ARTS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Warts: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83722-8 1. Warts-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on warts. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WARTS ...................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Warts............................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 16 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WARTS ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding Nutrition Studies on Warts ........................................................................................... 95 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 102 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WARTS .................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 107 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 124 General References ..................................................................................................................... 135 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WARTS ...................................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Dissertations on Warts .............................................................................................................. 137 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 138 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND WARTS ................................................................................. 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Recent Trials on Warts .............................................................................................................. 139 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 140 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON WARTS ................................................................................................. 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Patents on Warts........................................................................................................................ 143 Patent Applications on Warts.................................................................................................... 172 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 187 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON WARTS..................................................................................................... 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 189 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 191 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 195 Chapters on Warts ..................................................................................................................... 196 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON WARTS .......................................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 199 Bibliography: Multimedia on Warts .......................................................................................... 199 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WARTS ....................................................................... 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 201 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 206 Academic Periodicals covering Warts........................................................................................ 206 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 207 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 209 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 213 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 213
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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 213 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 215 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 219 The Genome Project and Warts ................................................................................................. 219 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 223 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 223 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 223 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 233 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 235 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 235 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 235 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 241 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 243 WARTS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................ 245 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 309
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with warts is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about warts, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to warts, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on warts. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to warts, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on warts. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on warts.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and warts, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Hemorrhoids, Genital Warts, and other Perianal Complaints Source: JAAPA. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 14(9): 37-39, 43-44, 47. September 2001. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: Reluctance to discuss a perianal problem may cause a patient to delay seeking medical attention. Although anorectal symptoms account for 10 percent of visits to a medical provider, 80 percent of patients who have symptoms of benign anorectal disease do not seek medical attention. Yet 75 percent of Americans will be given a diagnosis of hemorrhoids during their lifetime. This article helps physician assistants learn about hemorrhoids, genital warts, and other perianal complaints and how to help
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patients who present with these complaints. The authors describe the components of a thorough rectal examination and the diagnosis and treatment of the five most common causes of perianal discomfort or pain: hemorrhoids, anal fissure, anorectal abscess, pruritus ani (itching), and condylomata acuminata (genital warts). Although most conditions prove benign, the differential diagnosis can include neoplasia (including cancer). Readers can qualify for continuing medical education credit by completing the posttest printed in the journal. 3 figures. 34 references. •
Molluscum Contagiosum and Warts Source: American Family Physician. 67(6): 1233-1240. March 15, 2003. Summary: This journal article for physicians discusses molluscum contagiosum and warts, benign eruptions resulting from viral infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and without sequalae, although they can be more extensive in immunocompromised persons. The typical lesion appears as a firm, rounded, translucent papule found on the trunk, face, and extremities in children and on the abdomen and genital area of adults. Spontaneous disappearance of lesions is the norm, but treatment by local destruction (cutterage, cryotherapy, or trichloracetic acid) or immunologic modulation can shorten the disease course, possibly reducing autoinoculation and transmission. Warts result from a hyperkeratotic reaction to human papillomavirus infection; nongenital warts are classified as common, periungual, flat, filiform, or plantar, based on location and shape. Warts are treated by local destruction (acids, cryotherapy, electrodessication-curettage), chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The choice of treatment varies with the age and wishes of the patient, the potential side effects of the treatment, and the location of the lesions. 17 figures, 2 tables, and 23 references. (AAM).
Federally Funded Research on Warts The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to warts. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to warts. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore warts. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for warts:
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: ACQUISITION & NATURAL HISTORY OF GENITAL HPV INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koutsky, Laura A.; Professor; Epidemiology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAY-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Human papillomaviruses (primarily HPV 16 and 18) play a central role in the development of in situ and invasive cervical cancer. Based on this observation and the well-recognized shortcomings of Pap smears, several groups have examined the use of HPV DNA testing as an adjunct to cytologic screening and found it to be cost effective. Consequently, a number of laboratories throughout the U.S. have begun offering HPV DNA tests, and in doing so, have left many clinicians and their clients with questions that currently do not have answers. Although the potential consequences of genital HPV infection are well documented, we know relatively little about the long-term implication; of a single or repeatedly positive type-specific HPV DNA test result. Furthermore, it is likely that HPV vaccines will introduced to prevent cervical cancer and, perhaps, genital warts in the future. However, knowledge of the infectivity and natural history of specific HPV types is essential for evaluating the impact and feasibility of vaccines. Much of this required knowledge is currently lacking. Since 1991, we have been studying the short term natural history of HPV in a cohort study of 600 freshman women and are now in a position to build on and extend these studies to gain an understanding of the longerterm natural history of genital HPV infection and of male to female transmission rates. Our specific aims are to l) define the natural history of genital HPV infection over ten years with respect to persistent detection of HPV DNA, SIL, genital warts, and HPV type-specific antibodies, 2) determine the prevalence, seroprevalence, and behavioral predictors of genital HPV infection among a random sample of male undergraduate students, and 3) estimate per partner and per act transmission rates of specific HPV types and define characteristics of partnerships (e.g., courtship behavior, condom use, and frequency of intercourse) and of partners (e.g., age, race, occupation, number of partners, circumcision status, and report of concurrent relationships) that affect transmission. The proposed study is likely to provide important information relevant to the development of effective HPV prevention strategies, including the synthesis of accurate and informative public health messages concerning the transmissibility of HPV and the meaning of a single or repeatedly positive HPV DNA test. Additionally, these data will provide investigators working on HPV vaccine development with information that is needed to guide the selection of appropriate target populations, outcome measures, and immunization strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION--ROLE OF INFECTION/IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Loprinzi, Charles L.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Over the past decade, a substantial body of data has accumulated which implicates the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in epithelial cancers, especially cervical cancer. More recently, a new family HPV has been identified in skin cancers that are related to those found originally in patients with heritable skin cancer prone condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis. With the advent of new chemoprevention strategies directed against each of these cancer types, it appears prudent to develop novel
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secondary endpoint biomarkers (SEBs). Accordingly, a central Theme of this project is to develop HPV-related SEBs in the context of two novel chemoprevention strategies, one of which is expressly directed against HPV infection. Two Phase II chemoprevention clinical trials are planned at the Mayo Clinic and in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) member institutions, with support for protocol development, data management, and statistical analysis deriving primarily from NCCTG CCOP grants ( i.e. research base and individual institution grants). The first is a randomized pilot evaluation of topical imiquimod, and immunomodulatory agent which has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of genital warts. This trial will be conducted on patients with recurrent and/or high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). For skin cancers. This trial will attempt to reproduce and further substantiate a previous randomized trial in the which a treatment benefit was demonstrated. Broad-range PCR techniques will be used to monitor the type-specific persistence of HPV in cervical specimens after imiquimod therapy. Similar techniques will be used to characterize the potential role of HPV in skin cancers, strategies will also be developed to determine if HPV - specific immune responses can be used as SEBs in CIN related gene expression and AP-1 expression/activity will be developed for the skin cancer chemoprevention project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR REGULATION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUS E1 FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Van G.; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 77843 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cutaneous and genital warts. Infection with certain subtypes of genital papillomaviruses is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer. Currently there is no preventative vaccine and no consistently effective antiviral therapy. Development of improved treatments will require greater understanding of the properties of these viruses and their interactions with the host cell. The viral E1 protein, an origin-binding helicase essential for viral replication, is an attractive target for potential therapeutic intervention as inhibition of its function should prevent viral replication and propagation. The longterm goal of this research is to understand the structure, function, and regulation of the E1 protein, both as a eukaryotic DNA replication model and as a therapeutic target. Recent results indicate that E1 is covalently modified by addition of a SUMO-1 moiety. Sumoylation is a relatively newly discovered cellular modification system that can affect the stability, intracellular localization, and/or activity of its target substrates. E1 is sumoylated at a single lysine residue, and in the absence of sumoylation at this site E1 replication function is lost because E1 fails to accumulate in the nucleus. These results indicate that sumoylation has an important regulatory function that controls E1 nuclear localization and possibly modulates other E1 activities as well. Recenty, PIAS proteins (Protein Inhibitors of Activated Stat) were shown to SUMO ligases for some substrates, and we have shown the PIAS1 binds E1 and stimulates transient replication. Whether or not this stimulation of replication is the result of PIAS ligase activity enhancing E1 sumoylation or some other function of PIAS1 is unknown. The specific goals of this proposal are to ascertain the mechanism by which sumoylation controls nuclear accumulation, determine the consequences of sumoylation on E1 biochemical activities, and characterize the effect of PIAS proteins on papillomavirus replication and E1 sumoylation. These studies will elucidate a novel cellular regulatory mechanism for E1 function, will define the basic nuclear transport pathway(s) for E1, and will also provide
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new information about the general role that sumoylation plays in host cell nucleocytoplasmic transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR TARGETS FOR PAPILLOMAVIRUS E6 ONCOPROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Howley, Peter M.; Professor and Chairman; DanaFarber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with specific human cancers, most notably human cervical cancer. More than 70 different HPVs have now been described and approximately 25 of these are associated with lesions of the anogenital tract. These anogenital associated HPVs can be further subdivided into two groups on the basis of the clinical lesions with which they are associated. The "low risk" HPVs (e.g. HPV-6 and HPVI l) are associated with benign genital warts or condyloma acuminata that only very rarely progress to cancers, whereas the "high risk" HPVs (e.g. HPVI6 and HPVI8) are associated with intraepithelial neoplasias that can progress to cancer. Approximately 85-90% of human cervical cancers contain and viral DNA from a "high risk" HPV type and express the HPV E6 and E7 genes. This along with independent biochemical evidence, suggests strongly that the proteins encoded by the E6 and E7 genes of the "high risk" HPVs contribute directly to carcinogenic progression in the HPV positive cancers. The E7 proteins functions in cellular transformation, at least in part. through interactions with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, pRB, and the other pRB related "pocket proteins". The major target of the E6 oncoprotein encoded by the genital tract, cancer associated human papillomaviruses is the p53 tumor suppressor protein. However, several lines of evidence indicate that the E6 protein of the cancer associated HPVs has additional cellular targets. Furthermore, the strongly oncogenic E6 protein encoded by the bovine papillomavirus does not cause transformation by a p53 dependent pathway. The specific aims of this grant proposal are designed to examine additional targets of the papillomavirtts E6 proteins that may be important to the transformation functions of the virus and to determine how the E6 interaction may affect the function of these cellular targets. We will determine the physiologic consequence of the interaction of E6 with the focal adhesion/LIM domain proteins paxillin and hic5. We will determine the consequences of the binding of HPV16 E6 to Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF-3). Also we will determine the relevance of the binding of E6 to specific cellular targets to its transformation and tumorigenic functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONTROL TRANSFORMATION
OF
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
EXPRESSION
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Androphy, Elliot J.; Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Papillomaviruses cause warts and malignancies, including cancer of the cervix. The E2 protein serves multiple essential functions: control of viral transcription, stimulation of E1 mediated DNA replication, and partitioning of viral episomes in mitosis. The goal of this proposal is to determine the mechanisms by which E2 acts in these fundamental viral and cellular pathways. This will be accomplished through identification of cellular factors that interact with the E2 activation domain. We have previously reported that E2 binds AMF- 1, a novel nuclear
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protein, and SMN, a protein involved in RNA processing. We propose that AMP-i mediates chromatin remodeling at the E2 dependent promoter and origin of replication through its association with p300. We hypothesize that through interaction with SMN, E2 may regulate viral RNA processing. In the first aim we will continue our studies to characterize the significance of these interactions in the viral reproductive cycle. In the second aim we continue the search for other cellular factors that interact with E2, both in mammalian cells and in S. cerevisiae, in which E2 is transcriptionally active. We have identified and partially characterized one candidate E2 interacting gene that functions to maintain chromosomal integrity during mitosis in yeast, and speculate that it may mediate viral episome segregation through its interaction with the amino terminus of E2. We show that E2 binds the human homologue of this gene and will determine the role of this interaction for E2 function. These investigations should result in greater and new understanding of the mechanisms that control viral gene expression, RNA processing, and replication of the viral genome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bonnez, William C.; University of Rochester Orpa Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Clinical Core unit is designed to procure serum, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), and wart biopsies from patients with anogenital warts, both at baseline and as the wart is regressing. These samples as well as similar ones already from healthy volunteers immunized with an HPV-11 virus-like particle vaccine will be used to support the studies described in the three projects of the application. 18 to 65 year-old patients with anogenital warts will be enrolled in the wart procurement protocol if they have at least 6 warts at entry (two larger than 98 MM2). Patients will be excluded if they are unable to maintain the clinic visit schedule, unable to be reached by telephone, have had prior autogenous vaccination, topical or systemic antiviral or antiwart therapy within two weeks of enrollment, treatment with medications, altering the immune system within 4 weeks prior to study entry, immunodeficiency or autoimmune disease, diabetes mellitus, positive HIV serology, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and presence of cervical squamous intra-epithelial lesion or cancer by Pap smear. Patients will undergo biopsies of their warts and normal buttock skin for the preparation of an autogenous vaccine from the wart(s) and of a placebo from the normal skin, as well as for the recovery of wart infiltrating lymphocytes. In addition, serum and Pbls will be obtained. The patient will be then randomized to receive his/her autogenous vaccine or placebo in a 2:1 ratio. We plan to recruit 75 evaluable patients. The vaccine will be administered subcutaneously and weekly for six weeks. During that period, as well as seven weeks afterwards subcutaneously and weekly for six weeks. During that period, as well as seven weeks afterwards, patients will be monitored for wart response. Should they develop regressing warts, one of the largest lesions will be promptly biopsied, and serum and PBLs obtained. If there is no wart regression, these procedures will be done 12 weeks after the first vaccination. Patients who still have warts then will be offered cryotherapy. Those patients free of disease will be followed every week weeks for an additional 12 weeks. Follow-up will help establish the correlates between the immunologic events and the clinical outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE PROCESSING FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gaspari, Anthony A.; Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Tissue Processing Core will be responsible for the coordination of all aspects of dispersing human tissues for the proposed program project. The Tissue Processing Core will be composed of the Core Director, Anthony A. Gaspari, MD; Robert Rose, PhD, Glynis Scoot, MD, Consultant, and a technical associate, Ms. Carol Tanck. The Specific Aims of the core will be to: 1) Recruit subjects with external genital warts to obtain wart tissue 2) Recovery and expansion of wart-infiltrating lymphocytes for in vitro immunologic studies. 3) Processing and storage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. 4) Processing and storage of serum samples. 5) HPV Genotyping by DNA PCR-ELISA 6) Preparation of autologous HPV vaccine from HPV infected tissue. 7) Coordinate distribution of tissues to appropriate investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DNA BINDING DOMAIN OF EL AND ITS INTERACTION WITH DNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Joshua-Tor, Leemor; Associate Professor; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, Ny 11724 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) is a member of a large family of closely related viruses that give rise to warts in their hosts. Infection of the genital tract by the human viruses from this group represents one of the few firmly established links between viral infection and the development of cervical cancer. Although the progression to malignancy represents a low frequency event, due to the high frequency of infection, this disease affects a large number of individuals. BPV has served as a prototype for this group especially regarding viral DNA replication. The El protein belongs to a family of multifunctional viral proteins whose main function is related to viral DNA replication. These proteins bind to the origin of DNA replication, and also have other activities related to DNA replication including a DNA distortion and a DNA helicase activity. Furthermore, these proteins interact with cellular replication proteins such as DNA pol alpha and RPA. Thus, this group of proteins are intimately involved with initiation of DNA replication. The objectives of this proposal are to provide high resolution structural information about the BPV El initiator protein and its DNA binding activity. The information gained from this study will be relevant in two areas: The first is to provide general insight into the biochemical events that are involved in viral DNA replication. This, in turn, can provide a basis for the development of clinical intervention strategies. Secondly, the viral DNA replication machinery itself represents an obvious target for antiviral therapy and detailed information such as high resolution structures of viral proteins required for replication will greatly facilitate the development and testing of antiviral agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mosmann, Tim R.; Professor and Director; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Human Papillomavirus is a widespread pathogen that causes different types of warts, and is also the main cause of cervical cancer. In many patients, the immune system limits the spread of infection, but does not destroy the wart. Patients with deficient immune systems, or those taking immunosuppressants, have increased susceptibility to the spread of warts. Regression of warts can occur spontaneously or in response to some treatments, suggesting that under some circumstances, the immune system can cure the infection. We believe that the immune response is capable of presenting or eliminating HPV lesions. An understanding of the immune response against HPV that results in rejection or prevention of lesions is necessary to design vaccines that will prevent infection or induce the immune system to attack and destroy warts. In both cases, the prevention of long- term epithelial lesions should also prevent the higher rates of cancer that are associated with lesions induced by some strains of HPV. In this project, we will mount a comprehensive effort to understand the ways in which HPV interferes with the immune response in the skin (Project 1), the antigen specificity of the immune response against HPV (Project 2) and the type of immune mechanisms that are effective against HPV lesions (Project 3). This will lead to a more complete picture of the interplay between HPV and the immune system, allowing the rational design of two types of vaccine: protective vaccines that will prevent infection from becoming established or causing a skin lesion; and therapeutic vaccines that will be given to individuals who already have warts or cervical lesions, to cause regression of the lesions and reduce the risk of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MATERNAL RISK FACTORS FOR J ORRP IN DENMARK Principal Investigator & Institution: Shah, Keerti V.; Professor; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) is a childhood disease characterized by growth of benign papilloma in the respiratory tract, most frequently on the vocal fold. Some children undergo over one hundred surgical procedures to remove recurrent papillomas. JORRP is caused by perinatal mother-tochild transmission of HPV types 6 and 11 which are also responsible for genital warts. The proposed population-based, retrospective, cohort study plans to analyze data in Danish National Registries to address two specific aims: (1) to estimate the relative risk of JORRP in offspring of mothers who have condyloma during pregnancy or at delivery and to identify additional risk factors for transmission of JORRP; and (2) to examine if the above risk is reduced by cesarean delivery of the at-risk infants. Pregnancies with the diagnoses of maternal condyloma will be identified in a search of over one million pregnancies in Denmark in the time period 1974-1993. It is estimated that about 3,000 such pregnancies will be identified. The incidence of JORRP in children from these pregnancies will be compared with that in children from non-exposed pregnancies. Factors that may influence the transmission of JORRP (virus type in condyloma, maternal age, parity, medical intervention and others) will be identified. It is anticipated that about 15 percent of the births will be by cesarean delivery. Maternal condyloma is not an indication for cesarean delivery in Denmark. Therefore, it will be possible to examine if cesarean delivery reduces the risk of JORRP in the offspring of condylomatous women. The results of this investigation may clarify questions in the biology of JORRP and also help to identify circumstances in which cesarean delivery would be appropriate to reduce the risk of JORRP.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lambert, Paul F.; Professor; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Anogenital human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of the sexually transmitted disease, genital warts. A subset of these HPVs are also associated with genital cancers including cervical cancer in women and penile cancer in men. The HPV genotype 16 (HPV-16) is the HPV most frequently associated with cervical cancer. The research efforts in Dr. Lambert's laboratory are directed at characterizing the life cycle of papillomaviruses and understanding their contribution to human cancer. During the current grant period, Dr. Lambert's laboratory has 1) performed genetic and biochemical studies on E1 and E2 genes to learn further their roles in viral transcription and replication, 2) using a novel series of cervical epithelial cells harboring HPV-16 DNA, assessed the role of viral DNA integration in cervical cancer and discovered there to be a fundamental switch in viral DNA replication in the viral life cycle, and 3) using a comprehensive set of novel transgenic mouse lines expressing HPV-26 E6 and/or E7 in stratified squamous epithelium discovered that E6 and E7 can alter the growth and differentiation of squamous epithelia, E7 is sufficient to induce cancers and can act in the promotion phase of carcinogenesis, in E6 and E7 each can abrogate normal cellular responses to radiation in vivo. The goals of this proposal are to understand further the role of papillomaviral E1 and E2 proteins in the papillomavirus life cycle and to learn how the human papillomavirus type 16 oncogenes E6 and E7 contribute to cancer development and affect responsiveness of the cancers to conventional radiation treatment. The specific aims are: 1) to study the role of specific properties of the E2 proteins in viral transcription DNA replication in terminally differentiated cells, and 3) to define further the role of HPV-16 E6 and E7 in carcinogenesis. The specific aims represent logical extensions of Dr. Lambert's current research directions and make use of critical reagents generated by the Lambert laboratory during the current grant period. These studies should contribute to our further understanding of papillomaviral life cycle and the role of HPVs in anogenital cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN PEDIATRIC TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shiboski, Caroline H.; Assistant Professor; Stomatology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to conduct a study to explore specific oral health outcomes in relation to new generation immunosuppressants in a population of pediatric renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and liver transplant recipients (LTRs) at UCSF. Oral health outcomes of interest include mucosal diseases (e.g., candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, ulcers, warts, lip carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), gingival enlargement (GE), and dental needs. The principal investigator of the proposed study is a recipient of a K23 award that bears as its central theme the study of oral health outcomes among adult RTRs. Dr. Shiboski also received a small amount of pilot funds to study utilization of dental care among medically compromised
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children. As part of this pilot project she has been recruiting, and administering oral health questionnaires to pediatric RTRs and LTRs at UCSF. Taking advantage of this developing research infrastructure, the goal of the present application is to request funds to conduct a prospective study among pediatric RTRs and LTRs, exploring specific oral health outcomes by following these children at 6-months intervals over a 2year period. The Specific Aims of the proposed study among pediatric RTRs and LTRs are: a. To estimate the prevalence and incidence of oral mucosal diseases and GE in relation to new immunosuppressive drug regimens, type of transplant, and time since transplant surgery; b. To estimate the prevalence of unmet dental need in relation to socio-demographic variables and time since transplant surgery; c. To collect preliminary data on any potential association between unmet dental needs (e.g., advanced caries, chronic gingival inflammation associated with GE) and history of acute graft rejection episode(s). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVALENCE OF HPV IN THE ORAL CAVITY OF HIV+ INDIVIDUALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hagensee, Michael E.; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine; Medicine; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected over 33 million people worldwide leading to immune suppression from the selective depletion of CD4+ T cells. This lack of immunity results in numerous opportunistic infections with over 50% of the HIV-infected individuals developing pathology involving the oral cavity. Among the pathogens responsible for oral disease in HIV+ patients is the mucosatropic human papillomavirus (HPV). Although HPV cannot be routinely cultured, it is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease. HPV is the etiologic agent of oral and genital warts, focal epithelial hyperplasia, and a large proportion of cervical, anogenital, and oral squamous cell carcinomas. HIV co-infection leads to increased rate of HPV genital infection, increased HPV persistence, and increased rates of HPV-related pathology (cervical or anal dysplasia), which is more difficult to treat. Similarly, preliminary studies indicate that HIV co-infection leads to increases in the prevalence of oral HPV and HPV-related oral pathology including oral cancer. Surprisingly, treatment of HIV with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has led to increases in apparent HPV-related oral warts. These warts have been large, painful, and difficult to treat. Continued use of HAART for the HIV+ patient may lead to substantial increases in the incidence of oral warts and other HPV-related oral pathology such as squamous cell carcinomas. The studies to date have been limited by the lack of or the restrictive scope of the molecular techniques used to detect HPV infection. Thus, little is known about the prevalence, site of infection and natural history of oral HPV infection. A better understanding of oral HPV infection particularly in the HIV+ co-infected individual is of paramount importance in order to prevent HPVrelated oral pathology. Preliminary data demonstrates the ability to detect oral HPV infection utilizing consensus PCR primer sets that were developed for detection of genital HPV. These techniques can be extended to detect oral HPV types. We hypothesize that a high throughput PCR-based method for detecting oral HPV types can be developed and utilized to determine the prevalence and site of oral HPV infection in a cohort of HIV+ individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF CELLULAR PROTEINS IN HPV TRANSCRIPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chiang, Cheng-Ming; Biochemistry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of human diseases including genital warts and cervical carcinomas. Replication of HPV genomes requires virus-encoded E1 and E2 proteins, whereas transcription of HPV genes is mainly regulated by E2 and cellular transcription factors. To investigate the mechanisms of HPV transcription, we have developed two cell-free transcription systems reconstituted either with individually purified general transcription factors and cofactors or with a preassembled RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and TFIID (or TBP). Interestingly, both activation and repression of the HPV E6 promoter can be recapitulated in vitro by differential amounts of E2 proteins as observed previously in transfected cells. This provides us with a unique opportunity to dissect the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation mediated by E2 and to define the role o cellular proteins in HPV transcription. The objectives in this proposal are: 1) To define the role of cellular proteins in mediating the functions of HPV E2 proteins. The observation that E2-mediated activation and repression can both occur in our highly purified transcription system reconstituted with only recombinant general transcription factors and cofactors (TBP, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and PC4) and epitope-tagged multiprotein complexes (TFIID, TFIIH, and RNA polymerase II) suggests that components of the general transcription machinery are the targets of E2-mediated regulation. To define the steps of transcription complex assembly regulated by E2 proteins, we will perform template challenge and order-of-addition experiments as well as functional recruitment assays with our cell-free transcription systems using both synthetic DNA templates containing multimerized E2binding sites and natural HPV templates containing the E6 promoter linked to the upstream regulatory region (URR). 2) To dissect the mechanism of HPV chromatin transcription mediated by various viral and cellular proteins. Since many gene-specific transcription factors and cofactors only work in the context of chromatin, we will develop an in vitro chromatin transcription system to study the mechanisms by which viral E2 and cellular enhancer-binding factors transcribe HPV chromatin. The Drosophila S190 chromatin assembly extract and purified histones will be used to assemble HPV-11 DNA templates, which will then be characterized by micrococcal nuclease digestion and Southern blotting with promoter-proximal and -distal DNA probes, and used for in vitro transcription to define the role of E2 and enhancer-binding factors in HPV chromatin transcription. These studies will uncover the role of cellular proteins in mediating E2 functions and further shed light on the molecular mechanism of HPV transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRATEGIES AGAINST HPV RELATED GENITAL DISEASES IN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Monk, Bradley J.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant etiologic agent in lower female genital tract neoplasia. Novel interactions with other co-carcinogens and/or immuno-deficiency lead to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, both the lack of adequate animal models and prospective clinical trials are impediments to the
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development of effective anti-HPV therapies and prevent a thorough understanding of human interactions with this virus. The objective of this proposal is to support the career development of Bradley J. Monk, M.D. Under the direction of Dr. Luis P. Villarreal, Ph.D., Dr. Monk will evaluate co-carcinogens and anti-viral agents in a recently described severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model using implanted human HPV infected epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Dr. Monk proposes to study the neoplastic transformation as well as the progression or regression of these cervical tissue implants. The influence of specific promoters or genotoxic compounds (e.g. hormones, nicotine) as well as novel anti-HPV agents (e.g. stimulated immune cells, anti-sense oncogenes) and nutritional supplements (e.g. indole 3-carbinol or I3C) will be studied. In addition, under the direction of Philip J. DiSaia, M.D., a Gynecologic Oncologist; Frank L. Meyskens, M.D., a Medical Oncologist with expertise in Chemoprevention; and Jeffrey S. Weber, M.D., Ph.D., a Medical Oncologist with expertise in Immunology, Dr. Monk will conduct two prospective clinical trials of novel HPV therapies. First, I3C, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables and effective in HPV related laryngeal papillomatosis, will be evaluated in patients with HPV induced genital warts in a randomized phase II trial. Second, a phase I and II study of a DNA plasmid vaccine encoding an immunogenic portion of the HPV type 16 E7 protein is planned among women with CIN. Dr. Monk will focus his career on translational research in the area of anti-HPVmodalities specifically related to female lower genital tract neoplasia. Mentors in Virology, Chemoprevention, Immunology and Gynecologic Oncology will allow Dr. Monk to investigate unique anti-viral agents both in the laboratory and in clinical settings with an emphasis on HPV immunity. This path will develop Dr. Monk into an independent investigator able to study anti-HPV therapies first in animals then in human chemoprevention trials. It is expected that Dr. Monk will have obtained extramural funding for both his laboratory and clinical studies by the end of the period of support requested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF PROTEINS ASSOCIATED W/ CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Baleja, James D.; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We are determining the three-dimensional structures of several proteins associated with cancer. Certain strains of papillomavirus cause cutaneous warts, whereas several other strains are transmitted sexually and cause genital warts. Infections by roughly 50% of these strains are known to progress to cancer. Greater than 90% of cervical cancer tissue, for example, harbors papillomaviral DNA. One viral protein, the E2 protein, controls viral transcription and has an N-terminal transcriptional activation domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain. We are determining the structure for the DNA-binding domain from the human strain, HPV-16 and have collected the data necessary for NMR resonance assignment. A small molecular weight inhibitor for E2 from a different strain of virus (HPV-3 1) has been reported. We have repeated the structure activity relationship determination using the NMR method (SAR by NMR) for our HPV-16 E2 domain. We are also studying two peptides that interact with the E6 protein from the virus. The complex that one of these peptides makes (but not the other) promotes p53 degradation, which presumably leads to cellular proliferation. We hypothesize that since the peptides have similar amino acid sequences, they also have similar three-dimensional structures. The part from each of these
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peptides that interacts with E6 is observed to be alpha helical, with the amino acid residues most important for binding on one side of the structure. A third kind of protein we are studying is unrelated to papillomavirus, but is involved in many human cancers. The EH domain from RalBP1 is a protein in the Ras signaling pathway downstream from Ras. The EH domain binds calcium using a classical EF-hand motif and appears to interact with proteins associated with cellular sorting. The domain also binds peptides containing a "NPF' motif and we are determining the structure of the EH domain by itself, and in complex with a NPF containing peptide. For the EH domain, we have collected the NMR data required for structure determination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE PATHOGENICITY
MECHANISMS
OF
HUMAN
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Roman, Ann; Professor and Associate Chairman; Microbiology and Immunology; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause benign and malignant hyperproliferative disease. A woman infected with HPV 16 (a high risk HPV) has a 200-fold increased risk for the development of cervical cancer while one infected with HPV 6 (a low risk HPV) has a 10-fold increased risk. Notably, HPV 6 is the causative agent of the most prevalent viral sexually transmitted disease, benign hyperproliferative genital warts. Over a million new cases of this disease are diagnosed annually and almost four billion dollars in US health care costs are spent annually. HPVs replicate in the differentiated compartment of the epithelium. The viruses must, therefore, have the ability to either abrogate growth arrest that occurs when the infected cells differentiate or induce differentiated cells to re-enter the cell cycle. While an examination of the high risk viruses has been emphasized, it is imperative that we understand the mechanism of pathogenicity of the low risk viruses, clinically significant pathogens in their own right. Therefore, our focus is to define the interactions between HPV 6 and a differentiating epithelium that dictate the outcome of infection. Because of the interaction of E7 with pivotal cell cycle control proteins, E7 is likely to play a critical role in altering the intracellular environment in such a way as to promote the virus life cycle. For this reason, we have chosen to concentrate on this gene product. In Specific Aim 1 of the proposal we will establish the role of E7 in the HPV 6 life cycle. We will use the intact HPV 6 genome, with a translation termination linker in the E7 gene, to determine the necessity of 6E7 for a) episomal maintenance in primary undifferentiated keratinocytes during the non-productive stage of the life cycle, and b) the HPVmediated aberrant cellular DNA synthesis in the suprabasal cell layer of organotypic raft cultures during the productive stage of the life cycle. We will also use the raft culture to determine the sufficiency of 6E7 in altering epithelial cell growth. In Specific Aim 2 we will conduct a structure/function analysis of the 6E7 protein to identify regions of E7 pertinent to the virus life cycle. We will analyze the mutants in the context of the intact genome for their necessity in episomal maintenance in undifferentiated cells and for reprogramming suprabasal cells to enter S phase. In Specific Aim 3 we will determine the cellular targets of 6E7 relevant to the life cycle of the virus, with emphasis on the pRb family:E2F-mediated pathways. The effect of 6E7, in the context of the entire genome, on cellular gene expression during the non-productive and productive stages of the life cycle, will be determined. By conducting these experiments under
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physiological conditions that mimic a natural infection, we expect to make novel contributions on the activities of this important protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for warts in the PubMed Central database: •
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women presenting with external genital warts. by Howard M, Sellors J, Lytwyn A.; 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99401
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Correlation between Pretreatment Levels of Interferon Response Genes and Clinical Responses to an Immune Response Modifier (Imiquimod) in Genital Warts. by Arany I, Tyring SK, Brysk MM, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89977
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Degenerate and Nested PCR: a Highly Sensitive and Specific Method for Detection of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Cutaneous Warts. by Harwood CA, Spink PJ, Surentheran T, Leigh IM, de Villiers EM, McGregor JM, Proby CM, Breuer J.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85688
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Detection of Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11 in Pubic and Perianal Hair from Patients with Genital Warts. by Boxman IL, Hogewoning A, Mulder LH, Bavinck JN, ter Schegget J.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85134
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. by Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, Beutner K, Coyne MY, Liang H, Langenberg A, Yen TS, Ralston R.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228335
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Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review. by Moore RA, Edwards JE, Hopwood J, Hicks D.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32301
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Imiquimod, a Patient-Applied Immune-Response Modifier for Treatment of External Genital Warts. by Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, Douglas JM Jr, Spruance S, Owens ML, Fox TL, Hougham AJ, Schmitt KA.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105543
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Isolation and characterization of human papillomavirus type 6-specific T cells infiltrating genital warts. by Hong K, Greer CE, Ketter N, Van Nest G, Paliard X.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191916
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Local treatments for cutaneous warts: systematic review. by Gibbs S, Harvey I, Sterling J, Stark R.; 2002 Aug 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119440
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Neuronal Cell Shape and Neurite Initiation Are Regulated by the Ndr Kinase SAX-1, a Member of the Orb6/COT-1/Warts Serine/Threonine Kinase Family. by Zallen JA, Peckol EL, Tobin DM, Bargmann CI.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14984
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The ND10 Component Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein Relocates to Human Papillomavirus Type 1 E4 Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies in Cultured Keratinocytes and in Warts. by Roberts S, Hillman ML, Knight GL, Gallimore PH.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=140640
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Variation in the Nucleotide Sequence of Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus a and b Subtypes Affects Wart Regression and Malignant Transformation and Level of Viral Replication in Domestic Rabbits. by Salmon J, Nonnenmacher M, Caze S, Flamant P, Croissant O, Orth G, Breitburd F.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=110951
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Warts and urine. by Martin RE.; 2001 Dec 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99190
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with warts, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for warts (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 7-year-old girl with cerebral palsy and multiple warts. Author(s): Nowak-Wegrzyn AH, Lederman HM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 September; 81(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9759794&dopt=Abstract
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A case of a human-papillomavirus-60-induced wart with clinical appearance of both pigmented and ridged warts. Author(s): Egawa K, Kasai S, Hattori N, Saeki Y, Matsuda M, Hino H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(3): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812035&dopt=Abstract
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A case of viral warts with particular fibrillar intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Author(s): Egawa K, Honda Y, Ono T, Kitasato H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828642&dopt=Abstract
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A comment on “Butcher's warts: dermatological heritage or testable misinformation?”. Author(s): Bonnez W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 March; 138(3): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903000&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream 5% (EMLA) for analgesia prior to cryotherapy of warts in children and adults. Author(s): Gupta AK, Koren G, Shear NH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 March-April; 15(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9572698&dopt=Abstract
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A five-year audit of the treatment of extensive anogenital warts by day case electrosurgery under general anaesthesia. Author(s): Challenor R, Alexander I. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 November; 13(11): 786-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437902&dopt=Abstract
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A human homolog of Drosophila warts tumor suppressor, h-warts, localized to mitotic apparatus and specifically phosphorylated during mitosis. Author(s): Nishiyama Y, Hirota T, Morisaki T, Hara T, Marumoto T, Iida S, Makino K, Yamamoto H, Hiraoka T, Kitamura N, Saya H. Source: Febs Letters. 1999 October 8; 459(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518011&dopt=Abstract
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A new method of intralesional bleomycin therapy in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Author(s): Munn SE, Higgins E, Marshall M, Clement M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 135(6): 969-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977721&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot study to investigate the treatment of anogenital warts with Topical Lithium Succinate cream (8% lithium succinate, 0.05% zinc sulphate). Author(s): Ward KA, Armstrong KD, Maw RD, Winther MD, Gilburt SJ, Dinsmore WW. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 August; 8(8): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259500&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, controlled, safety study using imiquimod for the topical treatment of anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients. Imiquimod Study Group. Author(s): Gilson RJ, Shupack JL, Friedman-Kien AE, Conant MA, Weber JN, Nayagam AT, Swann RV, Pietig DC, Smith MH, Owens ML. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 December 3; 13(17): 2397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597781&dopt=Abstract
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A retrospective analysis of costs and patterns of treatment for external genital warts in The Netherlands. Author(s): van der Meijden WI, Notowicz A, Blog FB, Langley PC. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 January; 24(1): 183-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833831&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the prevalence of male intrameatal warts using meatoscopy in a genitourinary medicine department. Author(s): Nathan PM, Thompson VC, Sharmacharja G, Hawkswell J, Fogarty B. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 May-June; 6(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647121&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in the plume of erbium:YAG laser-treated warts. Author(s): Hughes PS, Hughes AP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 March; 38(3): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9520024&dopt=Abstract
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Acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasia mimicking plantar warts. Author(s): el Sayed F, Bazex J, Bouissou X, Laplanche G, Samalens G, Daste G, Gorguet B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 June; 132(6): 1014-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662553&dopt=Abstract
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Acquired vulvar lymphangioma mimicking genital warts. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Mu XC, Tran TA, Dupree M, Carlson JA. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1999 March; 26(3): 150-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10235381&dopt=Abstract
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Acral keratotic graft versus host disease simulating warts. Author(s): Kossard S, Ma DD. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 40(3): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439530&dopt=Abstract
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Activity of HspE7, a novel immunotherapy, in patients with anogenital warts. Author(s): Goldstone SE, Palefsky JM, Winnett MT, Neefe JR. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 April; 45(4): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006932&dopt=Abstract
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Adult and paediatric contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for recurrent, multiple, resistant, mucocutaneous anogenital warts. Author(s): Dall' Oglio F, Nasca MR, D'Agata O, Micali G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 August; 78(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181482&dopt=Abstract
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Advising patients with genital warts--a consensus approach. Author(s): McOwan AG, Broughton C, Robinson AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 September; 10(9): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492431&dopt=Abstract
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An audit of patients who have received imiquimod cream 5% for the treatment of anogenital warts. Author(s): Maitland JE, Maw R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 April; 11(4): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772094&dopt=Abstract
