Arabic-English Dictionary: The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (English and Arabic Edition)

A

DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIO

HANS WEHR

A DICTIONARY OF

MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC EDITED BY J

MILTON COWAN THIRD EDITION

Spoken Language

Services, Inc.

r

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Wehr, Hans (Date)

A

dictionary of

modern written

Arabic.

"An enlarged and improved version of 'Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart' and includes the Contents of the 'Supplement zum Arabischen Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart.' 1.

I.

"

Arabic language-Dictionaries— English. J Milton. II. Title.

Cowan,

[PJ6640.W43 1976] 492'.7'321 75-24236

ISBN

0-87950-001-8

© Otto Harrauowltz, Wiesbaden 1961, 1066, 1971 © Spoken Language Services, Inc. 1976

Spoken Language Ithaca,

Services, Inc.

Box 783 New York 148S0

P.O.

Preface Shortly after the publication of Professor Hans Wehr's Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart

Committee on Language Programs of the American Council of Learned Societies recognized its excellence and began to explore means of providing an up-to-date English edition. Professor Wehr and I readily reached agreement on a plan to translate, edit, and enlarge the dictionary. This task was considerably lightened and hastened by generous financial support from the American Council of Learned Soin 1952, the

cieties,

American Oil Company, and Cornell

the Arabian

University.

This dictionary will be welcome not only to English and users, but to orientalists throughout the world who

American are

more

at

home with English than with German.

It is

more

and much more comprehensive than the original version, which was produced under extremely unfavorable conditions in Germany during the late war years and the early

accurate

postwar period. lthaca,

New

York

J

Milton Cowan

November 1960

Preface to

The Pocket-Book Edition

In Order to meet the enormous increase of interest in Arabic brought about by political, economic and social develop-

ments of the past decade, we have now published our 3rd Revised Edition of this

A

Dictionary of

Modern

W ritten Arabic in

handy, comprehensive and unabridged version.

Hans Wehr

Münster lthaca,

New

York

February 1976

J

Milton Cowan

Introduction

Thiß diotionary presents the vocabulary and phraseology of modern mitten Arabic. It is based an the form of the language wbich, throughout the Arab world from Iraq to Moroooo, is found in the proee of books, newapapers, periodicals, and letters. This form is also empioyed in formal public address, over radio and television, and in religious ceremonial, The diotionary will be most usefuJ to those working with writinga that have appeared aince the turn of the Century.

The morphology and syntax triea.

of written Arabio are esaentially the

same

the written language contmnea, as linguistio unity of the

it

Arab world.

Arab ooun-

haa done throughout centuriea of the paat, to ensure the It provides a

medium

of

oommunicatkm over the vaat

geographica! area whoee numeroua and widely diverser local dialecta it

in all

Vocabulary differences are limited mainly to the domain of apecialized vocabulary. Thua

gives the

Arab people of many

countriea a Bense of identity

it

tranaoends. Indeed,

and an awarenesa of their common

culturaJ heritage.

Two

powerful and conflioiing forces have affected the development of the modern Arabio

A reform movement originating toward the end of the last Century in Syria and Lebanon haa reawakened and popularized the old conviotion of educated Arabs that the ancient 'arabiya of pre-Islamio times, which became the classical form of the language kl the

lexicon.

early centuries of Islam,

is

better and

more

correct than

any

later form.

Proponenta of this

have held that new vocabulary muat be derived exoluaively in accordance with ancient modela or by aemant» extension of older forma. They have insiBted on the replacement of all foreign loanwords with purely Arabio forma and expressiona. The puriata puristic doctrine

have had conaiderable influence on the development of modern literary Arabio although there haa been widespread protest againat their extreme point of view. At the same time

and under the inoreaaing influence of Western civüization, Arab writers and jouroalists have had to deal with a host of new concepts and ideas previously alien to the Arab way of life. Aa aetual usage demonstrates, the puriats have been unable to eope with the aheer bulk of

make of

it

many

new

linguiatic material

whioh has had to be inoorporated into the language to

ourrent with advances in world knowledge. writers, especially in the fields of Bcience

words from the European languagea. colloquial dialects

From

its

have

The

result is Been in the

and teohnology, simply

to

tendency

adopt foreign

Many common, everyday expressions from way into written expression.

the various

found their

also

inception, thia diotionary haa been oompiled on acientifio descriptive principlea.

It oontains only

worda and expressiona which were found in context during the course of

wide reading in literature of every kind or which, on the basis of other evidence, can be shown to be unqueationably a part of the present-day vocabulary. It ia a faithful record of the language ae attested by usage rather than a normative presentation of what theoretically

ought to occur. Consequently, torical style aide it

by

side with

it

not only

new

liste claasical

words and phrasea of elegant rhe-

coinages that confonn to the

also oontains neologiama, loan tranalations, foreign loans,

be to the linguistio taste of terials

many

on which the diotionary

ia

demands of the

puriata,

but

and colloquialiama which may not

educated Arabs. But since they occur in the corpus of mabased, they are inoluded here.

Introduction

VIII

A number of special problems oonfront the

loxicographer dealing with preaent-day Arabio. knowledge, especially those which have developed outside the Arab world, no generally accepted terminology has yet emerged, it is evident that a practical Since for

many

fields of

dictionary can only approximate the degree of completeneas found in comparable dictionaries

of Western languages. Local terminology, especially for titles,

and administrative

diotionary

is

many

public institutions, offices,

has developed in the several Arab countries. Although the based mainly on usage in the countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean, affairs,

and administrative terms have been included for all Arab countries, but not with equal thoroughness. Colloquialisms and dialect expreasions that have gained ourrenoy in written fonn also vary from country to country. Certainly no attempt at completeneas can looal official

be made here, and the user working with materials having a maxked regional flavor will be well advised to refer to an appropriate dialeot diotionary or glossary. As a rule, items derived from local dialecte or limited to looal use

have been so designated with appropriate abbreviations.

A

normalized journalistio style has evolved for faotual reporting of news or discussion of mattere of political and topical interest over the radio and in the press. Thia style, which often betrays Western influences, is remarkably uniform throughout the

reaches large sections of the population daily

norm.

Its

vocabulary

is

relatively small

and

and

constitutes to

Arab world.

It

them almost the only stylistio hence easily covered in a

fairly Btandardized,

dictionary.

The vocabulary of scientific and teohnological writingB, on the other hand, is by no means The impact of Western oivilization has confronted the Arab world with the

standardized.

serious linguistio

problem of expressing a vast and ever-inoreasing number of new concepts

which no words

for

is still

in

Arabic exist. The creation of a

soientifio

and technological terminology

a major intellectual ohallenge. Reluctance to borrow wholesale from European languages

has spurred efforts to coin terms according to productive Arabic patterns. In recent decades innumerable such words have been suggested in various periodioals and in special publications. Relatively few of these have gained acceptance in

common

usage. Specialists in

all fields

keep coining new terms that are either not understood by other specialists in the same

field

or are rejeoted in favor of other, equally short-lived, private fabrications.

The Academy of the Arabio Language in Gairo especially, the Damascus Aoademy, and, Academy have produoed and continue to publish vast numbers

to a lesser eztent, the Iraqi

of technical terms for almost

underestimated the

much

all fields

of knowledge.

The aoademies have, however, greatly a language. The problem lies not so

difficulties of artificial regulation of

in inventing terms as

it

does in assuring that they gain acceptance. In some instances

neologisms have quickly become part of the stook of the language;

among these, fortunately, number of the terms proposed by academies or by professional specialists. However, many fields, suoh as modern Unguis tics, existential philosophy, or nuclear physics, it is

are a large in

still

not possible for professional people from the different Arab states to discuas details of

The Bituation is further complioated by the fact that the purists and the aoademies demand the translation into Arabio even of those Oreek and Latin techtheir disoipline in Arabio.

nical

terms which make possible international understanding among

considerable progress has been

made

terminology, several technical terms which

given scientific term

may have

specialists.

Thus while

in recent decades toward the standardization of Arabic all fit

one definition

may

still

be current, or a

düferent meanings for different experts.

Those teohnical terms which appear with considerable frequency in published works, or which are familiär to

specialists in various fields

and are considered by them to be stand-

Introduotion

XX

ardized terminology, presented no partioular problem. Nevertheless it has not always been oountry, possible to aBoertain the terms in general acceptance with the experta of merely one

Symbol. A desoripall. Doubtful caseB are entered and marked with a special suoh as thi» has no poom for the ümumerable academio coinages which experiin the enoe has shown are by no means assured of adoption. Only those that are attested let

alone those of

tive diotionary

literature

have been included.

Classioisms are a further special problem.

