Avesta, Pahlavi & Ancient Persian Studies

Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur

The

late

Dr. Peshotanji

Behramji Sanjana,

M.

Parsee High Priest of Bombay.

A.,

Ph. D.

AVESTA,

PAHLAVI,

AND

ANCIENT IN

PERSIAN

STUDIES

HONOUR OF THE LATE

SHAMS-UL-ULAMA DASTUR PESHOTANJI BEHRAMJI SANJANA, M.A., PH.D.

FIRST

SERIES.

STRASSBURG TiR/ j~.

:

LEIPZIG

OTTO

19O4 i//

/;/,//,/
ther

well-known Dastur

of the ;

was adopted

early age he

into the

Sanj ana's

Edalji

only

and, after the death of that predecessor, in 1857,

he

appointed high-priest of the Shahanshahi Parsis in Bombay, which dignity he worthily held till the day of his death (26th December 1898) at the age of 70 years.

His succession to the high-priesthood occurred at a time when the steady advance of European education, among the I'arMlimited

in

knowledge of the

of Xavsari,

and

it

Bombay, was making them by

whom

was not

till

to overcome the

dissatisfied with the

priests supplied to

them by the Dastur-

such appointments were then made, 1883 that' Dastur Peshotanji was able all

opposition of the Navsari priesthood, and

to establish his ri^ht to initiate priests, and give for pnvtisini: a> priestfl

pamphlets (>uch as har,

in

Bombay.

He

them orders

published several

his Tafslr-i Gah-i

published the Ganj-i Shayagan and three other short Pahlavi treatises, that occur in old MSS., in 1886, with also

translations.

He was

universally respected as the ino-t learned Dastvir lected him government of Lord U lent of the title of Shams-ul-Ulama in rhe

of his time, and the

-i

He

community,

as

an ufHcial appreciation

-in it-

Fellow of the

establishing a .er

foundation in Bonih-iy

lean.

.*^ ]

:

>

I'niversitv

till

He was

his death.

from

18t'.r>,

.md

W\

Committee appointed by that University course of studies in Avesta and Pahlavi for the

examinations :

his

Jamshedji Jijibhal /anshti }Iad-

\vas Principal of the. Sir .

ol'

in

Arts.

him AS Member

in

The (ierman Q 7~>.

L

Oriental

Society

Andall Pahlavi >ehular-

no doubt, agree that the-o honour< were woll E.

w. WEST.

CONTENTS.

'

PAGE I.

German

Avesta Literature, from' the P.

Geldner,

Ph.D.

(Berlin)

Mackichan, M.A., D.D., LL.D., the University of

H.

Die

Farther

Bombay

Karl

Prof.

Rev.

D. By V ice-Chancellor of

...

Prof.

By

.

of the

.

...

...

...

Eugen Wilhelm, Ph.D.,

University of Jena III.

83

The Pahlavi Jamasp-Namak

.

Texts

Pahlavi

Translator of

By

Dr.

in

the

Sacred Books of the East, edited by the Muller IV.

The

Life and

Ferdinand

Legend

Avesta

W. West,

E.

V.

...

...

New York

Louis H. Gray, University of Columbia

The

Literal

Lawrence H.

of

Wording

the

Gathas

...

Mills, Ph.D., Translator of the

IX.

Avestan ZevishtyeTig Aurvato A. V. Williams-Jarkson

Avestan 176

Ys.

507

.

By

Prof.

178

Transliteration .m

PAGE

/

XI.

Vendidad, Fargard XVIII

.

By

Prof. Karl F. Geldner,

Ph.D XII.

XIII.

201

Das Volk der Kamboja bei Yaska . By Prof. Ernst Kuhn, Ph.D., Editor of the Qrundriss der Irdnischen ... ... ... 213 Philologie^ University of Munich

A

Fragment

By

of the Dinkart,

Book

III.,

Chapter IX, 3

.

the Right Rev. L. C. Casartelli, Ph.D., Principal, St.

Bede's College, Manchester

J:XIV.

The

215

Hindukush Dialects

Indian

Yudgha

By

.

Prof.

called Munjani and Wilhelm Geiger, Ph.D., Editor of

the Grundriss der Irdnischen Philologie, University of

221

Erlangen

XV.

Some

Inscriptions of Sassanian

Gems

Horn, Ph.D., University of Strassburg

XVI.

The Old Persian Inscriptions

APPENDIX Old

Persian

Columns I-V

APPENDIX sparam

West

.

224

...

.

By

Prof. Paul Horn, .

Text of

231

I.

Text of the Inscriptions at . ... By an Admirer

First Series of the Pahlavi

Prof. Paul

at Behistan, transliterated

with philological annotations Ph.D.

The

By

.

Behistan,

II.

the Selections of Zad-

Edited and transliterated by

Dr. E.

W. .

xliii

A VESTA LITERATURE, FROM THE GERMAN OF

KARL

GELDNER.

F.

INTRODUCTION. GEN

EH A IRK. i

les Idivs Tlu'ologiques,

Zend-Avesta, ouvragede Zoroastre, contenant Physiques et Morales de ce Legislateur, les Ceremonies

du Cnlte Religienx

qa'il a dtabli, et plusieurs traits importants relatifs a Histoire des Perses: Traduit en Francois sur 1'Original Zend,

1'ancicniic

par M. A.VJ'LKTII, DU PKRRON, 8 Vols. in 4, Paris 1771. [Tome premier, ['introduction au Zend-Avesta, la relation du pivmi'-rr paftiu contains :

voyage dn tradncteur aux Indes Orientales, suivie du plan de 1'ouvrage. Seconde partie le Vendidad sade (1'Izeschne, le Vispered et leVendidad), :

Tome

de Zoroastre.

la vie

Bonndehesch

second contains

deux vocabulaires

leschts sadcs,

:

le

Si rouz. (ireifswald 1789. Jon. FR.

1

~~'

;

-1777, 3 Vols. in

:

.

.

(

M.

ivs

J

Pars

on

t

Lanrtiai'p. Writings,

i

i.Jly in tin-

;

D t.,

Third

Kdit-i.m

si;i-;..

18s4.

K.

W.

Wi-^i intlie

7ols, V, \VII1, XXIV,

ELULLU, Ave-ta. Livrc sacrc des -77, 3 ?ols. Second eni

i:

sacr^

I-^7S.

Pahuvi text^

the

and Religion of the

Second Kdition whieh Wi-xr has

du Zoroastri.smr. traduitdu

1-

Introdue-

XX\\

II.

"I"' 1

ditcd edition i,

Tans 18>1

:

\

Hil.liothr-.juc

iction).

A.

Mo, Introduction to

dad, Oxford Paris 18^3, 1

tl;

ides

!

L'

Vols.

Lc Z

a

DOVfoUi

919(

Iranionnes,

2

MACKICHAN, GELDNElt's AWKSTA LITERATURE,

D.

taire historique et philologique, par JAMKS DAUMESTETER, Paris 1892-93, 3 Vols. in 4, published in the Annales du Musee Gaimet, tome 21, 22, 24,

[wherever HARMESTKTKR simply main work].

is

quoted, the reference

Eraiiische Alterthumskunde,

Fu. SPIEGEL,

Leipzig

is

;il

ways

to this

1871-78, 3

Vols.

Volume.

especially the third

M. DUNCKER,

Geschtchte des Alterthnms,

Vierter Band, 4

Aufl.,

Leipzig 1877.

ED. MEYER, Geschichte des Alterthums, Erster Band, Geschichte des Orients bis znr Begriindung des Perserreichs, Stuttgart 1884. [Das Awesta, pp. 501-510].

K. GELDNER, Article "Zend-Awesta" Vol.

XXIV,

in the Eucyclopa)dia Britannica, zur ( 11). Avesta-Ausgabe Prolegomena

p. 775.

^W. JACKSON,

Introduction to Avesta

Grammar,

Stuttgart 1892.

AWESTA. The Iranian

1.

God and

nation, so far as it reverenced

Ah ura Mazda

as its

His prophet, was once possessed of an extensive the Veda of the Indians the Awesta (masc. or neut.). There has never been unanimity in Germany as to The word comes to us from the Middle the gender of the name. Persian which has no genders. The Pahlavi form is avistdk? the Pazend avastd. Neriosangh reproduces it in Sanskrit by avistd as in Zarathushtra as

sacred literature similar to 1

" avistdvdh or avistdvdnl, The word can hardly be Awesta-speech." traced further back than the Sasanian era. Oppert is, however, of opinion that the word is already to be found in an inscription of the time of

Beh. IV, 64 5 ), but the identification The word has been variously derived. The con-

Darius in the form is at least

jecture

abastdm

doubtful.

(

Andreas, orally communicated, has most pronamely, that Avisidk or Avastdk is to be traced back

of Professor

bability on

its side,

1 Kleuker, Haug, and Weber use Awesta and Zendawesta in the masculine. neuter form, however, predominates.

3 -

This reading

Apastak, "~"

I,

XXXIX,

is

followed by

The

West, while Darmestcter, on the other hand, has

note.

3

Oppert, JA. 1872, XIX, 293 ; I)e Harlcz, JA. altpersisohen Keilinsohriften, 2nd cd., p. 103.

1876,

VI11, 487; Spiegel,

Die

MEANING AND to the old form upastff, and tlm" (like

:

involvis

and

it

'

iation,"

foundation-

-/a).

This explanation rally

3

1.

tin-

ftk

with

Ifl

>r

ti

.

:i

expresses added Pahlavi

inasmuch

M

namely, the

,

n'-i.-ftah

contrast

translation or explanation

/>//, -VJ

ssing of ing pronounced on the Mazdayasnian house; n of fire and the pr< form so-called i/a/im./

ft

>r,

"offering to nin.Lr

-e

of Andhita of

the

un

^ of

t

introduction

_

>aered 1

tlie

follow

D

_!).'

-PBRKD (from Aw. 'nt- to

rlu'

The

Yajtna.

ratavo

rlttpe

official

"

all

:i

|

1

.

of

Vasht

V

tin-

he same is



seasonal

epe
ortions of Yasna 11. Karde

5 does duty for Yasna 14 of which it is only a variation Karde 1 2 for The second half of the Vispered, Kardes 13-24, stands L'7, 7, in very close relation to the Guthas or the Staota Yesnya ( cf. the ;

Yasnu

synopsis in

12

).

VENDIDAD

(I.

ft

(Av. vldaevo datom,

the law against demons,

"

Phlv. jilt_-div-ddt or j/7/-*
;

its

thedn^,

pur; kind-,

its

prais..

tva

called

(generally

faoma (Horn)

Kayfu.

11

8-9.

Zamyad

;

in

21, of Vanant

:

(Yallalld).

This arrangement in tlu- Tarsi Calendar.

ba<ed upon

is

have no Yasln to the

In

no day of the

the Calendar the

second place iu the Yasht collect d by that of the seven Ameahm

is

ly the connection with a Yasln 1:< only

Eaahti ls an d

the case (i

corresponding day the

two Y

last

month month

;

however, the sec-nnd place In

y there is

c

them;

month corresponding day of Vohu U< nta.

of the days of the days of the

r

Kiu'ht of the genii of the

1

n

d'*ih-

forced

i

-

.

8 sections are concerned with the genius of the earth (Zamyad).

first

Yasht there

In the 18th

is

absolutely

no

Several of the double names in the above

i

are explained not one from whom

list

fact that the proper hero of the Yasht is the corresponding day deri\v- its name, but a genius invoked along with him. Thus the 10th Ya

ao to speak, of the 1

!o layman at the

a co >tances his



"I

9-10.

AWKSTA,

celebrated

Kapithwin,

I

Tin:

ginning and

at

summer.

of

FRA

10.

I)ook8 or collections of text*

\

well exhaust the caimn of

no moans the whole of

tin-

pi-

Pai

ritual

t

ract

and com-

number

uf

t

\

These Xiranys are very fruitas well as for the eiiriehment

vocabulary; unfortunately t: very had and the quantity of matt

ha-

h rial in

:

manuscripts

1

nty.

The Afiin of the

t

Daltman nam
t

r8t

hlavi

(jiiotation

Awe.-ta quotation- the majority uf which ean no our Awesta.

ti.

word \\ith

long*

:

aeed

in

'-'

Lar L;ards

their

liree

the llddnkld AV/;.

from

lh>y narrate

cnntents;

fragment

which

the

of

t

.,H,y

eschatological in

A

lot of

\Vs

d

tlu^

P

t

in

lladnkht.

HT.-

m

T

lb

Darmcstmar 111,78 *$. San jnna, Bombay.

Olowary

an

immediate e.un-

not stand

dd

add

:

Fhotographio copy

'

,vith

small

I...

Erroneous! ,

-?.

pbilh

-*

14

MACKICHAN, liELUNKR's AVESTA LITERATURE,

1).

an obscure text, grammatically quite corrupt and compiled from manifold sources without any iuuer connection, which bus nothing to do with the ordinary Yashts. Vaild,

1

The Pahlavi commentaries on the Vendidad and Pahlavi works

and other

such as

Vijirkard

I

Dirilk

the Yasna,

and

-

Slidijast Id-

Shdyust are ricli in Awesta citations. Numerous shorter Awesta quotations are contained in the so called PtirtishniJid, a kind of catechism There are in all 124 Awesta quotations distributed over in Pahlavi. 3

Many fragmentary texts, prayers and uirangs liavt* found their way into individual MSS. of the Khordu Awestn. The best known are the Vlspa Humata and the Airyama 7.vt/o. A\V must not ornit to mention the so-called Farliang i Olm Kkadflk, an 58

sections.

v

Awesta- Pahlavi glossary which has preserved not merely many Awesta words hut also certain phrases and quotations from Awesta books that Darmesteter has published a text-piece which, have been lost. 5

come from the

according to the subscription, must have Nikddftm. 6

Nask

lost

of the liturgies are merely or almost entirely compilations of well-known texts and current formulae, e.g.. the Darun Bdj, Darun

Many

3 Maya Yasht

7

Yasht, I

gdsdn i

10

(a

(also

named

the

9 Maya Zohr ),

the Cidak-aviatdk

compilation of Gatha-stanzas), the numerous Afringans

In Westcrgaard's edition,

pp. 300 and 302

;

translated in Dannesteter

II.

660

and 663. Darmesteter III. 29 seq. A large portion also pp. 471, 472, 474, 475, 484-4873 Published and translated by Darmesteter, III, 53. * See the collection of fragments in Westergaard, pp. 331 seq. The a

Collected by

in

West SEE.,

XXXVII,

contain

mnny

hitherto

unknown

incantations

;

qf.

K.Z.

MSS E 2

and

M2

i

27, 587.

An old Zand-Pahlavi Glossary edited by Dastur Hoshangji Jamaspji, revised by Martin Hang, Bombay-Stuttgart 1867. Herausgeg. von H. Reichclt, Wien 1900. Darmesteter, Une page Zende ine'dite in JA. 1886, VIII, p. 182. The fragment refers to mixed marriages with women who were not Parsis. According to the subscripIn Haug's collection a tion it professes to belong to the Nask Nikddum, Fargard Vaetha fragment of the Vaetha in No. 35, which is not identical with the portion oi' the text 5

t

published. 7 The Darun Yasht is composed of an introductory formula and portions Yasna with partially altered liturgical forms, namely Yasna 3, 5-18; Yasna 23. 4. 5.

of the 6.

1-6;

11-15. 17. Y. 26,7.8. 1-8. 8

te

So in the Persian

suma

MS

called Mf^.

The Maya Yasht begins with the words noman

(or slma) .wvixta arvdvi sura and/iita xstiaothra ahurahd mazd

n-li^iDiiN booksvofthfl

Vol.

i.

This

1.

The /end

up to date the completest

i-

Parsm ram entea Mai

beiligen Schriften dor drr HnzvaiM'-rh

dii

Vendidad, \Vien 185:;

Wien

>tuit -art 1886; II Tc-il:

NK;.. K. F,Q and Klmrdo Awosta, Vispeivd

herauageg. y.

uud Prolegomena, 181' Sacml Books of thr

ish

Parsit,

-ary of State for India in

t

In

(b)

VI).

ii-at

I

:

AVM-

Akademie der I.

18.

.snm, (

.':

Ill

under the

T ti

published under the patronage

Council.

Stuttgart 18^

In-1

Kitahi Ju.lDiv.Iad, A.V. ISO /hay,

i-dit.-d

by Dastur IDAUI DARA. Preface

Varna

Tin-

sammt Band

I.

^ua 1858.

P.and: vlt]

11.

the

Aweaia, nt

:

IJiichcr d-r Par>fn, iin AuftraLT d-r. K.

iie luMliLTt'ii

Wiasenschaften in litlad

A vesta

.

im (4rundti-.\te

^n FB. Sl'JBGlL,

I

di-r

by N. L.

^,ed. transl.

texts (only so mui-h apjx-;.

diara.

^USge, h

a

Qu oaj-

I8j

1)V tlir

Litlmgniph.

V

l;i'

A

fr

Society,

by

API

mgoage, but Gujarat! oharacand Comment; accord

ise l

"

the late

f

:
/
letL'lv dcstro. (

which

ML

the

d

tini

prcservr n the

posaewioo of a

11. 1

A

iloby thr

l?nmna, irod.

maj now beoouvlted.