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An interesting response to diphencyprone (DPC) sensitization on facial warts: review of DPC treatment for viral warts. Author(s): Pollock B, Highet AS. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 June; 13(2): 47-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060501&dopt=Abstract
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An international survey of patients with genital warts: perceptions regarding treatment and impact on lifestyle. Author(s): Maw RD, Reitano M, Roy M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 October; 9(10): 571-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819106&dopt=Abstract
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Anal warts and anal cancer. Author(s): Surawicz CM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 July; 96(7): 2260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467667&dopt=Abstract
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Anal warts, sexually transmitted diseases, and anorectal conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): El-Attar SM, Evans DV. Source: Primary Care. 1999 March; 26(1): 81-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9922296&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of risk factors for cutaneous warts in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Barba A, Tessari G, Talamini G, Chieregato GC. Source: Nephron. 1997; 77(4): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434064&dopt=Abstract
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Anecdotal reports of 3 cases illustrating a spectrum of resistant common warts treated with cryotherapy followed by topical imiquimod and salicylic acid. Author(s): Housman TS, Jorizzo JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271281&dopt=Abstract
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Angiogenesis and vasodilation in skin warts. Association with HPV infection. Author(s): Harada K, Lu S, Chisholm DM, Syrjanen S, Schor AM. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 November-December; 20(6B): 4519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205298&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts and condom use--a survey of information giving. Author(s): McClean HL, Hillman RJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 June; 73(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306902&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts contributing to the risk of squamous intraepithelial lesions among HIV-positive women of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Goncalves MA, Burattini MN, Donadi EA, Massad E. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 May; 14(5): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803937&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in children. Author(s): Obalek S, Jablonska S, Orth G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 369-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255443&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in children. Author(s): Siegfried EC, Frasier LD. Source: Adv Dermatol. 1997; 12: 141-66; Discussion 167. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973739&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in children: sexual abuse or unintentional contamination? Author(s): de Jesus LE, Cirne Neto OL, Monteiro do Nascimento LM, Costa Araujo R, Agostinho Baptista A. Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica / Ministerio Da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional De Saude Publica. 2001 November-December; 17(6): 1383-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784899&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in prepubertal children: a follow-up study. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Bingham EA, Dinsmore WW, Swann A, Handley JM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580818&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in prepubertal children: pathogenesis, HPV typing and management. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Handley JM. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 February; 8(2): 78-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061405&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts. Author(s): von Krogh G, Gross G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 355-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255442&dopt=Abstract
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Are genital herpes and warts really disappearing problems? Author(s): Donovan B, Mindel A. Source: Aust J Public Health. 1995 April; 19(2): 216-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7646673&dopt=Abstract
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Audits of the treatment of genital warts: closing the feedback loop. Author(s): Reynolds M, Fraser PA, Lacey CJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 August-September; 7(5): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894824&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of patients with common warts. Author(s): Gloor M, Baumann C, Friederich HC. Source: Dermatologica. 1976; 152(3): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=939341&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin and periungual warts. Author(s): Abbott L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 September 1; 141(5): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6206384&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin and periungual warts. Author(s): Czarnecki D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 July 7; 141(1): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6204188&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Author(s): Shumer SM, O'Keefe EJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 July; 9(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193152&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin treatment of warts. Author(s): Chan S, Middleton RK. Source: Dicp. 1990 October; 24(10): 952-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1700870&dopt=Abstract
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Bleomycin: an effective treatment for warts. Author(s): Shumack PH, Haddock MJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1979 April; 20(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=89841&dopt=Abstract
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Bone destruction of a distal phalanx caused by periungual warts. Author(s): Gardner LW, Acker DW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 February; 107(2): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685584&dopt=Abstract
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Brain warts. Author(s): Crome L. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1969 March; 13(1): 60-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5779631&dopt=Abstract
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Buffered glutaraldehyde solution for warts. Author(s): London ID. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 July; 104(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5120171&dopt=Abstract
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Butchers' warts. Author(s): Jablonska S, Orth G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 January; 132(1): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605495&dopt=Abstract
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Butcher's warts: dermatological heritage or testable misinformation? Author(s): Meffert JJ, Anthony JS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 March; 137(3): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255362&dopt=Abstract
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Butchers' warts: no evidence for person to person transmission of HPV7. Author(s): Keefe M, al-Ghamdi A, Coggon D, Maitland NJ, Egger P, Keefe CJ, Carey A, Sanders CM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 130(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305311&dopt=Abstract
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Candida albicans intralesional injection immunotherapy of warts. Author(s): Signore RJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 September; 70(3): 185-92. Erratum In: Cutis 2002 November; 70(5): 294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353895&dopt=Abstract
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Candida immunotherapy of warts. Author(s): Signore RJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 September; 137(9): 1250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559230&dopt=Abstract
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Capture ElISA and in vitro cell binding assay for the detection of antibodies to human papillomavirus type 6b virus-like particles in patients with anogenital warts. Author(s): Peng S, Qi Y, Christensen N, Hengst K, Kennedy L, Frazer IH, Tindle RW. Source: Pathology. 1999 November; 31(4): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10643018&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical biopsy specimens and human papilloma virus positivity in patients with external genital warts. Author(s): Akdeniz S, Yaldiz M, Akdeniz N. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(5): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440827&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women presenting with external genital warts. Author(s): Howard M, Sellors J, Lytwyn A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 March 5; 166(5): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898938&dopt=Abstract
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Cimetidine and levamisole versus cimetidine alone for recalcitrant warts in children. Author(s): Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A, Negi KS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576414&dopt=Abstract
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Cimetidine and warts. Author(s): Saenz-Santamaria MC, Gilaberte Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126014&dopt=Abstract
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Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults: is it any better than placebo? Author(s): Rogers CJ, Gibney MD, Siegfried EC, Harrison BR, Glaser DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 July; 41(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411426&dopt=Abstract
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Cimetidine therapy for warts in children. Author(s): Fischer G, Rogers M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 August; 37(2 Pt 1): 28990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270528&dopt=Abstract
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Circumcision in genital warts--let us not forget! Author(s): Dogra S, Kumar B. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 June; 79(3): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794228&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features and age distribution of patients with HPV 2/27/57-induced common warts. Author(s): Rubben A, Kalka K, Spelten B, Grussendorf-Conen EI. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 May; 289(6): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209679&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical presentation and natural course of anogenital warts. Author(s): Handsfield HH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 May 5; 102(5A): 16-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217658&dopt=Abstract
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CO2 laser treatment of warts in immunosuppressed patients. Author(s): Lauchli S, Kempf W, Dragieva G, Burg G, Hafner J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(2): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592083&dopt=Abstract
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Combination therapy of resistant warts in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Roark TR, Pandya AG. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 December; 24(12): 1387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865209&dopt=Abstract
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Combined surgery and cidofovir is an effective treatment for genital warts in HIVinfected patients. Author(s): Orlando G, Fasolo MM, Beretta R, Merli S, Cargnel A. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 February 15; 16(3): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834957&dopt=Abstract
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Combined surgical-medical treatment of genital warts in HIV positive patients. Author(s): Orlando G, Fasolo MM, Beretta R, Cargnel A. Source: Tumori. 2001 September-October; 87(5): S11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765191&dopt=Abstract
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Comel-Netherton syndrome complicated by papillomatous skin lesions containing human papillomaviruses 51 and 52 and plane warts containing human papillomavirus 16. Author(s): Folster-Holst R, Swensson O, Stockfleth E, Monig H, Mrowietz U, Christophers E. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354085&dopt=Abstract
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Common association of HPV 2 with anogenital warts in prepubertal children. Author(s): Handley J, Hanks E, Armstrong K, Bingham A, Dinsmore W, Swann A, Evans MF, McGee JO, O'Leary J. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1997 September-October; 14(5): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336800&dopt=Abstract
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Common warts. Author(s): Woodard I. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1997 March-April; 1(1): 100-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166615&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing guidelines for the management of anogenital warts. Author(s): Maw R. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 153. Erratum In: Sex Transm Infect 2000 August; 76(4): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961187&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of combination of cimetidine and levamisole with cimetidine alone in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Author(s): Parsad D, Saini R, Negi KS. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333620&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the use of standardized diagnostic criteria and intuitive clinical diagnosis in the diagnosis of common viral warts (verrucae vulgaris). Author(s): Young R, Jolley D, Marks R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 December; 134(12): 1586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875198&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms and warts. Author(s): Dayan L. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961208&dopt=Abstract
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Condylomata acuminata (genital warts): patient demographics and treating physicians. Author(s): Fleischer AB Jr, Parrish CA, Glenn R, Feldman SR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 November; 28(11): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677386&dopt=Abstract
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Contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester for the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Author(s): Lee AN, Mallory SB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 October; 41(4): 595-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495383&dopt=Abstract
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Continuing medical ignorance: modern myths in the management of genital warts. Author(s): Birley HD. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 February; 12(2): 71-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236106&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between pretreatment levels of interferon response genes and clinical responses to an immune response modifier (Imiquimod) in genital warts. Author(s): Arany I, Tyring SK, Brysk MM, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 July; 44(7): 1869-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858346&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness of imiquimod for anogenital warts. Author(s): Birley H, Clark F, Sparks R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 September; 13(9): 647; Author Reply 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230931&dopt=Abstract
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Counseling patients with genital warts. Author(s): Reitano M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 May 5; 102(5A): 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217661&dopt=Abstract
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Cryosurgery treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Buckley D. Source: Ir Med J. 2000 July-August; 93(5): 140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072922&dopt=Abstract
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Cryotherapy of common viral warts at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Author(s): Bourke JF, Berth-Jones J, Hutchinson PE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 132(3): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718461&dopt=Abstract
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Cryotherapy of viral warts: a sustained 10-s freeze is more effective than the traditional method. Author(s): Connolly M, Bazmi K, O'Connell M, Lyons JF, Bourke JF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145(4): 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703280&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous warts and tumours in immunosuppressed patients. Author(s): Leigh IM, Glover MT. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1995 February; 88(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7769594&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous warts in HIV-positive patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Rodrigues LK, Baker T, Maurer T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493111&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous warts. Author(s): Jablonska S, Majewski S, Obalek S, Orth G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1997 May-June; 15(3): 309-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255438&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous warts: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Plasencia JM. Source: Primary Care. 2000 June; 27(2): 423-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815052&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine mRNA expression in cutaneous warts: induction of interleukin-1 alpha. Author(s): Jackson M, McKenzie RC, Benton EC, Hunter JA, Norval M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 December; 289(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9017132&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased T cell levels in patients with warts. Author(s): Chretien JH, Esswein JG, Garagusi VF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 February; 114(2): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=305230&dopt=Abstract
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Degenerate and nested PCR: a highly sensitive and specific method for detection of human papillomavirus infection in cutaneous warts. Author(s): Harwood CA, Spink PJ, Surentheran T, Leigh IM, de Villiers EM, McGregor JM, Proby CM, Breuer J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 November; 37(11): 3545-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523550&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed presentation of patients with genital warts. Author(s): Coker DM, Ahmed-Jushuf I, O'Mahony C, Alawattegama AB. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 August; 64(4): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169761&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of in vitro synthesis of human papilloma viral proteins from hand and foot warts. Author(s): Fey SJ, Nielsen T, Vetner M, Storgaard L, Smed V, Larsen PM. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1989 June; 92(6): 817-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2470829&dopt=Abstract
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Density of viral particles in pre and post Nd: YAG laser hyperthermia therapy and cryotherapy in plantar warts. Author(s): El-Tonsy MH, Anbar TE, El-Domyati M, Barakat M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 38(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369554&dopt=Abstract
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Depigmented haloes associated with the involution of flag warts. Author(s): Berman A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 September; 97(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=921896&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatologists should not be concerned in routine treatment of warts. Author(s): Keefe M, Dick DC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 January 16; 296(6616): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122989&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and analysis of human papillomavirus type 1 infection of skin warts from a dermatology clinic in Taiwan by southern hybridization. Author(s): Sytwu HK, Sheu WJ, Shih JM, Chen SL. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1992 February; 25(1): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1339087&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papilloma virus DNA in semen from patients with intrameatal penile warts. Author(s): Griffiths M. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 June; 66(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2164493&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in genital warts and carcinomas by DNA in situ hybridization in Chinese patients. Author(s): Chang F, Syrjanen S, Shen Q, Ji H, Syrjanen K. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1990; 1(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1966324&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus by the polymerase chain reaction in histologically normal penile skin adjacent to penile warts. Author(s): Ward KA, Winter PC, Walsh M, Maw RD, Dinsmore WW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1994 March-April; 21(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9071417&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA by PCR in semen from patients with and without penile warts. Author(s): Green J, Monteiro E, Bolton VN, Sanders P, Gibson PE. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1991 June; 67(3): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1649121&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in genital warts, cervical dysplasias and neoplasias. Author(s): Tomita Y, Kubota K, Kasai T, Sekiya S, Takamizawa H, Simizu B. Source: Intervirology. 1986; 25(3): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3015831&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in semen from patients with intrameatal penile warts. Author(s): Green J, Monteiro E, Gibson P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 December; 65(6): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2559022&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in skin warts from immunocompromised patients but not in semen from men whose wives have abnormal cervical cytology. Author(s): Bakir TM, Shuttleworth D, McKenna D, Munro J. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1992; 36(3): 279-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1338072&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in the urogenital tracts of men with anogenital warts. Author(s): Hillman RJ, Botcherby M, Ryait BK, Hanna N, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1993 January-February; 20(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8381560&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts. Author(s): Sonnex C, Strauss S, Gray JJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 October; 75(5): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616355&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 in pubic and perianal hair from patients with genital warts. Author(s): Boxman IL, Hogewoning A, Mulder LH, Bouwes Bavinck JN, ter Schegget J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 July; 37(7): 2270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364596&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in genital warts and cervical neoplasia. Author(s): Battista C, Hillova J, Hill M, Mathe G. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1986; 40(10): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3034348&dopt=Abstract
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Development of multiple warts after skin resurfacing with CO2 laser. Author(s): Torezan LA, Osorio N, Neto CF. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 January; 26(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632690&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of child sexual abuse in children with genital warts. Author(s): Gutman LT, Herman-Giddens M, Prose NS. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1991 February; 145(2): 126-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1994675&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and genital warts: a case-control study. Author(s): Bairati I, Sherman KJ, McKnight B, Habel LA, Van den Eeden SK, Stergachis A, Daling JR. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1994 May-June; 21(3): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073343&dopt=Abstract
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Different papillomaviruses as the causes of oral warts. Author(s): Lutzner M, Kuffer R, Blanchet-Bardon C, Croissant O. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 June; 118(6): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6284061&dopt=Abstract
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Dig those warts. Author(s): Heinlein JA. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978 March; 4(3): 204. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=632384&dopt=Abstract
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Dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB) treatment of viral warts. A 5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Johansson E, Forstrom L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1984; 64(6): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6084926&dopt=Abstract
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Dinitrochlorobenzene immunotherapy of human warts. Author(s): Sanders BB, Smith KW. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1981 April; 27(4): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7226890&dopt=Abstract
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Diphencyprone in the management of refractory palmoplantar and periungual warts: an open study. Author(s): Rampen FH, Steijlen PM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(3): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944347&dopt=Abstract
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Disseminated warts and evolving squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Milburn PB, Brandsma JL, Goldsman CI, Teplitz ED, Heilman EI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 August; 19(2 Pt 2): 4015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2842383&dopt=Abstract
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DNA hybridization studies of a case of oropharyngeal papillomatosis from a patient with genital warts. Author(s): Clarke J, Terry RM, Wells M, Lewis FA, Lacey CJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 March-April; 3(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1315158&dopt=Abstract
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DNA typing of genital warts and diagnosis of sexual abuse in children. Author(s): Osborne JP, Potter RG. Source: Lancet. 1987 October 10; 2(8563): 864. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2889069&dopt=Abstract
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DNA typing of genital warts and diagnosis of sexual abuse of children. Author(s): Fleming KA, Venning V, Evans M. Source: Lancet. 1987 August 22; 2(8556): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887753&dopt=Abstract
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Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis. Author(s): Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 November; 29(11): 725-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438912&dopt=Abstract
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Don't excise--exorcise. Treatment for subungual and periungual warts. Author(s): Litt JZ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1978 December; 22(6): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720133&dopt=Abstract
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Dowling Degos disease in association with multiple seborrhoeic warts. Author(s): Cliff S, Otter M, Cook MG, Marsden RA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 January; 22(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9330052&dopt=Abstract
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Drosophila warts--tumor suppressor and member of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase family. Author(s): Watson KL. Source: Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. 1995 August; 17(8): 673-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661848&dopt=Abstract
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Drug treatment of common STDs: Part II. Vaginal infections, pelvic inflammatory disease and genital warts. Author(s): Woodward C, Fisher MA. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 October 15; 60(6): 1716-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10537386&dopt=Abstract
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Dual genitotropic human papillomavirus infections in genital warts. Author(s): Aznar J, Ojeda A, Torres MJ, Palomares JC, Rodriguez-Pichardo A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 February; 69(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8383097&dopt=Abstract
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Duct tape occlusion for common warts: is effectiveness overestimated? Author(s): Buccolo LS, Moore TK. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 May; 157(5): 491; Author Reply 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742892&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial on management of anal warts is misleading. Author(s): Riddell LA, Edwards A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 24; 322(7284): 494-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256369&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adjuvant imiquimod 5% cream on sustained clearance of anogenital warts following laser treatment. Author(s): Hoyme UB, Hagedorn M, Schindler AE, Schneede P, Hopfenmuller W, Schorn K, Eul A. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002; 10(2): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530484&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts. Author(s): Greenspan D, Canchola AJ, MacPhail LA, Cheikh B, Greenspan JS. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 5; 357(9266): 1411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356441&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of injections of small doses of human fibroblast interferon into genital warts. A pilot study. Author(s): Scott GM, Csonka GW. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1979 December; 55(6): 442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=526848&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oral aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on human papilloma virus-2-induced common warts. Author(s): Gross G, Pfister H, Hagedorn M, Stahn R. Source: Dermatologica. 1983; 166(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840376&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness, satisfaction and compliance with imiquimod in the treatment of external anogenital warts. Author(s): Vilata JJ, Badia X; ESCCRIM group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 January; 14(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590786&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerability of topical 1% cidofovir cream for the treatment of external anogenital warts in HIV-infected persons. Author(s): Matteelli A, Beltrame A, Graifemberghi S, Forleo MA, Gulletta M, Ciravolo G, Tedoldi S, Casalini C, Carosi G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 June; 28(6): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403192&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of recalcitrant warts in children. Author(s): Grussendorf-Conen EI, Jacobs S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047649&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of imiquimod on external anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients previously treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Saiag P, Bourgault-Villada I, Pavlovic M, Roudier-Pujol C. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 July 5; 16(10): 1438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131230&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of pulsed-dye laser for viral warts--an internal audit. Author(s): Wu C, Langan S, Kilmurray M, Lawlor D, Watson R. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 March; 96(3): 80, 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722784&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of silver nitrate pencils in the treatment of common warts. Author(s): Yazar S, Basaran E. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 May; 21(5): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8051319&dopt=Abstract
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Efflorescence of new warts: a sign of onset of involution in flat warts. Author(s): Berman A, Berman JE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 August; 99(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=698106&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocoagulation in intrameatal warts. Author(s): Morrison GD, Willcox JR, Challenor R, Clare DE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 May-June; 3(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1445558&dopt=Abstract
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Electrocoagulation of perianal warts: a word of caution. Author(s): Ammori BJ, Ausobsky JR. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2000; 17(3): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867470&dopt=Abstract
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Electronmicroscopic demonstration of HPV in oral warts. Author(s): Broich G, Sasaki T. Source: Microbiologica. 1990 January; 13(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2155374&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging incidence of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia in young women with genital warts. Author(s): De Silva AH, Sivapalan S, Harindra V, Roy RB. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 October; 68(5): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1427815&dopt=Abstract
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EMLA-induced analgesia inferior to lignocaine infiltration in curettage of common warts--a randomized study. Author(s): Vesterager L, Petersen KP, Nielsen R, Niordson AM, Gammeltoft M, Graudal C, Stahl D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 188(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305754&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced immunogenicity of a recombinant genital warts vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A. Author(s): Thompson HS, Davies ML, Watts MJ, Mann AE, Holding FP, O'Neill T, Beech JT, Thompson SJ, Leesman GD, Ulrich JT. Source: Vaccine. 1998 December; 16(20): 1993-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796056&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of the innate and cellular immune response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiquimod cream 5%. Author(s): Arany I, Tyring SK, Stanley MA, Tomai MA, Miller RL, Smith MH, McDermott DJ, Slade HB. Source: Antiviral Research. 1999 August; 43(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10480263&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of anogenital warts and cancer. Author(s): Franco EL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1996 September; 23(3): 597-623. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869948&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of butchers' warts. Author(s): Jablonska S, Obalek S, Golebiowska A, Favre M, Orth G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280 Suppl: S24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2841908&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of genital warts in England and Wales: 1971 to 1994. Author(s): Simms I, Fairley CK. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 October; 73(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534745&dopt=Abstract
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Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. An autosomal recessive disease characterized by viral warts and skin cancer. A model for viral oncogenesis. Author(s): Lutzner MA. Source: Bulletin Du Cancer. 1978; 65(2): 169-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=212144&dopt=Abstract
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-lymphoproliferative disease with hemophagocytic syndrome, followed by fatal intestinal B lymphoma in a young adult female with WHIM syndrome. Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis. Author(s): Imashuku S, Miyagawa A, Chiyonobu T, Ishida H, Yoshihara T, Teramura T, Kuriyama K, Imamura T, Hibi S, Morimoto A, Todo S. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 August; 81(8): 470-3. Epub 2002 July 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224006&dopt=Abstract
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Eruptive seborrhoeic warts with gastric adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Coburn PR, Cream JJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1984 March; 77(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6230453&dopt=Abstract
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Erythema multiforme-like reaction following diphencyprone treatment of plane warts. Author(s): Puig L, Alegre M, Cuatrecasas M, De Moragas JM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 March; 33(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8169024&dopt=Abstract
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European course on HPV associated pathology: guidelines for primary care physicians for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts. Author(s): von Krogh G, Lacey CJ, Gross G, Barrasso R, Schneider A. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 June; 76(3): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10961190&dopt=Abstract
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European guideline for the management of anogenital warts. Author(s): von Krogh G, Lacey CJ, Gross G, Barrasso R, Schneider A; European Course on HPV Associated Pathology (ECHPV); European Branch of the International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infection and the European Office of the World Health Organization. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 October; 12 Suppl 3: 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589796&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based review of management of nongenital cutaneous warts. Author(s): Kuykendall-Ivy TD, Johnson SM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 March; 71(3): 213-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661750&dopt=Abstract
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Examination of the male genitalia with an ophthalmoscope: a rapid and simple approach to the detection of penile venereal warts. Author(s): Cohen PR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 March; 20(3): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2918124&dopt=Abstract
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Exophytic cervical warts--an indication for colposcopy? Author(s): Evans BA, Bond RA, Macrae KD. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 June; 69(3): 244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8335324&dopt=Abstract
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Exophytic cervical warts--an indication for colposcopy? Author(s): Murphy M, Fairley I, Wilson J. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 February; 69(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8444494&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of PCNA is associated with the presence of HPV DNA in skin warts. Author(s): Lu S, Syrjanen K, Havu VK, Syrjanen S. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1996 December; 289(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9017133&dopt=Abstract
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Extensive human papillomavirus type 7-associated orofacial warts in an immunocompetent patient. Author(s): Ritzkowsky A, Weissenborn S, Krieg T, Pfister H, Wieland U. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 May; 81(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501651&dopt=Abstract
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External genital warts: report of the American Medical Association Consensus Conference. AMA Expert Panel on External Genital Warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, Reitano MV, Richwald GA, Wiley DJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 October; 27(4): 796-806. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798036&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of flat warts to recur in electrosurgically altered skin. Author(s): Berman A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 December; 114(12): 1797-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=736590&dopt=Abstract
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Failure to detect beta 2 microglobulin in viral warts. Author(s): Furue M, Inoue Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1983 October; 10(5): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6321579&dopt=Abstract
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Failure to produce warts on human skin grafts on 'nude' mice. Author(s): Cubie HA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 June; 94(6): 659-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=779819&dopt=Abstract
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Family violence, child abuse, and anogenital warts. Author(s): Raimer SS, Raimer BG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 June; 128(6): 842-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1599276&dopt=Abstract
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Fanconi's anemia. Tumor-like warts, hyperpigmentation associated with deranged keratinocytes, and depressed cell-mediated immunity. Author(s): Johansson E, Niemi KM, Siimes M, Pyrhonen S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 April; 118(4): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6978105&dopt=Abstract
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Flat facial warts treated with fluorouracil. Author(s): Lockshin NA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 August; 115(8): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=464617&dopt=Abstract
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Flat feet, plantar warts and corns. Author(s): Crawford JA. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1967 October; 60(10): 1376-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6066067&dopt=Abstract
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Flat warts undergoing involution: histopathological findings. Author(s): Berman A, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 September; 113(9): 1219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=900965&dopt=Abstract
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Foot dysplasias--and ultrasound therapy in plantar warts. Author(s): Heather AJ. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1965 November; 55(11): 747-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5835002&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. II. Is human papillomavirus infection the trigger to cervical carcinogenesis? Author(s): Reid R. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1983 April; 15(2): 239-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6299907&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. III. Subclinical papillomaviral infection and cervical neoplasia are linked by a spectrum of continuous morphologic and biologic change. Author(s): Reid R, Crum CP, Herschman BR, Fu YS, Braun L, Shah KV, Agronow SJ, Stanhope CR. Source: Cancer. 1984 February 15; 53(4): 943-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6318956&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. IV. A colposcopic index for differentiating subclinical papillomaviral infection from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Author(s): Reid R, Stanhope CR, Herschman BR, Crum CP, Agronow SJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 August 15; 149(8): 815-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6205589&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. V. The tissue basis of colposcopic change. Author(s): Reid R, Herschman BR, Crum CP, Fu YS, Braun L, Shah KV, Agronow SJ, Stanhope CR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 June 1; 149(3): 293-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328996&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. VI. The relationship between aneuploid and polyploid cervical lesions. Author(s): Reid R, Fu YS, Herschman BR, Crum CP, Braun L, Shah KV, Agronow SJ, Stanhope CR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 September 15; 150(2): 18999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6089564&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical cancer. VII. An improved colposcopic index for differentiating benign papillomaviral infections from high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Author(s): Reid R, Scalzi P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 November 15; 153(6): 6118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2998190&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and cervical neoplasia: an epidemiological study. Author(s): Franceschi S, Doll R, Gallwey J, La Vecchia C, Peto R, Spriggs AI. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1983 November; 48(5): 621-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6688952&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Margolis S. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1984 February; 11(1): 163-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6369703&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and the need for screening. Author(s): Jayaweera DT, Ahmed IH, Bignell CJ, Rogstad KE. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 August; 66(4): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2391122&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and the need for screening. Author(s): Crawshaw SC, Haran MV. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 June; 66(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370070&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and the need for screening. Author(s): Griffiths M. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 December; 65(6): 399. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2613219&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts and their treatment. Author(s): Beutner KR, Wiley DJ, Douglas JM, Tyring SK, Fife K, Trofatter K, Stone KM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 January; 28 Suppl 1: S37-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028109&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts at the site of healed herpes progenitalis: the isotopic response. Author(s): Ruocco E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 39(9): 705-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044198&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts do not respond to systemic recombinant interferon alfa-2a treatment during cannabis consumption. Author(s): Gross G, Roussaki A, Ikenberg H, Drees N. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 183(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1660417&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts in children. Author(s): Janniger CK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 August; 50(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1324829&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts in children. Author(s): Herman-Giddens ME. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1990; 14(3): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2207815&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts, other sexually transmitted diseases, and vulvar cancer. Author(s): Sherman KJ, Daling JR, Chu J, Weiss NS, Ashley RL, Corey L. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1991 July; 2(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1655066&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts, papillomaviruses, and genital malignancies. Author(s): Shah KV, Buscema J. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1988; 39: 371-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2835929&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts, trichomoniasis and other concurrent STIs in Scotland. Author(s): Thompson C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1997 June; 8(6): 412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179657&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Samarakoon S. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1999 December; 44(4): 159-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895265&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Stack WC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 May 19; 300(6735): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2242133&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Simmons PD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 September; 22(7): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629603&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Oriel JD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1977 October-December; 4(4): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=594860&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Current status. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Koranne RV, Srivastava SB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 March; 28(2): 75-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2661450&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Newly discovered consequences of an ancient disease. Author(s): Peterson IM, Rao R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 September 1; 86(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2771837&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: a study of patient anxiety and information needs. Author(s): Chandler MG. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1996 February 8-21; 5(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696129&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and counseling for the patient. Author(s): Steinberg JL, Cibley LJ, Rice PA. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1993; 13: 99-122. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7691082&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: incidence of associated genital infections. Author(s): Kinghorn GR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 October; 99(4): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=708613&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: just a nuisance? Author(s): Sheppard S, White M, Walzman M. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 June; 71(3): 194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635498&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: molecular biology and immunology. Author(s): Tindle R. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 1990 February; 68 ( Pt 1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2156777&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: need to screen for coinfection. Author(s): Carne CA, Dockerty G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 February 17; 300(6722): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2107904&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts: their etiology and treatment. Author(s): Wright T. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 February 18-24; 94(7): 52-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536735&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts. Author(s): Sterling JC, Handfield-Jones S, Hudson PM; British Association of Dermatologists. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 4-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167676&dopt=Abstract
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Guidelines of care for warts: human papillomavirus. Committee on Guidelines of Care. Author(s): Drake LA, Ceilley RI, Cornelison RL, Dobes WL, Dorner W, Goltz RW, Lewis CW, Salasche SJ, Turner ML, Lowery BJ, et al. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 January; 32(1): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7822522&dopt=Abstract
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Hand-genital transmission of genital warts? An analysis of prevalence data. Author(s): Fairley CK, Gay NJ, Forbes A, Abramson M, Garland SM. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1995 August; 115(1): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641831&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorrhoids, genital warts, and other perianal complaints. Author(s): Gerdom LE, Dixon D, Dipalma JA. Source: Jaapa. 2001 September; 14(9): 37-9, 43-4, 47. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599281&dopt=Abstract
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Higher frequency of atopic dermatitis and decrease in viral warts among children exposed to chemicals liberated in a chemical accident in Frankfurt, Germany. Author(s): Traupe H, Menge G, Kandt I, Karmaus W. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310715&dopt=Abstract
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High-grade dysplasia in genital warts from two patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Bryan JT, Stoler MH, Tyring SK, McClowry T, Fife KH, Brown DR. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 January; 54(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443111&dopt=Abstract
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hippo encodes a Ste-20 family protein kinase that restricts cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in conjunction with salvador and warts. Author(s): Wu S, Huang J, Dong J, Pan D. Source: Cell. 2003 August 22; 114(4): 445-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941273&dopt=Abstract
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History of genital warts in 10,838 women 20 to 29 years of age from the general population. Risk factors and association with Papanicolaou smear history. Author(s): Munk C, Svare EI, Poll P, Bock JE, Kjaer SK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 November; 24(10): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9383844&dopt=Abstract
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HIV, sexually transmitted diseases and gynaecologic disorders in women: increased risk for genital herpes and warts among HIV-infected prostitutes in Amsterdam. Author(s): Fennema JS, van Ameijden EJ, Coutinho RA, van den Hoek AA. Source: Aids (London, England). 1995 September; 9(9): 1071-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527081&dopt=Abstract
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Household cleaners in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Cajee YD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1982 December 25; 62(27): 1016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7179037&dopt=Abstract
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How to manage warts. Author(s): Hobbs CJ, Wynne J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 November; 81(5): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10519729&dopt=Abstract
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HPV prevalence in anal warts tested with the MY09/MY11 SHARP Signal system. Author(s): Strand A, Andersson S, Zehbe I, Wilander E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 May; 79(3): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384924&dopt=Abstract
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HPV-1 capsids expressed in vitro detect human serum antibodies associated with foot warts. Author(s): Carter JJ, Hagensee M, Taflin MC, Lee SK, Koutsky LA, Galloway DA. Source: Virology. 1993 August; 195(2): 456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7687802&dopt=Abstract
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HPV-associated epithelial atypia in oral warts in HIV+ patients. Author(s): Regezi JA, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS, Wong E, MacPhail LA. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1994 June; 21(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962824&dopt=Abstract
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Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital warts as risk factors for anal intraepithelial neoplasia in homosexual men. Author(s): Carter PS, de Ruiter A, Whatrup C, Katz DR, Ewings P, Mindel A, Northover JM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 April; 82(4): 473-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613888&dopt=Abstract