Arab authors, Bteeped

in classioal tradition,

Ages. The can and do frequently draw upon words whioh were already archaic in the Middle Arohaisms may orop up in use of classioal patterns is by no means limited to belles-lettres. effect is intendthe middle of a spirited newspaper article. Wherever an aesthetio or rhetorioal imparting information, ed, wherever the language aims more at expressiveness than at stylistio authors tend to weave in ancient Arabio and olassioal idioms. They are artistio and passages of devioes of the first Order. They awaken in the reader images from memorized

Koran or anoient literature and contribute to his aesthetio enjoyment. Quotations from the from classioal literature, whose origins and connotations may well elude the Western reader, are readily recognized

by Arabs who have had a

wealth of anoient souroes. In former years oiting lexical rarities culled

traditional eduoation

many

and who have memorized a by

writers strove to display their erudition

from ancient diotionaries and

oollections of Synonyms.

As often

as

not the author had to explain such nawädir in footnotes, sinoe nobody eise would understand recent them. This pedantic mannerism is going out of fashion and there is a trend in more literature

toward smoothness and readability in

foregoing that All archaic

it is

not possible to

words found

in

make

style.

Nevertheless

it is

olear

from the

a Sharp distinction between living and obsolete usage.

the source material have, therefore, been inoluded in this diotionary,

sometimes evident that they no longer form a part of the living lexioon and forms are aro used only by a small group of well-read literary oonnoisseurs. Suoh included modern but a small sample of what the user is likely to encounter in the writings of a few who authors; the impossibility of inoluding the entire anoient vocabulary is obvious. The user even though

it is

encountere an old Arabio word whioh he does not understand will have to oonsult a lexioon older of the 'arablya. Finally, some modern authors will ocoasionally take great liberties with

words, so that even highly eduoated Arabs are unable to understand the sense of certain pashave not been entered. They would contribute nothing to a dio-

sages. Items of this kind

tionary whose scope did not permit inclusion of source references. The vocabulary of modern Arabic, then, is by no means standardized,

its

soope in times

—

a These results emerge from the very character of modern Arabio written language, powerfully influenced by traditional norms, which nevertheless is required distribto express a multitude of new foreign concepts, not for one oountry only, but for many diffioult to delimit.

uted over a vaat geographical area. Arabic phonology, morphology, and syntax have remained relatively unohanged from earliest times, as has muoh of the vooabulary. Here tradi tional adherence to anoient linguistio

norms and to the modeis of olassioal literature,

especially

the Koran, has had the effect of preserving the language intaot over the centuries. But as vocabulary and phraseology mUBt adapt to the new and ever-changing requirements of externa]

ciroumstanoes,

these are

epoch of Arab history has had in a separate diotionary.

fronts the lexicographer

lems and

difficulties.

But

who

as

its

more prone to ohange.

own

peculiar vocabulary,

we have

Striotly

speaking,

whioh should be

seen, the vocabulary of

modern Arabio

aims at completeness with more than a

every

set forth

con-

fair Bhare of Prob-

Introduction

In the presentation of the entries in the dictionary,

homonymous roots are given

separate-

ly in only a

few especially clear instances. The arrangement of word entriea under a given root does not necessarily imply etymological relationship. Consistent Separation of such roots

was dispensed with because the user of a praotioal dictionary of modern Arabio will not generally be concerned with Semitio etymology. In confonnity with the practice customary in bilingual diotionaries of modern European languages, where the material is treated in purely synchronic fashion, the origin of older loanwords and foreign terms is not indicated. For reoent loans, however, the source and the foreign word are usually given. Personal

are generally omitted, but large

names numbers of geographical names are included; the niaba

adjectivea of these can be formed at will, hence are not entered unless some peouliarity such as a broken plural is involved. In transliteration, while the ending of nisba adjectivea regularly appears as -i (e.g., janübi, diräsi, mäklet), the same ending is shown as -iy for nominal forms of roots with a weak third radioal, i.e., where the third radical is contained in the

ending

(e.g.,

qasiy, sabiy,

mahmly, mabniy). This

distinetion, not present in Arabic Script,

may prove valuable to the user of the dictionary. Because of a distinetion which retains importance in quantitative metrics, the third person Singular masculine Suffix is transcribed with a long vowel (-hü, -M) following Short syllables and with a Short vowel (-Au, -hi) after long syllables. In any bilingual dictionary, the listing of isolated words with one or more isolated translations

is, striotly epeaking, an inadmissible abstraction. In Order to provide the syntactical Information to be expected in a dictionary of this size, a liberal selection of kiiomatic phrases and sentences illustrating usage has been added. Symbols

showing the

aecraative and prepositional government of verbs are also supplied.

Synonyms and

trans-

have been included in large numbers in Order to delineate as accurately as possible the semantie ranges within which a given entry can be used.

lations

The material collected

for the dictionary was gathered in several stages. The major portion was between 1940 and 1944 with the co-operation of several German orientalists. The

entire work was set in type, but only one set of galleys survived the war. The author resumed the collection of material in the years 1946 through 1948 and added a considerable number

of entries.

The German

der Gegenwart,

edition of the dictionary, Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache

which appeared

in 19S2, was based on a corpus of appnnrimately 45,000 slips containing oitations ftom Arabic sources. The primary source materials consisted of selected

works by Tähä Husain,

Muhammad Husain Haikai, Tauflq al-Haklm, Mahmud Taimür, Juhrän Kalil Jubrän, and Amin ar-Raihani. Further, numerous Egyptian newspapers and periodicals, the Egyptian State almanac, taqwim misr, for 1935 and its al-Manfalüti,

Iraqi counterpart, datil al-'iräq, for 1937, as well as a nurober of specialized Egyptian

handbooks wore thoroughly edition were

the

first

sifted.

edition

of

The secondary sources used in preparation of the German Leon Bercher's Lexiqut arabe-francais (1938), which

provides material fron the Tunisian press in the form of a Supplement to J. B. Belot's Vocabulaire arabe-jrancais, G. S. Colin's Pour lire la presse arabe (1937), the third edition of E. A. Elias' comprehensive Modern Dictionary Arabic- English (1929), and the glossary of the modem Arabic chrestomathy by C. V. Ode-Vassilieva (1929). Items in the secondary sources for which there were attestations in the primary sources were, of oourse, included. All other items in the secondary sources were carefully worked over, in part with the help of Dr. Tahir Khemiri. Words known to him, or already included in older dictionaries, were incorporated.

Apart from the primary and secondary sources, the author had, of oourse, to consult a number of reference works in European languages, encyclopedias, leiicons, glossaries, teohnical

Introduotion

XI

dictionaries,

and

specialized literature

correct translation of

on the most diverse subjeots

in Order to ascertain the

older Arabio forma, the available indioes and

many teohnioal terms. For

(both Islam and Eastern Churoh), collections of Arabio terminology in the flelds of religion othere were very helpful. These jurisprudence, philosophy, Arabio grammar, botany, and en bloc into the dictionary, collections were, however, not simply aooepted and incorporated

modern meanings aotually attested but used only to sharpen the definition of terms in the in the

primary source materialB.

After publication of the

new

German

edition the author oontinued coUecting

main work,

material, together with oorrections of the

in Supplement

and presented

tum arabischen The Supplement

Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart, which appeared in 1959. from the writings of 'AbdassalSm

al-'Ujaill,

contains the results of extensive oolleofcion MikS'il Nu'aima, and

periodicals of

Karam Malham Karam, from newspapers and

aU Arab

from Syrian and Lebanese textbooks and apecialized literature. In the Arabio beoame available postwar years several lexicographioal works dealing with modern the fourth edition of Elias (1947), to the author: the second edition of Beroher (1944), MiUtn Arabi'Ibri (1947), Charles D. Neustadt and P. Sohusser's Arabio-Hebrew diotionary, oomprehensive Arabic-Russian diotionary, Pellat's Uarabe. vivant (1962), and C. K. Baranov's countries, as well ae

these with Arabsko-Buaskiy Slovar (1957). In preparing the Supplement, the author oompared own work but was reluotant to inoorporate items which he could not find attested in

his

context, and which would merely increase the

number

of entries derived from secondary

sources.

they The author is indebted to Dr. Andreas Jaoobi and Mr. Heinrich Becker who, until in oollecting and were caUed up for military Service in 1943, rendered valuable assistanoe manusoript. A concoUating the vast materials of the German edition and in preparing the siderable

amount of material was contributed by a number of

Arabists.

The author wishes

Prof. Werner Caskel, Dr. Hans Kinderto express his gratitude for such contributions to Riohard Sohmidt, mann, Dr. Hedwig Klein, Dr. Kurt Munzel, Prof. Annemarie Schimmel, Dr.

amount of exoeUent and especiaUy to Prof. Wolfram von Soden, who contributed a large many entries from newsmaterial. I am deeply gratefnl to Dr. Munzel, who contributed Muhammad Saftf. I papers of the postwar period and likewise to his coUeague Dr. appreciate having been able to disouas

many difficult items with them. The He contributed 1,500 very valuable

of Dr. Tahir Khemiri was especially useful.

assistanoe

items and,

and sifting of material shed light Anton Spitaler likewise provided valuable observations and Contributions to the Supplement were supplied by Dr. Eberhard

until 1944, his advice to the author during the colleotion

upon many dubious

cases. Prof.

greatly appreoiated advice.