-

DOC oomplotftl

whr

have later

22

GELDNKR'S AWESTA LITERATURE.

D. MACKICIIAN,

The most important amongst these is the MS. Pt 2 written in A. D. 1787. It seems, however, not to have been taken direct from L,. Kj and L 4 come from the same Mitro-apFm I Kai-Khusrovd, who twice copied the Pahlavi Yasna. In Kj he adds to his own signature the two colophons of his predecessors, so that the family can also be traced tolerably far back. The foundation MS. is that of Homast of Seifetan, which Aerdashlr I Vohuman copied in A. D. 1205. Mahyar brought AcrdaThere it was copied by the well-known Rustam I shir's MS. to India. I Mitro-apan Marzapan. K x is a copy of the MS. of Rustam completed ants.

L4

has lost the last leaf with the signaof the copyist of L4 , namely, Mitrosubscription with of his two These those predecessors, is re-copied. apan, together L been have last agree exactly with those in 4 must, therefore, x copied in Cain bay, 17th But in Pt 2 the

May

1324.

ture.

K

.

K

MS.

of Rustam, and, indeed, some months before It was from the x. finished, according to the colophon in Pt 2 , on the 28th August 3323, in Nosari. The genealogical tree of the whole family is then as follows :

MS.

of

Homast I

Aerdashlr (1205) I

Rustam

K

1

L 4 1323

(1324)

Pt 2

Ml, I

The

Pahlavi-Vendidads.

late

The extant Vispereds with Pahlavi translation rest entirely on an Codex K 7 This MS. contains in its first part the oldest and best Vispered Sade (with Nlrang), with a subscription of the 1 copyist Rustam I Mitro-apan I Marzapan and as date A. D. 1278. With this is connected the Pahlavi Vispered, manifestly by the same old Copenhagen

This

copyist.

.

is,

therefore, the oldest

Awesta MS. which has yet been

The Vishasp Sade is represented by copied in Kirman by Vch-mard, son

discovered.

codex 1

K

4

,

That

copy of the

is

of the writer of the draft

Rustam MS,

of

See Prolegomena

K

15

&c.

XXXIX,

the excellent Iranian of Fredun,

But, perhaps, this MB.

from a is

an old

MAM SCRIPTS

THE MS. MS.

of

Vahrom, son

OF THE AWESTA,

]>>.

of the Mar/apan, who, in his turn,

had copied the Khusro-malka, son of Anoshagrubauo (about 1585). K* is dated 2Gth July 1723. of

The Vendidad Sades are widely distributed in India ; they all go in the last resort to one archetype. Only a few are older than the preceding century. They ivpn^ent the vulgate-text of the three books, which has degenerated through frequent copying, and has, further, been strongly influenced by an inexact oral tradition. Amongst these Indian Vendidad Sades two groups are to be distinguished, a superior one represented by the Copenhagen and a London VWndida Side, K^ aud L 2 and an inferior one to which the bulk of the MSS. belongs. Tlu- archetype of the Voudidad Siides,asalso of the Yaana and Vispered Sades, was probably originally composed from the Pahluvi Awosta for And thus it becomes clear why numerous quotations liturgical use. back

i

,

from the Awesta, belonging to the Pahlavi Commentary, have found their way into the text of the Vendidad Sades. This archetype,

we presume,

must, however, after all be older than the oldest Pahlavi Awosta MSS. known to us. Tho Vendidad Sides have not preserved the better reading

uniroijuently ^ta

in contrast to the Pahlavi-

MSS.

The Persian Y.ndidll S.rles, represented by Mf, and Jp,, are -s. favourably distinguished from the Jp t was copied by Frf-dfm Mar/apan in A. D. l'J8, aud, indeed, from a MS. belonghail a :i, _rinal a copy made by ing to Marzapfm, who, in I

i

Klifi-r.~>!>

by mention

]\i-

was

writ:, n in

A. D.

A

original.

l:i

fieil "i

i

ho close

:

^llip

1

loes

not

of the

two

'

uninisiakal'lr in U>rli;

\ViululSd Sado tyjK u is that of the I ndian

Cement of the text

t!,

a change.

it,

D

;h ly

original

r!i" ot IK r

every

line

i

I:

,

x) last,

:.\ dual readings while they agree tome* .

daisof MSS., and sometimes

:

.

ofler readings entire-

\vh:

ight be supioeed to stand .ppears to have

the

I

,

or earl

beennadein

P*r*i

Vwesta

M88.

24

GELDNKliV A \VKSTA UTKRATUKK,

D. MACKICIIAN,

(which since then have disappeared), in which Persia has been richer than India. The text which the Persian Ycmlidful Sfidos supply is free from many disturbing glosses with \vhieh the text of the Indian M82S. 1

is

laden.

The MSS.

Yasna SFide also presuppose an archetype Veudidad bade. The best MS. of the group is Shams- til-Ulama Dastur Ur. Hoshangji Jamaspji of

of the

which stood near

to the

that belonging to

Poona (HJ-. Regarding the MSS. OF THE YASHTS AND THE KHORDA-

14.

AWESTA

there has,not been, since ancient times, so well-defined a system

We

divide the MSS. above, 8). into three groups, according to contents (a) Pure Yasht codices. The oldest and most important representative is F a belonging to the year

as for those

we have

just described

(cf.

:

The MS. begins quite in the usual style of the Khorda-Awesta 1591. with an alphabet, some forms of prayer (Nirangs and Baj's), and the five The latter are inseparable in the MSS. from the Yashts. Nyaishes. follow only the 22 Yashts in the usual order. These MSS. have served as source for the majority of the later Yasht codices, at least in

Then part.

(b)

The Khorda-Awesta

be adduced as a specimen, of this class.

It

contains in

Nyaishes, the 3 Afrlngans, the 12, 14,

1C, 18, 20, 21,

and

The Oxford codex (0 3

codices.

as its

contents

may be taken

order

the Awesta

5

:

Gahs, the

Yashts

)

may

as the average Alphabet, the 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 9,

11,

The combined the Yashts. The chief

numerous Nirangs.

Khorda-Awesta

(c)

texts including all is Pt u dated A. D. 1625. This MS. shews of this class representative He as his basis took the writer that proceeded eclectically. clearly codices,

one or several Khorda-Awestas and supplied the missing Yashts from F x Thus it happens that, for example, Pt x in Yasht 19 follows 'F l .

closely, while in

Yasht

16

it

represents u different and

much

inferior

recension.

Persian discovered.

MSS. On the

containing all the Yashts have not yet been other hand, the Persian Khorda-Awestas similarly

occupy a unique position. The favourite Yasht of these MSS. is Yasht 13, the Farvardm Yasht, which, on the other hand, is wanting ]

WfiBtergaard was able to

make

full

use of only a later copy of Mt' 2

,

namely,

of this class. *

Compare the

introductions to Spiegel's, Westergaard's, and Geldner's Editions.

MA

in

Persian Khorda A\\v>t:t text

which

the

La

is

,

HIE rimsBNT AWMTA,

Tho

1

.

tin?

concerned, ov.-rsi-lits

most

order of o!

tho

:

t

matter of omift-

in th,-

-:

PUKS

TA AX!)

Tin: X\SKS.

\.\IDS.

It

i-known

.

very r

..tli.

h

correct

.

AWKSTA UNDER

Till:

TH

same

sentences and

words,

n and repetitions heing, of con how traces of a doubl On the ion. the tradition and f individual \\-onN is often \. writing ring, and uflers aorioiu ol iteoki to the establi

x/ 'J'lIK

correct

.-\vrvwh, >rv the

is

riiisli

as

and

finest

1

A. D. 1726.

Aw-

without variation so far

chapters

F. of

M

N

S

een

conij.lotcly

wsthato; ndidad.

pn

He

i'tirtli.-r

rmed a part of

^ive lir-t

tlie

and Mi

wa9

|

dr.v

1

^

.-known hbtory which the rabMripikm to K,, (an n thonaaod yearn after their migra* ;

r

means tha

tho F.irvarlin

horda Awoetas this Yasht hnd .liiwppoarcd.)

motion

c-.-

i

Ya*ltt.

personally

question >

Prolegomena n urtjlw,

4 in

Wort's Kmay*.

p. 125 nnto.

(ThU

Dartur Jimi-p Hakim,

Durmsatrtar

I

\

Ynsoa .

9, It.

otr.

xcoiu* of ios

lans lequt

Soavans, Jain

vros 7x>nd

!

.

.

1

.

7W, pse Ml (in UM &SAJT, soot ks proprai oorrafdc

tly oalls la

.TsUtflrc.

33. /.cn.Awt HR. dos rcmet, p. 176).

:

oompar-

Accor^mj to An M

iU

question

(j*. p.

*) UM

torta BoUflovJs

?* "Ote.

'

soetioat of awrta chapters

26

P. MACKIOIJAX,

GKLDNEBS

A WEST A

L1TEBATUI1E,

Teachings of the old lasturs on Religion) has in recent times received a entifio foundation through West's comprehensive treatment of the literary sections of the Dinkard. 1

1

THE

most comprehensive and the most learned literature, dating from the 9th century," is occupied in the 8th and 9th hooks with a minute treatment of the Nasks. At this time almost the whole contents of the Sasanid Awesta must have

work

the

DiN'KAHD,

in Pahlavi

The 8th book

Dinkard gives a compressed survey them expressed, however, in certain places in general phrases. This latter is very succinct and often conveys nothing so far as it deals with the Nasks 1-14 and 19-21 ; on the other hand, for the Nasks 15-18 it goes into great detail. The author in the 9th book returns again to the discussion of the first three Nasks and gives been extant.

of

of the

the Nasks and an analysis of

all

a quite exhaustive statement of their contents. According to his statement only the Awesta text of the 5th Nask was extant of the llth ;

Nask

Awesta text nor the Pahlavi translation (Zand) had been preserved. In regard to both these Nasks he abstains from all remark regarding their content. It follows from this that he knew all the rest from personal inspection and that his account is based neither the

In his time, therefore, there were simply on the Pahlavi commentary. still 20 Nasks extant and the commentary ou 19 of them. When one compares his analysis of the Vendidad (D. 8, 44) with the book, it becomes clear that he was in a position, through the medium of the Pahlavi translation, to give us a correct representation of the contents of the Awesta. This is, however, not equally true in regard to all the Nasks. 10.

SURVEY OP THE NASKS.

The

entire

Awesta canon as

re-

edited under the Sasanids,the great Awesta with its Pahlavi translation, consisted of 21 books which are made to stand parallel with the 21

words of the Ahtino are the

1

SEE.

vol.

to

XXXVII. Particular iu Haug :" An old

already to be found

Haug, Bombay 1870, 2

most sacred prayer. The following West's reading) in the order given in the

Vairyri, the

names (according

p. 16H

j

details

taken

from

West, Essays,

p. 12ti.

West, Introduction to the Dinkard, p. 33.

Parsi

this

Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary,

"

tradition arc

by Hoshaiigji and

THE

I'KI'SENT A.

AND

Till:

A,

Dlnkard (the contents are given lew words)

in a

in brackets

\"

3.

Uako.

I.

Diindfir (History of Ores-

5.

tion). Nfitar.

Iranian royal

Spend (History

}:\.

tra).

Bakfin Vast. 15. Nlkatfnn. 10. Ganalja-sar-nijat (Criminal Militan Law, Civil and

Law).

olliee).

17.

IYi,

Visfasp-sastu (Conversion and Instruction of Kinj

10.

Vishtasp). II.

Vastag

tin-

>i

lirisparam (Doctrine

Kaskisrobo.

9.

i'amili

of Haratlmsli-

11.

IMjair (Ceremonial). Rato-dit-aitag (especially liog with the priet

7.

stated

12. Citradat (History of human families, in especial of tin-

irs'tmansar.

_!.



it

said of the Xa.-k-

of Alexander,

7. 8, 9,

f>(),

(Jl),

1

and

GO, GO,

when they were Mili-e^uentlv

that I'.',

eontainctl

10, 1"

and*; eha^ters.

11, \vhieh, l.ei'ure

and

1'2

At ;>

truck by the

'

til--

c.-tively, 1

:

',

them at we find the Tasna baa,

1'aet

that

Tlie snore:

OF eorn-i.-ted the

1

TIIK

VKXDIDAD.

amongst the

titlrs

,.f

thi-

our Awesta have nothing an-v.

"1

riiinainii.

H

;

mustered only

l

THE UKMAINI.V; BOOKS UPSIDES

.

chapt

eollec-fed they

.

the inv..

from fou;

theao! \\"--t ami

OODJOOtUN of '.18-438.

An.|'

1

|

] I

:

lea Parses

28

D.

MAlKICHAN, GELDNEtt'S AWESTA LITERATURE,

The remaining texts wore extant in the Nasks in their elements partly under somewhat different names or scattered over different Naek*. The books of the Awesta include these texts taken from the Nasks and in the particular

arrangement which the Liturgy prescribed.

1

Several Nasks have portions of the Yasna. These portions which have been hitherto identified with tolerable certainty, distribute themselves over the following Nasks: (a) Stot Yast, (b) Bako, (c) HiUokht, Bakan The Yast. Stot Yas't has passed completely into the Yasna, (d)

proper kernel. The Stot Yast was the collection of the soYesmja (see below, 23), which, however, with interrupextended from Yasna 14-58. The Bako Nask is represented by

and forms

its

called Staota tions,

Yasna 19-21, three homilies regarding the most sacred prayers, which, according to the account given in the Dinkard 9,47, formed the The three chapters are still named in first three Fargards of this Nask. the MSS. of the Yasna Bakan and are called in the original text baya ahunaJw vairyche (Y. 19, 21), baya asdhe vahistahe (20, 5), baya ycnglie lidtam (21,5). Accordingly also the 55th Yasna, which according to the closing invocation, bears the title baya staotanam ycsnyanam "Homily of the Staota Y." might have belonged to the Bako Nask, and have

The analysis given in the formed the conclusion of the 22nd Fargard. Dinkard (9, 68) contains, however, no allusion to this, and it is not clear from

69 what the writer

9,

may have had

in view.

Still

is

it

just

as

possible that Yasna 55 belonged to the Stot Yast and there formed a kind of colophon to the Gathas. The Hatokht Nask is represented by

thcfsusd mathro hadhaokhto (this is the name borne by the 58th chapter of the Yasna, cf. Y. 59, 33, perhaps specially only the section 58, 4-7) ; finally the Bakan Nask is represented by Yasna 57 (Srosh Yasht).

The Yasna and Vispered liturgy in the form which later became customary, attested by the Varshtmiinsar Nask itself according to the analysis given in the Dinkard 9, 43, 7 (c/. West on this passage), further by Shayast la-Shayast (of the 7th century, West SHE., V, Pref. 65) 13, 5, where Vispered 13 is discussed between Yasna 30 1

is

and

31, in the

Datistan

I

very same place which it comes to occupy in the Vcndidad compare also 45, 6. The Yasna-ceremonial (yazivn) is further mentioned in Diitistan * ;

Dlnik

Other passages with reference to the ritual arc Darmesteter (I, LXXXV1II; III, XXXII) communicates a passage from Masudi, according to which since tho time when Ardeshir Bubak ascended the throne, the oustom had come in of reciting one of tho chapters of the

Dinik 23, Dat. 30,

1; 28, 1 (ijazttn dronu), 4-7.

1; 47, 1;

48, 1;

Bundahish

30, 25, 28.

Awesta which they called Isned (3 'asna).

HIE UEM.\:

THE VBNDIDAI)

>OK8 BESIDES

The Dinkard

1">)

(8,

^ives the following short description of the

Vashts addressed to the bay*

^

"

>r

17.

contains particulars, first, about tho ship of Auharma/d, the highest of the Bayhas ; and, secondly, of vorship of the angols and other inv worldly

divinities

it

:

.j

whom

<jf

glory,

arc

by name

1

les,

1

Yashts

one

]l

oi

:.ot,

d.

by

-

3.

Yasht.'

When

it

i>

usual ono; only the

put in

its

Kh

.-

tho

isattbe

i

JM.

ing of the fargards in

md

^

becomes possible to re Yashts with exactness

F

t

and the number of the

mgoment

it

I in

of tho

\

Th-

brackets).

j>ri

.7,

H

nt

of tho

fargard

arrange-

18,1

5,6,7, 8,9,

10), 11,

16.

Th


i

MArKiciiAN, GEI/DNER'S AWESTA LITERATURE,

The Hfmi-Yasht (contained

Yuntain the

hi.

literat

.v

tli-

:

ik-mdnworldly kn\vlcdgo and code of duty whiltinclude those _rs which lie midw.iy Ix-twoeil II'. 'inkard ink., VIII, 15 ). ;

;

that

thi>

di-iin

(8,

1,

The

1-J ).

c

elci

la-Mt

dpoint

some extent

is to

to cstabi -:i

as each

.

.

classes contains

whol

K act !iO

!

16 I

strophe

i

whole Awosta and

analogy

rogftti

rev.

a br.v

to

;

.

to the- La\\

olcments in in

th

Awcsta.

