlepointedzigzag playsa leadingpart. from an MG is ofthe Earliest, exclusively tomb, 125.2, bearingon itsshouldera reminiscence trees on the of In PGB. LG the decoration becomes even more the spiral figured pithoi rarefied, mainshoulderornamentbeingreducedto a lightcircularmotif(e.g.292.193), or a floralmotif (292.89), or spiralwisps(292.192), or airystacksofchevron(107.104, 292.106). On 1.9 the strict zonesis breaking spacingofthesubsidiary up. This typehas no O successors.

193Cf.F. no. 834 (LG) and 1052(EO). 194F. 155,OinochoaiclassE.

195BSA 8 (1901-02) gd; pl. 31 (1930-31)pl. 12; Payne,BSA itsKnossianorigin. 29 (1927-28)276,confirms

j- n- coldstream

356

The Aryballos This termis reservedforsmall unguentvesselswith round mouth,handle fromrim to shoulderand (aftertypeA) a shortnarrownecknot morethanone fifth of the totalheight, whichrarelyexceeds9 cm.196 The Cretanaryballos,at leastuntiltheend ofLG, alwayshas a a flatbase. Like thelekythos, itwas locallyevolvedin globularbodyand,withfewexceptions, PG beforesuccumbing butwhereasthelekythos came to adoptvarious to foreigninfluences; Corinth was the source of external influences on the features, aryballos. Cypriot any A. THE JUG-ARYBALLOS197

Local experiments beginwell back in PG, witha neck somewhattallerthan thatof a true aryballos. various decoration, (i) Very simple

MPG: LPG-PGB: EG: MG-LG:

285.94, 109 (groupedlines,languettes). 0,4, D 33 fr.,182.1 (sidesdipped);219.6 (lines). I75«25 18.27 fr-(unpainted). 63.4, 229.12 (coated).

to havebeen forunguents, vesselsare unlikely The first twoofthesearyballoid comingas they in do fromthelibationsetpackedinsidetheMPG bell-krater 285.82; theyare factminiatures withF. no. 1038,havelargerrelations ofPG jugslikeO 29. Likewisethedippedpieces,together amongLPG jugs (e.g.218.31) and oinochoai,typeB (i). The laterunpaintedand coatedvessels variants oftruearyballoiwhichbythenhad becomefullyestablished. arelonger-necked shoulder Barredhandle. motifs. (ii) Withtriangular PGB: EG: LG:

Q, 11-13, 15-16, 195 25, 28, 30, 32-3, 39, 40, 42; G 108 fr.;283.79-80 frs.;65.1 (conicalfoot). 13-21, G 109 fr.,N i fr.,285.4 fr.,283.13 fr.,175.7 fr.,M 8. 19.26.

formofKnossian theearlieststandardised theseconstitute Apartfromtheone LG throwback, PGB combine of and those biconical All a or share body, globular depressed aryballos. witha wavylineon theneck.In theserespectstheyresemblecontemporary shouldertriangles lekythoi(typeB) and small oinochoai (typeB (ii)), which also bear a similarvarietyof much motifson theshoulder.Indeed,thethreesmallclosedshapesmaynotdiffer triangular in function at thisstage.198 In EG the neck is leftplain, and the body below is coveredwithregularthickbands; vesselswithsuchbandinghavebeen placed herethroughanalogywith13.21. In fragmentary intoa MG context(F. no. 666). formthistypesurvives a fullydark-ground

196OnlyclassesII A-D in F. 157ff. 197F. classesII A (i) and (iv),II B (i). i98218.71 and 116, hereplacedwithlekythoi, are hybrids

and aryballoi,thehandlebeingattachedto betweenlekythoi therimorjustbelow.

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357

H. lessthan5 cm. Barredhandle. (iii)Miniature. PGB: EG:

EG-MG: MG:

292.122, 0,46-8, 218.103, 285.144. 280.6, 134.61 (unpainted).

134.22; 134.76 (dipped). 125.13 fr.

butthedelicateand unusual ornament oftenlookstoo heavy, On thistinyscaleeventhesimplest reducedin relationto the size of thevessels.For 218.103, motifson Q, 46-8 are successfully offers a closeparallel.The withitsheavierzigzag,a PGB groupfromneartheVillaAriadne199 ofthetruearyballos, whoseshortneckcould noteasily laterexamplesare probablyminiatures to thebody;thesmallestofall,134.22, is only1.9cm high. be reducedinproportion B. UNPAINTED200

Pale,polished. PGB: EG: MG: LG-EO:

Q,2O, 13.8 fr. 286.4, 286.1. IO7*79 (handmade);M 7, O 8, 75.111, 129.2, 218.40 fr.,218.87, 218.91, 283.85, H 17, M 17, 218.85, 75.86. 75-I«75 75-IJ*9>IO7-79> 292.54; 292-47» IO5> IO7> "8, i3ij i33; 3o6-1-

These includetheearliesttruearyballoiin Crete,whichbeforeMG are rareand experimental. vesselF. no. 1017,foundwiththeLPG pithosno. 1016. Earliestofail is thecuriousdouble-necked Then followQ, 20, 13.8 (handmadein coarsegritty clay)and thetwofromtheEG tomb286. Anotherhandmadearyballos,283.8, whichoccursin a EG-MG context,has been assigned throughlaboratoryanalysisto Corinth,whichmay also proveto be the originof the other handmadepieces.201 Indeed,sincetheCorinthian goesbackat leastto theearlyninth prototype in and resembles F. no. breadth of neck and sudden outwardflareoflip,itcouldbe 1017 century thateventhebeginning ofourseriesmayhavebeeninfluenced byearlierCorinthian imports. Local preference, was for wheel-made versions.202 FromEG onwardsthe however, always in thebodyshapeis notat all consistent; development althoughthereis a generalchangefrom towards a more depressedglobular trulyglobularshapewithtaperinglowerbody,bothshapes occur side by side in tomb286, whiledepressedglobularprofilespersisteven into LG-EO contexts(75.127, 129). Perhapstheshapingofmouthand neckoffers a surerguideto dating; untilMG themouthflares,butfromLG theneckbecomesstraighter and is crownedbya disc mouthwithsharplyevertedlip,resembling theCorinthianglobulararyballosofEPC. C. WITH TRIANGLES ON THE SHOULDER203

Straphandle,barred;lineson neck,and belowshoulder-triangles; painton lowerbody. MG:

218.51, 285.47, 285.51.

199BSA58 (1963)41 no. 11pl. 13. 200F. 158classD (i). 201See belowunderCorinthian imports. 202Laboratoryanalysisassignedthewheel-made 292.107

(LG-EO) to Corinth,even thoughall knownCorinthian examplesare handmade. 203F. 158,classC.

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358

MG-LG: LG: LG-EO:

Q, 56 fr-,104.46, 107.167, 134.11, 218.89, 218.108 fr.,292.66-7, 292.130, 294.49-50 frs. H 25-6 frs.,163.1, 163.4; 14.26, 218.36, 218.63, (miniatures);14.12, 26.4, 26.5, 75.91 (trueglobular). 283*94» 292.206-08 frs.;75.37 (trueglobular).

The foreign modelforthisstandarddark-ground bytheCorinthianMG II typeis represented from MG into In it F. no. 668. the local O, long afterit had been repertoire persists import what little in much and without developmentthereis mirrors change; superseded Corinth, themostusualbody thatoftheunpaintedaryballoi,typeB. Like theCorinthianprototype,204 EO of F. no. even into the context is 882; butfromLG persevering profile depressedglobular, once again,is thechangefroma onwardsa fullyglobularshape mayoccur.More consistent, mouth(MG intoLG) to a discmouthupon a straighter neck,fromLG onwards. flaring darker than what is normalfor in a of these are clay, deep orange-brown Many pieces Knossianfinepaintedware; but,unlikeF. no. 668, thereis no good reasonto suspectthat theymaybe imports. D. WITH OTHER MOTIFS

EG(?): MG: LG-EO:

175.3 fr. 218.7. 292.73, F/67: 4.11.

are rare.The verticalcablesof 175.3 suggest to cross-hatched WithinG, alternatives triangles underthe base has the look of an earlyexperiment. 218.7, witha EG, and the string-mark filledzigzag,seemsto be witha MG pithos,218.9. Exceptionalcare wentintothedecoration creaturescannotbe farin timefromthe variedbirds;theflying of292.73, withitsdelightfully similarbirdon thelargeLG-EO cup 134.47. Thus far,the dark-groundschemehas prevailed.At some timelate in LG, however,a aryballoswas cominginto fashion,borrowingits shouldermotifsfrom whollylight-ground swastika One oftherarermotifsis theirregular variousstagesoftheCreto-Cypriot lekythos. circles double all are the small of Commonest ofF/67: 4. 11; comparethelekythos 218.15. several C ofCypriotBoR imports(lekythoi derivedfromcloseimitations Although type (ii)).205 none amongour withLG pithoi,206 ofthesecirclearyballoihaveoccurredin othercemeteries all listedunderO findsis clearlyassociatedwithany contextbeforeEO; theyare therefore aryballoitypeC (ii),eventhoughsomepieceswithoutclear associationsmaygo back to LG. elsewhere also occurring The sameis trueoflight-ground aryballoiwithgroupedlinesonly,207 butheretheearliestassociationis withtheverylateLG pithos104.3. in someLG contexts,208 E. ARYBALLOS-FEEDERS

PGB-EG: LG, late:

104.6. 294.21.

ofAtticMG I.209 A smallrelativeofthefeederjugs,typeE (ii),whichhas a prototype 204See below under Corinthian imports. 205F. 157 f. class B (ii). 206F. nos. 590, 738, 750, 1253-4.