Kuhnt, Dr. Götz Schregle, and Mr. Karl Stowasser. Moreover, in the oourse of two ™its to writers, and proa number of Arab countries, many Arab contributors, students, scholars, infonnation and counsel. fessional people too numerous to mention generously provided useful Here, as in the prefaces to the

German

and the Supplement, the

edition of the diotionary

author wishes to express his sinoere thanks to all those

who have

contributed to the

suocess of this undertaking.

This English edition includes

all

the material oontained in the

dictionary and in the Supplement, as well as a for

wl ich became obvious only

number of

additions

German

edition of the

and oorrections the need

after the publication of the Supplement. Additions

have been

inserted in the proof almost

time. It was therefore possible to inolude a

number of contributions

Jesser in Alexandria.

up to the präsent made by Dr. Walter

The number of

cross-

:

XII

Introduction

A new type fönt was introduced for the Arabic. The second edition of Webster' b New International Dictionary was used as a Standard reference for spelling and for certain definitions. On the Suggestion of the editor, three changes references has been conaiderably inoreased.

were made in the System of transliteration used in the German edition, namely,

%

and g

for £,

for

oapital letters, Bince there tion

made by

is

no

capitalization in Arabic soript.

form -öA instead of

dt.

weak

have no counterpart

in classioal Arabio,

Arabic wordß throughout the diotionary foreign wordß

third.radical

,

(Language 30 174, :

(l\-)

with the pausal

Also following Dr. Ferguson' s advice, the author has transcribed

words than in the German edition. The

foreign

r

The author followed a Sugges-

Prof. Charles A. Ferguson in hia review of the dictionary

1954) to transcribe feminine endings of roots having a

more

for

;

£. Also, following hia preferenoe, proper namea were transiiterated without

and Arabic

letters e,

c, 9, o, ö,

g, v,

and

p,

many which

have been added. The system of transcription is

simply a transliteration of the Arabic

script.

for

For

dialeot words, however, the usual transliteration of the Arabic

is

inadequate to indicate the pronunoiation. In order to avoid diacrepancy between spelling and

German

pronunciation, the author, in his

edition,

scription at all, but merely enter the foreign

present edition practically vizä, vEtö)

all

foreign words

with the help of the added

word

would oftenrefrain from giving any tranas a

rough guide to pronunciation. In the

have been transcribed

letters.

Arab studenta

diblömäsi, häikoptar,

(e.g.,

at the University of Münster were

consulted for the approzimately corract pronunoiation. Nevertheless, in foreign source

word

Speaker, depending on the dialeot and the degree of assimilation.

a

many

instances the

also entered becauae pronunoiation variea considerably from Speaker to

is

striot transliteration of

the Arabic was

made

for certain foreign

One

other deviation from

words in order to provide

a oloser approximation to the usual pronunoiation. In writing European words with Arabic letters,

I

vowels. iljU'li

,

j

^

,

contrary to regulär praotice in Arabic, frequently used to indicate short

are,

Where

thiß

is

the case,

we have transoribed accordingly

(e.g.,

otomäliki,

J^kPj'

danmark).

Finally, the author wishes to erpreea his Bincere gratitude to the editor, Prof.

Gowan, thanks to whose

initiative

and energy

this English edition

can

now be

J Milton

presented to

the public. Hia generoua expenditure of time and effort on this project has been greatly appreciated

by

all

involved.

To Theodora Ronayne, who performed

the exacting taak of

preparing a meticulously accurate typescript, thereby conaiderably lightening our Iabors,

we

are indeed grateful. Professor

joine me in recording our special thanks to Mr. Karl oommand of the three languages involved and whose proved indispensable. He has devoted his untiring efforts

Cowan

Stowasser, whose quite remarkable

unusual

abilities as

a lexicographer

to this enterprise for the past four years, oo-ordinating the work of editor and author across

the Atlantic.

The bulk of the

Ithaca. During the past

translation

two years

in

was oompleted

in 1967-1958, while

he was

in

Münster he has oompleted the incorporation of the

Supplement into the body of the dictionary and assisted the author in seeing the work through the press.

The

following paragraphs describe the arrangement of entries and explain the use of

Symbols and abbreviations Arabio words are arranged aocording to Arabic alphabetical order

by

the letters of the

word

(cf.

.'oota.

^

j\j

Foreign words are listed in straight

bäris Paris, jitf kädir cadre)

.

Arabi-

Introduction

XIII

often with the root if they olearly fit under the roots, are entered both wayB, entry giving a reference to the alphabetical listing (cf. jj\i qänän law, ii'jy naizak spear). Two or more homonymous roots may be entored as separate items, inclnding foreign cized loanwords,

words treatcd as Arabic forms French word crime;

same Order of

reader that the

stein, if

it

combination

precedcd by a small raised numeral

is

'(.Ä'

is

as follows.

The verb

in parenthesos, the verbal

by boldface Roman immerals

the derived stems, indicated

used by Western

this dcsignation genorally

jj,

(cf.

_,>).

the perfeet of the base

in

with the transliteration indicating the vowcling. It

first

tlle

In Order to indicate to the

k-r-k).

more than once and that he should not confine

letters occurs

by the vowel of the imperfect and,

unaccustomed to

'^f »nd

karim under the Arabic root

root the sequencc of entries

oomes

exists,

eß

each entry

his search to the first listing,

Under a given

(e.g.,

also the consonant

cf.

is

followed

nouns or mafädir. Then come

II

through X. For Arab users the corresponding

orientalists,

stem forms are: II JjJ ja"aU, III Jeti jäula, IV J«il afala, V Jxil tafa'ala, VI J*U3 lajaala, VII Jxül infu'ala, VIII J«=il ifta'alu, IX Jjl ifalla, X J«jiJ isiafula. Whcrever of there is any irregularity, for the rare stems XI through XV, and for the derived stems

form is entered and translitcrated

quadriliteral verbs the Arabic

(cf.

VII, i*~j VIII, ^**- XII,

y£

-Ulm III). Then come nominal forms arranged aecording to their length. Verbal nouns of the and all active and passive partieiplcs follow at the end. The latter are stems II through

X

listed as separate

when

items only

their

meaning

is

not immediately obvious from the verb,

particularly where a substantival or adjeetival translation

is

possible

(cf.

^rU-

häjib

under

^JC, J^-U sähil under J#). The sequence under a given root is not determined by historical considorations. Thus, a verb derived from a foreign Word is plaeed at the head of the entire section

(cf.

ül aqlama,

Essentially

2

t\j II).

synonymous

A

by commas.

definitions are separated

semicolon marks the

beginning of a definition in a different semantic ränge.

The

syntaotic markings

It should

group of persona. from right to

left

are expressed

by

A

even s.o.

definitions of a verb are

accompanying the

of a person, * for the aecusative of a thing,

U

for the aecusative

be noted that the Arabic included in parentheses

separated by the word "or"

if

a

animate beings,

for the feminine of

(someone) and

s.th.

(cf.

is

Verb objeets

^ji, ^ij).

(something), the reflexive by

f

for a

to be read in

English

(onesclf).

o.s.

dash oecurring within a section indicates that the following form of a plural or of a some instances the introduction of a new voweling of the main entry.

verbal noun, or in holds for

following meanings in the section even

all

separated by semicolons. This dash invalidates

all

if

theso are not

synonymous and are

previously given verbal nouns, imperfect

vowels, plurals, and othor data qualifying the main entry. It indicates that

sub-entry

tions apply only to this Iatest

all

following defini-

Ji^- ka\aqu, J.U 'adala).

(cf.

In the transcription, which indicates the voweling of the unpointed Arabic, nouns are given in pausal form without tanwin. Only nouns derived from vorbs with a weak third radical are transcribed with nunnation

contrast with

A is

raised

z

Sj^

1 .

(e.g.,

^\j

qädin,

^1m

muqladan,

Ju matan

following the transcription of a

noun

indicates that

it is

a diptote. This indication

often omitted from Western geographical terms and other recent non-Arabic proper

because the inflected ending only theoretical value

The Symbol

O

in

&uirä).

(cf.

is

practically never

^^O -' 2

Mokholm,

Jj.,1

abrll).

precedes newly coined technical terms, chiefly

which were repeatedly found

in

names

pronounced and the marking would have

in

the fields of technology,

context but whose general aeeeptance

among

specialista could

XIV

Introduction

not be established with certainty

jUlJ tüfäz television

(cf.

^j*- hads Intuition,

aet,

j£-

miharr

heating installation).

D

The symbol

precedes thoae dialect words for which the Arabic Bpelling suggests a

colloquial pronunciation

Dialect words are

(cf.

«jLu- haddäf, 'Ja*-

marked with abbreviations

II).

in lower-case lottere (e.g., syr., leb., saud.-ar.,

These are also used to inrlicate words which were found only

eto.).

not neceBsarily mean that a word or meaning

area, This does järür,

^

j jjU-

(cf.

oUJLt Silmän).

baffia,

The same

in the sources of a particular

confined to that area

is

mark

abbreviations, but with capital letters,

entries as the generally accepted

technioal terms or the official designations for public officee, institutions, administrative

departments, and the

like,

of the country in question

(cf.

