Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur
The
late
Dr. Peshotanji
Behramji Sanjana,
M.
Parsee High Priest of Bombay.
A.,
Ph. D.
A...
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Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur
The
late
Dr. Peshotanji
Behramji Sanjana,
M.
Parsee High Priest of Bombay.
A.,
Ph. D.
AVESTA,
PAHLAVI,
AND
ANCIENT IN
PERSIAN
STUDIES
HONOUR OF THE LATE
SHAMS-UL-ULAMA DASTUR PESHOTANJI BEHRAMJI SANJANA, M.A., PH.D.
FIRST
SERIES.
STRASSBURG TiR/ j~.
:
LEIPZIG
OTTO
19O4 i//
/;/,//,/
ther
well-known Dastur
of the ;
was adopted
early age he
into the
Sanj ana's
Edalji
only
and, after the death of that predecessor, in 1857,
he
appointed high-priest of the Shahanshahi Parsis in Bombay, which dignity he worthily held till the day of his death (26th December 1898) at the age of 70 years.
His succession to the high-priesthood occurred at a time when the steady advance of European education, among the I'arMlimited
in
knowledge of the
of Xavsari,
and
it
Bombay, was making them by
whom
was not
till
to overcome the
dissatisfied with the
priests supplied to
them by the Dastur-
such appointments were then made, 1883 that' Dastur Peshotanji was able all
opposition of the Navsari priesthood, and
to establish his ri^ht to initiate priests, and give for pnvtisini: a> priestfl
pamphlets (>uch as har,
in
Bombay.
He
them orders
published several
his Tafslr-i Gah-i
published the Ganj-i Shayagan and three other short Pahlavi treatises, that occur in old MSS., in 1886, with also
translations.
He was
universally respected as the ino-t learned Dastvir lected him government of Lord U lent of the title of Shams-ul-Ulama in rhe
of his time, and the
-i
He
community,
as
an ufHcial appreciation
-in it-
Fellow of the
establishing a .er
foundation in Bonih-iy
lean.
.*^ ]
:
>
I'niversitv
till
He was
his death.
from
18t'.r>,
.md
W\
Committee appointed by that University course of studies in Avesta and Pahlavi for the
examinations :
his
Jamshedji Jijibhal /anshti }Iad-
\vas Principal of the. Sir .
ol'
in
Arts.
him AS Member
in
The (ierman Q 7~>.
L
Oriental
Society
Andall Pahlavi >ehular-
no doubt, agree that the-o honour< were woll E.
w. WEST.
CONTENTS.
'
PAGE I.
German
Avesta Literature, from' the P.
Geldner,
Ph.D.
(Berlin)
Mackichan, M.A., D.D., LL.D., the University of
H.
Die
Farther
Bombay
Karl
Prof.
Rev.
D. By V ice-Chancellor of
...
Prof.
By
.
of the
.
...
...
...
Eugen Wilhelm, Ph.D.,
University of Jena III.
83
The Pahlavi Jamasp-Namak
.
Texts
Pahlavi
Translator of
By
Dr.
in
the
Sacred Books of the East, edited by the Muller IV.
The
Life and
Ferdinand
Legend
Avesta
W. West,
E.
V.
...
...
New York
Louis H. Gray, University of Columbia
The
Literal
Lawrence H.
of
Wording
the
Gathas
...
Mills, Ph.D., Translator of the
IX.
Avestan ZevishtyeTig Aurvato A. V. Williams-Jarkson
Avestan 176
Ys.
507
.
By
Prof.
178
Transliteration .m
PAGE
/
XI.
Vendidad, Fargard XVIII
.
By
Prof. Karl F. Geldner,
Ph.D XII.
XIII.
201
Das Volk der Kamboja bei Yaska . By Prof. Ernst Kuhn, Ph.D., Editor of the Qrundriss der Irdnischen ... ... ... 213 Philologie^ University of Munich
A
Fragment
By
of the Dinkart,
Book
III.,
Chapter IX, 3
.
the Right Rev. L. C. Casartelli, Ph.D., Principal, St.
Bede's College, Manchester
J:XIV.
The
215
Hindukush Dialects
Indian
Yudgha
By
.
Prof.
called Munjani and Wilhelm Geiger, Ph.D., Editor of
the Grundriss der Irdnischen Philologie, University of
221
Erlangen
XV.
Some
Inscriptions of Sassanian
Gems
Horn, Ph.D., University of Strassburg
XVI.
The Old Persian Inscriptions
APPENDIX Old
Persian
Columns I-V
APPENDIX sparam
West
.
224
...
.
By
Prof. Paul Horn, .
Text of
231
I.
Text of the Inscriptions at . ... By an Admirer
First Series of the Pahlavi
Prof. Paul
at Behistan, transliterated
with philological annotations Ph.D.
The
By
.
Behistan,
II.
the Selections of Zad-
Edited and transliterated by
Dr. E.
W. .
xliii
A VESTA LITERATURE, FROM THE GERMAN OF
KARL
GELDNER.
F.
INTRODUCTION. GEN
EH A IRK. i
les Idivs Tlu'ologiques,
Zend-Avesta, ouvragede Zoroastre, contenant Physiques et Morales de ce Legislateur, les Ceremonies
du Cnlte Religienx
qa'il a dtabli, et plusieurs traits importants relatifs a Histoire des Perses: Traduit en Francois sur 1'Original Zend,
1'ancicniic
par M. A.VJ'LKTII, DU PKRRON, 8 Vols. in 4, Paris 1771. [Tome premier, ['introduction au Zend-Avesta, la relation du pivmi'-rr paftiu contains :
voyage dn tradncteur aux Indes Orientales, suivie du plan de 1'ouvrage. Seconde partie le Vendidad sade (1'Izeschne, le Vispered et leVendidad), :
Tome
de Zoroastre.
la vie
Bonndehesch
second contains
deux vocabulaires
leschts sadcs,
:
le
Si rouz. (ireifswald 1789. Jon. FR.
1
~~'
;
-1777, 3 Vols. in
:
.
.
(
M.
ivs
J
Pars
on
t
Lanrtiai'p. Writings,
i
i.Jly in tin-
;
D t.,
Third
Kdit-i.m
si;i-;..
18s4.
K.
W.
Wi-^i intlie
7ols, V, \VII1, XXIV,
ELULLU, Ave-ta. Livrc sacrc des -77, 3 ?ols. Second eni
i:
sacr^
I-^7S.
Pahuvi text^
the
and Religion of the
Second Kdition whieh Wi-xr has
du Zoroastri.smr. traduitdu
1-
Introdue-
XX\\
II.
"I"' 1
ditcd edition i,
Tans 18>1
:
\
Hil.liothr-.juc
iction).
A.
Mo, Introduction to
dad, Oxford Paris 18^3, 1
tl;
ides
!
L'
Vols.
Lc Z
a
DOVfoUi
919(
Iranionnes,
2
MACKICHAN, GELDNElt's AWKSTA LITERATURE,
D.
taire historique et philologique, par JAMKS DAUMESTETER, Paris 1892-93, 3 Vols. in 4, published in the Annales du Musee Gaimet, tome 21, 22, 24,
[wherever HARMESTKTKR simply main work].
is
quoted, the reference
Eraiiische Alterthumskunde,
Fu. SPIEGEL,
Leipzig
is
;il
ways
to this
1871-78, 3
Vols.
Volume.
especially the third
M. DUNCKER,
Geschtchte des Alterthnms,
Vierter Band, 4
Aufl.,
Leipzig 1877.
ED. MEYER, Geschichte des Alterthums, Erster Band, Geschichte des Orients bis znr Begriindung des Perserreichs, Stuttgart 1884. [Das Awesta, pp. 501-510].
K. GELDNER, Article "Zend-Awesta" Vol.
XXIV,
in the Eucyclopa)dia Britannica, zur ( 11). Avesta-Ausgabe Prolegomena
p. 775.
^W. JACKSON,
Introduction to Avesta
Grammar,
Stuttgart 1892.
AWESTA. The Iranian
1.
God and
nation, so far as it reverenced
Ah ura Mazda
as its
His prophet, was once possessed of an extensive the Veda of the Indians the Awesta (masc. or neut.). There has never been unanimity in Germany as to The word comes to us from the Middle the gender of the name. Persian which has no genders. The Pahlavi form is avistdk? the Pazend avastd. Neriosangh reproduces it in Sanskrit by avistd as in Zarathushtra as
sacred literature similar to 1
" avistdvdh or avistdvdnl, The word can hardly be Awesta-speech." traced further back than the Sasanian era. Oppert is, however, of opinion that the word is already to be found in an inscription of the time of
Beh. IV, 64 5 ), but the identification The word has been variously derived. The con-
Darius in the form is at least
jecture
abastdm
doubtful.
(
Andreas, orally communicated, has most pronamely, that Avisidk or Avastdk is to be traced back
of Professor
bability on
its side,
1 Kleuker, Haug, and Weber use Awesta and Zendawesta in the masculine. neuter form, however, predominates.
3 -
This reading
Apastak, "~"
I,
XXXIX,
is
followed by
The
West, while Darmestcter, on the other hand, has
note.
3
Oppert, JA. 1872, XIX, 293 ; I)e Harlcz, JA. altpersisohen Keilinsohriften, 2nd cd., p. 103.
1876,
VI11, 487; Spiegel,
Die
MEANING AND to the old form upastff, and tlm" (like
:
involvis
and
it
'
iation,"
foundation-
-/a).
This explanation rally
3
1.
tin-
ftk
with
Ifl
>r
ti
.
:i
expresses added Pahlavi
inasmuch
M
namely, the
,
n'-i.-ftah
contrast
translation or explanation
/>//, -VJ
ssing of ing pronounced on the Mazdayasnian house; n of fire and the pr< form so-called i/a/im./
ft
>r,
"offering to nin.Lr
-e
of Andhita of
the
un
^ of
t
introduction
_
>aered 1
tlie
follow
D
_!).'
-PBRKD (from Aw. 'nt- to
rlu'
The
Yajtna.
ratavo
rlttpe
official
"
all
:i
|
1
.
of
Vasht
V
tin-
he same is
seasonal
epe
ortions of Yasna 11. Karde
5 does duty for Yasna 14 of which it is only a variation Karde 1 2 for The second half of the Vispered, Kardes 13-24, stands L'7, 7, in very close relation to the Guthas or the Staota Yesnya ( cf. the ;
Yasnu
synopsis in
12
).
VENDIDAD
(I.
ft
(Av. vldaevo datom,
the law against demons,
"
Phlv. jilt_-div-ddt or j/7/-*
;
its
thedn^,
pur; kind-,
its
prais..
tva
called
(generally
faoma (Horn)
Kayfu.
11
8-9.
Zamyad
;
in
21, of Vanant
:
(Yallalld).
This arrangement in tlu- Tarsi Calendar.
ba<ed upon
is
have no Yasln to the
In
no day of the
the Calendar the
second place iu the Yasht collect d by that of the seven Ameahm
is
ly the connection with a Yasln 1:< only
Eaahti ls an d
the case (i
corresponding day the
two Y
last
month month
;
however, the sec-nnd place In
y there is
c
them;
month corresponding day of Vohu U< nta.
of the days of the days of the
r
Kiu'ht of the genii of the
1
n
d'*ih-
forced
i
-
.
8 sections are concerned with the genius of the earth (Zamyad).
first
Yasht there
In the 18th
is
absolutely
no
Several of the double names in the above
i
are explained not one from whom
list
fact that the proper hero of the Yasht is the corresponding day deri\v- its name, but a genius invoked along with him. Thus the 10th Ya
ao to speak, of the 1
!o layman at the
a co >tances his
"I
9-10.
AWKSTA,
celebrated
Kapithwin,
I
Tin:
ginning and
at
summer.
of
FRA
10.
I)ook8 or collections of text*
\
well exhaust the caimn of
no moans the whole of
tin-
pi-
Pai
ritual
t
ract
and com-
number
uf
t
\
These Xiranys are very fruitas well as for the eiiriehment
vocabulary; unfortunately t: very had and the quantity of matt
ha-
h rial in
:
manuscripts
1
nty.
The Afiin of the
t
Daltman nam
t
r8t
hlavi
(jiiotation
Awe.-ta quotation- the majority uf which ean no our Awesta.
ti.
word \\ith
long*
:
aeed
in
'-'
Lar L;ards
their
liree
the llddnkld AV/;.
from
lh>y narrate
cnntents;
fragment
which
the
of
t
.,H,y
eschatological in
A
lot of
\Vs
d
tlu^
P
t
in
lladnkht.
HT.-
m
T
lb
Darmcstmar 111,78 *$. San jnna, Bombay.
Olowary
an
immediate e.un-
not stand
dd
add
:
Fhotographio copy
'
,vith
small
I...
Erroneous! ,
-?.
pbilh
-*
14
MACKICHAN, liELUNKR's AVESTA LITERATURE,
1).
an obscure text, grammatically quite corrupt and compiled from manifold sources without any iuuer connection, which bus nothing to do with the ordinary Yashts. Vaild,
1
The Pahlavi commentaries on the Vendidad and Pahlavi works
and other
such as
Vijirkard
I
Dirilk
the Yasna,
and
-
Slidijast Id-
Shdyust are ricli in Awesta citations. Numerous shorter Awesta quotations are contained in the so called PtirtishniJid, a kind of catechism There are in all 124 Awesta quotations distributed over in Pahlavi. 3
Many fragmentary texts, prayers and uirangs liavt* found their way into individual MSS. of the Khordu Awestn. The best known are the Vlspa Humata and the Airyama 7.vt/o. A\V must not ornit to mention the so-called Farliang i Olm Kkadflk, an 58
sections.
v
Awesta- Pahlavi glossary which has preserved not merely many Awesta words hut also certain phrases and quotations from Awesta books that Darmesteter has published a text-piece which, have been lost. 5
come from the
according to the subscription, must have Nikddftm. 6
Nask
lost
of the liturgies are merely or almost entirely compilations of well-known texts and current formulae, e.g.. the Darun Bdj, Darun
Many
3 Maya Yasht
7
Yasht, I
gdsdn i
10
(a
(also
named
the
9 Maya Zohr ),
the Cidak-aviatdk
compilation of Gatha-stanzas), the numerous Afringans
In Westcrgaard's edition,
pp. 300 and 302
;
translated in Dannesteter
II.
660
and 663. Darmesteter III. 29 seq. A large portion also pp. 471, 472, 474, 475, 484-4873 Published and translated by Darmesteter, III, 53. * See the collection of fragments in Westergaard, pp. 331 seq. The a
Collected by
in
West SEE.,
XXXVII,
contain
mnny
hitherto
unknown
incantations
;
qf.
K.Z.
MSS E 2
and
M2
i
27, 587.
An old Zand-Pahlavi Glossary edited by Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji, revised by Martin Hang, Bombay-Stuttgart 1867. Herausgeg. von H. Reichclt, Wien 1900. Darmesteter, Une page Zende ine'dite in JA. 1886, VIII, p. 182. The fragment refers to mixed marriages with women who were not Parsis. According to the subscripIn Haug's collection a tion it professes to belong to the Nask Nikddum, Fargard Vaetha fragment of the Vaetha in No. 35, which is not identical with the portion oi' the text 5
t
published. 7 The Darun Yasht is composed of an introductory formula and portions Yasna with partially altered liturgical forms, namely Yasna 3, 5-18; Yasna 23. 4. 5.
of the 6.
1-6;
11-15. 17. Y. 26,7.8. 1-8. 8
te
So in the Persian
suma
MS
called Mf^.
The Maya Yasht begins with the words noman
(or slma) .wvixta arvdvi sura and/iita xstiaothra ahurahd mazd
n-li^iDiiN booksvofthfl
Vol.
i.
This
1.
The /end
up to date the completest
i-
Parsm ram entea Mai
beiligen Schriften dor drr HnzvaiM'-rh
dii
Vendidad, \Vien 185:;
Wien
>tuit -art 1886; II Tc-il:
NK;.. K. F,Q and Klmrdo Awosta, Vispeivd
herauageg. y.
uud Prolegomena, 181' Sacml Books of thr
ish
Parsit,
-ary of State for India in
t
In
(b)
VI).
ii-at
I
:
AVM-
Akademie der I.
18.
.snm, (
.':
Ill
under the
T ti
published under the patronage
Council.
Stuttgart 18^
In-1
Kitahi Ju.lDiv.Iad, A.V. ISO /hay,
i-dit.-d
by Dastur IDAUI DARA. Preface
Varna
Tin-
sammt Band
I.
^ua 1858.
P.and: vlt]
11.
the
Aweaia, nt
:
IJiichcr d-r Par>fn, iin AuftraLT d-r. K.
iie luMliLTt'ii
Wiasenschaften in litlad
A vesta
.
im (4rundti-.\te
^n FB. Sl'JBGlL,
I
di-r
by N. L.
^,ed. transl.
texts (only so mui-h apjx-;.
diara.
^USge, h
a
Qu oaj-
I8j
1)V tlir
Litlmgniph.
V
l;i'
A
fr
Society,
by
API
mgoage, but Gujarat! oharacand Comment; accord
ise l
"
the late
f
:
/
letL'lv dcstro. (
which
ML
the
d
tini
prcservr n the
posaewioo of a
11. 1
A
iloby thr
l?nmna, irod.
maj now beoouvlted.