207O aryballoi type C (i); F. 158 class B (iii). 208F. nos. 4.66, 860, 872. 209LejkandiI, T. 33.2 pl. 272 b.

the protogeometric

and geometric pottery

3^

The Pyxis210 Our findsinclude a rich varietyof pyxisshapes, severalof which have no parallel in F. Some are locally evolved,othersinfluencedby Atticand perhaps Cypriotimports.The typewitha Minoan prevailingformis globular,but we begin withan earlystraight-sided ancestry. A. STRAIGHT-SIDED2»'

Low verticalneckor collar,twohorizontalhandlesattachedto carination, flatbase. E-MPG: LPG-PGB:

J 9, J 13, 285.125, 100.23 fr>207.61. 287.12; 294*43 fr.,(coarse).

The shape developssteadilyfromLM III B and C,212througha profuselydecoratedSM towardsthe fourEPG examplesfromE tombsVI and XI,214the body becoming piece,213 tallerand slimmer. Thus far,thewall below the carinationhas been verticalor progressively but our earliest laterdevelopment whenthe lowerbody nearlyso; groupindicatesa slightly to on as another EPG from Teke.215 The decoration is alwayslightand begins taper, example confined to or lines. Later members ofthisseries simple,virtually singlefloatingzigzags wavy are F. nos. 227 (MPG) and 286, 290 (LPG), wherethe carinationis softenedand the shape movestowardstheneckedglobularform,typeB (v). Fromthissequence287.12 standsapart,withrichdecorationvariedfromside to side. Its broad shape,withrisingloop handlesreachinghalfwaydown theprofile,returnsto the LM III B prototype.216 Alone ofthistypeit possessesa lid,forwhichthelip is carefully inset.The pyxisis, in fact,a miniatureof the straight-sided pithosin its earliestand broadestform,as seen in D 12. The nearestcontemporary equivalentto the shape is Payneno. 165 bis(LPG), withpendentsemicircles on thebodybuta moreverticallip. B. GLOBULAR

The earliesttype,withevertedlip and no handles,was made undertheinfluenceofmainland LPG. Handlesmightbe added laterin PG, and theoriginalringfootmightbe replacedby a flatbase. The usual G form,alwayswithhandles,abandonstheevertedlip fora low vertical neckor collar,recallingtypeA. In a finalcategorywe considervariousexperiments witha lip insetfora lid,nevera popularalternative in Crete. Apartfromthislast category, onlythosewithouthandlesare normallyequippedwithlids the lids are in treated a (here subsequent section). Sometimesthere are also holes for suspension,piercedthoughbothlip and lid, fortyingon thelid as wellas forsuspension;or throughthe lip only,forsuspendingthe body only.For handledpyxides,whichcould easily be suspended by a cord looped throughthe handles, such holes would not have been needed.217

210For her valuable advice on this shape I thank Dr. BarbaraBohen. 211F. 161f.,'straight-sided jar' classA. 212Kama, 281ffpls.q6.q (LM III b), ^4.4-c (LM III c). 213UM II pl. 49.a-b,fromunderthe Museum. Stratigraphical

214F. nos. 42, ^2, 77, 163.

215BSA58 (1963)37 no. 4 fig.8. 216Kanta, pl. 96, 9. 2171 owe thisobservation to Dr. B. Bohen.

J- N- COLDSTREAM

36o

orconical handles; (i) Without ring foot.Evertedlip,flaton top,to supportlid. Dark ground. M-LPG: LPG:

Li,L2, K5fr. 285.86, 287.27.

at Knossos These pyxidesare based on themainlandLPG handlelessprototype, represented head of the local versions At the both Attic218 and Corinthian (285.134, 138) imports. by bears a broad zone of reserved stands Payne no. 166 which,like the Attic original,219 decorationroundthebelly.Then followL 1-2 and F. no. 1470,withgroupsofreservedlines On our two latestpieces a conical footis added, a short-livedexperiment;more only.220 importantis the raisingof the decoratedzone to the shoulder,where it usuallyremains henceforth. handles: flatbase.Evertedlip,as for(i). Dark ground. (ii) Without PGB: EG:

100.34, 287.26, 285.2. G 52, N 4, 175.66.

This typedoes notoccurin theF. tombs.Our examplesare precededbythreeearlierpyxides, is decorated all ofwhichstillhave thefullglobularshape of type(i). One, fromArchanes,221 withPGB mill-sail.The othertwo,withbands and linesonly,are Ay.IoannisI. 57 (LPG?) and in no. 57,a receptacleforjewellerybelongingto thefirst(PGB) burial.222 Teketholos Thereafter, lower.285.2, withitssingle ourpieces,theshapebecomesshallowerand thecentreofgravity 175.66, withreservedlinesonly, zigzagzone,is a smallereditionof a pyxisfromArkades;223 of thatvesselto in a Desborough'sattribution exactlyparallels pyxis Groningen,confirming Crete.224 andring handles foot.Evertedlip.Mainlydarkground. (iii) With LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:

285.69, 285.122, 287.19, 219.28, D 25. Nu, 0,9«G 53.

the AtticPG prototypeto local tastewas to add two horizontal Anotherway of modifying handles risingfromthe shoulder.The shape, however,remainsfullyglobular until the Forthesmallerpieces(e.g.287.19, depressedglobularpyxisG 53 at theend ofthisseries.225 Neat than rather conical be low foot the decoration,as on F no. triangular ring. may 219.28) PGB The LPG on the pyxisQ, 98 closelymatchesF. no. 1436in large examples. 529,prevails has lug handles,and also a itsbodyshape and itsgriddedzigzag;buttheF. piece,unusually, to havebeen made forit.No lidsare associatedwithourpyxidesofthisgroup. flatlid unlikely

218BSA58 (1963)37 no. 17pl. 12b. 219PGPpl 8, esp.no. 575. 220In viewoftheimport285.134, a connectionherewith Corinthis possible;cf.PGPpl 29,A 8 and C, A 25. 22iÄOi4(i950)444pl.32.i56.

222Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)59 pl. 9.

223Arkades211 fig.233. 224Desborough in Europa ... Festschrift E. Grumached. W. G.

Brice(Berlin,1967)75 ff. 225Cf.F. no. 461,Payneno. 146bis.

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andflatbase.Evertedlip.Bandsand lines. (iv) Withhandles MPG: LPG-PGB:

J 21. 219.18, P 1, O 38, 207.39, 100.52, 13.9 fr.,D 26-8, Q, 99 fr,N 12, N 37 fr-

The fringed ofJ 21 are stillin theSM tradition and theincipientcarinationbetokens triangles theinfluenceofthestraight-sided A. The evertedlip firstbecomesestablished type Atticizing in F. no. 246 fromthe M-LPG tombIII. Thereafterthe shape is standardisedin LPG and in PGB the semicircular PGB, witha veryshortevertedlip and predominantly decoration;226 semicirclesare sometimesallowed to intersect, as on D 26-8. As usual, the profilemoves fromtrulyglobularto depressedglobular.The dottedtrianglesofN 37 recallF no. 361 from tombOD. Dark ground. handles, (v) With flatbaseandlowneck. EG: MG: LG: LG/EO:

13*31»i3*33j i75*24; 218.20 (coarse,incised). 292.77, 2i8.8. 218.104, 218.114 (miniatures). 18.28, 75.148 fr.,175.35, 75-45b* 107.69, 19.22; 218.38 (miniature).

As we haveseen,thelaterand smallerpyxidesofthePG straight-sided typeA (e.g.F. no. 286) the for the introduction of this normal G which to form, prepare way mayalso owe something BoR like F. no. The EG from tomb are and Cypriot imports 1451. pair 13 clumsy unusually the fabricand disc footof the coarse pyxis218.20 relateit to the small largeexperiments; ribbedoinochoaiofCypriotderivation, typeE. In MG theshapesettlesdownto a modestsize with (height7-10 cm) compact globular body,broad neck and flat base; decoration is restricted to a singlezigzagin thereservedpanel betweenhandles.227 The LG pieces are less but the is a towards taller and/or narrower homogeneous, neck,sometimes generaltendency lines instead as solid This version lasts into EO of, before, taking paint (75.148, 107.69). and be affected the revival of the necked different is the (61.2) may by pithos.Altogether miniature218.39, combiningwhite-on-dark bands and lines (cf.F. no. 733) witha dumpy shape,vestigialneck,and lughandlesofprehistoric appearance. (vi) Withlip inset forlid.Various.