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Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Mexico City. Rectal bleeding and anal warts as risk factors among men reporting sex with men. Author(s): Coplan PM, Gortmaker S, Hernandez-Avila M, Spiegelman D, Uribe-Zuniga P, Mueller NE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 November 1; 144(9): 817-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8890660&dopt=Abstract
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Human leukocyte derived interferon-alpha in a hydrophilic gel for the treatment of intravaginal warts in women: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Ahmadpour OA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 December; 9(12): 769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9874127&dopt=Abstract
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Human leukocyte interferon-alpha in cream, for the treatment of genital warts in Asian women: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Syed TA, Lundin S, Cheema KM, Kahlon BM, Cheema R, Ahmad SA, Ahmad M. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 November; 72(11): 870-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894214&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. Author(s): Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, Beutner K, Coyne MY, Liang H, Langenberg A, Yen TS, Ralston R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 August; 33(8): 2058-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559948&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) types specific of epidermodysplasia verruciformis detected in warts induced by HPV3 or HPV3-related types in immunosuppressed patients. Author(s): Obalek S, Favre M, Szymanczyk J, Misiewicz J, Jablonska S, Orth G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1992 June; 98(6): 936-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1317396&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus and cutaneous warts in meat handlers. Author(s): Melchers W, de Mare S, Kuitert E, Galama J, Walboomers J, van den Brule AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 September; 31(9): 2547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408588&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus DNA detection in primary anogenital warts and cervical lowgrade intraepithelial neoplasias in adults by in situ hybridization. Author(s): Handley JM, Maw RD, Lawther H, Horner T, Bharucha H, Dinsmore WW. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1992 July-August; 19(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329237&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus DNA in the urogenital tracts of men with gonorrhoea, penile warts or genital dermatoses. Author(s): Hillman RJ, Ryait BK, Botcherby M, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1993 June; 69(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392967&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus infection: treatment options for warts. Author(s): Miller DM, Brodell RT. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 January; 53(1): 135-43, 148-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8546041&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus segregation patterns in genital and nongenital warts in prepubertal children and adults. Author(s): Nuovo GJ, Lastarria DA, Smith S, Lerner J, Comite SL, Eliezri YD. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1991 April; 95(4): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1849698&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus type 60 plantar warts are predominately pigmented when discovered after early adulthood. Author(s): Kashima M, Tanabe Y, Kaminishi K, Takahama H, Egawa K, Nakabayashi Y, Mizoguchi M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 141(3): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583099&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus type 7 and butcher's warts. Author(s): Majewski S, Jablonska S, Favre M, Orth G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 December; 137(12): 1655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735725&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus types in cervical biopsy specimens from Pap-smear-negative women with external genital warts. Author(s): Petersen CS, Lindeberg H, Thomsen HK. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1991; 70(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1650114&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus, genital warts, Pap smears, and cervical cancer: knowledge and beliefs of adolescent and adult women. Author(s): Mays RM, Zimet GD, Winston Y, Kee R, Dickes J, Su L. Source: Health Care for Women International. 2000 July-August; 21(5): 361-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261107&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus. Frequency and distribution in plantar and common warts. Author(s): Jenson AB, Sommer S, Payling-Wright C, Pass F, Link CC Jr, Lancaster WD. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1982 November; 47(5): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6290785&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus-associated oral warts among human immunodeficiency virusseropositive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an emerging infection. Author(s): King MD, Reznik DA, O'Daniels CM, Larsen NM, Osterholt D, Blumberg HM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 March 1; 34(5): 641-8. Epub 2002 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803508&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertrophic scar formation following carbon dioxide laser ablation of plantar warts in cyclosporin-treated patients. Author(s): Ozluer SM, Chuen BY, Barlow RJ, Markey AC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899123&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying and treating genital warts. Author(s): Woolley P. Source: The Practitioner. 1995 September; 239(1554): 542-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7567776&dopt=Abstract
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Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia associated with disseminated flat warts and alopecia areata. Author(s): Gubinelli E, Posteraro P, Girolomoni G. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 29(10): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432998&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of anogenital warts in female patients. Author(s): Buck HW, Fortier M, Knudsen J, Paavonen J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 June; 77(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065134&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod 5% cream is a safe and effective self-applied treatment for anogenital warts--results of an open-label, multicentre Phase IIIB trial. Author(s): Garland SM, Sellors JW, Wikstrom A, Petersen CS, Aranda C, Aractingi S, Maw RD; Imiquimod Study Group. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 November; 12(11): 722-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589811&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod 5% cream is an acceptable treatment option for external anogenital warts in uncircumcised males. Author(s): Maw RD, Kinghorn GR, Bowman CA, Goh BT, Nayagam AT, Nathan M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952292&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod for plantar and periungual warts. Author(s): Sparling JD, Checketts SR, Chapman MS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 December; 68(6): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775772&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review. Author(s): Moore RA, Edwards JE, Hopwood J, Hicks D. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 3. Epub 2001 June 05. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401728&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod, a patient-applied immune-response modifier for treatment of external genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, Tyring SK, Trofatter KF Jr, Douglas JM Jr, Spruance S, Owens ML, Fox TL, Hougham AJ, Schmitt KA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 April; 42(4): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559784&dopt=Abstract
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Imiquimod: a new immune response modifier for the treatment of external genital warts and other diseases in dermatology. Author(s): Berman B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41 Suppl 1: 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087816&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Author(s): Coleman N, Birley HD, Renton AM, Hanna NF, Ryait BK, Byrne M, TaylorRobinson D, Stanley MA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 December; 102(6): 768-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7801889&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomavirus antigen in cutaneous warts and bowenoid papulosis. Author(s): Braun L, Farmer ER, Shah KV. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1983; 12(3): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6313865&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy for recalcitrant warts in children using intralesional mumps or Candida antigens. Author(s): Clifton MM, Johnson SM, Roberson PK, Kincannon J, Horn TD. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787281&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy of warts with masoprocol cream. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 May; 59(5): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169274&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone of recalcitrant warts: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Haedersdal M, Selvaag E, Petersen CS. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 May; 80(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954220&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on clinical evolution of genital warts in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Orlando G, Fasolo MM, Signori R, Schiavini M, Casella A, Cargnel A. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 February 4; 13(2): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202844&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of human papillomavirus DNA typing in the diagnosis of anogenital warts in children. Author(s): de Villiers EM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 March; 131(3): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7887680&dopt=Abstract
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Improving visualization of intrameatal warts: use of the otoscope. Author(s): O'Brien TS, Luzzi GA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 June; 75(6): 793. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613839&dopt=Abstract
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Improving visualization of intrameatal warts: use of the otoscope. Author(s): Peyri E. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 March; 79(3): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9117246&dopt=Abstract
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Improving visualization of intrameatal warts: use of the otoscope. Author(s): Peyri Rey E. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1996 April; 77(4): 619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8777644&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of venereal warts in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected women. Author(s): Chirgwin KD, Feldman J, Augenbraun M, Landesman S, Minkoff H. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 July; 172(1): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7797919&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in new patients with genital warts attending STD clinics in Helsinki, 1980-6. Author(s): Lassus J, Ponka A, Haukka K, Lassus A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 June; 64(3): 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3410470&dopt=Abstract
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Increased evidence of cervical cytological abnormalities in women with genital warts. Author(s): Williams OE, Alawattegama AB. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 April; 68(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1582666&dopt=Abstract
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Increased frequency of dosing of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of external genital warts in women. Author(s): Trofatter KF Jr, Ferenczy A, Fife KH. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 February; 76(2): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818121&dopt=Abstract
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Increased incidence of cervical cytological abnormalities in women with genital warts or contact with genital warts: a need for increased vigilance? Author(s): Rowen D, Carne CA, Sonnex C, Cooper P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1991 December; 67(6): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1774050&dopt=Abstract
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Increased incidence of cervical cytological abnormalities in women with genital warts. Author(s): Griffiths M. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 April; 68(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1582665&dopt=Abstract
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Increased incidence of cervical cytological abnormalities in women with genital warts. Author(s): Evans BA, Kell PD. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 April; 68(2): 145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1582664&dopt=Abstract
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Information-giving to patients with genital warts at a genitourinary medicine clinic: a baseline assessment. Author(s): McClean H, Weaver S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 April; 13(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886605&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of cell growth by conditional expression of kpm, a human homologue of Drosophila warts/lats tumor suppressor. Author(s): Kamikubo Y, Takaori-Kondo A, Uchiyama T, Hori T. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 16; 278(20): 17609-14. Epub 2003 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624101&dopt=Abstract
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Initial experience in treatment of female genital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with laser. Author(s): Chua SM, Tham KF, Chew SY. Source: Singapore Med J. 1988 June; 29(3): 265-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3187579&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon alpha-2b dependent recalcitrant genital warts. Author(s): Larsen J, Petersen CS, Kroon S. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1990 August; 37(4): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245662&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon for genital warts. Author(s): Stahl-Bayliss CM. Source: Clin Pharm. 1991 March; 10(3): 177. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2040124&dopt=Abstract
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Intralesional bleomycin for the treatment of non-genital warts in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Shah M, Murphy M, Price JD, Lacey CJ. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 January; 76(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8721506&dopt=Abstract
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Intralesional bleomycin sulfate therapy for warts. A novel bifurcated needle puncture technique. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 February; 127(2): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1703756&dopt=Abstract
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Intralesional injection of bleomycin sulphate into resistant warts in renal transplant recipients versus non-transplant warty patients. Author(s): Sobh MA, Abd El-Razic MM, Rizc RA, Eid MM, Abd el-Hamid IA, Ghoneim MA. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1711753&dopt=Abstract
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Intralesional injection of mumps or Candida skin test antigens: a novel immunotherapy for warts. Author(s): Johnson SM, Roberson PK, Horn TD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 April; 137(4): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295925&dopt=Abstract
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Intralesional or topical cidofovir (HPMPC, VISTIDE) for the treatment of recurrent genital warts in HIV-1-infected patients. Author(s): Orlando G, Fasolo MM, Beretta R, Signori R, Adriani B, Zanchetta N, Cargnel A. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 October 1; 13(14): 1978-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513659&dopt=Abstract
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Is cimetidine effective for nongenital warts: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Karabulut AA, Sahin S, Eksioglu M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126017&dopt=Abstract
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Is oral contraceptive associated with genital warts? Author(s): Ross JD. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1996 October; 72(5): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8976847&dopt=Abstract
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Is the human papillomavirus DNA present in penile warts? Author(s): Anton G, Achim R, Plesa A, Repanovici R. Source: Rom J Virol. 1999 January-December; 50(1-4): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601384&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation and characterization of human papillomavirus type 6-specific T cells infiltrating genital warts. Author(s): Hong K, Greer CE, Ketter N, Van Nest G, Paliard X. Source: Journal of Virology. 1997 September; 71(9): 6427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9261360&dopt=Abstract
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Keratin 17 expression as a marker for epithelial transformation in viral warts. Author(s): Proby CM, Churchill L, Purkis PE, Glover MT, Sexton CJ, Leigh IM. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1993 December; 143(6): 1667-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7504888&dopt=Abstract
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Langerhans cells in human warts. Author(s): Chardonnet Y, Viac J, Thivolet J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1986 December; 115(6): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3026429&dopt=Abstract
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Laryngeal papillomas in infants and children. Relationship to maternal venereal warts. Author(s): Wood CL. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1991 September-October; 36(5): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1757815&dopt=Abstract
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Laser treatment of warts and other epidermal and dermal lesions. Author(s): Hruza GJ. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1997 July; 15(3): 487-506. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9189685&dopt=Abstract
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Late effects of X-ray treatment of warts. Author(s): Veien NK, Norholm A, Hattel T, Justesen O. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1982 April; 8(4): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6210719&dopt=Abstract
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Latent papillomavirus and recurring genital warts. Author(s): Ferenczy A, Mitao M, Nagai N, Silverstein SJ, Crum CP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 September 26; 313(13): 784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2993887&dopt=Abstract
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Learning the basics #4: Cryosurgical treatment of warts. Author(s): Kuflik EG. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 December; 12(12): 1259-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3782598&dopt=Abstract
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Lesions of schistosomiasis mimicking warts on the vulva. Author(s): Goldsmith PC, Leslie TA, Sams V, Bryceson AD, Allason-Jones E, Dowd PM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 August 28; 307(6903): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8400980&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy for plantar warts. Author(s): Greenberg J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 June; 109(6): 910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4830106&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: A simple treatment for plantar warts. Author(s): Hernandez-Perez E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 April; 109(4): 571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4819121&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Aseptic necrosis of warts instead of lymphangitis. Author(s): Roth HL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 July; 112(7): 1035. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=938070&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Blunt dissection of plantar warts. Author(s): Snyder W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 December; 108(6): 856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4764719&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Immunotherapy of warts. Author(s): Russo L, Russo A, Russo V. Source: Lancet. 1975 April 19; 1(7912): 921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=47568&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Levamisole for warts. Author(s): Helin P, Bergh M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1974 December 12; 291(24): 1311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4431441&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Mechanism of levamisole effect on warts. Author(s): Wachi K, Hokama Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1975 February 27; 292(9): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=163439&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Multiple flat warts due to tetracycline. Author(s): Gould WM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 July; 111(7): 930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=125071&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Treatment of plantar warts with bleomycin. Author(s): Hudson AL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 August; 112(8): 1179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60084&dopt=Abstract
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Levamisole and griseofulvin in warts. Author(s): Bhargava RK, Vacchaney U, Garg P. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1980 January 1; 74(1): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7229389&dopt=Abstract
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Levamisole in a double-blind study: no effect on warts. Author(s): Schou M, Helin P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1977; 57(5): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=73313&dopt=Abstract
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Levamisole therapy for multiple warts. Author(s): Moncada B, Rodriguez ML. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 September; 101(3): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=508597&dopt=Abstract
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Lidocaine tape (Penles) for reducing pain in the cryotherapy of warts. Author(s): Ichiki Y, Kitajima Y. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 November-December; 16(6): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632953&dopt=Abstract
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Lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA(R)) versus infiltration anaesthesia: a comparison of the analgesic efficacy for punch biopsy and electrocoagulation of genital warts in men. Author(s): vd Berg GM, Lillieborg S, Stolz E. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 June; 68(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1607191&dopt=Abstract
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Linear porokeratosis presenting as mosaic plantar warts. Author(s): Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1982 January-February; 21(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6460714&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid air in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Purdey EJ. Source: J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1970 February; 18(3): 225-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5415656&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid nitrogen and salicylic/lactic acid paint in the treatment of cutaneous warts in general practice. Author(s): Steele K, Irwin WG. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1988 June; 38(311): 256-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3255811&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of common warts: cryo-spray vs. cotton wool bud. Author(s): Hutchinson PE, Bleiker TO. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 146(6): 1110; Author Reply 1110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072095&dopt=Abstract
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Novel variants of human papillomavirus type 2 in warts from immunocompromised individuals. Author(s): Wilson CA, Holmes SC, Campo MS, White SI, Tillman D, Mackie RM, Thomson J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 November; 121(5): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2557072&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of carbon dioxide laser therapy for persistent cutaneous viral warts. Author(s): Logan RA, Zachary CB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July; 121(1): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2503021&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral nerve blocks for warts: taking the cry out of cryotherapy and laser. Author(s): Wagner AM, Suresh S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 238-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9655326&dopt=Abstract
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Phase I safety and antigenicity of TA-GW: a recombinant HPV6 L2E7 vaccine for the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Thompson HS, Davies ML, Holding FP, Fallon RE, Mann AE, O'Neill T, Roberts JS. Source: Vaccine. 1999 January; 17(1): 40-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10078606&dopt=Abstract
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Polymerase chain reaction for monitoring human papillomavirus contamination of medical personnel during treatment of genital warts with CO2 laser and electrocoagulation. Author(s): Bergbrant IM, Samuelsson L, Olofsson S, Jonassen F, Ricksten A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 September; 74(5): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817682&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and risk factors for warts among slaughterhouse workers. Author(s): Aziz MA, Bahamdan K, Moneim MA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 March; 73(3): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698021&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, sclerosing cholangitis, bronchiectasis and disseminated warts in a patient with primary combined immune deficiency. Author(s): Misbah SA, Spickett GP, Zeman A, Esiri MM, Wallington TB, Kurtz JB, Chapel HM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 July; 45(7): 624-7. Erratum In: J Clin Pathol 1992 October; 45(10): 944. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517466&dopt=Abstract
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Prominent hyperkeratotic plantar and palmar warts. Author(s): Matsumoto Y, Adachi A, Banno S, Hayashi Y, Ogiyama Y, Ohashi M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 February; 63(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071737&dopt=Abstract
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Pulsed dye laser and intralesional bleomycin for treatment of resistant viol hand warts. Author(s): Pollock B, Sheehan-Dare R. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2002; 30(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870793&dopt=Abstract
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Pulsed dye laser efficacy as initial therapy for warts and against recalcitrant verrucae. Author(s): Jacobsen E, McGraw R, McCagh S. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 April; 59(4): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104544&dopt=Abstract
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Pulsed dye laser therapy for viral warts. Author(s): Kenton-Smith J, Tan ST. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 October; 52(7): 554-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658109&dopt=Abstract
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Pulsed dye laser treatment of warts. Author(s): Kauvar AN, McDaniel DH, Geronemus RG. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1995 December; 4(12): 1035-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7496552&dopt=Abstract
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Radiation therapy for keloids and plantar warts. Author(s): Perez CA, Lockett MA, Young G. Source: Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 2001; 35: 135-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351943&dopt=Abstract
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Recalcitrant viral warts treated by diphencyprone immunotherapy. Author(s): Buckley DA, Keane FM, Munn SE, Fuller LC, Higgins EM, Du Vivier AW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468802&dopt=Abstract
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Recalcitrant viral warts: results of treatment with the KTP laser. Author(s): Gooptu C, James MP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 March; 24(2): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233653&dopt=Abstract
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Recombinant interferon beta gel as an adjuvant in the treatment of recurrent genital warts: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study in 120 patients. Author(s): Gross G, Rogozinski T, Schofer H, Jablonska S, Roussaki A, Wohr C, Brzoska J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 196(3): 330-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9621141&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with pulmonary cystic disease in a child, following maternal genital warts. Author(s): Sadikot RT, Andrew AC, Wilson JD, Arnold AG. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 February; 73(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155559&dopt=Abstract
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Regression of multiple viral warts in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient treated by triple antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Turnbull JR, Husak R, Treudler R, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903251&dopt=Abstract
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Relapses after treatment of external genital warts are more frequent in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative controls. Author(s): De Panfilis G, Melzani G, Mori G, Ghidini A, Graifemberghi S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 March; 29(3): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875372&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of p53 tumor suppressor protein expression to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and to cellular atypia in male genital warts and in premalignant lesions. Author(s): Ranki A, Lassus J, Niemi KM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 May; 75(3): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653176&dopt=Abstract
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Retinoids strongly and selectively correlate with keratin 13 and not keratin 19 expression in cutaneous warts of renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Blokx WA, Smit JV, de Jong EM, Link MM, van de Kerkhof PC, Ruiter DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 January; 138(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790168&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors associated with genital warts in HIV-positive Brazilian women. Author(s): Goncalves MA, Burattini MN, Donadi EA, Massad E. Source: Tumori. 2003 January-February; 89(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729354&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with vulval warts. Author(s): Walkinshaw SA, Dodgson J, McCance DJ, Duncan ID. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 October; 64(5): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3203932&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of acquiring human papillomavirus from the plume produced by the carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Gloster HM Jr, Roenigk RK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 March; 32(3): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868712&dopt=Abstract
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Role of cell-mediated immunity in spontaneous regression of plane warts. Author(s): Rogozinski TT, Jablonska S, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 27(5): 322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2839432&dopt=Abstract
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Role of human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of genital tract warts and cancer. Author(s): Wright TC Jr, Richart RM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1990 May; 37(2): 151-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2160903&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of penile genital warts in uncircumcised men when applied three times weekly or once per day. Author(s): Gollnick H, Barasso R, Jappe U, Ward K, Eul A, Carey-Yard M, Milde K. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 January; 12(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177478&dopt=Abstract
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Scissor excision of anogenital warts. Author(s): Gollock JM, Slatford K, Hunter JM. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 December; 58(6): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7171982&dopt=Abstract
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Scissor excision plus electrocautery of anogenital warts in prepubertal children. Author(s): Handley JM, Maw RD, Horner T, Lawther H, Bingham EA, Dinsmore WW. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1991 September; 8(3): 243-5, 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1745636&dopt=Abstract
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Scratching off senile warts. Author(s): Lemperle G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 February; 101(2): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462804&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for cervical abnormalities in women with anogenital warts in an STD clinic: an inappropriate use of colposcopy. Author(s): Coker R, Desmond N, Tomlinson D, Bretherton K, Byrne M. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 November-December; 5(6): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7849124&dopt=Abstract
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Selective CD4+ T cell lymphocytopenia and recalcitrant warts in an 8-year-old child. Author(s): Van Wagoner JA, Khan DA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 November; 87(5): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730178&dopt=Abstract
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Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Hengge UR, Esser S, Schultewolter T, Behrendt C, Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Goos M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1026-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069514&dopt=Abstract
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Severe anogenital warts in a child with HIV infection. Author(s): Laraque D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 May 4; 320(18): 1220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2710199&dopt=Abstract
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Severe intractable common warts associated with human papillomavirus 2, 3 and 20. Author(s): Tanigaki T, Kanda R. Source: Dermatologica. 1990; 181(2): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2173668&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of anogenital warts in children. Author(s): Bingham EA. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 November 2-15; 52(9): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874362&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneously detected aberrant p53 tumor suppressor protein and HPV-DNA localize mostly in separate keratinocytes in anogenital and common warts. Author(s): Lassus J, Ranki A. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1996 April; 5(2): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734914&dopt=Abstract
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Skin cancer and warts in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Leigh IM, Glover MT. Source: Recent Results Cancer Res. 1995; 139: 69-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7597313&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous disappearance of refractory viral warts at distant sites following carbondioxide laser treatment. Author(s): Dave R, Monk B, Mahaffey P. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2002 December; 55(8): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550131&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous or interferon-gamma-induced T-cell infiltration, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression in genitoanal warts are associated with TH1 or mixed TH1/TH2 cytokine mRNA expression profiles. Author(s): Grassegger A, Rollinger-Holzinger I, Zelger BW, Heim K, Zwierzina H, Fritsch PO, Hopfl RM. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 April; 289(5): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164632&dopt=Abstract
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Squaric acid immunotherapy for warts in children. Author(s): Silverberg NB, Lim JK, Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 May; 42(5 Pt 1): 803-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775858&dopt=Abstract
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Structure, expression, and chromosome mapping of LATS2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene lats/warts. Author(s): Yabuta N, Fujii T, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Nishiguchi H, Endo Y, Toji S, Tanaka H, Nishimune Y, Nojima H. Source: Genomics. 2000 January 15; 63(2): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673337&dopt=Abstract
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Subcutaneous interferon alpha 2a combined with cryotherapy vs cryotherapy alone in the treatment of primary anogenital warts: a randomised observer blind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Handley JM, Horner T, Maw RD, Lawther H, Dinsmore WW. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1991 August; 67(4): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1916791&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of facial plane warts with imiquimod. Author(s): Khan Durani B, Jappe U. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410718&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of flat warts using intralesional Candida antigen. Author(s): Ritter SE, Meffert J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 April; 139(4): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707109&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of multiple filiform facial warts with imiquimod 5% cream in a patient infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Hagman JH, Bianchi L, Marulli GC, Soda R, Chimenti S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780707&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of perianal warts in a child with 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Gruber PC, Wilkinson J. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 December; 12(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241631&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial fascia--an appropriate anatomic boundary for excising warts on the foot. Author(s): Lemont H, Parekh V. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 July; 15(7): 710-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745841&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, and skin cancer. Author(s): Kennedy C, Bajdik CD, Willemze R, De Gruijl FR, Bouwes Bavinck JN; Leiden Skin Cancer Study. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 June; 120(6): 1087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787139&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of palmar and plantar warts using natural alpha interferon and a needleless injector. Author(s): Brodell RT, Bredle DL. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 March; 21(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712088&dopt=Abstract
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Topical 5% imiquimod long-term treatment of cutaneous warts resistant to standard therapy modalities. Author(s): Grussendorf-Conen EI, Jacobs S, Rubben A, Dethlefsen U. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218229&dopt=Abstract
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Topical formic acid puncture technique for the treatment of common warts. Author(s): Bhat RM, Vidya K, Kamath G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 40(6): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589750&dopt=Abstract
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Topical imiquimod 5% cream as an effective treatment for external genital and perianal warts in different patient populations. Author(s): Sauder DN, Skinner RB, Fox TL, Owens ML. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567169&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of anogenital warts with imiquimod 5% cream followed by surgical excision of residual lesions. Author(s): Carrasco D, vander Straten M, Tyring SK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4 Suppl): S212-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271280&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of external genital warts in men using 5% imiquimod cream applied three times a week, once daily, twice daily, or three times a day. Author(s): Fife KH, Ferenczy A, Douglas JM Jr, Brown DR, Smith M, Owens ML; HPV Study Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 April; 28(4): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318254&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of non-genital warts with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Author(s): Muzio G, Massone C, Rebora A. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2002 July-August; 12(4): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095879&dopt=Abstract
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Use of intralesional interferon-alpha for the treatment of recalcitrant oral warts in patients with AIDS: a report of 4 cases. Author(s): Lozada-Nur F, Glick M, Schubert M, Silverberg I. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 December; 92(6): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740478&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and children: can they be separated? Author(s): Cohen BA. Source: Jaapa. 1999 December; 12(12): 63-8, 71-2, 75-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010083&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and duct tape--a good combo! Author(s): Rudolph RI. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 May; 157(5): 489-90; Author Reply 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742888&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Yell JA, Burge SM. Source: Lupus. 1993 February; 2(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8387376&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Williams LR, Webster G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1991 January-March; 9(1): 87-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1933729&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and molluscum contagiosum: beware of treatments worse than the disease. Author(s): Ordoukhanian E, Lane AT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 February; 101(2): 223-6, 229-32, 235. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046937&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and the atopic. Author(s): Beltrani VS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1994 March; 130(3): 388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166867&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and their treatment. 1950. Author(s): Becke RF. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41 Suppl: S12-4; Discussion S18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105378&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and their treatment. 1950. Author(s): Belisario JC. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41 Suppl: S1-11; Discussion S18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105377&dopt=Abstract
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Warts are not merely blemishes on the skin: A study on the morbidity associated with having viral cutaneous warts. Author(s): Ciconte A, Campbell J, Tabrizi S, Garland S, Marks R. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 44(3): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869040&dopt=Abstract
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Warts from minor trauma. Author(s): French A, Masters E. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 2; 359(9308): 760. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888588&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in aquarium industry workers. Author(s): Tong D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 November; 33(5): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8565492&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in blacks versus whites. Author(s): Mallory SB, Baugh LS, Parker RK. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1991 March; 8(1): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1862035&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in butchers. Author(s): Johnson ES. Source: Lancet. 1994 June 11; 343(8911): 1511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911217&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in butchers. Author(s): Griffiths M. Source: Lancet. 1994 June 11; 343(8911): 1511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911216&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in butchers--a cause for concern? Author(s): Benton EC. Source: Lancet. 1994 May 7; 343(8906): 1114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910228&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in the oral cavity. Author(s): Kundu A, Wade AA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 June; 71(3): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7635499&dopt=Abstract
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Warts it all about? A look at STDs. Author(s): Salyer D. Source: Surviv News (Atlanta Ga). 2001 August; : 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682747&dopt=Abstract
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Warts of the nail unit: surgical and nonsurgical approaches. Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 March; 27(3): 235-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277888&dopt=Abstract
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Warts on children: an approach to therapy. Author(s): Siegfried EC. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1996 February; 25(2): 79-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822031&dopt=Abstract
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WARTS tumor suppressor is phosphorylated by Cdc2/cyclin B at spindle poles during mitosis. Author(s): Morisaki T, Hirota T, Iida S, Marumoto T, Hara T, Nishiyama Y, Kawasuzi M, Hiraoka T, Mimori T, Araki N, Izawa I, Inagaki M, Saya H. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 October 9; 529(2-3): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372621&dopt=Abstract
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Warts up, nurse? Author(s): Winter G. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 July 8-14; 94(27): 32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739678&dopt=Abstract
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Warts: benign or malignant? Author(s): Echt AF, Hurwitz RM, Davis TE. Source: Indiana Med. 1991 July; 84(7): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940290&dopt=Abstract
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What advice is given to patients with a new diagnosis of genital warts? Author(s): Pritchard H, Robinson AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1998 April; 9(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598756&dopt=Abstract
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What's new in the treatment of viral warts in children. Author(s): Torrelo A. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 191-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047636&dopt=Abstract
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Why we need to worry about warts. Author(s): McKay SJ. Source: Rn. 2000 September; 63(9): 68-72; Quiz 74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040784&dopt=Abstract
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Worry WARTS have generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Coupland NJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 March; 47(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926087&dopt=Abstract
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Young children with anogenital warts: a growing and challenging problem for health care providers. Author(s): Brady M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1992 July-August; 6(4): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1507011&dopt=Abstract
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Zinc sulphate for viral warts. Author(s): Gibbs S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786862&dopt=Abstract
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Zyxin, a regulator of actin filament assembly, targets the mitotic apparatus by interacting with h-warts/LATS1 tumor suppressor. Author(s): Hirota T, Morisaki T, Nishiyama Y, Marumoto T, Tada K, Hara T, Masuko N, Inagaki M, Hatakeyama K, Saya H. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2000 May 29; 149(5): 1073-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831611&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and warts.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Warts The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “warts” (or a synonym): •
A double-blind, randomized trial of 0.5% podofilox and placebo for the treatment of genital warts in women. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. Source: Greenberg, M D Rutledge, L H Reid, R Berman, N R Precop, S L Elswick, R K Obstet-Gynecol. 1991 May; 77(5): 735-9 0029-7844
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A pilot study to investigate the treatment of anogenital warts with Topical Lithium Succinate cream (8% lithium succinate, 0.05% zinc sulphate). Author(s): Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK. Source: Ward, K A Armstrong, K D Maw, R D Winther, M D Gilburt, S J Dinsmore, W W Int-J-STD-AIDS. 1997 August; 8(8): 515-7 0956-4624
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A randomized trial of combination therapy with intralesional interferon alpha 2b and podophyllin versus podophyllin alone for the therapy of anogenital warts. Author(s): Disease Control Service, Department of Public Health, Denver, CO 802044507. Source: Douglas, J M Eron, L J Judson, F N Rogers, M Alder, M B Taylor, E Tanner, D Peets, E J-Infect-Dis. 1990 July; 162(1): 52-9 0022-1899
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A single-blind study of podophyllotoxin cream 0.5% and podophyllotoxin solution 0.5% in male patients with genital warts. Author(s): Department of Dermato-venereology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Petersen, C S Agner, T Ottevanger, V Larsen, J Ravnborg, L Genitourin-Med. 1995 December; 71(6): 391-2 0266-4348
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Aggressive bowel lymphoma in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia and widespread viral warts. Source: Guma, J Rubio, J Masip, C Alvaro, T Borras, J L Ann-Oncol. 1998 December; 9(12): 1355-6 0923-7534
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An audit of treatment of genital warts: opening the feedback loop. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary. Source: Reynolds, M Murphy, M Waugh, M A Lacey, C J Int-J-STD-AIDS. 1993 Jul-Aug; 4(4): 226-31 0956-4624
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An update on common skin diseases. Acne, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and warts. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans. Source: Millikan, L E Shrum, J P Postgrad-Med. 1992 May 1; 91(6): 96-8, 101-4, 107-10 passim 0032-5481
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Anogenital warts in patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Special Treatment Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Source: Ekweozor, C C Adeyemi Doro, F A Ashiru, J O Osoba, A O Afr-J-Med-Med-Sci. 1994 December; 23(4): 311-4 0309-3913
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Anogenital warts: epidemiology, treatment and association with cervical atypia. Source: Dinsmore, W W Horner, T Chambers, H Maw, R D Ulster-Med-J. 1987 October; 56(2): 104-8 0041-6193
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Audits of the treatment of genital warts: closing the feedback loop. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Leeds General Infirmary, UK.
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Source: Reynolds, M Fraser, P A Lacey, C J Int-J-STD-AIDS. 1996 Aug-September; 7(5): 347-52 0956-4624 •
Autoimplantation technique in the treatment of anogenital warts: a clinicoimmunological study. Author(s): Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Government Stanley Hospital, Madras, India. Source: Usman, N Udayashankar, K Subramanian, S ThyagaraJanuary, S P Int-J-STDAIDS. 1996 Jan-February; 7(1): 55-7 0956-4624
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Biofeedback-assisted hypnotherapy for warts in an adult with developmental disabilities. Author(s): Behavioral Relaxation Clinic, Community Resource Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Source: Ferreira, John B Duncan, Burris R Altern-Ther-Health-Med. 2002 May-June; 8(3): 144, 140-2 1078-6791
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Chromosomal changes in Chinese hamster AA8 cells caused by podophyllin, a common treatment for genital warts. Author(s): Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland Medical School, New Zealand. Source: Ferguson, L R Pearson, A Mutat-Res. 1992 April; 266(2): 231-9 0027-5107
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Combination of laser-therapy with 0.5% idoxuridine cream in the treatment of therapy-resistant genital warts in male patients: an open study. Author(s): Out-Patient Department of Venereology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Happonen, H P Lassus, A Santalahti, J Forsstrom, S Lassus, J Sex-Transm-Dis. 1990 Jul-September; 17(3): 127-9 0148-5717
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Comparing treatment response and complications between podophyllin 0.5%/0.25% in ethanol vs podophyllin 25% in tincture benzoin for penile warts. Author(s): National Skin Centre, Singapore. Source: Goh, C L Ang, C B Chan, R K Cheong, W K Singapore-Med-J. 1998 January; 39(1): 17-9 0037-5675
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Current status of podophyllotoxin for the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco. Source: Beutner, K R von Krogh, G Semin-Dermatol. 1990 June; 9(2): 148-51 0278-145X
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Development of multiple warts after skin resurfacing with CO2 laser. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, U niversidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Torezan, L A Osorio, N Neto, C F Dermatol-Surg. 2000 January; 26(1): 70-2 10760512
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Diet and genital warts: a case-control study. Author(s): Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104. Source: Bairati, I Sherman, K J McKnight, B Habel, L A Van den Eeden, S K Stergachis, A Daling, J R Sex-Transm-Dis. 1994 May-June; 21(3): 149-54 0148-5717
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Double-blind randomized clinical trial of self-administered podofilox solution versus vehicle in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle. Source: Kirby, P Dunne, A King, D H Corey, L Am-J-Med. 1990 May; 88(5): 465-9 00029343
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Dr. Xu Ruizheng's experience in the treatment of verruca plana (flat wart) with acupuncture. Author(s): Nanjing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Source: Wu, Z J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1991 December; 11(4): 281-3 0254-6272
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Efficacious treatment of the common wart (verruca vulgaris). Source: Jarrett, J N W-V-Med-J. 1992 September; 88(9): 404-5 0043-3284
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Experience with treatment of warts by acupuncture and its evaluation. Source: Su, J Z Tu, J C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 199-202 0254-6272
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External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Author(s): Division of Primary Care, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6919, USA.