(

Dink. s

wlm

i

)

in th-- l.ittrr

Und-

In

Va,n

(MUftgO

known

h has been

ndnmril; appears

nalA

,

,

already fully rcoogniaed asna (5 J

'-

The exprcs ids to th

to a quotation

|

f

Awesta as

in r)u>

,

mjndcrioM

hadlui-i*(il

U>

i

W

playt ttoongti tho Iliwlu. thoAwMti lUoinhnit *) am HMlo to panUlol wiih tbo thrco faodjmonUil.idoM of ZoroMlriao atbki kt4*, k i* IV. 16.

-ne rMe among the Par*!*

M

tl>

mo

i

UtVa

32 1,

D.

20, &c.,

MAnaniAN, GELDNEK'S AWESTA LITKRATUKE,

a thc

Law",

ritiuil

1

to

which the Vcndidad Nask is devoted, is invoked

liadha-datn, c/darva Zamthiishtri.

Data

with the words:

substitutes, us has

hi-eii

shewn above,

The

VTslitH^p-

in place of the Vemlidfid

the Vishtasp Yasht, which has been borrowed from the Vishtasp Sasto Nask, i. e.j a Nask of the Hatak-mansarik class, and is therefore to be

Here at the same place (Y. 1, 20) assigned to the Intermediate class. the immediately following Vishtasp Yasht is introduced by the followhadha-mathra zaini-parsta. Now, if Darmesing parenthetical note :

datem hadha-ddtom as " the law and its appendix/' hadha-mathra must be taken as an appendix to the mathra proper, the sacred word, the real kernel of the revelation. toter is correct in his interpretation (T, 9) of

The Zdt-sparam- further divides the literature of the Law into two subdivisions the law against Demons, represented by the VendiIt dad, and the law of Zartusht, represented by the remaining Nasks. the Manthra of the subdivides similarly the Hadhamanthra into two and and Rato-ddto-alto the Pdcmo Nasks by Appointer, represented the Manthra of the good signs, represented by the remaining Nasks. Beyond this, neither from the Zat-sparam nor from the statements in :

,

scantiest just at this point, can we get information regarding the proper character and contents any tangible This entire group has on the whole of the Intermediate literature.

the

Dlnkard which are of the

Our Awesta of to-day appears to have preserved only a very small amount of Hadhamanthra literature. Those Nasks, which besides the Stot Yasht, have the largest representasuffered the greatest amount of decay.

tion in the extant

Awesta

ram, are reckoned the

first

texts,

namely Hatokht, Bakan and II u spaGasaulk Nasks, the two latter to the

to the

Our Yashts, accordingly, belong only to the literature of the or worldly literature. West 1 conjectures with much plausibility that the Hadhamanthra literature was the semi-relig'cus portion and Datiks.

Law

The loss of it philosophy and the sciences. Gatha is, therefore, doubly regrettable, but also easily explicable. The literature was the theological literature in the proper sense of occupied

the term. 4

1

2

3

*

with

itself

C/. above

It

is

so

called

12.

West, at the place cited, p. 402. At the place cited, p. 4.

See Darmesteter III, x.

not because

it

contains

exclusively

AND

v

BLE1

-

(Jathu texts,

head an

l.tit

HAKA'"]r.K


.

the Slot Y;isht stan

io

whole

The Datlk

:is.

IMS

i-

-^

-d

knowledge literature

was the

77iu/r

An< alpi'men

Y

was so called

It

.thrn

n

literatu

ni

i>

n

>m

ir

unfit). s;iid

our Awestu.

to

.

dci

literature with

.rs

pp.lably It follow-

i:\niDAD. i

iins sifter

on these

:i:lly

compares the three classes of the

thethiv. 19.

1

theology and This tripartite division may have Keen analogous, the Indian el ion into scientific

it.

Supplemented

:

worldly portion the

\

was intended for the laity. formed an important part or

uf \\hich

Sniriti.

TUT.

(>F

Vendidad, falls und litany, and tin- Vaslr

All

that

and the law- book,

-:ithas in tli- pr-ip-r se kingdom verence Vohu Mano. the A \V

tlif

n

all

''-nee

\\-

T

tllO

hip the Fravashis of

the most richly helpful '-vereuce

j>

i':i:

i

futun-.''

'VIUM!

\\Y

this house.

ii

]

(L'U-d)o:

and

AWEfl

Till;

;

d m
: all essential I in points with the In the Yasht- 5, the old 17, ,.1 l", kings

Kayauian?, with epic

AW!

lllK

1

i

,

how

related

It is

these reven

:

divinity in question and made Mire of its help for pai ticular ends. aiv brought forward in the traditional BH00888iofl, and nnnie; 'I

On the otlier hand mythical features are interwoven in the narrative. the most original of all the Yashts, the Jth, contains the lii>torv of the (

1

hvareno. W6 n i.ur ht say of the Iranian kindly crown, and hroad outlines the entire history of old Iranian dynasties the vicissitudes of their fortune. tlicts and This is a

-

in

their

:

Tin

epic writing.

Yasht,

down

1

of the

list

h
o-called.


e

is

made oub with

numbered 33

certainty.

According t> The Yasht.

indispenflable for the Stdi aid 57 would have to be eliminated.

repetition of 51, 7

ami

17.

prayers, to each of which

If

my

\

c!

Chapter we assume that tli

the

three

UO w

This inn

1

chapters.

N

16-17,11

H

is

only al:

|

MK ntaries

c

separate fargard, formed in the original Nask inn e separate pi, vis. that, further, the Yasna Ilaptanghiiiti, although in theCnmnu-: itli-r>-l

up into a unity (Dink.

nal division into chapters in the

name, the V.

number 33 would 11

\v..r!

!',

5

1

-ht

from which

follows:

i:

;ihd

40

D.

MArKlrHAX, GELDNKU'S AWESTA LITERATURE,

The Gathas occupy tin* largest space in thase Staota Yesnya. They are divide! into live separate groups according to tlio five diftercnt metres or strophes employed. The individual groups are arranged in the descending order of their length. They are named from their initial

have

words; similarly the individual chapters or Haitis of a group taken from their first and, in isolated cases, from their

titles

second word.

The first gfroup is called the Ahunavaiti Gatha (34, Hi) from the second word of the single strophe plaoed at the head of tho group yaikd alt/1 rain/it (the Aliuna Vtiinja, ILmnvc.r in ANQI'KTIL). It is

made up

1. 2.

3. !,

Ahyasa

of the following seven Chapteri

11

Hfiiti,

Xsmtlvya-gous-urva At-ta-vaxsya H. Ta-vD-urviita

,,

11

22

H.

Xvaetumaithya

G.

Yathaisitha H..

14

7.

Ya-syaothana H.

15

:

Y.

28

Y.

29

Y. Y.

30 31 32

Y. Y. Y.

10

II.

f>.

The strophe (vccast.) Ahuna Vairya, consists of 3

Strophes,

II. 11

1

33 34

of the Ahunavaiti Gatha,

including the

verses (gas) of 7 + 9 or 7 + 8 caesura occurs regularly at the end of the 7th syllable/2

The second group

is

the Ustavaiti Gatha (Y. 46, 20).

syllables.

A

It consists

of 4 chapters:

Y.

43

11

Y. Y.

19

Y.

44 45 46

1.

Ustavaiti Haiti,

1G Strophes,

2.

Tat-thwa-par^sa H.

20

3.

At-fravaxsya H. Kamnamaeza H.

4.

The strophe of the Ushtavaiti Gatha consists of 5 lines'1 The ciesura occurs at the end of the fourth syllable. syllables. 1

The names are partly modelled

3

On

aus den

after the later

der K. Akademie d. W. zu Wicn, 1871). sclmngen. Zweites Heft. Halle, 1886. pp. 1-32. s

4+

7

Awcsta.

the metre of the Gathas, compare AUIIEL MAYR, Ecsultate der Silbemiihlang vier ersten Gathas, Wien 1.S71 (from the Juliheft der Sitzungsbericlite der

]>hil-hist. Kl.

th's

of

With the exception

of 40,

compare Shayast la-Shayast

Ch.

BARTHOLOMAK, Arische For-

15 where there are only four 13, 51.

lines.

With reference

to

THE The T-i

third

group

is

called the Spentu-nnirmi Catha (V. 00. 12).

the following four chapters:

h.'l,,iiK

it

41

Spenta-mainyu Haiti Ye/idha II.

V.

17

12.

V.

48

3.

Af-mayava H.

12

V.

1.

Kut-niui-urva

11

V.

1.

2.

II.

The Spentu-muinyu-strophe syllables,

and thus Corresponds

consists of four to the

5 and

each

line-

Indian Tri : tubh.

ure, 5 -f 7 syllables,

V. 48,

50

takes

its

of

-I

+

7

In individual iallv

pla-

in

6.

The last two groups comprise each one chapter they are the ~ Vohukhshathra (Jut ha with the Yohukhshathra Haiti J rophes, \. 01, and the Vahishtoishti Gatha with the Vuhi^htoishti Haiti ;

I'

'.

strophes, line-

each of 7

tw

shorter

>

The

V. -f-

former

the

of

consists of strphe The Vahishtoishti strophe is made

7 syllables.

and two longer the

lines,

the former of 7

7+7+0

of

latter

+

5

syllables with

tl.

u;

syllables with

double

casuru. without being reckoned, one of the Gathas proper, a single strophe the Airynma 1 I'he metre is that of the Vahishtoishti Gatha, although the traditional division of )f the three most sac lines does not entirely agree with this 'lira,

To

the last Gatha

is

attached,


0,G

;,">!,

!

;

:;.

i;)

l>;,

:

. ;

15); sometimes he

present im})erfeet state of the interpretation of th .\vith y jiid-n. trdiDg tbeee inter* A uni

51.

LB OP I.

:

A

by \

his call

-li:il

t

V.

(

'

:

\nl

1

rill

vcond

i

V

\K \

(

wurd.

:

Dio CAltJo*,

MACKIC1IAX, GELDNKli's A \VKST A LITEBATUKK.

D.

1
t i^roup, according to tli--Uy adopted arrangement, a t-\t of quite a unique eharaetcr lia> 1

prineiplo of the

so-called Scveu-Chajiti-r-Yasna ( Yatna //


.ir]j

!

Yusht

I

.

!

:

.

\

II.

H

.

|

less in

.

F

c

bftfl

corrupt i s of passage- occur kind throiiL' the w!

book.

and again

dead

i

when

the

di

d"al with the internal chronology of Writing!

\\

I

'

on

of

handled with great

and are in

be

Vu. 13,3}

(W, 14.

\\

i

51

D.

AIACKICHAN, GELDNEll's A WEST A L1TERATUKK,

\Ve cannot, therefore, do better than adapt, as far as possible, our

view of the Awcsta to this Parsi tradition, which is both trustworthy in itself and in good agreement with the facts. The Awcsta with the now possess only a fragment, is a work of the '2\ nasks, of which we Sasanian epoch, the result of the labours of the collectors and editors The (diaskcuasts) under King Ardashir with Tansar at their head.

way had been prepared by a more ancient

collection of sacred texts

The text received its which took place under a certain Yologoses. linal form probably through the revision of Adarpiid Mahraspand. The editing of the Khorda Awesta is specially ascribed to this Adarpud.

Awesta is, however, to be understood editors composed a new canon out of remains and fragments which were still extant. They constructed a new building with old materials. It is impossible to determine, in regard to the whole or individual parts, what they found extant, or what new additions they made, how far they reproduced literally what This Sasanid

1

origin of the

in this sense that the diaskeuasts or

We may credit the diaskcuasts with outward framework of many chapters having fabricated not only the and various connecting passages and supplements which the transformation of a number of fragments into one book rendered necessary, they

found or remodelled

it.

but also the formulae and typical portions according to extant patterns The completing of the Awesta, of which the as they found necessary. Dlnkard in the account given speaks, consisted of work of this nature. in These formal portions belong respect of language chiefly to the second or third class of texts above distinguished. The parts of the Awesta which contain the real substance of the work, especially the Gathas and the central portion of the great and middle Yashts, might have been found

by the I

the form in which they have reproduced th em. unfavourable opinion than West of the amount of learning by the diaskcuasts and of their knowledge of the sacred

first collectors in

have a

less

possessed

him in essentials when he expresses the language, but I agree with far "How they (the learned men of the Sasanids) following view: able to write ordinary Awesta text is more uncertain, but any such writing was probably confined to a few phrases for old Awesta which they discovered, or for uniting the fragments of -"That the Awesta texts of their own." interpolating opinions

may have been

i

ED.

MLYEH

in his Guschichlc, p. 50o, has expressed this

most

clearly.

AM' oKK.IV

A

Till:

>l

W

I

any great extent, in the S times, is shown by the quantity of 1'ahlavi commentary neoessarv adapt them to the altered eircumstances of those times/' theraselves were not

to

written,

1

Kspecially wonld I claim the metrical portions in their ont: more ancient and truly creative period as against the imitation and restoration, of course, without, excluding of period

for the

!

in the case of the Gathns the T imitations of these. of the Sasanids had already lost all consciousness of having to do with metric il composition. Especially iu the Vendidad the smaller lat

1


wrongly

stated.

offers

itself

Yas.

(

J,

L>t

The few

1

AWESTA LITERATURE,

chronological

data

wliicli

the

Awesta

have only a relative evidential value. Thus Korosdni in is represented in the Pahlavi translation by K'disydh.

Darmesteter refers this to Alexander. 9 of Durrnesteter'd identification, no one

Assuming the correctness could

accept this pusFunv post-Alexandrian origin of tho entire Awesta/" It would only prove that also after the time of Alexander writings were composed in Awesta, that Alexander is not to be associated with proof of the

as a

any interruption in literary production, that he does not mark tho beginning of an interval destitute of literature. The latter supposition is in itself quite improbable according to Western accounts.

The period of the composition of the Awesta texts extends downto King Shahpuhr II., backwards probably to the earliest times The earliest gems of the whole literature the Zoroastrian Church.

wards of

and Christian and which tradition Sayings speeches (sermons) of the were first mouth into the formulated and great prophet put Of this most in circles. tradition the ancient priestly only propagated In order to reach an approximate the Gathas have been preserved. upper limit of time, it would be, above all, necessary to attain certainty and agreement as to the age of Zoroaster himself by whose historical

are to bo conceived of after the analogy of Buddhistic

sacred literature.

personality I

am

disposed to stand fast.

Here from the occurrence

of

nmunaya in the

As

against the extravagant

latter part it

might be conjectured that

originally in the former part only nmdna was mentioned and that a later hand had spun out the first verse after the well-known model (vis, santu, dainghu). But appearances I give up my own earlier attempts in this direction as failures. Compare with reference to this question as to age, especially DE HARLEZ, Introduction 192 Das Alter und die Heimat des Avesta in BB. 12, 109 DUNCKER, Ueber die Zeit der Abfassung des Avesta, in the Monatsberichten der Kgl. Pr. Akademie der Wiss., zu Berlin 1877, pp. 517-27 (DuNCKER places the Awesta between 800 and 600 B. C. ;) SPIEGEL, Ueber das Vaterland and Zeitalter des Awesta, Z.D.M.G. 35, 629 41, 280 GEIGER, Vaterland und Zeitalter des Awesta und seiner Kultur, in the Sitzungsberichten, dor philos. philol. Klasse der b. Akademie. zu Munchen 1884, pp. 315 seq., English Translation by Dastur Darab Peshotan Sanjana, Vol.11, pp. 85-164, London

may

also deceive.

x

:

;

;

;

1886. 2

DAEMESTETEE

also A.

WEBER

I,

80

;

III,

XXXVIII.

in the Ind. Str. 2, 429.

With Weber tries

reference to this passage

compare

to see another allusion to Alexander

Yasht 19, 43, cf. A. WEBER, Die Griechen in Indien (Sitzungsberichte dev K. Pr. Akademie der Wias., zu Berlin 1890, p. 7 of the separately printed report.) 3 Not of course for the post- Alexandrian origin of the entire Hom-Yasht since

in

this does not present p. 660.

any such unity as the other Yashts.

C/.

WEST

in

J.R.A.S., 1893,

HISTORY AND

or

nlil'.IX

chronology into which th

iple,

1

-

A\.

\..

the indigenous notes of time

fell,

much more moderate bounds.

within

confinu then.

Till;

to vindic

rightly endeavours

'orsi

:

Floigl, for tradition also in this

more trustworthy. According to the Arda Viraf (. 3. KLEUKER gives a passing judgment with regard to this Gnosticism "Oriental cosmo14

:

gonies and the doctrine of spirits was their favourite subject and the basis of their entire Gnosis, " Anhang zum Z. A. II., 1, p. 12. At any rate, the completed system of the

Amesha Spenta with Vohu Hand and A*hm the old rtam, does not look like a stranger DAEMESTBTEB ( III., LXV. ) is perfectly right in holding that in the Mazda-religion. t

Plutarch in the famous passage with regard to the Ameshapands in do Is. et Os. 47, haa The only question is as to the other writer, except not made use of Theopompus, Theopompus, who was his authority. As a proof of the Arsacid origin of the Awesta

DAKMESTETER

(HI.,

XL.) adduces

the well-known

territorial distribution,

which

beginning with nmana, ends with dainghu the province or country. There is wanting, he points out, the kingdom with the Shahiashah at its head ( III., XL.). But in Yasht 10, 87 ;

Yasua 02, 5 G8, 5 over the dahyu stands the dainghusasti, 7. e., the kingdom, the imperium, and thus Darmesteter explains also in I., 388, note 80.--J>ARMBflTITBB'fl conjecture that the chronological principle of arrangement in the Yashts is borrowed from the Bible can Zoroaster, scarcely be considered probable (III., XCII.) According to PAULUS CASBEL sein Name imd seine Zeit, Berlin 1886, also the name Zoroaster is to be explained as ;

:

Jewish

= son

of the stars.