PGB-EG: MG: LG:

28.16, G 105 fr.,G 106 (handleless);100.20 fr.;107.105, 13.24 (lugs). 63.3 (handled);107.165 fr.;M 13 (lugs);294.41 (miniature pithos). 26.6 (handled);104.59, S0^*^ 292.227 fr.(miniature pithoi).

LikemostAtticG types,thethreeearliest and theirinsetlipsmaywellhave piecesare handleless, been derivedfromimportedAtticMG I flatand pointedpyxides(e.g.292.42, 283.46) with whichtheycoincidein time.Local taste,however, soon demandedthe additionof handles.A 226Cf.F. no. 1450. 227Cf. F. no. 643, MG context; no. 8; AD 14 Gypsades

(1931)19 fig.6, 4 fromAnavlochos.

362

J- N- COLDSTREAM

attachedto theoccasionalappearanceoflug handles,whether vertically pierced specialinterest like107.105 and M 13,228 or in theformofverysmallhorizontal straps(13.24). The idea is not a regiononlyrarelyin touchwith likelyto havecomefromtheEG-MG typesoftheArgolid,229 of Knossosat thistime.Perhapsa moreplausiblesourcewouldhavebeenthechancerediscovery which also have the Minoan among depressedglobularshapeprevailing Early luggedpyxides,230 ourpieces.The LO buccheropyxis107.78 mayowea similardebttotheremotepast. Some pyxidesof MG and LG, likeF. no. 749, obviouslyfollowthe shape of the neckless ovoidpithos-urns. largeenough Amongthemis 306.13, a finepiece fromtheBirdWorkshop, to havebeenused as an urn. C. flat Withlid. PGB: PGB-EG(?):

0,44. 283.51, 283.58, (coarsewithinciseddecoration).

raritieshave nothingin commonwith Apartfromthemeanderof Q, 44, theseexperimental fromtheremotepastmaybe suspected: theimportedAtticflatpyxis.Once again,inspiration The highvertical pyxis.231 285.51, withitslid 75, recallstheEarlyMinoan luggedcylindrical flangeof Q, 44 is withoutparallel; the copious decorationof thispyxis,withits strange is verymuchin thePGB spirit. ofmeanderand rosette, combination The Small

Lid

Likethelargerlidsassociatedwithpithoi,thesedivideintotwobasictypes,conicaland domed. The formerare almostalwaysdesignedto fitglobularpyxides;thelatter, rarelyso. Lids found an asterisk. with are marked in the same a or obviously on pyxides, tomb, fittingpyxis A. CONICAL

conicalD. usually9-1 1 cm. inverted (i) Withplainknobs,

M-LPG: LPG: PGB: EG: G: LG: LG-EO:

K 2*, L ia*. 285.135*, 207.16*, 287.28*. 287.35*, 287.12a*. I75-5O*283.71; 283.72-3 (miniature). 104.59*, I-4*292.180.

forhandlelessglobularpyxides,typeB (i) and (ii).Withfew In PG theselidsweremade chiefly PG lids have theirrimspiercedwithtwo opposed pairs of the exceptions(L ia, 287.35) vessels. their to for attachment string-holes, 228Cf.F. no. 1436. 229GGPpls.22 f.,23h,25d. "u 5>.Aanthoudides,vauitea lomosoj mesara(L.onaon,1924;

36 fig.17,6. oj MinoanPottery History pl. 25; Betancourt, 231Betancourt, op.cit.24 fig.13,4.

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363

This typebeginsmuchearlierthan the corresponding conical lids forpithoi(typeC), in imitationof PG pyxidesimportedfromthe mainland.232 During PG the slope of the lid is and often outwards towards therim;and theknobis usually concave,splaying relatively steep ratherthan hollowedfromabove.Sometimes(207.16, 283.71-3) theknobmaybe cylindrical conical.Laterlidsare shallower, withsolidknobs.Decorationrarelyextendsbeyondreserved lineson a darkground;285.135 and 287.12a carryPG triangular while1.4 (leaves) motifs, and 292.180 (white-on-dark borrow normal motifs of lids. circles) pithos knobs (ii) Withornamental PGB: MG:

219.72, 285.1*, 28.14*, G 89*, 100.19. 75-83> 75-"9> IO7-93> 63-3a*-

The PGB warrior'shead on 219.72 is unique,butthehelmet233 crowningthelid ofan Attic MG II pyxis-pithos234 may expressa similarthought.Our lid is too largeto have fittedthe only PGB pyxisfoundin the tomb (219.28) whichin any case is of the handled variety usually withouta lid; but the pair of holes on one side of the rim only would allow suspensionon a wall. The warrior'sface, enlivened by dots and dabs of paint on the features,displays the same delight in miniaturemodelling as the small rider on the askos Q, 115. Of actual Cretanhelmetsat thistimewe knownothing,and it contemporary would be foolishto deduce theirpreciseshape fromthisverysimplifiedrendering;but a ridgedcrestseems to be intended,of a kindwhichis matchedon otherobjectsthathave been plausiblydated to this period- forexample, the gold band fromthe Teke tholos and the warriorbetweentwo womenon the belt F. no. 1568. This formof crest, tomb,235 runningdirectlyoverthe crownof a fairlysimplehelmetwithoutcheek-pieces,is also well attestedin Near Easternart.236The triangularornamentmightsuggestopenworkbronze attachedto a leathercap, as on the upperhelmetattachmentin an eleventh-century grave at Tiryns.237 On anotherPGB lid,285.1, a freely modelledbirdis poisedforflight. The head is missing, butthestylisation offantailand outstretched is as on two terracotta of wings exactly figurines and similar bird with are II;238 Cypro-Geometric decoration, figurines, though dark-ground knownfromMG Naxos and Attica.239 On 63.3a, again,partof the knobis brokenoff,but theirregular resemblesa bird'stail. portionwhichsurvives The otherpieces are smallversionsof the conicalpithoslids of typeB, withknobsin the formof conical finials240(G 87, 107.93) or of miniaturevessels with flat tops; the are of pyxides.On 75.83 the stem below is ribbed,like MG miniatures,appropriately, lids of C. To pithos type judge from28.14 and G 89, theselids were forglobularpyxides withinsetrims,typeB (vi);but only28.14 has thefullcomplementoftwopairsofholesfor tyingon thelid.

232Attic:219.69. Corinthian: 285.138. 233On the renderingof the helmetI thankProf.A. M. Snodgrassforhisexpertadvice. 234B. Bohen,AM 91 (1976)15ff. pl. 3. 235Boardman,BSA 62 (1067)<SQf.,pl. 12,3. 236Snodgrass,EGAWy,12, 35,fig.Ik-1.

237N. Verdelis, AM 78 (1963)pl. 6; Snodgrass,DAG319 fig.

104.

238D. Christou,RDAC1072,1^4 f.,pl. 26 nos. i*-i6. 239Naxos: PAE 1937-38, 117. Àttica: Higgins, Greek

Terracottas pl. 7b.

240Cf. 283.9, the importedAtticMG I pointedpyxislid.

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364

withoutknob. varieties, (iii)Other E-MPG: PGB-EG: MG, late:

J 10*. G 57, 175,9. 134-35-

The firstthreeare mastoid,concavein profile. J 10, roundedon top,fitstheamphoriskos J6 and has string-holes to those on that vessel's rim. G looks corresponding 57 contemporary withtheonlyF. example,no. 508. 134.35 is a miniaturekalathos,withdot decorationas on the main body ofjuglets(jugs, typeC). There are no pyxidesin thistomb,and a pair of holes on one side onlysuggests on a wall. suspension B. DOMED

everted (i) With lip.Pairofsuspensionholeson one sideonly.Cf.largerdomedlids,typeA (iii). EG: MG: MG, late:

104.89 fr. M 2*, 48.12 ir i34-i8j ^ 5°> 54> 55*59» 6*> 69* 7«-

We cannotbe surethat104.89 did nothave a handle,likethelargeromphaloidlids(domed, - especiallythelatergroupwithbroad dome divided typeA (i)) whichit resemblesin profile intonarrowconcentric zones. MG billetmotif The othersare smaller(D. 9-10 cm),and have in commonthe non-Attic roundthe narrowevertedlip. M 2 belongsto the luggedpyxisM 13, withtyingholes to in decorationas in itsflattop. match;48.12 is verysimilar, The homogeneousset of nine fromtomb 134,241 apparentlywhollywithoutpyxides,are miniatures of the low-domedshieldlid, forwall suspensionthroughholes onlyon one side. of motifs non-Atticizing repertoire Unparalleledin E, theycarrya richand predominantly towardsthe end of MG: billets,dots,triangles,solid leaves withoutline,and large central rosettes. without lip.D. 10-15 cm. (ii) Hemispherical, PGB-EG: EG-MG:

D 2; G 51; 100.26; 104.33; 107.94, 120, 121, 135; 218.70, 78, 79; 285.8, 147; 292.49» 52, 585 71* 85, 112, 120, 126, 129, 179; 294.29 fr. 104.129, 127.162, 292.53, 13.30.