[email protected] Source: Wiley, D J Douglas, J Beutner, K Cox, T Fife, K Moscicki, A B Fukumoto, L ClinInfect-Dis. 2002 October 15; 35(Suppl 2): S210-24 1537-6591
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Factors involved in clearance of genital warts. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK. Source: Wilson, J D Brown, C B Walker, P P Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2001 December; 12(12): 78992 0956-4624
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Genital warts. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Arkansas Children's Hospital and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. Source: Darville, T Pediatr-Revolume 1999 August; 20(8): 271-2 0191-9601
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Genital warts--therapy. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY. Source: Kling, A R Semin-Dermatol. 1992 September; 11(3): 247-55 0278-145X
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Immunotherapy of genital warts with inosine pranobex and conventional treatment: double blind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Prince of Wales's Hospital, London. Source: Davidson Parker, J Dinsmore, W Khan, M H Hicks, D A Morris, C A Morris, D F Genitourin-Med. 1988 December; 64(6): 383-6 0266-4348
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Inheritance of rind lignification and warts in Cucurbita pepo L. and a role for phenylalanine ammonia lyase in their control. Source: Schaffer, A.A. Boyer, C.D. Paris, H.S. Z-Pflanzenzucht-J-Plant-Breed. Berlin, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. February 1986. volume 96 (2) page 147-153. 0044-3298
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Interferon for treatment of genital warts. Source: Anonymous Med-Lett-Drugs-Ther. 1988 July 15; 30(770): 70-2 0025-732X
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Issues and practicalities of treating genital warts in the community. Proceedings of a round table meeting facilitated by Succinct Communications Limited. Source: Anonymous Int-J-STD-AIDS. 2001; 12 Suppl 1: 1-8 0956-4624
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Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of common warts: cryo-spray vs. cotton wool bud. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals, Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K. Source: Ahmed, I Agarwal, S Ilchyshyn, A Charles Holmes, S Berth Jones, J Br-JDermatol. 2001 May; 144(5): 1006-9 0007-0963
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Management of anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata). Author(s): Department of Dermatovenerology, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Source: von Krogh, G Eur-J-Dermatol. 2001 Nov-December; 11(6): 598-603; quiz 604 1167-1122 •
Management of genital warts in women with human leukocyte interferon-alpha vs. podophyllotoxin in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. Author(s): Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hosptial Malmo, University of Lund, Sweden. Source: Syed, T A Khayyami, M Kriz, D Svanberg, K Kahlon, R C Ahmad, S A Ahmad, S A J-Mol-Med. 1995 May; 73(5): 255-8 0946-2716
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Modern management of genital warts in women. Source: Winning, M Prof-Care-Mother-Child. 1994 May; 4(4): 105-8 0964-4156
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Monochloroacetic acid and 60% salicylic acid as a treatment for simple plantar warts: effectiveness and mode of action. Author(s): Department of General Practice, Dunluce Health Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Source: Steele, K Shirodaria, P O'Hare, M Merrett, J D Irwin, W G Simpson, D I Pfister, H Br-J-Dermatol. 1988 April; 118(4): 537-43 0007-0963
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New therapies for the treatment of genital warts. Source: Barton, S Worlidge, P Nurs-Times. 1994 May 18-24; 90(20): 38-40 0954-7762
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New treatments for genital warts less than ideal: abstract and commentary. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
[email protected] Source: Fife, K H JAMA. 1998 June 24; 279(24): 2003-4 0098-7484
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Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts: randomized placebocontrolled clinical trial. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Source: Al Gurairi, F T Al Waiz, M Sharquie, K E Br-J-Dermatol. 2002 March; 146(3): 42331 0007-0963
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Painting penile warts. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1990 August 6; 28(16): 63-4 0012-6543
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Patient-applied podofilox for treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco. Source: Beutner, K R Conant, M A Friedman Kien, A E Illeman, M Artman, N N Thisted, R A King, D H Lancet. 1989 April 15; 1(8642): 831-4 0140-6736
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Patients with genital warts: how are they managed by general practitioners? Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Estcourt, C S Higgins, S P Hall, J Hillier, V F Chandiok, S Woolley, P D Int-JSTD-AIDS. 1996 May-June; 7(3): 221-3 0956-4624
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Pattern of vulval warts at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Source: Ozumba, B C Megafu, U Int-J-Gynaecol-Obstet. 1991 April; 34(4): 347-52 00207292
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Podofilox for genital warts. Source: Anonymous Med-Lett-Drugs-Ther. 1991 December 13; 33(859): 117-8 0025-732X
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Podophyllin 0.5% or 2.0% v podophyllotoxin 0.5% for the self treatment of penile warts: a double blind randomised study. Author(s): Whittall Street Clinic, General Hospital, Birmingham. Source: White, D J Billingham, C Chapman, S Drake, S Jayaweera, D Jones, S Opaneye, A Temple, C Genitourin-Med. 1997 June; 73(3): 184-7 0266-4348
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Podophyllotoxin 0.5% v podophyllin 20% to treat penile warts. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital, London. Source: Edwards, A Atma Ram, A Thin, R N Genitourin-Med. 1988 August; 64(4): 263-5 0266-4348
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Podophyllotoxin in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): University of California, San Francisco, USA. Source: Beutner, K R Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1996; 24227-32 0070-2064
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Prolonged application of acetic acid for detection of flat vulval warts. Author(s): Department of Dermato-venereology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen. Source: Larsen, J Petersen, C S Weismann, K Dan-Med-Bull. 1990 June; 37(3): 286-7 09078916
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Resolution of recalcitrant hand warts in an HIV-infected patient treated with potent antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
[email protected] Source: Spach, D H Colven, R J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 2): 818-21 01909622
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Response to podophyllotoxin treatment of genital warts in relation to HIV-1 infection among patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Source: Kilewo, C D Urassa, W K Pallangyo, K Mhalu, F Biberfeld, G Wigzell, H Int-JSTD-AIDS. 1995 Mar-April; 6(2): 114-6 0956-4624
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Retinoids strongly and selectively correlate with keratin 13 and not keratin 19 expression in cutaneous warts of renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University Medical Center St Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Blokx, Willeke A M Smit, Jurgen V de Jong, Elke M G J Link, Monique M G M van de Kerkhof, Peter C M Ruiter, Dirk J Arch-Dermatol. 2002 January; 138(1): 61-5 0003987X
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Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA. Source: Tyring, S Edwards, L Cherry, L K Ramsdell, W M Kotner, S Greenberg, M D Vance, J C Barnum, G Dromgoole, S H Killey, F P Toter, T Arch-Dermatol. 1998 January; 134(1): 33-8 0003-987X
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Scissor excision plus electrocautery of anogenital warts in prepubertal children. Author(s): Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Source: Handley, J M Maw, R D Horner, T Lawther, H Bingham, E A Dinsmore, W W Pediatr-Dermatol. 1991 September; 8(3): 243-5, 248-9 0736-8046
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Self-treatment of female external genital warts with 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream (Condyline) vs weekly applications of 20% podophyllin solution. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Falun Hospital, Sweden. Source: Hellberg, D Svarrer, T Nilsson, S Valentin, J Int-J-STD-AIDS. 1995 Jul-August; 6(4): 257-61 0956-4624
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The cost effectiveness of patient-applied versus provider-administered intervention strategies for the treatment of external genital warts. Author(s): University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
[email protected] Source: Langley, P C Tyring, S K Smith, M H Am-J-Manag-Care. 1999 January; 5(1): 6977 1096-1860
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The epidemiology and treatment of anogenital warts in Singapore: a retrospective evaluation. Author(s): National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205. Source: Chan, Y C Ng, K Y Chan, R K Ann-Acad-Med-Singapore. 2002 July; 31(4): 502-8 0304-4602
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The treatment of anogenital warts at home. Author(s): Chester Hospital NHS Trust. Source: Pleavin, M Nurs-Times. 2001 February 8-14; 97(6): 37-8 0954-7762
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Thymopentin treatment in genital warts of long duration. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Anatomopathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. Source: Fransen, L Anthoons, J Hoogewijs, G Bolla, K Cancer-Detect-Prevolume 1988; 12(1-6): 503-9 0361-090X
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Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in genital warts. Author(s): Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
[email protected] Source: Perry, C M Lamb, H M Drugs. 1999 August; 58(2): 375-90 0012-6667
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Topical self-treatment of penile warts with 0.5% podophyllotoxin in ethanol for four or five days. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Von Krogh, G Sex-Transm-Dis. 1987 Jul-September; 14(3): 135-40 0148-5717
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Topical treatment of genital warts in men, an open study of podophyllotoxin cream compared with solution. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Strand, A Brinkeborn, R M Siboulet, A Genitourin-Med. 1995 December; 71(6): 387-90 0266-4348
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Traditional therapies for the treatment of condylomata acuminata (genital warts). Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Warsaw School of Medicine, Warsaw Medical Academy, Poland. Source: Jablonska, S Australas-J-Dermatol. 1998 November; 39 Suppl 1S2-4 0004-8380
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Treatment of anogenital warts in children with topical 0.05% podofilox gel and 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. Source: Moresi, J M Herbert, C R Cohen, B A Pediatr-Dermatol. 2001 Sep-October; 18(5): 448-50; discussion 452 0736-8046
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Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Author(s): Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Stone, K M Becker, T M Hadgu, A Kraus, S J Genitourin-Med. 1990 February; 66(1): 16-9 0266-4348
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Treatment of recalcitrant-pigmented flat warts using frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd-YAG laser. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Changhua Christian hospital, 135 Nanshian Street, Changhua 500 Taiwan, ROC.
[email protected] Source: Li, Y Yang, K Lasers-Surg-Med. 2001; 29(3): 244-7 0196-8092
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Treatment of refractory hand warts by isolated limb infusion with melphalan and actinomycin D. Author(s): Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Damian, D L Barnetson, R S Rose, B R Bonenkamp, J J Thompson, J F AustralasJ-Dermatol. 2001 May; 42(2): 106-9 0004-8380
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What is the most effective treatment for external genital warts? Author(s): Department of Family Practice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Source: French, Linda Nashelsky, Joan White, David J-Fam-Pract. 2002 April; 51(4): 313 0094-3509
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to warts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html
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Minerals
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Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Food and Diet Cantaloupe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,125,00.html Cucumbers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,18,00.html Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Nutrition
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to warts. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to warts and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to warts: •
A critical assessment of the cure of warts by suggestion. Author(s): Stankler L. Source: The Practitioner. 1967 May; 198(187): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6047163&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, randomized trial of 0.5% podofilox and placebo for the treatment of genital warts in women. Author(s): Greenberg MD, Rutledge LH, Reid R, Berman NR, Precop SL, Elswick RK Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 May; 77(5): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014088&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial of combination therapy with intralesional interferon alpha 2b and podophyllin versus podophyllin alone for the therapy of anogenital warts. Author(s): Douglas JM Jr, Eron LJ, Judson FN, Rogers M, Alder MB, Taylor E, Tanner D, Peets E.
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Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 July; 162(1): 52-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2192011&dopt=Abstract •
A randomized trial of distant healing for skin warts. Author(s): Harkness EF, Abbot NC, Ernst E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 April 15; 108(6): 448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781776&dopt=Abstract
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A review of outpatient management of female genital warts. Author(s): Jenkins HM, Riley VC. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1980 October; 34(10): 273-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7459192&dopt=Abstract
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A single-blind study of podophyllotoxin cream 0.5% and podophyllotoxin solution 0.5% in male patients with genital warts. Author(s): Petersen CS, Agner T, Ottevanger V, Larsen J, Ravnborg L. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 December; 71(6): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8566980&dopt=Abstract
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ABC of sexually transmitted diseases. Genital warts and molluscum contagiosum. Author(s): Adler MW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 January 21; 288(6412): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6419862&dopt=Abstract
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Aggressive bowel lymphoma in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia and widespread viral warts. Author(s): Guma J, Rubio J, Masip C, Alvaro T, Borras JL. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1998 December; 9(12): 1355-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932170&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative therapy in warts. Author(s): Cryan DM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 June; 16(6): 1261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3597867&dopt=Abstract
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An audit of treatment of genital warts: opening the feedback loop. Author(s): Reynolds M, Murphy M, Waugh MA, Lacey CJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1993 July-August; 4(4): 226-31. Erratum In: Int J Std Aids 1993 November-December; 4(6): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8399504&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of hypnosis and suggestion as treatment for warts. Author(s): Tenzel JH, Taylor RL. Source: Psychosomatics. 1969 July-August; 10(4): 252-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5808618&dopt=Abstract
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An update on common skin diseases. Acne, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and warts. Author(s): Millikan LE, Shrum JP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 May 1; 91(6): 96-8, 101-4, 107-10 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1533716&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts in patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Ekweozor CC, Adeyemi-Doro FA, Ashiru JO, Osoba AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1994 December; 23(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653396&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts. Author(s): Blake RS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 June 2; 166(11): 615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201192&dopt=Abstract
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Anogenital warts: epidemiology, treatment and association with cervical atypia. Author(s): Dinsmore WW, Horner T, Chambers H, Maw RD. Source: Ulster Med J. 1987 October; 56(2): 104-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2832994&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimplantation technique in the treatment of anogenital warts: a clinicoimmunological study. Author(s): Usman N, Udayashankar K, Subramanian S, Thyagarajan SP. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 January-February; 7(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8652714&dopt=Abstract
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Biofeedback-assisted hypnotherapy for warts in an adult with developmental disabilities. Author(s): Ferreira JB, Duncan BR. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 May-June; 8(3): 144, 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017490&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal changes in Chinese hamster AA8 cells caused by podophyllin, a common treatment for genital warts. Author(s): Ferguson LR, Pearson A.
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Source: Mutation Research. 1992 April; 266(2): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1373833&dopt=Abstract •
Clinical trial of milkweed (Asclepius curussavica) in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Behl PN, Bhatia BK. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1970 January; 15(2): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4914368&dopt=Abstract
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Communal showers and the risk of plantar warts. Author(s): Johnson LW. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 February; 40(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7852935&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing treatment response and complications between podophyllin 0.5%/0.25% in ethanol vs podophyllin 25% in tincture benzoin for penile warts. Author(s): Goh CL, Ang CB, Chan RK, Cheong WK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1998 January; 39(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9557098&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin in treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Lassus A. Source: Lancet. 1987 August 29; 2(8557): 512-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887805&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of women with cervical human papillomavirus infection and genital warts. I. Some behavioural factors and clinical findings. Author(s): Hellberg D, Borendal N, Sikstrom B, Nilsson S, Mardh PA. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 April; 71(2): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744420&dopt=Abstract
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Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts). Author(s): Lynch PJ. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 March; 28(1): 142-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3886245&dopt=Abstract
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Controlled localized heat therapy in cutaneous warts. Author(s): Stern P, Levine N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 July; 128(7): 945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1626962&dopt=Abstract
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Cryosurgery of genital warts in cases in which podophyllin treatment failed or was contraindicated. Author(s): Ghosh AK. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1977 February; 53(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=843897&dopt=Abstract
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Cryotherapy versus podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Bashi SA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 October; 24(8): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4066094&dopt=Abstract
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Current status of podophyllotoxin for the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, von Krogh G. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 June; 9(2): 148-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202410&dopt=Abstract
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Direct method versus underwater method in the treatment of plantar warts with ultrasound. A comparative study. Author(s): Vaughn DT. Source: Physical Therapy. 1973 April; 53(4): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4693292&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind randomized clinical trial of self-administered podofilox solution versus vehicle in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Kirby P, Dunne A, King DH, Corey L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 May; 88(5): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2186623&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: warts. Author(s): Cohen SB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1978 January; 20(3): 157-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=757316&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of 0.5% podofilox solution in the treatment and suppression of anogenital warts. Author(s): Bonnez W, Elswick RK Jr, Bailey-Farchione A, Hallahan D, Bell R, Isenberg R, Stoler MH, Reichman RC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 May; 96(5): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8192173&dopt=Abstract
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Er:YAG laser followed by topical podophyllotoxin for hard-to-treat palmoplantar warts. Author(s): Wollina U.
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Source: Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy : Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 2003 April; 5(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745597&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of treatment of warts by hypnosis. Author(s): SINCLAIR-GIEBEN AH, CHALMERS D. Source: Lancet. 1959 October 3; 2: 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14447046&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with treatment of warts by acupuncture and its evaluation. Author(s): Su JZ, Tu JC. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3444351&dopt=Abstract
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External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Author(s): Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, Cox T, Fife K, Moscicki AB, Fukumoto L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 October 15; 35(Suppl 2): S210-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353208&dopt=Abstract
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Factors involved in clearance of genital warts. Author(s): Wilson JD, Brown CB, Walker PP. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 December; 12(12): 789-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779368&dopt=Abstract
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Folklore of warts. Author(s): Renton AM, Birley H. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 September; 85(9): 586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433139&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts in children. Author(s): Stringel G, Spence J, Corsini L. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1985 June 15; 132(12): 1397-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005728&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Darville T. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 August; 20(8): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10429146&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts. Author(s): Catterall RD. Source: The Practitioner. 1969 July; 202(213): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5801945&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts-recent advances. Author(s): Oriel JD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1982 July; 7(4): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7127885&dopt=Abstract
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Genital warts--therapy. Author(s): Kling AR. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1992 September; 11(3): 247-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1327058&dopt=Abstract
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Homeopathic treatment of plantar warts. Author(s): Labrecque M, Audet D, Latulippe LG, Drouin J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 May 15; 146(10): 1749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596811&dopt=Abstract
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Homeopathic versus placebo therapy of children with warts on the hands. Author(s): Gengoux P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(2): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310734&dopt=Abstract
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Homoeopathic versus placebo therapy of children with warts on the hands: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Kainz JT, Kozel G, Haidvogl M, Smolle J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(4): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8993956&dopt=Abstract
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Human leukocyte interferon-alpha versus podophyllotoxin in cream for the treatment of genital warts in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. Author(s): Syed TA, Cheema KM, Khayyami M, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Ahmad S, Ahmad SA. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 191(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520059&dopt=Abstract
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Human papillomavirus infection and genital warts: update on epidemiology and treatment. Author(s): Stone KM.
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Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 April; 20 Suppl 1: S91-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7540876&dopt=Abstract •
Hyperthermia therapy for warts utilizing a self-administered exothermic patch. Review of two cases. Author(s): Dvoretzky I. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 December; 22(12): 1035-8; Discussion 1038-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9078316&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in the treatment of warts in immunodeficient children. Author(s): Tasini MF, Hackett TP. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1977 January; 19(3): 152-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=835488&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Surman OS, Gottlieb SK, Hackett TP, Silverberg EL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1973 March; 28(3): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4688633&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis, placebo, and suggestion in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Spanos NP, Stenstrom RJ, Johnston JC. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1988 May-June; 50(3): 245-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3387508&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis, suggestions, and warts: an experimental investigation implicating the importance of “believed-in efficacy”. Author(s): Johnson RF, Barber TX. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1978 January; 20(3): 165-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=757318&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotherapy and plantar warts. Author(s): Rowe WS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 December; 16(4): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6963179&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotherapy for warts (verruca vulgaris): 41 consecutive cases with 33 cures. Author(s): Ewin DM.
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Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1992 July; 35(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442635&dopt=Abstract •
Hypnotherapy of a child with warts. Author(s): Noll RB. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1988 April; 9(2): 8991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366916&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotherapy of warts using the Simonton visualization technique: a case report. Author(s): Morris BA. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1985 April; 27(4): 237-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4014057&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic treatment of a child with warts. Author(s): Surman OS, Gottlieb SK, Hackett TP. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1972 July; 15(1): 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4679791&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic wart treatment: a report of treatment of warts in an eleven year old child. Author(s): SEEMAN W. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1960 March; 61: 151. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14444510&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy of genital warts with inosine pranobex (Imunovir): preliminary study. Author(s): Mohanty KC, Scott CS. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1986 October; 62(5): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2429908&dopt=Abstract
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Immunotherapy of genital warts with inosine pranobex and conventional treatment: double blind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Davidson-Parker J, Dinsmore W, Khan MH, Hicks DA, Morris CA, Morris DF. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 December; 64(6): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2465265&dopt=Abstract
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Injection of vitamin-A in the treatment of warts. Author(s): Naik PV, Pillai KG, Paily PP. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1974 July; 19(4): 87-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4430501&dopt=Abstract
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Is self application of podophyllin an acceptable treatment of genital warts in men? Author(s): O'Mahony C, Coker D. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 January; 65(1): 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921056&dopt=Abstract
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Management of anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata). Author(s): von Krogh G. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2001 November-December; 11(6): 598-603; Quiz 604. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701422&dopt=Abstract
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Management of genital warts in women with human leukocyte interferon-alpha vs. podophyllotoxin in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. Author(s): Syed TA, Khayyami M, Kriz D, Svanberg K, Kahlon RC, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SA. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 1995 May; 73(5): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670929&dopt=Abstract
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Management of intrameatal warts in men. Author(s): Nathan PM, Moss TR. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1990 November; 1(6): 448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2102689&dopt=Abstract
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Management of warts. Author(s): Perel M, Lumpkin LR. Source: American Family Physician. 1976 October; 14(4): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=983925&dopt=Abstract
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Management of warts. Author(s): Lyell A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 December 24; 2(529): 1576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5926267&dopt=Abstract
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New therapies for the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Barton S, Worlidge P. Source: Nurs Times. 1994 May 18-24; 90(20): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8008579&dopt=Abstract
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New treatments for genital warts less than ideal: abstract and commentary. Author(s): Fife KH.
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Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 June 24; 279(24): 2003-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643868&dopt=Abstract •
Nongenital warts: classification and treatment options. Author(s): Bolton RA. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 June; 43(6): 2049-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2042548&dopt=Abstract
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On the psyche and warts. II. Hypnotic suggestion and warts. Author(s): ULLMAN M, DUDEK S. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1960 January-February; 22: 68-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13840289&dopt=Abstract
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O-T-C products for corns, calluses, warts. Author(s): Sadik F. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1970 January; 10(1): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5409634&dopt=Abstract
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Patient-applied podofilox for treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, Conant MA, Friedman-Kien AE, Illeman M, Artman NN, Thisted RA, King DH. Source: Lancet. 1989 April 15; 1(8642): 831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2564912&dopt=Abstract
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Patients with genital warts: how are they managed by general practitioners? Author(s): Estcourt CS, Higgins SP, Hall J, Hillier VF, Chandiok S, Woolley PD. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 May-June; 7(3): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8799786&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of vulval warts at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Author(s): Ozumba BC, Megafu U. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1991 April; 34(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1674482&dopt=Abstract
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Podophyllin 0.5% or 2.0% v podophyllotoxin 0.5% for the self treatment of penile warts: a double blind randomised study. Author(s): White DJ, Billingham C, Chapman S, Drake S, Jayaweera D, Jones S, Opaneye A, Temple C.
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Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 June; 73(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306898&dopt=Abstract •
Podophyllin 10% and 25% in the treatment of ano-genital warts. A comparative double-blind study. Author(s): Simmons PD. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 June; 57(3): 208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7016248&dopt=Abstract
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Podophyllotoxin 0.5% v podophyllin 20% to treat penile warts. Author(s): Edwards A, Atma-Ram A, Thin RN. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 August; 64(4): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169757&dopt=Abstract
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Podophyllotoxin in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1996; 24: 227-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743274&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of podophyllotoxin solution, podophyllotoxin cream, and podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts. Author(s): Lacey CJ, Goodall RL, Tennvall GR, Maw R, Kinghorn GR, Fisk PG, Barton S, Byren I; Perstop Pharma Genital Warts Clinical Trial Group. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902571&dopt=Abstract
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Recalcitrant warts on the hand cured by hypnosis. Author(s): Dreaper R. Source: The Practitioner. 1978 February; 220(1316): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=634892&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of recalcitrant hand warts in an HIV-infected patient treated with potent antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Spach DH, Colven R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 2): 818-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321624&dopt=Abstract
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Response to podophyllotoxin treatment of genital warts in relation to HIV-1 infection among patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Kilewo CD, Urassa WK, Pallangyo K, Mhalu F, Biberfeld G, Wigzell H.
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Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 March-April; 6(2): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7779923&dopt=Abstract •
Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts. Author(s): Tyring S, Edwards L, Cherry LK, Ramsdell WM, Kotner S, Greenberg MD, Vance JC, Barnum G, Dromgoole SH, Killey FP, Toter T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 January; 134(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449907&dopt=Abstract
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Self-treatment of female external genital warts with 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream (Condyline) vs weekly applications of 20% podophyllin solution. Author(s): Hellberg D, Svarrer T, Nilsson S, Valentin J. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 July-August; 6(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7548288&dopt=Abstract
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Suggestion and play therapy in the cure of warts in children: a pilot study. Author(s): Dudek SZ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1967 July; 145(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4860932&dopt=Abstract
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The characterization, immunopathology, and treatment of viral warts. Author(s): Rees RB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1981 March; 20(2): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6260697&dopt=Abstract
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The cost effectiveness of hospital-based 25% podophyllin vs home-based 0.5% podophyllotoxin in the treatment of anogenital warts. Author(s): Lewis DA, Goldmeier D. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1995 May-June; 6(3): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647132&dopt=Abstract
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The cost effectiveness of patient-applied versus provider-administered intervention strategies for the treatment of external genital warts. Author(s): Langley PC, Tyring SK, Smith MH. Source: Am J Manag Care. 1999 January; 5(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10345969&dopt=Abstract
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The cost effectiveness of treatment of genital warts with podophyllotoxin. Author(s): Mohanty KC. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 July-August; 5(4): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7948154&dopt=Abstract
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The cost of treating genital warts. Author(s): Strauss MJ, Khanna V, Koenig JD, Downs SM, Goldberg SH, Manyak MJ, Patsner B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 35(5): 340-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734656&dopt=Abstract
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The cost-effectiveness of patient-applied treatments for anogenital warts. Author(s): Williams P, von Krogh G. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2003 April; 14(4): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716491&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology and treatment of anogenital warts in Singapore: a retrospective evaluation. Author(s): Chan YC, Ng KY, Chan RK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002 July; 31(4): 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161888&dopt=Abstract
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The hypnotic control of blood flow and pain: the cure of warts and the potential for the use of hypnosis in the treatment of cancer. Author(s): Clawson TA Jr, Swade RH. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1975 January; 17(3): 160-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1146707&dopt=Abstract
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The occult removal of warts: a continuing practice. Author(s): Smith EL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1979 January-February; 18(1): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=761965&dopt=Abstract
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The production of warts by suggestion as a cultural phenomenon. Author(s): Gravitz MA. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 April; 23(4): 281-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7282583&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of anogenital warts at home. Author(s): Pleavin M. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 February 8-14; 97(6): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954248&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of plantar warts in the home. A critical appraisal of a new preparation. Author(s): Bunney MH, Hunter JA, Ogilvie MM, Williams DA.
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Source: The Practitioner. 1971 August; 207(238): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4935660&dopt=Abstract •
The treatment of viral warts. Author(s): Bunney MH. Source: Drugs. 1977 June; 13(6): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=558869&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic approaches to genital warts. Author(s): Beutner KR, Ferenczy A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 May 5; 102(5A): 28-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217660&dopt=Abstract
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Therapy of warts. Author(s): Saihan EM. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1983 February; 29(2): 182-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6187402&dopt=Abstract
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Topical podophyllin for genital warts. Author(s): Maiti H, Haye KR. Source: Lancet. 1987 October 3; 2(8562): 795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2889006&dopt=Abstract
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Topical self-treatment of penile warts with 0.5% podophyllotoxin in ethanol for four or five days. Author(s): Von Krogh G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1987 July-September; 14(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3660169&dopt=Abstract
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Topical treatment of genital warts in men, an open study of podophyllotoxin cream compared with solution. Author(s): Strand A, Brinkeborn RM, Siboulet A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 December; 71(6): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8566979&dopt=Abstract
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Topical treatment of venereal warts: a comparative open study of podophyllotoxin cream versus solution. Author(s): Claesson U, Lassus A, Happonen H, Hogstrom L, Siboulet A. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 October; 7(6): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8940672&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of anogenital warts in children with topical 0.05% podofilox gel and 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Moresi JM, Herbert CR, Cohen BA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 448-50; Discussion 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737696&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of anogenital warts in genitourinary clinics in England and Wales. Author(s): Wardropper A, Woolley P. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 November-December; 3(6): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1286122&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of anogenital warts with trichloroacetic acid and podophyllin. Author(s): Singh M. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1984 October; 60(5): 351. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6487991&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of anogenital warts. Comparison of trichloracetic acid and podophyllin versus podophyllin alone. Author(s): Gabriel G, Thin RN. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1983 April; 59(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6338998&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Author(s): Stone KM, Becker TM, Hadgu A, Kraus SJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 February; 66(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2179111&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of plantar warts in children with a salicylic acid-podophyllin-cantharidin product. Author(s): Coskey RJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1984 July; 2(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6504780&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of plantar warts with cytostatics. Author(s): Marker T, Reymann F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1967; 47(5): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4168796&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of warts by hypnosis. Author(s): French AP.
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Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 July 15; 116(6): 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4715949&dopt=Abstract •
Treatment of warts with smallpox vaccine. Author(s): Belisario JC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 December 18; 2(25): 1277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5134725&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment options for cutaneous warts in family practice. Author(s): Steele K, Irwin WG. Source: Family Practice. 1988 December; 5(4): 314-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3068090&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and all. Author(s): Esman AH. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 June; 85(6): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625281&dopt=Abstract
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'Warts and all'--the history and folklore of warts: a review. Author(s): Burns DA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 January; 85(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1548655&dopt=Abstract
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Warts and their management. Author(s): Birkett DA. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 July; 226(1369): 1251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7111159&dopt=Abstract
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Warts in the medical folklore of Europe. Author(s): Ross MS. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1979 July-August; 18(6): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=489216&dopt=Abstract
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Warts, blisters, and stigmata: role of suggestions in some unusual skin changes. Author(s): Johnson RF. Source: J Am Soc Psychosom Dent Med. 1980; 27(3): 72-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6931104&dopt=Abstract
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Warts. Fact and fiction. Author(s): Anderson FE.
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Source: Drugs. 1985 October; 30(4): 368-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2415317&dopt=Abstract •
Warts: their diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Schmidt LM. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1976 December; 5(12): 782-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=995443&dopt=Abstract
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What is the most effective treatment for external genital warts? Author(s): French L, Nashelsky J, White D. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978251&dopt=Abstract
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Witchcraft, warts and wisdom. Author(s): BLEIBERG J. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1957 March; 54(3): 123-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13406506&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to warts; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aids and Hiv Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hiv and Aids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Motion Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pms Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html
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Biofeedback Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Future-life Progression Alternative names: future progression future-life progression hypnosis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magical Herbalism Alternative names: herbal magic Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Therapeutic Touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Chinese Medicine Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizhu Alternative names: Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chaihu Alternative names: Chinese Thorowax Root; Radix Bupleuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Mingdangshen; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqin Alternative names: Baical Skullcap Root; Radix Scutellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashanshen Alternative names: Funneled Physochlaina Root; Radix Physochlainae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muzei Alternative names: Common Scouring Rush Herb; Herba Equiseti Hiemalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Alternative names: Cow-bezoar; Calculus Bovis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshen Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangye Alternative names: Mulberry Leaf; Folium Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanqi Alternative names: Sanchi; Radix Notoginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiliupi Alternative names: Pomegranate Rind; Pericarpium Granati Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Yinchaihu Alternative names: Starwort Root; Radix Stellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhizi Alternative names: Cape Jasmine Fruit; Fructus Gardeniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuling Alternative names: Chuling; Polyporus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuyazao Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit; Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuzishen Alternative names: Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome; Rhizoma Panacis Majoris Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements Aloe Vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blue-green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celandine Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Dhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Feverfew Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipecac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniper Alternative names: Juniperus communis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oenothera Biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pau D'arco Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,811,00.html Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com White Willow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to warts. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “warts” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on warts, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Warts ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to warts. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
HIV/AIDS and Five Other Leading Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Knowledge and Behavior Levels of University Freshmen (Immune Deficiency, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, Genital Warts, Chlamydia) by Roper, Robyn Lynn, Edd from Auburn University, 1994, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9503405
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Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11, Genital Warts and Juvenile Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: Prospective Studies in the United States and Denmark by Silverberg, Michael Jonah; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046564
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND WARTS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning warts.