-
DOC oomplotftl
whr
have later
22
GELDNKR'S AWESTA LITERATURE.
D. MACKICIIAN,
The most important amongst these is the MS. Pt 2 written in A. D. 1787. It seems, however, not to have been taken direct from L,. Kj and L 4 come from the same Mitro-apFm I Kai-Khusrovd, who twice copied the Pahlavi Yasna. In Kj he adds to his own signature the two colophons of his predecessors, so that the family can also be traced tolerably far back. The foundation MS. is that of Homast of Seifetan, which Aerdashlr I Vohuman copied in A. D. 1205. Mahyar brought AcrdaThere it was copied by the well-known Rustam I shir's MS. to India. I Mitro-apan Marzapan. K x is a copy of the MS. of Rustam completed ants.
L4
has lost the last leaf with the signaof the copyist of L4 , namely, Mitrosubscription with of his two These those predecessors, is re-copied. apan, together L been have last agree exactly with those in 4 must, therefore, x copied in Cain bay, 17th But in Pt 2 the
May
1324.
ture.
K
.
K
MS.
of Rustam, and, indeed, some months before It was from the x. finished, according to the colophon in Pt 2 , on the 28th August 3323, in Nosari. The genealogical tree of the whole family is then as follows :
MS.
of
Homast I
Aerdashlr (1205) I
Rustam
K
1
L 4 1323
(1324)
Pt 2
Ml, I
The
Pahlavi-Vendidads.
late
The extant Vispereds with Pahlavi translation rest entirely on an Codex K 7 This MS. contains in its first part the oldest and best Vispered Sade (with Nlrang), with a subscription of the 1 copyist Rustam I Mitro-apan I Marzapan and as date A. D. 1278. With this is connected the Pahlavi Vispered, manifestly by the same old Copenhagen
This
copyist.
.
is,
therefore, the oldest
Awesta MS. which has yet been
The Vishasp Sade is represented by copied in Kirman by Vch-mard, son
discovered.
codex 1
K
4
,
That
copy of the
is
of the writer of the draft
Rustam MS,
of
See Prolegomena
K
15
&c.
XXXIX,
the excellent Iranian of Fredun,
But, perhaps, this MB.
from a is
an old
MAM SCRIPTS
THE MS. MS.
of
Vahrom, son
OF THE AWESTA,
]>>.
of the Mar/apan, who, in his turn,
had copied the Khusro-malka, son of Anoshagrubauo (about 1585). K* is dated 2Gth July 1723. of
The Vendidad Sades are widely distributed in India ; they all go in the last resort to one archetype. Only a few are older than the preceding century. They ivpn^ent the vulgate-text of the three books, which has degenerated through frequent copying, and has, further, been strongly influenced by an inexact oral tradition. Amongst these Indian Vendidad Sades two groups are to be distinguished, a superior one represented by the Copenhagen and a London VWndida Side, K^ aud L 2 and an inferior one to which the bulk of the MSS. belongs. Tlu- archetype of the Voudidad Siides,asalso of the Yaana and Vispered Sades, was probably originally composed from the Pahluvi Awosta for And thus it becomes clear why numerous quotations liturgical use. back
i
,
from the Awesta, belonging to the Pahlavi Commentary, have found their way into the text of the Vendidad Sades. This archetype,
we presume,
must, however, after all be older than the oldest Pahlavi Awosta MSS. known to us. Tho Vendidad Sides have not preserved the better reading
uniroijuently ^ta
in contrast to the Pahlavi-
MSS.
The Persian Y.ndidll S.rles, represented by Mf, and Jp,, are -s. favourably distinguished from the Jp t was copied by Frf-dfm Mar/apan in A. D. l'J8, aud, indeed, from a MS. belonghail a :i, _rinal a copy made by ing to Marzapfm, who, in I
i
Klifi-r.~>!>
by mention
]\i-
was
writ:, n in
A. D.
A
original.
l:i
fieil "i
i
ho close
:
^llip
1
loes
not
of the
two
'
uninisiakal'lr in U>rli;
\ViululSd Sado tyjK u is that of the I ndian
Cement of the text
t!,
a change.
it,
D
;h ly
original
r!i" ot IK r
every
line
i
I:
,
x) last,
:.\ dual readings while they agree tome* .
daisof MSS., and sometimes
:
.
ofler readings entire-
\vh:
ight be supioeed to stand .ppears to have
the
I
,
or earl
beennadein
P*r*i
Vwesta
M88.
24
GELDNKliV A \VKSTA UTKRATUKK,
D. MACKICIIAN,
(which since then have disappeared), in which Persia has been richer than India. The text which the Persian Ycmlidful Sfidos supply is free from many disturbing glosses with \vhieh the text of the Indian M82S. 1
is
laden.
The MSS.
Yasna SFide also presuppose an archetype Veudidad bade. The best MS. of the group is Shams- til-Ulama Dastur Ur. Hoshangji Jamaspji of
of the
which stood near
to the
that belonging to
Poona (HJ-. Regarding the MSS. OF THE YASHTS AND THE KHORDA-
14.
AWESTA
there has,not been, since ancient times, so well-defined a system
We
divide the MSS. above, 8). into three groups, according to contents (a) Pure Yasht codices. The oldest and most important representative is F a belonging to the year
as for those
we have
just described
(cf.
:
The MS. begins quite in the usual style of the Khorda-Awesta 1591. with an alphabet, some forms of prayer (Nirangs and Baj's), and the five The latter are inseparable in the MSS. from the Yashts. Nyaishes. follow only the 22 Yashts in the usual order. These MSS. have served as source for the majority of the later Yasht codices, at least in
Then part.
(b)
The Khorda-Awesta
be adduced as a specimen, of this class.
It
contains in
Nyaishes, the 3 Afrlngans, the 12, 14,
1C, 18, 20, 21,
and
The Oxford codex (0 3
codices.
as its
contents
may be taken
order
the Awesta
5
:
Gahs, the
Yashts
)
may
as the average Alphabet, the 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 9,
11,
The combined the Yashts. The chief
numerous Nirangs.
Khorda-Awesta
(c)
texts including all is Pt u dated A. D. 1625. This MS. shews of this class representative He as his basis took the writer that proceeded eclectically. clearly codices,
one or several Khorda-Awestas and supplied the missing Yashts from F x Thus it happens that, for example, Pt x in Yasht 19 follows 'F l .
closely, while in
Yasht
16
it
represents u different and
much
inferior
recension.
Persian discovered.
MSS. On the
containing all the Yashts have not yet been other hand, the Persian Khorda-Awestas similarly
occupy a unique position. The favourite Yasht of these MSS. is Yasht 13, the Farvardm Yasht, which, on the other hand, is wanting ]
WfiBtergaard was able to
make
full
use of only a later copy of Mt' 2
,
namely,
of this class. *
Compare the
introductions to Spiegel's, Westergaard's, and Geldner's Editions.
MA
in
Persian Khorda A\\v>t:t text
which
the
La
is
,
HIE rimsBNT AWMTA,
Tho
1
.
tin?
concerned, ov.-rsi-lits
most
order of o!
tho
:
t
matter of omift-
in th,-
-:
PUKS
TA AX!)
Tin: X\SKS.
\.\IDS.
It
i-known
.
very r
..tli.
h
correct
.
AWKSTA UNDER
Till:
TH
same
sentences and
words,
n and repetitions heing, of con how traces of a doubl On the ion. the tradition and f individual \\-onN is often \. writing ring, and uflers aorioiu ol iteoki to the establi
x/ 'J'lIK
correct
.-\vrvwh, >rv the
is
riiisli
as
and
finest
1
A. D. 1726.
Aw-
without variation so far
chapters
F. of
M
N
S
een
conij.lotcly
wsthato; ndidad.
pn
He
i'tirtli.-r
rmed a part of
^ive lir-t
tlie
and Mi
wa9
|
dr.v
1
^
.-known hbtory which the rabMripikm to K,, (an n thonaaod yearn after their migra* ;
r
means tha
tho F.irvarlin
horda Awoetas this Yasht hnd .liiwppoarcd.)
motion
c-.-
i
Ya*ltt.
personally
question >
Prolegomena n urtjlw,
4 in
Wort's Kmay*.
p. 125 nnto.
(ThU
Dartur Jimi-p Hakim,
Durmsatrtar
I
\
Ynsoa .
9, It.
otr.
xcoiu* of ios
lans lequt
Soavans, Jain
vros 7x>nd
!
.
.
1
.
7W, pse Ml (in UM &SAJT, soot ks proprai oorrafdc
tly oalls la
.TsUtflrc.
33. /.cn.Awt HR. dos rcmet, p. 176).
:
oompar-
Accor^mj to An M
iU
question
(j*. p.
*) UM
torta BoUflovJs
?* "Ote.
'
soetioat of awrta chapters
26
P. MACKIOIJAX,
GKLDNEBS
A WEST A
L1TEBATUI1E,
Teachings of the old lasturs on Religion) has in recent times received a entifio foundation through West's comprehensive treatment of the literary sections of the Dinkard. 1
1
THE
most comprehensive and the most learned literature, dating from the 9th century," is occupied in the 8th and 9th hooks with a minute treatment of the Nasks. At this time almost the whole contents of the Sasanid Awesta must have
work
the
DiN'KAHD,
in Pahlavi
The 8th book
Dinkard gives a compressed survey them expressed, however, in certain places in general phrases. This latter is very succinct and often conveys nothing so far as it deals with the Nasks 1-14 and 19-21 ; on the other hand, for the Nasks 15-18 it goes into great detail. The author in the 9th book returns again to the discussion of the first three Nasks and gives been extant.
of
of the
the Nasks and an analysis of
all
a quite exhaustive statement of their contents. According to his statement only the Awesta text of the 5th Nask was extant of the llth ;
Nask
Awesta text nor the Pahlavi translation (Zand) had been preserved. In regard to both these Nasks he abstains from all remark regarding their content. It follows from this that he knew all the rest from personal inspection and that his account is based neither the
In his time, therefore, there were simply on the Pahlavi commentary. still 20 Nasks extant and the commentary ou 19 of them. When one compares his analysis of the Vendidad (D. 8, 44) with the book, it becomes clear that he was in a position, through the medium of the Pahlavi translation, to give us a correct representation of the contents of the Awesta. This is, however, not equally true in regard to all the Nasks. 10.
SURVEY OP THE NASKS.
The
entire
Awesta canon as
re-
edited under the Sasanids,the great Awesta with its Pahlavi translation, consisted of 21 books which are made to stand parallel with the 21
words of the Ahtino are the
1
SEE.
vol.
to
XXXVII. Particular iu Haug :" An old
already to be found
Haug, Bombay 1870, 2
most sacred prayer. The following West's reading) in the order given in the
Vairyri, the
names (according
p. 16H
j
details
taken
from
West, Essays,
p. 12ti.
West, Introduction to the Dinkard, p. 33.
Parsi
this
Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary,
"
tradition arc
by Hoshaiigji and
THE
I'KI'SENT A.
AND
Till:
A,
Dlnkard (the contents are given lew words)
in a
in brackets
\"
3.
Uako.
I.
Diindfir (History of Ores-
5.
tion). Nfitar.
Iranian royal
Spend (History
}:\.
tra).
Bakfin Vast. 15. Nlkatfnn. 10. Ganalja-sar-nijat (Criminal Militan Law, Civil and
Law).
olliee).
17.
IYi,
Visfasp-sastu (Conversion and Instruction of Kinj
10.
Vishtasp). II.
Vastag
tin-
>i
lirisparam (Doctrine
Kaskisrobo.
9.
i'amili
of Haratlmsli-
11.
IMjair (Ceremonial). Rato-dit-aitag (especially liog with the priet
7.
stated
12. Citradat (History of human families, in especial of tin-
irs'tmansar.
_!.
it
said of the Xa.-k-
of Alexander,
7. 8, 9,
f>(),
(Jl),
1
and
GO, GO,
when they were Mili-e^uentlv
that I'.',
eontainctl
10, 1"
and*; eha^ters.
11, \vhieh, l.ei'ure
and
1'2
At ;>
truck by the
'
til--
c.-tively, 1
:
',
them at we find the Tasna baa,
1'aet
that
Tlie snore:
OF eorn-i.-ted the
1
TIIK
VKXDIDAD.
amongst the
titlrs
,.f
thi-
our Awesta have nothing an-v.
"1
riiinainii.
H
;
mustered only
l
THE UKMAINI.V; BOOKS UPSIDES
.
chapt
eollec-fed they
.
the inv..
from fou;
theao! \\"--t ami
OODJOOtUN of '.18-438.
An.|'
1
|
] I
:
lea Parses
28
D.
MAlKICHAN, GELDNEtt'S AWESTA LITERATURE,
The remaining texts wore extant in the Nasks in their elements partly under somewhat different names or scattered over different Naek*. The books of the Awesta include these texts taken from the Nasks and in the particular
arrangement which the Liturgy prescribed.
1
Several Nasks have portions of the Yasna. These portions which have been hitherto identified with tolerable certainty, distribute themselves over the following Nasks: (a) Stot Yast, (b) Bako, (c) HiUokht, Bakan The Yast. Stot Yas't has passed completely into the Yasna, (d)
proper kernel. The Stot Yast was the collection of the soYesmja (see below, 23), which, however, with interrupextended from Yasna 14-58. The Bako Nask is represented by
and forms
its
called Staota tions,
Yasna 19-21, three homilies regarding the most sacred prayers, which, according to the account given in the Dinkard 9,47, formed the The three chapters are still named in first three Fargards of this Nask. the MSS. of the Yasna Bakan and are called in the original text baya ahunaJw vairyche (Y. 19, 21), baya asdhe vahistahe (20, 5), baya ycnglie lidtam (21,5). Accordingly also the 55th Yasna, which according to the closing invocation, bears the title baya staotanam ycsnyanam "Homily of the Staota Y." might have belonged to the Bako Nask, and have
The analysis given in the formed the conclusion of the 22nd Fargard. Dinkard (9, 68) contains, however, no allusion to this, and it is not clear from
69 what the writer
9,
may have had
in view.
Still
is
it
just
as
possible that Yasna 55 belonged to the Stot Yast and there formed a kind of colophon to the Gathas. The Hatokht Nask is represented by
thcfsusd mathro hadhaokhto (this is the name borne by the 58th chapter of the Yasna, cf. Y. 59, 33, perhaps specially only the section 58, 4-7) ; finally the Bakan Nask is represented by Yasna 57 (Srosh Yasht).
The Yasna and Vispered liturgy in the form which later became customary, attested by the Varshtmiinsar Nask itself according to the analysis given in the Dinkard 9, 43, 7 (c/. West on this passage), further by Shayast la-Shayast (of the 7th century, West SHE., V, Pref. 65) 13, 5, where Vispered 13 is discussed between Yasna 30 1
is
and
31, in the
Datistan
I
very same place which it comes to occupy in the Vcndidad compare also 45, 6. The Yasna-ceremonial (yazivn) is further mentioned in Diitistan * ;
Dlnik
Other passages with reference to the ritual arc Darmesteter (I, LXXXV1II; III, XXXII) communicates a passage from Masudi, according to which since tho time when Ardeshir Bubak ascended the throne, the oustom had come in of reciting one of tho chapters of the
Dinik 23, Dat. 30,
1; 28, 1 (ijazttn dronu), 4-7.
1; 47, 1;
48, 1;
Bundahish
30, 25, 28.
Awesta which they called Isned (3 'asna).
HIE UEM.\:
THE VBNDIDAI)
>OK8 BESIDES
The Dinkard
1">)
(8,
^ives the following short description of the
Vashts addressed to the bay*
^
"
>r
17.
contains particulars, first, about tho ship of Auharma/d, the highest of the Bayhas ; and, secondly, of vorship of the angols and other inv worldly
divinities
it
:
.j
whom
<jf
glory,
arc
by name
1
les,
1
Yashts
one
]l
oi
:.ot,
d.
by
-
3.
Yasht.'
When
it
i>
usual ono; only the
put in
its
Kh
.-
tho
isattbe
i
JM.
ing of the fargards in
md
^
becomes possible to re Yashts with exactness
F
t
and the number of the
mgoment
it
I in
of tho
\
Th-
brackets).
j>ri
.7,
H
nt
of tho
fargard
arrange-
18,1
5,6,7, 8,9,
10), 11,
16.
Th
i
MArKiciiAN, GEI/DNER'S AWESTA LITERATURE,
The Hfmi-Yasht (contained
Yuntain the
hi.
literat
.v
tli-
:
ik-mdnworldly kn\vlcdgo and code of duty whiltinclude those _rs which lie midw.iy Ix-twoeil II'. 'inkard ink., VIII, 15 ). ;
;
that
thi>
di-iin
(8,
1,
The
1-J ).
c
elci
la-Mt
dpoint
some extent
is to
to cstabi -:i
as each
.
.
classes contains
whol
K act !iO
!
16 I
strophe
i
whole Awosta and
analogy
rogftti
rev.
a br.v
to
;
.
to the- La\\
olcments in in
th
Awcsta.