MG or later: 1.7 fr.

The shapevariesfromthetrulyhemispherical top (e.g.D 2) to a shallowerformwithflattened are Both extremes presentamongthemainPGB-EG group,on whichdecoration (e.g.285.7). latergroupthecontinuous is confinedto massedfinelineswithdotson therim.On a slightly the centremay be occupied by a hatched cross lines are replaced by various motifs;242 241UrnswithLids119,pl. 16c. 242Cf. F. nos. 699, 709, both fromEG contexts;also

BSA 56 (1961)74 fig.io, A 24-6.

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365

(104.129, 292.53), or leaves(107.162), or zigzags(13.30). Latestofall, perhaps,is 1.7, with evertedlip,froma tombcontaining linesbuta slightly continuous nothingearlierthanMG. butthelackofinterior been publishedas bowls,243 These lidshavesometimes paintand the associated with a pyxis,and is holesneartherimmakethisdiagnosisunlikely. None,however, mosthaveonlya singleholeforsuspension. The Ring Kernos LPG:

285.68.

buttheonly vase attachments, This libationvesselcould be filledthroughanyofitsminiature the lightcombined with mouth. The central bird's is the griddedzigzag, egress through a LPG This date. and kalathos,argues particularformof groundneck-handledamphorae are attached to a ringbody,is kernos,whereminiaturevesselsand protomesor figurines otherwiseknownin Crete only froma badly worn piece fromKourtes,244 carryingthree and sixbelly-handled humanfigurines amphoraeofSM-PG appearance.In Cyprus,however, the type goes back to the beginningof the Iron Age and has a prehistoricpast.245An featureoftheCypriotmodelis thebaskethandlepassingacrossthering. important BoR I The nearestCypriotequivalentto our piece is an approximatelycontemporary wheretwo amphoraeand twobirdaskoiare perchedon kernosin the Piéridescollection,246 thering.There thebirds'wingsare modelled,whereason ourstheplumageis suggestedby a griddedzigzag.As on our birds,however,the one survivinghead has shortanimal ears in aid to smoothpouring relief,and a roundedanimalmuzzleforthe spout- a moreeffective modelledmouthin theformofa bird'sbeak. thananyrealistically Flask

The Lentoid LPG: LPG-PGB: PGB-EG:

285.30, 219.16 (modelledbird). 75.71, 100.21. 75.200.

Anothershape of orientalorigin,sporadicallyimitatedin theAegean at different periodsof In Cyprus,flattened lentoid'bottles'248 havetwohandlesattachedto the theEarlyIronAge.247 tendmoretowardstheglobular,likemostPG imitations neck;single-handled Cypriotflasks249 fromLefkandi.250 Our earliestflasks,then,representa Knossian adaptationof a Levantine form,arisingat about the same timeas the firstlargelekythoi, typeA; F. no. 312,fromthe LPG tombL, is contemporary withthem.The awkwardly placed bird on 219.16, withits circled eye, animal ears and animal mouth,is even closer than the birds of our kernos (285.68) to the creatureon the BoR kernosin the Piéridescollection,mentionedin the

243Mariani,AJA5 (1901)313,no. 17,pl. 9; Payne,BSA 29 (1927-28)260,on hisnos. 141-2. 244Xanthoudides,BSA 12 (1905-06) 16 fig.3; Arkades fig. 6^1; Ann.66-67 (iq88-8q) 254,fier. 223. 245A. Pieridou,RDAC 1971,18 ff. 246Art. cit. 25 no. 22, pl. 11, 6; AncientCypriotArt in the

PiéridesFoundation Museum(iq80 no. 14-6.

247Lefkandi I, 331f.,353. 248Gjerstad,OpAth 3 (i960) 116fig.8, nos. 12-15. 249E.g. Yon,47 ff.pls. 26-7. 250LeßandiI, pl. 126,P 3.8-9; pl. 145,P 31.6.

J- N. COLDSTREAM

366

previoussection. On 100.21 the handle is carried up to a trefoillip as on Attic LPG buta directconnectionis chronologically versions,251 unlikely. Our latestpiece,75.200, has a flatdisc on each flank,slightly raised.252 The decoration, dominated massed concentric here admits a circles, previously by profusionof freehand - doublearcsand running PGB-EG motifs on one small side, spirals spiralson theother. The Bird Askos LPG: PGB: EG:

219.12 (double),285.136, 219.1 fr. Q 115 (withrider),Q, 114 fr.,13.10 fr.,104.22 fr. G ni fr.

Dark Age vesselswithbird-likebodies were classifiedby Desborough253 intotwo types.His where the of the bird a in head is round Type II, position occupiedby spout,is represented Crete by severalSM examples.Latestof all is F. no. 50 (E-MPG), ca poor object both in modellingand decoration,and it may be the last survivorof a shape thathad gone out of fashion'.254 Cretanpottersthenmade a freshstartwithDesborough'sType la, distinguished by a bird head at the frontend and a spout behind,restingon threelegs. Firstevolvedin twelfthcenturyCyprus,thismodelhad been made in Achaea and Naxos in LH III C, and in Athens and LefkandiduringSM. Then, long afterit had been forgotten elsewherein the Aegean in LPG. One can onlyconclude,withDesborough,255 world,it enterstheKnossianrepertoire thatitsarrivalin Cretemust'surelyrepresent a clear influencefromCyprusfromthe ninth the centuryonwards',sinceonlyCyprusoffersa continuousseriesof theseaskoithroughout EarlyIronAge.256 At once the Cypriotmodel was transformed and enlivenedby local imagination.The decoration is drawn from the current Knossianstock,and providesusefulclues always painted fordating.One of the earliest,219.12, is a double askoswitha dual purpose:one mouthis In sympathywiththe round open open forpouring,the otheris pierced forsprinkling. - as on theringkernos285.68 and thelentoidflask219.16- theprotomesare more mouth animalthanbird.Painteddetailsincludeeyelashes,caps,wavylocksofhair,and a suggestion ofharness.Betweenthetwobacks,thebrokenattachment mayhavebeen fora smallrider,as the fillingspout is keptwell clear of the basket forQ, 115. Unlikethe Cypriotprototype, handleand placed on the tail.On a contemporary piece,F. no. 277fromtombL, the spout - perhaps,as Brock suggested,257 afterthe takesthe formof a miniaturevessel,a hydria with neat rectilinear decorated kernos. The of the 219.1, sadlyfragmentary example ring LPG ornament, tracesofa miniature cup perhapsattachedto thetail,and also ofa preserves The bodyof 285.136 is bird-like onlywhenviewedfrom fledgling upon theparent'sback.258 modelled animal tail and with it is a otherwise above; equine mane, sharply quadruped

251Kerameikos IV pl. 25 no. 2034; Hesperia30 (1961) 163 pl. 28 no. 35. 252Cf. BSA 56 (1961) 73 f. A 14, fig.7; UM II 76, GH 24 fr., pl. 69. 253KCh 24 (IQ72) 24<Sff. 25* Desborough, art.dt. 261.

255 Desborough, loc. dt. n. 17. Cf. Pieridou, RDAC 1970, 94

n. 3.

256Pieridou,art.dt.94 ff.,pls. 17,18.1-3. »'F. 154. 258jrora similarthemein laterbone hbulae see KòD 109 no. 304,withrefs.