HISTORY

unmix OF

.\\n

TllK

..G-o7.

Cl

HISTORY OF A WEST A KKSEAUCH.

The fame

;7.

A\vr>:

Tin:

of

having

always the

breii

lir>t in

Awi

KM

sta

belongs to Franco. Tho three names, AIIIJIK til,l>urnouf, Darmcsteter mark each a new epoch. Long before the time of Anquetil individual travellers and KiiLrlish uilicers liad drawn atioution to the :ed books of their faith which th[9 kept secret the

Xendawesta

as, for examj)le,

1

Gabr. de Chinon,- Charturning the attention of Itarned Europe to them and awakening an ahiding interest in th.-in. The first to attempt to explore the doctrine of the 3' by means of the Oriental, /..?., Arabic andlater IV rsian. sources accessible

But

din."

none

of

Henry Lord, succeeded

these

in

him was the celebrated Oxford

The Awesta >chular, Thomas J hat time already anumberof MSS. w-i, in England, remained to him a closed book, in spite of all his ipher it. The French Orientalist, Anquetil-Uuperron, found hi; ,fi e d to

itself,

of which at

i


'

: to he derived in one of his later from Sanskrit were Jones writings, and

and

v

I

1

and

1

Mlm

Krskine,

L'Yileii,

Anqiietil, editor Kleukeiv

voii

1'.

were

on the other hand,

The

Bohlon. his

(ininan

del

translator

'

further

Tyehsm,

Paulinus a Santo

Bar-

10

But no one prepared tln> way for the and Rhode. 11 edin^ period more than the celebrated Danish philologist K

tholomaeo,

Tho

of the journey which he

fruit,

1819-1822,

India,

;old

I

undertook

by

land

and

to

the collection of the oldest

:

and

Awesta MSS. which are pre>erved in the University Lihraryat Co] " Om Xn

of

thr

n

On

Transaclioiu*

.

I

itc

ot

aninitalc

linguae

zcmlicac.

itiioao

oi gcftninioM,

Mcdcr

rtoiiMijMPi

i*

K"j, nl, a," l.\ 111.

I.

64

D.

AWESTA LlTKUATl'RK,

.MACKICIIAN, GELDNKli'lS

The <jreut Frenchman Kugi'ne Burnouf established the sys^ :>9. tematic decipherment of the Awesta itself. If from the time of Auquetil scholars had only busied themselves with general ideas and had fought with groat watchwords, Burnouf began the laborious, gradual investigation of the book in detail. He went back to the sources, to the MSS. lying unused in Paris since the time of Anquetil, and to the genuine domestic He sought, by a comparison of the MSS., interpretation of the book. to establish a reliable text, and based his interpretation, in the first instance, on Neriosangh's Sanskrit translation of the Awesta as the most

ancient form of traditional Awesta interpretation available, at the game time bringing to light a Sanskrit translation hitherto known only by

He

name.

follows

word by word and

however, by no means slavishly, but weighs it Hand in hand with this justifies or rejects it. it,

proceeds the systematic examination of the texts, the collecting and sifting of the grammatical and lexical material of the language. Many

On the other hand, his of his points have remained incontrovertible. labours in this field lack definitenesg of conclusion. He was content be the pioneer of the scientific method, and in his last years, before his premature death, he scarcely ever returned to this field of

to

investigation.

Burnouf s researches 1

are preserved in his great

from

Commentary on the

own

In the peculiar qumbrousness. extensive quarto volume of the 72 chapters of the Yasna, only the first is explained. Of course side-lights are thrown in numerous excursus Yasna.

It suffers

its

on many other passages and the general laws of the language are laid down. His later exposition of Yasna 9 is written under much stricter 2 limitations.' Burnouf bestowed little attention on the Gathas, and fine tact he has kept clear of those general questions which gather around the Awesta.

with

1

tenaut

Commcutairc sur lc Ya9na, 1'un clcs Livres Religieux dcs Parses. Ouvrago conle tcxte Zend explique pour la premiere fois, les variantcs des quatre manuserits

Bibliotheque royalc et la version Sauscrite inedite de Neriosangh, Vol. 1833-35 previously announced iu Nouv. J.A., Vol. III., p. 321.

rtc la

I,

Paris

2 Appeared in various essays in the J.A.. 1844-46. These, together with other essays also published separately under the title "Etudes sur la lan.s^ue et sur les textcs Burnouf 's revised text and translation of Yasna if rends," Vol. 1., Paris 1840-50. :

are published by

DUOCKHAUS

iii

his edition

oi'

tho Vcndidad Sadc, pp. 407

se/jr.

THK BKTDBY

Ahum and tin-

A\M.-1A

"1

;

but with mrich scantier

.

The

.

Bopp began to occupy hiniM first edition of Bopp's Com:

part of the

first

(jrammar appeared almost

While elf,

i'or

Burnouf

Bopp aims

(minimal-.

at

II-

explanation of the religious book

tlio

making it sir U the iuterpretalion of the book

Sanskrit Philology. ssential i'or him. 1L

0180 in

utially a-

in the transi;, is

with

It

oraneously with Inirnoufs Cointhesreond edition Bopp rests lar_

lin iirnouf.

ai-p-i:

.-Ipoint, Fr.

t'rum a ditl'er

1

:>arison with

]

'iirnouf

already latent the oppo>itimi whicli led to the

and

l'.-pp

t

n of the

Li

ols.

Soon

K>.

a

i'ti

Bnrnonf (1852) in

tin- d.-.'iih ft

i-

"

t'

tlj.-

Av.

\\

:-prar,

and the ediiion of'the N'cndidad, Translation

b

.

;

he

oldest form

ce

was possible to go back t tation of the Awesta. The apple

hm^

it

continii-

"The Tradition,

:

and Va>na with >ian

Now

i-l'tl.-

-cord which

:

latt

4a.

-l,iti"ii

\

or w.

.tie

as to

cold

was

a

>v

Sa>..

really a genuine

^:miiy of inic:

trail

a,

or

was only

\\

11

T

roth,

chools

from this

time

of J

tli

andtl.

:

advocate of

iicf

tago: ^ to

the

first

edition

n).

(

.

:I

*

IL j.wg

II.

1864

rtinonut!

1

/ip

1866:

i

.

alr.Akad.

B.I.

VI-VII.

66

MACKICHAN, GELDXEK's AWKSTA LITERATURE,

D.

the genuineness and trustworthiness of tradition. According to them, the clue was to be found in tradition. Also Harlez 1 and Geiger-

adherence to this view although with much more modera3 Beufey and especially Roth* accuse the tradition of manifold incoherence and inadequacy, and think that they are able to substitute irave their

tion.

for

it

a better and surer

method of

interpretation.

Hang was

in the

beginning an enthusiastic follower of this latter view, but returned from India in patt converted to the opposite views. 5 Wmdischmann took up an intermediate position between the two sets cf views. 6

i

C.

DE HARLEZ: DC

I'exe'guse ot cle

la

correction des textes avcstiques, Leipzig

Etudes eraniennes, Paris 1880 (de 1'alphabet avestiqnc ct cle sa transcription. Etudes avestiques 1. J.A. 1876, VIII, 487 II. Mrtriqnc du Gat ha Vahistoistis, etc.) Z.D.M.G. 36, 027. Zur Erkltirung des Awesta, Z.D.M.G. 1877, IX. 97 III /&., 289. 1S83.

:

:

37/256. L'Avestique Mada et 15. 317 B.B. 13. 245 16, 338. :

;

la tradition

Un fragment

persanc il>. 33, 133. Avestica, etc., in d'un commcntaire sur lc Vendidad, J.A.

1S81, XVIII, 517. Un frag, du Com. de M. Darmestcter as supplement to J.A. 1881, XVIII (also Louvain 1881). Les observations de M. James Darmesteter fcurle Vendidad, Lou vain 1883. 1 W. GEIGER, Das dritte Kapitel des Vendidad, Z.D.M.G. 34, 4i:> .sry.: cf. also Einleitung zum Aogeniadaiica, p. 3. VVeitere Beitrage zur Einige Boitriige zur Erkliirung des Zend, Gb'ttingen 1850. Erkliirung des Zend, Gottingen 1852-53 (both from the G.G.A.) * R. ROTH, Ueber gel ehrte Tradition ira Alterthume, besonders in Ihdien, Z.D.M.G., '*

Beitriige zur Erklarung des A \vcsta I and II,, Z.D.M.G. 25, Uebcr Yacua 31. Tubingen 1876. Der Ahuna Vairya, Z.D.M.G. 38, 437.

21. 1 (especially p. 8). 111, Ib. 215. "

M.

]L\r)in den Sitzungsberichten der K. bayr. Akademie cler VVissenschaften y,u Munchen, 1872, p. 89.

Bd.

o

Die persische Anahita oder AnaTtis. Ein Beitrag, zur Mythengeschichtc dcs Orients WINDISCHMANN. Abhandlungen der K. bayr. Akademie. d. W. I. Kl. VI 11,

ven Fr.

Bd., 1, Abt., Fr.

Munchen

WINDISCMMANN,

schichte des alten Berlin 1863. dcii

1856.

Mithra. Ein Beitriig zur Mython^eechichtc des Orients, Ton In the Al)handlungen zur Mythologic und Sagenge-

Leipzig 1857. Iran, von F.

WEBER is

W

published after the author's death by F. Spiegel. near the standpoint of Windischmanii. CJ. Die llcuensioucn iu

ludibchen Hticifeu, Band

,

2, 4-1-4U3, '-'Sjicciully p. 435.

THE

^

OK A \YF.ST A Uf^KAUCIi.

TIISTOPvY

l-H.

G7

Roth was followed in essentials by tho^e linguists who, after of Schleicher, returning to the example set by Bopp adrhemselves independently to the exegesis of the Awesta. ii deal of over the D of transcription. printer's ink The enduring contribution, however, of linguistic sc' 41.

death

the

A

WM

iininar of the

with impunity. P.artholoma"and Job. re

Awesta

The

language

lab..ur

:

regard- the in

insufficient

point- both sides ha?e not by

true to their leading i

manner and with

a

time

a long

lor

K ktc. Leipzig 1883.

H.

Ncntrn.,

ScilMtiu

Weimer

lo

,

1*89.

MtMnrnt

ole

vajMekHtod: t

^rmologiqtie ou

|cl8e meaning

of

ihr

Awwu

D.II.O.

and HOT >'

word,

meaoi . :

03

1).

MAi'KK'IIAX, uKI.HXKU's A \VF.ST A

Its opponents woro of simple faith or simple unbelief. not able to refute nor its followers to convince, because Pahlavi research. wag itself still in its infancy. The too exclusive trust in the help of Sansit

was

krit,

and

a

[iK''.'1- .'I).

TH. BAUHAOK: ihivn

in:

li-iHi)

und Tn.

.Ion.

W. CALA\D:

Mi

LLI.I:

MX,

A.

IAI:I ;.

mit

^

\\ ndidad in

\\".X.K.>:

VcrMirlmn:;

Xaratlni^litra"^

-'.

EC.Z.30,

I'ronnniin

kl. d. 1

>i-n

.nUU

j".

i-;o), ib. o,

M.

-I.

:

nnd d

in

tl.-r

]>citr

:

biacben

I\

Beiirageiar

_'

:


i--

Coinmuntari'ii

IIKI .\.\\\ K'

In

me

I

:

dr

r

Li:

t

(1rity

is left

also

in

In

1

V.

Y. 48,

ifl

>8tdt9m, hang ha-

,

TI

Vd.

(dwelling) in

1

of the varying readings are, of course, connected with or orthography i>i'T.'?d, mazddo, mazdai; ahai (

such cases the Pahlavi -ive in

illy in

matters of

in

VtagahydmadakgA

(sh.i

grammar

f

.0

doubtful, as

kanwr

sayanzm

ib.,

is

by reason of a variation in the manuscript

points

translation

is

of no account.

of higher k'\

f:

.station,

:

nily, not a few clauses together with If the t.-xt ol 't he translation had been ha-

t

^latiou il

a

book by

Mss. i-Npect that

through tlu> has been left

1

also it

a similar inre

bou

^e;

>:i

In

most

cases, however,

\'

i

carelessness of tho copyist this in

tho

translation.

When h

begin

tho

..\er-ight has

niCH

:

ir

cf.

iM have

of the or

itself,

a

one

clauses nc-i

entenccs begin with bddha), ;TA KF.M-AIU'H AND have their root in the nature of the Pahlavi is the most unsuitable lor a scholiast. is detective ami it wai/ Aw. alary

and

.

deliuiteness.

As comp.* a ml

grammatical

It thoroughly suppresses the grammatical

Instead of explaining,

consciousness.

Pahlavi

itself.

1

1.

stands

it

itself

often

need

in

1

f

explanation. 48.

lu Persia Pahlavi remained until tho

learned language u iterated form. ..-r

the Parsi

In India,

Of

into decay.

were preserved,

'-ms, at uii

important of these translations

of the

is

that of the

this

his

>re

livr

Neriosangh I'arsi

much

il

Puhlavi translation

which

1..

Commentary on

Sanskrit by Neriosm-h, son of Dhaval.

into

tlie

the other hand, this BO

the remains

was translated into other

a part

centurv

la>t

!

own

time.

t'.

rcmr.rk-

Ainjtieril

.\

(l^^L*),

Neriosangh Sorabji Shapurji Bengalee and Darmc.-teter' pi years before. \V

m,.

'

aliout tlu-

-J.f

Side by side with Gut ha sentence l\ flni>-if' a (\. :>0 be nas na 1) may placed:

G, 28).

tit

iraia

ing

appears in

3)

In Sanskrit

232,1*.)

1,

AoV

kaxytrsi question fnj(7 ahl (Yas. 43, 7).

g.

(e.

;r.

Mbh. 1,131,

;

J1),

in

In order to shew, however, that the Iranian often took its own path in the evolution of meanings uf wonN, and that quite the of the Sanskrit, and thai all etymology or comparison with

rate

opposite

mu Skr. Formally :iding Pahlavi in which mnr signitie> Brogue," "black-

ul'

deatli.''

it.

guard'' (Nerios. nriiam) d

M-

point. i

the two languages can

made

clear a po* sense with a touch

mi

tlie

*

(

Iranian

other hai

of the erotio

"

tin-

ho youDu

fellow or tlic

loa

18 Kap,

1.

\

bad sense " the

-

sagen.

Miiller's

IB in

den

n

I

Ansgabe diesei

II,

cndlich p. 47

\\

I-Vai^n. -m.- Bndei

i/y dagegen p. 4i Aus/.ii r

(

liabcn

-irh p.

=; J)i. d.

UapOitay

14

ina^,

(

II.

=

.

]>

\rw,

Strabo iioso

ti

der Berliner

Akadomio

EUGEN WILHELM,

84

weiter zu klimmern, wir konnen

nur

sie

ERANISCHEN Form Parthava auseheu, an

Ueber

Umgestaltungcn der

als

die wir un8 zu halton haben.

Etymologic des Wortes parthaca

die

liat

wohl zuerst

I. OPPEET gesprochen (Inscr. des Ache*menides, p. 20 des Sonderdrucks). Er leitet das Wort auf das avestische perethu, griech. TrXarus- zuriick,

dem

giebt er die

wie

parthu entsprechen musste.

ein altpers.

"

dieser

partJiava

heros, prince/'

Bedeutung gelangen kann.

Das indische pdrthiva, die breite, die Erde

Bedeutung

man zu

Dem Worte

Ich kaim nicht sehen,

fort,

Krieger, Fiirst, Kb' nig geht auf sanskr. prithim,

Wort und

zurlick, ein

nachweisbar

1st.

eine Bedeutung, die fur das Eranische nicht

OLSHAUSEN denkt an

Wurzel

pareth, kampfen, aus SPIEGEL (Enm. Altermeint, dass Parthava die Auswanderer, die die

der ein pareth-u, Kampfer abzuleiten ware.

thumsk.

Ill,

746

f.)

Dass dies die wahre Bedeutung des Wortes

UebergGsiGclellcn bedeute. sei,

bezweifle ich auch jetzt nocb, vgl. Zeitscnr. d. Deutscb.

Gesellschaft

Ausserdem

Bd. 42,

S.