Recent Trials on Warts The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to warts.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Treatment with Cidofovir for Children with Laryngeal Papillomatosis (Warts in the Throat) Condition(s): Papilloma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see what dose of the drug cidofovir is safe to treat laryngeal papillomatosis (warts in the throat which occur over and over) in children. Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by infection with a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). At present, there is no approved drug to treat this infection. However, cidofovir is a drug effective against several viruses. Cidofovir may be able to attack the HPV virus. This study tests the safety of giving this drug to children. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001126
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The Safety and Effectiveness of Cidofovir in the Treatment of Venereal Warts in HIVInfected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections; Condyloma Acuminata
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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Gilead Sciences Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the safety and tolerance of topical cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy for condyloma acuminatum in patients with HIV infection. To investigate whether topical HPMPC therapy can induce regression of condyloma acuminatum in patients with HIV infection. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002327
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “warts” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON WARTS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “warts” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on warts, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Warts By performing a patent search focusing on warts, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on warts: •
Antimicrobial composition Inventor(s): Morris; Sandra (Norfolk, GB), Ryan; Robert Eugene (Norfolk, GB) Assignee(s): Barrier Biotech Limited (Norfolk, GB) Patent Number: 6,352,702 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: There is disclosed an antimicrobial composition comprising an antimicrobially effective amount of clove bud oil and two or more of eucalyptus oil, cajaput oil, lemongrass, lavender or tea tree oils. Use of the composition as a treatment for cold sores, head lice, vaginal thrush, verruca, warts, athletes foot, an antimicrobial mouth wash in addition to a surface cleaner are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an antimicrobial composition, and in particular with such a composition the active ingredient of which comprises natural or essential oils. Essential oils have been used previously for use as antiviral or antibacterial agents. For example, clove bud oils have been previously described having antiseptic, antiviral and larvicidal capabilities. The present inventors have surprisingly found that a composition having a particular blend of essential oils exhibits a particularly synergistic and broad spectrum antimicrobial effect, and which composition has never previously been described. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352702__
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Apparatus for tissue treatment Inventor(s): Balle-Petersen; Olav (Humlebaek, DK), Dolleris; Casper (Frederiksberg C., DK), Asah; Bjarne (Taastrup, DK) Assignee(s): Asah Medico A/S (Hvidovre, DK) Patent Number: 6,533,776 Date filed: December 6, 2000 Abstract: A handpiece for cosmetic tissue treatment includes an input connector for connection of a first beam-outlet end of a first optical fiber to the handpiece and for alignment of the first optical fiber with an axis of the handpiece so that a first light beam emitted from the first beam-outlet end is transmitted substantially along the axis, a movable first deflecting device for deflection of the first light beam into a second light beam, and an output for emission of the second light beam towards a target surface. The handpiece may be used for ablating a thin epidermal layer of the derma of a patient and also marks on the tissue such as marks from chloasma, liver spots, red spots, tattoos, blood vessels just below the surface, etc. In addition, warts, wounds, hair follicles, etc., may be ablated or treated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for tissue treatment, such as for cosmetic tissue treatment, and more particularly to a handpiece for a tissue treatment apparatus comprising a light source. It is known to utilise laser light for tissue treatment. During tissue treatment, a laser ablates a thin epidermal layer of the derma of a patient. During healing, a new epidermal layer is formed on the ablated surface
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having the look of the derma of a young person, i.e. the new epidermal layer is formed without previously existing scars, wrinkles, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06533776__ •
Chalcone and its analogs as agents for the inhibition of angiogensis and related disease states Inventor(s): Arbiser; Jack (Atlanta, GA), Goldsmith; David (Atlanta, GA), Bowen; J. Phillip (Hull, GA), Robinson; Thomas Phillip (Durham, NC), Ehlers; Tedman (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): Emory University (Atlanta, GA), The University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. (Athens, GA) Patent Number: 6,462,075 Date filed: December 26, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to chalcone and chalcone derivatives and analogs which are useful as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present compounds, which are inexpensive to synthesize, exhibit unexpectedly good activity as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present invention also relates to the use of chalcone and its analogs as antitumor/anticancer agents and to treat a number of conditions or disease states in which angiogenesis is a factor, incluidng angiongenic skin diseases such as psoriasis, acne, rosacea, warts, eczema, hemangiomas, lymphangiogenesis, among numerous others, as well as chronic inflammatory disease such as arthritis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chalcone and chalcone derivatives and analogs which are useful as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present compounds, which are inexpensive to synthesize exhibit unexpectedly good activity as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present invention also relates to the use of chalcone and its analogs as antitumor/anticancer agents and to treat a number of conditions or disease states in which angiogenesis is a factor. serve in many species as attractants of pollinators, UV protectors, insect repellents, signalling molecules and antibiotics, while the coumarins and stilbenes are implicated in the defense response of plants to pathogen ingress via their anti-microbial function effect. Considering the other leg of the background of the present invention, angiogenesis may be defined as the development of a blood supply to a given area of tissue. The development of a blood supply may be part of normal embryonic development, represent the revascularization of a wound bed, or involve the stimulation of vessel growth by inflammatory or malignant cells. Sometimes angiogenesis is defined as the process through which tumors or inflammatory conditions derive a blood supply through the generation of microvessels. Although it may seem unremarkable that new growth of soft tissue requires new vascularization, the concept of angiogenesis as a key component of tissue growth and in particular, a key point of intervention in pathological tissue growth, had initially met with skepticism. By now the idea is well accepted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06462075__
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Chelated 8-hydroxyquinoline for the treatment of epithelial lesions Inventor(s): Potestio; Frank S. (Parker, CO), Jordan; Russel T. (Fort Collins, CO), Hanson; Carl C. (Parker, CO) Assignee(s): Dermex Pharmaceuticals, LLC (Fort Collins, CO) Patent Number: 6,476,014 Date filed: January 2, 2001 Abstract: Oxinates including 8-hydroxyquinoline and a heavy metal are topically applied to epidermal lesions for therapeutic effect, wherein said epithelial lesions selected from the croup consisting of cancerous lesions, precancerous lesions, cysts and warts; and permitting said composition to destroy said lesion. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the field of oxinates and, particularly, to the therapeutic use of metal chelated 8-hydroxyquinolinates in the treatment of cancers, precancerous lesions, and other abnormal tissues. A preferred treatment modality for many cancers is surgical excision of the cancerous lesion. Surgical excision is not always desirable when surgery could sever nerves or produce scars that interfere with normal movements in tissues proximate the site of surgery. Chemicals have been developed to treat cancers. Rate-sensitive cytotoxic drugs have cytotoxic effects on all tissue types, but are particularly effective against certain cancers that function at a metabolic rate greater than the metabolic rate of normal cells. The increased metabolic rate of these cancers makes them more susceptible to the cytotoxicity of the drugs. In this manner it is possible to provide a dosage that is fatal to cancer cells, while that same dosage is not fatal to normal cells. By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,169 teaches the formation of cyclodextrin complexes of taxol to improve the solubility of taxol in water. Taxol is a cytotoxic drug that is believed to attack and kill cancer cells with a rate-sensitive effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06476014__
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Chemoprevention and treatment of cervical or vaginal neoplasia Inventor(s): Bell; Maria (562 Tolland Dr., Castle Rock, CO 80104), Schmidt-Grimminger; Delf-Christian (562 Tolland Dr., Castle Rock, CO 80104) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,399,645 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to non-surgical methods for treating cervical or vaginal neoplasia including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and ano-genital warts. The treatment, which utilizes an effective amount of indole-3-carbinol and/or diindolylmethane, is effective whether or not the patient is also infected with human papillomavirus, the most common sexually transmitted viral disease in the United States and a known risk factor for both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of cervical or vaginal neoplasia including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ("CIN"), intraepithelial neoplasia, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and ano-genital warts, and in particular, provides a method of treatment to prevent these conditions from progressing into cancer. Treatment in accordance with the present invention utilizes an effective amount of indole-3-carbinol ("I3C") and/or diindolylmethane ("DIM"). Human papillomavirus ("HPV") infection of
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the lower genital tract is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease in the United States. (Husseinzadeh, N., et al., "Subclinical Cervicovaginal Human Papillomavirus Infections Associated with Cervical Condylomata and Dysplasia Treatment Outcomes," J. Reprod. Med., Vol. 39, 777-80, (1994)). Most of these viral infections remain dormant and never result in clinically evident disease. However, in some cases, the virus may propagate and cause clinically recognizable HPV-associated changes, including condylomata (genital warts), precancerous lesions of the cervix, as well as invasive cervical cancer. Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer in women and the seventh most common form of cancer worldwide. (World Health Organization, "The World Health Report," Geneva: WHO, (1997)). The association between HPV infection and genital cancer is well documented. (Richart, R., "Causes and Management of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia," Vol. 60, Cancer, 1951-1959, (1987); Schiffman, M. et al., "Epidemiologic Evidence Showing that Human Papillomavirus Infection Causes Most Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia," Vol. 85, J. Nat'l Cancer Inst., 958-964, (1993)). Not all dysplastic lesions develop into cancer. Mildly dysplastic lesions will spontaneously regress without therapy in the majority of patients, and only a small subset of cases actually possess cancerous potential. Less than one half of more severely dysplastic lesions in patients will eventually progress to invasive disease. (Barron, B. & Richart, R., "Statistical Model of the Natural History of Cervical Carcinoma. II. Estimates of the Transition Time from Dysplasia to Carcinoma In Situ," Vol. 45, J. Nat'l Cancer Inst., 1025, (1970)). The progression of HPV infection to genital cancer is therefore not absolute, and other factors (e.g., smoking, diet, and immunosuppression) probably contribute to the progression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399645__ •
Combination of acid protease enzymes and acidic buffers and uses thereof Inventor(s): Gillis; Glen S. (Darmouth, CA), Norton; Scott J. (Argyle, TX), Bishop; Michael A. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Active Organics, Inc. (Lewisville, TX) Patent Number: 5,976,556 Date filed: June 13, 1996 Abstract: Novel compositions comprising one or more of an acid protease and an acidic buffer, the acidic buffer comprising an acid and a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, vehicle or excipient, useful for treating or preventing abnormal biological conditions, diseases or disorders, and/or for improving the texture or appearance of the skin, and/or for enhancing epidermal exfoliation and/or for enhancing epidermal cell renewal and to methods for the use of the compositions. The acid protease comprises one or more proteolytic enzymes which exhibit proteolytic activity at pH values below that of the surface of the skin, i.e., approximately pH 5.5. The acidic buffer comprises inorganic and/or organic acids or mixtures thereof with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, vehicle or excipient. The buffer is capable of reducing the pH of the surface of the skin to less than pH 5.5 and is susceptible to neutralization by normal epidermal processes. Such types of abnormal biological conditions, diseases or disorders include skin atrophy, i.e., the thinning and/or general degradation of the dermis often characterized by a decrease in collagen and/or elastin as well as decreased number, size and doubling potential of fibroblast cells, and other maladies including, but are not limited to dry skin, severe dry skin, dandruff, acne, keratoses, psoriasis, eczema, skin flakiness, pruritus, age spots,
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lentigines, melasmas, wrinkles, warts, blemished skin, hyperpigmented skin, hyperkeratotic skin, inflammatory dermatoses, age-related skin changes and skin in need of cleansers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel compositions comprising one or more of an acid protease enzyme and an acidic buffer, the acidic buffer comprising an acid and a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, useful for treating or preventing abnormal skin conditions, diseases or disorders, and/or for improving the texture or appearance of the skin, and/or for enhancing epidermal exfoliation, and/or for enhancing epidermal cell renewal and to methods for the use of the compositions. It is well founded that exfoliation of epidermal layers of human skin induces an increased rate of epidermal cell renewal (E. Phillips, 1995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,913; W. P. Smith, 1994, Cosmetics and Toiletries 109:41-8). The human epidermis consists of multiple layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells in a constant state of renewal. New cells are formed first in the basal layer, which is the most internal membrane of the epidermis. These cells are displaced by the production of yet newer cells and subsequently are transported to the external layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, where they usually are shed (exfoliated) every two to three weeks. The general health and appearance of human skin depends greatly upon the rate of this process. Certain situations or conditions, such as aging or exposure to the environment, can disturb this normal process and can lead to a generally reduced rate of cell renewal as well as an increased degree of intercorneocyte cohesion (VanScott and Yu, 1984, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11:867-79). Because the time required for a cellular layer to migrate from the basal layer to the stratum corneum increases with the subject's age, the rate of epidermal cell renewal decreases. It has been reported that in a typical twenty year old person, the cells in the outer layers of the epidermis turn over on the average, every two weeks, while cell turnover intervals of more mature skin can be as much as twice as long (E. Phillips, 1995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,913). The decrease in cell renewal rate due to aging can be exacerbated by environmental conditions such as exposure to solar radiation and other climatic conditions (K. E. Burke, 1990, Postgraduate Medicine 88(1):207-27). A decrease in the cell renewal rate increases the time cells in the outer layers of skin are exposed to environmental conditions and may lead to further and/or cumulative damage. Certain studies suggest that a decrease in epidermal cell turnover rates is associated with an increase in intercorneocyte cohesion (VanScott and Yu, 1989, Cutis 43:222-28). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05976556__ •
Compositions and methods for the topical treatment of nail fungi conditions Inventor(s): Buck; Carol J. (30 Brooks Bend, Princeton, NJ 08540) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,840 Date filed: May 19, 1998 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating keratin-related conditions and disorders such as straightening and styling hair, treating nail fungal conditions such as onychomycosis, ingrown nails, and hyperkeratotic conditions of the epidermis such as psoriasis, acne, callouses, corns, verruca, particularly plantar warts, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by aiding the exfoliation of keratinocytes. The compositions comprise at least one alkanoic acid in aqueous solution.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating keratinous tissue for purposes of straightening hair, enhancing curl retention of hair, treating nail fungal conditions, including onychomycosis, ingrown nails, hyperkeratotic conditions, including psoriasis, acne and keratosis pilaris, callouses, corns, plantar wart, DowlingMeara form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex, ichthyosiform dermatoses, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by exfoliation of keratinocytes. Human hair is a thermoset of cross-linked,.alpha.-helix protein, primarily keratin. Keratin is composed of a complex of polypeptide chains of high molecular weight. Protein sequencing analysis of whole hair fiber using acid hydrolysis has found traces of all the amino acids in human hair, but suggests that cystine, glutamic acid, serine, leucine, aspartic acid, arginine and threonine are among the amino acids of highest prevalence in hair.sup.1 The human hair shaft is comprised of three concentric layers identified as the cuticle, a thin, outer-most shell, the cortex, the main body of the hair, and the medulla, a thin, central core. The cuticle and cortex are responsible for the hair shaft's mechanical properties (in some hair the medulla is absent). The cuticle is composed of flattened, scale-like platelets of amphoras keratin. Its condition is responsible for the outward appearance of the hair, particularly feel and shine. The cortex forms and is composed of long keratinous spindle cells containing numerous macrofibrils of intermediate filament protein, held together by an intercellular matrix of beta-keratose. Each macrofibril contains 11 protofibrils in a helical structure. Each of the protofibrils is composed of three alpha-helices, the fundamental fibrous keratin.sup.1 Gillespie and Inglis, Total SCarboxymethyl Keratin Extracted from Guinea Pig Hair by Standard Methods (1965). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231840__ •
Compositions for the treatment of warts and herpes Inventor(s): Konstantinovic; Predrag (376 Trinity La., Oakbrook, IL 60521), Wise; Ronald D. (9037 Kildare Ave., Skokie, IL 60076) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,977,176 Date filed: November 19, 1996 Abstract: Compositions comprising propolis, propolis and salicylic acid, or propolis and either a corticorsteroid such as hydrocortisone or a halogenated corticosteroid with or without salicylic acid, are effective in the treatment of warts and in the treatment of herpesviruses. Compositions with corticosteroids are more effective than propolis alone because they reduce inflammation associated with viruses causing warts or herpes eruptions. Excerpt(s): Topical application of propolis is an effective, non-invasive, painless treatment against warts. Mixing propolis with salicylic acid, hydrocortisone or both results in a synergistic effect, achieving a faster resolution of warts compared to results obtained by applying either propolis or salicylic acid. Hydrocortisone reduces inflammation. Propolis compositions are also effective against herpes infections. Warts are a widespread medical problem that cause pain and discomfort, and may lead to complications if untreated or improperly treated. Warts are benign growths of the skin caused by a virus that involves the epidermis. Five different types of warts are classified by their clinical presentation. (1) verrucae vulgares are common warts that display hyperkeratosis and may occur anywhere except the genital and mucous membranes and plantar surfaces (soles of the feet); (2) verrucae planae are flat warts that usually occur on the face, trunk and extremities; (3) verrucae plantares are warts that occur only on the
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soles of the feet; (4) condylomata acuminata are venereal warts that occur on the genitals and mucous membranes; (5) premalignant warts (epidermoldysplasia verruciformis) usually occur on the hands and feet and are rare in occurrence. Wart treatment is not satisfactory. Many treatments of verrucae involve physical destruction of the infected cells. Choice of treatment depends on the location, size, number, type of wart, age and co-operation of the patient. No one treatment modality is uniformly effective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05977176__ •
Corn, callus and wart removing pads Inventor(s): Feret; Ronald (Memphis, TN), Cline; Mojgan (Memphis, TN), Lundy, Jr.; Charles E. (Germantown, TN) Assignee(s): Schering Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. (Memphis, TN) Patent Number: 6,471,986 Date filed: July 31, 2000 Abstract: A wart, callus and/or corn removing pad including a layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material having a periphery and an underside, a medicated plaster secured centrally to the underside of the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material and including salicylic acid therein, a barrier layer interposed between the medicated plaster and the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material to prevent diffusion of the salicylic acid in the medicated plaster to the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material, an outer layer secured to the layer of hydrocolloid material, the outer layer at least having a border extending outwardly of the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material, the border having an underside, a layer of adhesive material on the underside of the border, a release liner releasably secured to the underside of the hydrocolloid adhesive layer, and a paper release tab releasably secured to an upper surface of at least one of the hydrocolloid adhesive layer and the outer layer at one side thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to pads for corns, calluses and warts, and more particularly, to an improved corn, callus and wart removing pad. Corns are a painful type of hyperkeratosis, found principally over prominent toe joints and between toes. There are two common types of corns: Heloma Durum and Heloma Molle. Heloma Durum (hard corn) is a hyperkeratotic lesion which appears over a bony prominence and may have a deep nucleus. These corns are normally very tender and painful. The Heloma Molle (soft corn) is a hyperkeratotic lesion which is found between the toes. The soft corn results from pressure exerted between adjacent toes and is soft due to moisture between the toes. A callus may be a diffuse or circumscribed area of hyperkeratosis at a site of repeated pressure and friction. In cases where there is a forefoot imbalance the plantar callus may be found where the metatarsal heads are most prominent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471986__
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Device for delivery of dermatological ingredients Inventor(s): DeVillez; Richard L. (Hondo, TX), Crane; Laura J. (Williston, TN) Assignee(s): Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 5,962,011 Date filed: June 24, 1997
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Abstract: A novel device and method for delivering a liquid containing an active ingredient to a treatment site on the skin is disclosed. The device is useful for treating lesions or abnormal skin features such as corns, warts, calluses, bunions, actinic keratoses and hard hyperkeratotic skin as is often found on the face, arms, legs or feet. Excerpt(s): Devices for transdermal or percutaneous drug delivery are known, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 34,692 to Becher; U.S. Pat. No. 2,561,071 to Prisk; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,598,122 and 3,797,494 and 3,948,262 to Zaffaroni; U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,939 to Baker et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,894 to Urquhart et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,664 to Kalish; U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,454 to Campbell; U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,953 to Keith et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,573,996 and 4,710,191 to Kwiatek et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,961 to Etscorn; U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,548 to Ushiyama et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,043 to Szycher et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,687,481 and 4,810,499 to Nuwayser; U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,124 to Kerch et. al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,857 to Berry et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,305 to Vocal; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,258 to Nedberge et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,854 to Copelan; U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,856 to Peppers; U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,475 to Gale et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,676 to Heiber et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,435 to Katz et. al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,618 to Cartmell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,137 to Muller et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,750 to Lee et. al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,222 to Petersen et al.; and WO 96/19205. Such devices are typically characterized by delivering an amount of a drug, e.g. nitroglycerin, estrogen, estradiol, corticoid, levonorgestrel, etc. to the patient's skin at a rate controlled by the device. Subsequently, the drug is delivered systemically to the intended site of treatment within the body. Although effective for their intended use, such controlled release devices have limited utility for providing the kind of treatment which requires maximum delivery of the drug or active ingredient for local skin conditions, for example, lesions or abnormal skin features such as corns, warts, calluses, bunions, actinic keratoses and hard hyperkeratotic skin as is often found on the face, arms, legs or feet. Other types of delivery devices such as medicated plasters have been used for corns, warts, calluses, etc. However, the amount of active ingredient that can be delivered by such plasters is limited by the dimensions of the plaster and solubility of the active ingredient in the plaster. Consequently, repetitive applications are required for effective treatment. It would be desirable to provide a device which would provide maximum delivery of dermatological ingredients for local skin conditions as described above. d) means for attaching said device to the skin to maintain said transfer pad in intimate contact with the treatment site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962011__ •
Formulations containing hyaluronic acid Inventor(s): Asculai; Samuel Simon (Toronto, CA), Falk; Rudolf Edgar (Toronto, CA), Harper; David W. (Oakville, CA), Hochman; David (Thornhill, CA), Klein; Ehud Shmuel (Givat Savyon, IL), Purschke; Don (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): Hyal Pharmaceutical Corp. (CA) Patent Number: 6,114,314 Date filed: December 1, 1994 Abstract: Topically applied transdermally quick penetrating (best targeting the epidermis and subsequently remaining there for a prolonged period of time) systemic independent acting, combinations and formulations which employ, combine, or incorporate a therapeutically effective non-toxic (to the patient) amount of a drug which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis together with an amount of hyaluronic acid and/or salts thereof (for example the sodium salt) and/or homologues, analogues, derivatives,
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complexes, esters, fragments, and/or sub units of hyaluronic acid to treat a disease and condition of the skin and exposed tissue for example, basal cell carcinoma, the precancerous, often recurrent, actinic keratoses lesions, fungal lesions, "liver" spots and like lesions (found for the most part in the epidermis), squamous cell tumours, metastatic cancer of the breast to the skin, primary and metastatic melanoma in the skin, genital warts cervical cancer, and HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) including HPV of the cervix, psoriasis (both plaque-type psoriasis and nail bed psoriasis), corns on the feet and hair loss on the head of pregnant women and remain in the skin for a prolonged period of time. Excerpt(s): This invention also relates to formulations suitable for use in such treatments, the use of such formulations in such treatments, methods of such treatment, and the delivery of drugs for such treatments. Basal cell carcinoma is presently treated by surgery. Each lesion, together with all surrounding and underlying tissue (dermis, epidermis, and subdermis), is cut out. In some instances, surgery, while necessary for the patient's welfare, may put the patient at risk in some other respect (for example, a lesion on a patient's temple whose removal (resection) may jeopardize the patient's health). Squamous cell tumours are also treated the same way as are other forms of cancer in the skin and exposed tissue. Furthermore, other conditions and diseases of the skin and exposed tissue are treated the same way or in ways that cause discomfort to the patient, for example melanoma, genital warts, cervical cancer, HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). Actinic keratoses lesion is dealt with similarly. Additionally, liquid nitrogen has been used to remove the lesion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114314__ •
Gene therapy for solid tumors using adenoviral vectors comprising suicide genes and cytokine genes Inventor(s): Chen; Shu-Hsia (Houston, TX), Woo; Savio L. C. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,066,624 Date filed: February 15, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method of treating localized solid tumors and papillomas in an individual, as well as metastatic carcinomas. The method comprises delivering a suicide gene, by way of a recombinant adenoviral vector or other DNA transport system, into the tumor, papilloma or wart of an individual. Subsequently, a prodrug, such as the drug gaciclovir.TM., is administered to the individual. Additionally, the present invention provides a method for treating solid tumors, papillomas, warts and metastatic carcinomas, said method comprising introducing both a suicide gene and one or more cytokine genes into the tumor, papilloma or wart of an individual, and subsequently administering a prodrug to the individual. The methods of the present invention may be used to treat several different types of cancers and papillomas, including colon carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, hepatoma, brain lymphoma and head and neck cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of gene therapy. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel gene therapy method of treating solid tumors, papillomas and warts using an adenoviral vector, a combination of adenoviral vectors, other viral vectors, and non-viral DNA transporter systems. Direct introduction of therapeutic genes into malignant cells in vivo can provide an effective
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treatment of localized tumors. Several novel treatment modalities have recently been attempted. For example, one treatment involves the delivery of normal tumor suppressor genes and/or inhibitors of activated oncogenes into tumor cells. A second treatment involves the enhancement of immunogeneity of tumor cells in vivo by the introduction of cytokine genes. A third treatment involves the introduction of genes that encode enzymes capable of conferring to the tumor cells sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. The herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene can specifically convert a nucleoside analog (ganciclovir) into a toxic intermediate and cause death in dividing cells. It has recently been reported by Culver et al. (Science 256:1550-1552, 1992) that after delivery of the HSV-TK gene by retroviral transduction, subsequent ganciclovir treatment effectively caused brain tumor regression in laboratory animals. An attractive feature of this treatment modality for localized tumors is the so called "bystander" effect. In the "by-stander" effect, the HSV-TK expressing tumor cells prevent the growth of adjacent non-transduced tumor cells in the presence of ganciclovir. Thus, not every tumor cell has to express HSV-TK for effective cancer treatment. The HSV-TK retrovirus used by Culver et al., however, was limited by low viral titer. Thus, effective treatment of brain tumors necessitated the inoculation into animals of virus-producing cells rather than the viral isolate itself. Additionally, in previous experiments with synergeneic rats treated with a retrovirus and ganciclovir, the tumors were necrotic and were invaded by macrophages and lymphocytes. In Example 1, below, athymic mice were used and the tumor cells were destoyed without apparent involvement of the cellular immune response. The prior art remains deficient in the lack of an efficient gene therapy technique for the treatment of solid tumors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066624__ •
Genital wart treatment Inventor(s): Weathers; Ervin G. (8624 Hwy. 238, Jacksonville, OR 97530) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,020,005 Date filed: April 8, 1999 Abstract: A genital wart treatment for treating and removing genital warts. The genital wart treatment includes the acts of dissolving a volume of particulate potassium permanganate in a volume of water to form a treatment solution, and repeatedly performing over a duration of time a treatment application comprising the acts of applying the treatment solution on to genital warts and surrounding skin of a subject to wet the genital warts and surrounding skin with the treatment solution, applying a styptic to the wet genital warts and surrounding skin, and then removing an outermost layer of skin on the genital warts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to genital wart treatments and more particularly pertains to a new genital wart treatment for treating and removing genital warts. Genital wart treatments are known in the prior art. More specifically, genital wart treatments heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious treatments, notwithstanding the myriad of method encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements. Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,135; U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,660; U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,264; U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,265; U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,664; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,467,747.
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Immunogenic compositions and antibodies directed against human papillomavirus type 49 (HPV 49), type 50 (HPV 50), type 54 (HPV 54), and type 55 (HPV 55). Inventor(s): Pehau-Arnaudet; Gerard (Montreuil, FR), Kremsdorf; Dina (Paris, FR), Favre; Michel (Paris, FR), Orth; Gerard (Sceaux, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Nationale de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (FR), Institut Pasteur (FR) Patent Number: 5,968,522 Date filed: August 20, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to papillomavirus probes derived from new DNA-HPVs deposited with the CNCM on the May 6, 1988 under the following filing numbers:PGEM 4 HPV49: I-754PSP 65 HPV50: I-755PSP 64 HPV54: I-756PGEM 4 HPV55A: I-757PGEM 4 HPV55B: I-758These probes can be used for in vitro detection of:in the case of HPV49: warts of the skin (in particular, common and plantar warts) and the differential diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis,in the case of HPV50: epidermodysplasia verruciformis, intra-epithelial neoplasias and cutaneous cancers,in the case of HPV55: genital neoplasias and cancers of the uterine cervix,in the case of HPV55: genital neoplasias and cancers of the uterine cervix, condylomas and papillomas. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the DNAs of papillomaviruses (HPV49, HPV50, HPV54, HPV55) or variants of these papillomaviruses, and more particularly to probes derived from these papillomaviruses (HPV49, HPV50, HPV54, HPV55). The invention also relates to products genetically and immunologically related to these papillomaviruses as well as to procedures making use of these various products for the in vitro diagnosis of papillomavirus infections and, in the case of some of them, for vaccination against these same papillomaviruses or variants of papillomaviruses. By the expression "product genetically or immunologically related to a papillomavirus" should be understood the various products derived from its original DNA whether they be corresponding RNAs or recombinant DNAs containing all or part of this original DNA as well as the "immunological" products resulting from the expression of these DNAs, where appropriate recombinant DNAs, in competent cell hosts. Thus, they are polypeptides resulting from the transcription and translation of all or part of the different open reading frames of the original DNA. They also include antibodies induced in vivo by the said polypeptides. The expression "papillomavirus" covers a large number of viruses having in common the role of being held responsible for several forms of viral infections ranging from relatively benign warts of the skin and mucous membranes to hyperplasias capable of degenerating into intra-epithelial neoplasias and cutaneous cancers. Among papillomavirus infections, mention should also be made more particularly of cutaneous warts (in particular common warts and plantar warts epidermodysplasia verruciformis, plane or intermediary skin warts, intra-epithelial neoplasias and cutaneous cancers, the cancers of the epidermodysplasia verruciformis, genital neoplasias and cancers of the uterine cervix, condylomas and papillomas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968522__
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Immunotherapy of epithelial tumors using intralesional injection of antigens that induce a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction Inventor(s): Johnson; Sandra Marchese (Little Rock, AR), Horn; Thomas Dag (Little Rock, AR) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 6,350,451 Date filed: June 25, 1999 Abstract: The present immunotherapy relates to a method of treating epithelial tumors and the pharmaceutical compositions and kits useful in treating such tumors. The immunotherapy comprises injecting an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition containing at least one antigen into the tumor, wherein the antigen is selected for inducing or having the ability to induce a cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in the subject prior to the injection of the antigen into the tumors. This immunotherapy is particularly useful in treating epithelial tumors, such as warts or verrucae, that are induced by or related to papillomavirus. Antigens useful in the present immunotherapy are anergy panel antigens, such as killed mumps virus, candida extract, trichophyton extract or comparable antigenic extracts. Additionally, the method optionally includes the injection of an effective amount of at least one cytokine or colony stimulating factor into the tumor either simultaneously with or sequentially to the injection of the antigen. The subject treated by the present immunotherapy is preferably a mammal selected from a human, canine, bovine, feline, equine, ovine or rabbit subject. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunotherapy of epithelial tumors, particularly tumors that are induced by infectious agents, particularly viruses, and particularly papilloma viruses. The immunotherapy of the present invention relates to the intralesional injection of at least one antigen into a epithelial tumor of a subject in need of treatment, wherein the subject to be injected had previously developed a naturally-occurring delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to the antigen. The immunotherapy of the present invention is particularly useful for treating verrucae, condyloma, cervical carcinoma and bowenoid papulosis. Verrucae or human warts are benign epidermal tumors caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a member of the papovavirus family. HPV is a non-enveloped double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that replicates in epithelial cells. This means that HPV has a predilection for the mucosa and skin. Currently, there are more than 70 distinct HPV types recognized each with at least a 10% genome difference. Because papillomaviruses tend to be host-specific and HPV has not been successfully grown in culture; the majority of the research with papilloma virus has been conducted with animal papillomaviruses. (37) Papillomaviruses are considered responsible for several forms of viral infection ranging from relatively benign warts of the skin or mucous membranes to cancer, the most significant being cervical cancer. Papillomaviruses are known to infect mammals, including humans, rabbits, canines, felines, bovines and equines. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue-specific, and are characterized by a specific mode of interaction with the squamous epithelia they infect. These viridae colonize various stratified epithelia like skin and oral and genital mucosae, and induce the formation of self-limited benign tumors, known as warts or condylomas. Verrucae are transmitted usually by direct human-to-human transmission with a variable incubation period and clinical presentation. Symptomatic disease includes flat warts (verruca plana), common warts (verruca vulgaris), filiform warts, palmar and plantar warts, condyloma acuminata (venereal warts), myrmecia, focal epithelial hyperplasia, epidermodysplasia
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verruciformis, laryngeal warts, cervical cancer and anogenital cancer. (1) Warts in and of themselves cause significant morbidity and warrant aggressive therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06350451__ •
Laser treatment/ablation of skin tissue Inventor(s): Mordon; Serge (Villeneuve d'Ascq, FR), Sumian; Chryslain (Antibes, FR), Pitre; Franck (Antibes, FR), Bouclier; Martine (Valbonne, FR), Buffard; Karine (Mougins, FR) Assignee(s): Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques (Valbourne, FR) Patent Number: 6,086,580 Date filed: December 5, 1997 Abstract: Mammalian skin is treated and advantageously smoothed, for example to remove wrinkles, lines, warts and scars therefrom, by topically applying thereto a composition which comprises at least one laser-absorbing chromophore formulated into a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent or vehicle therefor, and laser-irradiating the skin thus treated with an intensity sufficient to locally convert the light energy into heat energy in the applied composition and advantageously effecting tissue ablation of the surface of the treated skin, said applied composition and the thickness thereof having an absorbance at the emission wavelength of the laser such that the light energy transmitted into the skin generates no undesired irreversible tissue or cell damage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the application of chromophore compositions to the skin prior to laser treatment thereof. The thermal effects generated during the laser treatment are principally responsible for tissue ablation. The nature of the interactions between the light emitted by a laser and biological tissue is complex and depends on numerous factors. At the present time, each pathology, disorder or unaesthetic characteristic of the skin requires a specific type of laser, the selection of which depends essentially on the objective which is to be achieved and the effect which is to be produced. In particular, ablation of the outer layers of the skin (possibly extending as far as the dermis) with the aid of a laser, or smoothing of the skin, is carried out only with lasers emitting in the infrared spectrum and, thus, having a wavelength which is predominantly absorbed by water. However, the distribution of water in the skin depends on the site in question, the type of skin and the age of the individual who is to be treated. It is therefore apparent that a laser treatment of the texture of the skin which targets intracellular water is not reproducible from one individual to another. Exemplary lasers which emit in the infrared spectrum and target intracellular water include CO.sub.2 (10.6.mu.m), Er:YAG (2.94.mu.m) and Ho:YAG (2.12.mu.m) lasers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086580__
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Medicated device for warts, corns, calluses and nails Inventor(s): Dever; Gerald R. (Cordova, TN), Rogers; William (Memphis, TN) Assignee(s): Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. (Memphis, TN) Patent Number: 6,303,140 Date filed: October 13, 1999
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Abstract: A plaster preparation comprising a synthetic rubber; a reinforcing agent based on silica or random styrene-butadiene, copolymer; a tackifier; salicylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. Excerpt(s): Self-adhesive topical products based on salicylic acid containing plasters as the active ingredient are used widely in a number of corn removers, callus remover and wart remover medicated patches sold over-the-counter (OTC). Many of these products are commonly based on natural rubber. However, many individuals are allergic to natural rubbers and government regulatory agencies have responded by mandating that medical devices containing natural rubber must bear label warnings of possible allergic sensitization after mid-1998. Another problem with presently available com/callus/wart remover plasters is that they are subject to a phenomena known as "cold flow" in which during storage the plaster or polymeric component tends to ooze out or extrude beyond the edge of the medicated disk. Further, a number of presently available plasters may not have adequate tack properties for adhering to the site of application on the skin. Thus, it would be desirable to provide a salicylic acid containing plaster for treating and/or removing warts, corns and calluses that overcomes the above problems. The present invention has the advantage of providing a corn/callus/wart remover medicated plaster, which utilizes polymeric materials other than natural rubber, which might cause undesirable allergic reactions in some individuals. Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a medicated plaster disk which significantly reduces "creep" or "cold flow" from the disk upon standing, storage or use. Such creep or cold flow can cause the plaster component of the disk to migrate out from under the plaster substance and slide or smear onto both target non-target areas, such as the packaging, socks, foot or skin surface, hosiery, shoes and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06303140__ •
Method and composition for topical treatment of viral lesions Inventor(s): Stoneburner; Jon (Sarasota, FL) Assignee(s): Cross Bay LLC (Las Vegas, NV) Patent Number: 6,368,637 Date filed: April 9, 2001 Abstract: A process for treating active viral lesions, such as herpes lesions and warts, on persons or animals, in which an active lesion containing a virus is scrubbed or debrided, an aqueous reagent solution containing neutral red and free chlorine is applied to the scrubbed lesion, and the lesion to which the reagent has been applied is exposed to ultraviolet light for a period sufficient to cause viral destruction. The invention further relates to the aqueous reagent solution containing neutral red and free chlorine. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of topical treatments for topical viral infections, especially herpes simplex infections and warts. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common cause of infections of the skin and mucous membranes, and may also cause more serious infections in other parts of the body. There are two distinct types of the virus, HSV-1 which usually infects the oral cavity and which is not sexually transmitted, and HSV-2, which is known as genital herpes and which is sexually transmitted. Both types of the virus, may however, be found at any area of the body. Other types of the herpes virus are responsible for other infection, with herpes zoster being responsible for chicken pox and human herpesvirus 8 thought to be responsible for Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368637__ •
Method for instantaneous removal of warts and moles Inventor(s): Niazi; Riaz K. (733 Elder La., Deerfield, IL 60015), Niazi; Sarfaraz K. (20 Riverside Dr., Deerfield, IL 60015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,312,735 Date filed: February 9, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed here is a method for the removal of all types of human and animal skin warts using a technique of cauterization wherein slaked lime is applied to wart and then the surface of wart is scratched by using the stem of betel leaf. Excerpt(s): Warts are a widespread medical problem that cause pain and discomfort, and may lead to complications if untreated or improperly treated. Warts are benign growths of the skin caused by a virus that involves the epidermis. Five different types of warts are classified by their clinical presentation: (1) Verrucae vulgares are common warts that display hyperkeratosis and may occur anywhere except the genital and mucous membranes and plantar surfaces (soles of the feet); (2) Verrucae planae are flat warts that usually occur on the face, trunk and extremities; (3) Verrucae plantares are warts that occur only on the soles of the feet; (4) Condylomata acuminata are venereal warts that occur on the genitals and mucous membranes; (5) premalignant warts (Epidermoldysplasia verruciformis) usually occur on the hands and feet and are rare in occurrence. Currently, there are no completely successful, treatments for warts. Current treatments of verrucae involve physical destruction of the infected cells. Choice of treatment depends on the location, size, number, and type of wart, age and co-operation of the patient. No single treatment modality is uniformly effective or directly antiviral. Antiwart treatments include cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, caustics and acids such as salicylic acid, lactic acid and trichloroacetic acid, which destroy and peel off infected skin. Retinoic acid has been used topically to treat flat warts. Cantharidin is an extract of the green blister beetle that leads to blistering and focal destruction of the epidermis. Induction of allergic contact dermatitis with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) produces local inflammation to warts on which this chemical has been applied. Chemotherapeutic agents also employed for venereal warts include topically applied podophyllin resin, which is more effective on mucosal surfaces. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and the potency of podophyllin preparations may be highly variable. Purified podophyllotoxin is available having activity that is reproducible in vitro Application of 5-fluorouracil is sometimes used to treat flat warts and Condylomata acuminata. Intralesional bleomycin has also been used but may cause extensive tissue necrosis. Curettage, electrodesiccation, CO.sub.2, and lasers are also used to treat warts. These treatment modalities are often painful and may require anesthesia and cause scarring. A new immunomodulator, Imiquimod has recently been used to topically treat genital and perianal warts. Salicylic acid in a topical composition is available for the treatment of warts. In this form, salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent that softens the hyperkeratotic areas by dissolving the intra-cellular matrix and enhancing shedding of scales. This composition is nonspecific, being also used for the treatment of psoriasis and other hyperkeratotic disorders. Unfortunately, application of salicylic acid is not always effective for wart resolution. Many patients with warts become frustrated while using salicylic acid because it is ineffective, forcing those patients to seek medical consultation. This may result in applying physical or surgical agents to alleviate patient distress.