_r-Lf

i&£ mahkama).

majlis,

i

The hadat,

abbreviation

üU

Isl.

Law marks

as distinguished from the technical terms of

^

;

üllüJI

'

y.

'

y\ abü

l-yaqzän rooster, oock

a fugitive 1

'

from

s.th. inherited

y\ abü

j»-.

abü l-havl the Sphinx;

JLI ubbäq runaway, escaped;

down

^p LI aban 'an jaddin handcd

.u-

nin away

ibäq) to escape,

Jjl ibil (coli.)

vbüwa fatherhood, patemity

»y\

cameis

jjil abawi patemal, fatherly

•ULI ibäla, ibbäla bündle, bale ü-w_jil

>LI

*J_jjI

iblUP

^j-Jj I

pl.

ebonite

deposits (of the Nile)

ibliz alluvial

ULI

abälisa

devil,

Satan

abonni) abünik

(Fr.

subscription card

pl. -ät subscription;

(e.g.,

for public convey-

ances, a concert season, etc.) *j.

II

I

to celebrate, praise, eulogize

a de-

(•

ceased person), deliver a funeral oration (•

in praise of s.o.) 4iil

ijl

abä a

öl

«luij

üLl

j

,jol;

ibbän

time;

uLI

ibbäna during,

at the time of, during

|

,joÜI

*U*-

commemorative celebration

(of

a de-

haflat

(in

at-t.

•LI

.

VI

<jl

on doing

sisted

that

commemoration

ta'bin

ceased person)

l.LI

down,

.

.

V to

ibä*,

(illä it;

refuse,

ibä'a)

to

reject,

scom,

dain (* s.th.); to deny (* J*

ubna passive pederasty

üljl

ibä\

(.LI

decline; to turn

|

an yaf'alahü) he

jl Vi ^>l

<jl

dis-

s.o. s.th.)

God

in-

willed

refuse, decline «.LI

ibä'a

rejection;

dislike,

distaste, aversion, disdain; pride

honor of

a deceased person)

jl ably disdainful, scomful; proud, lofty,

lofty-minded

by\* mqtbün catamite; weaküng, moLiycoddle,

siasy";

scoundrel

l ablqüri Epicurean

furnish, give, afford

provide, supply

ÜjjÄjI abiqüriya Epicureanism

and

medica;

bot.)

£j\ utrunj oitron

(Citrus

^JLjT

food)

s.o.;

jtL

ma'tam

ceremony atän

ü1jI

JiT ätun,

pl.

J^l

give (*

u*un, u/n female to s.o.

donkey, she-ass a/ün, atiün pl.

<jjjl

vlun,

Jll

J^jUI

become

(» s.o.),

to agree

(•

way IV

bestow

(*

•

(zakäta) to give

from); to end

(je-

to bring (*

(je-

üduu

pl. jjtji

aJäuw duty, tax, tribute

upon

s.o. s.th.)

alms

V

Jl

alä

to

J-jj*yil

(üUjI

i

automatic

(Fr.) otomooij

JU matan

automobile

^

(* or Jl at);

;

ou

pl.

execute

(*

perform e.g.,

{*

origin,

where one has

been or to which one has come; place where

c*\ ätin

a deed), carry out,

where

s.th.

ends

coming, next; following j

jVl

movements); to commit,

{usbü') the

JVtT

(J* s.th.); to finiah off (J* s.th., also s.o.); to finish, complete, carry through, dispose,

f_>~*VI

coming week, next week;

as follows

il>l_^

muäiin, muwätin favorable, pro-

pitious, opportune, convenient, suitable

wind up, conclude, terminate, bring

aettle,

to a close (J* a.th.); to destroy, annihilate,

ii»l

away (J*

(a

(J*

li"

i

a

(ÜLjI atäta)

to be luxuriant, grow

s.th.);

or

to

furnish

become

atät furniture,

i>ljl

|

as

last of s.th.;

an

apartment)

furnishings

(of

an

apartment, of a room)

Jp

destroy

(*

rieh, wealthy, to prosper;

to be furnished

elaborate (J* on s.th.) follows; *_^T Jl (äkirihi)

s.th.),

to complete, finish s.th.; to spend or use

up the

u

V to be

with); to use up, exhauat (also

a subject), prcsent exhauatively, in great detail

atta

profusely (hair, plante) II to fix up, prepare

wipe out (J* s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away (J* B.th.), do eradicate,

to

of origin;

s.o.

perpetrate {* a sin, a crime); to mention

Jl

place

Jl to bring, bring forward, s.th. starts,

s.th.; to do,

to ask to

ol* maäiin place where

pl.

source, provenance; place

jl to bring, give or offer

•

t-»

X

{• s.o.)

arrive

s.o.),

produce, advance, accomplish or achieve s.th.;

(je-

be easy

comes from place at which one arrives

s.th.

Üyön, Jl aty, «LjU matäh

or Jl to; J* over

(»

result

arise,

with), result

(J) gently, cautiously

come, induce to come

access;

come

|

to origi-

attainable, go well, progress; to go about s.th.

J— yjf and

•

to do, be feasible without diffioulty, be

^pujjl (Fr.) oto&fa autobus, bus (5-jUjjI (Fr.) otomätlki

* s.o.

to grant (*

• s.o. s.th.);

in); to get (Jl to), arrive (Jl at); to »jLjI

with

[hiüuSai'in) every-

*\S\

atem, derive, spring,

nate,

aiätln 2

oven

kiln, furnace,

s.th.),

JT

• SjJl 3

»^i $>

favor

s.o.),

for s.o.), be in

(#

(• for s.o.);

him, came bis

for

s.th.); to 1

j

s.th.),

s.o.

thing was in bis favor, turaed out well

ft, ma'ärim.' obsequies, funeral

pl.

for

{»

to suit, befit,

{• of);

be appropriate (Turk. ateffi) ät&$gi fireman, stoker

to

•

with) ; to be pro-

to turn out well

(* s.o.);

favor

(

s.o.

be favorable

pitious,

vtrujj

r-jTl

(* -W tj

J

sen-

V

J\j

i

^ytdl

ta'atturi:

the impreBsionistic

(rafi) with retroaotive force O'ur.); £-*\

,>*

«j _J

impresaible,

sitive

jliiü-l

(atara)

Sensation, perception

(pl. -ät) feeling,

(of art, esp.

of literature); ancient monument; jüTantiquities

emotion, feeling; excitability, eensitivity;

s.th.

(also fi itrihi)

heels, after

Lr' •*'*'

(

a 'ö*

completely; »j\ J»,

on bis

(its)

track, at

Mb

jjjU ma'tür transmitted, handed down j_jjL

J_jS

(qa-ul)

and !jjjL

jja

mu'aüir

affecting,

affective ;

impressive ;

y^l J» immediately

pathetic;

(pl. -ät)

afterwards, presently

|

(kalima)

proverb

bim; immediately afterwards,

presently, thereupon;

it

flnence

acting

moving,

influencing

upon;

toucbing, factor,

in-

up

look

*j$\

LjüI

alphabetically

ulfiya pl.

atäfin trivet, tripod (in

«JiLjI

ancient times

:

any one of the three stones

supporting a cooking pot near the jIj Vi

caps

fiie)

|

that which rounds out a number,

«JüIj

puts the lid on

s.th.,

s.th.,

the crowning

touch

i-j-l

ajabtya horologium (Copt.-Chr.)

^»-1

ajara

u

to

reward, recompense,

(» s.o.)

II to let for rent, let

(ajr)

remunerate

out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.) ; (with na/*

sahü) to hire

out IV to

o.s.

let for rent, let

out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.)

to rent,

;

hold under a lease (*

hire, lease,

s.th.),

take a lease (* on) ; to hire, engage, take atala i

JJI

become

consolidate, strengthen II to

to

V to be

rieh

on Consolidated,

be

X

Btrengthened ; to become rieh

(• s.o.),

engage the Services

(•

of

s.o.)

to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease

(*s.th.), take a lease (* on); to charter {* J?l atl

JjjI utül (coli.;

pl.

tamarisk

ataläl)

JJI

atil

n. un.

•,

pl,

(bot.)

and JJj* mv'attal deep-rooted;

alima a (um, atam, slip

V

o.b.,

hold back

shun

j*-

to sin, err,

r

take on

ujür

1

(• b.o.),

s.o.)

wages,

muneration; price, rate, fee |

pay, re-

jj-Jl jj*~\

u. as-aafar fares

sin, offense,

misdeed,

ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate,

fee; fiied rate, (official) charge; postage

Vr

4jj" pl.

jy-

pl.

of

evil; to restrain

crime

f U ma'tam

ajr

1

lj>-\

ätäm

r\ itm pl. *\j\

{

honorarium, recompense, emolument,

A* ma'tam)

to eschew sin,

vessel); to hire, engage,

engage the Services

of noble origin, highborn jrl

a

postage; JiJl

1

|

u. an-naql

lj>-\

transport charges, freight(age), carriage,

ma'ätim*

L.

sin, offense,

cartage

misdeed, crime -jü ta'fim sin, offense, misdeed, crime

ajxr

_r>-l

pl.