96,

wo

ich

liber

Morgenl.

pcrethwa gehandeH habe.

noch LAGARDE, Lexikographie p. 57, Ges, Abh. p. 221 zu vergleichen. Mir scheint Parthava seiner Form nach nur ein Patronymlcum eines Wortes Parthu sein zu konnen, das ich fur einen ist

Eigennamen

halte

und mit

sanskr. prithu vergleichen mb'chte,

wenn

auch bei den Indern Parthava RV. 468, 8 vorkommt. Die anarische Form Parpuvaslegkea nahe, an verschiedene andere Worter zu denken, die der Form Parthava nahe stehen und sich hauptsuchlich dadurch unterscheiden, dass sie

p statt

th einsetzen.

gesprochen. Er hat zunachst an die in assyrischen Inschriften vorkommenden Parsua erinaert, in welchen man vielleicht die Vorfahren der Parthava sehen konnte.

OLSHAUSEN hat schon

liber

dieselben

Indessen hat er die Bedenken nicht verschwiegen, welche einer solchen

Ansicht entgegenstehen, denn die Parsua der assyrischen Inschriften Gegond zu suchen, in welcher die Parthava wohnten,

sind nicht in der

sondern mehr nordlich von denselben nach Atropatene, wie SCHRADER Mit gezeigt hat (Keilinschr. u. Geschichtsforschung, p. 168 fg.). Riicksicht auf diese Wohnsitze

der Parsua brauchen wir

auch die

DIE I'AliTHKK zn

naher

lirht

1

NA.M1.N

1

si

auuh

die

t-rurtern,

'1

^

ork-n untl bi'seitigt but, ob uatnlk-h dk-

I'lii-^iui

indischeu par^u an

Es

KV.

aueli

1

.VJ'J,

"

und uebcrsetzen,

Krammsabel tra^end, "FARTHER und PEi;sKn"(Vgl.

breite

die

Name

Dual

i'i, -('icau,

cines

Plural

Singular pur^u.

Sudrafrau.

Hiermit muss

Name

der

i,

Name

drs

breitax:'

Koiniueiilar

Nach Pau. V., :j. 117 p. Kriegerstammea an^eiurt, im Sing. ^ aber par^avah, letztere Form dcutct atif eiucn

zur Iligveda-Uubersi.'tzung II. Tcil, \vird als

(.lass

*ieh,

RV. 626, 46 eteht orfu ab Nanu- einus Mai. will LUDWKJ bei dein Wortc prithu-parfavas die

lihnliuhc Aull'as-ung

verlasscn

vi-r.-telit

uud das anarische Parfuvas und

Ptirsa

l\irt,hc ,irn

vor.

mit >t

^'nannt

l';iril;ii-ns

niclit

I

;i'i

i

rodot ncniit lern

Vikern

sie

an verh

vei

;iber : :

t

(

il

itt,

dass sie den

l\-

],

,i

wit ibnen

86

EUliEN Wll.llELM. Viilkeru

tigsten

ist

Purther

die

benaohbarfc

Am

inussten.

wich-

Bemcrkung, dass der Fluss AKES durch dus Gobict dor

flicsse.

Da

der

dies

ETREK

ist,

muss wenigstens

ein Teil

gdegen haben.

Arrian sagt Anab. Ill,

Kugha gekommen

:

avrbs 6e

Kno-TTiW TrvXruy eVrpaTOTrfScuo-e.,

eVi

Mcerc

dass Alexander nach

20, 2,

der fllichtige Darius in die nvXai

sei, als

4 heisst CS

wio LASSEN gezeigt hat, so

ihres Gcbietes cistlich voin kaspischen

gekomineii war, die eine Tagereise 111, 20,

sein

rS>v

Kao-TnW

von Ragha entfernt wareu. Ebonda KCLI Kr/ p.ev

Trpwrr) TT/XOS rats-

wonach man wohl annchmen

darf, dass die

&>y

HapBvaiovs

rjyf

kaspiscben Thore scbon zu Parthien gehorten

und wabrscbeiulicb

Nacb Arriun Parth.

westlicbe Grenze bildeten.

die

3 waren die Partber

unter Sesostris aus Skytbien in ibre spateren Wobnsitze eingewandert.

Wo

Arrian in der Anabasis von den Partbern spricht, da moint er

augenscbeinlicb imnier bios den

Stamm, den aucb Darius

als Parthavci

bezeicbnet, aucb an der letzteren Stelle redet er wobl von diesem, den

Skytbien bergezogen betracbtet. Ob dies mit Recbt gescbiebt oder ob eine Verwecbslung vorliegt, sind wir nicbt mebr im er also aus

Stande auszumacben, ebensowenig ob Arrian dadurcb, dass er den

Ursprung der

Parfcber in Skythien sucbt, sie zu Turaniern

Wie dem auch

machen

will.

mag, sicher ist, dass von einigen Scbriftstellern dieser Stamm Parthava von den Partbern selbst gescbieden wird. sein

Curtius, der diesen Partberstamm mit

dem Namen PAHTHIENI

bezeich-

IV. 12,17: Parthieuoruru deinde gens incolentium terras, quas nunc Partbi Scytbia profecti tenent, claudebant agmen. Nach net, sagt

Isidor von

Charax

Provinz PARTHYENE jenseits des kaspischen Meeres und scbeint einen viel kleineren Bezirk zu bilden als die alten

liegt

Partbava besassen

eine

:

es

ist

das

Laud von Dehistuu

bis an die

Grenze Margianas zwischen JAjerm, Kabucan und Mesbbed. Nach einer leider etwas verdorbenen 8te)le des Isidor lag dort PARTHADNISA, wo die koniglicben Griiber waren. Dieser Name kann nicbts anderes bedeuten

als

:

Niederlassung der Farther.

Im

Altpersischen wiirde ein

Parthava-nisdyaemcm avest. Parthao-nisdya (cf. rao-ratha)entsprechen. * d. i. Ijcdeu'et bios Niederlaseung uud nisAyu, das ncupers.

Nisa,

DIE

kommt

1'AUTIIF.i;

auch

desbalb Parthvaia.

in

av^rjoiv T

IlKK'K

.,

venchiedeneD

in

dlrftfofOP

LAND

'2

daSS also

tf-

dul't

,

1111

"ra

rqr

Osteil,

ill

der Niiho Baktriens, das parthische Reich begaun.

IIERKUNFT.

3.

Es

ist

Siclicns

3

schwcr, iibor dio Ilcrknnfr

iiusserst

sa-en, naoh

und SriEGEi/

v

ndlung dcr Frago

Nacb der Angabe lif

Parther

in

des Arrian Partli. 3 sind, wie bereits l)enirkt,

unvordenkliclion

/ur

Zoiten,

Xeit

I

s

!

r

'

.

.'ndcr-lcm CJr'

nnd Indoskythische:

Zur Gcschiclitc

*

und

kcitu- En'mii-r.

-en 1888.

Ai-a'-i'lrn

.orthum-kuii.l.-

Prim

M

Geschlchte Irans and

'nt'-rijnng

lu-n

d

-.lort.

und

Gotha 1877. III.

.llpiiiMnus. 2

cin.'

Pl-r

arspriingliob Skytlicn irewcsen

-io

sclit-iir

(ii TSCIIMII',

Sacbe gesa^t liaben,

iibcr diese

am

Parti

Jahro

Aifrctl v.

Dliov-t-"..

K(>nigs Sesostris, nacb Enui aus Skytbien wiin -n

di r

dtMi Krorternii^fii di-r let/ten

nach dcin, was

naip.cntlicli

li,

LASSKN

7.u

II.,

277

Bonn IS,

tt

KrAiiischp A

.

.

Die *

larutn.

(Strassl-uri:

),

I-.

i

I

von E. no HI.

p.

Q.

r )Hfl.

.

ii,

loonogr Ai

numismati|uo

:

'

.

raphie dc> /c VCD:

L

i:son-08TKN, Lea nionnak* do

ndon

Auwcrdem -hobo

H

Ariaciili-n.

i

i

HriliKoti

iiut'ii >oin wic gegeiiwariig bei dor K >YNASTIB

und dem Staium der AFSHAR. 4.

Es wiirdc uns

sclir

PAHLAV.

crwi'mscht sein zu crtalirrn, wi- Ian go dor

Name

Kran und den bcnachburten Gegenden iiborhauiit gcbraucht Ohnc Zwcifel war PARTHAVA wiihrend dcr ganxon Horrsdiart

1'arther in

wurdc.

dcr Achatueniden als

und winl

dicsclbe aucb aiu-li

(.Jiiollen

Name

den

in

liberdauert

ln'stimmten

nun an ien

Bei

Ueberliefonmg.

Oriontalun

den

als

man

Scbliissel zu der

griooliische

Aucb

von

den

di

foblt es

uns dtirrban-

Verwirrnng, die wir nun boi don abendlanDass man da> raniscbc

Geachiohtsolireibern linden.

das J'AIM HiSCHE bezoicbnet, kann die boidoii

Stanim

man ebensogut

iilte:

:

Alcr wir

"icbnet.

jar

niclit,

ob

und rorscr,

etwas Fremdes zu

B

Woio nil man scheint vielmrbr

vers;

billigen, als

and PERSISCBB :

d:

.::sl;intli>olio P

;nd

I

in diosoin

:KT in tlcrsolbon

d

iniln-r d

sic-b

dcr

nur nacb und narb mit

i

ROL-

dm

1st,

u:

odor

llorrsi'liaft

ii

U.-wobiuTii dieses '

iclit.-n u!

,-:

dioso

der

Dyi.

Partber, das AVonige, was zu bal

M ist voiik'

als

6

Arineniorn,

von den Griecben baben durftcn.

inem

woun abor

;

wobl mobr alten GL-wolinbeiten

sic

uicbt mcbr, ausgouoinmcn bei

iien

Reich

bal)eu

Stammcs im Gebranoho

Jabrhuudcrtcn fortwiibrend von

folgenden

Parthern sprecben, so folgen einer

erauiscben

eines

^icli

^ic

sic brrirli't [0

mit d'in Naim-n

Dynasdcr A

mir aus frotnden

.

l.ir.in

\>radt

1

-

Khc-nso

von Khorni

x

Tartlicr,

ziildt

Titel

tlt-n

Talilav und die

1

d.

I

\vird 1'arthim als Ki-ich

Xarh Ansidit der Armeniei

en also keine Arier.

in Ost.-ran /uriick

di.T I>.\i!i. '

Khuslum

di*

Ifosefl

AgathaiiLrelos

\\-i-\vandte

Dit-o

37).

und

Mann

d-rcii

(>]

gosohicdoii.

nacli

gclien

Xacli!

Lime ausgestorben

,-.

I'fbersetz.

.Vbraluun

ihr Krirli

KliL'siiAN.

;ndo

dor franzbs.

vm

dcr

/uri'k-k,

hestimmt

llistrict

scllist

Aii'-li

und zur

fiihivn

alten-

S^liwrstL-r,

/'' I'iihrcn sollc.

'1

desAl

Vursrhla^.-

Arta-bcs und

word'-n.

AIILAY.

.

ibll

i]

d( .

I

OLSHAUSI \\

.^tenaosdrlnr

~

BUG FA' WILIIELM,

9'2

aber Rai und Ispahan ausschliesst.

Vielleicht

gehort diese

zung einer spliteren Periode des Partherreiches an. wio

man

Es

diese anscheinend so verschiedenen Nachrichten erklaren soil.

Sie haben meiner Ansicht nach nichts Unbegreifliches

man den

Begren-

fragt sick nun,

verschiedenen Standpunkt der einzelnen

Betracht zieht. einbeitlicben,

Wir gauz

sind

an

sich,

wenn

Berichterstatter in

gewohnt unter dem Partherreiche einen

ebenso

unter

EINZIGEN

Dynastie

stebenden

welcbe der alteren Dynastie der Achiiineniden vollkommen ebeubiirtig war und zu der die verscbiedenen Stamme

Staat

zu verstehen,

Eruns ganz in demselben Yerbliltnisse standen wie zu dem friiheren Konig der Konige, und so scbeinen aucb Griechen und Romer die Sacbe angesehen zu haben. Dies ist jedocb nicht die Ansicht der Orientalen, wie sie namentlicb Hamza von Isfahan und Andere entwickeln.

Sie gestehen den Arsakiden nur einen

den

iibrigen

die

Zeit der

gewissen

Stammeskonigen zu und nennen

Vorrang vor

die Zeit der Arsakiden

Starnmeskb'nige, im Gegensatze zu der geschlossenen

Sasanidendynastie.

In der That

Orientalen ein nicht unwichtiger

lasst

auch

sicb

Grund anfuhren.

partbischen Konige, die uns erbalten sind, zeigen

Arsakiden ebenso wie

Konige der Konige zu

die

fur die Ansicht der

Die Miinzen der allerdings, dass die

Achameniden den Ansprucb macben

sein,

wir finden

die

aber andrerseits auch in

Baktrien Miinzen, deren Trager denselben Anspruch erheben. Neb en vielen fremdartigen Namen auf denselben begegnen wir aucb rein parthischen wie ARSAKES und VONONES,

welche uns bisher unter diesen sind.

Namen

die

aber mit den Personen,

bekanntwaren, nicht identisch

Eine andere Reihe von baktrischen Miinzen, die nach dem

Erloschen der griechiscben Konige zu setzen sind von AZES an, zeigt zwar fremde Namen, aber, wie SALLET richtig bemorkt, konnen es ebenso gut Farther wie Skytben sein. Wir werden durch diese Denkmale zu der Ansicbt gedrangt, dass zur Zeit der Arsakiden

zwei Reicbe bestanden, von welchen ein jedes beansprucbte an der Spitze des Staates zu stehen. Griecben und Romer, sowie die Scbrift-

welche aus den Bericbten der Sasanidenperiode schopfen, sprechen nur von dem WESTLICHEN Zweige der Arsakiden, die

steller,

DIE FARTHER

:

4 TAHI.AV

vj

Armenier dagegen von dem audi unter

OSTI.K HEX.

I'AHLAVI.

}

s^

Ih'eser Ictx.tcre

/weig

sdieint

auf Eran nidit aufgegeben Kriege der Sasaniden gcgeu die

-liden seine Anspriiclie

d-

zu habcn, dahcr die so Liiufigen

Khushan, die von Elisaeus, wic bereits beiuerkt, entschieden zu den Himnen gereclniL'; wcrd-.-n. Aus diesem Allen scheint mir mit zietnli-

duT

Sicherlieit

teteu

und dort den Ursitz ihrer Familie und zwar

hcrvorxugehen, dass die Anncuicr die von PAHLA.V genannten Familicn aus dein OSTKX Kr;'ms, aus IJalkh,

Abweichend davon

ISCHE annehmen.

zeit

Ansicht dcr

1st die

Muhaminedaner, deren Naclirichten aber

Dieser

Name

den Armeniern

findet sich z.uerst bei

wir

gi'rit-hcn

habcn

Paldavik

;

Gegend bezeichnen, wir Schriftstellern in einer

niimlu-h als ARSAKIDK,

eine

dcr

in

Form

dem Sub-tantiv Pn'

Gegend Ostcruns

bezeiclnut.

sollte also'einen

Augehorigon di von den armeiii-rlu-n

finden aber, dass es

Bedeutung gefasst

eingeachranktereo

Aogehoriger dor asurkidiscbcn

\vird,

Konigdkniilie


w

t.ihren,

Sinnc ffM

v -oiler,

von ihm grhraudito Wort das

in

findet

>
W->

d

ch oft gcmiLr vnrknmnii. In itt Bf r,.

(

-i-lilrdit

'

'1

III,

38.

it-ni

audit, (I'm altesten I),M^

080 gebnoohl

Bl

und IV,

In cinorn vid

IKMI.

\\vil

der Fiahlayik angehorte and auf

tus IV,

i,

split'

PAHLAVl.

oder Pahlau zasammen, welches

i-t

EKAN-

frlihestens aus der Sasanidcii-

PAIILAVIK und luingt ohne Frage ztintichst mit

So

lierlt'i-

stammen. 5.

\vi

NICHT

cMiie

ihncn

kOfl

BeA

u:

lit

68

'.)

KniFA WIIJIKLM.

1

H.

Shah.

TiiriitM-

U=

Macau) 237,

Vull. 825; 5

:

Kbenso ShAh. 298, 1'2 = Vnll. 11 0, 8 Sh. 402, 7 = V. 558, 1:1. Duss an don genannteu Stellen dera Wort j^j die Bedeutung, '' " P >dt zukommt, hat RUCKKRT in dcr /eitschrift der Deut;

schou

Morgenlundischen Gesellschafb Held nacbgewiesen. Die Bedentung

Bel, '

'

Shah. 109,

15.

1

=

Vullors 232, 4

Vergl. auch ShAh. 170, 8 !) ;

=

Sh. 174, 10

V. 230, 3

wiirde^Wr? bedeuten

:

;

=

X, 242

sehr

ff.

hat das Wort recht

:

Vull. 238, 18

Sh. 577, 10

=

Sh. 173, 2

;

Vull.

" von Helden herhommend,

809,

=

heldenmassig" Anch

Wort gebraucht FlRDAUSi recht hiiufig und wendet es schiedene Dinge an. VOD der Gegend gebraucht finden wir '

708, 7

'

13;

1093, u. ==

=

V. 297, 6

19^^^ i*s^"*i

Sh. 478, 15

;

in derselben

Vullers 759,10.