(
Dink. s
wlm
i
)
in th-- l.ittrr
Und-
In
Va,n
(MUftgO
known
h has been
ndnmril; appears
nalA
,
,
already fully rcoogniaed asna (5 J
'-
The exprcs ids to th
to a quotation
|
f
Awesta as
in r)u>
,
mjndcrioM
hadlui-i*(il
U>
i
W
playt ttoongti tho Iliwlu. thoAwMti lUoinhnit *) am HMlo to panUlol wiih tbo thrco faodjmonUil.idoM of ZoroMlriao atbki kt4*, k i* IV. 16.
-ne rMe among the Par*!*
M
tl>
mo
i
UtVa
32 1,
D.
20, &c.,
MAnaniAN, GELDNEK'S AWESTA LITKRATUKE,
a thc
Law",
ritiuil
1
to
which the Vcndidad Nask is devoted, is invoked
liadha-datn, c/darva Zamthiishtri.
Data
with the words:
substitutes, us has
hi-eii
shewn above,
The
VTslitH^p-
in place of the Vemlidfid
the Vishtasp Yasht, which has been borrowed from the Vishtasp Sasto Nask, i. e.j a Nask of the Hatak-mansarik class, and is therefore to be
Here at the same place (Y. 1, 20) assigned to the Intermediate class. the immediately following Vishtasp Yasht is introduced by the followhadha-mathra zaini-parsta. Now, if Darmesing parenthetical note :
datem hadha-ddtom as " the law and its appendix/' hadha-mathra must be taken as an appendix to the mathra proper, the sacred word, the real kernel of the revelation. toter is correct in his interpretation (T, 9) of
The Zdt-sparam- further divides the literature of the Law into two subdivisions the law against Demons, represented by the VendiIt dad, and the law of Zartusht, represented by the remaining Nasks. the Manthra of the subdivides similarly the Hadhamanthra into two and and Rato-ddto-alto the Pdcmo Nasks by Appointer, represented the Manthra of the good signs, represented by the remaining Nasks. Beyond this, neither from the Zat-sparam nor from the statements in :
,
scantiest just at this point, can we get information regarding the proper character and contents any tangible This entire group has on the whole of the Intermediate literature.
the
Dlnkard which are of the
Our Awesta of to-day appears to have preserved only a very small amount of Hadhamanthra literature. Those Nasks, which besides the Stot Yasht, have the largest representasuffered the greatest amount of decay.
tion in the extant
Awesta
ram, are reckoned the
first
texts,
namely Hatokht, Bakan and II u spaGasaulk Nasks, the two latter to the
to the
Our Yashts, accordingly, belong only to the literature of the or worldly literature. West 1 conjectures with much plausibility that the Hadhamanthra literature was the semi-relig'cus portion and Datiks.
Law
The loss of it philosophy and the sciences. Gatha is, therefore, doubly regrettable, but also easily explicable. The literature was the theological literature in the proper sense of occupied
the term. 4
1
2
3
*
with
itself
C/. above
It
is
so
called
12.
West, at the place cited, p. 402. At the place cited, p. 4.
See Darmesteter III, x.
not because
it
contains
exclusively
AND
v
BLE1
-
(Jathu texts,
head an
l.tit
HAKA'"]r.K
.
the Slot Y;isht stan
io
whole
The Datlk
:is.
IMS
i-
-^
-d
knowledge literature
was the
77iu/r
An< alpi'men
Y
was so called
It
.thrn
n
literatu
ni
i>
n
>m
ir
unfit). s;iid
our Awestu.
to
.
dci
literature with
.rs
pp.lably It follow-
i:\niDAD. i
iins sifter
on these
:i:lly
compares the three classes of the
thethiv. 19.
1
theology and This tripartite division may have Keen analogous, the Indian el ion into scientific
it.
Supplemented
:
worldly portion the
\
was intended for the laity. formed an important part or
uf \\hich
Sniriti.
TUT.
(>F
Vendidad, falls und litany, and tin- Vaslr
All
that
and the law- book,
-:ithas in tli- pr-ip-r se kingdom verence Vohu Mano. the A \V
tlif
n
all
''-nee
\\-
T
tllO
hip the Fravashis of
the most richly helpful '-vereuce
j>
i':i:
i
futun-.''
'VIUM!
\\Y
this house.
ii
]
(L'U-d)o:
and
AWEfl
Till;
;
d m
: all essential I in points with the In the Yasht- 5, the old 17, ,.1 l", kings
Kayauian?, with epic
AW!
lllK
1
i
,
how
related
It is
these reven
:
divinity in question and made Mire of its help for pai ticular ends. aiv brought forward in the traditional BH00888iofl, and nnnie; 'I
On the otlier hand mythical features are interwoven in the narrative. the most original of all the Yashts, the Jth, contains the lii>torv of the (
1
hvareno. W6 n i.ur ht say of the Iranian kindly crown, and hroad outlines the entire history of old Iranian dynasties the vicissitudes of their fortune. tlicts and This is a
-
in
their
:
Tin
epic writing.
Yasht,
down
1
of the
list
h
o-called.
e
is
made oub with
numbered 33
certainty.
According t> The Yasht.
indispenflable for the Stdi aid 57 would have to be eliminated.
repetition of 51, 7
ami
17.
prayers, to each of which
If
my
\
c!
Chapter we assume that tli
the
three
UO w
This inn
1
chapters.
N
16-17,11
H
is
only al:
|
MK ntaries
c
separate fargard, formed in the original Nask inn e separate pi, vis. that, further, the Yasna Ilaptanghiiiti, although in theCnmnu-: itli-r>-l
up into a unity (Dink.
nal division into chapters in the
name, the V.
number 33 would 11
\v..r!
!',
5
1
-ht
from which
follows:
i:
;ihd
40
D.
MArKlrHAX, GELDNKU'S AWESTA LITERATURE,
The Gathas occupy tin* largest space in thase Staota Yesnya. They are divide! into live separate groups according to tlio five diftercnt metres or strophes employed. The individual groups are arranged in the descending order of their length. They are named from their initial
have
words; similarly the individual chapters or Haitis of a group taken from their first and, in isolated cases, from their
titles
second word.
The first gfroup is called the Ahunavaiti Gatha (34, Hi) from the second word of the single strophe plaoed at the head of tho group yaikd alt/1 rain/it (the Aliuna Vtiinja, ILmnvc.r in ANQI'KTIL). It is
made up
1. 2.
3. !,
Ahyasa
of the following seven Chapteri
11
Hfiiti,
Xsmtlvya-gous-urva At-ta-vaxsya H. Ta-vD-urviita
,,
11
22
H.
Xvaetumaithya
G.
Yathaisitha H..
14
7.
Ya-syaothana H.
15
:
Y.
28
Y.
29
Y. Y.
30 31 32
Y. Y. Y.
10
II.
f>.
The strophe (vccast.) Ahuna Vairya, consists of 3
Strophes,
II. 11
1
33 34
of the Ahunavaiti Gatha,
including the
verses (gas) of 7 + 9 or 7 + 8 caesura occurs regularly at the end of the 7th syllable/2
The second group
is
the Ustavaiti Gatha (Y. 46, 20).
syllables.
A
It consists
of 4 chapters:
Y.
43
11
Y. Y.
19
Y.
44 45 46
1.
Ustavaiti Haiti,
1G Strophes,
2.
Tat-thwa-par^sa H.
20
3.
At-fravaxsya H. Kamnamaeza H.
4.
The strophe of the Ushtavaiti Gatha consists of 5 lines'1 The ciesura occurs at the end of the fourth syllable. syllables. 1
The names are partly modelled
3
On
aus den
after the later
der K. Akademie d. W. zu Wicn, 1871). sclmngen. Zweites Heft. Halle, 1886. pp. 1-32. s
4+
7
Awcsta.
the metre of the Gathas, compare AUIIEL MAYR, Ecsultate der Silbemiihlang vier ersten Gathas, Wien 1.S71 (from the Juliheft der Sitzungsbericlite der
]>hil-hist. Kl.
th's
of
With the exception
of 40,
compare Shayast la-Shayast
Ch.
BARTHOLOMAK, Arische For-
15 where there are only four 13, 51.
lines.
With reference
to
THE The T-i
third
group
is
called the Spentu-nnirmi Catha (V. 00. 12).
the following four chapters:
h.'l,,iiK
it
41
Spenta-mainyu Haiti Ye/idha II.
V.
17
12.
V.
48
3.
Af-mayava H.
12
V.
1.
Kut-niui-urva
11
V.
1.
2.
II.
The Spentu-muinyu-strophe syllables,
and thus Corresponds
consists of four to the
5 and
each
line-
Indian Tri : tubh.
ure, 5 -f 7 syllables,
V. 48,
50
takes
its
of
-I
+
7
In individual iallv
pla-
in
6.
The last two groups comprise each one chapter they are the ~ Vohukhshathra (Jut ha with the Yohukhshathra Haiti J rophes, \. 01, and the Vahishtoishti Gatha with the Vuhi^htoishti Haiti ;
I'
'.
strophes, line-
each of 7
tw
shorter
>
The
V. -f-
former
the
of
consists of strphe The Vahishtoishti strophe is made
7 syllables.
and two longer the
lines,
the former of 7
7+7+0
of
latter
+
5
syllables with
tl.
u;
syllables with
double
casuru. without being reckoned, one of the Gathas proper, a single strophe the Airynma 1 I'he metre is that of the Vahishtoishti Gatha, although the traditional division of )f the three most sac lines does not entirely agree with this 'lira,
To
the last Gatha
is
attached,
0,G
;,">!,
!
;
:;.
i;)
l>;,
:
. ;
15); sometimes he
present im})erfeet state of the interpretation of th .\vith y jiid-n. trdiDg tbeee inter* A uni
51.
LB OP I.
:
A
by \
his call
-li:il
t
V.
(
'
:
\nl
1
rill
vcond
i
V
\K \
(
wurd.
:
Dio CAltJo*,
MACKIC1IAX, GELDNKli's A \VKST A LITEBATUKK.
D.
1
t i^roup, according to tli--Uy adopted arrangement, a t-\t of quite a unique eharaetcr lia> 1
prineiplo of the
so-called Scveu-Chajiti-r-Yasna ( Yatna //
.ir]j
!
Yusht
I
.
!
:
.
\
II.
H
.
|
less in
.
F
c
bftfl
corrupt i s of passage- occur kind throiiL' the w!
book.
and again
dead
i
when
the
di
d"al with the internal chronology of Writing!
\\
I
'
on
of
handled with great
and are in
be
Vu. 13,3}
(W, 14.
\\
i
51
D.
AIACKICHAN, GELDNEll's A WEST A L1TERATUKK,
\Ve cannot, therefore, do better than adapt, as far as possible, our
view of the Awcsta to this Parsi tradition, which is both trustworthy in itself and in good agreement with the facts. The Awcsta with the now possess only a fragment, is a work of the '2\ nasks, of which we Sasanian epoch, the result of the labours of the collectors and editors The (diaskcuasts) under King Ardashir with Tansar at their head.
way had been prepared by a more ancient
collection of sacred texts
The text received its which took place under a certain Yologoses. linal form probably through the revision of Adarpiid Mahraspand. The editing of the Khorda Awesta is specially ascribed to this Adarpud.
Awesta is, however, to be understood editors composed a new canon out of remains and fragments which were still extant. They constructed a new building with old materials. It is impossible to determine, in regard to the whole or individual parts, what they found extant, or what new additions they made, how far they reproduced literally what This Sasanid
1
origin of the
in this sense that the diaskeuasts or
We may credit the diaskcuasts with outward framework of many chapters having fabricated not only the and various connecting passages and supplements which the transformation of a number of fragments into one book rendered necessary, they
found or remodelled
it.
but also the formulae and typical portions according to extant patterns The completing of the Awesta, of which the as they found necessary. Dlnkard in the account given speaks, consisted of work of this nature. in These formal portions belong respect of language chiefly to the second or third class of texts above distinguished. The parts of the Awesta which contain the real substance of the work, especially the Gathas and the central portion of the great and middle Yashts, might have been found
by the I
the form in which they have reproduced th em. unfavourable opinion than West of the amount of learning by the diaskcuasts and of their knowledge of the sacred
first collectors in
have a
less
possessed
him in essentials when he expresses the language, but I agree with far "How they (the learned men of the Sasanids) following view: able to write ordinary Awesta text is more uncertain, but any such writing was probably confined to a few phrases for old Awesta which they discovered, or for uniting the fragments of -"That the Awesta texts of their own." interpolating opinions
may have been
i
ED.
MLYEH
in his Guschichlc, p. 50o, has expressed this
most
clearly.
AM' oKK.IV
A
Till:
>l
W
I
any great extent, in the S times, is shown by the quantity of 1'ahlavi commentary neoessarv adapt them to the altered eircumstances of those times/' theraselves were not
to
written,
1
Kspecially wonld I claim the metrical portions in their ont: more ancient and truly creative period as against the imitation and restoration, of course, without, excluding of period
for the
!
in the case of the Gathns the T imitations of these. of the Sasanids had already lost all consciousness of having to do with metric il composition. Especially iu the Vendidad the smaller lat
1
wrongly
stated.
offers
itself
Yas.
(
J,
L>t
The few
1
AWESTA LITERATURE,
chronological
data
wliicli
the
Awesta
have only a relative evidential value. Thus Korosdni in is represented in the Pahlavi translation by K'disydh.
Darmesteter refers this to Alexander. 9 of Durrnesteter'd identification, no one
Assuming the correctness could
accept this pusFunv post-Alexandrian origin of tho entire Awesta/" It would only prove that also after the time of Alexander writings were composed in Awesta, that Alexander is not to be associated with proof of the
as a
any interruption in literary production, that he does not mark tho beginning of an interval destitute of literature. The latter supposition is in itself quite improbable according to Western accounts.
The period of the composition of the Awesta texts extends downto King Shahpuhr II., backwards probably to the earliest times The earliest gems of the whole literature the Zoroastrian Church.
wards of
and Christian and which tradition Sayings speeches (sermons) of the were first mouth into the formulated and great prophet put Of this most in circles. tradition the ancient priestly only propagated In order to reach an approximate the Gathas have been preserved. upper limit of time, it would be, above all, necessary to attain certainty and agreement as to the age of Zoroaster himself by whose historical
are to bo conceived of after the analogy of Buddhistic
sacred literature.
personality I
am
disposed to stand fast.
Here from the occurrence
of
nmunaya in the
As
against the extravagant
latter part it
might be conjectured that
originally in the former part only nmdna was mentioned and that a later hand had spun out the first verse after the well-known model (vis, santu, dainghu). But appearances I give up my own earlier attempts in this direction as failures. Compare with reference to this question as to age, especially DE HARLEZ, Introduction 192 Das Alter und die Heimat des Avesta in BB. 12, 109 DUNCKER, Ueber die Zeit der Abfassung des Avesta, in the Monatsberichten der Kgl. Pr. Akademie der Wiss., zu Berlin 1877, pp. 517-27 (DuNCKER places the Awesta between 800 and 600 B. C. ;) SPIEGEL, Ueber das Vaterland and Zeitalter des Awesta, Z.D.M.G. 35, 629 41, 280 GEIGER, Vaterland und Zeitalter des Awesta und seiner Kultur, in the Sitzungsberichten, dor philos. philol. Klasse der b. Akademie. zu Munchen 1884, pp. 315 seq., English Translation by Dastur Darab Peshotan Sanjana, Vol.11, pp. 85-164, London
may
also deceive.
x
:
;
;
;
1886. 2
DAEMESTETEE
also A.
WEBER
I,
80
;
III,
XXXVIII.
in the Ind. Str. 2, 429.
With Weber tries
reference to this passage
compare
to see another allusion to Alexander
Yasht 19, 43, cf. A. WEBER, Die Griechen in Indien (Sitzungsberichte dev K. Pr. Akademie der Wias., zu Berlin 1890, p. 7 of the separately printed report.) 3 Not of course for the post- Alexandrian origin of the entire Hom-Yasht since
in
this does not present p. 660.
any such unity as the other Yashts.
C/.
WEST
in
J.R.A.S., 1893,
HISTORY AND
or
nlil'.IX
chronology into which th
iple,
1
-
A\.
\..
the indigenous notes of time
fell,
much more moderate bounds.
within
confinu then.
Till;
to vindic
rightly endeavours
'orsi
:
Floigl, for tradition also in this
more trustworthy. According to the Arda Viraf (. 3. KLEUKER gives a passing judgment with regard to this Gnosticism "Oriental cosmo14
:
gonies and the doctrine of spirits was their favourite subject and the basis of their entire Gnosis, " Anhang zum Z. A. II., 1, p. 12. At any rate, the completed system of the
Amesha Spenta with Vohu Hand and A*hm the old rtam, does not look like a stranger DAEMESTBTEB ( III., LXV. ) is perfectly right in holding that in the Mazda-religion. t
Plutarch in the famous passage with regard to the Ameshapands in do Is. et Os. 47, haa The only question is as to the other writer, except not made use of Theopompus, Theopompus, who was his authority. As a proof of the Arsacid origin of the Awesta
DAKMESTETER
(HI.,
XL.) adduces
the well-known
territorial distribution,
which
beginning with nmana, ends with dainghu the province or country. There is wanting, he points out, the kingdom with the Shahiashah at its head ( III., XL.). But in Yasht 10, 87 ;
Yasua 02, 5 G8, 5 over the dahyu stands the dainghusasti, 7. e., the kingdom, the imperium, and thus Darmesteter explains also in I., 388, note 80.--J>ARMBflTITBB'fl conjecture that the chronological principle of arrangement in the Yashts is borrowed from the Bible can Zoroaster, scarcely be considered probable (III., XCII.) According to PAULUS CASBEL sein Name imd seine Zeit, Berlin 1886, also the name Zoroaster is to be explained as ;
:
Jewish
= son
of the stars.