»I_^»-I

ujarä* 2

hireling;

workraan, laborer, day laborer; employee ätim

s-T •Lei

pl. Äxl

utamä' 1

atama and Jl a^tm

sinful, criminai,

pl.

wicked, evü;

Xc

1

working

female laborer;

woman,

factory

woman employee

j*»-t ta'jir letting, leasing, hiring out,

antimony

tjnutZ

ajira

»j*?\ girl,

sinner

lottingon lease ; lease |yl*Vlj j^r^l _r*l

a/ir ether

(i'ära)

jL

mä* ujäj

bitter, salty

water

^U-l ajjäj burning, blazing, hot jv^U. mvta'ajjij burning, blazing, flam-

employed; employee;

mercenary, venal, hired, bribed j*rj* mu'ajjir pl.

mwta'jir

j>r^—* tenant; employer

-ün landlord, lesaor leaseholder,

lessee,

a

_^.T äjurr (n. un. 5)

jr'jr'

baked brick

w to do

a.o.

on

cut

blame

s.o., jl for

(>_>

to hold against

the fact that); to obligate to learn (Je or

s.o. to);

J*

from

te

s.o.),

under

-i>-l

i*l'

to begin, start (j or

s.o.;

or s.th., with

s.th.

foll.

do

s.th.)

ü"5Ü -U-t«

prepare

follow s.o.'s example;

s.o. eise,

to seize

IJU-l* *l* l*-\

a.o. (a

ready;

get

o.s.,

s.o.,

take possession

Sensation, or the like); »\jtt

(majrähu) to take

its

«-U-I

nice to

s.o.

toward

aJ-U

s.o.;

hü) to ask

«-U-I

s.o.'s

ijjj*yi SjUäi-1

with

give

severely,

X^-\

(raya*

consult s.o.;

vV"^ -^

ißidda) to deal s.o.

a

rough

time; *ÄjJ* -}

s.o.'s »A£-\

like;

».u

stand by

s.o.,

censure, blame

punish

(>_>,

Je

(>_>,

|

me! no

forgive

(»),

to

s.th.

resent (J* s.th.

•

in

pardon me!

hope! VIII

offense, I

.ucl

to take on,

(*

assume

to take up, occupy (*

(* s.th.);

adopt

s.th.); to pass,

s.th.);

(* e.g., a resolution);

mind

to take, single out, have in s.o.

or s.th. as); to

make

(**, «>

use (* of

s.th.),

use (a s.th.); to imitate, affect (*

manner of speaking)

s.o.'s

e.g.,

make

to

;

(j* m s.th. out of s.o. or s.th.)

"&J- ikl

|

(Saklan)

to take on a form or shape;

(mauqifan) to take an attitude, öj:>UI

jol-cdl

take the necessary measures;

ökl to -i^l

ljl_^f

(qaräran) to pass or adopt a resolution; ^Jl^il

»-UJj-l

&\

to take

up new po-

sitions (troops)

akd acceptance, reception;

.U-l

seizure;

taking out, taking away, removal, etc.

ar-ray voting, vote; ijj

<j\j\ .U-l a.

(wa-radd)

discussion,

argument; bj Vj

l-i—=-

1

relationa

cial); discussion,

(esp.

debate,

dispute,

(yaqbalu)

traffic,

business,

{wa-

commer-

charm

ukda

JL>-

akld prisoner of war

1

.U-l

trade; deal-

debate; fight, battle

«.U-l

-U-l

|

-U-1

J^ V »^i

an indisputable matter; »Uaej

ings,

J*

hold

ittakada to take

\x^

s.o.;

III to

s.o. for s.th.);

lä tu'äkidnl

V

!j.U-1jJ

to lay under

(» s.o.)

for); to

s.o.

o

(Je) against s.o. s.o.)

«

sleep

(6t-yadiAt)

.U-1

s.o. II

Je

prepare, set 4-1* Ä>-1

(7iaum)

a spell, enchant, bewitch

give-and-take;

spell,

ukida 'alä (Amt) girratin to be

taken by surprise, be caught unawares;

ÜjUÜj

overwhelmed him; to help

to take s.o.'s

.U-l

».U-l

'afä')

s.th.

under an Obligation,

impose a commitment on Iji.

pJI

away;

breath

to

s.o.,

{nafasahü) to

-U-i



to

{ukida r-ra'yu) the matter

-U-l

help

we got caught

(mataru)

L'i>-I

in the rain;

to

to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g.,

o.s.;

show

thing; ^Lll

try

s.o.,

opinion,

was put to a vote;

s.o.

to

tivatea the heart, a fascinating, thrilling

(bi-danbihi)

offense; o]j

s.o. for hie

^J>\

to be friendly, be

(husnä)

a_^»lic -U-1 (bi-kätirihi)

;

complaisant

punish

down;

(hidrahü) to be on one's guard;

J_J-L

pleaee

-U-l

<Jl£ X±\

course;

(majliaahü) to take one's seat, sit i»-l

>_>

make

(makad) to adopt the same

-i*-'

course as

aAs.

do

imperf.: to

*u>\ -U-l (uhbatahü) to

|

preparations,

o.s.

with

i_>

prepare, set out, be about (j or

s.th.),

»jj^

from

j*.

knowledge (Je or j*. (Jilm) to study

* s.th.), acquire

s.o.,

of

from); to reproach,

for);

s.o.

of),

s.o.

(Je) that... (Ol), fix the blame fje

s.o.

to

Je

(*

s.o.

•

Je from

(*

deprive {* Je

bar (* Je

off,

away

to take

s.th.), strip,

a.o.

on

to enjoin, impose (_>

s.th.);

s.o. H.th.);

-U-I

i_^UJI

(muqäbala) to repay like for -L-^L»

»^i

s.th.

which cap-

*Xs-\ akida booty, spoils

iU-l thrilling

akkä4

captivating,

fascinating,

;;

1

i\

Ju-U ma'kad

which

from

O

takes

{el.)

place

source

s.th.,

outlet

socket,

wall

maäkid 2

JU-l*

pl.

one

adoption,

;

mode

borrowing, loan ; manner of acting,

so

cetera;

et

forth,

amri eventuaüy,

az-zamän time at

ä.

of procedura, approach; pl. Ö»-U source

Day

referencea, bibliography (in booka); rep-

end of the world;

rehensible points, faults, flaws, defects,

down

shortcomings

o»-tU the simplest,

^>»Vl

|

approach

easiest

^»^

-Ulli

;

to

eaay

Judgment

of

map

rear;

_^-T

_^\

after

mu'äkada

pardon me! no

ij^U

Ai

^- from behind, from the endlesa, infinite;

I*

of

last

all,

by

but not

trapped

end of the month, the

I^T

j

y-ljl

^j-^j

last

lj»!

least

lj*-^\ al-äkira the hereafter

surpriaed

;

fascinated

with),

j*-T

_*iJI

all;

offense, I hope!

caught,

{^


ten days of the month; last

taken

last,

j* _^i {dummira) to

(mv'äkadata)

"}/

J

i_p-U ma'Jcüd taken, seized; taken aurpriae,

»j>-\

;

oi-ioAr the

a.

!»-bUj*

'>' J* to the

be completely destroyed, be wiped off the

censure, blame

which the

to be expected, the

is

pletely, e.g., »j*-T

of paragraph) objection, exception;

l-

to the grass roots, entirely, com-

handle or to use; aee also akada (middle

«irf-lj,

äkira

the end, after

äkira d-dahri forever; _^-T

all; j»j}\ _^-T öL-jJl

j*V' j»->

finally, in

_^T äkar 3 ,

by)

(t-*

(and

ukar*

in force, valid

ukrä,

f. <j_/-\

comm.

pl.

äkarün

üjj^\

_/-\

o U_^-

or

ukrayät respectively) another, one more,

oli^L maküdät

takings,

receipts,

returns (com.)

j*-^l

other

the

^j*-l

|

once more; j^^-lM

i-\

II

to delay, put

adjourn

a.th.)