;

Einige Male wird das

Z. B. Sh.

^**j*

Bedeutungauch

Das " HeUenrosa"

wird aber der Ausdruck

^^^ von

gebraucht, so in der Redensart zu gleicber Zeit gerneint 1

ShAh.

'&*

heisst Sh. 1142, 3

Wort auch von

Heldeu gebraucht, z. B. lesen wir Sh. 1070, 1503, 16 cA^ tsJ** und 1248, 1 = Vull. 1756, 3

552,

es

^^^ ^ " Heldenkleid," = V. 668, 6 Sh. 772, 16 =

alten

=

fur ver-

Vullers 994, 7 :-

Oft l)egegnet uns der Ausdruck

Sh. 217, 6

V, 237,

Denmach

5.

dies

=

richtig

luiufi^-, /.

V. 772,

1

;

ist,

vergl.

Sh. 636, 5

Mac. 1397, 12

;

1561, 7

Pehlevibriefen &IJ

;

^*

V. 1GOG,

der RELIGION der

II,

v.

^^

= ;

Shah

22, 10

V. 891, 13 allein

;

Schrift

=

Vull.

Sh. 910,

und Sprache 28, 9

6 = V.

R?de

ist.

;

Sh.

1283,

von der Schrift Sh. ed. Turn,

ebenso an den verschiedenen Stellen,

^e

Vull.

u.

v>* Meistens

der SPRACHE oder von der SCHRIFT

LSJ^J -^ wo

10; Sh. ed. Turn. Mac. 1386, 13

V.

I., v.

543,

=

B.

wo von

Gar nicht verschieden von

1'AKIHKU ist

:i

c5->L> i-l>fiianJunnad, u ax

Ainardfnl, yak

kain nah bed, dudlgar an ava/ani

dud pa

dau, yak ax

ax,

JaJi^rar,

in ayln l)\-avai("(l

:

a/a>li

avi/hali

a dastur kih sazad budan

Maliislit

n

yak javidani o

irnt't

dastfir yfiba'

da lar

pas

;

llorina/d u

kwesh-miDislmi

:t

man

rainidar

i'rarun ax-i"shan

pa-liain

ku

dad

1

yak

>tayisli

dud, Orina/d pa khuday/W/ ball iniuid, n Orma/.d va/ari-lin khndai dana, n ka-b khudal khvcsh paida kanl bud a/..ish aht

dad ravislin

jud jud

j-a

Jamasp ku

dad

u Kai-Kaiis

n K'al

:

clii

jiin

]>a

kih shavad

r>

Pa Arzab

u

Lahurasp >ad u


al

Fradadatsb, u Vldadafsli. n

khuri^lni bar liain padinfi/an kill

I

;

shast

JamaSpBetlsb ku:

-l;ah ni

("iuslitasp

pa Arzah,

OI

yfm.W/ :avaiil inTnufin-i

a

kard punch panjah

\MAK.

1'AIIIAVI .IA.MAS|'-\

TIIK

inlrand aslin hand

-al

U-xIvaml

aurvar-inanishn,

shati

a/,

vas pa kfun-i nshan

o an kih awanl

;

ax-rshan /Tvandr/x// va> vas

:

:

u yar

lia>r

kar

khnda

har nT

>aiar Srnsh

;

o kih

kishvar hast pa koh-inanishn, u

hast

khlr hast

u

u valii>ht ha-'t,

n

:kh na-shavand.

(lushtasp sliah ku

I'nr.-Id

-chi r-hi

pa Albinv. n chfin

ni

:

(

)shan niarduinan kih pa Albniv, an

an knlini and; a/ash dar u darakht vas bed, u gad vas darand a/shiin sfilar khuda Inast j)ali nlmah-i Ahrluian C-stad d kih mlrand bi-khurand, ba-har-yak kih d>han dT atasli afiranand, u andar miyaiiah pur bad ;

;

zlvandtw/i bar jauvar rshan khnrah karad

hamgunah,

bi-khurand.

b-C-shan khurish barg-i darakhtan va-L iyah

Yar-gdshim fc

r

dad shinasand, nah din

;

kih mlrand darvand hand.

(I*

O'y)* u nah I

kh\vr>h chili pah tan kani/ak bah nix ^ninan u bah uiinah-i Aunna/.d hand, u hamyfirah a\ band;

shahar

Ku/.T. u

zir

pah gavishn vakh-la.s7t kiln/fir Tstand u kih mlrand ha>t di val. lia-t di du/akh shavand. Duvalpayan n >ih"-saran var/.Tdar vasturg u a/.-cshan rlnuin, nah dad, nnh din, nah kiri'ah, nah giinfih >hinasind ;

;

u

:u"iraud

;

u liar

pah innrdi-i Ahriinan

Pu:

chih andar in

p /.a

rah

>h;di kih

i

:

Ahriinan, di du/.akh shavand.
tad, u liar chili

106

KDWAllD WILLIAM

-wo

Wl'ST.

j

o

r^

tie

Hfl

A

^>o

)rc

cwo^^

i^

^ yy

JWNtN)

frA*

V

y

-H3T

I'AIILAVI

Till;

JAMAM'-\ \.MAK.

H&

1Q7

-

v fitfi

tfJNHS

-r*

wo

-

iivw

na

til

-HXX)

wo

^v

*

woo* i'

M)4

10

EDWARD WILLIAM WEST,

108

iro

jar *

^e) j)

tf5ii;eo*

v 6^0

Zanan sakht, az csban zanan pah marzishn vas kunand az eshaii didan

Me)

slialvar

ustuvar

hand,

u

chashm dud, vas sard u vas garmtar band, az csban hamvfir yak ava dud vakhsbash karizar, u an varzisbn bed ; az csban margas/i khvar afsend, andar ;

chili

dar u

chihan kishvar hast, u kib az a pascnd dad, in kib padiraft cstad, kisht varz avadanas/i kunand; kih mirand 61 bc-sbak afganand, 6 bast 61 bahisbt, 6 hast 61

duzakb 6 hamistakan sbavand, 6 kih

oshaa chib

.ijO-^

avfiz

nist

marduman

azshan minishn u varzishu ava

bed.

Parsld Gushtasp shah

mad

estad, chi-ra

kii

:

Tu

in kudakas/t az chili kih chfui avar

kbudayan dahyfivadan

in kudakas/t avar

nab mad

estad? haft in kudakas/i u agahas/t 6i kas chasld u guft tavfin, ay a nab baft? nakhust 61 kard a-yait az ashkam-i

tu

Jamasp

mar bud

1

No. 7 has

2

PahlaTi Folios

MS. No.

madur dashtand?

:

7.

20-2(3

are

missing

;

the Parsi text

that follows

is

supplied

from

THE PAH LA VI andar-an zaman ay no, nali

ravan Garothmfr

mad

Man

:

bail ha

daroirh

'.

C-stad,

A

In

az

a^alufxA

Afinnazd u

din-i

man

u In kfidab/x/i n /irakc.-^ ol

shuma daliyuvad

I

khfidayrtxA 0"stad

:

vandadani

avain In kiidakux/* n

ball

avain nah a/ padar nab

kas chashldan

f>I

acdfin

agalw.sV/

mad

kbfisli

kardan tavan

li

sbiiina, cbib chand

chili /fid

brd,

sad

si u;

;

I

hama inardninan

n

Lrah avi

him

bar

ax

u

kib >ban

si.

i)

an

da-

cbib ava hah

nab

tawfm-ha, kar

kii

kama

uln nali

a\..

\\ask

;

.

man '

^OO6 S^

im and;:

?0j ih-klivar

an

In

tan pah kirtah kardan

kill

:im

chili

;

minad

n

avirtar tuiJi>hrd.

lasfa

piulir:;

padsbab

.ir-i

hud ba pah padld hrl.

&

:

dnkht

a/.

v^d)^*1

M a/ash

kO^

y^

!

EDWARD WILLIAM WEST,

110

b-an bavishnan u farzandfui kasiiu an kar ashnud, harua pah

aviiui

5^

kih Gushtasp khurah, andar

6 tauiain shaved sliudah band.

01 giriftan, andfib

Pas Jamasp kasb

U A ma

dd ku

farmn

m*

^

afganand, u gnnahgar yak afganand, u kar girand. :

Bar

ma

vashed farda frdd afgandan

hiland.

11

pas Gushtasp shah, ham-chun ^fi V

in kill

man

man band, u dev

in din-i

druj u

bud,

d

Jamasp guft ku

avezhah padiraft, andar geban

^H^O^-f

ravii

:

kard, d

J$Y* zadau avazadan az Iran sbabar

birun kard u Asfeudyar,

man

u dahan az babar-i din

ra avazadan

farzand, avaj dasbt, u vas barn

avaman dasbt pab sbau

man

sipab

in

avayad u az-in az-in u cbun d bubiii bud, man_, Visbtiisp gab paida bud, geban pab sud rdzkar juda bud, man az-m bradaran u farzandan u man bdsbau u takbt u kburah-i Kayan band, stayam dtivar vadKayan.

U

pas Jamasp guft ku: Osban ravan girad, in kburab-i

Kayan

pab sbuma avar nishasted, ma azarcd, n dard babar di tan ma bilcd, o pab yazisbn dabisbn kbvesb tan andar ramisbn dared, ava farzandan u

bradaran b-an bavistan mezad kuncd,

aym gab u kbub pab ramisbn

dared, chib zivandishn basim nek u yak abasimasfr avadan

1

in

cbih gdyarn kib

sal

nab

az bazar sal andar

marg kasb avaz na-gired, u

zaman na daded, cbib Gaydmard bud Aurmazd-diid, kasb zaman mad, Abriman pah marencbinid, u dadigar yak yak khudayan posh budah hand, kash an zamiiu fraz mad, cbisb az kardan na-tavan, pa namchist Tabmdrap kasb si sal Ahriman bah bar dasht, u cbib kash kbvesh fraz

mad, kbvesb tan az kbusb ava dasht na-tavan.

U

pas Guslitasp, kih

shan azash sbinid, andar khvesh tan ^O^^JOJ)** padiraft, azasb andar gehan siptisdaras/i kardan, u Jam asp afrm kard.

Az pas hama dabyuvadan u khudayan kadam khuda darad jud cbih ? u kih pas az tukhm

Pursid Guslitasp shah ku: in faravan

gah kih

kadam band?

u bar yak kishvar chand sal darend

?

kih an-i nek, n

i'AllLAYI kill

vatar

fin-i

Mazdayasnaii

:

ta kl

chand

Guftash .Ifunasp

kfi

ma

chili

sal

ravad

:

]H

AMASl'-NAMAK.

I

angam u zamanah

rasad

Iu

dm-i

Tan govam,

az In fravan

a.

pas

gah

darad kishvar pah khudajatA sad Chihar-azad chili khvanand, si sal

Ardlbahiaht Asfendyar rasad, u

ol

u dva/dah khudayu.N-// ix kill

d,

1

r

o

ava

sal,

dfiiu,

Daral Parayan sc/dah

bi-glrad. ul

kash

Askandar-i Ivuini -czdah

Khusro ba-Ardavan

rasad, n

a/,

>al

khudax

jx/t lii-i^irad.

lah n tukhini u dad

J'as

sal.

paiiand d<jvi>t u haslitail u do

Pah u>han khudayan sar anak^.x-// audak andak pas avad, u nokflw^i yak, u kishvar andar avadanax/^ aviblni'/^/j. u inardum andar dasht rstad band. U pas khuda\vix/< darad kishvar pah khudayih

vastar-i K

pah andak /.fir hashtiid n do sal u nuh mfih

iitasp

khvauaDd

sal u

chahar niah.

chahar

Kahad

.-al.

::aryar bist

tukhml hcshm

si-sad u

u

>al

duva/dah

Ardashir. khud

Shah

niah.

/.an

I.

Khusroan

Aurina/.d

Avarvr/.'

/,

sal.

panjdah

.lamasp KhfuiiTst chihal u

chihal do.

rf/.

khud pah khfid

in

do

u

bist

khvanand,

Tiyah n

\'arahram

Shakfit''

inah.

dali

I'irn/

fia/.

Shfipfn-

Aurina/.d dod yak

.-a!.

Shapur Shapuran yak

Ardashir

ul

kainali-/.ivislnir/>-/,

u

?

?

ra

gun

EDWARD WILLIAM WKST,

112

Guftash Jamasp ku In din bazar sal ravfi bf-d, pas dsbun mardumfm anclar an liangam band, Lama f>I milir-drukbsh estand, yak :

ava dfid

luvtirash

u drdgh

kimand, u pah an chim Iran sbaliar

di

TV/Tgan avasparaud; u Tazigan liar rd/. pali rd/ nlrdtar daliand, similar sbaliar fraz girand, mardum haina di aviirunl drdgli vardlnand, u bar cliisb

an goyaud

-bn-i

1'rarun

u girand, azsLan khvcsb tfin sadmandtar, azshaii azasb azur bed, avez sanast in Iran sbabar. 1

*

3^ J

^

j >

V Here begin the remaining

folios 27 to 31 of

the Pahlavi text extant in

DP

Till:

I'AIII.AYI

.lAMASl'-NAMAK.

'

V) -0*1

M2J)

r^

-^

^6

fwaj

-j|!J

V

K 16

far

KWVAlin

114

\VII.I.TAM

Ww) $ i

UT.sT.

>*$

*

Me)

lie)

"

V

J

& J

$>

ts

Till:

_

PAIII.AVI

.IA~.\!A-I'-NAMAK.

W

OVO

1 1

-

~)

to

j

tie)

^ **

* J

^r

^

Me)

*

V

j^

w*\

116

l-:i)\YAKl>

ot

^

J

V^e^

-051

-o-O

x> i-;.

1

i

Kest of

I'jililuvi is lust.

tlaryji Lfir m;ir(l-c- !Milir

an-

1

thcu break-;

off

'J'he Pjirsi

Jzad

version coutinuus one

ball nva/fid^ in the middle of a sentence.

w. WEST.

liiKjl'urilicr, us

MiLr Jzad

vas.

.

follow*: .

.

THE LIFE AND LEGEND OF ZARATHOSHTRA.' (Zoroaster), the founder of'tlic Iranian ri-ii^ion of the

I

invokrrs of H^ht, received

antiquity snch

in

was honoured not only by the Mi-des liini as :i Lawgiver and Teacher IK

-

imivcr-al

and 11

1.

wlm

IVrsi.-ins

from God,

sent

who compared him anil many of their own

their political enemies, tlie Greeks, ;

Tin-

;

heathenism as '.aal

.

was the

ian religion

and

false doctrine,

first,

at

the

it

bloody

sacrifices,

euahl-

us, to

perpetual

Totlioiinaginati.

demons with which they it

and purity

to

who no

and tradition

h:,

in,

t

faith

which

Christian

\\n

i

i

.

or Pag

1

i

-i

oi

priest-. i-h D

Englifh

d

by

all"\\

hip the ehild

|,

^yros

i

lonirinion opinion

Mat

a

.par

i

the

M-ril*'

wisdom i-est,

,rrow-niindt-dne<x

tl

.

the

all

about Zoroaster ohV is,

>h renegade .

11>.

had any other source.

some

know the

possibly

to

murder

upheld by moi,

is

Ahli:

of

-onu' hi-ioriral eh

''8

ii.,n,

the

BOOOOIpanj

IcL'-end, offer

may have

i

single

t.hem

i

impartial

!'adict

ol

.Majdi (end of loth century, p.

lik

1-Jn

namo Ennayf' (Jeremiah) and

Svriac

Z-.irathustra, lias,

AVhat

very

.irs'ii.

little

is

:

of the conditions of

of the Prophet

life

names

number

of a

amounts to

his residence at the court

descent from Airyana-vaejo,

of his protector Wistaspa, the

of

family and of the prince's court are noticed in the

Awesta,

ol

birthphuv

no doubt, given rise to this discovery.

known

his

tin*

Urraiyti,

members

of his

oldest parts of the

in the Gratha poems, or metrical sermon-psalms, written in the

Atropatenian

The

dialect.

Awesta describe him

therefore be quoted for

and can

as already a saint,

history of the

other portions of the

many

in

facts

the

religion, but cannot be considered as a source for

biographical details. A. s

Zaruthustra's patron

Median great kings,

it

is

did not

difficult

of the religion; therefore one

is

belong to the line of tho

to

tho time of the founding

fix

surprised

that he gives exact dates, not only for Zarathustra's also of separate events,

defined geographically Dr.

West,

the

Jackson's work

to find in

life

in general but

his missionary travels to countries not exactly (p.

207), as also a battle of the religious war.

chief

expert

in

Sasanian Pahlawi

literature

(which Jackson compares to the Patristic literature of the Christian church), has lately examined the artificial holy chronology of the Parsi priests, that

dahishn

(a

had been

partly

known

for a long time in

cosmography), and which

chronological table of holy events.

has

he

According

to

the Bun-

illustrated

it,

the time

1

in

a

of the

founding of the religion was 300 years before the burning of Persepolis

by Alexander, that

is

The

in the year 630 B. C.

figures are variously

given, those derived from Pahlawi books, or authors instructed by tho Magi of the time soon after the downfall of the Sasanian dynasty,

oven Tabari and Firdauai, give the years 300, 280 and 2~><S. Tin variation may arise from this, that sometimes they had had the birth of 4

Zarathustra in their mind's eye, sometimes the founding of the religion,

and sometimes the conversion of 12

Pahluvi Texts V, Oxford 1897, p.

that date, Bhoriarji D.