HISTORY
unmix OF
.\\n
TllK
..G-o7.
Cl
HISTORY OF A WEST A KKSEAUCH.
The fame
;7.
A\vr>:
Tin:
of
having
always the
breii
lir>t in
Awi
KM
sta
belongs to Franco. Tho three names, AIIIJIK til,l>urnouf, Darmcsteter mark each a new epoch. Long before the time of Anquetil individual travellers and KiiLrlish uilicers liad drawn atioution to the :ed books of their faith which th[9 kept secret the
Xendawesta
as, for examj)le,
1
Gabr. de Chinon,- Charturning the attention of Itarned Europe to them and awakening an ahiding interest in th.-in. The first to attempt to explore the doctrine of the 3' by means of the Oriental, /..?., Arabic andlater IV rsian. sources accessible
But
din."
none
of
Henry Lord, succeeded
these
in
him was the celebrated Oxford
The Awesta >chular, Thomas J hat time already anumberof MSS. w-i, in England, remained to him a closed book, in spite of all his ipher it. The French Orientalist, Anquetil-Uuperron, found hi; ,fi e d to
itself,
of which at
i
'
: to he derived in one of his later from Sanskrit were Jones writings, and
and
v
I
1
and
1
Mlm
Krskine,
L'Yileii,
Anqiietil, editor Kleukeiv
voii
1'.
were
on the other hand,
The
Bohlon. his
(ininan
del
translator
'
further
Tyehsm,
Paulinus a Santo
Bar-
10
But no one prepared tln> way for the and Rhode. 11 edin^ period more than the celebrated Danish philologist K
tholomaeo,
Tho
of the journey which he
fruit,
1819-1822,
India,
;old
I
undertook
by
land
and
to
the collection of the oldest
:
and
Awesta MSS. which are pre>erved in the University Lihraryat Co] " Om Xn
of
thr
n
On
Transaclioiu*
.
I
itc
ot
aninitalc
linguae
zcmlicac.
itiioao
oi gcftninioM,
Mcdcr
rtoiiMijMPi
i*
K"j, nl, a," l.\ 111.
I.
64
D.
AWESTA LlTKUATl'RK,
.MACKICIIAN, GELDNKli'lS
The <jreut Frenchman Kugi'ne Burnouf established the sys^ :>9. tematic decipherment of the Awesta itself. If from the time of Auquetil scholars had only busied themselves with general ideas and had fought with groat watchwords, Burnouf began the laborious, gradual investigation of the book in detail. He went back to the sources, to the MSS. lying unused in Paris since the time of Anquetil, and to the genuine domestic He sought, by a comparison of the MSS., interpretation of the book. to establish a reliable text, and based his interpretation, in the first instance, on Neriosangh's Sanskrit translation of the Awesta as the most
ancient form of traditional Awesta interpretation available, at the game time bringing to light a Sanskrit translation hitherto known only by
He
name.
follows
word by word and
however, by no means slavishly, but weighs it Hand in hand with this justifies or rejects it. it,
proceeds the systematic examination of the texts, the collecting and sifting of the grammatical and lexical material of the language. Many
On the other hand, his of his points have remained incontrovertible. labours in this field lack definitenesg of conclusion. He was content be the pioneer of the scientific method, and in his last years, before his premature death, he scarcely ever returned to this field of
to
investigation.
Burnouf s researches 1
are preserved in his great
from
Commentary on the
own
In the peculiar qumbrousness. extensive quarto volume of the 72 chapters of the Yasna, only the first is explained. Of course side-lights are thrown in numerous excursus Yasna.
It suffers
its
on many other passages and the general laws of the language are laid down. His later exposition of Yasna 9 is written under much stricter 2 limitations.' Burnouf bestowed little attention on the Gathas, and fine tact he has kept clear of those general questions which gather around the Awesta.
with
1
tenaut
Commcutairc sur lc Ya9na, 1'un clcs Livres Religieux dcs Parses. Ouvrago conle tcxte Zend explique pour la premiere fois, les variantcs des quatre manuserits
Bibliotheque royalc et la version Sauscrite inedite de Neriosangh, Vol. 1833-35 previously announced iu Nouv. J.A., Vol. III., p. 321.
rtc la
I,
Paris
2 Appeared in various essays in the J.A.. 1844-46. These, together with other essays also published separately under the title "Etudes sur la lan.s^ue et sur les textcs Burnouf 's revised text and translation of Yasna if rends," Vol. 1., Paris 1840-50. :
are published by
DUOCKHAUS
iii
his edition
oi'
tho Vcndidad Sadc, pp. 407
se/jr.
THK BKTDBY
Ahum and tin-
A\M.-1A
"1
;
but with mrich scantier
.
The
.
Bopp began to occupy hiniM first edition of Bopp's Com:
part of the
first
(jrammar appeared almost
While elf,
i'or
Burnouf
Bopp aims
(minimal-.
at
II-
explanation of the religious book
tlio
making it sir U the iuterpretalion of the book
Sanskrit Philology. ssential i'or him. 1L
0180 in
utially a-
in the transi;, is
with
It
oraneously with Inirnoufs Cointhesreond edition Bopp rests lar_
lin iirnouf.
ai-p-i:
.-Ipoint, Fr.
t'rum a ditl'er
1
:>arison with
]
'iirnouf
already latent the oppo>itimi whicli led to the
and
l'.-pp
t
n of the
Li
ols.
Soon
K>.
a
i'ti
Bnrnonf (1852) in
tin- d.-.'iih ft
i-
"
t'
tlj.-
Av.
\\
:-prar,
and the ediiion of'the N'cndidad, Translation
b
.
;
he
oldest form
ce
was possible to go back t tation of the Awesta. The apple
hm^
it
continii-
"The Tradition,
:
and Va>na with >ian
Now
i-l'tl.-
-cord which
:
latt
4a.
-l,iti"ii
\
or w.
.tie
as to
cold
was
a
>v
Sa>..
really a genuine
^:miiy of inic:
trail
a,
or
was only
\\
11
T
roth,
chools
from this
time
of J
tli
andtl.
:
advocate of
iicf
tago: ^ to
the
first
edition
n).
(
.
:I
*
IL j.wg
II.
1864
rtinonut!
1
/ip
1866:
i
.
alr.Akad.
B.I.
VI-VII.
66
MACKICHAN, GELDXEK's AWKSTA LITERATURE,
D.
the genuineness and trustworthiness of tradition. According to them, the clue was to be found in tradition. Also Harlez 1 and Geiger-
adherence to this view although with much more modera3 Beufey and especially Roth* accuse the tradition of manifold incoherence and inadequacy, and think that they are able to substitute irave their
tion.
for
it
a better and surer
method of
interpretation.
Hang was
in the
beginning an enthusiastic follower of this latter view, but returned from India in patt converted to the opposite views. 5 Wmdischmann took up an intermediate position between the two sets cf views. 6
i
C.
DE HARLEZ: DC
I'exe'guse ot cle
la
correction des textes avcstiques, Leipzig
Etudes eraniennes, Paris 1880 (de 1'alphabet avestiqnc ct cle sa transcription. Etudes avestiques 1. J.A. 1876, VIII, 487 II. Mrtriqnc du Gat ha Vahistoistis, etc.) Z.D.M.G. 36, 027. Zur Erkltirung des Awesta, Z.D.M.G. 1877, IX. 97 III /&., 289. 1S83.
:
:
37/256. L'Avestique Mada et 15. 317 B.B. 13. 245 16, 338. :
;
la tradition
Un fragment
persanc il>. 33, 133. Avestica, etc., in d'un commcntaire sur lc Vendidad, J.A.
1S81, XVIII, 517. Un frag, du Com. de M. Darmestcter as supplement to J.A. 1881, XVIII (also Louvain 1881). Les observations de M. James Darmesteter fcurle Vendidad, Lou vain 1883. 1 W. GEIGER, Das dritte Kapitel des Vendidad, Z.D.M.G. 34, 4i:> .sry.: cf. also Einleitung zum Aogeniadaiica, p. 3. VVeitere Beitrage zur Einige Boitriige zur Erkliirung des Zend, Gb'ttingen 1850. Erkliirung des Zend, Gottingen 1852-53 (both from the G.G.A.) * R. ROTH, Ueber gel ehrte Tradition ira Alterthume, besonders in Ihdien, Z.D.M.G., '*
Beitriige zur Erklarung des A \vcsta I and II,, Z.D.M.G. 25, Uebcr Yacua 31. Tubingen 1876. Der Ahuna Vairya, Z.D.M.G. 38, 437.
21. 1 (especially p. 8). 111, Ib. 215. "
M.
]L\r)in den Sitzungsberichten der K. bayr. Akademie cler VVissenschaften y,u Munchen, 1872, p. 89.
Bd.
o
Die persische Anahita oder AnaTtis. Ein Beitrag, zur Mythengeschichtc dcs Orients WINDISCHMANN. Abhandlungen der K. bayr. Akademie. d. W. I. Kl. VI 11,
ven Fr.
Bd., 1, Abt., Fr.
Munchen
WINDISCMMANN,
schichte des alten Berlin 1863. dcii
1856.
Mithra. Ein Beitriig zur Mython^eechichtc des Orients, Ton In the Al)handlungen zur Mythologic und Sagenge-
Leipzig 1857. Iran, von F.
WEBER is
W
published after the author's death by F. Spiegel. near the standpoint of Windischmanii. CJ. Die llcuensioucn iu
ludibchen Hticifeu, Band
,
2, 4-1-4U3, '-'Sjicciully p. 435.
THE
^
OK A \YF.ST A Uf^KAUCIi.
TIISTOPvY
l-H.
G7
Roth was followed in essentials by tho^e linguists who, after of Schleicher, returning to the example set by Bopp adrhemselves independently to the exegesis of the Awesta. ii deal of over the D of transcription. printer's ink The enduring contribution, however, of linguistic sc' 41.
death
the
A
WM
iininar of the
with impunity. P.artholoma"and Job. re
Awesta
The
language
lab..ur
:
regard- the in
insufficient
point- both sides ha?e not by
true to their leading i
manner and with
a
time
a long
lor
K ktc. Leipzig 1883.
H.
Ncntrn.,
ScilMtiu
Weimer
lo
,
1*89.
MtMnrnt
ole
vajMekHtod: t
^rmologiqtie ou
|cl8e meaning
of
ihr
Awwu
D.II.O.
and HOT >'
word,
meaoi . :
03
1).
MAi'KK'IIAX, uKI.HXKU's A \VF.ST A
Its opponents woro of simple faith or simple unbelief. not able to refute nor its followers to convince, because Pahlavi research. wag itself still in its infancy. The too exclusive trust in the help of Sansit
was
krit,
and
a
[iK''.'1- .'I).
TH. BAUHAOK: ihivn
in:
li-iHi)
und Tn.
.Ion.
W. CALA\D:
Mi
LLI.I:
MX,
A.
IAI:I ;.
mit
^
\\ ndidad in
\\".X.K.>:
VcrMirlmn:;
Xaratlni^litra"^
-'.
EC.Z.30,
I'ronnniin
kl. d. 1
>i-n
.nUU
j".
i-;o), ib. o,
M.
-I.
:
nnd d
in
tl.-r
]>citr
:
biacben
I\
Beiirageiar
_'
:
i--
Coinmuntari'ii
IIKI .\.\\\ K'
In
me
I
:
dr
r
Li:
t
(1rity
is left
also
in
In
1
V.
Y. 48,
ifl
>8tdt9m, hang ha-
,
TI
Vd.
(dwelling) in
1
of the varying readings are, of course, connected with or orthography i>i'T.'?d, mazddo, mazdai; ahai (
such cases the Pahlavi -ive in
illy in
matters of
in
VtagahydmadakgA
(sh.i
grammar
f
.0
doubtful, as
kanwr
sayanzm
ib.,
is
by reason of a variation in the manuscript
points
translation
is
of no account.
of higher k'\
f:
.station,
:
nily, not a few clauses together with If the t.-xt ol 't he translation had been ha-
t
^latiou il
a
book by
Mss. i-Npect that
through tlu> has been left
1
also it
a similar inre
bou
^e;
>:i
In
most
cases, however,
\'
i
carelessness of tho copyist this in
tho
translation.
When h
begin
tho
..\er-ight has
niCH
:
ir
cf.
iM have
of the or
itself,
a
one
clauses nc-i
entenccs begin with bddha), ;TA KF.M-AIU'H AND have their root in the nature of the Pahlavi is the most unsuitable lor a scholiast. is detective ami it wai/ Aw. alary
and
.
deliuiteness.
As comp.* a ml
grammatical
It thoroughly suppresses the grammatical
Instead of explaining,
consciousness.
Pahlavi
itself.
1
1.
stands
it
itself
often
need
in
1
f
explanation. 48.
lu Persia Pahlavi remained until tho
learned language u iterated form. ..-r
the Parsi
In India,
Of
into decay.
were preserved,
'-ms, at uii
important of these translations
of the
is
that of the
this
his
>re
livr
Neriosangh I'arsi
much
il
Puhlavi translation
which
1..
Commentary on
Sanskrit by Neriosm-h, son of Dhaval.
into
tlie
the other hand, this BO
the remains
was translated into other
a part
centurv
la>t
!
own
time.
t'.
rcmr.rk-
Ainjtieril
.\
(l^^L*),
Neriosangh Sorabji Shapurji Bengalee and Darmc.-teter' pi years before. \V
m,.
'
aliout tlu-
-J.f
Side by side with Gut ha sentence l\ flni>-if' a (\. :>0 be nas na 1) may placed:
G, 28).
tit
iraia
ing
appears in
3)
In Sanskrit
232,1*.)
1,
AoV
kaxytrsi question fnj(7 ahl (Yas. 43, 7).
g.
(e.
;r.
Mbh. 1,131,
;
J1),
in
In order to shew, however, that the Iranian often took its own path in the evolution of meanings uf wonN, and that quite the of the Sanskrit, and thai all etymology or comparison with
rate
opposite
mu Skr. Formally :iding Pahlavi in which mnr signitie> Brogue," "black-
ul'
deatli.''
it.
guard'' (Nerios. nriiam) d
M-
point. i
the two languages can
made
clear a po* sense with a touch
mi
tlie
*
(
Iranian
other hai
of the erotio
"
tin-
ho youDu
fellow or tlic
loa
18 Kap,
1.
\
bad sense " the
-
sagen.
Miiller's
IB in
den
n
I
Ansgabe diesei
II,
cndlich p. 47
\\
I-Vai^n. -m.- Bndei
i/y dagegen p. 4i Aus/.ii r
(
liabcn
-irh p.
=; J)i. d.
UapOitay
14
ina^,
(
II.
=
.
]>
\rw,
Strabo iioso
ti
der Berliner
Akadomio
EUGEN WILHELM,
84
weiter zu klimmern, wir konnen
nur
sie
ERANISCHEN Form Parthava auseheu, an
Ueber
Umgestaltungcn der
als
die wir un8 zu halton haben.
Etymologic des Wortes parthaca
die
liat
wohl zuerst
I. OPPEET gesprochen (Inscr. des Ache*menides, p. 20 des Sonderdrucks). Er leitet das Wort auf das avestische perethu, griech. TrXarus- zuriick,
dem
giebt er die
wie
parthu entsprechen musste.
ein altpers.
"
dieser
partJiava
heros, prince/'
Bedeutung gelangen kann.
Das indische pdrthiva, die breite, die Erde
Bedeutung
man zu
Dem Worte
Ich kaim nicht sehen,
fort,
Krieger, Fiirst, Kb' nig geht auf sanskr. prithim,
Wort und
zurlick, ein
nachweisbar
1st.
eine Bedeutung, die fur das Eranische nicht
OLSHAUSEN denkt an
Wurzel
pareth, kampfen, aus SPIEGEL (Enm. Altermeint, dass Parthava die Auswanderer, die die
der ein pareth-u, Kampfer abzuleiten ware.
thumsk.
Ill,
746
f.)
Dass dies die wahre Bedeutung des Wortes
UebergGsiGclellcn bedeute. sei,
bezweifle ich auch jetzt nocb, vgl. Zeitscnr. d. Deutscb.
Gesellschaft
Ausserdem
Bd. 42,
S.