(*

obetruct, hold

up

down, retard

(*

to

;

(«

hinder,

draw

to

a.th.);

delay (j* # a.th. beyond

a.o., s.th.),

»

from an

delayed, linger,

fall

office)

ti^^l oJtf

I also;

^T

^ji~\

Jl

year;

<Sj*-\j

while,

from time to time;

Jl üT j« iL-

»jj

remove

times

.

once in a

—

t£j*-l

—

*5jT

sometimes, at

— at times

tf^Vl al-ukrä the hereafter

be

or lag behind (j*), tarry,

heaitate; to default (j* on), be

from year to

{/o*«»)

Cr J

shelve

late; to

Lil

from time to time;

(sana)

y*

(äwinatan) Bometimes

V to be

also,

(in känat) other -

o\

wise;

to set back (* a watch, a dock);

(* s.th.);

he

_>»

she also, he in turn, ab© in turn, j»-^

out,

appointed

ita

to auspend, discharge, dismiss, (> s.o.

impede,

* s.th.), slow

s.o.,

time); to put back (*,

postpone,

defer,

off,

>

(marratan)

«^

j*-^

*,

_

(

•SISto

1

come

ufcrow» of or relating to the

life

or the hereafter

behindhand, be in arreara (j* with), be

behind {j* be

(from

charged, be dismiaaed ül

after that, he did

before he

^»-1

in); to hesitate (j* with); to

suspended

...,

aervice),

^

|

be

dia-

in

the end, after

lately, the other

former last

utmost, extreme; end, close,

conclusion; foot, bottom (of a paper);

>^l

and ;>^l the hereafter i>^l jUl \

the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting

abode;

«_^-T J(

rearmost; the

eventually, finally,

all,

—

day;

at last; recently,

the latter

j»-1/l

—

l_^-T

|

...

_^-T äkir pl. -ün, -ät, _/- \j\ aiväkir* last,

ultimate,

latest;

l,r»-l

dJli -Xm j^-^-i l

not hesitate long

presently, he

akir last;

second of two;

ilä

äkirihi

and

ü/l/1

^j

the

lj*»-l

but not least

jU^> mi'kär palm which

retaine ita

fruit into the winter

^»-U

ta'kir

delay,

deferment,

post-

ponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving

,;

j*\i taakkur delay, lag, retardation;

tardinesa;

backwardness, underdevelop-

U-

»

ment

a country)

(of

a sum, to be paid later);

»j»-j*

rear

;

brotherhood

j_j>-l

guard

rear, rear

or

positions

fratemization, fraternity,

ilcäxua

i-t ta'äkin fratemization

(of

an jl

army)

uküwa

1

mu'akka»

\j*-$*

eventually

mu'akkara

»j>-

brotherliness

ran recently, lately, the other day; at last, finally,

ikä' ,

1

•jl*-l

remainder, balance (of

;

(as a re-

brotherliness, fratemity

mu'akkar rear part, tau, end;

j*-j*

stern (of a ship)

akawya brotherhood

~tjj±\

ligious association)

hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowneas,

ajcür barn, stable

adda ut to

befall, affüct (» s.o.)

(mü.) ;

lines

amr

il j*l

stern (of a ship)

idd a terrible, evil, horrible

thing _^l^4 muta'akkir delayed, belated, late;

occurring later (je than); behind, behind-

hand,

backward, underdevel-

in arrears;

oped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter; or modern, authora,

Uj^-ldl the

later,

writers, or the

likefasopposedtoj^ JJtdl);

ol>-uil arrears, balance of a sum

re-

maining due after previous payment i^lxil

aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, well-

mannered, eultured, urbane, have refined tastes;

—

party

or

(* s.o.)

adaba

ijU

|

arrange a

>_ol (ma'duba) to

formal

a

banquet, give educate

refine,

entertain

s.o.),

«

s.o.);

(•

a

(to

(adb) to invite

i

banquet,

dinner

to

II

diseipline,

to

|

underdevel-

the

(buidän)

OloiJt

.«ol

punish, ehastise

guest

oped countries

V

(• s.o.)

(* s.o.)

IV to invite aa a

to reeeive a fine education

to be well-bred, well-educated, eultured, Sr^Aaji-\

j>-\

Ukfubüf OCtOpuS

have refined tastes; to show

III to fraternize, aasociate as brothera («

with

s.o.)

V

show

to act or

as a

o.s.

brother or friend VI to fraternize, asso-

ak

;-l

pl. ül_jjil speeif.,

an order; of the

Wahabi

my

ikwän

jl_^>-l

man, neighbor; friend; brethren or members of religious

jl_j>-Vl

established

ikwa,

ij*-\

pl.

brotherhood

sect, militant in character,

by Ibn Sa'üd

dear friend!

worthy, reliable;

refine one's tastes o.a.

be guided

*Ä)

_^>-l

jJü

£l

in

1910

akü

|

^-1 L

tiqa trust-

brother through

both father and mother, brother-german

adab

i_ol

- Jcuwaiy little brother

6j>-\ akawi brotherly, fraternal

polite,

(i_j

pl.

o.a.,

by, through); to let

(^

by)

|

._jl.sT

._oIj

-jjü

(6t-

example

ädäb eulture,

re-

finement; good breeding, good manners, gracea,

social

priety,

decorum, decency,

seemliness;

^j^I

toilet,

water closet; .-olM

fJ* ill-mannered,

,,-oVl

uncivU;

i/UI

literature;

i_jj"i!l

t-o^l

^!^l

rulea, rules

populär

literati,

kulllyat al-ä.

of conduet,

men (=

e.g., £j_ji-JI

of decorum, etiquette;

rules

and

ill-bred, impolite,

des lettres) College of arts;

culte

c-jj

|

J~L#

('ämml)

Jl*-j

S-JS'

pro-

humanity, humane-

ness; the humanities; belles-lettres

lettera;

{gram.) cognate; counterpart

o.s.

urbane; to educate

civil,

adabihi) to follow s.o.'s moral

ciate as brothers

brother; fellow

courteous,

i-jIjVI

of fa-

._jIjI

t-jU de-

cency, morals Jjl J^l

adabi moral, ethic(al); literary

l,

adam, adama skin

l*i\

moral

ii-iiJI (jalaafa) ethica,

adim

<jl

science

|

*i»Lol adabiyät Uterature, bellea-lettres

adabJfäna

iJLie.il

-dt

pl.

tanned skin,

skin; surface;

^jVl

leather

al-ar$ the surface

pjt

urgül, argül

2

jjl aruzz rice

^jl arasa

i

^jjz^j]

and

trris

pipes of unequal length)

the land

(ars) to tili

^jl

farmer

aris peasant,

sleeplesa

aristocrat

aristuqräfi aristocratic ;

ariqa a to find no sleep II to

jjl

(•

prevent

s.o.),

s.o.

(•)

make from

sleeping aristuqrätiya aristocracy

•JsljJii-jl

jjl araq

lessness,

insomnia

_jL-jl arisfü Aristotle

iSüji

^jl arS indemnity, amercement, alty; blood

blood;

Isl.

money

(for

pen-

fine,

arika

arä'ik 2

pl.

dUljl

pl.

jXijl arägtP

couch, sofa;

throne

the shedding of iLSj! argila

Law)

{syr.)

water

pipe, narghile ^-jji-jl ^yijl (Gr. äQxtenioxonog) archbishop

^oJjl irlandi Iriah jjj_ijl

archduke,

archiduc)

(Fr.

üj-LJjl l

arama

*j\

i

to bite

archduchess j»jl

^jl

ard

f.,

pl.

^Ijl arädin,

aradün

öj~äji

urram

molar teeth

|

öj*-

*Ji\

(harraqa) to gnash one's teeth (in anger)

earth land, country, region, area terrain, ;

;

ground,

soil |

^J\

nether world; L-JJUi

(suflä)

^jV'

i*jjl

the

^ij soil-,

ardi

I

l»j.t«

of

terrestrial,

land- (in Compounds)

or near the ground,

ground

;

earth

the

situated on

^jl

arad

2

i»ljT

n.

un.

äräm (=

root (of a tooth)

*Tjl

pl.

of fj

ri'm)

,>jV al-arman

V)

J*j!

termite;

Li-.jl

the

Armenians

armani Armenian

(adj.

armeniyä Armenia

woodworm l~Jj\ (also,

ardlya

e.g.,

of a

pl.

-ät

printed

white

antelopes

ardi Saukl artichoke (coli.;

mVram

{adj.); earth-

Underground, aubterranean

£j£ ^jl

arüma, urüma root, origin; stump

of a tree

(muqaddasa)

Holy Land, Palestine

the

Iy;

(j-*jV

l

floor;

ground

fabric,

of a

ijjUjVI al-amäivut the Albanians

^jljjl arnäwuti Albanian

and

n.)

^jl arnab f., ja^ ^jjl

pl. .-Jljl

aränib 2 hare; rabbit

m. and

izär

jljl

jjl uzur loin-

f., pl.

|

cloth; wrap, shawl; wrapper, covering,

guinea pig

(hiTtdi)

cover

arnaba female hare, doe

3jjl

<Jj\

|

jjü mi'zar

tju^l o. al-anf tip of the nose; nose,

muzzle

(Turk. örnek) antik

liLJjl

pl. iLiljl

jjU

tä'äzur

a

J»jl azifa

\ijl ar V 1

urubbi European

(adj.

and

n.)

mutual assistance

honey

(azaj, J»jjl

jjl azaqa

pl.

jj U ma'äziq 2 narrow

passageway, narrow pass,

jT äriya Aryanism

Ujl onAä Jericho azza u

simmer; to hum,

buzz; to whiz, hiaa; to

fizzle;

azal

Jjl

to wheeze

azaba

(azb)

i

mi'zäb

i-»t1jt.

mizäb

t_j|>»

pl.