Bharucha

in

Wistasjpja,

or tho death of the Prophet.

XXVII. wq.

;

Jackson,

Catna Memorial Volume, p.

1.

p.

179.

See also on

LIKE

AND LEC;KM

One cannot designate

MIA TMI^HTKA.

this chronology, as has

make

deplorable fabrication," for these tigmv< sion, a>

t

hey are moderate,

still i

and that ie

It is

quite

tin?e,

or,

;

from some detinite event, till

the construction

artificial

is

system

untrustworthy

II,

mslation in the Pahlawi language,

his

father in hi-

the

after the

yean

ue,

ran-lation into .iid-.

rk,

ofti

they hud

p'Jilly

.f

hvady

'!;in

al

office in the

igns of :SM

der

\

tar

lie

far

away

1

*

that by th

language, undert

the intention

lir^t

t

.

tliU

.

of

the

thians havr is

^^

-ionally

r.mij.on>a ' '

-p

Mnd

i

L:

The

M.

ira

IJeiiagc

t

lo

1

religion.

i,

M

:J7

rkhshyad-ereta (Osht

not

11

the chronicle

of

tin- dirtvti.'n

a landmark and memorial, jott at the pooli and beginning of the <eeond millennium.

8 in

a

the Magi, the re-writing of

t

had

under

founding of the

wo-ild

the idea

'lishm.-nt of the strict do.-trine

.

and furnished with

priestly

and cuuld^ therefore, pass as the Prophet bimi), appearing IfOOO

that

suspicion*

(Atropates) Mahr:spend. whose son

.Ytiirpat

su])iT!ii.- hi-j-h-priest

fnllowetl

also

i-

it

:

the proclamation of the religion, the Awesta

tfter

anew by command of Sapor

Mlit'd

nr

13

Hydhaspa

family

>n-

:h

Secondly,

la-

h- a inythieal figure, as

of Asty

I

that th-

may

the (iatha-,

which rMniiid-

til'-

suh

to

(>'

in

hadaspa

Am

partly

1

invented.

and

the

thi-i-ngh

'urther details, partly, when-

religious or mytholoL

i

id,

intended,

are

jiarticulars

believes that /roa-ter

aflirni'-d.

i-e

t

of^Ianl, put the Christianity into e\rit.-m.

Nohody now n-

in

hspurin who make it useful

support by their Mithra-myit

Jackson'-i view- throu^li

hesitated

nih-:-s

purposes, has onre lent to the declining

last

;

irthly 82

others niueh injured

and )y the

hat,- tin- suhliine,

liialisin

Tlu>

like

erainly

religion, par:.

out of the ashes of a great universal

itself,

and the

sin

\'\

his rehif-ions, will

?9

1

ve

arises,

tli.it

XAKA'!

t..

\

the unhility, a-

nspa ("horse").

Xonast
i*i), thr Ki/ Kapfiii, wostwardfrom Tiikht-i Suleiman, or 3 Shi// and

to

8117^

Sliammuramat, the wife of Adud-Nirari, B. C.

(who likewise made war in Media), to find an historical background for the Ktesian fable, would be to accord it too much honour.

Even an author

trustworthy as Aminianus

\vho, as participator in Julian's

linus,

able to

much

so generally

make

campaign

Marcel-

would be

in Persia,

has added enquiries, says that the Bactriau Zoroaster

out of the secrets of the Chaldees to Magianism

the wise father of Darius, the Brahnians about

had appropriated,

the path of

;

but Hystaspes,

knowledge of of the earth, and

in India, the

the stars,

and

about prophecies; nevertheless Amimanus cannot have heard this from Persians, who never speak of a Bactrian Zoroaster, but only of

Zaradusht Spitama, or (ishava ("pure, holy") Zarathustra, later of from a reminiscence are his words but from Adharbaijiin only ;

Trogus."

Moses

of Khorni,

who preserved many

absurdities, is disconcerted

by the passage, quoted from Africanus (and further on by Kephalion), where Zradaslit Mog arkay Baktriatsvottt, of the Berosian Sibylla, 1 -3

and adds, in explanation, " that is, of the Medes ";and again (I, 17) he calls Zoroaster a Magian and chief of the Medes (MarkJi), and states that he is made governor of Nineveh

is

called king of the Bactrians,

and Assyria by Semiramis, because she wishes to go for her recreation to Armenia, where she has built Shamiramakert, or Wan. As Zoroaster tries to make himself independent, the queen marches against him, but

is

defeated and slain by her son Ninyas.

The comment of Moses, whereby he here takes the Bactrians for Medes, might lead to the source of the original Ktesian error. The Persian Empire, or Airdn-khshathr (Pers. Irdn~nhahr, Awesta.

Airyanam or was of divided into four countries, lihshathrem), provinces, groups *3

**

Billerbeck, das Sandschak Suleimania

Justinus, I, in Strabo, 15, 1. 59, *5

;

Leipzig, 1898, p. 66.

The Brahmans, besides the Magians, name him so also Ncarch 61 06. Arrian 6, 16,5. Appianus, de bello oivili U. c.54.

1, 9.

Jackson, p. 187.

;

AM' I.H.KM' OF /AUATIlfSIITKA.

I.Il-K

named

and -^ovenied by four

after the tour quarters of the heavens,

pati), commanders-iu-chicf, or governThe northern of these provinces contained M

ehl-marshals.

by Khurdadbih and others that of but, by Ibn Rosteli and Masudi, Adharbaijan

Atropatene, and

uinl

.T

Adharbadhakfm,

called

is

V(

;

" the north" r

llakhiar,

In

(Pahlawi, apdkhtar ; Awesta, apdkhtura).

MOM-

'jiaphy of

who

1 >'*

iklitarkh, that

Turks."

is,

mentioned " the Scythians

arc also

As Ktesias

lived 17 years in

lYrna and understood the language, might be thought that, in his -^ cursory manner, he had taken Apakhtara for Bakhtra. Also t< who lived in the time of theSasfinians, when Armenia was under Persian it

rule, the

the

expression for

'*

North," and

its

applicability to Media,

must have been known and may have occasioned worthy of notice that Burnout',

Wl

his

remark.

It

by the name Bactra, refers to

is

that

Bakhtar. i.les

fully collected

the literary evidences,

and commented un With.. tit an

by Jackson, there are also lii>torical relations to consider.

frm

cmt>ide, no religion usually

changes much, or is replaced by ans

59 o

61

1.

37.

of Jones, Journ. Asiat. 8oc. X V. Chesney, Expedition to the river Euphrates, Map No. 6. '' \ 41-0. Rich, Koordistan 1. 22. Curtius, 5, 1, 16. Ker Porter Tr;i Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1874, ,, Heft 9, p. 344. Corap. BriHson,

Map

n2 Plutarch's

(181)7) 528.

Alcxandor, hr-d made them build brick buildings, which point- directly to the fact of oft*

s,

.ti-.>dii(?tion

()['

the--

thin^ from h-i

him

l'Iw-i Sehlab,

and

the

l-'irdu-i calls

!'.

St-klali,

but

KM

the

Barsu-nameh ralN

.lied

Tb'-

Khakani

1

ICazenderi

igh-

\ n. trnn^l.

8

l.y

I,

I

24.

144. I

1

:

.

imp. \\1II., l'.'r,hur K',

rs;:.

r,)A.

138

FERDINAND JUSTI,

bouring people ancient

t'

tho

l>y

hyh

mountains

swamps

formerly orowned hy a fbrtnvs, the

(the

D;w-i-sepid

by Rustain

al'ter

whit

1

sustaining

I

in

and whose country ami

of Alburz (Ham-berozaiti)

A mountain

of tho lowlands.

Kailusians

like the

their independence

1

was protected tlic

to Atropatene, arc a race that,

west of Ainvil

to tho

was

spin/ or Asproz, whose commander,

devil)

was only conquered

of Kfijfir

many dangerous

adventures. 70

If the

dynasty had originally been considered to be in Bactria, one would have more probably lot them take tho war-path against the robber Even the most ancient recollections and tribes in Paropanisos. are connected with places in the

leLivnds

mountainous countries

south of the Cispiin Sea: the hero Thraetaona told strength) is born at

that

is in

Gosh.

72

(i.c. }

Warena Chathrugaosha

who

possesses three-

(the four-cornered),

71 which \Varek, three Farsangs east of Sari,

From

the smith

Kawoh

of Ispahan,

Ferldiiu (Thraefcaona), are descended the

to the

who

is

first

Kami who

also called

goes to help Taba-

rule over

ForTdun carries the conquered tyrant Zahhak (Azbi-dahaka) to Sherchwan 73 ; his grave is in Tammisha, which was on the borders of

ristan.

and Gurgan, 16 Farsangs from Sari 71 His sons arc buried corner of the Caspian Sea,

in the south-eastern

Tabaristiin

is

a very

ancient account

is

proved by the

in Iran has claimed the honour, as

The Kai Kaiis

bones.

th^ir

fell

is

in Sari.

75

That this

fact, that no other place

usually the case with saints and

from

his

balloon to earth at Ainul

Q 70 Firdus 325, Ki "27, 196. Rustam's Journey to MazenderFin is the prototype of Turaii IspendiUv's Adventures to the bronze castle (Diz-i-rnm') or 1'aikand in (Marqu^rti Zcitschrift Morgcnl. Gesellsch. 40, (;39). Corap. Zahir-c-l-din oil. Dorn, 1:50, 5. 10. Dorn. ;

.

,

83. Mclgunof, the Houtliurn Shore of the Caspian Sea, 212. Mulgunol 171. W;.v'k, //.thir-cd-din, 1), 11. '2 By Firdu>i, 04, -is. Gosli (inanusci ipt- piv.- the rcadir^ Ko-0 is called tlie seat of Peridun in Tammisha Xahir-cd din, who quotes Firdugi's Distiohon, has Kosh (Gosh) 73 To the south of DoinH, \v-Mid, Fiiflnr

totvr.es,

r.T-(,KND

OF /ATCATIIUSJ1TRA. 1

t

with

ju.-i li;i[>s

aivh:

the

;tr.

Armenian

I

HIT ot

!

o

with Assyrian pro*

kind'

-Inter:

1

'.

th"

:iiu:i

with

i|ils


ht:lspa

m whom

IV

whom

had heen kini: of

Khnrdadbih

Ibn

Marw

at

between Bombay

to the

the jon: place,

inj^

from

-\ t

:n

Hamburg

this j..un:ey

so

is

and

p.-.sses

Ka.

Baldi

to

Hamburg

at

1

Is

t

er dwi-11-

IJa:

far as

i'rom

Bombay

and he would have had

on pure chance, a> he

utter i

about the >aine a-

Shi/, to

a journey as

Munic-h

to

is

wished

1'r.ij.het

ri

Marw

borders of Assam, or from

Urmia over

WOald mean

from

days,' inarrli,

v

IKK-I:

distance from

the

-'march, which

l-'arsaiiL '-, 1

.

calculates

Far-an;-s or

L'"l

Kawi

the

the

would probably have never even known of his far distant and divided from Media by mountain thai

house

of his

t:

d> not mention any of the royal

with the sinners, i'rom

.-jaiited

be separated.''

protection to

even the old King Vima,

1

er 90 ;

bnsband of Ponruobista, tbe Pro] --d the claims \Vislita-|>a. who support

d by the Kawis.

hi>

rh

..

part"! Media, for the family Spitat to

Uuwogwa.

\

nearest relations

his

directs

live in Mactria, but in anotlier

7.

was not invited

to ur

to

to

under

:iid

'

had

lirst

himself by miia

The

.jue.-tion

ited

is

now how the connection

by the legend, and a^ain with

:

in



'1

l. I

wi

^

.

and

16. 14.

i

\\iti it

The

:au kiiiLCs.

in

the

e\:

-end has allured ivohlijr.-d to

l

Bfl

of tflury

Wi-hta^p

-ni^ht b>

bias.

full

of

how th-

ruler- of

all

1

142

i

kingsare described as

KHPINAXD JUSTI,

to a stepping-stone of the Mazdaya

are

til-.-

lords':

(nccordii!^ to

the lord

of is

with

namely,

th-

.

/arathu-

tin-

:h--

ehureh

;

tl;.>>e

;

.

the

in tlu-

l-\ur lords has th" X

_', the head of the tribe, the fourth .-itls

a

the

at

Ix.-i^hri

house, the lord of the village, th

Zarathastrian dominion.

'.la

.f

the much-delated

may

.

;

plained rulersr the

(

i

as

in

1\

the lord

1

:

.!.''

prince

Outof*

the

.

of the

md.

ruh-r

;

:

h .

.

.

FREDINAND JUSTI,

144 The /nroaster

in

priestly dignities,

Ha^ha, taken as the Muvossor

to the

Prophet

in the

101 called also /arathushtrotema, the h tad Zoroaster.

is

Mie This passage also settles the question when* Zoroaster died. the question, why d d not Balkh become the seat of this
i

-

life;

ili:i

.

from wl

aling to the ies,

r

of the fou:

one was able

at

;

"ssion of Bactria, \vh

k kings

rulers.

hu'i

undoub;. the g

b

was held

i

own on

10.

^

107

bcig

I

^,8.

Lrifi-oi. i

io
e

but means the father of Darius

;

as a \va

king and successor

and Agathias/ 40 wh

he says himself, repeats the Persian legend, places Zoroaster under BystaspeSj of whom he is doubtful if he be the father of Dareios or another, but no mention of Bactria.

pes

is

That king Wishtaspa or Hystas-

shown by Justinus whom, Hystaspes was "an ancient

always placed in Media, nob in Bactria, is

Martyr and Lactantius, according to king of the Medes," who had prophesied the groat World-fire, that is, " the the fire Harmushtin, all-destroying," of the Bundahishn, which at the last d'vy will cleanse the earth from sin. Again, before all, from the 111 a companion of Alexander's, often-quoted tale of Chares of Mytilene,

which the sons of Adonis and Aphrodite (Mithra and Anahita 14 *), namely Hystaspes who ruled over Media and the country below probably in

the plain of

Urumia and

the Araxes, Atropatene), and Zariadres, over the

country of the Caspian Gates (eastward of Bagha) as far as the TanaTa, 133

"

Jackson, 97. -24, note 2.

Hjde, Vet.

1887, 137. 138, 140.

Comp. Tabari

Comp.

3. 5.

Mirkhond

1.

180, 8.

Barthclcrny, Livrc d'Ardu J. Fc. Miillcr, Wiener Zeltschrift f. K. d. M. V. 18D1,

no Jackson, 218. in Athcnaios, Deipnosophistac 575a 112

676,

Pers. rclig. hist. 303 scq. 322.

(ed.

Jvaibd

3,

Spiegel, Zeitschr. d, Morg. Ges. 52, 180,

07).

viiitf,

Paris

LIFE

AND LEGEND OF ZARATHUSHTRA.

therefore, over KhorusHii

and the

plain of the

(

153

Xarifuhvs marries

>xus.

Odatis, the daughter of the king of the Marathes Homartes (perhaps

Amorges) in the same way as Gushtasp, in the wins the hand of the emperor's daughter in Byzanz. The Shahnameh, tale of Chares is older than the Awesta, excepting its most ancient parts, Horaarges

or

and Bactria

is

The Marathes are otherwise not not to bo thought of. it was wished to put a better known race like the

mentioned, therefore

Sar mates or the Maiotes in their place. 115 But here is erroneously assumed that Tanais were the Don, as in Herodotus, whereas at

Alexander's time the Jaxartesor Orxantes was called Tanais, as

thought

to

Shahnameh

be in connection with the

The

it

as

was

in the

tradition

brother's place

Hystaspes take his

lets

Don. " 1

being more

important to the legend; and the wedding journey, therefore, is not taken to the Arayrgian Sakes, but to Byzanz, from which the late form of the tradition can be traced in Firdusi,

whieh has

also used remini-

1

scences of Xerxes campaign against Hellas, but has already knowledge of the Khazar prince Elias. n5 That the hitter tradition had net even

thought of a kingdom of Bacfcria, is shown by the (naturally otherwise lk3 The coin menworthless) account that only Luhrasp founded Balch. tioned by Jackson with the legend 'Ap 00 10^ *

it

belongs

to KanC-rki,

who reigned

but did not reside in Bactria.

The

in

cannot allude to Luhrusn,

north-western India in 73 A.D., tion on the coin

re

is

a

man

with a horse, and tho legend answers to the Awestan Auncadaspa, a surname of the genius Apam-napat. 1V7 The reason that the field i.-iiii notrr,

liV

may be sought iii

St.-|.h:u.i

in

Kthniea. Lupl.

By/..

eirrui:

hi-tnrieal

\-

]

n. 7, 4,

Alth-Tih.

rhrift d.

!>

Ho

JftoktOO 2-H.

ha^c.klU-

I

the

town

'

al-li

i-

I, (iJ5.

tho tjcautiful.