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Because no effective extemporaneous keratolytic treatment to remove warts without appreciable side effects is yet available, other modalities are needed. In this invention we have used and extemporaneous application of slaked lime and betel leaf stem to instantly remove warts from human skin surface. Slaked lime contains at least 95% calcium hydroxide (CaH.sub.2 O.sub.2), prepared commercially by hydration of lime (W. L. Faith et al., Industrial Chemicals. John Wiley & Sons, 3.sup.rd Ed., 1965, New York, N.Y.). It is crystalline or soft, odorless, granules of powder with slightly bitter alkaline taste. It readily absorbs carbon dioxide from air forming calcium carbonate; upon igniting it loses water forming calcium oxide (CaO). It is slightly soluble in water, soluble in glycerol, sugar or ammonium chloride solutions. The pH of saturated solution is 12.4. LD50 orally in rats is 7.34 g/kg (The Merck Index 12.sup.th Ed., Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, N.J.). Betel leaf (Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) is also called Ju Jiang Ye in Chinese medicine. One of the most popular uses of betel leaf is in the composition called, "betel," which is a compound of natural substances chewed for its psychostimulating effects. Betel is composed of the nut of the areca palm (Areca catechu), the leaf of the betel pepper (Piper betle), and lime (calcium hydroxide). Approximately 300 million persons chew betel regularly throughout the western Pacific basin and south Asia. Only three drugs (nicotine, ethanol, and caffeine) are consumed more widely than betel. When betel is chewed, it produces mild psychoactive and cholinergic effects. There is copious production of blood-red saliva that can stain oral structures. After years of chewing, the teeth may become red-brown to nearly black. Betel use is associated with oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis, and squamous cell carcinoma. Use of betel is discouraged in Western countries because of its alleged carcinogenic and perceived dysesthetic properties; nevertheless, betel is widely available in the West. (Norton S A, Betel: consumption and consequences: J Am Acad Dermatol January;38(1):81-8, 1998). It contains many phenols including anti-nitrosating phenolic compounds (Nagabhushan, M., et al., Hydroxychavicol: a new anti-nitrosating phenolic compound from betel leaf, Mutagenesis, May;4(3):200-4, 1989). The anecdotal use of the prescribed combination of the components of betel exists because of a balance of chemical activity brought about mutually by the components. Betel leaf has antiviral properties and its component appear to be better extracted when combined with slaked lime. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312735__ •
Method for using acoustic shock waves in the treatment of medical conditions Inventor(s): Ogden; John A. (Atlanta, GA), Warlick; John F. (Woodstock, GA) Assignee(s): Healthtronics Inc. (Marietta, GA) Patent Number: 6,368,292 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to methods for medical treatment of pathological conditions. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for using acoustic shock waves to treat a variety of pathological conditions such as plantar warts, deep bone bruises, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, urinary incontinence, and spinal cord injuries, including the reduction or removal of scar tissue to aid in spinal cord regrowth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for medical treatment of pathological conditions. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for using acoustic shock waves to treat a variety of pathological conditions. The use of energy wave forms for
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medical treatment of various bone pathologies is known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,360, issued on Jul. 23, 1985 to Duarte, teaches the use of ultrasound transducers, in direct contact with the skin of the patient, for transmitting ultrasound pulses to the site of the bone defect. Duarte teaches a nominal ultrasound frequency of 1.3 to 2.0 MHz, a pulse width range of 10 to 2000 microseconds, and a pulse rate varying between 100 and 1000 Hz Duarte maintains the ultrasound power level below 100 milliwatts per square centimeter, with treatments lasting no more than 20 minutes per day. Other devices utilize piezoelectric materials fastened adjacent to the pathological site on the patient's limb to produce ultrasonic energy in the vicinity of the bone pathology for administering therapy. Examples of such prior art references include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,211,160, 5,259,384, and 5,309,898. Clinicians have also utilized shock waves to treat various pathologies. Early approaches of using shock waves for medical treatment required immersing the patient in water and directing a shock wave, generated by an underwater spark discharge, at a solid site to be treated, such as a bone or kidney stone. When the shock wave hits the solid site, a liberation of energy from the change of acoustic impedance from water to the solid site produces pressure in the immediate vicinity of the site. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,671 to Senge et al., issued on Mar. 6, 1990, teaches a method applying acoustic shock waves to induce bone formation. Senge et al. teaches that the acoustical sound waves utilized by Duarte (and similar references) for treatment of bone have a generally damped sinusoidal wave form centered on ambient pressure. More specifically, Senge et al. teaches that the pressure of an acoustical sound wave utilized by Duarte rises regularly to a maximum value above ambient, falls regularly through ambient and on to a minimum value below ambient in a continued oscillation above and below ambient until complete damping occurs. Portions of the wave above ambient represent acoustic compression, while portionsbelow ambient represent acoustic tension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368292__ •
Method of making molecular chlorine dioxide Inventor(s): Madray; George (4 Carteret Rd., Brunswick, GA 31525) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,830 Date filed: March 4, 1999 Abstract: A method for manufacturing molecular chlorine dioxide, by the addition of potassium iodide to a solution of alkali metal chlorite. The metal chlorite and the potassium iodide are kept separate, until the need for the generation of chlorine dioxide arises--to ensure long-shelf life. After initiation or activation of the chlorite anion to form chlorine dioxide, the beneficial properties of chlorine dioxide can be used, for different health and cosmetic purposes. Such uses include the treatment of herpes, dandruff, acne, skin rashes (e.g. poison ivy), ulcers, bed sores, warts, nail fungus, athletes foot, sun burn and gum disease; and as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and general deodorant form refrigerator sprays to oral mouthrinses. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a broad field, being as broad as are the properties of chlorine dioxide. For example, in the field of dentistry alone, it can be used as a biofilm control to prevent the buildup of plaque which is responsible for tooth decay, as a whitener maintenance, as an oral/periodontal irrigant and as a breath freshener. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has many beneficial properties. Chlorine dioxide is an efficient oxidant. Because it readily reacts with substances (phenolics and sulfides) known to
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cause taste and odor problems, chlorine dioxide is a widely used treatment for drinking water. Chlorine dioxide has other beneficial properties resulting from its ability to maintain its oxidizing power and antimicrobial properties over a wide pH range. For example, chlorine dioxide is effective against viruses, bacteria, and protozoan cysts. Chlorine dioxide has been shown to be effective in controlling cryptosporidium (Peters, J.; Mazas, E.; Masschelein, W.; 1989, "Effect of Disinfection of Drinking water with Ozone or Chlorine Dioxide on Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst". Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55(6):1519-1522);(Korich, D.; Mead, J.; Madore, M.; Sinclair, N.; Sterling. C. 1990, "Effects of Ozone, Chlorine Dixoide, Chlorine and Monochloramine of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Viability". Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56:14231428.);(Finch, G.; Liyanage, L.; Belosivic, M. 1995, "Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In InProc. 3rd International Symposium on Chlorine Dioxide Use in Drinking Water, Wastewater and Industrial Applications. CMA, USEPA, and AWWARF.) which causes severe gastrointestinal problems (and even death) in AIDS and immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, chlorine is not effective in treating water sources containing cryptosporidium. Other applications include its use as a bleaching agent, disinfectant, deodorant, and biofilm control. Even though it is not well understood, microbial cell walls and microbial membranes, being different from human cells, rupture when ClO2penetrates them at concentrations even below one part per million (PPM) whick is equivalent to one milligram per liter (mg/L). Alteration of electrolytic permeability, and metabolic processes quickly follow, destroying the microbes of which no immunity results. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231830__ •
Method of treating warts using tazarotene Inventor(s): Weber; Paul J. (1 Seneca Rd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33308), Da Silva; Luiz B. (1995 Camino Ramon Pl., Danville, CA 94526), Weber; Michael R. (13906 Term La., Clearwater, FL 33762) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,114,348 Date filed: March 10, 1999 Abstract: A method and composition for topically treating non-metastasizing skin eruptions of warts with tazarotene in a suitable pharmaceutical composition. The compositions can include corticosteroids or fluorouracil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating certain nonmetastasizing skin eruptions. More particularly, there is provided a method of treating warts and keratoacanthoma with a composition containing ethyl 6-[2-(4,4dimethylthiochroman-6-yl)--ethynyl]nicotinate (Tazarotene) or the salts thereof. Warts are benign tumors that commonly involve skin and less frequently affect other epithelial tissues. These lesions are induced by papillomaviruses which are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-containing viruses. The approach to treatment of warts depends on the age of the patient, the extent and duration of lesions and the patient's immunological status. Common therapy has been cryotherapy, using caustics and acids such as salicylic acid, lactic acid, trichloracetic acid or retinoic acid. Unfortunately, many warts resist such treatment, especially in organ transplant patients. Keratoacanthoma is a common keratinizing cutaneous squamous neoplasm characterized by rapid and prolific growth sometimes followed by spontaneous involution, classically occurring on the sunexposed skin of elderly light skinned individuals. There are several methods of treating
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keratoacanthomas. Surgical excision and injectable intralesional 5-fluorouracil have been used to remove lesions, but scarring occurs from surgery and necrosis of tissue occurs. 5-Fluorouracil has been used for solitary, multiple and large lesions. This treatment requires painful injections and needs to be complete to be effective. Corticosteroids have been used with variable success. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114348__ •
Method of using hydroxycarboxylic acids or related compounds for treating skin changes asociated with intrinsic and extrinsic aging Inventor(s): Van Scott; Eugene J. (Abington, PA), Yu; Ruey J. (Ambler, PA) Assignee(s): Tristrata Technology, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,060,512 Date filed: November 4, 1998 Abstract: Preventive as well as therapeutic treatment to alleviate cosmetic conditions and symptoms of dermatologic disorders with amphoteric compositions containing alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids, related compounds or polymeric forms of hydroxyacids is disclosed. The cosmetic conditions and the dermatologic disorders in which the amphoteric compositions and the polymeric compounds may be useful include dry skin, dandruff, acne, keratoses, psoriasis, eczema, pruritus, age spots, lentigines, melasmas, wrinkles, warts, blemished skin, hyperpigmented skin, kyperkeratotic skin, inflammatory dermatoses, skin changes associated with aging, and skin requiring cleansers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to therapeutic treatment as well as preventive measures for cosmetic conditions and dermatologic disorders by topical administration of amphoteric compositions or polymeric forms of alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids and related compounds. We initially discovered that alpha hydroxy or keto acids and their derivatives were effective in the topical treatment of disease conditions such as dry skin, ichthyosis, eczema, palmar and plantar hyperkeratoses, dandruff, acne and warts. We have now discovered that amphoteric compositions and polymeric forms of alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids and related compounds on topical administration are therapeutically effective for various cosmetic conditions and dermatologic disorders. In our prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,537 entitled "Treatment of Ichthyosiform Dermatoses" we described and claimed the use of certain alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids and related compounds for topical treatment of fish-scale like ichthyotic conditions in humans. In our U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,835 entitled "Treatment of Disturbed Keratinization" we described and claimed the use of these alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids and their derivatives for topical treatment of dandruff, acne, and palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06060512__
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Methods for the treatment of psoriasis and genital warts Inventor(s): Chu; Chung K. (Athens, GA), Cheng; Yung-Chi (Woodbridge, CT) Assignee(s): Yale University (New Haven, CT), The University of Georgia Research Foundation Center (Athens, GA) Patent Number: 6,063,787 Date filed: January 26, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of (-)-(2S,4S)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3dioxolan-4-yl) cytosine to treat psoriasis, genital warts and other hyperproliferative keratinocyte diseases such as hyperkeratosis, ichthyosis, keratoderma or lichen planus. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the area of medicinal chemistry, and in particular is (-)(2S,4S)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cytosine (also referred to as (-)-OddC) or its derivative, and its use to treat cancer in animals, including humans. A tumor is an unregulated, disorganized proliferation of cell growth. A tumor is malignant, or cancerous, if it has the properties of invasiveness and metastasis. Invasiveness refers to the tendency of a tumor to enter surrounding tissue, breaking through the basal laminas that define the boundaries of the tissues, thereby often entering the body's circulatory system. Metastasis refers to the tendency of a tumor to migrate to other areas of the body and establish areas of proliferation away from the site of initial appearance. Cancer is now the second leading cause of death in the United States. Over 8,000,000 persons in the United States have been diagnosed with cancer, with 1,208,000 new diagnoses expected in 1994. Over 500,000 people die annually from the disease in this country. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06063787__
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Pharmacological agent and method of treatment Inventor(s): Fernandez-Pol; Jose A. (Chesterfield, MO) Assignee(s): Novactyl, Inc. (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,407,125 Date filed: October 2, 2000 Abstract: A biological response modifying metal ion chelating agent such as picolinic acid, analogs or derivatives thereof, and methods of using the same. The agents chelate metals in metal containing protein complexes and enzymes required for growth, replication or inflammatory response. The preparations can be administered systemically or topically. The products can be used to reduce systemic levels of metals in disease states such as Wilson's disease, iron or lead toxicity. The preparations have antineoplastic, antiviral, antiinflammatory, analgesic antiangiogenic, antiproliferative as well as hematopoetic and immune stimulant, effects and are used in the treatment of warts, psoriasis, acne, cancers, sunburn, inflammatory responses, untoward angiogenesis, immune depression and other diseases and in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases such as genital warts, herpes and AIDS. Excerpt(s): It will be appreciated that hereinafter the use of the term "response modifier" is intended to encompass all of the intended functions of the invention and method including antiviral, antiinfective, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiaging, growth stimulant, vaccine and so on. Further, it will be appreciated that the broad term "antiinfective" is intended to include antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic functions, as well as actions against any other infective agent or organism including viruses not
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encompassed by the term "antiviral". It will also be appreciated that the term "antiinflammatory" is intended to include an inflammatory response modifier, including all inflammatory responses such as production of stress proteins, white blood cell infiltration, fever, pain, swelling and so forth. Furthermore, the term "analgesic" is intended to include a pain reliever, whether the pain incurred is a result of disease, inflammation, trauma or psychosomatic reaction. Researchers recently have come to appreciate the role of metal containing proteins in physiological actions and responses including cancer, pain, inflammation, proliferative and infectious diseases. Generally speaking, the inventor has studied the important function of proteins having amino acid sequences which bind metals, particularly transition metal ions therein. For example, the inventor has determined the important role zinc finger or zinc ring proteins as hormonereceptor proteins and in proliferative, inflammatory and infectious diseases. Moreover, the inventor has determined the role of other metal ion containing protein complexes, such as the role of iron finger proteins such as iron-finger hormone-receptor proteins in aging and carcinogenesis. The inventor and others have recognized at least three efficient approaches to inhibiting zinc finger proteins: 1) disruption of the zinc finger by modification of the cysteines which are at least one of the four binding sites for Zn.sup.2+ in the zinc finger protein which results in the ejection of zinc ion; 2) removal of the zinc from the zinc finger moiety by specific chelating agents; and 3) specific chelating agents that form a ternary complex at the site of zinc binding on zinc finger proteins, resulting in inhibition of the DNA or RNA binding activity of zinc finger proteins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06407125__ •
Preparation for warts Inventor(s): Agholme; Astrid (Rosendalsvagen 4, SE-776 31 Hedemora, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,503,946 Date filed: August 15, 2001 Abstract: Use of a preparation comprising formic acid as an active ingredient for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of skin warts caused by a papilloma virus in a mammal by topical administration on the affected area. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a preparation comprising formic acid as an active ingredient for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of warts caused by virus(es) in a mammal, especially a human being, by topical administration of the medicament on the affected area. Warts (verucca) are harmless growths of the skin caused by a wart virus, a so called papilloma virus. This virus can be found in both human beings and animals and constitutes a sub-group to the papova virus family. There are about 60 types of said virus in human beings. Warts are common affections among human beings and are contagious and can propagate to different parts of the body and among persons. They can grow on any part of the body, but mainly on hands and feet. Warts on hands are often high, cracked and uneven, so called cauliflower warts, on the surfaces of which small black dots can be observed. Said black dots are small capillaries which can easily start bleeding when the wart is being touched, leading to a high risk of infection. On the feet there are among others so called inwards directed warts, which are hard and usually existing on the sole and heel. These warts are the most painful and difficult to treat and easily propagate to form a whole family. On the hands there are also smaller warts, so called ball warts, which are small,
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deep and considerably more difficult to eliminate. Smaller warts can also be found under the nails. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503946__ •
Steroid esters useful against skin disorders Inventor(s): Gubernick; Joseph (New York, NY), Maes; Daniel H. (Huntington, NY) Assignee(s): Estee Lauder Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,025,347 Date filed: January 16, 1998 Abstract: Novel steroid esters useful for regulating skin atrophy, and skin maladies, as well as compositions containing the esters and methods for their use are described. A preferred steroid ester is DHEA salicylate. Such types of skin atrophy to be treated include the thinning and/or general degradation of the dermis often characterized by a decrease in collagen and/or elastin as well as decreased number, size and doubling potential of fibroblast cells. Such skin maladies include but are not limited to dry skin, dandruff, acne, keratoses, psoriasis, eczema, pruritis, age spots, lentigines, melasmas, wrinkles, warts, blemished skin, hyperpigmented skin, hyperkeratotic skin, inflammatory dermatoses, age-related skin changes and skin in need of cleansers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel steroid esters useful for regulating skin atrophy and other skin maladies, to pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions containing such steroid esters and to methods for their use. Non-steroid molecules, such as hydroxybenzoic acids and.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acids have also been used to treat skin conditions.alpha.-Hydroxycarboxylic acids have been used to treat ichthyosis, hyperkeratoses, dandruff and acne (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,879,537 to Van Scott et al.; 3,920,835, 3,988,470, and 4,234,599 to Van Scott et al.; 3,984,566 to Van Scott et al.; and 4,105,782 to Yu et al.; respectively).alpha.-Hydroxycarboxylic acids have also been used to treat dry skin (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,105,783 to Yu et al.; 4,194,007 to Van Scott et al.; 4,197,316 to Yu et al.; 4,380,549 to Van Scott et al.; 4,363,815 to Yu et al. and 4,091,171 to Yu et al.alpha.-Hydroxycarboxylic acids have also been used to enhance the antiinflammatory action of corticosteroids (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,261 to Van Scott et al.). U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,343 to Parah et el. discloses the use of salts of.alpha.hydroxyacids in conjunction with steroids to minimize cutaneous atrophy, a side-effect of steroid application to the skin. One of the drawbacks of using.alpha.-hydroxyacids for treating skin ailments of a patient is that at high concentrations,.alpha.-hydroxyacids are known to remove the outer layer of skin by effectively burning the skin off the patient. Such treatments are known in the art as "chemical peels." However, when improperly monitored, chemical peeling of the outer layer of skin using.alpha.-hydroxyacids can lead to inflammation, infection and scarring. Thus there is a need for a composition capable of providing the skin-healing benefits of.alpha.-hydroxyacids while avoiding the drawbacks such as those described above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06025347__
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Topical formulation of alkyl-, phenyl-pyridone Inventor(s): Scheiwe; Max Werner (Maulburg, DE), Yamauchi; Shitotomo (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Mepha AG (Aesch, CH) Patent Number: 6,492,395 Date filed: May 23, 2001 Abstract: A pharmaceutically acceptable topical formulation for the treatment and/or prevention of skin ailments, more particularly of fibriotic nature such as fibriotic lesional tissues, contiguous warts, contact dermatitis, and keloids, and to assist the healing of burns after surgery, comprising as active ingredient a substituted pyridone of the formula: n-(R.sup.1)-R.sup.2 -2-(1H)pyridone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, where R.sup.1 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, carboxyl and a carboxymethyl or carboxyethyl ester group, R.sup.2 is selected from phenyl, methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, propylphenyl, and a carboxyphenyl or carboxyethylphenyl ester group, and n is 3, 4 or 5, together with an excipient, characterized in that the excipient comprises, one or more plasticisers, one or more antioxidants, one or more gelforming agents and sufficient pH adjusting agent to bring the pH of the formulation to a value from 4 to 8. The preferred active ingredient is 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(1H)pyridone (Pirfenidone). Excerpt(s): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, where R.sup.1 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, carboxyl and a carboxymethyl or carboxyethyl ester group, R.sup.2 is selected from phenyl, methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, propylphenyl, and a carboxyphenyl or carboxyethylphenyl ester group, and n is 3, 4 or 5 (position of substitution). The preferred active ingredient is Pirfenidone (CAS 53179-13-8, 5-methyl1-phenyl-2-(1H)-pyridone). As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,562 and EP 0 383 591, Pirfenidone has a broad spectrum of applications in the prevention and treatment of fibrotic diseases, especially for the reparation and prevention of fibrotic lesional tissues, contiguous warts, contact dermatitis, keloids, fibrosis of the lung, fibrosis of the prostate, sclerosis, the healing of burns after surgery and Alzheimer disease. Although the possibility of topical application is mentioned, there is no description of any specific formulation. The application of active ingredients of the class mentioned, (hereafter called alkyl,phenyl pyridones) e.g. Pirfenidone for e.g. the treatment of burns and keloids may possibly be carried out using a solution or a suspension of the agent in aqueous or oily excipient such as emulsions, creams, ointments, gels, microemulsions, liquid emulsions, nanocapsule suspensions, liposome formulations, lotions and the like; however, an ointment, cream or gel formulation is preferable because of their soothing effect and easy application. Because these formulations are used in the treatment of humans they are considered to be pharmaceutical preparations, and as thus have to be proven to be physically and chemically stable before they are permitted on the market. For this reason, each formulation must undergo a stability test. Without the necessary data on stability and shelf life, the formulation cannot be approved by any health authority. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492395__
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Topical medicament comprising phenolic biocide and choline Inventor(s): Vanden Berghe; Dirk (Laarne, BE) Assignee(s): Biominerals, N.V. (Destelbergen, BE) Patent Number: 6,469,070 Date filed: August 11, 1999 Abstract: A topical medicament for the treatment of warts, corns and verrucae including a phenolic biocide, which is preferably a compound of formula (I), in which n is from 0 to 19, in combination with choline or a derivative or a salt thereof. A method for treatment of warts, corns and verrucae is also provided which includes the steps of applying the topical medicament to the warts, corns and verrucae. Excerpt(s): This application is 371 of PCT/GB97/01306 filed May 14, 1997 which claims priority benefit to United Kingdom 9610122.5 filed May 15, 1996. The present invention relates to the preparation of topical medicaments for the treatment of warts and related conditions. In particular it relates to the use of phenolic biocidal compounds to prepare such medicaments. A wide range of generally non-life threatening but highly irritating conditions affect both the human and animal skin. These include warts, corns and verrucae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06469070__
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Treatment for wart and related disorders Inventor(s): Staggs; Jeff J. (1285 E. Goldsmith Dr., Highlands Ranch, CO 80126) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,593,371 Date filed: May 15, 2000 Abstract: A novel treatment for wart and related disorders such as papillomas derived from extracts of pepper, ginger, and related plant species containing vanillyl (FIG. 3), and piperidine (FIG. 7) ring structures typical of the pungent principals found in pepper, and ginger. The pepper extracts, which also possess antifungal properties are demonstrated in the topical treatment of warts. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel treatment for wart and related disorders such as papillomas derived from extracts of pepper and ginger and chemically related species. Warts, or verrucae infect man and animal alike. More than 80 related strains of papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified as the cause. It is estimated than 40 million Americans have some form of HPV infection. Most warts are harmless, but may also harbor bacterial infections. Still other may cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis, mouth, throat, or esophagus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06593371__
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Treatment of papillomavirus-associated lesions Inventor(s): Scarpini; Cinzia Giuseppina (Cambridge, GB), Stanley; Margaret Anne (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): Cambridge University Technical Services, Ltd. (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 6,096,869 Date filed: March 22, 1996 Abstract: Interleukin-12 (IL-12) or a functional analogue thereof, or a polynucleotide encoding IL-12 or encoding a functional analogue thereof, is used as a therapeutic material or adjuvant in treating papillomavirus-associated lesions e.g. warts due to HPV 6 and/or 11, e.g. condyloma acuminata. IL-12 or a vector encoding it for endogenous production can be used together with a vaccine such as a papillomavirus antigen, or a vector encoding a papillomavirus antigen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to materials and methods for treatment of papillomavirus-associated lesions, e.g. HPV-associated lesions such as the tumours designated as genital warts. The invention also relates to methods of producing and using such materials, including immunotherapeutic materials such as vaccines and adjuvants. Many proliferative conditions are known to be associated with papillomaviruses, in particular varieties of warts, such as condyloma acuminata (anogenital warts) and cervical intraepithelial dysplasia and neoplasia, which can develop into cervical cancer. Condyloma acuminata is caused by infection with human papillomavirus, usually HPV types 6 and 11, and is the most commonly diagnosed viral sexually transmitted disease in the UK. Significant morbidity is associated with the lesions, and available treament regimes are unsatisfactory, with many patients exhibiting recurrent disease. Other HPV types, particularly 16 and 18, are associated with development of intraepithelial dysplasia and neoplasia which may progress to invasive carcinoma tumours of the cervix and (more rarely) of the vulva, vagina or penis. Furthermore, one study showed cervical intraepithelilal neoplasia in 50% of patients with visible genital warts (PG Walker et al, (1983) Br J Ven Dis 59:120-123). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096869__
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Use of anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of dermatological conditions Inventor(s): Buchanan; Janet (362 Roup Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15232) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,309,662 Date filed: March 6, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing recurrence of warts including a step of administering to a patient an anti-inflammatory drug, particularly, ciprofloxacin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for generation of a Th-1=IgG2a=CMI response for treatment of dermatological conditions. Dissemination of the human papillomavirus has been found to be associated with suppression of cytokines and other factors leading to an ineffective Th-1 cell-mediated response. The regression of the human papillomavirus has been found to be associated with an increase in the expression of cytokines in a cell-mediated response. as well as a decrease in the viral load, and any markers associated with proliferation and differentiation. It is also recognized that Th-1 cells are involved in the induction of
Patents 169
cellular immunity and this is characterized by a lower or absent antibody production. However, some Th-1 responses are associated with strong antibody production of IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 subclasses. When a humoral response with strong antibody production does not develop. there is an incomplete cell-mediated response toward a pathogen. This explains the lack of humoral activities that is seen with the human papillomavirus. Warts are produced by eruption of the underlying human papillomavirus (HPV). The development of warts is due to direct contact with virus particles. The risk of infection of warts depends not only the virulence of the virus particles, but also on the patient's susceptibility to viral attack and strength of the patient's immune system. Immunodeficient patients have greater susceptibility to infection. inadequate treatment for HPV, and frequent recurrences. Most standard therapies are ablative and caustic and treat only the visibly appearing warts and do not treat the underlying virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06309662__ •
Use of peroxygen compounds in the control of hairy wart disease Inventor(s): Ihns; Deborah Anastasia (St. Paul, MN), Schmidt; William (Woodbury, MN) Assignee(s): Ecolab Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,028,104 Date filed: January 26, 1998 Abstract: A method of preventing growth of hairy warts and preventing hairy wart disease in dairy cattle by applying to a potentially infected area of the cattle, e.g. hooves, a solution comprising a peroxycarboxylic acid, e.g. of C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, particularly peracetic acid, is described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the prophylactic treatment of foot disease in dairy cattle. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of peroxycarboxylic acids in the control of organisms which cause hairy wart disease in dairy cattle. Hairy wart disease, also called Papillomatus Digital Dermatitis (PDD), Infectious Bovine Interdigital Dermatitis (IDD), Digital Dermatitis (DD), or Stable Foot Rot (SFR) is an infectious disease transmitted among animals. The effects of the disease are lameness, loss of weight, decline of general well-being; in the case of dairy cattle, a loss of milk production and the resulting economic loss to the dairy farmer. Interventive surgery may be required to protect the life of the animal. The disease is thought to be caused by Fusobacterium mecrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus, and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. All are anaerobic spirochetes, live in the intestinal track, and are reported to live in the manure/soil for up to ten months. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06028104__
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Use of sandalwood oil for the prevention and treatment of warts, skin blemishes and other viral-induced tumors Inventor(s): Haque; Azeez U. (Columbus, OH), Haque; Malika H. (Columbus, OH) Assignee(s): Haque, Inc. (Columbus, OH) Patent Number: 6,132,756 Date filed: September 2, 1998
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Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors, more specifically, human warts. The method uses sandalwood oil and/or derivatives from the sandalwood oil to prepare medicaments for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors (i.e., warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)) in humans. The method of the invention comprises the topical administration of the sandalwood oil or a composition derived therefrom to the human epidermis and/or to the genital tract as needed. The present invention is also concerned with a unique antiviral composition useful for topical application. The antiviral composition according to this invention is also effective against other DNA viruses such as the DNA pox virus that causes Molluscum contagiosum and may be effective against other DNA viruses such as AIDS virus and RNA viruses. The sandalwood oil compositions are also effective against genital warts and HPV of the genital tract and will prevent cancer of the skin and cervix. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to prophylactic and therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of viral-induced tumors, such as warts. In one embodiment, the therapeutic agent is in the form of a soap, comprising natural sandalwood oil and vegetable ingredients. More specifically, the therapeutic agent is sandalwood oil or an isolate or isolates from the sandalwood oil described herein. Use of the oil or its components as a topical agent for the prevention and treatment of viralinduced tumors, such as human papillomavirus-induced tumors, is disclosed. Viruses which induce tumors in mammals are widespread. Indeed, there are over sixty known types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) which are DNA viruses. These viruses can induce the production of tumors. Some of these HPV's have been associated with benign tumors, such as common warts, while others have been strongly implicated as etiologic agents in dysplasia and carcinomas in the oral and genital mucosa of the infected mammal. Warts are a very common skin lesion in humans and are caused by various human papillomaviruses (DNA virus). Each virus is related to a specific clinical presentation of the wart. Warts are infectious and can be autoinoculated and spread to other individuals by direct contact. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06132756__ •
Wart removal method and device Inventor(s): Stough; Dowling B. (One Mercy La., Suite 304, Hot Springs, AR 71913) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,585,742 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: A wart removal device includes a handle and a pad. The pad has a base and tines with each tine preferably having a height not less than approximately twice its width. The tine height is preferably less than approximately 0.1 inch. The pad has a width that is preferably not greater than approximately 1/4 inch and a length that is preferably not less than approximately twice its width. Each tine is sharpened so that opposing sides form a point at an upper edge with the opposing sides forming an angle of from approximately 20.degree. to approximately 40.degree. In operation, the device is raked against wart tissue to create incisions in the wart tissue. The sharpness and cutting depth of the device are designed to create incisions without causing noticeable bleeding. The device may be provided in a kit with a medicament, such as pyruvic acid, to improve the effectiveness of the medicament.
Patents 171
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to wart removal, and more particularly to a method and device for accomplishing wart removal. A wart is a papillomatous growth characterized by a relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer. It is believed that a virus causes warts. A wide variety of wart removal techniques are known in the art. Wart removal techniques include burning and freezing. These techniques must typically be performed by a physician in a clinical setting. Various lotions and medicaments have been developed for topical application. Still, it is difficult to identify a lotion or medicament that is safe for a patient to use at home and that is still able to penetrate the relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer of a wart. Physicians have used scalpels and razors to remove warts by cutting or paring. A variety of tools or devices have also been proposed that use roughened surfaces to remove wart tissue over a period of days or weeks by rubbing or abrading. Cutting or paring a wart with a scalpel or razor generally provides superior results as compared to rubbing or abrading a wart with a roughened surface. Still, it is inconvenient and costly for a patient to make repeated trips to a physician for frequent cutting or paring treatments. For obvious safety reasons, physicians and patients are reluctant to have the patient use a scalpel or razor for repeated cutting and paring at home. Nonetheless, using a roughened surface to slowly rub or abrade wart tissue leaves much to be desired. For example, the roughened surfaces typically lack the cutting depth and sharpness to effectively penetrate the stratum corneum, the relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer of a wart. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wart removal method and device that allows a patient to safely and effectively remove wart tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585742__ •
Wart removing tool Inventor(s): Abel; Stanley B. (P.O. Box 67, Somis, CA 93066), Sauceda; Charles J. (1390 Flynn Rd., Unit H, Camarillo, CA 93012), Abel; Lynn A. (2714 Antonio Dr., Camarillo, CA 93010) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,997,549 Date filed: February 16, 1999 Abstract: A wart removing tool which comprises a carbide pad mounted at one end of an elongated handle. The carbide pad has an exterior substantially planar surface which is roughened by being knurled/serrated. The carbide pad is to include cobalt with the carbide being from the group consisting of iron carbide, manganese carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, vanadium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, titanium carbide and tungsten carbide. The tool is to be utilized by the roughened surface being rubbed against a wart at least twice a day with these rubbings occuring several hours apart. This type of application is to occur for period of time between four and ten weeks during which time the wart will diminish in size until gone from the body. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to a medical type of device and more particularly to a device that can be used to effect removal of warts from an animal body, such as a human body. A wart is defined as a papillomatous growth which occurs on the surface of the skin of an animal body with generally warts being common within humans. Warts are caused by a virus. Warts are deemed to be undesirable by being unattractive. In the past, there have been numerous lotions that have been designed to be appliable to the wart and, after a period of time, the wart is to drop off of the body.
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However, in the past, these lotions have proved to be rather ineffective and/or painful. Additionally, it is common to remove warts with an electric needle. The disadvantage of such an electric needle is that it destroys the wart by "burning" which produces a rather unslightly appearance until the area heals which was occupied by the wart. This burning also results in the creating of a permanent unsightly scar. Also, at times, this technique results in the wart regrowing not resulting in the elimination of the wart. A wart removing tool which is defined by an elongated handle which terminates in an operating end. Mounted on the operating end is a carbide pad. The carbide pad could be from the group that includes iron carbide, manganese carbide, chromium carbide, molybdenum carbide, vanadium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, titanium carbide and tungsten carbide. Also, it is believed to be important that the carbide include cobalt. The pad has an exterior substantially planar operating surface with this operating surface being roughened as by being knurled or serrated. The method of application of the tool is to rub the roughened surface of the carbide pad against the upper surface of the wart for a period of a few seconds. This rubbing is to occur at least two times a day, such as in the morning and in the evening. This type of application of the carbide pad to the wart is to occur until the wart actually diminishes in size until gone from the body with generally this application to proceed for between four and ten weeks. Preferably, the application of the tool is to occur after bathing when the wart is soft. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997549__
Patent Applications on Warts As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to warts: •
Additives enhancing topical applications of therapeutic agents Inventor(s): Scott, Eugene J. Van; (Abington, PA), Yu, Ruey J.; (Ambler, PA) Correspondence: AKIN, GUMP, STRAUSS, HAUER & FELD, L.L.P.; ONE COMMERCE SQUARE, SUITE 2200; 2005 MARKET STREET; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030017130 Date filed: February 8, 2002 Abstract: Preventive as well as therapeutic treatment to alleviate cosmetic conditions and symptoms of dermatologic disorders with amphoteric compositions containing alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids, related compounds or polymeric forms of hydroxyacids is disclosed. The cosmetic conditions and the dermatologic disorders in which the amphoteric compositions and the polymeric compounds may be useful include dry skin, dandruff, acne, keratoses, psoriasis, eczema, pruritus, age spots, lentigines, melasinas, wrinkles, warts, blemished skin, hyperpigmented skin, kyperkeratotic skin, inflammatory dermatoses, skin changes associated with aging, and skin requiring cleansers.