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on itsback twoneckedpithoi,attachedto thebaskethandle,and doingdutyforthe carrying ofanothertheriomorphic filling spout.Here we havea reminiscence typeofLH III C, a beast ofburdenloaded withpottery vessels.259 This curioushorse-bird hybridpreparesus forthemasterpieceQ, 115, a real tour-de-force of PGB exuberance.The spout on the tail takesthe formof a finelymodelledminiature oinochoecoveredwithvariousmotifs, amongwhichthe combsand the 'eye' below the rim bothlook towardsCyprus.Down thefrontof the neckis an orientalTree of Life,one of the earliestin Greekvase painting.260 Upon the shoulder,on each side, a clumpof small trees of a hatched a sacredgroveor enclosure.Scattered out grow square,perhapsrepresenting rectilinear are over the body,among various patterns, a serpent,two fishand numerous also a solidsquare,mysteriously morethanmeredecoration;261 evidently quarteredsun-discs, surroundedby singlezigzags.One suspectssome connectionwiththe imageryof the PGB Tree painter,especiallywiththe sceneson his Goddess pithos107. 114« On the birdbody, sickle-shaped wingsare modelledin relief,exactlyas on a LM III a bird askos fromNirou Khani.262Otherwisethe creatureis whollyanimal. The threelegs are carefully jointed,an equinemane is added to thetallverticalneck,and thepainteddetailincludesa moreexplicit renderingof harness than on 219.12. The horse protome promptsthe addition of a diminutive rider,precariously perchedin frontof the baskethandle.Althoughless thantwo centimetres high,his hair and dressare paintedin meticulousdetail;but his face registers This sortof creaturewouldbecome extremebewilderment at thisstrangeformof transport. knownto laterGreeksas a xouthos butwe have to waituntilsixth-century Attic hippalektryon,263 in art.264 BlackFigurevase-painting foranymorerenderings Too littlesurvivesof the otherPGB pieces to requiremuchcomment.The charmingfr. 13.10, withmill-saildown its body,preservesa sinuousduck-likeneck,and a long spout suggestiveofa stork'sbeak; a slightinclinationof the head adds to itsvivaciousexpression. The other two frs.are horse-likehybridslike Q, 115. The body plumage of Q, 114 is renderedby columnsof oblique bars, and the tail bears traces of a miniaturevessel; an askosfromKourtes265 matchesboththesefeatures,and also themodellingofthehorse-bird in On 104.22, spout. creamyfabric,a tall strainerfillingspoutis placed on the back, still in the Cypriotmanner.The body fr.G in, decoratedwitha roughmeanderbelow the oblique plumage,atteststhe survivalof thistypeat least intoEG; but no laterG examples are known266 beforean O revival,oftenin a much more naturalisticand purelybirdlike form. Fromthefragments it is clear thatthebodies oftheseaskoiweremade on thewheel,and then squashed into bird shape; Q, 114 shows that the originalrim need not always be joined at the bird'sback. The otherpartswere shaped by hand and thenattachedto the body.

259E.g. Ann.13-14(1930-31)293 f. fig.39 pl. 22. Euboean SubPG: AR 31 (1985),16 fig.22. Later G versions:Kerameikos V 1 pl. 144no. 1*11:BSA 52 (1Q67)i^ pl. 3. 260Earlierstillis thetreeon a MPG kraterfromLefkandi, AR 29 (1983),15fig.21;Lefiandi II. 1 no. 327pl. 54. 261Cf. also theaskosfrs.fromKourtes,AJA5 (1901)307 pl. 8.4, perhapsfromthesameworkshop. 262Kantafig.11.4. 267Aeschylus fr. 134 (Myrmidons); Aristophanes Birds

800, Frogs932, Peace1177. 264D. von Bothmer, 11(1952-53)132if. BullMetrMus 265AJA5 (1901)308 fig.1; Rochetti,Ann.66-67 (1988-89) 252 f.fig.221. 266F. no. 1353was dated by Brocknot laterthanLG (F. birdbeak and clawsare unlikelyto 154),but the naturalistic be farin timefromtheLO cockvase 40.0. 267£/MII8o,Bi,pls.52,6o.

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The House LPG:

Model

219,86 fr.

The largestfr.has a sharpcarination,separatingthe upperwall fromthe slopingroofof a and pendentsemicircles are in themanneroftheLPG roundhousemodel.The neattriangles a above the UnexploredMansion From mid-ninth centurydeposit open-neckedstirrup-jars. withverysimilardecoration,and came a betterpreservedportionof anothersuchmodel,267 preserving partof the doorwayas wellas a centralaperturein the roof.The twopieceswill PGB modelfromArchanes.268 thusbe a generation olderthanthemuch-discussed The Fenestrated PGB-EG(?):

Stand

283.98,

This cylindricalstand,made of coarse and grittyred-brownclay,has a concave ringtop windowscarriedup to therim.Teke ofCypriotbronzestands,and tworectangular reminiscent windows tholos nos. 105-07are smallerand slimmerversionsof thistype,butwithtriangular thatthosestandsgo withothervesselsof some way down thewall. It has been suggested269 easterncharacter, offered withtheinitialburialthereofa residentorientalgoldsmith. The Krater PG. They sometimescontainburials,270 Tall bell kratersare themostusual formthroughout libations.When foundundisturbed, but moreoftenservefunerary theymay containsetsof and pouringvesselsforthefuneralparty.271 drinking and then ofbronzecauldronsbeginto appearlate in PG, in coarseware at first, Imitations (PGB-EG) in looserpaintedadaptations. withPG fromMPG onwards,first Meanwhile,Attictypeshad been sporadically attempted conicalfeet,thenwithEG-MG ribbedpedestal,and laterwithlowbase. All threetypesoccuralso in domesticcontexts. A. PG BELL KRATERS272

spatterinside. Lightgrounddecoration, outlinedbyBrock,wheretheplainlip is succeeded thedevelopment Our sequenceconfirms a and with rim flat on a thickened ridgebelow.The tallestkratersoccurearlyin the top by series. (i) Plainrimwiththinband.No ridgebelow.H/DR ratio1.2-1.4.Decorationstillexperimental. SM/EPG: EPG:

56.6 (coatedinside),285.60. 175.25, K 1.

268Alexiou,KCh4 (1950)441flf. 269Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)64. 270Cremations:F. nos. 45, 159;Ay.IoannisIII.i; Mastamba

nos. 2, 3. Secondaryinhumation:E 3. 271E.g. 28^.82; F. nos. 221,428. Cf. Brock,F. 161. 272F. 160f.

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The SM precursoris knownfromtheKnossossettlement273 and froma tombnearKnossosat Metochi.274 These SM descendants of the Late Minoan III B-C deep bowl, versions, Kollyva are on thesmallside(max.H. 25 cm);buttheheightis at leastequal to therimdiameter.The is usually275 coatedbutforreservation interior justbelowtherimand on thefloor. The changeto EPG is announcedbythreekratersfromthesame hand:F. nos. 166and 168 fromtombXI, and our 285.60. The shape has suddenlygrownlargerand taller,and from nowon theearlierinterior coatingis replacedbyspatterbelowa rimband. Smallerpieceslike coated and 56.6 (still inside) 175.25 developa highconicalfoot,alreadyadumbratedby the For Metochi krater. ringfootis normal. Kollyva largervesselsa sturdy The decorationis slowto abandon SM habits.The horizontalS's of 56.6 recallthelarge fromLate SM bell skyphosF. no. 11.On thegroupof 285.60 antithetic spiralsare inherited Minoan III C, here flankinga primitivedouble-chevron'tree'; thiswe see again on the amphoriskos285.114, possiblyfromthe same libationset. Variouskindsof fringesurvive fromtheolderrepertoire, eitheras obliquebars or as singlezigzags(bothon 175.25, side B) or as wavy lines.276Eventuallycompass-drawncircles arrive,usually flankinga central rectilinearcolumn (K 1) as on the frequentlyimportedAttic LPG skyphoi(e.g.J 50). Knowledgeofthisschemeis apparenton sideA of 175.25, eventhoughthecirclesare single and freehand.With the Attic-inspiredcircles come various solid central fillings,only at first,277 thenMaltesecrossesa littlelater.278 hourglasses (ii) Flat rim,ridgebelow.Broad band on lip, bars on rim.Concentriccircleswithconcentric rectilinear Below,bandsand lines.H/DR ratio1.0-1.25. composition.

E-MPG: MPG: LPG: PGB:

J 65 fr.(noridge), 48.7. 175.26,F 1, 285.82. D 19 fr.,100.36fr. E 3 (noridge), D 5, D 18 fr.,O 12 fr.,O 35 fr., M 10 fr. 28.11, 283.54, 100.44 fr?L 17 fr.,

FromMPG onwards,as on thebelly-handled ridgeis added below amphorae,a strengthening the rim,an essentialprecautionespeciallyforthe largestvesselswhichattaina heightof 50 cm.279 Fromthisridgetheconcavelip splaysoutwardsmoreand moretowardstheend ofthe series.On thewhole,theshapebecomesa littlebroaderthanin thepreviousgroup. The now orthodoxsets of concentriccirclesnearlyalwaysenclose some centralfilling - an hourglass,or a St. motif Georgecross(F 1, 28.11), or a Maltesecross,or a six-spoked wheel(283.54). The centralrectilinear ofsmall panel280 maycontainelaborateaccumulations often with minor variations from side to side. still survive here and there from motifs, Fringes theolderrepertoire, eitheras obliquebars(48.7) or as zigzags(175.26) or as chevroncolumns - D 19, 100.36 and Ay.Ioannis1.8- haveno enclosed J 65). Some LPG kraters panel,butthe 273UM II pls. 44.1, 45 (a); AR 29 (1983) 76 fig.62, right MuseumExtension). (Stratigraphical 274AD 14 (1931)1 f. fig.1. 2, a unique piece withtripod legs. 275 Among the Stratigraphical Museum Extension settlement depositsProf.P. M. Warrenhas kindlydrawnmy attentionto some SM kraterfrs. already with interior spatter.