.1

AwesUn

IS,

us of

andH.

:.XXVI.,7.

8tdn, Zoroatarian Deities, Lon.i

Eoffnuiin, 8

M

,

4.

'

\

Or

MUrt. 150. Aurel

154

FERDINAND

When

the whole of

JUSTI,

Western Iran and the remainder

of India

was

under the sway of Alexander's successors, the legends and traditions were placed partly in the eastern province which was still in the possession of the Arians, where the Greek-Bactrian kings and the

Parthians ruled, without interfering with the religion of their vassals. The Iranian tradition suffered many changes and extensions during the five hundred years' sway of the Arsakides, and the Iranian princes

endeavoured to write their names in the Book of Kings. Rustam,

Awesta Sdma Rcresaspa, appears

in the

princely house,

who

as

the embodiment of the

since the first century ruled in Sakastan (so called

B.C., from the Sakas who settled there) and Arachosia, and to which the mighty Hyndopheres, one of the Magi who adored the since 140

1143 and the figure of the Hyrkodes and others belonged, Parthian Gotarzes lives on in that of Godarz of Ispahan ; and Meher-

child Jesus,

dotes(Mithradates V.

107113)

inMilad, son ofGtirgen (Firdusi).

1

*9

Yezdegerd III., that when flying before the Arabs he took the sacred fire from Rai and placed it at Marw. 150 The sacred It is related of

fire

Khurrah was

at the wish of Zoroaster conveyed

from Khwariztn (Khiwa),

where

it

by King Wishtaspa had been worshipped by the

king Jamshed (by some accounts, only by Anosharawan, 579), to al-Karian in the district of Darabgerd in Pars (not, as

mythical

531 the

Bundahishn

land, the sacred

says, to fire

Kabul).

When

the Arabs broke into the

was divided and taken more into the

and partly to al-Baidha G-ushmisp was taken to Sagastan

west of Persepolis. 151

partly to Pasa

to the

The

(Seistan)

fire

of the

1*9 iso isi

152

and so the origin

Kawi-dynasty was transplanted from Atropatene

us Comp.

Grundria

d. iran. Philol.

interior

to that place.

11.506. 507.

Marquart, Zeitschr. d. Morgcnl. Ges. 49, 634. 641. Tabari 3682, 3. Tabari transl. by Zotenberg 3, 503.

Hamadhaui

d'or, ed. Barbier

(Bibl. Geograph. Arab. cd. J. de Gocje) 246,8. Masudi, lea Prairiede Meynard et Pavet de Courteille 4, 75. Shahrastani, transl. by Haara

299. Hoffmann, Syrische Miirtyrerakten 285. Baihaki in Yakut 3, 958. Hoffmann 207. Jackson 44. 4g. 212. A Tribe in Seistan, the Kaiani, pretend to descend from the Kawi-dynasty George N. Curzon, Persia

brUcker

1,

is*

:

1,228, note.

AND LKGKND

LIFE

155

ZAKA'I HUSHTUA.

>1

Sagastan was probably conquered by Bahrain II. (-70 -93), and Bahrain III. (2 J3) and Hormizd III. (-157) were Saganshahs before they became great kings. (

By degrees rose

n

the whole of th ,'owcrs in

:

Iranian Part liian

Western Iran,

in like

inoveme!.

and

:a-an,

]

inia.

.

.d,

and

Awe.--.tan

forms;

it is,

Median language was employed

therefore, easy to imagine artificially in the

Parthian

other dialect of the sacred literature, the Pahlawi, has

as the

still

ve they liavi

1'Yiyij

tinctly old Persian

that the old

Se^t

1;

i,

been

kingdom manner MS the

used for centuries after the modern Persian language had

been developed. In the Yashts, that

be

may

placed in the times of the

Parthians, places in Western Iran are (Bavri, that district

is,

Bavli,

late

seldom mentioned, as Babel

the Aramaean form of the name), Kwirinta, the

and lake of Chaichasta, and others, but the province of and the basin of tho Hilmaiid are more often mentioned and

i

with

details

many

and names of towns, rivers and mountains.

geographical chapter already mentioned, or

.'llilad :ia

home

in tho

Book

of the

Law, seems

which

is

1

prefixed

like the letterpress to a

T

'-

Tho

U>

map

of

time of Eratosthenes.

Only at the beginning Zoroaster's m-warjo, and at the end it is said, there

is stat>

might be other (besides the quoted places) regions, plains and count lit

whii-h

at

religious-geographical account of the

ken away

tli

dominion,

probably

dates from

th

ion of tho first chi| Lrianfl

of the part

i" Yaaht *

into

h-an,

it

15 * and by the year 129 B.C., part and f the purpox* o:

iocument about tho immigraIns added g| .tion

tl

10,

i

13.14. 19, fiO.7.

J'reussiachc

Jah

conn:

from the Srlmk;

(1897)62.63.

;ll

,

religion.

FERDINAND JUSTI

156

was conquered by Kyros, without a kingdom of tlie Bactrians, or even the name of these people being mentioned with that of the Sakes, Masagetes, >erbikes and Dahas according to Ktesias Bactria

1

;

the Bactrians surrendered accession to the throne,

made

a

of

pretender

when sis

At

voluntarily. all

time of

the

Dareios'

the provinces revolted, no mention

in Media,

Persis, Susiana, Arachosia,

is

and

the Satrap Dadarshiof Bac-tria could unconcernedly leave his province to

Margiana which belonged to Bactria. Xerxes his enormous army with Bactrian and Sakian

quell the insurrection in

could augment

155

warriors under his brother Hystaspes, and lead them against Hellas,

without having to fear a hostile attack in the north-east. After Alexander Greek kings ruled Bactria when the Hephthalites (Haital or Yuechi, sometimes called Huns) allied with the Tokhars des;

troyed

Greek-Bactrian kingdom and made Balkh their capital

the

(128 B.C.), the duty of defending the north-eastern frontier

The Salmans Bahram V. and under Peroz.

Parthians.

to the Haital

after

vainly

retake

to

tried

fell to

Bactria

the

under

They were even obliged to pay tribute Peroz's defeat by Yu-chin or Khushimwaz (484).

gained in 557 a victory over this people, who were already hastening towards decay, and which was soon after wiped out by the

Khusrau

I.

Turks. 156

The

victory enlarged for the first

Dareios III., the frontiers of the Iranian

time, since the days of

Kingdom

to

the

Oxus and

reminded the Persians of the heroic deeds of Kai Khusrau in the legend,

who had conquered and

much worked up

killed Afrasiab,

and whose figure

is

according to the pattern of his Siisanian name-sake.

Since then the warfare that

is

pictured in the

Shahnameh

did not cease,

Mongolians and Tatars razed the frontier walls to the ground, and Iran was taken from the Persians, who had long since changed the religion of the old Persians for that of Islam and had until

become subjected i" Herod. i

to Turkish dynasties.

7, 64.

Compare with F. von Richthofcn, China

MUB&HI T.

II.,

No.

arohSol. II. 6, 142.

2, p.

166.

II.,

439.

Vasconcellos-Abreu in Le

Specht, Journal Asiat. Dez., 1883, 319 *ey.

Drouin, Revue

LIFE AND LEGEND OF ZAKATIIUSHTllA-

1,7

Pa I'M tradition has presented us with a portrait of the Prophet, and Jackson supports the view that the well-known relief of TFik-i-Bostiin, which represents the king standing by a figure with a Th

government from Ahnramaadij is a Sasanian the Zoroastrian legend, and that the ftoroaster-ligure

halo, receiving a ring of .ration of

157 may more correctly be Ahuramazda.

this

.so-called

works

likeness

of

Th

have




1

.'

Hum.'tiiM

1S8.

iu Klciiiasu-i..

I

'H-

'.

FERDINAND

158

JUSTI,

a powerful one, heros-down-throwing, mounted with yellow brass, strong, golden, the strongest of the weapons, the most victorious blades,

of the weapons, before which

whom

sinful one, of evil ones."

10

-

is

afraid Aeslnna, the

are frightened all invisible devils

Likewise Sraosha carries a club

1

"3

and

evil-thinker,

the

and the Warenian also

Ahuramazda

in the Sasanian sculpture.

FERDINAND

Ya^ht 10, SG

Wendidad

;

comp.

6, 5.

18, 304(71).

JUSTI.

KHSHATHRA VAIRYA, One

of the

'Tnv Kingdom como prayers that

\ve

mother's knee.

Zoroastrian Archangels.

'

one of the petitions

is

Christians ns children are It

is

in the

taught

to

first

and best our

utter at

interesting, therefore, to find that this conception

kingdom and its establishment, so familiar to us in Christ's teaching, and one of the ideals of the ancient faith of Judaism, may be traced in a somewhat parallel manner also in / nism. The of u divine

conception hed-for

Khshathra

contained in

is

Avestan Khshathra

the

Vohu Khshathra,

Kingdom/

'the 1

Ishtdisb, 'the

Kingdom

of Desire."

Good Kingdom,' or And as the notions of

an earthly and a spiritual empire blend together conception is

to

ome more

ni

exalted

in

Ithshalkra

application,

or

the sense of sovereignty or

in

the older Jewish

and

be possible to recognizo a sort of shading

and the material

boiic

'the

\

,o

hi-tweeii

int
n,

it

the

of the

v.

kingdom and as the ge:

ling ov:er metals.

In the court of Ahur.i Ma/.d.i, Khshathra Vairya ~!ia-pmds,

ment

oi

01

stial

A

throne.

i

order of rank about

council in

,-lnAvn in

Arrhir

Vonu MANAH / ASHA VAHISIU-A /

KBSHATI!

YA /

i:

\

MA.

\

the

H9fMcAqf

////

:

Am

The arrange-

SPBNTA ARMAHI

*\

HAT

AMK

Sup. ttq.,

A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON,

160

in

But before proceeding further \vith the discussion of Khshathra detail, a word may be said with reference to the radical theory

propounded by Darmesteter in which appeared shortly before ascribes the doctrine of

the

great translation of death.

his

Avesta,

This hypothesis, which

Amesha Spentas

to the influence of

the

Ideas,' and regards Vohu Manah as a reflex of Philo's (Thews Logos), and argues that parallels to the other

Neo-Platonic Gclos Ao'yos

the

his

'

Atnshaspands are to be found in the Philonic Awaits (Dunameis) cannot be said to have met with favor among A vestan scholars generally.

much

So

on the subject by specialists and that there remains little to add but to repeat again the doctrine of the Amshaspands can be shown to be at least has

been

written

that most ably that

a century older than Darmesteter would place the Gathas, and

Strabo

undoubtedly as old as Zoroaster himself. 25),

who

nearly a century

lived

Ameretat under the Greek form (AmJirdatos), and

he

AvdbaTos

than

(c.

Asha, moreover,

is

i.e.

(Anadatos), i.e.

Windischmann, Andhita, as a concept

is

'AjidptfaToe

Vohu Manah

p. 86,

not only admitted to be an

of the Vedic rta, but the designation

mentions

Plutarch,

refers also to 'Q^av^s (Omancs)

(see Strabo 11, p. 512c, cf.

1856).

earlier

it is

B, C. 63- A. D.

Miinchen

equivalent

found in

rmmy

Old Persian names under the form Arta, as well as in the Bactrian name 'ogvdpTTjs, Oxyartes, which apparently corresponds, etymologically at least, to

A vestan

Arta-uames

same

is

in

true of

UkJisJiyat-ereta.

Justi,

See, for example, the long list of

Iranisches Namenbuch, pp. 31

Yohu Manah, Vohuman,

Amshaspand given

to

Isfendiar, that valiant

Artaxerxes, hero

or

whom

who gave up

Bahman,

40, 485.

The

name

of the

the

tradition calls the son of his

life

in defence of the

The comparatively frequent occurrence of these names based on the names of the Amshaspands, as I have noted in the Zoroastrian creed.

Grundriss der iranisclien Philologie, proves that the doctrine of the Amesha Spentas must have existed, and was current, at the close of the Achannenian period. as

much

as our

These names presuppose that doctrine just Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael,

own proper names

K IISIIATIli; A V A

uppose the

of the

!s

I

able.

from the

the

to


/ul

In the

diiini-c).

to

hallowed sovereignty is 2 Kingdom, Rule, Power'; some-

Oatluls

tins

'

klishatlira

Ahura Kingdom, khshathrem toi mazdd aliurd

Good

3 vuhu khdiathra 'the Good Kingdom/ as opposed to 'the Kingdom of the Wicked One' ( /. r., Ahriman );'* or it is 'the 5 6 ' the Kingdom of Desire/ 'the Realm where the sun (ever) shines/

times

it is

Rule/

Mighty

7

f

Ahnra, Asha, and Vohu Manali. In general far

is

more

it

may be

but

in order

which belongs

Sovereignty

to

8

said that

abstract than either

he ranks next

'

the Wi?hed-for

Khshathra Vairya as an archangel

Vohu Manah

still

vivid

or

Asha Vahishta

enough as is in

Zoroastrian tendency to personification

a figure.

to

whom

The whole

fact remarkable, consider-

but recall such later day personifications of abstract virtues, or the like, as are found in the early European moraits

ing

2

30. 7. For convenience Justi's transcription is adopted in this article. 31. 22 51. 1 48. 8. See also Ys, 37. 5 and Vsp. 20. 1. I ask this, 31- 15 Puresa avat i/u m-iiniafi dretji'uite khshatJirem Jiunaiti Ys.

e.g.

Vs.

.

;

;

'

)*.

'

It can

antiquity.

;/<wan Itlnitayih, cf. Mills, Gathas, p. 343. Corn}V.;/ja, p. 219. pan' also Ys. 48- 8. }'*

me

'grant

'in the

Lit.

sun-seeing kingdom' (qdruj-durr-ni l-'ixlt if/trui"), which the gloss of xuryapade pratudo 'gti) also refers to Parudise. On the sun in relation to the other world, see the Great Iranian Bundahishn passage translated by Darmes-

Neryosangh

ZA.

tetcr. L< 7

(hi la,

314.

ii.

Y%. 31. 4

Khulitifli.i-cin

AnjoTiyhvat.

For example see Ys. 30. 8 tnnzdd t'tibt/o klislmthiem 'thy Kingdom, O Mazda' Ys. 32. 6 thtoahml r>e mazdd lihxliathrui afihdtcd in thy Kingdom, Mazdn, that is, your- and AshaV Ys. 34- 10 1litri

teaching the coming of the Kingdom,

r's

il/

Mult --n

'

-u

J

I

p. Iviii. geq.j

Ku

of thi-

-k

'

Klialnthra

ia

hand with compa^i

in

\

article published in

B.

el

or

can be no

in c.

A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSOU,

166

dom and '

l

aijdk/isitsta

'

Molten Metal of the

i>

as

demonstrable in the Gathas as in

Younger A rest a (Vsp. 20.

1

;

Yt. 2. 7

In a couple of Younger Avestan passages, moreover,

;

it

Yt is

17. 20).

perfectly

evident that khshathra vainja means simply metal (see Yt. 10. 125 and

Yd. 18. p. xciii)

both of them prose passages

C ;

and

in

employed as a synonym

Khshathra

Kingdom

de Harlez, A vest a Traduit,

for a metallic instrument,

Kauga, Acesta Lldwnanj^ In conclusion,

cf.

one place in the Vendidad (Yd. 9.

it

9) the

words arc

of knife

(see also

s. v.).

may be

stated again,

as

was stated

at the outset

Wished-for Kingdom, the Good Kingdom, the

Yairya, 'the

of Desire,' in Zoroaster's teaching denotes, in a spiritual sense,

and brings ideal rule, whether be on earth by regal power and authority, or in the realm of Ormazd, the kingdom of heaven and, secondly, in the realm of material things that dominion which puts an end to evil

it

;

Khshathra Vrurya presides over the kingdom which stand as a sign or symbol of power.

A. V.

of metals

and minerals,

WILLIAMS JACKSON,

Columbia University,

New

York.

M EDI ETA L GREEK REFERENCES TO THE AVESTAN CALENDAR. THE mo^\ Calendar

is

source

imp^rtr-nt

undoubtedly the

for

saeml

our knowledge of the Avestan whirh i< siippl.

text itself,

by most helpful information furnished by the Puhlavi books. are,

however, other allusions

be considered

The

to this

which must

chronological

our collection of data

known

best

mueh

if

is

to

There

approximate completeness.

of these references are in Persian or Arabic, but while

them

attention has been given to

the study

in

of the

Parsi Calendar, little notice has been paid to the Byzantine acco

Greek accounts,

these medieval

both few of access, the

translation? of

have their importance, and ns in books which are not easy 1

thorn

These translations are

public.

too,

number and

iii

:

may bo

of

tribute to

as a

pi

interest

to

the

T

:

of Dastur 1'olK'tan Behramji Sanjana, one of their m.>t dUtingui-

and scholars.

-ts

It

is

to

be noted that the earliest non-Parsi allusion

Iranian chronology

is

found

in

Quintus Curtius

to the an
22, 526-5^7 p]>. ;

;

;

Ira ijoijiccr, Amsterdam, i,

2

One

Antwerp,

Useuer, p. 23.

pp.

247, 249,

315

;

Denia Petau, DC