96,
wo
ich
liber
Morgenl.
pcrethwa gehandeH habe.
noch LAGARDE, Lexikographie p. 57, Ges, Abh. p. 221 zu vergleichen. Mir scheint Parthava seiner Form nach nur ein Patronymlcum eines Wortes Parthu sein zu konnen, das ich fur einen ist
Eigennamen
halte
und mit
sanskr. prithu vergleichen mb'chte,
wenn
auch bei den Indern Parthava RV. 468, 8 vorkommt. Die anarische Form Parpuvaslegkea nahe, an verschiedene andere Worter zu denken, die der Form Parthava nahe stehen und sich hauptsuchlich dadurch unterscheiden, dass sie
p statt
th einsetzen.
gesprochen. Er hat zunachst an die in assyrischen Inschriften vorkommenden Parsua erinaert, in welchen man vielleicht die Vorfahren der Parthava sehen konnte.
OLSHAUSEN hat schon
liber
dieselben
Indessen hat er die Bedenken nicht verschwiegen, welche einer solchen
Ansicht entgegenstehen, denn die Parsua der assyrischen Inschriften Gegond zu suchen, in welcher die Parthava wohnten,
sind nicht in der
sondern mehr nordlich von denselben nach Atropatene, wie SCHRADER Mit gezeigt hat (Keilinschr. u. Geschichtsforschung, p. 168 fg.). Riicksicht auf diese Wohnsitze
der Parsua brauchen wir
auch die
DIE I'AliTHKK zn
naher
lirht
1
NA.M1.N
1
si
auuh
die
t-rurtern,
'1
^
ork-n untl bi'seitigt but, ob uatnlk-h dk-
I'lii-^iui
indischeu par^u an
Es
KV.
aueli
1
.VJ'J,
"
und uebcrsetzen,
Krammsabel tra^end, "FARTHER und PEi;sKn"(Vgl.
breite
die
Name
Dual
i'i, -('icau,
cines
Plural
Singular pur^u.
Sudrafrau.
Hiermit muss
Name
der
i,
Name
drs
breitax:'
Koiniueiilar
Nach Pau. V., :j. 117 p. Kriegerstammea an^eiurt, im Sing. ^ aber par^avah, letztere Form dcutct atif eiucn
zur Iligveda-Uubersi.'tzung II. Tcil, \vird als
(.lass
*ieh,
RV. 626, 46 eteht orfu ab Nanu- einus Mai. will LUDWKJ bei dein Wortc prithu-parfavas die
lihnliuhc Aull'as-ung
verlasscn
vi-r.-telit
uud das anarische Parfuvas und
Ptirsa
l\irt,hc ,irn
vor.
mit >t
^'nannt
l';iril;ii-ns
niclit
I
;i'i
i
rodot ncniit lern
Vikern
sie
an verh
vei
;iber : :
t
(
il
itt,
dass sie den
l\-
],
,i
wit ibnen
86
EUliEN Wll.llELM. Viilkeru
tigsten
ist
Purther
die
benaohbarfc
Am
inussten.
wich-
Bemcrkung, dass der Fluss AKES durch dus Gobict dor
flicsse.
Da
der
dies
ETREK
ist,
muss wenigstens
ein Teil
gdegen haben.
Arrian sagt Anab. Ill,
Kugha gekommen
:
avrbs 6e
Kno-TTiW TrvXruy eVrpaTOTrfScuo-e.,
eVi
Mcerc
dass Alexander nach
20, 2,
der fllichtige Darius in die nvXai
sei, als
4 heisst CS
wio LASSEN gezeigt hat, so
ihres Gcbietes cistlich voin kaspischen
gekomineii war, die eine Tagereise 111, 20,
sein
rS>v
Kao-TnW
von Ragha entfernt wareu. Ebonda KCLI Kr/ p.ev
Trpwrr) TT/XOS rats-
wonach man wohl annchmen
darf, dass die
&>y
HapBvaiovs
rjyf
kaspiscben Thore scbon zu Parthien gehorten
und wabrscbeiulicb
Nacb Arriun Parth.
westlicbe Grenze bildeten.
die
3 waren die Partber
unter Sesostris aus Skytbien in ibre spateren Wobnsitze eingewandert.
Wo
Arrian in der Anabasis von den Partbern spricht, da moint er
augenscbeinlicb imnier bios den
Stamm, den aucb Darius
als Parthavci
bezeicbnet, aucb an der letzteren Stelle redet er wobl von diesem, den
Skytbien bergezogen betracbtet. Ob dies mit Recbt gescbiebt oder ob eine Verwecbslung vorliegt, sind wir nicbt mebr im er also aus
Stande auszumacben, ebensowenig ob Arrian dadurcb, dass er den
Ursprung der
Parfcber in Skythien sucbt, sie zu Turaniern
Wie dem auch
machen
will.
mag, sicher ist, dass von einigen Scbriftstellern dieser Stamm Parthava von den Partbern selbst gescbieden wird. sein
Curtius, der diesen Partberstamm mit
dem Namen PAHTHIENI
bezeich-
IV. 12,17: Parthieuoruru deinde gens incolentium terras, quas nunc Partbi Scytbia profecti tenent, claudebant agmen. Nach net, sagt
Isidor von
Charax
Provinz PARTHYENE jenseits des kaspischen Meeres und scbeint einen viel kleineren Bezirk zu bilden als die alten
liegt
Partbava besassen
eine
:
es
ist
das
Laud von Dehistuu
bis an die
Grenze Margianas zwischen JAjerm, Kabucan und Mesbbed. Nach einer leider etwas verdorbenen 8te)le des Isidor lag dort PARTHADNISA, wo die koniglicben Griiber waren. Dieser Name kann nicbts anderes bedeuten
als
:
Niederlassung der Farther.
Im
Altpersischen wiirde ein
Parthava-nisdyaemcm avest. Parthao-nisdya (cf. rao-ratha)entsprechen. * d. i. Ijcdeu'et bios Niederlaseung uud nisAyu, das ncupers.
Nisa,
DIE
kommt
1'AUTIIF.i;
auch
desbalb Parthvaia.
in
av^rjoiv T
IlKK'K
.,
venchiedeneD
in
dlrftfofOP
LAND
'2
daSS also
tf-
dul't
,
1111
"ra
rqr
Osteil,
ill
der Niiho Baktriens, das parthische Reich begaun.
IIERKUNFT.
3.
Es
ist
Siclicns
3
schwcr, iibor dio Ilcrknnfr
iiusserst
sa-en, naoh
und SriEGEi/
v
ndlung dcr Frago
Nacb der Angabe lif
Parther
in
des Arrian Partli. 3 sind, wie bereits l)enirkt,
unvordenkliclion
/ur
Zoiten,
Xeit
I
s
!
r
'
.
.'ndcr-lcm CJr'
nnd Indoskythische:
Zur Gcschiclitc
*
und
kcitu- En'mii-r.
-en 1888.
Ai-a'-i'lrn
.orthum-kuii.l.-
Prim
M
Geschlchte Irans and
'nt'-rijnng
lu-n
d
-.lort.
und
Gotha 1877. III.
.llpiiiMnus. 2
cin.'
Pl-r
arspriingliob Skytlicn irewcsen
-io
sclit-iir
(ii TSCIIMII',
Sacbe gesa^t liaben,
iibcr diese
am
Parti
Jahro
Aifrctl v.
Dliov-t-"..
K(>nigs Sesostris, nacb Enui aus Skytbien wiin -n
di r
dtMi Krorternii^fii di-r let/ten
nach dcin, was
naip.cntlicli
li,
LASSKN
7.u
II.,
277
Bonn IS,
tt
KrAiiischp A
.
.
Die *
larutn.
(Strassl-uri:
),
I-.
i
I
von E. no HI.
p.
Q.
r )Hfl.
.
ii,
loonogr Ai
numismati|uo
:
'
.
raphie dc> /c VCD:
L
i:son-08TKN, Lea nionnak* do
ndon
Auwcrdem -hobo
H
Ariaciili-n.
i
i
HriliKoti
iiut'ii >oin wic gegeiiwariig bei dor K >YNASTIB
und dem Staium der AFSHAR. 4.
Es wiirdc uns
sclir
PAHLAV.
crwi'mscht sein zu crtalirrn, wi- Ian go dor
Name
Kran und den bcnachburten Gegenden iiborhauiit gcbraucht Ohnc Zwcifel war PARTHAVA wiihrend dcr ganxon Horrsdiart
1'arther in
wurdc.
dcr Achatueniden als
und winl
dicsclbe aucb aiu-li
(.Jiiollen
Name
den
in
liberdauert
ln'stimmten
nun an ien
Bei
Ueberliefonmg.
Oriontalun
den
als
man
Scbliissel zu der
griooliische
Aucb
von
den
di
foblt es
uns dtirrban-
Verwirrnng, die wir nun boi don abendlanDass man da> raniscbc
Geachiohtsolireibern linden.
das J'AIM HiSCHE bezoicbnet, kann die boidoii
Stanim
man ebensogut
iilte:
:
Alcr wir
"icbnet.
jar
niclit,
ob
und rorscr,
etwas Fremdes zu
B
Woio nil man scheint vielmrbr
vers;
billigen, als
and PERSISCBB :
d:
.::sl;intli>olio P
;nd
I
in diosoin
:KT in tlcrsolbon
d
iniln-r d
sic-b
dcr
nur nacb und narb mit
i
ROL-
dm
1st,
u:
odor
llorrsi'liaft
ii
U.-wobiuTii dieses '
iclit.-n u!
,-:
dioso
der
Dyi.
Partber, das AVonige, was zu bal
M ist voiik'
als
6
Arineniorn,
von den Griecben baben durftcn.
inem
woun abor
;
wobl mobr alten GL-wolinbeiten
sic
uicbt mcbr, ausgouoinmcn bei
iien
Reich
bal)eu
Stammcs im Gebranoho
Jabrhuudcrtcn fortwiibrend von
folgenden
Parthern sprecben, so folgen einer
erauiscben
eines
^icli
^ic
sic brrirli't [0
mit d'in Naim-n
Dynasdcr A
mir aus frotnden
.
l.ir.in
\>radt
1
-
Khc-nso
von Khorni
x
Tartlicr,
ziildt
Titel
tlt-n
Talilav und die
1
d.
I
\vird 1'arthim als Ki-ich
Xarh Ansidit der Armeniei
en also keine Arier.
in Ost.-ran /uriick
di.T I>.\i!i. '
Khuslum
di*
Ifosefl
AgathaiiLrelos
\\-i-\vandte
Dit-o
37).
und
Mann
d-rcii
(>]
gosohicdoii.
nacli
gclien
Xacli!
Lime ausgestorben
,-.
I'fbersetz.
.Vbraluun
ihr Krirli
KliL'siiAN.
;ndo
dor franzbs.
vm
dcr
/uri'k-k,
hestimmt
llistrict
scllist
Aii'-li
und zur
fiihivn
alten-
S^liwrstL-r,
/'' I'iihrcn sollc.
'1
desAl
Vursrhla^.-
Arta-bcs und
word'-n.
AIILAY.
.
ibll
i]
d( .
I
OLSHAUSI \\
.^tenaosdrlnr
~
BUG FA' WILIIELM,
9'2
aber Rai und Ispahan ausschliesst.
Vielleicht
gehort diese
zung einer spliteren Periode des Partherreiches an. wio
man
Es
diese anscheinend so verschiedenen Nachrichten erklaren soil.
Sie haben meiner Ansicht nach nichts Unbegreifliches
man den
Begren-
fragt sick nun,
verschiedenen Standpunkt der einzelnen
Betracht zieht. einbeitlicben,
Wir gauz
sind
an
sich,
wenn
Berichterstatter in
gewohnt unter dem Partherreiche einen
ebenso
unter
EINZIGEN
Dynastie
stebenden
welcbe der alteren Dynastie der Achiiineniden vollkommen ebeubiirtig war und zu der die verscbiedenen Stamme
Staat
zu verstehen,
Eruns ganz in demselben Yerbliltnisse standen wie zu dem friiheren Konig der Konige, und so scbeinen aucb Griechen und Romer die Sacbe angesehen zu haben. Dies ist jedocb nicht die Ansicht der Orientalen, wie sie namentlicb Hamza von Isfahan und Andere entwickeln.
Sie gestehen den Arsakiden nur einen
den
iibrigen
die
Zeit der
gewissen
Stammeskonigen zu und nennen
Vorrang vor
die Zeit der Arsakiden
Starnmeskb'nige, im Gegensatze zu der geschlossenen
Sasanidendynastie.
In der That
Orientalen ein nicht unwichtiger
lasst
auch
sicb
Grund anfuhren.
partbischen Konige, die uns erbalten sind, zeigen
Arsakiden ebenso wie
Konige der Konige zu
die
fur die Ansicht der
Die Miinzen der allerdings, dass die
Achameniden den Ansprucb macben
sein,
wir finden
die
aber andrerseits auch in
Baktrien Miinzen, deren Trager denselben Anspruch erheben. Neb en vielen fremdartigen Namen auf denselben begegnen wir aucb rein parthischen wie ARSAKES und VONONES,
welche uns bisher unter diesen sind.
Namen
die
aber mit den Personen,
bekanntwaren, nicht identisch
Eine andere Reihe von baktrischen Miinzen, die nach dem
Erloschen der griechiscben Konige zu setzen sind von AZES an, zeigt zwar fremde Namen, aber, wie SALLET richtig bemorkt, konnen es ebenso gut Farther wie Skytben sein. Wir werden durch diese Denkmale zu der Ansicbt gedrangt, dass zur Zeit der Arsakiden
zwei Reicbe bestanden, von welchen ein jedes beansprucbte an der Spitze des Staates zu stehen. Griecben und Romer, sowie die Scbrift-
welche aus den Bericbten der Sasanidenperiode schopfen, sprechen nur von dem WESTLICHEN Zweige der Arsakiden, die
steller,
DIE FARTHER
:
4 TAHI.AV
vj
Armenier dagegen von dem audi unter
OSTI.K HEX.
I'AHLAVI.
}
s^
Ih'eser Ictx.tcre
/weig
sdieint
auf Eran nidit aufgegeben Kriege der Sasaniden gcgeu die
-liden seine Anspriiclie
d-
zu habcn, dahcr die so Liiufigen
Khushan, die von Elisaeus, wic bereits beiuerkt, entschieden zu den Himnen gereclniL'; wcrd-.-n. Aus diesem Allen scheint mir mit zietnli-
duT
Sicherlieit
teteu
und dort den Ursitz ihrer Familie und zwar
hcrvorxugehen, dass die Anncuicr die von PAHLA.V genannten Familicn aus dein OSTKX Kr;'ms, aus IJalkh,
Abweichend davon
ISCHE annehmen.
zeit
Ansicht dcr
1st die
Muhaminedaner, deren Naclirichten aber
Dieser
Name
den Armeniern
findet sich z.uerst bei
wir
gi'rit-hcn
habcn
Paldavik
;
Gegend bezeichnen, wir Schriftstellern in einer
niimlu-h als ARSAKIDK,
eine
dcr
in
Form
dem Sub-tantiv Pn'
Gegend Ostcruns
bezeiclnut.
sollte also'einen
Augehorigon di von den armeiii-rlu-n
finden aber, dass es
Bedeutung gefasst
eingeachranktereo
Aogehoriger dor asurkidiscbcn
\vird,
Konigdkniilie
w
t.ihren,
Sinnc ffM
v -oiler,
von ihm grhraudito Wort das
in
findet
>
W->
d
ch oft gcmiLr vnrknmnii. In itt Bf r,.
(
-i-lilrdit
'
'1
III,
38.
it-ni
audit, (I'm altesten I),M^
080 gebnoohl
Bl
und IV,
In cinorn vid
IKMI.
\\vil
der Fiahlayik angehorte and auf
tus IV,
i,
split'
PAHLAVl.
oder Pahlau zasammen, welches
i-t
EKAN-
frlihestens aus der Sasanidcii-
PAIILAVIK und luingt ohne Frage ztintichst mit
So
lierlt'i-
stammen. 5.
\vi
NICHT
cMiie
ihncn
kOfl
BeA
u:
lit
68
'.)
KniFA WIIJIKLM.
1
H.
Shah.
TiiriitM-
U=
Macau) 237,
Vull. 825; 5
:
Kbenso ShAh. 298, 1'2 = Vnll. 11 0, 8 Sh. 402, 7 = V. 558, 1:1. Duss an don genannteu Stellen dera Wort j^j die Bedeutung, '' " P >dt zukommt, hat RUCKKRT in dcr /eitschrift der Deut;
schou
Morgenlundischen Gesellschafb Held nacbgewiesen. Die Bedentung
Bel, '
'
Shah. 109,
15.
1
=
Vullors 232, 4
Vergl. auch ShAh. 170, 8 !) ;
=
Sh. 174, 10
V. 230, 3
wiirde^Wr? bedeuten
:
;
=
X, 242
sehr
ff.
hat das Wort recht
:
Vull. 238, 18
Sh. 577, 10
=
Sh. 173, 2
;
Vull.
" von Helden herhommend,
809,
=
heldenmassig" Anch
Wort gebraucht FlRDAUSi recht hiiufig und wendet es schiedene Dinge an. VOD der Gegend gebraucht finden wir '
708, 7
'
13;
1093, u. ==
=
V. 297, 6
19^^^ i*s^"*i
Sh. 478, 15
;
in derselben
Vullers 759,10.