276F. no. 45, thegoatand shipkrater;BSA 58 (1963)37,II. 3, fig.7; BSA 67 (1972)71,B 15,fig.3; all EPG. 277175.25, K 1, Ay.IoannisI. q. 278F no. 207 (MPG). 279283.54, 100.44, Arkades fig.196. Forthemuchsmaller kraterE 3 (H. 31 cm) no ridgewas thoughtnecessary. figured 280On 285.82 a thirdset of circleshas intrudedintothe centralpanel.

37o

J. N. COLDSTREAM

twosetsof circlesare linkedby narrowhorizontalstripsof rectilinear ornament.The neatly latticedtriangles of100.36 are in themanneroftheopen-necked stirrup-jars. The decorationof the latestkratersshowssignsof restlessness, withthe intrusionof new motifsin PGB: themill-sail(285.54; 28.11 withina griddedlozenge),cable (F. no. 712)and hatchedmeander(M 10). The filling ofthecircleson thelastpiece consistsofoutlinerosettes derivedfromorientaljewellery.281 On the verylargestscale of 100.44 and 283.54, narrow - as on contemporary motifsmaybe insertedwithinthe setsof circles or slightly laterbellyhandledamphoraelikeG 5. In contrastto all thesenovelties, threekratersoffera remarkable on 100.44, ^ *7 and Payneno. 4 the antithetic exampleof PGB antiquarianism: spiralsof Late Minoan III C are recreatedin geometricized formbyharnessing thecirclesto theupper framebycurvedtangents, themselves boundto thecentralpanelbyvariousformsofhatching. workon E 3 from the usual circlecompositions are seenin thefigured Amazingdepartures and F i. ForE 3, Sackett282 has reasonablysuggesteda LPG date,based on a stratigraphical inference thatall ten vases recoveredfromthislargelydestroyedtombforma singleburial E 2 can hardlybe any earlier,the circleamphoraE 1 is unlikelyto be the lekythos group; and both the broad later, (E 4-5, 7-9) and thedippedcups(E 6, 10) are at home bell-skyphoi in LPG. Verysimilarbell-skyphoi, F 3-4, were foundwithF 1 in a much disturbedand withtheremainsofa coarsepithos,F 2, ofa typenormallyusedfor plunderedtombtogether If PG cremations. theassociationis sound,thenF 1 willhave servedas a libationkraterand, tojudge fromtheaccompanying theburialsassociatedwithbothfiguredkraters bell-skyphoi, willhave takenplace withinthe same phase. Two otherconsiderations, however,suggesta earlierdateforthemanufacture ofF i. First,itsshapeis verycloseto thatof285.82, slightly and containingan undisturbedlibation set of MPG appearance: deeper bell-skyphoi283 In the decorationof thatkraterthe manner.284 pouringvesselsstillin a whollylight-ground ofLPG. On latestfeatureis thegriddedzigzag,285 whichadumbratestherectilinear repertoire F 1, however,the elaboratelyvaried centralpanels are compoundedwhollyof rectilinear - panels of checkerboardand latticing, motifsderivedfromthe older AtticPG repertoire on 285.82). The latticedlozengecolumn,and solidhourglasses(whichserveas circlefillings mostlikelydate,then,forF 1 is latein MPG,286whenitmayhavebeen putto use in dailylife vesselsofthesubsequentphase. forsomeyearsbeforeitseventualdepositionwithdrinking The agrimigoat, whichhad alreadyappeared in isolationon two earlierKnossian PG in GreekIron herebecomesthepreyofhuntersin thefirstofall extendedscenes288 vessels,287 but werenot in field above the conventional The float the circles, Age vase-painting. figures theplacingofthecircleson bothsidesis deliberately added as an afterthought; asymmetrical, to leave deep enoughspaces forthe two human huntersabove the left-handsets. On the reverseside a solitaryhunterwithhis square net facesout of the picture,but completesthe sceneon thefrontside.The wholecomposition, then,consistsof twohunters,spearspoised,

281Cf. K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western AsiaticJewellery (London 1971)254, pl. 234; Coldstreamin SteleKontoleontos 410pl. 193b. 282BSA 71 (1976 120 ff.

283285.9I-5, 99, IOO, IO4-O6, 115-16, II9. 284285.96-7, 101-02, oinochoai typesA (i) and B (ii); 2Ö5»94>109, jug-aryballoi typeA (ii). 285Cf.theamphoriskos 207.64. 286My view has changed since 1976 when I suggested

'later ninthcentury'(art.cit. (n. 288) 70 ff.).The linear of PGB, or even ornamentcontainsnone of the innovations ofLPG. 287AR 1981,42 fig.81, neck-handledamphora fromAy. EPG. Earlierstillis Ioannis,SM/EPG; F. no. 45, bell-krater, the unprovenancedbelly-handledamphora (SM) in the deChypre Giamalakiscollection:M. Yon,Salamine IV, 13pl. 3a. 288Firstpresentedand discussedmore fullyin IV Cret. Cong.(Athens,1980)71ff.


^Y

and closingin upon theirassortedprey.To theleft,a wild advancingfromoppositedirections hit a and totters to theground;on theright,a largehoundpursuesa has been by spear goat ofthethorax,thesehuntersforestall birdand a youngdeer.In thestrictly rendering triangular It is easy to envisagehow the the workof the AthenianDipylonMasterby overa century. in the rectilinear butthe from the solid have been hourglasses panel,289 may developed figures LH III and C tunics of dressalso recallsthe triangular pictorialvase-painting,290 the fringed kind of non-metallic above indicate some reservation bodyarmour.The idea for may zigzag of a Minoan pictoriallarnaxin a such a scene could have been inspiredby the rediscovery reusedchambertomb;a LM III B larnaxfromArmenoi291 presentsa similarscene,thoughin a muchfreercomposition. animalsofF i followon naturallyaftertheEPG goatsof The spareand sketchy silhouette in us for themuchmoremassiveand roundedLPG creaturesof E no. 45, but no wayprepare E 3, Free use is made thereof latticingand outlinedrawing,and some parallelshave been noted withpictorialworkof LH III C;292and yetAegean Bronze Age traditionoffersno of the twoscenes.On one side thewingedheraldicsphinxes precedentsforthe iconography as on thelaterbronzequiverF. no. 1569,and in wearconicalcaps ofNear Easterncharacter, and we nowknowthata Near Eastern contrastto theflatpolos oftheAegeanBronzeAge;293 embossedbronzebowlshowingsphinxesofsimilarbuildhad alreadyreachedanotherpartof theAegeanworldby900 BC.294 On the frontside of E 3 an armedwarriorstruggles againsttwolions.In the desperately and Greekworldthisthemeis notseenagain untilthesecondquarteroftheeighthcentury,295 The questionarises:whencecould a Knossian thereafter occur severaltimesin LG art.296 have derivedhis own a centuryearlierthan any of theserepresentations, LPG vase-painter, Bronze a from for such scene? Not, Age precedent;a Mycenaean surely, Aegean inspiration an shown at such obviousdisadvantage.In the and never herois neveroutnumbered lions, by date is not discoveries at the of recent Lefkandi, impossiblyearly for a view of light from the Near East.297Nevertheless, work to the Aegean contemporary figured imported two lions are ofa man struggling knownrepresentations rare,confinedin earlierartto against both a cylinderseal298 and a four-sided bronze stand,299 oftheLate CypriotBronze openwork have indeedbeen foundin Crete, and it so that both of artefact types Cypriot Age; happens in contextsof theDark Age or evenlater,300 no doubtafterhavingbeen treasured sometimes as heirlooms.In additionto the Minoan pictoriallarnakes,then,it seems thatby LPG an alternative,eastern,source of ideas may also have been attractingthe attentionof vasewithfiguredscenes. paintersbold enoughto experiment

289Cf. thegoddesseson thePGB amphoraF. no. 339,and thecrudefigureson an amphoriskos fromAdhromyloi, BSA 12(1905-06)47 fig.24. 280Karageorghisand Vermeule,Mycenaean PictorialVase Painting 130ff,esp.XI 42 (theMycenaeWarriorVase). 291AAA4 (1971)218ff.figs.4, 5. 292Sacke«, BSA71 (1076)123if. 293E.g.theivoryplaquefromMycenae,BSA49 (1954)pl. 38c. 294AR 1985, i5f,fig.20, LeflcandiToumba T. 55, found witha largeAtticoinochoeofc.900. 295for thenextoccurrence, on a smallAtticoinochoe,see

a slightly laterdate,all 83 vesselsfromthissinglegrave suggests groupseemto me to fallwithinAtticMG II and LG la.