V

(•jl

and

i—jju ma'äztb 2

pl.

to be

or

i*jl

azma

Ijjljj öjl

man

'^Jl izb dumpy, pudgy, stocky; small

(without

become

critical,

come

to a

head (Situation, relations)

mayäztb* drain;

i_-ijL«

gutter, eaves trough

eternity

äzäl

critical

(harij)

azaliya sempiternity, eternity

iJjl

to flow, run (water)

jju

Jjl azall eternal, sempiternal

zing, whizz, whistle (e.g., of bulleta)

^jl

JljT

pl.

strait, bottle-

dilemma,

beginning), sempiternity

hum(ming), buzz(ing); whiz-

aziz

j-ji

fix,

Situation, also ~j»~ aziz) to

(Jrjl

i

vzüf) to come, ap-

narrow V do.

(azq) to be

i

jju ma'ziq

neck; predicament,

jl

assiat-

proach, draw near (a time)

jjT ort Aryan ij

support, aid,

ance, backing

Europe

urztbbä

jjjl

jju ma'äzir 2 apron;

mu'äzara

»jjlj*

aränik 2

pattern, model; form, blank bjjl

pl.

wrapper, covering, cover

an animal)

(of

pl.

azamät emergency;

(urizäriya)

cabinet

fjtvta'azzum: ÜU-I (»jü

t.

crisis |

crisis

al-häla critical

development, aggravation of the Situation liLjVl al-uzbak the

Uzbeks (•jju

jjl azara

Surround

(azr) to

i

clothe

with an

s.o.

{»

wrap up

to cover,

strengthen, brace

help

(»

strengthen

an

izär

izär

(» s.o.)

{see

jljl

a.o.,

s.o.,

{«

izär

q.v.);

* s.th.); to

back

V and VIII to put on wrap o.s. in an

jjl azr strength «jjl ,j-

s.o.,

izmir2 Izmir

port in

W

J^jl izmil

pl.

(formerly

|

»jj' -^ &adda

back

s.o.

Smyrna,

sea-

Turkey) Jjpiljl

azämtl 2 chisel

Ojjl (Engl.)

azöt azote, nitrogen

Jjji azöti nitrogenous ^jl III to be opposite s.th.

azrahü

xi (min azriht) to help, support,

encourage

j^j\

rally,

unite, join forces

or

of a crisis

up,

below),

VI to help each other; to

ma'züm victim

to

* s.th.) III to

support,

to

s.o.);

(•

(* s.th.) II

up; Sadda az*

(*),

face

(* s.o.,

a s.th.) »Ijl

izä'a (prcp.) opposite, face to face

with, facing; in front of; in the face of

ruAü to be energetic, vigorous, lusty,

(e.g.,

courageoua

»Ijli

of a Situation); as

compared with;

bi-izä'i opposite, face to face

with,

-

*_l

»Ijl

of;

front

in

facing;

J*

-IjlJ isbidäj and ^-L-*l isbidäj white lead,

' *\s lS r

ta'stH

fundamental

|

wtan&üJ"

Istanbul,

founding; foundational,

^Jj ^-Lf

iS

(majlia)

Constantinople

J^jU^I istanbüll of Istanbul

con-

«iUJSl al-äsitäna,

al-astäna, aliatäna

«ili^l/l

Constantinople, Istanbul

Btituent assembly

l

r~*y>

L~-ja

jj^l

mu'assis founder

muassasa

pl.

-ät

foundation,

istabraq brocade

j»jlJUl wfrdiiji Strategie

establishment; firm (com.); institution;

J tjLl

Organization

ttsJuröJ»

Uljü-1

ül— ^'

Australian

u^uräiiyö Auatralia

al-asbän, al-iabän the Spaniards

jl~*1 isbäni Spanish; (pl. -ün)

Spaniard

JJj^l

wtor/ini aterling

aterling; i^L-l

isbänak spinach

iJl—-I

isbäniyä Spain

JJj^l

ling area

;,LiJ see

j*\

j

JJ^I

«=>-

ü^-* mintaqat

pound

al-i. Ster-

<j>^1

oakum; ootton waate

stoppa) tow,

(It.

j_j-U ma'aür captivated, faacinated, enthralled

jjaji-l (It. -Engl, «(udio) i8tÜdiyöp\.£»\jk£Af

istüdiyShät studio; atelier

a

»_r-l

)j£fL*\ istokholm Stockholm

3

~*jj~\*

l-Jji-l

(

.\

by)

j

^

look up alphabetically

isrü'W

Jsfl^-I

(Engl.) istöniyä Estonia

v

aairra see

JJl^l j* banü

Israel |

the Israelites; J-Jl^l U_,j daulat C-jJLL-I i&tiyätit steatite,

£^J j—

up

look

soapatone (min.)

JJij-

to display the courage of a lion (J* against) I

jLT äsäd

pl.

Jjlj-I

Israelitish ;

l

s*\ twara

chain

(twr)

(» s.o.);

to

s.o.);

spellbound attention)

(astron.)

|

o-VI

ture;

aar

Judaica

who

angel

Day

will

of Res-

»Ij

Vj-' u&rvb lead (metal) JjJlLJ isfanbiU 2 Istanbul, Constantinople

to bind, fetter, shackle, to capture, take prisoner

captivate,

JJa-l isfabl pl. -ä( stable, barn

hold

fascinate,

absorb, arrest (* the

to surrender, give o.s.

*Jfc-l

(It.

vXA*' (leather)

captivity |

strap,

^\

sloppa) uafubba tow,

oakum

up

as prisoner j-l

the

urrection

Leo

(. s.o.),

X

Israfil,

I

lion;

»

isräßl*

Israelite

oUJI^I

sound the trumpet on the

J— usud, usd, j^J usüd,

leontiasis (med.)

(•

isrä'ili

1

IsraeÜ (adj. and n.);

J— aaad

i.

the

State of Israel

alphabetically

X

I

i.

thong;

cap-

;xt tiddat

al-a.

(

ril*-l

_

UljLJ

vigor, energy

a*turläb astrolabe

istaqi« pl. -ö/

uafuwäna

element

pl.

column

-ä(

(arch.)

;

cylinder {ma(A.; of an engine); phono•j~.\

uara

pl.

—

^-1 usar, -ät family; dy-

nasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives;

graph record; pl. ,>LUI asä/m 2 highranking, prominent personalities ; stars,

— asirra

j^

see

celebrities,

together,

^^-L lj»U

they came one and

all

authorities,

mastere

(e.g.,

of

art: ji)\ ,>I.LI a. al-fann)

•j-.L bi-asrthi entirely, completely, al-

jl^LJ usfuwäni

of them came,

cylindric(al)

all

ZjJ*~\ us\üra. pl. jJ*Ul asä/ir" legend, fable,

jUI tivity;

•jW J

iaär

(leather) strap, thong;

captivation,

enthrallment

to be subjected to B.th.,

cap|

tale,

t$jjl*-l usfüri fall

into

a&ir

pl.

*\jJi

fabulous, mythical, leg-

endary

the clutches of s.th. j^-l

myth, saga

«jj

usarä' 2

,

^^-1 asrä,

tjjUI asärä prisoner, captive, prisoner of

war

JjkJ

D

ustül pl.

J«-l

iw/ä

J-UU

aaöfi/ 2 fleet;

(colloq. for

SbJ)

squadron ol^L-l

pl.

ustawät master; foreman, overseer; also •

jj-l aaxTQ. pl. -ät

female prisoner, Blave

jS\

form of address to those in lower e.g.,

girl

äair

winning, captivating, fasci-

nating; captor

J&J

callings,

to a cab driver, coachman, etc.

aaifa a (asaf) to regret

feel sorry (

J*

for),

(J* or J

be sad ( J* about)

s.th.),

V do.

,_iJ aaaf grief, aorrow, chagrin, regret | pity! lj wä asaßh/ oh, what a

IjJiS^-I w/to(iandä

too bad! Jt~-#

it's

«»-

smooth

|

J--I

{kadd)

Jbs-

Bmooth

üJU

form

of

Istanbul jJ

1

o-V

->U islanda Iceland

^-1

mä/in» wedge J-ji/t«

islämbüli

(variant of Jjjl^l)

JjjVjÜ

(4ol.)

-

mara4) (

1

see

jyeXf

I

f

aamänjanf aky-blue, azure, cerulean

»jA asmara Aamara

*_ÜLI cmöj»/ j .JiiJ uequj pl. 1BLI asägifa,

li-l

nib); tip of

Lj. mu* omo2 pointed, tapered

acurvy (med.)

|

=

*JLI cuäla eliptic, oval

white lead, ceruse

>j!>-l «JorMJi:

bishop

asil

J_J

sponge

jlxj-l isfindän maple

«/in

of a pen

cheek

os/aU asphalt

r-lj-i-l vs/idä)

(iof.)