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/744,882, filed Feb. 1, 2001, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/510,368, filed Feb. 22, 2000, now abandoned; which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/222,995, filed Dec. 30, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,609; which is itself in turn a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/926,030, filed Sep. 9, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,526; which is in turn a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/487,684, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,378; which itself is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/179,190, filed Jan. 10, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,880, which itself is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/089,101, filed Jul. 12, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,677; which itself is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/008,223, filed Jan. 22, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,776; which itself is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/812,858, filed Dec. 23, 1991, now abandoned; which itself is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/469,738, filed Jan. 1, 1990, now abandoned; which itself is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application No. 06/945,680, filed Dec. 23, 1986, now abandoned. This invention relates generally to therapeutic treatment as well as to preventive measures for cosmetic conditions and dermatologic disorders by topical administration of amphoteric compositions or polymeric forms of alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids and related compounds. We initially discovered that alpha hydroxy or keto acids and their derivatives were effective in the topical treatment of disease conditions such as dry skin, ichthyosis, eczema, palmar and plantar hyperkeratoses, dandruff, acne, and warts. We have now discovered that amphoteric compositions and polymeric forms of alpha hydroxyacids, alpha ketoacids, and related compounds of topical administration are therapeutically effective for various cosmetic conditions and dermatologic disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Apparatus for tissue treatment Inventor(s): Dolleris, Casper; (Frederiksberg C., DK), Asah, Bjarne; (Taastrup, DK), Balle-Petersen, Olav; (Humlebaek, DK) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; 8110 GATEHOUSE ROAD; SUITE 500 EAST; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22042; US Patent Application Number: 20010001118 Date filed: December 6, 2000 Abstract: A handpiece for cosmetic tissue treatment includes an input connector for connection of a first beam-outlet end of a first optical fiber to the handpiece and for alignment of the first optical fiber with an axis of the handpiece so that a first light beam emitted from the first beam-outlet end is transmitted substantially along the axis, a movable first deflecting device for deflection of the first light beam into a second light beam, and an output for emission of the second light beam towards a target surface. The handpiece may be used for eblating a thin epidermal layer of the derma of a patient and also marks on the tissue such as marks from chloasma, liver spots, red spots, tattoos, blood vessels just below the surface, etc. In addition, warts, wounds, hair follicles, etc., may be ablated or treated. Excerpt(s): 1. The present invention relates to an apparatus for tissue treatment, such as for cosmetic tissue treatment, and more particularly to a handpiece for a tissue treatment apparatus comprising a light source. 2. It is known to utilise laser light for tissue treatment. 3. During tissue treatment, a laser ablates a thin epidermal layer of the
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derma of a patient. During healing, a new epidermal layer is formed on the ablated surface having the look of the derma of a young person, i.e. the new epidermal layer is formed without previously existing scars, wrinkles, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Chalcone and its analogs as agents for the inhibition of angiogenesis and related disease states Inventor(s): Arbiser, Jack; (Atlanta, GA), Robinson, Thomas Philip; (Durham, NC), Goldsmith, David; (Atlanta, GA), Ehlers, Tedman; (Athens, GA), Bowen, J. Phillip; (Hull, CA) Correspondence: Henry D. Coleman; Coleman Sudol Sapone, P.C.; 714 Colorado Avenue; Bridgeport; CT; 06605-1601; US Patent Application Number: 20030027830 Date filed: July 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to chalcone and chalcone derivatives and analogs which are useful as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present compounds, which are inexpensive to synthesize, exhibit unexpectedly good activity as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present invention also relates to the use of chalcone and its analogs as antitumor/anticancer agents and to treat a number of conditions or disease states in which angiogenesis is a factor, incluidng angiongenic skin diseases such as psoriasis, acne, rosacea, warts, eczema, hemangiomas, lymphangiogenesis, among numerous others, as well as chronic inflammatory disease such as arthritis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/171,883 of same title filed Dec. 23, 1999. The present invention relates to chalcone and chalcone derivatives and analogs which are useful as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present compounds, which are inexpensive to synthesize exhibit unexpectedly good activity as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present invention also relates to the use of chalcone and its analogs as antitumor/anticancer agents and to treat a number of conditions or disease states in which angiogenesis is a factor. serve in many species as attractants of pollinators, UV protectors, insect repellents, signalling molecules and antibiotics, while the coumarins and stilbenes are implicated in the defense response of plants to pathogen ingress via their anti-microbial function effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Chelated 8-hydroxyquinoline and use thereof in a method of treating epithelial lesions Inventor(s): Potestio, Frank S.; (Parker, CO), Hanson, Carl C.; (Parker, CO), Jordan, Russel T.; (Fort Collins, CO) Correspondence: LATHROP & GAGE LC; 4845 PEARL EAST CIRCLE; SUITE 300; BOULDER; CO; 80301; US Patent Application Number: 20030113381 Date filed: September 18, 2002
Patents 175
Abstract: A chelation complex including 8-hydroxyquinoline and zinc mixed with a carrier demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in treating lesions including cancerous lesions, precancerous lesions, cysts and warts. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/601,304 filed Feb. 10, 1999 claiming benefit of priority to PCT/US99/02817 published on Aug. 12, 1999 and is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/021,421 filed Feb. 10, 1998. The present invention pertains to the field of oxinates and, particularly, to the therapeutic use of metal chelated 8-hydroxyquinolinates in the treatment of cancers, precancerous lesions, and other abnormal tissues. A preferred treatment modality for many cancers is surgical excision of the cancerous lesion. Surgical excision is not always desirable when surgery could sever nerves or produce scars that interfere with normal movements in tissues proximate the site of surgery. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combination of acid protease enzymes and acidic buffers and uses thereof Inventor(s): Norton, Scott J.; (Argyle, TX), Bishop, Michael; (Dallas, TX), Gillis, Glen; (Denton, TX) Correspondence: John E. Vandigriff; Suite 200; 190 N. Stemmons Frwy; Lewisville; TX; 75067; US Patent Application Number: 20020102285 Date filed: January 29, 2002 Abstract: Novel compositions comprising one or more of an acid protease and an acidic buffer, the acidic buffer comprising an acid and a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, vehicle or excipient, useful for treating or preventing abnormal biological conditions, diseases or disorders, and/or for improving the texture or appearance of the skin, and/or for enhancing epidermal exfoliation and/or for enhancing epidermal cell renewal and to methods for the use of the compositions. The acid protease comprises one or more proteolytic enzymes which exhibit proteolytic activity at pH values below that of the surface of the skin, i.e., approximately pH 5.5. The acidic buffer comprises at least one acidic buffering component that can reversibly disassociate hydrogen ions and has buffering capacity at pH values below that of the surface of the skin, i.e., approximately pH 5.5. or mixtures thereof with a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, vehicle or excipient. The buffer is capable of reducing the pH of the surface of the skin to less than pH 5.5 and is susceptible to neutralization by normal epidermal processes. Such types of abnormal biological conditions, diseases or disorders include skin atrophy, i.e., the thinning and/or general degradation of the dermis often characterized by a decrease in collagen and/or elastin as well as decreased number, size and doubling potential of fibroblast cells, and other maladies including, but are not limited to dry skin, severe dry skin, dandruff, acne, keratoses, psoriasis, eczema, skin flakiness, pruritus, age spots, lentigines, melasmas, wrinkles, warts, blemished skin, hyperpigmented skin, hyperkeratotic skin, inflammatory dermatoses, age-related skin changes and skin in need of cleansers. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/354,687, filed Jul. 16, 1999. This invention relates to novel compositions comprising one or more of an acid protease enzyme and an acidic buffer, the acidic buffer comprising an acidic buffering component that can reversibly disassociate hydrogen ions and has buffering capacity at
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pH values below that of the surface of the skin, i.e., approximately pH 5.5. and a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier, useful for treating or preventing abnormal skin conditions, diseases or disorders, and/or for improving the texture or appearance of the skin, and/or for enhancing epidermal exfoliation, and/or for enhancing epidermal cell renewal and to methods for the use of the compositions. It is well founded that exfoliation of epidermal layers of human skin induces an increased rate of epidermal cell renewal (E. Phillips, 1995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,913; W. P. Smith, 1994, Cosmetics and Toiletries 109:41-8). The human epidermis consists of multiple layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells in a constant state of renewal. New cells are formed first in the basal layer, which is the most internal membrane of the epidermis. These cells are displaced by the production of yet newer cells and subsequently are transported to the external layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, where they usually are shed (exfoliated) every two to three weeks. The general health and appearance of human skin depends greatly upon the rate of this process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Corn, callus and wart removing pads Inventor(s): Lundy, Charles E. JR.; (Germantown, TN), Feret, Ronald; (Memphis, TN), Cline, Mojgan; (Memphis, TN) Correspondence: SCHERING-PLOUGH CORPORATION; PATENT DEPARTMENT (K6-1, 1990); 2000 GALLOPING HILL ROAD; KENILWORTH; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20020197305 Date filed: August 14, 2002 Abstract: A wart, callus and/or corn removing pad including a layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material having a periphery and an underside, a medicated plaster secured centrally to the underside of the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material and including salicylic acid therein, a barrier layer interposed between the medicated plaster and the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material to prevent diffusion of the salicylic acid in the medicated plaster to the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material, an outer layer secured to the layer of hydrocolloid material, the outer layer at least having a border extending outwardly of the layer of hydrocolloid adhesive material, the border having an underside, a layer of adhesive material on the underside of the border, a release liner releasably secured to the underside of the hydrocolloid adhesive layer, and a paper release tab releasably secured to an upper surface of at least one of the hydrocolloid adhesive layer and the outer layer at one side thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of priority to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/628,633. The present invention relates generally to pads for corns, calluses and warts, and more particularly, to an improved corn, callus and wart removing pad. Corns are a painful type of hyperkeratosis, found principally over prominent toe joints and between toes. There are two common types of corns: Heloma Durum and Heloma Molle. Heloma Durum (hard corn) is a hyperkeratotic lesion which appears over a bony prominence and may have a deep nucleus. These corns are normally very tender and painful. The Heloma Molle (soft corn) is a hyperkeratotic lesion which is found between the toes. The soft corn results from pressure exerted between adjacent toes and is soft due to moisture between the toes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 177
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Diindolylmethane for the treatment of HPV infection Inventor(s): Zeligs, Michael A.; (Boulder, CO) Correspondence: PENNIE AND EDMONDS; 1155 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030096855 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: New methods and compositions are disclosed that comprise the phytochemical Diindolylmethane, alone or in combination with immune potentiating steroids. These methods and compositions are utilized to treat subjects suffering from common cutaneous warts (verrucae) and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) related conditions of the oropharynx, larynx, genitalia, and uterine cervix. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from provisional application No. 60/337,563 filed on Oct. 23, 2001. The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of verrucae (common skin warts) and related, oral-genital infections with the human papilloma virus (HPV), using Diindolylmethane, a natural phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables. The methods of the invention include the use of Diindolylmethane alone and in combination with immune potentiating steroids. Diindolylmethane ("DIM") is a member of the family of dietary indoles discovered in cruciferous vegetables. Diindolylmethane and its unstable precursor, Indole-3-carbinol ("I3C"), have been identified in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and Brussels sprouts (Bradfield, C. A. and Bjeldanes, L. F., "High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of anticarcinogenic indoles in Brassica oleracea", J. Agric. Food Chem., 35:46-49 (1987)). After the release of I3C from parent glucosinolates in cruciferous plants during crushing or chewing, Diindolylmethane is formed enzymatically. Also, Diindolylmethane is one of many indole products derived from I3C which are further generated during digestion as a result of acid-catalyzed reactions in the stomach and intestine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Enclosures housing cell-coated supports for treating tumors Inventor(s): Rees, Riley; (Ann Arbor, MI), Remick, Daniel; (Ann Arbor, MI), Adamson, Belinda; (Ann Arbor, MI), Kim, Jiyoun; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: MEDLEN & CARROLL, LLP; 101 HOWARD STREET; SUITE 350; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20030007955 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to devices, systems and methods for treating tumors. In particular, the present invention relates to enclosures housing cell-coated supports for promoting regression of tumors, such as cancerous tumors, papillomas, and warts. In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides methods of promoting tumor regression employing enclosures secreting therapeutic proteins. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/640,990, filed Aug. 18, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/149,744, filed Aug. 19, 1999, the contents of which are both hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to devices, systems, kits and methods for
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treating tumors. In particular, the present invention relates to enclosures housing cellcoated supports for promoting regression of tumors, such as cancerous tumors, neoplasms, papillomas, and warts. Each year, about one million people in the United States are diagnosed with skin cancer. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. According to recent estimates, 40 to 50 percent of Americans who live to age 65 will have skin cancer at least once. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Formulations and methods for straightening hair Inventor(s): Buck, Carol J.; (Princeton, NJ) Correspondence: Mathews, Collins, Shepherd & McKay, P.A.; Suite 306; 100 Thanet Circle; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20030143173 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating keratin-related conditions and disorders such as straightening and styling hair, treating nail fungal conditions such as onychomycosis, ingrown nails, and hyperkeratotic conditions of the epidermis such as psoriasis, acne, callouses, corns, verruca, particularly plantar warts, and surface lines and blemishes of aging skin by aiding the exfoliation of keratinocytes. The compositions comprise at least one alkanoic acid in aqueous solution. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/023,449, and claims the benefit of the priority date thereof. The invention relates to formulations and methods for straightening or relaxing the curl of hair, particularly naturally kinky and curly hair. Many people with naturally kinky, curly, or even wavy hair often desire to straighten their hair. There are a number of hair straightening compositions and methods available today, but these involve use of harsh straightening agents such as alkaline or sulfite-based chemicals. To permanently alter the natural curl of human hair, a number of types of bonds within the hair are cleaved, including salt bridges and disulfide bonds. Human hair is composed of cross-linked, a-helix protein, primarily keratin. Keratin is a complex of polypeptide chains of high molecular weight. The hair shaft will maintain its outward shape by ionic bonding or salt bridges (disulfide or cystine bridges) which pair various amino acids found in the hair. Current straightening methods break disulfide bonds into free sulfhydryls and then re-establish new disulfide bonds in the desired configuration by reduction/oxidation of the hair shaft using various chemicals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 179
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Immunotherapy of epithelial tumors using intralesional injection of antigens that induce a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction Inventor(s): Horn, Thomas Dag; (Little Rock, AR), Johnson, Sandra Marchese; (Little Rock, AR) Correspondence: FOLEY AND LARDNER; SUITE 500; 3000 K STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20020142005 Date filed: February 25, 2002 Abstract: The pharmaceutical composition is useful for treating epithelial tumors in a subject and contains at least two antigens and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where each of the antigens induces or is capable of inducing a cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in the subject. This composition is particularly useful in treating epithelial tumors, such as warts or verrucae, that are induced by or related to papillomavirus. Antigens useful in the present pharmaceutical composition are anergy panel antigens, such as killed mumps virus, candida extract, trichophyton extract or comparable antigenic extracts. An additional pharmaceutical composition, also useful for treating epithelial tumors, contains at least one antigen that induces or is capable of inducing a cutaneous DTH response in a subject, at least one cytokine or colony stimulating factor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Kits containing these pharmaceutical compositions are useful for this immunotherapy. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/344,257, filed Jun. 25, 1999. This application claims only subject matter disclosed in the parent application and therefore presents no new matter. The present invention relates to immunotherapy of epithelial tumors, particularly tumors that are induced by infectious agents, particularly viruses, and particularly papilloma viruses. The immunotherapy of the present invention relates to the intralesional injection of at least one antigen into a epithelial tumor of a subject in need of treatment, wherein the subject to be injected had previously developed a naturally-occurring delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to the antigen. The immunotherapy of the present invention is particularly useful for treating verrucae, condyloma, cervical carcinoma and bowenoid papulosis. Verrucae or human warts are benign epidermal tumors caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a member of the papovavirus family. HPV is a non-enveloped double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that replicates in epithelial cells. This means that HPV has a predilection for the mucosa and skin. Currently, there are more than 70 distinct HPV types recognized each with at least a 10% genome difference. Because papillomaviruses tend to be host-specific and HPV has not been successfully grown in culture; the majority of the research with papilloma virus has been conducted with animal papillomaviruses. (37) Papillomaviruses are considered responsible for several forms of viral infection ranging from relatively benign warts of the skin or mucous membranes to cancer, the most significant being cervical cancer. Papillomaviruses are known to infect mammals, including humans, rabbits, canines, felines, bovines and equines. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue-specific, and are characterized by a specific mode of interaction with the squamous epithelia they infect. These viridae colonize various stratified epithelia like skin and oral and genital mucosae, and induce the formation of self-limited benign tumors, known as warts or condylomas. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of treatment of warts and moles Inventor(s): Terry, James M.; (Melbourne, FL) Correspondence: MELVIN K. SILVERMAN; 4901 N. FEDERAL HWY.; SUITE 410; FT. LAUDERDALE; FL; 33308; US Patent Application Number: 20020006449 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: A method of use of the Capsaicin in treatment and removal of warts and moles is disclosed. The method include applying a sufficient amount of Capsaicin topically on warts and moles daily for a period time, whereby treatment, including disappearance of the warts and the moles, atrophication and de-coloration of the treated area, can be achieved. The concentration of Capsaicin is in a range from about 0.010% to about 0.200% (w/w). The Capsaicin can be applied topically through the use of a transdermal patch, or as a cream, lotion or ointment. Additionally, the Capsaicin can be used in a base of aloe vera. Excerpt(s): This application corresponds in subject matter to that of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/101,114, filed Sep. 21, 1998, and is a Continuation-In-Part Application of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/399,322. The botanical substance Capsaicin, a derivative of Cayenne pepper and of other types of peppers, chilies and the like, grows in different areas of the world. As such, Capsaicin is a naturally occurring substance derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, and having a chemical name of trans 8, methyl-N-vanillyl 6-nonemamide. The same, in a chemical notation, corresponds to CH.sub.18H.sub.27NO.sub.3. This chemical family is known as vanilloids. Capsaicin is a white crystalline powder having a molecular weight of 305.4. It is substantially insoluble in water, however is highly soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. While to the general public, Capsaicin is simply the chemical name for various forms of cayenne peppers, the biomedical community has recognized that Capsaicin provides a mechanism of action which is of value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, certain forms of neuralgias and diabetic neurophepy. Commercial forms of Capsaicin exist as arthritis creams which are applied topically to joints where painful arthritis exists. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,075 teaches the use of vaniloids in the prevention of lesions due to herpes simplex. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pharmaceutical formulation comprising an immune response modifier Inventor(s): Scholz, Matthew T.; (Woodbury, MN), Skwierczynski, Raymond D.; (Oakdale, MN), Busch, Terri F.; (St. Paul, MN), Fretland, Mary; (Eagan, MN), GustHeiting, Amy L.; (Hudson, WI) Correspondence: Attention: Dean A. Ersfeld; Office of Intellectual Property Counsel; 3M Innovative Properties Company; P.O. Box 33427; St. Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030199538 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: Pharmaceutical formulations comprising an immune response modifier (IRM) chosen from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazolo-quinolineamines, oxazolo-quinolinamines, thiazolo-
Patents 181
pyridinamines, oxazolo-pyridinamines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid are useful for the treatment of dermal associated conditions. Novel topical formulations are provided. In one embodiment, the topical formulations are advantageous for treatment of actinic keratosis, postsurgical scars, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis, and warts. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/340,605, filed Nov. 29, 2001 and Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/378,452, filed May 6, 2002. The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical formulations comprising at least one immune response modifier chosen from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines. Embodiments of the present invention are directed to topical formulations for application to the skin of a mammal. Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for treating dermal diseases. Many imidazoquinoline amine, imidazopyridine amine, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, thiazoloquinoline amine, oxazoloquinoline amine, thiazolopyridine amine, oxazolopyridine amine, imidazonaphthyridine amine, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, and thiazolonaphthyridine amine compounds have demonstrated potent immunostimulating, antiviral and antitumor (including anticancer) activity, and have also been shown to be useful as vaccine adjuvants. These compounds are hereinafter collectively referred to as "IRM" (immune response modifier) compounds. One of these IRM compounds, known as imiquimod, has been commercialized in a topical formulation, Aldara.TM., for the treatment of anogenital warts associated with human papillomavirus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Selective enzyme treatment of skin conditions Inventor(s): Fein, Howard; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Beverly A. Lyman; Wood, Herron & Evans, L.L.P.; 2700 Carew Tower; 441 Vine Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202-2917; US Patent Application Number: 20030026794 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating skin conditions by providing compositions containing enzymes to selectively remove specific layers of skin. The depth of skin removed (that is, vertical surface treated) is regulated by the type and concentration of enzyme or enzymes in the composition. The surface area of skin removed (that is, radial surface treated) is regulated by the area of topical application. Conditions treatable by the method include, but are not limited to, age-related conditions such as lines and wrinkles, infections, pigmentary disorders, follicular disorders such as acne, and hyperkeratotic disorders such as warts. The inventive method and composition thus achieves the specificity and efficacy of more invasive methods such as surgery, while providing a composition that may be topically applied and is easy to use.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of skin treatment compositions containing enzymes that selectively target one or more layers of skin. The skin, the largest organ of the human body, is of interest from biological, medical and cosmetic points of view. Many products exist which purport to target one or more of these aspects of skin care. Confounding such treatment is the fact that conditions affecting the skin may be specific to the skin, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, or may be manifestations of a general disease, such as general allergic reactions. There are a variety of over-thecounter and prescription products that contain enzymes which are used for the purpose of skin care. Reported applications for these products include softening skin, treating skin conditions such as dryness, wrinkles, and acne, and/or removing devitalized or necrotic skin. In general, enzyme-containing products have been directed to conditions in which it is desirable to remove the upper layers of the skin. In this process, termed exfoliation, the skin that has been removed is eventually replaced with newly generated skin from surrounding structures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Skin patch for use in contact immunotherapy Inventor(s): Hopp, Robert B.; (Richland, WA) Correspondence: Stephen R. May; 412 BROADMOOR ST; Richland; WA; 99352; US Patent Application Number: 20010051182 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: A device, preferably in the form of a skin patch, is disclosed for usage in the delivery of a contactant to human skin for the purpose of treating medical conditions responsive to contact immunotherapy, without the presence of medication to alleviate contact dermatitis induced by the contactant. The skin patch specifically induces a cellmediated contact dermatitis in the treatment of skin disorders. Its anticipated use pertains to treatment of, for example, human papilloma virus infections, or warts. In a first embodiment, a pressure activated single chambered skin patch is topically applied and used for controlled release of contactant to human skin. In a second embodiment, a pressure activated two-chambered skin patch is topically applied and used for controlled release of a contactant to human skin. Alternatively, a single chambered skin patch is topically applied and hydrated by the contacted skin for release of contactant. In an additional embodiment, the contactant may be applied separately of the skin patch portion, in a manner that maintains the contactant in contact with the patient's skin for the predetermined period of time necessary to cause sufficient contact dermatitis to effect resolution of the medical condition. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation n-Part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/095,700, which was a Continuation-In-Part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/717,108 which has now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,559. This disclosure pertains to a skin patch for delivery of an active contactant that induces a contact dermatitis for treatment of medical conditions responsive to contact immunotherapy. An example of the medical condition treated by the present invention is human papilloma viral infections, more commonly known as warts. While not limited in its specific medical application, the contactant delivery system described herein was developed as an effective means for treating human papilloma viral infections, or warts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Skin product having micro-spheres, and processes for the production thereof Inventor(s): Bettle, Griscom; (Sarasota, FL), Coury, William S.; (Sarasota, FL), Pettersson, Berno I.; (Perry, GA) Correspondence: NEEDLE & ROSENBERG P C; 127 PEACHTREE STREET N E; ATLANTA; GA; 30303-1811; US Patent Application Number: 20030104018 Date filed: January 5, 2001 Abstract: Skin and/or wound and burn care compositions and/or phase stable emulsions comprising one or more of the following; organic base salts of fatty acids, fatty esters, fatty alcohols, non-ionic and quaternary ammonium surfactants, and other highly polar compounds, a liquid carrier, and optionally one or more active agents. The compositions and/or phase stable emulsions contain fatty microspheres. The compositions that are especially adapted to topically deliver active and/or medicinal agents to the surface of the skin, burns, skin lesions, warts, and ulcers, and methods for preparing such compositions. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/331,817, filed Jun. 25, 1999, which was a U.S. National Phase filing under 37 U.S.C.sctn.371 based upon PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US 97/24220, filed Dec. 31, 1997, which itself claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/033,796, filed Dec. 31, 1996, all of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties. This invention relates generally to skin products, and particularly to emulsion-based skin products that can be applied to the skin to provide continuing antimicrobial, antiviral, antiseptic, and skin protecting or healing properties. People often use soaps and bactericides to remove and exterminate undesirable contaminants such as dirt and bacteria from the skin, especially the hands. These products are typically applied to the skin while washing the hands under running water. The products have a limited temporal effect, however, because they are washed from the skin along with the dirt and bacteria during the washing process. Conventional soaps and bactericides do not, therefore, provide any lasting effect after they have been used. However, in many occupations, such as the medical profession, it is important to minimize and destroy harmful bacteria and viruses immediately when they contact the skin. A skin product that provided continued protection against contaminants with which the skin comes into contact, after being applied to the skin, would therefore be highly desirable. Such skin products should be specifically formulated for the special demands of particular applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Topical pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of warts Inventor(s): Luo, Eric C.; (Plano, TX), Hsu, Tsung-Min; (San Diego, CA), Maibach, Howard I.; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: REED & EBERLE LLP; 800 MENLO AVENUE, SUITE 210; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030072814 Date filed: June 21, 2002
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Abstract: Provided is a topical pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of warts, together with methods for its use. The composition and methods involve the topical use of an active agent effective in the treatment of warts plus a permeation-enhancing base that, in one embodiment, gives the composition a pH of about 8.0 to about 13.0, preferably about 8.0 to 11.5, and most preferably about 8.5 to 10.5. This composition can be used to treat human papilloma virus infections, particularly cutaneous warts. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/972,008 filed on Oct. 4, 2001, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/738,410 filed on Dec. 14, 2000, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/569,889 filed on May 11, 2000, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/465,098 filed on Dec. 16, 1999; and is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/738,395 filed on Dec. 14, 2000, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/607,892 filed Jun. 30, 2000, now abandoned. This invention relates generally to methods and pharmaceutical formulations for treating warts, particularly cutaneous non-genital warts caused by the human papilloma virus. More particularly, this invention relates to compositions that comprise (a) an active agent useful in the treatment of warts when applied topically, and (b) an agent that enhances the permeability of skin or mucosal tissue to the active agent. Warts are benign protuberances of the skin or mucosa that are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). They represent one of the most common skin diseases, affecting approximately 7-12% of the world population. Warts occur most commonly on the hands and feet but can affect nearly any area of skin or mucosal surface. Children are the most commonly afflicted, with the incidence dropping significantly after the age of 25; warts can, however, occur at any age. Although rarely medically serious, warts nevertheless are cosmetically disfiguring, and patients will expend considerable time and resources to remove them. Warts on the soles of the feet (plantar warts) can be painful and interfere with walking. Rarely, non-genital HPV infections will induce cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of mosquito salivary tachykinins to remediate unregulated cellular proliferation Inventor(s): Maier, Nathan; (Longview, TX), Jarstfer, Amiel G.; (Longview, TX) Correspondence: John P. O'Banion; O'BANION & RITCHEY LLP; Suite 1550; 400 Capitol Mall; Sacramento; CA; 95814; US Patent Application Number: 20030175286 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: Administration of mosquito salivary tachykinins, such as sialokinin I and II, topically or by injection to an area of unregulated cellular proliferation will result in the recovery of cellular proliferative control. The tachykinins cause a number of physiological and immune system changes which induce recovery of proliferative control. These changes include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, activation of macrophages, activation of neutrophil granulocytes, T-lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte interleukin production, mast cell degranulation in epithelia and eosinophyles; all of which function to stimulate the body to regain the delicate proliferative balance which has been disturbed by various environmental and viral insults on the body such as UV radiation, ionizing radiation, HPV, and other insults that cause tumors or warts through the same mechanisms. Excerpt(s): The present invention involves the treatment of unregulated areas of cellular proliferation "usually referred to as tumors or warts" in the mammalian body by
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administering specific tachykinins to those areas of unregulated cellular proliferation. They have been identified as being members of the tachykinin peptide family because they contain the carboxyl-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 which is characteristic of this peptide family and is responsible for binding the tachykininspecific receptors (Champagne and Ribeiro, 1994). These tachykinins, sialokinin I and sialokinin II (SK1 &SK2), have properties similar to tachykinin A and tachykinin B (TKA & TKB) as well as tachykinin substance P (SP) and neurokinin 1 NK1) (Champagne and Ribeiro, 1994). Sialokinin I and II (have been proposed to, because of their similarity to TKA, TKB, NK1, and SP) cause a number of physiologic and immune system changes in the mammalian body (Champagne and Ribeiro, 1994). Champagne and Ribeiro (1994) proposed the identity of the two mosquito peptides and proposed their enhancing behavior on mammal neutrophil phagocytosis and macrophage activation, but did not propose an application for these peptides in the cure of unregulated cellular proliferation. The physiological and immune system changes in mammals caused by tachykinins include vasodilation, vascular permeability, activation of macrophages, activation of neutrophil granulocytes, T-lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte interleukin production, mast cell degranulation in epithelia, and eosinophil granulocytes degranulation (Lundberg, 1995). Although these characteristics are known of tachykinins, Lundberg has not proposed clinical uses of the mosquito tachykinins, such as sialokinin I and II. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Wart removal method and device Inventor(s): Stough, Dowling B.; (Hot Springs, AR) Correspondence: Mark Rogers; Speed & Rogers, P.A.; Suite 125; 1701 Centerview; Little Rock; AR; 72211; US Patent Application Number: 20020169462 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: A wart removal device and method of using same are disclosed. The device has a handle and a pad affixed to the handle. The pad has a base and a plurality of tines. Each tine preferably has a height that is not less than approximately twice its width and that is more preferably not less than approximately three times its width. The tine height is preferably less than approximately 0.1 inch and is more preferably less than approximately 0.05 inch. The pad has a width that is preferably not greater than approximately 1/4 inch and a length that is preferably not less than approximately twice its width. The pad has a width that is more preferably not greater than approximately 1/8 inch and a length that is more preferably not less than approximately 1/2 inch. Each tine is preferably sharpened so that opposing sides form a point at an upper edge with the opposing sides forming an angle that is substantially within a range of from approximately 20.degree. to approximately 40.degree. In operation, the device is raked against wart tissue to create a plurality of incisions in the wart tissue. The sharpness and cutting depth of the device are designed to create a plurality of incisions without causing noticeable bleeding. The device may be used in combination with a medicament, such as pyruvic acid, to improve the effectiveness of the medicament. The device and medicament may be provided as a kit, such as by prescription, for use by a patient in a non-clinical setting. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to wart removal, and more particularly to a method and device for accomplishing wart removal. A wart is a papillomatous growth
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characterized by a relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer. It is believed that a virus causes warts. A wide variety of wart removal techniques are known in the art. Wart removal techniques include burning and freezing. These techniques must typically be performed by a physician in a clinical setting. Various lotions and medicaments have been developed for topical application. Still, it is difficult to identify a lotion or medicament that is safe for a patient to use at home and that is still able to penetrate the relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer of a wart. Physicians have used scalpels and razors to remove warts by cutting or paring. A variety of tools or devices have also been proposed that use roughened surfaces to remove wart tissue over a period of days or weeks by rubbing or abrading. Cutting or paring a wart with a scalpel or razor generally provides superior results as compared to rubbing or abrading a wart with a roughened surface. Still, it is inconvenient and costly for a patient to make repeated trips to a physician for frequent cutting or paring treatments. For obvious safety reasons, physicians and patients are reluctant to have the patient use a scalpel or razor for repeated cutting and paring at home. Nonetheless, using a roughened surface to slowly rub or abrade wart tissue leaves much to be desired. For example, the roughened surfaces typically lack the cutting depth and sharpness to effectively penetrate the stratum comeum, the relatively thick, tough, keratinous outer layer of a wart. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wart removal method and device that allows a patient to safely and effectively remove wart tissue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
WRINKLE-RESISTANT DRESSING Inventor(s): FREDSBO, CARSTEN; (RIVERVALE, NJ), JENSEN, JARL B.; (NYACK, NY) Correspondence: MCDONNELL BOEHNEN HULBERT & BERGHOFF; 300 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE; SUITE 3200; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20020018801 Date filed: January 12, 1999 Abstract: A dressing for preventing and treating blisters and for treating corns, calluses, warts, and other skin conditions. The dressing has a dressing layer covered by protective cover layer and a release sheet. The dressing has an adhesive composition on a skin-contacting surface. The dressing layer has a thick center portion surrounded by a flange portion. The thick portion has a thickness of less than 1.0 mm. and preferably a thickness of 0.5 mm. The flange portion has a thickness of 0.15 to 0.20 mm. and extends no more than 5.0 mm. from the edge of the thick portion. The configuration of the dressing layer, particularly when used with a hydrocolloid adhesive provides a dressing having wrinkle resistant edges allowing the dressing to be used in areas of the body having high mobility. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of dressings that are applied to the human skin, and more particularly, to the field of dressings that function as protective and preventative barriers on the user's skin that may be used while the user is engaged in physical activity. Dressings are commonly used as protective barriers to protect a wound from infection and trauma. Dressings may also be used as preventative barriers that inhibit the formation of blisters, corns, calluses and other skin conditions. The human skin may be subject to certain types of injuries or conditions that may not limit the user's mobility. A sports enthusiast that enjoys sports such as basketball or tennis may be able to play with a blister or a corn. In addition, minor surgical incisions, or minor cuts may not be sufficient to limit normal physical activity. Presently, the
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methods that exist for treating blisters, corns or small cuts includes the use of a traditional band-aid or regular gauze secured with a tape. Such dressings may be bulky and result in limiting the mobility of the user or preventing the user to carry on a physical activity. The wear-time may also be rather short as the dressing may tend to peel off the skin as the wearer moves and the dressing rubs against the wearer's clothing. Such traditional methods also suffer from the inability to conform to the shape or contour of the various areas of the human body on which they may be used. The lack of conformability may lead to either lift-off of the dressing from the skin or from detachment at the adhesive. The traditional bandage, for example, lacks the conformability to properly adhere to a small cut on the palm of the hand without lift-off when the user cups the hand. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with warts, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on warts. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning warts. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON WARTS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to warts. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on warts include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on warts: •
101 Foot Care Tips for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. 120 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040040X. Summary: This book answers 101 of the most commonly asked questions about diabetes and foot care. Questions in chapter one provide general information about foot care, including the importance of foot care; the foot problems people with diabetes experience; the people at greatest risk for developing foot problems; the prevention of diabetic foot problems; the role of weight, blood glucose control, and meal planning in diabetic foot problems; and health care checkups. Chapter two offers tips on washing and soaking the feet; caring for dry skin; and dealing with athlete's foot fungus, foot
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odor, and foot swelling. The third chapter provides tips for nail care, including trimming toenails and caring for ingrown toenails. Questions in chapter four provide information on shoe and sock selection. Topics include selecting shoes that fit properly, using insoles and orthotic devices, and seeing a pedorthist. This is followed by a chapter that explains how to treat minor foot problems, including blisters, corns, calluses, warts, bunions, minor injuries, and deformities. Chapter six provides tips for exercising. Questions in the next chapter deal with the identification of major problems, including foot ulcers and infections. This is followed by chapters that answer questions about complications such as peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation. Topics include the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these complications. The final chapter answers questions about other foot problems, including arthritis, gout, Charcot's joint, osteomyelitis, gangrene, and toe amputation. The book also includes a list of resources and an index. •
Social Diseases Source: The Serious Sides of Sex. Contact: Nevbet Company, 2843 Brownsboro Rd, Louisville, KY, 40206, (502) 897-1664. Summary: This book chapter discusses a dozen Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chancroid, chlamydia, gonorrhea, nonspecific urethritis, syphilis, vaginitis, genital herpes, genital warts, Hepatitis B, pubic lice, and scabies. Symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and consequences for sexual partners are covered for each. The chapter also looks at public health, education, and ethical, legal, medical and psychological issues involved in STD transmission.
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S.T.D.: Sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS Source: Hinsdale, IL: Medtext. 1992. 149 pp. Contact: Available from Medtext, 15W560 89th Street, Hinsdale, IL 60521. Telephone: (708) 325-3277. $14.95 plus $1.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This guide for adolescents describes the medical aspects of sexually transmitted diseases. It discusses methods of transmission, common symptoms, treatment, and long-term complications of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, genital warts, and HIV infection. It also provides information on prevention methods, including abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.
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[VD! STD! or What? Some Facts About Sexually Transmitted Diseases]. [VD! STD! or What? Some Facts About Sexually Transmitted Diseases] Contact: Hawaii Department of Health, AIDS/STD Project, AIDS Prevention Project, PO Box 3378, Honolulu, HI, 96816, (808) 735-5303. Summary: This monograph gives young people basic information about Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) so they can protect themselves against them. Descriptions of the symptoms of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, vaginitis, genital herpes, venereal warts, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are given. The reader is counseled to know one's sex partner, to use condoms, and to seek treatment if symptoms appear. The location of a local clinic is given.
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Womancare: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Contact: University of Pittsburgh, Magee - Womens Hospital, Health Center, 300 Halket St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3180, (412) 641-1000. Summary: This monograph presents basic information about the spread of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and their prevention with a focus on women and infants as the high-risk group. STD's which can be spread only through sexual contact, such as genital warts, gonorrhea, and syphilis, are covered. Those which can also be transmitted through IV-needle sharing, blood transfusions, or the perinatal route include Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, herpes-virus group infections, plus relevant bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. For each disease, the causative agent, symptoms, and diagnosis is described, together with with the respective treatment, if available. Preventive measures include barrier methods of contraception, avoiding casual sexual contacts, and vaccination, in particular for hepatitis.