;
Einige Male wird das
Z. B. Sh.
^**j*
Bedeutungauch
Das " HeUenrosa"
wird aber der Ausdruck
^^^ von
gebraucht, so in der Redensart zu gleicber Zeit gerneint 1
ShAh.
'&*
heisst Sh. 1142, 3
Wort auch von
Heldeu gebraucht, z. B. lesen wir Sh. 1070, 1503, 16 cA^ tsJ** und 1248, 1 = Vull. 1756, 3
552,
es
^^^ ^ " Heldenkleid," = V. 668, 6 Sh. 772, 16 =
alten
=
fur ver-
Vullers 994, 7 :-
Oft l)egegnet uns der Ausdruck
Sh. 217, 6
V, 237,
Denmach
5.
dies
=
richtig
luiufi^-, /.
V. 772,
1
;
ist,
vergl.
Sh. 636, 5
Mac. 1397, 12
;
1561, 7
Pehlevibriefen &IJ
;
^*
V. 1GOG,
der RELIGION der
II,
v.
^^
= ;
Shah
22, 10
V. 891, 13 allein
;
Schrift
=
Vull.
Sh. 910,
und Sprache 28, 9
6 = V.
R?de
ist.
;
Sh.
1283,
von der Schrift Sh. ed. Turn,
ebenso an den verschiedenen Stellen,
^e
Vull.
u.
v>* Meistens
der SPRACHE oder von der SCHRIFT
LSJ^J -^ wo
10; Sh. ed. Turn. Mac. 1386, 13
V.
I., v.
543,
=
B.
wo von
Gar nicht verschieden von
1'AKIHKU ist
:i
c5->L> i-l>fiianJunnad, u ax
Ainardfnl, yak
kain nah bed, dudlgar an ava/ani
dud pa
dau, yak ax
ax,
JaJi^rar,
in ayln l)\-avai("(l
:
a/a>li
avi/hali
a dastur kih sazad budan
Maliislit
n
yak javidani o
irnt't
dastfir yfiba'
da lar
pas
;
llorina/d u
kwesh-miDislmi
:t
man
rainidar
i'rarun ax-i"shan
pa-liain
ku
dad
1
yak
>tayisli
dud, Orina/d pa khuday/W/ ball iniuid, n Orma/.d va/ari-lin khndai dana, n ka-b khudal khvcsh paida kanl bud a/..ish aht
dad ravislin
jud jud
j-a
Jamasp ku
dad
u Kai-Kaiis
n K'al
:
clii
jiin
]>a
kih shavad
r>
Pa Arzab
u
Lahurasp >ad u
al
Fradadatsb, u Vldadafsli. n
khuri^lni bar liain padinfi/an kill
I
;
shast
JamaSpBetlsb ku:
-l;ah ni
("iuslitasp
pa Arzah,
OI
yfm.W/ :avaiil inTnufin-i
a
kard punch panjah
\MAK.
1'AIIIAVI .IA.MAS|'-\
TIIK
inlrand aslin hand
-al
U-xIvaml
aurvar-inanishn,
shati
a/,
vas pa kfun-i nshan
o an kih awanl
;
ax-rshan /Tvandr/x// va> vas
:
:
u yar
lia>r
kar
khnda
har nT
>aiar Srnsh
;
o kih
kishvar hast pa koh-inanishn, u
hast
khlr hast
u
u valii>ht ha-'t,
n
:kh na-shavand.
(lushtasp sliah ku
I'nr.-Id
-chi r-hi
pa Albinv. n chfin
ni
:
(
)shan niarduinan kih pa Albniv, an
an knlini and; a/ash dar u darakht vas bed, u gad vas darand a/shiin sfilar khuda Inast j)ali nlmah-i Ahrluian C-stad d kih mlrand bi-khurand, ba-har-yak kih d>han dT atasli afiranand, u andar miyaiiah pur bad ;
;
zlvandtw/i bar jauvar rshan khnrah karad
hamgunah,
bi-khurand.
b-C-shan khurish barg-i darakhtan va-L iyah
Yar-gdshim fc
r
dad shinasand, nah din
;
kih mlrand darvand hand.
(I*
O'y)* u nah I
kh\vr>h chili pah tan kani/ak bah nix ^ninan u bah uiinah-i Aunna/.d hand, u hamyfirah a\ band;
shahar
Ku/.T. u
zir
pah gavishn vakh-la.s7t kiln/fir Tstand u kih mlrand ha>t di val. lia-t di du/akh shavand. Duvalpayan n >ih"-saran var/.Tdar vasturg u a/.-cshan rlnuin, nah dad, nnh din, nah kiri'ah, nah giinfih >hinasind ;
;
u
:u"iraud
;
u liar
pah innrdi-i Ahriinan
Pu:
chih andar in
p /.a
rah
>h;di kih
i
:
Ahriinan, di du/.akh shavand.
tad, u liar chili
106
KDWAllD WILLIAM
-wo
Wl'ST.
j
o
r^
tie
Hfl
A
^>o
)rc
cwo^^
i^
^ yy
JWNtN)
frA*
V
y
-H3T
I'AIILAVI
Till;
JAMAM'-\ \.MAK.
H&
1Q7
-
v fitfi
tfJNHS
-r*
wo
-
iivw
na
til
-HXX)
wo
^v
*
woo* i'
M)4
10
EDWARD WILLIAM WEST,
108
iro
jar *
^e) j)
tf5ii;eo*
v 6^0
Zanan sakht, az csban zanan pah marzishn vas kunand az eshaii didan
Me)
slialvar
ustuvar
hand,
u
chashm dud, vas sard u vas garmtar band, az csban hamvfir yak ava dud vakhsbash karizar, u an varzisbn bed ; az csban margas/i khvar afsend, andar ;
chili
dar u
chihan kishvar hast, u kib az a pascnd dad, in kib padiraft cstad, kisht varz avadanas/i kunand; kih mirand 61 bc-sbak afganand, 6 bast 61 bahisbt, 6 hast 61
duzakb 6 hamistakan sbavand, 6 kih
oshaa chib
.ijO-^
avfiz
nist
marduman
azshan minishn u varzishu ava
bed.
Parsld Gushtasp shah
mad
estad, chi-ra
kii
:
Tu
in kudakas/t az chili kih chfui avar
kbudayan dahyfivadan
in kudakas/t avar
nab mad
estad? haft in kudakas/i u agahas/t 6i kas chasld u guft tavfin, ay a nab baft? nakhust 61 kard a-yait az ashkam-i
tu
Jamasp
mar bud
1
No. 7 has
2
PahlaTi Folios
MS. No.
madur dashtand?
:
7.
20-2(3
are
missing
;
the Parsi text
that follows
is
supplied
from
THE PAH LA VI andar-an zaman ay no, nali
ravan Garothmfr
mad
Man
:
bail ha
daroirh
'.
C-stad,
A
In
az
a^alufxA
Afinnazd u
din-i
man
u In kfidab/x/i n /irakc.-^ ol
shuma daliyuvad
I
khfidayrtxA 0"stad
:
vandadani
avain In kiidakux/* n
ball
avain nah a/ padar nab
kas chashldan
f>I
acdfin
agalw.sV/
mad
kbfisli
kardan tavan
li
sbiiina, cbib chand
chili /fid
brd,
sad
si u;
;
I
hama inardninan
n
Lrah avi
him
bar
ax
u
kib >ban
si.
i)
an
da-
cbib ava hah
nab
tawfm-ha, kar
kii
kama
uln nali
a\..
\\ask
;
.
man '
^OO6 S^
im and;:
?0j ih-klivar
an
In
tan pah kirtah kardan
kill
:im
chili
;
minad
n
avirtar tuiJi>hrd.
lasfa
piulir:;
padsbab
.ir-i
hud ba pah padld hrl.
&
:
dnkht
a/.
v^d)^*1
M a/ash
kO^
y^
!
EDWARD WILLIAM WEST,
110
b-an bavishnan u farzandfui kasiiu an kar ashnud, harua pah
aviiui
5^
kih Gushtasp khurah, andar
6 tauiain shaved sliudah band.
01 giriftan, andfib
Pas Jamasp kasb
U A ma
dd ku
farmn
m*
^
afganand, u gnnahgar yak afganand, u kar girand. :
Bar
ma
vashed farda frdd afgandan
hiland.
11
pas Gushtasp shah, ham-chun ^fi V
in kill
man
man band, u dev
in din-i
druj u
bud,
d
Jamasp guft ku
avezhah padiraft, andar geban
^H^O^-f
ravii
:
kard, d
J$Y* zadau avazadan az Iran sbabar
birun kard u Asfeudyar,
man
u dahan az babar-i din
ra avazadan
farzand, avaj dasbt, u vas barn
avaman dasbt pab sbau
man
sipab
in
avayad u az-in az-in u cbun d bubiii bud, man_, Visbtiisp gab paida bud, geban pab sud rdzkar juda bud, man az-m bradaran u farzandan u man bdsbau u takbt u kburah-i Kayan band, stayam dtivar vadKayan.
U
pas Jamasp guft ku: Osban ravan girad, in kburab-i
Kayan
pab sbuma avar nishasted, ma azarcd, n dard babar di tan ma bilcd, o pab yazisbn dabisbn kbvesb tan andar ramisbn dared, ava farzandan u
bradaran b-an bavistan mezad kuncd,
aym gab u kbub pab ramisbn
dared, chib zivandishn basim nek u yak abasimasfr avadan
1
in
cbih gdyarn kib
sal
nab
az bazar sal andar
marg kasb avaz na-gired, u
zaman na daded, cbib Gaydmard bud Aurmazd-diid, kasb zaman mad, Abriman pah marencbinid, u dadigar yak yak khudayan posh budah hand, kash an zamiiu fraz mad, cbisb az kardan na-tavan, pa namchist Tabmdrap kasb si sal Ahriman bah bar dasht, u cbib kash kbvesh fraz
mad, kbvesb tan az kbusb ava dasht na-tavan.
U
pas Guslitasp, kih
shan azash sbinid, andar khvesh tan ^O^^JOJ)** padiraft, azasb andar gehan siptisdaras/i kardan, u Jam asp afrm kard.
Az pas hama dabyuvadan u khudayan kadam khuda darad jud cbih ? u kih pas az tukhm
Pursid Guslitasp shah ku: in faravan
gah kih
kadam band?
u bar yak kishvar chand sal darend
?
kih an-i nek, n
i'AllLAYI kill
vatar
fin-i
Mazdayasnaii
:
ta kl
chand
Guftash .Ifunasp
kfi
ma
chili
sal
ravad
:
]H
AMASl'-NAMAK.
I
angam u zamanah
rasad
Iu
dm-i
Tan govam,
az In fravan
a.
pas
gah
darad kishvar pah khudajatA sad Chihar-azad chili khvanand, si sal
Ardlbahiaht Asfendyar rasad, u
ol
u dva/dah khudayu.N-// ix kill
d,
1
r
o
ava
sal,
dfiiu,
Daral Parayan sc/dah
bi-glrad. ul
kash
Askandar-i Ivuini -czdah
Khusro ba-Ardavan
rasad, n
a/,
>al
khudax
jx/t lii-i^irad.
lah n tukhini u dad
J'as
sal.
paiiand d<jvi>t u haslitail u do
Pah u>han khudayan sar anak^.x-// audak andak pas avad, u nokflw^i yak, u kishvar andar avadanax/^ aviblni'/^/j. u inardum andar dasht rstad band. U pas khuda\vix/< darad kishvar pah khudayih
vastar-i K
pah andak /.fir hashtiid n do sal u nuh mfih
iitasp
khvauaDd
sal u
chahar niah.
chahar
Kahad
.-al.
::aryar bist
tukhml hcshm
si-sad u
u
>al
duva/dah
Ardashir. khud
Shah
niah.
/.an
I.
Khusroan
Aurina/.d
Avarvr/.'
/,
sal.
panjdah
.lamasp KhfuiiTst chihal u
chihal do.
rf/.
khud pah khfid
in
do
u
bist
khvanand,
Tiyah n
\'arahram
Shakfit''
inah.
dali
I'irn/
fia/.
Shfipfn-
Aurina/.d dod yak
.-a!.
Shapur Shapuran yak
Ardashir
ul
kainali-/.ivislnir/>-/,
u
?
?
ra
gun
EDWARD WILLIAM WKST,
112
Guftash Jamasp ku In din bazar sal ravfi bf-d, pas dsbun mardumfm anclar an liangam band, Lama f>I milir-drukbsh estand, yak :
ava dfid
luvtirash
u drdgh
kimand, u pah an chim Iran sbaliar
di
TV/Tgan avasparaud; u Tazigan liar rd/. pali rd/ nlrdtar daliand, similar sbaliar fraz girand, mardum haina di aviirunl drdgli vardlnand, u bar cliisb
an goyaud
-bn-i
1'rarun
u girand, azsLan khvcsb tfin sadmandtar, azshaii azasb azur bed, avez sanast in Iran sbabar. 1
*
3^ J
^
j >
V Here begin the remaining
folios 27 to 31 of
the Pahlavi text extant in
DP
Till:
I'AIII.AYI
.lAMASl'-NAMAK.
'
V) -0*1
M2J)
r^
-^
^6
fwaj
-j|!J
V
K 16
far
KWVAlin
114
\VII.I.TAM
Ww) $ i
UT.sT.
>*$
*
Me)
lie)
"
V
J
& J
$>
ts
Till:
_
PAIII.AVI
.IA~.\!A-I'-NAMAK.
W
OVO
1 1
-
~)
to
j
tie)
^ **
* J
^r
^
Me)
*
V
j^
w*\
116
l-:i)\YAKl>
ot
^
J
V^e^
-051
-o-O
x> i-;.
1
i
Kest of
I'jililuvi is lust.
tlaryji Lfir m;ir(l-c- !Milir
an-
1
thcu break-;
off
'J'he Pjirsi
Jzad
version coutinuus one
ball nva/fid^ in the middle of a sentence.
w. WEST.
liiKjl'urilicr, us
MiLr Jzad
vas.
.
follow*: .
.
THE LIFE AND LEGEND OF ZARATHOSHTRA.' (Zoroaster), the founder of'tlic Iranian ri-ii^ion of the
I
invokrrs of H^ht, received
antiquity snch
in
was honoured not only by the Mi-des liini as :i Lawgiver and Teacher IK
-
imivcr-al
and 11
1.
wlm
IVrsi.-ins
from God,
sent
who compared him anil many of their own
their political enemies, tlie Greeks, ;
Tin-
;
heathenism as '.aal
.
was the
ian religion
and
false doctrine,
first,
at
the
it
bloody
sacrifices,
euahl-
us, to
perpetual
Totlioiinaginati.
demons with which they it
and purity
to
who no
and tradition
h:,
in,
t
faith
which
Christian
\\n
i
i
.
or Pag
1
i
-i
oi
priest-. i-h D
Englifh
d
by
all"\\
hip the ehild
|,
^yros
i
lonirinion opinion
Mat
a
.par
i
the
M-ril*'
wisdom i-est,
,rrow-niindt-dne<x
tl
.
the
all
about Zoroaster ohV is,
>h renegade .
11>.
had any other source.
some
know the
possibly
to
murder
upheld by moi,
is
Ahli:
of
-onu' hi-ioriral eh
''8
ii.,n,
the
BOOOOIpanj
IcL'-end, offer
may have
i
single
t.hem
i
impartial
!'adict
ol
.Majdi (end of loth century, p.
lik
1-Jn
namo Ennayf' (Jeremiah) and
Svriac
Z-.irathustra, lias,
AVhat
very
.irs'ii.
little
is
:
of the conditions of
of the Prophet
life
names
number
of a
amounts to
his residence at the court
descent from Airyana-vaejo,
of his protector Wistaspa, the
of
family and of the prince's court are noticed in the
Awesta,
ol
birthphuv
no doubt, given rise to this discovery.
known
his
tin*
Urraiyti,
members
of his
oldest parts of the
in the Gratha poems, or metrical sermon-psalms, written in the
Atropatenian
The
dialect.
Awesta describe him
therefore be quoted for
and can
as already a saint,
history of the
other portions of the
many
in
facts
the
religion, but cannot be considered as a source for
biographical details. A. s
Zaruthustra's patron
Median great kings,
it
is
did not
difficult
of the religion; therefore one
is
belong to the line of tho
to
tho time of the founding
fix
surprised
that he gives exact dates, not only for Zarathustra's also of separate events,
defined geographically Dr.
West,
the
Jackson's work
to find in
life
in general but
his missionary travels to countries not exactly (p.
207), as also a battle of the religious war.
chief
expert
in
Sasanian Pahlawi
literature
(which Jackson compares to the Patristic literature of the Christian church), has lately examined the artificial holy chronology of the Parsi priests, that
dahishn
(a
had been
partly
known
for a long time in
cosmography), and which
chronological table of holy events.
has
he
According
to
the Bun-
illustrated
it,
the time
1
in
a
of the
founding of the religion was 300 years before the burning of Persepolis
by Alexander, that
is
The
in the year 630 B. C.
figures are variously
given, those derived from Pahlawi books, or authors instructed by tho Magi of the time soon after the downfall of the Sasanian dynasty,
oven Tabari and Firdauai, give the years 300, 280 and 2~><S. Tin variation may arise from this, that sometimes they had had the birth of 4
Zarathustra in their mind's eye, sometimes the founding of the religion,
and sometimes the conversion of 12
Pahluvi Texts V, Oxford 1897, p.
that date, Bhoriarji D.