1979)24 ff.,60 ff.,no. 643, pls. 10, 11.Althoughthe author

Stands:Catling,RDAC 1984,69 ff.esp. pl. 15= here201. fi.

M. Brouskari,Apo tonAthenaiko Kerameiko tou8 P.K. aiona(Athens,

296 K. Fittschen, Untersuchungenzum Beginn der bei den Griechen(Berlin, 1969) 76, L 1-6; Sagendarstellungen

Coldstreamin IV Crei.Cong.69 f.withfurther discussion. 297See n. 294 above. 298Sayce in A. P. di Cesnola,Salaminia (London,1884)2nd andCrete 260 pl. 45, 3. Dr. I. edn,facingp. 120fig.137;Cyprus Pinikindlydrewmyattention to thispiece. 299Catling,CBMW 208 f.,no. 36 pl. q^b, top. 300Cylinderseals: H.-G. Buchholz in G. E. Bass, Cape

Gelidonya:a BronzeAge Shipwreck(Philadelphia, 1967) 153 ff.

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372

Minimalor no ridge.Lip band as (ii)but no rimbars.Concentriccircles,without (iii)Smaller. centralpanel.H/DR ratioi.05-1.2. LPG-PGB: PGB: EG:

287.10, 287.24. 175*155L 18 fr. 75-136-

This late groupofbell-kraters rarelyexceeds25 cm in height.Withthereductionin size,the is no of reinforcing ridge longerneeded,and the decorationis simplified by the suppression thecentralrectilinear L Often the circle are omitted The too, panel. (287.24, 18).301 fillings, setsmay now expand to fillthe whole handle zone (287.10, 175.15), and on 175.15 even intersect one another.302 Towardstheend oftheseries,thelowerbodyofL 18 is coveredwith dark paint. Latest of all is 75.136, a unique dark-groundbell-kraterwithan Atticizing reserved panelofmultiplezigzag;butthetraditional spatterstillpersistsinside. B. CAULDRONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

cauldrons. Micaceous red clay. (i) Coarse:smallimitations ofbronzetripod

LPG(?): PGB-EG:

100.3. 65.4 fr.,65.5 fr.,G 141.

A shallowbronzetripodcauldronwithsolidlegshas been reportedfroma tombexcavatedat butforpublishedcomparandawe mustrelyon thefullsequencefromOlympia. Teke,303 Our almost complete specimen, 100.3, ls based on the earliestclass representedat Olympia.This is distinguished by themassivesectionsof theringhandlesand especiallythe before the ofthetripodcauldronled to a savingofbronzebyflattening legs,long enlargement ofthisclass in clayare known, thehandlesand hollowingout thelegs.EarlierPG imitations twofromAthensand one fromAcarnania,304 withequallymassivelegs,and also struts joining to the bronze the legs to the base of the bowl. In two respects100.3 ls even morefaithful original.Whereason the otherthreevesselsthe legs are attachedto the lowerbody,on our piece theyjoin the rim305 the resultis a perilouslyfragilevase, because of the extreme thinupperprofile.Again,as in no other contrastbetweentheheavylegsand thesurprisingly verticalgrooving ofthe effort to imitations there is even some elsewhere, copytheexterior clay concern for before obvious a well as seen at massive bronze saving any stage early legs, floorwiththe LPG amphoraioo.i, both metal.306 This cauldronwas foundon the dromos vesselsperhaps havingbeen moved fromtheiroriginalposition;but whetheror not the withthedatingof contextofT. 100is consistent associationis sound,theoverallninth-century themassiveclassimpliedin themostrecentstudyoftheOlympiancorpus.307 Otherfeatures ofthemassiveclassat Olympiaare echoedin thefrs.65.4 and 5. Bothkeep 301Also Payneno. 7; Mastamba nos. 2-3; BSA 55 (i960) 160 no. 14pl. 43a; F. no. 470,probablywiththePGB groupnos.

4.(iQ-62.

302Cf. BSA 58 (1963) 41, IV I fig. 12, containing a PGB libationset. miniature 303AR 1983,51. 304Kerameikos I 95, 147,pls. 63-4 (Athens);AD 24 (1969)A

de 84 ff.no. 36 pl. 5oa-b (Acarnania).Cf. C. Rolley,Fouilles DelòhesV.3 (Paris,1077)108ff.,fies.27-Q,33-4. sosCf.M. Maass, 01 Forsch. X (Berlin,1078)pls. ib, 3. 306Cf. où.cit.Beil. 1 nos.20-30 pl. 12. 307M. Maass, op.cit.115f. Later massivelegs are thought i.e. MG, to be contemporarywith 'strenggeometrische', in Atticterms. presumably

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the exteriorgroovingon the legs; on 65.4 the notchesof the centralridgeare at home on somebronzeoriginals,308 whileon 65.5 theflattened outersurfaceofthelegscorresponds to a moreadvancedstageofthemassiveclass.309 The carinatedprofileofthispiece,withitsshort inward-leaning lip, is akin to thatof the plain bronzecauldron285. f26. In otherrespects, the bronze are modifiedunderceramicinfluence.Foreignto thebronze however, prototypes cauldronsis theflatbase of65.4, and on bothpiecestheincisedlinesbelowtherimare more in keepingwithcoarsepithoswarethanwithmetal. G 141 omitstheringhandles,and theaccompanying Finally, strapsare replacedbyvertical and thebodyprofilebecomesa hybridbetweena cauldronand a lugs.The legsare flattened, domesticbasin.310 withvertical handles. (ii) Coarse: largecauldrons Spreadingupperattachments. Gritty orange-brown clay. LPG-PGB:

287.15, 175.22, 285.79.

T. 175was foundin a thoroughly disturbedstate,but the firstand lastvesselswerefoundto containadult male cremations,like some of theirlaterbronze counterparts.311 Nearestto bronze is 287.15; the profileis that of the handleless and sharplycarinated cauldron 285^26, but withthe base flattened.But the closestcounterpartin bronze is a vesselof witha triple-reeded handlepassingfrombelowthe uncertaindatefromtheTirynstreasure,312 carinationto a longplateattachedoutsidetherim;heretheplateis detachedfromthelip and projectslevelwiththe rim.On 175.22, deeperand morerounded,the carinationhas been therimattachments are now metal-like eliminated; spools,whichalso appear on 285.79. On thisheavyand unwieldyvesselthe upperattachments retreatdown to the shoulder,and the zones of bars are the of ubiquitous oblique improvisation thelocal potter,longaccustomedto incisedpatternson his coarse pithoi;and yetthe striations down the handlesare stillin the mannerofthecauldronfromtheTirynsTreasure. No comparable vessel occurs in E, but no. 67 there (EPG) may be an early painted to thistypeofvessel,and a precursorofthenexttype. counterpart withpainteddecoration, basedon bronzecauldron (iii) Shallowkraters types.Level horizontal handles at

widestdiameter. DR. c. 20-25 cm. LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:

L 15 fr.(no handle). I3-29, G 39, G 42, G 115, 100.58-9 frs.,100.68 fr. G 45, G 46, G 114, G 117, G 121 fr.,75.207 fr.,219.81 fr.

As we have seen,the cauldronsin coarse clay are based on two different bronzeshapes,the one shallowand rounded,the other(as 285. Í2Ô) carinatedand somewhatdeeper.These smallerthanthecoarsecauldronsofthepreviousgroup,follow paintedversions, considerably 308E.g. op.cit.pl. 14no. 22. 309E.g. op.cit.Beil. 2 no. 47 pl. 17. 310Cf.BSA55 (i960) 162no. 36 (PGB); 169no. 106(LG). 311GG 120 nn. 28-31 (Attica); 196 ff. (Eretria); 231

(Cumae); 234 (Syracuse). 312Kunze, AM 55 (1930) 133 Beil. 34, 2; Catling,CBMW 168,form3b (?'LH III c'), fig.18.6.

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both bronze prototypesin turn,the formerchieflyin PGB withthe additionof a short concavelip,thelatterpersisting intoEG withbroad shoulderand a higherlip. Bothtypesare a flat and even further fromtheirbronzemodelsin adoptingthe level base, given diverge horizontalhandlescustomary fordomesticbowls(cf.G 141). The handlesare usuallyround, butmaybe flattened at the end of the series.313 They oftenassumea reflexform,theirends from the wall. The base variant, (G 39, 42, 45, 117) is an interesting rebounding grooved foundalso undersomecontemporary oinochoaiofAtticMG I.314 Apartfromsomeofthecarinatedexamples(e.g.G 114) thesevesselsare usuallyshallower thantheAtticizing flat-based kraters(typeC (iii))whichsucceedthem.The roundedversions, withtheiroffsetconcavelips,may sometimesapproachquite near (e.g. G 118) to the Attic on non-Atticmotifs,arrangedin one or shape. The decoration,however,drawsexclusively morenarrowzones. Commonestare smallsetsof standingor pendentsemicircles, pendent arcsand runningspiral;otheralternatives are solidtriangles (L 15, G 42), griddedladders(G 114),outlinebattlement (G 45), broadsinglezigzag(G 117) and obliquebars(G 46, 75.207, 219.81).