6o(.)

-jjUI u/an;', ij/unj

jjiiJ

e.g.,

letters j, ^-

jjj

plex hortensis,

rush

the tongue

\JaJc* aorry!

j^\

(coli.)

oraJa pl. -öi thorn, spike, prong;

point (also,

iljljU w/äiwfc and flLl ts/äiwfc spinach I (AtriiULu.1 (rimi) garden oraoh

• -I

aaai

1L.I

JiJi. mute' mm/ sad, sorry, regretful;

I

sharpen, point, taper (» s.th.)

II to

distressing, sad, regret-

mu'aij

table

,_

Egypt)

LibxSL,! iskandinäjly/i Scandinavia

mented)

J^,y

commer-

the East)

ilX— iekamla stool, footstool

JaJ& tatusuf regret

(eap.

wfeila pl. J£*LI asälcü' seaport,

cial center (in

do.

sad, grieved, distreased

regret," I

Scotland

jt-l-CJ iakotianii Scottish, Scotch

I.Lu-l

cj.x*I

iüL^I j-Jj archbiahop

(capital of Eritrea)

asmant, ismant cement

J^rl asmanti cement

(ad]'.)

usqufi episcopal

Lii.1 usqu/iya episcopate, bishoprio

/-.I

asana

i

u and ostna a to become brackish

(water) ,

j^

'.

.1

yjiqumn, üqumri mackerei

(zaol.)

sea onion J-iJ isqü an Oriental variety of (Scilla)

^j£-\

(Engl.) isketi sketch

j?\ äsin brackish

(jj and

jj-l)

LI

mö

nurse, treat (» a

tt

(am, LI osan) to

wound)

(jo between, among);

;

to

make peace

— ^1 <M»y«

l^-

1

.

18

LI Man) to be Bad, grieved, distress«) II (•

to console, comfort

a patient)

(•

b.o.);

with

.

(»

a.th.,

be charitable

s.th.); to

to

V

to be consoled,

share

the

eru-

imperti-

ji\

aür Uvely, sprightly,

in high spirits,

exuberant; wüd; insolent, impertinent, arrogant jlii. mi'lär pl. j^l^.

IjJ utwatan bi following the model or pattern of, along the linea of; >_/

|

same manner

in the

•UL ma'säh

ij^ü

ffla'önn tragedy, /.

V-t lasiya

ta'iira pl.

murür or jU»-l

(for

offioial

-ö?

visa

Jj^iL' transit visa

indicator, needle

(of

jlj- mu'alSar jagged, serrated; mark-

pl.

(

v

by, with)

j_,U tuäwir', SjjU Jil Ufa

atäwira bracelet, hangle (oity in

8 Egypt)

J>UI oAJ/Sn awl, punoh

pl.

«Aiön potash; saltwort (Salsola

jllil

kali;

bot.)

Sweden

rj-' asüj

41^1

jj£> aAür Assyria

see j-l

^j-l

vjna moss

Swedish

u»-j-l atüji

<SjjÜ oUri Assyrian L-T fciyä Asia

ltj^l\

|

(adj.

and

n.)

L.T (fugri) Asia

Minor

^s-»!

tO—T

äsiyain Asiatio, Asian (adj. and

afit pl. u«"~»l u#u« flowerpot

J-»l II to close,

shut (a door,

eto.)

n.)

j-»l

J.j— «y«) 1 Asyüt I

V-

'I

V

(a

(oity in oentral

Egypt)

to be mixed, heterogeneoua, motley

jL«T 4>ör covenant, compact, oontract load, eneumbrance, bürden ; sin pl. jL»T bonds, ties ifr

;

(fig.,

uMba

pl.

^JLSl

oArjJi

mired,

SW

Spain)

motley orowd

sUil iSWiya' jwil iibin

pl.

~>j~J äfira pl. _^ljl awSeir* bond, tie

orowd) ilil

a

mu'äath) oonsolaed, designated

o\jJ aswän' Aswan

an

of

endorsement; visa

offioial

measuring Instrument)

tion; charity, beneficence

üwär, uawär

mawäHr1 saw

issuance

^i> mu'aUir

consolation, comfort

•Uj. mvwäaäh

la'ltr

endoreement;

as, just as, like

^X,

pl.

j~t

drama

j\_y\

spirits,

insolence,

uswa, iswa example, model, pat-

">y\

tern

to

nence

sorrow, diBtreBs

grief,

wildness;

worldly

poaseBsiona; to assist one another, give

asan

j

II to

s.th.)

^il aiar liveliness, high

mutual aasistance tff-f

—

(» s.th.);

record (« grant a Visa; to provide with

a visa (J»

berance;

VI

saw

to treat, eure

(. s.o.);

medically)

Bolace

to

sharpen with a file (* s.th.) mark, indicate, State, enter, file,

wordly

to aasist, Support («s.o.); to

console, comfort

find

s.o.),

/l a&ra u (a*)

to nurse

III to ahare (one's

poesessions,

to

(• b.o.);

e.g.,

Jrk»l »*>W Seville (oity in

.V^ll

^Ijl

o.

oZ-uwW bonds commitment

of friendship); Obligation, pl. -dl stable,

barn

jl+i^l iffahän' Isfahan (oity in pl. ^,,lil see

Jj

Iran)

W

oentral

J" X,\ afula u

soüd; sound, pure; proper, actual; firm,

become

attOa) to be or

plU

strong, unswervreasonable, sensible; of steadfast; deep-rooted; ing character-,

be firmly established; firmly rooted; to origin II to found (» s.th.), to be of noble foundation, establish give s.th. (») a firm be or origin of (») V to the foundation

«^

;

_

}Ul

aflan

in the least «Uli J_^l

>MI j

|

u. al-fiqh

;l_Jj

J^t

Silu.

>V "» tV

l ufrujuMo a variety

member

= öjjl"

the prin-

«*""' of P ure

authentic, genuine noble origin; original,

.jJLii^l,

jiüWI

the al-aflantik, oJ-ofianfi«

Atlantic

legist oiples; traditional, ttsual;

j_,l

i

frame (also, jltl tför pl. -ät, >l «f«r wheel); hoop of eyeglasses); tire (of a

|

prevailing

deep-

(» s.th.)

primal,

accordance with

in

deep-rooted,

(illness)

camel the moaning bray of a

OjjUI ofrün

Jj^l upüH rules,

ojif

i>l aforo

double-

the comthe cardmal points (of

pass); J-.I 3J» C«*«*)

extermina-

eümination; removal by

mutoV

J^tu

main j£\

Cardinal

wtf'jöl extirpation,

seated; chronic

basic, genuine, authentic, pure;

fundamental, principal,

to

opposed

o?äto ton *"*-

eurgery ,

-—

primary,

(as

*lU

pedigree, genealogy

(redical)

tion,

(»««*•) entry bookkeeping; J^ll with regulations properly, in conformity

initial;

to'f>ito

JUsJ

and ijnä' (conSunna, qiyä» (analogy) ta wld UabUl ties;

'

own name,

ta'afful deep-rootedness

;

the 4 foundations

eensus); fJ^-j

«-"'»

o.

niyäbatan directly and indirectly

at aU, not

i.e.,

3UI

accord, in one's

,ji j. «Uli-); "«.Uj

originally, at first;

jurispnidence,

of Islamio

Jß

privately

personaUy,

primarily;

originally,

by no means, not

(with neg.)

{fin.)

|

;

own

of one's

axioms;

property asset« real estate, landed

steadfastness,

firmness,

ojräto

ntMe0USly dciousness «-Ü 0* ^ >V^ B po

(° f

of a science);

prinoiples,

niles,

basio

rules;

(e.g.,

1 JJU-I o**"«

öjiäi,

judgment; juolarity and firmness of

—

J^l

(

JU-T

pl.

directly, personally

prinoiples, fundamentals,

rudimente, element«

apl

aul

cause, reason; a tree); origin, souroe; (esp., one of a stock lineage, descent, fundament, noble character); foundation, of a book); basis; the original (e.g., pl.

the

sound,

of

J*-l

of descent, Btrength of character; nobUity immediately, purity of origin; afälatan

>U

Jj^l •«« root: trunk

J^VI >MI

|

Jß

aftemoon time before sunset, late

annihilate (» s.th.); pate, extenninate, organ by » surgioal an (. remove to (**«•»•> *• Operation) | s.th. radically eradicate s.th., eliminate oji pl.

reason;

j^l

(j.

JJ

indigenous

actual

unerring judgment

rooted, deep-rooted, or become ßrmly be or become ingrained; to take root, derive one's origin firmly established; to root out, extirfrom) X to uproot,

~U

native,

JUi^l.1 afl-in^i '

lantic

and

JÜ^U



üji-il

volume of geographical maps u-U»l affcw» Atlantio

JtU.1 l „^„a, aga

,

lordj

Jil

eunuch, harem chamberlain

oH0m, ö,Uy|

ifiin pl. Oi-Lil o/äfin« litany (Chr.)

*/«?

«/