Bharucha
in
Wistasjpja,
or tho death of the Prophet.
XXVII. wq.
;
Jackson,
Catna Memorial Volume, p.
1.
p.
179.
See also on
LIKE
AND LEC;KM
One cannot designate
MIA TMI^HTKA.
this chronology, as has
make
deplorable fabrication," for these tigmv< sion, a>
t
hey are moderate,
still i
and that ie
It is
quite
tin?e,
or,
;
from some detinite event, till
the construction
artificial
is
system
untrustworthy
II,
mslation in the Pahlawi language,
his
father in hi-
the
after the
yean
ue,
ran-lation into .iid-.
rk,
ofti
they hud
p'Jilly
.f
hvady
'!;in
al
office in the
igns of :SM
der
\
tar
lie
far
away
1
*
that by th
language, undert
the intention
lir^t
t
.
tliU
.
of
the
thians havr is
^^
-ionally
r.mij.on>a ' '
-p
Mnd
i
L:
The
M.
ira
IJeiiagc
t
lo
1
religion.
i,
M
:J7
rkhshyad-ereta (Osht
not
11
the chronicle
of
tin- dirtvti.'n
a landmark and memorial, jott at the pooli and beginning of the <eeond millennium.
8 in
a
the Magi, the re-writing of
t
had
under
founding of the
wo-ild
the idea
'lishm.-nt of the strict do.-trine
.
and furnished with
priestly
and cuuld^ therefore, pass as the Prophet bimi), appearing IfOOO
that
suspicion*
(Atropates) Mahr:spend. whose son
.Ytiirpat
su])iT!ii.- hi-j-h-priest
fnllowetl
also
i-
it
:
the proclamation of the religion, the Awesta
tfter
anew by command of Sapor
Mlit'd
nr
13
Hydhaspa
family
>n-
:h
Secondly,
la-
h- a inythieal figure, as
of Asty
I
that th-
may
the (iatha-,
which rMniiid-
til'-
suh
to
(>'
in
hadaspa
Am
partly
1
invented.
and
the
thi-i-ngh
'urther details, partly, when-
religious or mytholoL
i
id,
intended,
are
jiarticulars
believes that /roa-ter
aflirni'-d.
i-e
t
of^Ianl, put the Christianity into e\rit.-m.
Nohody now n-
in
hspurin who make it useful
support by their Mithra-myit
Jackson'-i view- throu^li
hesitated
nih-:-s
purposes, has onre lent to the declining
last
;
irthly 82
others niueh injured
and )y the
hat,- tin- suhliine,
liialisin
Tlu>
like
erainly
religion, par:.
out of the ashes of a great universal
itself,
and the
sin
\'\
his rehif-ions, will
?9
1
ve
arises,
tli.it
XAKA'!
t..
\
the unhility, a-
nspa ("horse").
Xonast
i*i), thr Ki/ Kapfiii, wostwardfrom Tiikht-i Suleiman, or 3 Shi// and
to
8117^
Sliammuramat, the wife of Adud-Nirari, B. C.
(who likewise made war in Media), to find an historical background for the Ktesian fable, would be to accord it too much honour.
Even an author
trustworthy as Aminianus
\vho, as participator in Julian's
linus,
able to
much
so generally
make
campaign
Marcel-
would be
in Persia,
has added enquiries, says that the Bactriau Zoroaster
out of the secrets of the Chaldees to Magianism
the wise father of Darius, the Brahnians about
had appropriated,
the path of
;
but Hystaspes,
knowledge of of the earth, and
in India, the
the stars,
and
about prophecies; nevertheless Amimanus cannot have heard this from Persians, who never speak of a Bactrian Zoroaster, but only of
Zaradusht Spitama, or (ishava ("pure, holy") Zarathustra, later of from a reminiscence are his words but from Adharbaijiin only ;
Trogus."
Moses
of Khorni,
who preserved many
absurdities, is disconcerted
by the passage, quoted from Africanus (and further on by Kephalion), where Zradaslit Mog arkay Baktriatsvottt, of the Berosian Sibylla, 1 -3
and adds, in explanation, " that is, of the Medes ";and again (I, 17) he calls Zoroaster a Magian and chief of the Medes (MarkJi), and states that he is made governor of Nineveh
is
called king of the Bactrians,
and Assyria by Semiramis, because she wishes to go for her recreation to Armenia, where she has built Shamiramakert, or Wan. As Zoroaster tries to make himself independent, the queen marches against him, but
is
defeated and slain by her son Ninyas.
The comment of Moses, whereby he here takes the Bactrians for Medes, might lead to the source of the original Ktesian error. The Persian Empire, or Airdn-khshathr (Pers. Irdn~nhahr, Awesta.
Airyanam or was of divided into four countries, lihshathrem), provinces, groups *3
**
Billerbeck, das Sandschak Suleimania
Justinus, I, in Strabo, 15, 1. 59, *5
;
Leipzig, 1898, p. 66.
The Brahmans, besides the Magians, name him so also Ncarch 61 06. Arrian 6, 16,5. Appianus, de bello oivili U. c.54.
1, 9.
Jackson, p. 187.
;
AM' I.H.KM' OF /AUATIlfSIITKA.
I.Il-K
named
and -^ovenied by four
after the tour quarters of the heavens,
pati), commanders-iu-chicf, or governThe northern of these provinces contained M
ehl-marshals.
by Khurdadbih and others that of but, by Ibn Rosteli and Masudi, Adharbaijan
Atropatene, and
uinl
.T
Adharbadhakfm,
called
is
V(
;
" the north" r
llakhiar,
In
(Pahlawi, apdkhtar ; Awesta, apdkhtura).
MOM-
'jiaphy of
who
1 >'*
iklitarkh, that
Turks."
is,
mentioned " the Scythians
arc also
As Ktesias
lived 17 years in
lYrna and understood the language, might be thought that, in his -^ cursory manner, he had taken Apakhtara for Bakhtra. Also t< who lived in the time of theSasfinians, when Armenia was under Persian it
rule, the
the
expression for
'*
North," and
its
applicability to Media,
must have been known and may have occasioned worthy of notice that Burnout',
Wl
his
remark.
It
by the name Bactra, refers to
is
that
Bakhtar. i.les
fully collected
the literary evidences,
and commented un With.. tit an
by Jackson, there are also lii>torical relations to consider.
frm
cmt>ide, no religion usually
changes much, or is replaced by ans
59 o
61
1.
37.
of Jones, Journ. Asiat. 8oc. X V. Chesney, Expedition to the river Euphrates, Map No. 6. '' \ 41-0. Rich, Koordistan 1. 22. Curtius, 5, 1, 16. Ker Porter Tr;i Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1874, ,, Heft 9, p. 344. Corap. BriHson,
Map
n2 Plutarch's
(181)7) 528.
Alcxandor, hr-d made them build brick buildings, which point- directly to the fact of oft*
s,
.ti-.>dii(?tion
()['
the--
thin^ from h-i
him
l'Iw-i Sehlab,
and
the
l-'irdu-i calls
!'.
St-klali,
but
KM
the
Barsu-nameh ralN
.lied
Tb'-
Khakani
1
ICazenderi
igh-
\ n. trnn^l.
8
l.y
I,
I
24.
144. I
1
:
.
imp. \\1II., l'.'r,hur K',
rs;:.
r,)A.
138
FERDINAND JUSTI,
bouring people ancient
t'
tho
l>y
hyh
mountains
swamps
formerly orowned hy a fbrtnvs, the
(the
D;w-i-sepid
by Rustain
al'ter
whit
1
sustaining
I
in
and whose country ami
of Alburz (Ham-berozaiti)
A mountain
of tho lowlands.
Kailusians
like the
their independence
1
was protected tlic
to Atropatene, arc a race that,
west of Ainvil
to tho
was
spin/ or Asproz, whose commander,
devil)
was only conquered
of Kfijfir
many dangerous
adventures. 70
If the
dynasty had originally been considered to be in Bactria, one would have more probably lot them take tho war-path against the robber Even the most ancient recollections and tribes in Paropanisos. are connected with places in the
leLivnds
mountainous countries
south of the Cispiin Sea: the hero Thraetaona told strength) is born at
that
is in
Gosh.
72
(i.c. }
Warena Chathrugaosha
who
possesses three-
(the four-cornered),
71 which \Varek, three Farsangs east of Sari,
From
the smith
Kawoh
of Ispahan,
Ferldiiu (Thraefcaona), are descended the
to the
who
is
first
Kami who
also called
goes to help Taba-
rule over
ForTdun carries the conquered tyrant Zahhak (Azbi-dahaka) to Sherchwan 73 ; his grave is in Tammisha, which was on the borders of
ristan.
and Gurgan, 16 Farsangs from Sari 71 His sons arc buried corner of the Caspian Sea,
in the south-eastern
Tabaristiin
is
a very
ancient account
is
proved by the
in Iran has claimed the honour, as
The Kai Kaiis
bones.
th^ir
fell
is
in Sari.
75
That this
fact, that no other place
usually the case with saints and
from
his
balloon to earth at Ainul
Q 70 Firdus 325, Ki "27, 196. Rustam's Journey to MazenderFin is the prototype of Turaii IspendiUv's Adventures to the bronze castle (Diz-i-rnm') or 1'aikand in (Marqu^rti Zcitschrift Morgcnl. Gesellsch. 40, (;39). Corap. Zahir-c-l-din oil. Dorn, 1:50, 5. 10. Dorn. ;
.
,
83. Mclgunof, the Houtliurn Shore of the Caspian Sea, 212. Mulgunol 171. W;.v'k, //.thir-cd-din, 1), 11. '2 By Firdu>i, 04, -is. Gosli (inanusci ipt- piv.- the rcadir^ Ko-0 is called tlie seat of Peridun in Tammisha Xahir-cd din, who quotes Firdugi's Distiohon, has Kosh (Gosh) 73 To the south of DoinH, \v-Mid, Fiiflnr
totvr.es,
r.T-(,KND
OF /ATCATIIUSJ1TRA. 1
t
with
ju.-i li;i[>s
aivh:
the
;tr.
Armenian
I
HIT ot
!
o
with Assyrian pro*
kind'
-Inter:
1
'.
th"
:iiu:i
with
i|ils
ht:lspa
m whom
IV
whom
had heen kini: of
Khnrdadbih
Ibn
Marw
at
between Bombay
to the
the jon: place,
inj^
from
-\ t
:n
Hamburg
this j..un:ey
so
is
and
p.-.sses
Ka.
Baldi
to
Hamburg
at
1
Is
t
er dwi-11-
IJa:
far as
i'rom
Bombay
and he would have had
on pure chance, a> he
utter i
about the >aine a-
Shi/, to
a journey as
Munic-h
to
is
wished
1'r.ij.het
ri
Marw
borders of Assam, or from
Urmia over
WOald mean
from
days,' inarrli,
v
IKK-I:
distance from
the
-'march, which
l-'arsaiiL '-, 1
.
calculates
Far-an;-s or
L'"l
Kawi
the
the
would probably have never even known of his far distant and divided from Media by mountain thai
house
of his
t:
d> not mention any of the royal
with the sinners, i'rom
.-jaiited
be separated.''
protection to
even the old King Vima,
1
er 90 ;
bnsband of Ponruobista, tbe Pro] --d the claims \Vislita-|>a. who support
d by the Kawis.
hi>
rh
..
part"! Media, for the family Spitat to
Uuwogwa.
\
nearest relations
his
directs
live in Mactria, but in anotlier
7.
was not invited
to ur
to
to
under
:iid
'
had
lirst
himself by miia
The
.jue.-tion
ited
is
now how the connection
by the legend, and a^ain with
:
in
'1
l. I
wi
^
.
and
16. 14.
i
\\iti it
The
:au kiiiLCs.
in
the
e\:
-end has allured ivohlijr.-d to
l
Bfl
of tflury
Wi-hta^p
-ni^ht b>
bias.
full
of
how th-
ruler- of
all
1
142
i
kingsare described as
KHPINAXD JUSTI,
to a stepping-stone of the Mazdaya
are
til-.-
lords':
(nccordii!^ to
the lord
of is
with
namely,
th-
.
/arathu-
tin-
:h--
ehureh
;
tl;.>>e
;
.
the
in tlu-
l-\ur lords has th" X
_', the head of the tribe, the fourth .-itls
a
the
at
Ix.-i^hri
house, the lord of the village, th
Zarathastrian dominion.
'.la
.f
the much-delated
may
.
;
plained rulersr the
(
i
as
in
1\
the lord
1
:
.!.''
prince
Outof*
the
.
of the
md.
ruh-r
;
:
h .
.
.
FREDINAND JUSTI,
144 The /nroaster
in
priestly dignities,
Ha^ha, taken as the Muvossor
to the
Prophet
in the
101 called also /arathushtrotema, the h tad Zoroaster.
is
Mie This passage also settles the question when* Zoroaster died. the question, why d d not Balkh become the seat of this
i
-
life;
ili:i
.
from wl
aling to the ies,
r
of the fou:
one was able
at
;
"ssion of Bactria, \vh
k kings
rulers.
hu'i
undoub;. the g
b
was held
i
own on
10.
^
107
bcig
I
^,8.
Lrifi-oi. i
io
e
but means the father of Darius
;
as a \va
king and successor
and Agathias/ 40 wh
he says himself, repeats the Persian legend, places Zoroaster under BystaspeSj of whom he is doubtful if he be the father of Dareios or another, but no mention of Bactria.
pes
is
That king Wishtaspa or Hystas-
shown by Justinus whom, Hystaspes was "an ancient
always placed in Media, nob in Bactria, is
Martyr and Lactantius, according to king of the Medes," who had prophesied the groat World-fire, that is, " the the fire Harmushtin, all-destroying," of the Bundahishn, which at the last d'vy will cleanse the earth from sin. Again, before all, from the 111 a companion of Alexander's, often-quoted tale of Chares of Mytilene,
which the sons of Adonis and Aphrodite (Mithra and Anahita 14 *), namely Hystaspes who ruled over Media and the country below probably in
the plain of
Urumia and
the Araxes, Atropatene), and Zariadres, over the
country of the Caspian Gates (eastward of Bagha) as far as the TanaTa, 133
"
Jackson, 97. -24, note 2.
Hjde, Vet.
1887, 137. 138, 140.
Comp. Tabari
Comp.
3. 5.
Mirkhond
1.
180, 8.
Barthclcrny, Livrc d'Ardu J. Fc. Miillcr, Wiener Zeltschrift f. K. d. M. V. 18D1,
no Jackson, 218. in Athcnaios, Deipnosophistac 575a 112
676,
Pers. rclig. hist. 303 scq. 322.
(ed.
Jvaibd
3,
Spiegel, Zeitschr. d, Morg. Ges. 52, 180,
07).
viiitf,
Paris
LIFE
AND LEGEND OF ZARATHUSHTRA.
therefore, over KhorusHii
and the
plain of the
(
153
Xarifuhvs marries
>xus.
Odatis, the daughter of the king of the Marathes Homartes (perhaps
Amorges) in the same way as Gushtasp, in the wins the hand of the emperor's daughter in Byzanz. The Shahnameh, tale of Chares is older than the Awesta, excepting its most ancient parts, Horaarges
or
and Bactria
is
The Marathes are otherwise not not to bo thought of. it was wished to put a better known race like the
mentioned, therefore
Sar mates or the Maiotes in their place. 115 But here is erroneously assumed that Tanais were the Don, as in Herodotus, whereas at
Alexander's time the Jaxartesor Orxantes was called Tanais, as
thought
to
Shahnameh
be in connection with the
The
it
as
was
in the
tradition
brother's place
Hystaspes take his
lets
Don. " 1
being more
important to the legend; and the wedding journey, therefore, is not taken to the Arayrgian Sakes, but to Byzanz, from which the late form of the tradition can be traced in Firdusi,
whieh has
also used remini-
1
scences of Xerxes campaign against Hellas, but has already knowledge of the Khazar prince Elias. n5 That the hitter tradition had net even
thought of a kingdom of Bacfcria, is shown by the (naturally otherwise lk3 The coin menworthless) account that only Luhrasp founded Balch. tioned by Jackson with the legend 'Ap 00 10^ *
it
belongs
to KanC-rki,
who reigned
but did not reside in Bactria.
The
in
cannot allude to Luhrusn,
north-western India in 73 A.D., tion on the coin
re
is
a
man
with a horse, and tho legend answers to the Awestan Auncadaspa, a surname of the genius Apam-napat. 1V7 The reason that the field i.-iiii notrr,
liV
may be sought iii
St.-|.h:u.i
in
Kthniea. Lupl.
By/..
eirrui:
hi-tnrieal
\-
]
n. 7, 4,
Alth-Tih.
rhrift d.
!>
Ho
JftoktOO 2-H.
ha^c.klU-
I
the
town
'
al-li
i-
I, (iJ5.
tho tjcautiful.