A concentration of thesekratersin therichtombG impliesthattheywerenot necessarily fora bronze cauldron.They do, however,regularly regardedas the poor man's substitute occurin domesticcontexts315 as wellas in tombs. C. MAINLAND TYPES

rim,concavelip,ridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles. (i) With highconical footOverhanging MPG: PGB:

175.28, 175.27, 100.41 fr. 100.45 fr-> IOO-55fr>D 13, N 2 fr.

The usual AtticPG schemeof decoration,circlesflankinga rectilinear panel, had already and before the EPG bell-kraters. Within on some MPG, passingof AtticPG, a appeared not onlyin decoration similarcompositionis seen on the twokratersfromT. 175,Atticizing but also in their hemisphericalbody shape upon a high conical foot. Their closest butfroman Atticizing come notfromAthensitself, sequencenear anotherlimit counterparts in Northern oftheGreekworld,at Marmariani316 Thessaly. From MPG onwards,throughoutthe ninthcentury,this Atticizinghigh-footedtype The fullycoatedF. no. 1481is from to themorepopularbell-krater. continuesas an alternative at such an early a LPG context.Brock,supposinga local Atticizingkrater'unthinkable'317 are now removedby for his the but to be an it date,presumed supposition grounds import; I75-27-8withthevastrimdiameterofc. 50 cm) continue In PGB thefrs.100.45 and 55 (theformer the earlierPG schemeof decoration,the circlesbeinginterlacedwithbars or billetsin the manner of the contemporarybell-kraters283.54 and 100.44. Ay. Ioannis offersan bisectedand displaced variantofthisscheme,in whichthecirclesare horizontally imaginative On Payne in silhouette. water-birds to becomeconcentric'waves'as a settingforlong-tailed

313E.g. F. no. i^q. 314Kerameikos V i

pls. 72, 109, no. 2149; LejkandiI, pl. 195,

Toumba 31.1. 315BSA 67 (1972) 79, D 14, G 80-82; AR 1985, 124 fig. 2;

UM II, 80. 316Cf. BSA 31 (1930-31) 30 ff,esp. nos. 141-3 pl. 10; PGP I pl. 51 frs. 142 ff.pl. 23. Cf. also Kerameikos 317F. 128, 190.

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC

AND GEOMETRIC

POTTERY

375

butthetallerflaringfootand thedark withchevrons, no. 64 a debasedcircleschemeis stuffed Our last twopieces,also witha darkgroundbelow, lowerbodypresagelaterdevelopments. abandon circlesaltogetherforthe new rectilinearornament;the shape is now a simplified D 13, versionoftheAttictypeI, alreadyused in Athensforimpressive gravemonuments.318 coveredwitha profusionof solid trianglesin narrowzones, cautiouslyadmitsthe Attic N 2, similarin body shape (thefootis missing)but hatchedmeanderon one side only.319 much coarserin fabricand style,marshalstogetherin a singlebroad zone an ill-assorted and largerectangles collectionofladderedbattlements, lozengecolumnswithvariousfillings, is not withcheckedframe,oflocal ratherthanAtticcharacter;alone ofthisgroup,itsinterior likethebell-kraters. butspattered coatedlikeAtticprototypes, handles with Shortoffset bucranium stirrups. lip.Darkground,reserved panels. (ii) Tallribbed pedestal, EG: MG: M/LG: LG:

G 80, G 112 fr. 75.117; 125.6, 125.5 fr.(miniatures). 134.25. 132.41 fr.

The This shapeis based on theAttictypeII,320wellrepresented amongimportsto Knossos.321 local versionsat once adopt the stirruphandlesand the splayingpedestalwithribson the rimand ridgeoftypeI, beforethe stem;butour twoEG examplesstillkeep theoverhanging shortoffsetlip of typeII is eventuallyaccepted from75.117 onwards.In the handles,the horizontalmemberstakethebucraniumformonlyon theverylargestkraters(G 80, 75.117) on the finelymade miniature125.6 where theyappear and, somewhatincongruously, large. disproportionately AftertheAttictypeII models,thereserveddecorationis usuallygroupedrounda dominant A flamboyant centralmeander.322 exceptionis G 80 whichcombinesAtticizingwithlocal PGB-EG decorationon whatis by farthelargest(H. 69 cm) G kraterfromCrete.Here the meander,thoughelaboratedto a doublekeyformon one side,merelyformstheouterframe - mill-sail,hatched fora vastcentralconglomeration of local motifs spiralhooksin diagonal crossformation, and diagonalcheckin thebackground. - and handles - to the The moreorthodoxAtticizing MG designof75.117 is relatedbystyle ofMG ovoidpithoi,typeB (ii).The meanderoftheelegantminiature Stirrup workshop 125.6 is reducedto singleoutlinein a thinzone,betweennumerous of strips singlezigzag;these,together withthe creamysurface,relatedthispiece to the non-Atticizing MG workshopwhichalso domed lids of A and the of Praisos produced type (ii) earlylekythos typeinthesametomb,125.2. On 134.25, at the turnto LG, the centripetal Atticizing designis breakingup; the centre here,occupied by meanderhooks,is encroachedupon by the flankingbird metopes,and linearmotifs.Well into LG is Teketholos no. 19,323 hardlystandsout fromthe surrounding decoratedwiththinmeander,massedmultiplezigzag and crampedlatticedlozenges,likethe

318GGP17ff;e.g.Kerameikos V 1 pls. 17,22. 319Coldstreamin SteleKontoleontos 410 f.pl. 195. ™ GGPiS, 23; pl. 5f. 321F. no. 671; FortetsatombA 7, BSA 56 (1961)72 fig.5; foot frs.,BSA 67 (1972) 97 nos. 117-18 pl. 29; here frs.

283.102,

285.153.

322Cf. also Teke tomb3.24, BSA 62 (1967)pl. 14 (E-MG); Vrokastro 173fig.106(MG). 323'|y view has changed since GGP 243 n. 2, where I referred to thiskrateras MG.

J-N. COLDSTREAM

376

moreconservative LG ovoidpithoi,typeC (i).324The broad zone ofgroupedbars on itsfoot recurson thefr.132.41. (iii)Lowbase,offset lip;smaller.325 Singlehandles,darkground. MG, late: LG: LG/EO:

98.14 fr.,292.164 fr.,75.195 fr. 75*182 (highverticalhandles). 229.3.

In domesticcontextsthe PGB-EG paintedcauldron-kraters of typeB (iii)werereplacedby thesesmallversionsof theAttictypeII, withoutthe pedestal.Our MG frs.are matchedby severalfroman exclusively MG domesticdeposit,326 similarin theirshortoblique lips and The reserved hatchingof meanderson 292.164 and panels. perpendicular simpleAtticizing relates them to other late MG vessels like the 292.116. 75.195 pithos218.37 and thelekythos In LG thelip becomeshigherand morevertical.327 krater75.182 is unique The kantharoid in Crete,but the shape and the verticalwiggleson the lip are at home in the Argolid.328 ArgiveLG importsare notunknownat Knossos(e.g.229.28); butclayanalysishas shownthis vesselto be local,thoughnotoftheusualKnossianG fabric. In spiteof its shortlip, the paired setsof whitecircleson 229.3 mustplace it near the Alone of all G types,thisformof kraterpersistsinto EO, witha much LG/EO transition. higherverticallip.329 The Kalathos We deal firstwithtwo rareformsof Minoan originbeforepassingon to the usual PG type withtwohorizontalhandlessetwellbelowtherim. A. WITH RISING STRAP HANDLES ATTACHED TO THE RIM SM(?):

222.1.

The placing of the handles followsLM III precedent.330The LM III C settlementof and withno handle Palaikastro-Kastri has produceda similarbanded kalathos,fragmentary domesticdepositof in a Knossian occurs A closer to the however, profile, parallel preserved.331 versionthistypepersistsintoEPG.333 SM-EPG.332In a three-handled B. VERY DEEP: TWO VERTICAL HANDLES TO RIM, WITH MINIATURE CUP ATTACHED

Evertedlip;flatbase,roughunderneath. E-MPG:

207.36, 0,65, Q,no, 229.26 fr.

324E.g. 219.38, 218.33, F. no. 824. 325Althoughof comparablesize, the pendent-semicircle PG vessels 207.27, 33 and 73 are here included with skvphoi,typeC (ii)b. 326UMW pls. «SS,6

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Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs near Knossos

Knossos: The South House (BSA Supplementary Volume)

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Terraces, Tombs, and the Early Argive Heraion

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Early Greek Law

The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Text and Plates) (Supplementary Volume)

Early Greek Thinking

Early Greek Philosophy

Early Greek Philosophy

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

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Complete Works. Early Greek Philosophy

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