.1
AwesUn
IS,
us of
andH.
:.XXVI.,7.
8tdn, Zoroatarian Deities, Lon.i
Eoffnuiin, 8
M
,
4.
'
\
Or
MUrt. 150. Aurel
154
FERDINAND
When
the whole of
JUSTI,
Western Iran and the remainder
of India
was
under the sway of Alexander's successors, the legends and traditions were placed partly in the eastern province which was still in the possession of the Arians, where the Greek-Bactrian kings and the
Parthians ruled, without interfering with the religion of their vassals. The Iranian tradition suffered many changes and extensions during the five hundred years' sway of the Arsakides, and the Iranian princes
endeavoured to write their names in the Book of Kings. Rustam,
Awesta Sdma Rcresaspa, appears
in the
princely house,
who
as
the embodiment of the
since the first century ruled in Sakastan (so called
B.C., from the Sakas who settled there) and Arachosia, and to which the mighty Hyndopheres, one of the Magi who adored the since 140
1143 and the figure of the Hyrkodes and others belonged, Parthian Gotarzes lives on in that of Godarz of Ispahan ; and Meher-
child Jesus,
dotes(Mithradates V.
107113)
inMilad, son ofGtirgen (Firdusi).
1
*9
Yezdegerd III., that when flying before the Arabs he took the sacred fire from Rai and placed it at Marw. 150 The sacred It is related of
fire
Khurrah was
at the wish of Zoroaster conveyed
from Khwariztn (Khiwa),
where
it
by King Wishtaspa had been worshipped by the
king Jamshed (by some accounts, only by Anosharawan, 579), to al-Karian in the district of Darabgerd in Pars (not, as
mythical
531 the
Bundahishn
land, the sacred
says, to fire
Kabul).
When
the Arabs broke into the
was divided and taken more into the
and partly to al-Baidha G-ushmisp was taken to Sagastan
west of Persepolis. 151
partly to Pasa
to the
The
(Seistan)
fire
of the
1*9 iso isi
152
and so the origin
Kawi-dynasty was transplanted from Atropatene
us Comp.
Grundria
d. iran. Philol.
interior
to that place.
11.506. 507.
Marquart, Zeitschr. d. Morgcnl. Ges. 49, 634. 641. Tabari 3682, 3. Tabari transl. by Zotenberg 3, 503.
Hamadhaui
d'or, ed. Barbier
(Bibl. Geograph. Arab. cd. J. de Gocje) 246,8. Masudi, lea Prairiede Meynard et Pavet de Courteille 4, 75. Shahrastani, transl. by Haara
299. Hoffmann, Syrische Miirtyrerakten 285. Baihaki in Yakut 3, 958. Hoffmann 207. Jackson 44. 4g. 212. A Tribe in Seistan, the Kaiani, pretend to descend from the Kawi-dynasty George N. Curzon, Persia
brUcker
1,
is*
:
1,228, note.
AND LKGKND
LIFE
155
ZAKA'I HUSHTUA.
>1
Sagastan was probably conquered by Bahrain II. (-70 -93), and Bahrain III. (2 J3) and Hormizd III. (-157) were Saganshahs before they became great kings. (
By degrees rose
n
the whole of th ,'owcrs in
:
Iranian Part liian
Western Iran,
in like
inoveme!.
and
:a-an,
]
inia.
.
.d,
and
Awe.--.tan
forms;
it is,
Median language was employed
therefore, easy to imagine artificially in the
Parthian
other dialect of the sacred literature, the Pahlawi, has
as the
still
ve they liavi
1'Yiyij
tinctly old Persian
that the old
Se^t
1;
i,
been
kingdom manner MS the
used for centuries after the modern Persian language had
been developed. In the Yashts, that
be
may
placed in the times of the
Parthians, places in Western Iran are (Bavri, that district
is,
Bavli,
late
seldom mentioned, as Babel
the Aramaean form of the name), Kwirinta, the
and lake of Chaichasta, and others, but the province of and the basin of tho Hilmaiid are more often mentioned and
i
with
details
many
and names of towns, rivers and mountains.
geographical chapter already mentioned, or
.'llilad :ia
home
in tho
Book
of the
Law, seems
which
is
1
prefixed
like the letterpress to a
T
'-
Tho
U>
map
of
time of Eratosthenes.
Only at the beginning Zoroaster's m-warjo, and at the end it is said, there
is stat>
might be other (besides the quoted places) regions, plains and count lit
whii-h
at
religious-geographical account of the
ken away
tli
dominion,
probably
dates from
th
ion of tho first chi| Lrianfl
of the part
i" Yaaht *
into
h-an,
it
15 * and by the year 129 B.C., part and f the purpox* o:
iocument about tho immigraIns added g| .tion
tl
10,
i
13.14. 19, fiO.7.
J'reussiachc
Jah
conn:
from the Srlmk;
(1897)62.63.
;ll
,
religion.
FERDINAND JUSTI
156
was conquered by Kyros, without a kingdom of tlie Bactrians, or even the name of these people being mentioned with that of the Sakes, Masagetes, >erbikes and Dahas according to Ktesias Bactria
1
;
the Bactrians surrendered accession to the throne,
made
a
of
pretender
when sis
At
voluntarily. all
time of
the
Dareios'
the provinces revolted, no mention
in Media,
Persis, Susiana, Arachosia,
is
and
the Satrap Dadarshiof Bac-tria could unconcernedly leave his province to
Margiana which belonged to Bactria. Xerxes his enormous army with Bactrian and Sakian
quell the insurrection in
could augment
155
warriors under his brother Hystaspes, and lead them against Hellas,
without having to fear a hostile attack in the north-east. After Alexander Greek kings ruled Bactria when the Hephthalites (Haital or Yuechi, sometimes called Huns) allied with the Tokhars des;
troyed
Greek-Bactrian kingdom and made Balkh their capital
the
(128 B.C.), the duty of defending the north-eastern frontier
The Salmans Bahram V. and under Peroz.
Parthians.
to the Haital
after
vainly
retake
to
tried
fell to
Bactria
the
under
They were even obliged to pay tribute Peroz's defeat by Yu-chin or Khushimwaz (484).
gained in 557 a victory over this people, who were already hastening towards decay, and which was soon after wiped out by the
Khusrau
I.
Turks. 156
The
victory enlarged for the first
Dareios III., the frontiers of the Iranian
time, since the days of
Kingdom
to
the
Oxus and
reminded the Persians of the heroic deeds of Kai Khusrau in the legend,
who had conquered and
much worked up
killed Afrasiab,
and whose figure
is
according to the pattern of his Siisanian name-sake.
Since then the warfare that
is
pictured in the
Shahnameh
did not cease,
Mongolians and Tatars razed the frontier walls to the ground, and Iran was taken from the Persians, who had long since changed the religion of the old Persians for that of Islam and had until
become subjected i" Herod. i
to Turkish dynasties.
7, 64.
Compare with F. von Richthofcn, China
MUB&HI T.
II.,
No.
arohSol. II. 6, 142.
2, p.
166.
II.,
439.
Vasconcellos-Abreu in Le
Specht, Journal Asiat. Dez., 1883, 319 *ey.
Drouin, Revue
LIFE AND LEGEND OF ZAKATIIUSHTllA-
1,7
Pa I'M tradition has presented us with a portrait of the Prophet, and Jackson supports the view that the well-known relief of TFik-i-Bostiin, which represents the king standing by a figure with a Th
government from Ahnramaadij is a Sasanian the Zoroastrian legend, and that the ftoroaster-ligure
halo, receiving a ring of .ration of
157 may more correctly be Ahuramazda.
this
.so-called
works
likeness
of
Th
have
1
.'
Hum.'tiiM
1S8.
iu Klciiiasu-i..
I
'H-
'.
FERDINAND
158
JUSTI,
a powerful one, heros-down-throwing, mounted with yellow brass, strong, golden, the strongest of the weapons, the most victorious blades,
of the weapons, before which
whom
sinful one, of evil ones."
10
-
is
afraid Aeslnna, the
are frightened all invisible devils
Likewise Sraosha carries a club
1
"3
and
evil-thinker,
the
and the Warenian also
Ahuramazda
in the Sasanian sculpture.
FERDINAND
Ya^ht 10, SG
Wendidad
;
comp.
6, 5.
18, 304(71).
JUSTI.
KHSHATHRA VAIRYA, One
of the
'Tnv Kingdom como prayers that
\ve
mother's knee.
Zoroastrian Archangels.
'
one of the petitions
is
Christians ns children are It
is
in the
taught
to
first
and best our
utter at
interesting, therefore, to find that this conception
kingdom and its establishment, so familiar to us in Christ's teaching, and one of the ideals of the ancient faith of Judaism, may be traced in a somewhat parallel manner also in / nism. The of u divine
conception hed-for
Khshathra
contained in
is
Avestan Khshathra
the
Vohu Khshathra,
Kingdom/
'the 1
Ishtdisb, 'the
Kingdom
of Desire."
Good Kingdom,' or And as the notions of
an earthly and a spiritual empire blend together conception is
to
ome more
ni
exalted
in
Ithshalkra
application,
or
the sense of sovereignty or
in
the older Jewish
and
be possible to recognizo a sort of shading
and the material
boiic
'the
\
,o
hi-tweeii
int
n,
it
the
of the
v.
kingdom and as the ge:
ling ov:er metals.
In the court of Ahur.i Ma/.d.i, Khshathra Vairya ~!ia-pmds,
ment
oi
01
stial
A
throne.
i
order of rank about
council in
,-lnAvn in
Arrhir
Vonu MANAH / ASHA VAHISIU-A /
KBSHATI!
YA /
i:
\
MA.
\
the
H9fMcAqf
////
:
Am
The arrange-
SPBNTA ARMAHI
*\
HAT
AMK
Sup. ttq.,
A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON,
160
in
But before proceeding further \vith the discussion of Khshathra detail, a word may be said with reference to the radical theory
propounded by Darmesteter in which appeared shortly before ascribes the doctrine of
the
great translation of death.
his
Avesta,
This hypothesis, which
Amesha Spentas
to the influence of
the
Ideas,' and regards Vohu Manah as a reflex of Philo's (Thews Logos), and argues that parallels to the other
Neo-Platonic Gclos Ao'yos
the
his
'
Atnshaspands are to be found in the Philonic Awaits (Dunameis) cannot be said to have met with favor among A vestan scholars generally.
much
So
on the subject by specialists and that there remains little to add but to repeat again the doctrine of the Amshaspands can be shown to be at least has
been
written
that most ably that
a century older than Darmesteter would place the Gathas, and
Strabo
undoubtedly as old as Zoroaster himself. 25),
who
nearly a century
lived
Ameretat under the Greek form (AmJirdatos), and
he
AvdbaTos
than
(c.
Asha, moreover,
is
i.e.
(Anadatos), i.e.
Windischmann, Andhita, as a concept
is
'AjidptfaToe
Vohu Manah
p. 86,
not only admitted to be an
of the Vedic rta, but the designation
mentions
Plutarch,
refers also to 'Q^av^s (Omancs)
(see Strabo 11, p. 512c, cf.
1856).
earlier
it is
B, C. 63- A. D.
Miinchen
equivalent
found in
rmmy
Old Persian names under the form Arta, as well as in the Bactrian name 'ogvdpTTjs, Oxyartes, which apparently corresponds, etymologically at least, to
A vestan
Arta-uames
same
is
in
true of
UkJisJiyat-ereta.
Justi,
See, for example, the long list of
Iranisches Namenbuch, pp. 31
Yohu Manah, Vohuman,
Amshaspand given
to
Isfendiar, that valiant
Artaxerxes, hero
or
whom
who gave up
Bahman,
40, 485.
The
name
of the
the
tradition calls the son of his
life
in defence of the
The comparatively frequent occurrence of these names based on the names of the Amshaspands, as I have noted in the Zoroastrian creed.
Grundriss der iranisclien Philologie, proves that the doctrine of the Amesha Spentas must have existed, and was current, at the close of the Achannenian period. as
much
as our
These names presuppose that doctrine just Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael,
own proper names
K IISIIATIli; A V A
uppose the
of the
!s
I
able.
from the
the
to
/ul
In the
diiini-c).
to
hallowed sovereignty is 2 Kingdom, Rule, Power'; some-
Oatluls
tins
'
klishatlira
Ahura Kingdom, khshathrem toi mazdd aliurd
Good
3 vuhu khdiathra 'the Good Kingdom/ as opposed to 'the Kingdom of the Wicked One' ( /. r., Ahriman );'* or it is 'the 5 6 ' the Kingdom of Desire/ 'the Realm where the sun (ever) shines/
times
it is
Rule/
Mighty
7
f
Ahnra, Asha, and Vohu Manali. In general far
is
more
it
may be
but
in order
which belongs
Sovereignty
to
8
said that
abstract than either
he ranks next
'
the Wi?hed-for
Khshathra Vairya as an archangel
Vohu Manah
still
vivid
or
Asha Vahishta
enough as is in
Zoroastrian tendency to personification
a figure.
to
whom
The whole
fact remarkable, consider-
but recall such later day personifications of abstract virtues, or the like, as are found in the early European moraits
ing
2
30. 7. For convenience Justi's transcription is adopted in this article. 31. 22 51. 1 48. 8. See also Ys, 37. 5 and Vsp. 20. 1. I ask this, 31- 15 Puresa avat i/u m-iiniafi dretji'uite khshatJirem Jiunaiti Ys.
e.g.
Vs.
.
;
;
'
)*.
'
It can
antiquity.
;/<wan Itlnitayih, cf. Mills, Gathas, p. 343. Corn}V.;/ja, p. 219. pan' also Ys. 48- 8. }'*
me
'grant
'in the
Lit.
sun-seeing kingdom' (qdruj-durr-ni l-'ixlt if/trui"), which the gloss of xuryapade pratudo 'gti) also refers to Parudise. On the sun in relation to the other world, see the Great Iranian Bundahishn passage translated by Darmes-
Neryosangh
ZA.
tetcr. L< 7
(hi la,
314.
ii.
Y%. 31. 4
Khulitifli.i-cin
AnjoTiyhvat.
For example see Ys. 30. 8 tnnzdd t'tibt/o klislmthiem 'thy Kingdom, O Mazda' Ys. 32. 6 thtoahml r>e mazdd lihxliathrui afihdtcd in thy Kingdom, Mazdn, that is, your- and AshaV Ys. 34- 10 1litri
teaching the coming of the Kingdom,
r's
il/
Mult --n
'
-u
J
I
p. Iviii. geq.j
Ku
of thi-
-k
'
Klialnthra
ia
hand with compa^i
in
\
article published in
B.
el
or
can be no
in c.
A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSOU,
166
dom and '
l
aijdk/isitsta
'
Molten Metal of the
i>
as
demonstrable in the Gathas as in
Younger A rest a (Vsp. 20.
1
;
Yt. 2. 7
In a couple of Younger Avestan passages, moreover,
;
it
Yt is
17. 20).
perfectly
evident that khshathra vainja means simply metal (see Yt. 10. 125 and
Yd. 18. p. xciii)
both of them prose passages
C ;
and
in
employed as a synonym
Khshathra
Kingdom
de Harlez, A vest a Traduit,
for a metallic instrument,
Kauga, Acesta Lldwnanj^ In conclusion,
cf.
one place in the Vendidad (Yd. 9.
it
9) the
words arc
of knife
(see also
s. v.).
may be
stated again,
as
was stated
at the outset
Wished-for Kingdom, the Good Kingdom, the
Yairya, 'the
of Desire,' in Zoroaster's teaching denotes, in a spiritual sense,
and brings ideal rule, whether be on earth by regal power and authority, or in the realm of Ormazd, the kingdom of heaven and, secondly, in the realm of material things that dominion which puts an end to evil
it
;
Khshathra Vrurya presides over the kingdom which stand as a sign or symbol of power.
A. V.
of metals
and minerals,
WILLIAMS JACKSON,
Columbia University,
New
York.
M EDI ETA L GREEK REFERENCES TO THE AVESTAN CALENDAR. THE mo^\ Calendar
is
source
imp^rtr-nt
undoubtedly the
for
saeml
our knowledge of the Avestan whirh i< siippl.
text itself,
by most helpful information furnished by the Puhlavi books. are,
however, other allusions
be considered
The
to this
which must
chronological
our collection of data
known
best
mueh
if
is
to
There
approximate completeness.
of these references are in Persian or Arabic, but while
them
attention has been given to
the study
in
of the
Parsi Calendar, little notice has been paid to the Byzantine acco
Greek accounts,
these medieval
both few of access, the
translation? of
have their importance, and ns in books which are not easy 1
thorn
These translations are
public.
too,
number and
iii
:
may bo
of
tribute to
as a
pi
interest
to
the
T
:
of Dastur 1'olK'tan Behramji Sanjana, one of their m.>t dUtingui-
and scholars.
-ts
It
is
to
be noted that the earliest non-Parsi allusion
Iranian chronology
is
found
in
Quintus Curtius
to the an
22, 526-5^7 p]>. ;
;
;
Ira ijoijiccr, Amsterdam, i,
2
One
Antwerp,
Useuer, p. 23.
pp.
247, 249,
315
;
Denia Petau, DC