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Sexually - Transmitted Diseases Contact: Daniel Memorial Institute, Incorporated, 3725 Belfort Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32216, (904) 448-7612. Summary: This teaching guide enables trainers to teach foster parents about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as they may affect the children that they will care for. The first section starts off by looking at long-term effects and general symptoms of STDs. It then provides specific symptoms, long-term effects, and treatment for a number of common STDs, including: chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, vaginitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, crab lice, Hepatitis, and gastrointestinal STDs. The second section teaches caregivers how to recognize those members of the foster-care population who are at risk for STDs; that group includes infants, abused children, and sexually active youth. The third section gives guidance on dealing with STD-infected children. This section presents detailed information on AIDS, including symptoms; routes of transmission; prevention, such as condom use; and talking with children about AIDS. Myths of casual contact transmission are dispelled.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “warts” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “warts” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “warts” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
"Can You Get Warts from Touching Toads?" Ask Dr. Pete by Peter Rowam, Quentin Blake (Illustrator); ISBN: 0671634690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671634690/icongroupinterna
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A Kiss for a Warthog by Wende. Devlin; ISBN: 0442020899; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442020899/icongroupinterna
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A Winner Warts and All by Mildred Ramsey; ISBN: 0971745900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971745900/icongroupinterna
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A Winner Warts and All Seminar by Mildred Ramsey; ISBN: 0971745951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971745951/icongroupinterna
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About Ms. Mean Wart by Edward C. Robinson (2001); ISBN: 0595203868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595203868/icongroupinterna
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'Can You Get Warts from Touching Toads?' Ask Dr. Pete; ISBN: 0671642634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671642634/icongroupinterna
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Clincial Management of Genital Warts by Margaret Stanley, et al (2002); ISBN: 1904218075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1904218075/icongroupinterna
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Do Toads Give You Warts?: Strange Animal Myths Explained by Edward R. Ricciuti; ISBN: 0802762018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802762018/icongroupinterna
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Family Guide to Natural Therapies: Easy to Prepare Remedies for More Than 120 Everyday Health Problems, from Arthritis to Warts by Nancy Beckham, D. R. Bensen (Editor); ISBN: 087983725X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983725X/icongroupinterna
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Genital Warts and Contagious Cancers: The Coming Epidemic by Julie Alvey, Gary B. Sullivan (Editor); ISBN: 0899505317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899505317/icongroupinterna
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Genital Warts: Human Papillomavirus Infection by Adrian Mindel (Editor); ISBN: 0340579242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340579242/icongroupinterna
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Genital Warts: What They Are and What You Can Do About Them; ISBN: 1854482823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854482823/icongroupinterna
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Go Away, Warts! by Norma. Simon; ISBN: 0807529702; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807529702/icongroupinterna
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It's Catching: Chicken Pox / Colds and Flu / Conjunctivitis / Head Lice / Warts and Verrucas (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 0431128618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431128618/icongroupinterna
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It's Catching: Pack of 5: Chickenpox / Colds and Flu / Conjunctivitis / Head Lice / Warts and Verrucas (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 0431128553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431128553/icongroupinterna
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It's Catching: Warts and Verrucas (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 043112860X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/043112860X/icongroupinterna
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It's Your Frog Warts and All: Letters to an Entrepreneur by Douglas West, Cheryl Cappellano (Contributor) (2000); ISBN: 0968393101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968393101/icongroupinterna
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Kiss a Frog, You Get Warts: The First Practical Guide to Romantic Love by S. C. Reiber (2000); ISBN: 1587214989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587214989/icongroupinterna
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Libbie Sims, Worry Wart by Gayle Rogers Lockwood; ISBN: 0670848638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670848638/icongroupinterna
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Lion-Hunting in Somali-Land: Also, an Account of "Pigsticking" the African Wart Hog (Peter Capstick's Library) by C. J. Meliss, C. J. Melliss; ISBN: 0312054637; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312054637/icongroupinterna
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Misery Guts / Worry Warts by Morris Gleitzman; ISBN: 0330391038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0330391038/icongroupinterna
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Misery Guts / Worry Warts: 2 Hour Double Audio Cassettes by Morris Gleitzman, Paul Merton (Narrator); ISBN: 1899264558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899264558/icongroupinterna
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Ode to the Wart Hog: The Story of a Scruffy, Soggy, Fat-As-A-Log Dog by Sandy Scruggs (Illustrator) (1996); ISBN: 0966023978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966023978/icongroupinterna
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Parenthood--warts and all : talking about children from birth to age 5 by Angela Neustatter; ISBN: 0905483359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0905483359/icongroupinterna
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PEGGY SEEGER SONGBOOK: WARTS AND ALL by Music Sales Corporation, Peggy Seeger; ISBN: 082560320X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082560320X/icongroupinterna
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Removal of Warts (Health Series); ISBN: 9995200597; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995200597/icongroupinterna
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Removal of Warts/Cassette by Barry Konicov; ISBN: 0870823604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870823604/icongroupinterna
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Sexually transmitted diseases and appearance of warts & papillomas : index of modern authors & subjects with guide for rapid research by Helen M. Markle; ISBN: 1559142642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559142642/icongroupinterna
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Skin Warts of Atlantic Salmon (Aquaculture Information Series: 8.1989) by D.A. Smail (1990); ISBN: 0748002898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748002898/icongroupinterna
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The Origin of Warts by Maryellen Forgette (2003); ISBN: 1410765172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410765172/icongroupinterna
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The Wart King: The Truth About Love and Lies by Greg, Md. Baer, Gregory S. Baer; ISBN: 1892319020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892319020/icongroupinterna
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The Wart on My Finger by Audrey Nelson (1987); ISBN: 0887531539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887531539/icongroupinterna
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The Wart-hog Trap (Ready.go (Level 1: Ready)) by Clare M.G. Kemp; ISBN: 0333789938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333789938/icongroupinterna
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The watch collection of Stanley H. Burton : "warts and all" by Stanley H. Burton; ISBN: 0713437669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713437669/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Genital Warts (The Women's Health Care Series) by Patricia A. Kuper, Patricia A. Cooper; ISBN: 1880906295; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880906295/icongroupinterna
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Viral Warts by Mary H. Bunney; ISBN: 0192613359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192613359/icongroupinterna
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Viral Warts: Biology and Treatment (Oxford Medical Publications) by Mary H. Bunney, et al; ISBN: 0192620622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192620622/icongroupinterna
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Wally the Wart Hog by David S. Jefferson (1990); ISBN: 0533089190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533089190/icongroupinterna
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Wally, the Worry-Warthog by Barbara Shook Hazen, Janet Stevens (Illustrator); ISBN: 0899198961; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899198961/icongroupinterna
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Walter Warthog by Betty Leslie-Melville; ISBN: 0385263791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385263791/icongroupinterna
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Wart by Bonita Case; ISBN: 0624034143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0624034143/icongroupinterna
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Wart mal schnell. Minima Temporalia. by Karlheinz A. Geißler (Author), Traute Langner-Geißler (Author); ISBN: 3777611255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3777611255/icongroupinterna
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Wart Snake in a Fig Tree by G. Mendoza; ISBN: 0803794118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803794118/icongroupinterna
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Wart Snake in a Fig Tree; ISBN: 0803794460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803794460/icongroupinterna
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Wart Toad by Don Bush, Barbara Miller (Illustrator); ISBN: 0943978009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943978009/icongroupinterna
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Wart, Son of Toad by Alden R. Carter; ISBN: 044847770X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044847770X/icongroupinterna
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Warts by Michael P. Kinch; ISBN: 0613318781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0613318781/icongroupinterna
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Warts by Susan R. Shreve (Author), Gregg Thorkelson (Illustrator); ISBN: 0688143784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688143784/icongroupinterna
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Warts by Bruce Goldberg; ISBN: 1885577524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885577524/icongroupinterna
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Warts & All: A Cycle of Poems by Lynda Skeen; ISBN: 1575028867; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575028867/icongroupinterna
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Warts (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 1588102319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588102319/icongroupinterna
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Warts and all by Rodie Sudbery; ISBN: 0233959297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0233959297/icongroupinterna
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Warts and All by Drew Friedman, et al (1997); ISBN: 1560971436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560971436/icongroupinterna
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Warts and All: A Book of Body Talk by Ted Greenwood; ISBN: 0091488214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091488214/icongroupinterna
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Warts and All: A Cartoon Collection by Paul Michael. Szep; ISBN: 0836262069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836262069/icongroupinterna
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Warts and All: The Men Who Would Be Bush by Matt Ridley; ISBN: 0670827339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670827339/icongroupinterna
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Warts: Diagnosis and Management: An Evidence Based Approach by Robert Md. Brodell (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1841842400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841842400/icongroupinterna
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William Wart-hog, Zoo-keeper (Hopscotch) by Lindsey Chappell; ISBN: 0340380055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340380055/icongroupinterna
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Wizard and Wart by Janice Lee Smith (Author), Paul Meisel (Illustrator) (1995); ISBN: 0064442012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064442012/icongroupinterna
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Wizard and Wart at Sea by Janice Lee Smith (Author), Paul Meisel (Illustrator); ISBN: 006024755X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006024755X/icongroupinterna
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Wizard and Wart in Trouble by Janice Lee Smith (Author), Paul Meisel (Illustrator) (2000); ISBN: 0064442748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064442748/icongroupinterna
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Wonder Wart-hog and the nurds of November : Gilbert Shelton's exciting cartoon novel of election-year politics, international nuclear terror, professional football, science fiction, motorcycle and auto racing, pestilence, famine, economic collapse and. by Gilbert Shelton (Author); ISBN: 0896200833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896200833/icongroupinterna
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Worry Wart Wes (Smarties Book Series, 2) by Tolya L. Thompson, et al; ISBN: 0970829612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970829612/icongroupinterna
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Worry Warts by Morris Gleitzman; ISBN: 0606084037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0606084037/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
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A treatise on the virtues and efficacy of the saliva, or fasting spittle, being conveyed into the intestines, by eating a crust of bread, early in a morning fasting, in relieving the gout, scurvey, gravel, stone, rheumatism, &c., arising from obstructiones: also, on the great cures accomplished by the fasting spittle, when externally applied to recent
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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cuts, sore eyes, corns, warts, &c. Author: Robinson, Nicholas,; Year: 2001; Salem [Mass.] Whipple, 1844 •
Chiropodologia; or, A scientific enquiry into the causes of corns, warts, onions, and other painful or offensive cutaneous excrescences: with a detail of the most successful methods of removing all deformities of the nails. The whole. confirmed by the practice. of D. Low, chiropodist. Author: Laforest, Nicholas Laurent.; Year: 1995; London, J. Rozea [etc., 1785]
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King James VI of Scotland and I of England (1566-1625): the first royal patron of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow: warts and all Author: Buchanan, W. Watson.; Year: 1936; Toronto: Pro Familia Pub., 2001; ISBN: 1896596088
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Plantar warts; their etiology, pathology, and treatment. Author: Spaulding, Clarence Arthur,; Year: 1974; [Minneapolis] 1950
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Podiatry sourcebook: basic consumer health information about foot conditions, diseases, and injuries, including bunions, corns, calluses, athlete's foot, plantar warts, hammertoes and clawtoes, clubfoot, heel pain, gout, and more: along with facts about foot care, disease prevention, foot safety, choosing a foot care specialist, a glossary of terms, and resource listings for additional information Author: Weatherford, M. Lisa.; Year: 1973; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2001; ISBN: 0780802152 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802152/icongroupinterna
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Skin diseases: eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, erysipelas, impetigo, alopecia, warts, rashes &c. Author: Brain, Reginald Thomas,; Year: 1993; London, Duckworth [1955]
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The scourge of Venus and Mercury: represented in a treatise of the venereal disease, giving a succinct, but most exact account of the nature, causes, signs, degrees, and symptoms of that dreadful distemper: and the fatal consequences arising from mercurial cures, with the several ways of taking that infection: of the virulent gonorrhoea, the caruncula or excrescences in the urinal passage, the phymosis and paraphymosis, the tumours of the scrotum and testicles, the venereal bubo, warts, &c.: unto which is added, the true way of curing, not only the consummate and inveterate, but also the mercurial pox, found to be more dangerous that the pox itself. Author: Sintelaer, John.; Year: 1997; London: Printed for, and sold by F. Harris.R. Gosling. J. Helmes. W. Carter. J. Philips. H. Ribetteau. B. Picard. and J. Harding., 1709
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Treatment of genital herpes and genital warts Author: Holmes, K.; Year: 1958; 1993
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Treatment patterns for external genital warts in Australia, 1997 Author: Streeton, C.; Year: 1927; [West Heidelberg, Vic., Australia]: National Centre for Health Program Evaluation, [1997]; ISBN: 1875677739
Chapters on Warts In order to find chapters that specifically relate to warts, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and warts using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on warts:
Books
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Chapter 224: Warts Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2484-2497. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, histopathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of warts. Warts are benign proliferations of the skin and mucosa that occur from infection with papillomaviruses (PVs). The PVs comprise a large family of double stranded DNA viruses found in humans and other species. Recombinant DNA technology has identified more than 80 different human PV (HPV) genotypes. HPV types are often associated with distinct regional predilection, histopathology, and biology and are separated on this basis into cutaneous and mucosal types and those usually isolated from epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Cutaneous warts include common warts, flat warts, punctuate black dots, mosaic warts, butcher's warts, anogenital warts, and bowenoid papulosis. Mucosal warts include focal epithelial hyperplasia, oral florid papillomatosis, oral condylomata acuminata, respiratory papillotosis, and cervical warts. Warts isolated from EV usually occur in childhood and are typically widespread. The source of HPV is believed to be individuals with clinical or subclinical infection, as well as infectious viruses that may be present in the environment. Nongenital warts occur frequently in children and young adults. Anogenital warts, which are uncommon in children, are transmitted between partners during sexual contact. In addition to causing lesions on the external genitalia, genital mucosal HPV types also infect the cervix. HPV infection is acquired through inoculation of virus into the epidermis through defects in the epithelium. Once a person has been infected, new warts may develop in inoculation sites over a period of weeks to months. Diagnosis of viral wart is usually made by the clinical appearance. Histologic examination may be helpful. The approach to treating warts depends on the age of the patient, the extent and duration of lesions, and the patient's immunologic status and desire for therapy. Current treatments include physical destruction of infected cells using cryotherapy, surgical excision, chemotherapeutic agents, caustics and acids, and immunotherapies. Research indicates that certain PV genotypes have oncogenic potential. 15 figures, 1 table, and 130 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON WARTS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on warts. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on warts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “warts” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on warts: •
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: What You Should Know Contact: Pleasantville Media, PO Box 415, Pleasantville, NY, 10570, (914) 769-1734. Summary: This video cassette presents information for teenagers on sexually transmitted diseases (STD) education and prevention. Although AIDS is the primary concern, it looks also at syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, trichomoniasis, and genital warts. It provides information and dispels myths about how AIDS and other STD's are transmitted. It encourages sexual abstinence and models assertive behavior for teenagers who wish to say "no" to sexual activity.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Warts The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search
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LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in warts (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on warts: •
Genital warts [slide]: (genital human papillomavirus infection). Year: 1986; Format: Slide; Washington, D.C.: National Audiovisual Center, [1986?]
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The long-term implications of genital warts [videorecording] Source: by Thomas M. Becker; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory University, c1986
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Venereal warts [videorecording] Source: produced and filmed by Health Education Video, Inc; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Bloomington, MN: Health Education Video, [1989]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WARTS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover warts.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on warts is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to warts. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “warts” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for warts: •
MediGene says genital wart drug trial on track Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 21, 2003
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Genital wart virus common in men seeking STD care Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 16, 2003
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Water-filtered infrared light fights warts: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 20, 2003
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Water-filtered infrared irradiation hastens wart clearance Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 08, 2003
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Study looks at condoms, wart virus transmission Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 09, 2002
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Duct tape effective in removing common warts Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 06, 2002
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Duct tape can get rid of warts: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 14, 2002
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Wart virus may contribute to esophageal cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 11, 2002
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MediGene starts late-stage test of genital-wart drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 30, 2002
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HIV infection increases the risk of genital warts in women with HPV Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2002
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No proof that most wart remedies work: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 30, 2002
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Salicylic acid treatment of warts works, most other therapies deemed ineffective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 29, 2002
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Bradley Pharmaceuticals to market OTC wart patch in Sweden Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2002
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Persistently recurrent external genital warts suggests HIV coinfection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 08, 2002
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FDA approves adolescent indication for 3M genital warts cream Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 26, 2002
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Advanced Viral Research submits phase I genital warts trial results to FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 11, 2002
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Atrix files to test interferon-alpha against oral warts in HIV patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 19, 2001
Periodicals and News
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Medigene positive on genital wart phase III data Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 2001
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Cidofovir promising as treatment for anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 09, 2001
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MediGene to begin phase III trial of genital wart treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 30, 2001
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HIV drugs linked to oral warts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 04, 2001
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Antiretroviral therapy linked with oral warts in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 03, 2001
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Donated sperm can carry genital warts virus Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 01, 2001
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MediGene begins phase III testing of genital warts ointment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 04, 2001
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Imiquimod 2% cream safely treats external genital warts in men Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 17, 2000
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Injections effective for wart removal Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 17, 2000
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FDA grants Amarillo's Veldona orphan status to treat oral warts in HIV patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 23, 2000
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Wart virus detected in sperm samples Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 24, 2000
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Wart virus test adds little to Pap smear diagnosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 29, 2000
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Most people unaware that wart virus is a major cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 2000
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Imiquimod reduces anogenital wart burden in HIV-infected patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 15, 1999
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Experimental vaccine protects against warts, skin cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 1999
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Protease inhibitors linked with 'dramatic' increase in oral warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 08, 1999
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AIDS drugs linked to oral warts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 08, 1999
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Immunotherapy reduces recurrence of penile warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 10, 1998
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Genital wart risk tied to sexual behavior Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 20, 1998
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Topical drug treats genital warts Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 1998
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Risk factors for genital warts similar in men and women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1998
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Imiquimod shows efficacy in genital warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1998
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Cigarette smoking linked to genital warts in men Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 14, 1998
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Smoking linked to genital wart duration Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 13, 1998
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Another Study Shows Imiquimod Effective Against Genital Warts Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 09, 1998
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Imiquimod Reduces Genital Wart Extent In HIV-Positive Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 1998
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HPV And Dysplasia Observed In Genital Warts In HIV-Positive Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 03, 1998
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Imiquimod Safe And Effective For At-Home Genital Wart Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 1998
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Phase II Study Of Alpha Interferon Gel For Vaginal Warts Begins Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 26, 1998
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Drug Treats Genital Warts At Home Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 26, 1998
Periodicals and News
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Incidence Of Genital Warts Up Sharply In England, Wales Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 1997
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Genital Warts Linked To Increased Risk Of Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 14, 1997
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Wart Virus May Cause Anal Cancer Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “warts” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to warts, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “warts” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on warts: •
Photodynamic Therapy Branches Out: Psoriasis, Alopecia Areata, Warts, and More Source: Dermatology Focus. 15(3):1,13-15; January 1997. Summary: This newsletter article for health professionals reports on the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of various immunologic, dermatologic, and other conditions. The difference between PDT and cosmetic surgery is explained. The discovery of the principle of photodynamic action is discussed. First and second generation PDT agents are described. One of the most promising systemic agents is benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring A (BPD). A promising topical photosensitizer is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Some research suggests that PDT, at certain lower dose photosensitizer/light combinations, targets activated T cells and may benefit conditions such as arthritis, psoriasis, and alopecia. Work with BPD and ALA in the treatment of psoriasis is highlighted. Evidence that suggests that topical ALA will be useful for treating alopecia areata is presented. In addition, other potential dermatologic applications of PDT are identified.
Academic Periodicals covering Warts Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to warts. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering warts that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for warts. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with warts. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to warts: Bleomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html
Imiquimod •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Aldara http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203585.html
Interferon, Beta-1A •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203537.html
Interferons, Alpha •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alferon N; Intron A; Roferon-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202299.html
Lidocaine and Prilocaine •
Topical - U.S. Brands: EMLA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203679.html
Podofilox •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Condylox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203519.html
Podophyllum •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Podocon-; Podofin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202469.html
Resorcinol •
Topical - U.S. Brands: RA http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202507.html
Salicylic Acid •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Antinea; Duofilm; Freezone; Gordofilm; Hydrisalic; Keralyt; Lactisol; Mediplast; P&S; Paplex; Salac; Salacid; Saligel; Salonil; Sebucare; Trans-Plantar; Trans-Ver-Sal; Viranol; X-Seb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202516.html
Tretinoin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vesanoid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203663.html
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Topical - U.S. Brands: Avita; Renova; Retin-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202574.html
Researching Medications
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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
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Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “warts” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
HIV Is An STD: A Guide for Integrating HIV/STD Prevention Education Contact: West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Office of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Bureau of Public Health, Surveillance and Disease Control, 350 Capitol St Rm 125, Charleston, WV, 25301, (304) 558-5358, http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/promot.htm. Summary: The goal of this guide is to help health educators give their audiences the clear message that: sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be prevented, there are cures for many of them, and prevention efforts will be strengthened if STDs can be discussed openly. It provides an overview of the common STDs (HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes simplex, human papilloma virus and genital warts; pelvic inflammatory disease; and syphilis). It lists ten specific STDs prevention messages for health educators to use along with important points to include when showing someone how to clean needles and syringes. A chapter on culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS education for Hispanics lists some cultural factors affecting outreach to members of this ethnic community. "DOs" and "DON'Ts" for health educators, practical points, ice breakers, resources and some myths and facts about STDs are also included.
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Choosing the Best; Student Manual Contact: Project Reality, 1701 East Lake Ave Ste 371, Glenview, IL, 60025, (847) 729-3298. Summary: This is the student manual component of a middle- and senior high schoolbased AIDS and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention program that focusses on abstinence as the only method to prevent the sexual transmission of these diseases. The manual is divided into seven sessions; some are complemented by video and slide presentations. In the first session students identify the risks of becoming sexually active. The second session focuses on the transmission and symptoms of chlamydia, herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, genital warts and human papilloma virus, HIV, and AIDS. Session 3 concentrates on HIV/AIDS. This curriculum takes the position that there is no such thing as safe sex, and the only way to prevent HIV infection is through abstinence and monogamy in a marriage relationship. This session also examines condom failure, safer sex messages, and the improper use of condoms. The fourth session looks at peer pressure to become sexually active. Session five helps the student plan for an abstinent
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lifestyle. Sessions 6 and seven focus on setting limits before dating and learning assertiveness and resistance skills. •
Oral Health Care Guidelines for Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Contact: American Dental Association, 211 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611-2678, (312) 440-2500, http://www.ada.org. Summary: This manual details guidelines on managing patients with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the dental practice. It says these guidelines are meant to alert both dentists and physicians to the need for appropriate case management, and to serve as a resource in developing protocols for individual needs. It includes the American Dental Association (ADA) policy on treating HIV-infected patients, then presents management guidelines. These start off with patient identification, including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. They also include coordination of care with other health-care providers and infection control. Treatment for specific opportunistic infections, such as candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, herpes simplex, oral warts, zerostomia, periodontal disases, and varicella zoster, is presented. The manual also considers antibiotic prophylaxis, hepatitis B, needlesticks, and followup care.
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A Curriculum for the Church: AIDS Contact: Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio, AIDS Task Force, 412 Sycamore, Cincinnati, OH, 45202, (513) 421-0311. Stephen R. Sroka, Incorporated, 1284 Manor Park, Lakewood, OH, 44107, (216) 521-1766. Summary: This manual for educators is based on the text of Educator's Guide to AIDS and other STD's. It includes sections on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis, non-gonococcal urethritis, public lice, syphilis, and vaginitis). It is a classroomready, activity-oriented, behavioral approach. Its objectives are to help teachers describe the communicable disease chain of infection concept, identify basic STD information and attitudes needed to break the chain of infection, plan actions for persons with STD's, and analyze and practice strategies to prevent STD's and drug use. Such strategies include abstinence and responsible sexual behavior. The guide includes activity worksheets to use as reproduction masters or with the overhead projector, provides preand post-tests, includes suggested organization plans, and provides student activities, such as visiting a STD clinic and practicing saying no skills. AIDS materials are included, such as a reprint of the Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, an AIDS story and worksheet, and a true-false test on myths and facts about AIDS.
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Carriers Contact: I.E. Clark, Incorporated, PO Box 246, Schulenburg, TX, 78956, (409) 743-3232. Summary: This play consists of a cast of characters, all teenagers, who have various sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including genital warts, herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV. The play seeks, as its introduction says, to frighten teens with information about STD's and HIV so that they will risk rejection by their peers and avoid unsafe sex. The characters present facts about STD's and HIV, including information about transmission, symptoms, and treatment. Drug use is presented as leading to a lowering of inhibitions and a tendency to engage in unsafe sex. Condom use
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is discussed, but it is stressed that the only completely safe sex is no sex. The characters in this play present information about STD's and HIV, and leave it up to the viewer to make his or her own decision.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6938 94 69 169 0 7270
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “warts” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Warts In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and warts. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for warts: •
WHIM Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?193670 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned
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baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”
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Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
24 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on warts can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to warts. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to warts. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “warts”:
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Guides on warts Warts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/warts.html
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Other guides Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Oral Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html Vaginal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginalcancer.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to warts, the following was listed: •
General/Overview Common Warts Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00370
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Treatment Warts: Removal by Freezing Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/105.html
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Plantar Warts Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=225&topcategory=Foot
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Children Beware of Warts Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/warts.html
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What's Up with Warts? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/aches/warts.html •
Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
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Research Duct Tape May Be an Effective Therapy for Getting Rid of Warts Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ37J2LD7D&s ub_cat=609
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on warts. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Warts Source: Schaumberg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888) 462-DERM ext. 22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure discusses different types of warts and their treatment. Warts are benign growths in the top layer of the skin caused by human papillomavirus. Wart viruses are more easily transmitted if the skin has been injured. Common warts generally appear on the fingers, around the nails, or on the backs of the hand. These warts can be treated at home with salicylic acid either in a gel, plaster, or solution form. Cryotherapy, electrosurgery, and laser treatments are methods performed by a dermatologist to remove warts. Foot warts, also known as plantar warts, are found on the soles of the foot. These warts are flat and may be painful to walk on. Treatment for these warts is the same as for common warts. The doctor may also recommend wearing different shoes to reduce the pressure on the wart and advise the patient to keep the foot
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dry to prevent more warts from forming. Flat warts are small, smooth warts that appear in clusters commonly on the face in children, the beard area of the face in men, and on the legs of women. These warts are treated by daily application of salicylic acid, tretinoin, glycolic acid, or other peeling preparations. Warts can also be treated with bleomycin, immunotherapy, and interferon. •
Genital Warts : Sexually Transmitted Disease Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org. Summary: This brochure for the general public provides information about the symptoms, appearance, diagnosis, and medical treatment of the sexually transmitted disease (STD), genital warts. The brochure describes the human papilloma virus (HPV) that causes the warts and explains the dangers of the disease if it goes untreated. The brochure lists the symptoms of genital warts for both men and women, and provides an overview of the methods used to diagnose the disease. The brochure recommends several preventive measures one can take to avoid contracting genital warts including sexual abstinence, condom use, spermicide use, STD tests, and the avoidance of drugs and alcohol. The brochure offers several suggestions about the medical treatment of genital warts.
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STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases - AIDS, Cervicitis, Chlamydia, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, Herpes, PID, Syphilis, Urethritis, Vaginitis Contact: Intermedia, Incorporated, 1300 Dexter Ave, Seattle, WA, 98109, (206) 284-2995. Summary: This brochure presents general information about the warning signs and transmission of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and their prevention and specific characteristics of the individual diseases in this group. Symptoms are not always present with STD's and the only way to know for sure is to have the right tests, and then the right treatment. The brochure contains a chart of the various STD's: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cervicitis, chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, Herpes-virus group, pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, urethritis, and vaginitis, with pertinent information. For each disease it provides a definition, causative agent, mode of transmission, duration of infection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and consequences if not treated. It lists steps to take when the presence of STD's is suspected.
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Genital Warts : What You Need to Know Contact: Education Programs Associates, Health Education Resource Center, 1 W Campbell Ave Ste 45, Campbell, CA, 95008, (408) 374-3720, http://www.cfhc.org. Summary: This brochure provides information about genital warts, which are the result of a viral sexually transmitted disease (STD), the human papillomavirus (HPV), for individuals with genital warts. The brochure discusses the symptoms, methods of transmission, treatment, and prevention. It discusses risks associated with cervical cancer in women with HPV and the risks HPV poses to pregnant women.
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What's It Going to Cost You? HPV [Genital Warts] Contact: Health Edco, Division of WRS Group, Inc., PO Box 21207, Waco, TX, 767021207, (254) 776-6461. Summary: This brochure, for adolescents, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV causes genital warts and is one of the most
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common STDs in the United States. The following aspects of HPV are discussed: (1) symptoms; (2) diagnosis; (3) transmission through skin-to-skin, oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected person; (4) prevention measures such as practicing sexual abstinence, monogamy, safer sex with condoms, and avoidance of substance abuse; (5) treatment using acids, laser surgery, and cryotherapy; (6) the financial costs for treating HPV; and (7) the possible long-term effects including cervical, anal, or penile cancer as well as sterility in women. •
Genital Warts and HPV: Sexually Transmitted Disease Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org. Summary: This brochure, for the general public, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), the human papillomavirus (HPV) or genital warts. The brochure describes genital warts, and discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It recommends that individuals get checked for genital warts and other STDs during health exams, to not have sex with infected persons, and to avoid drugs and alcohol to prevent the transmission of STDs.
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Anal Warts: Questions and Answers Source: Arlington Heights, IL: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. 85 West Algonquin Road, Suite 550, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (800) 791-0001 or (847) 2909184. Fax (847) 290-9203. Price: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure, from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, provides basic information about anal warts (condyloma acuminata). Anal warts are thought to be caused by the human papilloma virus. The brochure provides information on the symptoms and treatment of anal warts. The brochure notes that if the warts are not removed, the warts generally grow larger and become more and more numerous. In addition, there is evidence that these warts can become cancerous if left untreated for a long time. Treatment options include medications, electrical cautery, laser surgery, and surgical removal. The cautery and excision technique can be performed on an outpatient basis, and the patient can go home after the procedure. Most people are moderately uncomfortable for a few days after treatment, and pain medication may be prescribed. Depending on the extent of the disease, some people return to work the next day, while others may remain out of work for several days. The brochure provides tips to avoid recurrence and reinfection, including: continue observation for several months, and abstain from sexual contact with individuals who have anal (or genital) warts. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the specialty practiced by colon and rectal surgeons. 1 figure. (AA-M).
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Genital Warts Contact: Public Health Seattle/King County, HIV/AIDS Programs, 400 Yesler Way 3rd Fl, Seattle, WA, 98104-2615, (206) 296-4649, http://www.metrokc.gov/health/apu. Summary: This brochure, written for the general public, provides information about genital warts, which is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease (STD). HPV is the most common STD in the world, has over sixty different variations, and can be spread through unprotected sex or skin-to-skin contact.
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The majority of women and some men may not have any symptoms if they are infected with HPV. The brochure identifies common symptoms of HPV infection and describes the process of testing testing for HPV. HPV can be treated, but there is no cure. The brochure outlines the treatments available for this infection. Individuals should not use over-the-counter medicine on genital warts. Visible genital warts can be removed, but treatment cannot eliminate the virus, so recurrences can occur. Infected persons should never have sex while warts are visible. The brochure outlines the effects of HPV if left untreated. Pregnancy can stimulate the growth of genital warts; however, infants rarely contract this infection from their mothers during pregnancy or childbirth. Individuals can prevent or reduce their risks for HPV by practicing sexual abstinence, getting an STD check-up before having sex, using condoms during each sexual encounter, inspecting partners' genitals for symptoms, reducing their numbers of sex partners, and getting tested if symptoms occur before having sex again. The brochure provides contact information for services in the Seattle, Washington area from which individuals can learn more about HPV. •
Warts: Removal by Freezing Source: American Academy of Family Physicians. March 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. Website: www.familydoctor.org. Summary: This fact sheet describes the cryosurgical method for removing warts. Before cryosurgery, the patient should prepare the wart for removal by applying a salicyclic acid gel to the wart for two weeks so that the wart will have turned white and fluffy. The doctor will then remove this white layer of skin and then freeze the base, or root, of the wart. The sensation from freezing is uncomfortable but generally not painful. The area may feel numb at first and as the skin thaws there may be a burning sensation. After the area has healed the skin may be lighter in color than the surrounding skin.
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Treatment of Genital Warts Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-0050. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This fact sheet uses a question and answer format to provide the general public with information on genital warts, viral lesions that are less well known but more common than herpes. These warts are transmitted by sexual contact and typically occur around the genital areas, the anus, and the urinary passageways. They appear as single or multiple cauliflower-like pink or red swellings, and they can be large and protruding or flat. Other symptoms may include itching, burning, and tenderness around the affected area. The fact sheet explains why genital warts should be treated and what followup care is needed. It describes various treatments, including cryosurgery, electrosurgery, laser therapy, surgical excision, applications of liquid acid, alphainterferon, Condylox, and bleomycin. Also included are information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and a source for further information.
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Genital Warts/HPV Contact: Minnesota Department of Health, AIDS/STD Prevention Services Section, (651) 676-5698, http://health.state.mn.us/divs/dpc/aids-std/aids-std.htm. Summary: This fact sheet, for the general public, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), the human papillomavirus (HPV): the causes of genital warts. It lists HPV symptoms; transmission methods; the long-term consequences of untreated HPV, prevention measures; and ways to treat HPV. Contact information is provided for state and national STD services.
•
STD Facts: Genital Warts/HPV Contact: Minnesota Department of Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Prevention and Control Division, PO Box 9441, Minneapolis, MN, 55440-9441, (612) 676-5414, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/dpc/idepc.html. Summary: This information sheet discusses genital warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). This disease is spread through sexual contact or contact with an infected person's warts. It can be passed to a newborn during childbirth and some strains can lead to risk of cervical and/or penile cancer. The information sheet explains the signs and symptoms of HPV, its transmission, the complications/consequences of not being treated, prevention, and treatment. There is no cure for HPV, but the warts can be treated. The information sheet includes contact sources for more information.
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HPV and Genital Warts Contact: Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, HIV-STD Section, 1000 SW Jackson Ste 210, Topeka, KS, 66612-1274, (785) 296-6173, http://www.kdhe.state.ks.us/olrh/download/health_directory.pdf. Summary: This information sheet provides information about the human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of genital warts. It discusses the transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of HPV.
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STD Fast Facts: Genital Warts Contact: Education Training and Research Associates, PO Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-1830, (800) 321-4407, http://www.etr.org. Summary: This pamphlet discusses genital warts, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It explains that there is no vaccine or cure for HPV and how serious the disease is, how HPV is transmitted, the appearance of the warts, treatment, and prevention.
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50 Things You Should Know About HPV and Genital Warts: Protect Yourself Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-8466, (831) 4231400, http://www.promotehealth.com. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital warts. It presents fifty facts about HPV, dealing with topics such as its epidemiology, methods of transmission, treatment, and prevention.
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Genital Warts : Questions and Answers Contact: Planned Parenthood of Federation of America Incorporated, PO Box 4457, New York, NY, 10163-4457, (800) 669-0156, http://www.plannedparenthood.org. Summary: This pamphlet provides information on a strain of the sexually transmitted disease (STD), the human papilloma virus (HPV) that causes genital warts. It provides information on its transmission, treatment, prevention, diagnosis, symptoms, and what pregnant women can do to avoid transmitting this STD to their infants.
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Your Podiatric Physician Talks About Warts Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 275-2762 or (301) 581-9277. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have plantar warts with information on this viral skin condition, which appears most often on the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot. The pamphlet discusses problems with identifying warts and highlights some of the conditions that can be mistakenly identified as warts. The source of the plantar wart virus is usually dirty surfaces, littered ground, or wet surfaces. The pamphlet offers tips on preventing plantar warts and presents modes of self-treatment and professional treatment. Common professional methods include cryocautery and electrocautery. 4 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “warts” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
2002 national guideline for the management of anogenital warts Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3046&nbr=2272&a mp;string=warts Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:
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American Social Health Association Catalog Summary: A catalog containing both consumer and professional materials on VIH/AIDS, herpes, genital warts, STDs, STD prevention, and women's health. Materials are available in easy-to-read formats. Source: American Social Health Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3304
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Anal Warts Summary: This patient brochure answers basic questions about anal warts (genital warts). Source: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6987
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Common Foot Problems Summary: This brochure covers bunions, heel pain, Morton's neuroma, corns, callouses, plantar warts, and hammertoes. Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7422
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Genital Warts Summary: Genital warts are viral lesions that affect approximately eight million Americans per year. Lesser known but more common than herpes, genital warts are transmitted by sexual contact. Source: American Society For Dermatologic Surgery http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6740
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Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts Summary: A general overview of the human papillomavirus (HPV) -- the most common causes of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the types of HPV that can lead to genital warts. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=121
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Information to Live By: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Summary: Answers to basic questions about HPV viruses, types of which can cause warts on the hands and feet, genital warts, and have been linked to cervical cancer. Source: American Social Health Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4625
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Venereal (Genital) Warts Summary: Answers to common questions and concerns from consumers on venereal (genital) warts, a sexually transmitted disease. These warts are known to be caused the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Source: NOAH: New York Online Access to Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2213
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Warts Summary: A general overview of warts -- a type of infection caused by viruses in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5635
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Your Podiatric Physician Brochure Series Summary: Consumer health information pamphlets discuss several foot health conditions and concerns, including athlete's foot, occupational foot health, warts, foot orthoses, children's feet, foot surgery, heel Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4289 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to warts. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to warts. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with warts. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about warts. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “warts” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “warts”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “warts” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:”
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box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “warts” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
26
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
27
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on warts: •
Basic Guidelines for Warts Condyloma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000886.htm Varicella Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001592.htm Venereal wart Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000886.htm Wart preparations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002593.htm Wart removal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002147.htm Warts Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000885.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Warts Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003279.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm
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Diagnostics and Tests for Warts Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Lactic acid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003507.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm
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Background Topics for Warts Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Cryosurgery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002322.htm Cryotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002322.htm
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Electrocautery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002359.htm Irritant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Laser therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001913.htm Liquid nitrogen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002246.htm Liquid nitrogen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002666.htm Removal of warts Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002147.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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WARTS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH]
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Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]
Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH]
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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helices: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in
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determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]
Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU]
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Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anoscopy: A test to look for fissures, fistulae, and hemorrhoids. The doctor uses a special instrument, called an anoscope, to look into the anus. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
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Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Areca: A small genus of East Indian palms (Palmae) whose leaves and nuts yield arecoline. Its leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in traditional medicine. [NIH] Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is
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found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoin: A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in
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potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]
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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of
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its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH]
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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]
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Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropodist: A specialist in treating minor ailments of the feet; called also podiatrist. Chiropodists are not graduate physicians. [NIH] Chloasma: Melasma c. hepaticum a term formerly used to refer to circumscribed facial hyperpigmentation resembling melasma that may occur as a cutaneous manifestation of chronic liver disease. [EU] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of
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resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen,
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which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques
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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Condylomata Acuminata: Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]
Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]
Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.
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[NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary
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genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]
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Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distemper: A name for several highly contagious viral diseases of animals, especially canine distemper. In dogs, it is caused by the canine distemper virus (distemper virus, canine). It is characterized by a diphasic fever, leukopenia, gastrointestinal and respiratory inflammation and sometimes, neurologic complications. In cats it is known as feline panleukopenia. [NIH] Distemper Virus, Canine: A species of morbillivirus causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated
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from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrodesiccation: The drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or
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aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cellmediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and by serous bullae that heal without scarring. [NIH]
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Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evaluable patients: Patients whose response to a treatment can be measured because enough information has been collected. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU]
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Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extemporaneous: Compounded according to a physician's prescription; prepared when ordered; not ready-made. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feline Panleukopenia: A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat family and of mink, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia, feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, cat plague, show fever. [NIH]
Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH]
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Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]
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Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or
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participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]
Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the
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recipient. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH]
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Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH]
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Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxybenzoic Acids: Benzoic acid substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to
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an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent, particularly in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune-response: The production of antibodies or particular types of cytotoxic lymphoid cells on challenge with an antigen. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]
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Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities,
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designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly. [NIH] Insect Repellents: Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food. [NIH]
Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon Alfa-2a: A recombinant alfa interferon consisting of 165 amino acids with lysine at position 23 and histidine at position 34. It is used extensively as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]
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Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal
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layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception,
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control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligase: An enzyme that repairs single stranded discontinuities in double-stranded DNA molecules in the cell. Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphangitis: Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels. [EU]
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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical
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Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - melphalan, the racemic mixture - merphalan, and the dextro isomer medphalan; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micrococcal Nuclease: An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1. [NIH]
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Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells,
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water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mumps Virus: The type species of rubulavirus that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle Sharing: Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU]
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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH]
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Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.
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[EU]
Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papule: A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves
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peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physician Assistants: Persons academically trained, licensed, or credentialed to provide
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medical care under the supervision of a physician. The concept does not include nurses, but does include orthopedic assistants, surgeon's assistants, and assistants to other specialists. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Play Therapy: A treatment technique utilizing play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podiatrist: A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. [NIH] Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains podophyllotoxin and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses. [NIH]
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Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polyploid: An organism with more than two chromosome sets in its vegetative cells. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porokeratosis: A rare, chronic, progressive autosomal dominant disorder seen most often in males and usually appearing in early childhood. It is characterized by the formation of slightly atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Cyanide: Potassium cyanide (K(CN)). A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer.
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Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progenitalis: A group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2, characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2 infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed
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and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or
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vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pruritus Ani: Intense chronic itching in the anal area. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic
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acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridones: Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiation, Ionizing: Electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter. The wavelengths are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays and highenergy elementary particles. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,
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gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubulavirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. Mumps virus is the type species. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH]
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Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of
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old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skin Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the skin. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]
Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH]
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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU]
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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Squamous intraepithelial lesion: SIL. A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear. [NIH]
Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [NIH]
Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation.
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[EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styptic: Astringent. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble
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drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tachykinins: A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved Cterminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenesis: Production of monstrous growths or fetuses. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,
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palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and
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branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. [NIH] Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trichophyton: A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body.
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Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]
Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]
Dictionary 305
Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venereology: A branch of medicine which deals with sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and
306
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treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus. [NIH] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers'
Dictionary 307
and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
309
INDEX A Abdomen, 4, 245, 253, 277, 279, 286, 300, 302 Aberrant, 15, 78, 245 Ablate, 245, 264 Ablation, 51, 156, 245 Abortion, 245, 273 Abscess, 4, 245, 270 Acceptor, 245, 285, 302 Acetylcholine, 245, 256, 283 Acne Vulgaris, 245, 303 Acoustic, 159, 245 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 33, 245 Acrylonitrile, 245, 295 Actin, 94, 245 Actinic keratosis, 181, 245 Acute myeloid leukemia, 245, 290 Adenine, 246, 292 Adenocarcinoma, 38, 246 Adenosine, 74, 246, 253, 287 Adenosine Deaminase, 74, 246 Adjuvant, 35, 74, 81, 168, 246, 269 Adjuvant Therapy, 81, 246 Adrenal Cortex, 246, 260, 266, 273, 290 Adverse Effect, 246, 283, 297 Aerosol, 246, 300 Aetiology, 71, 246 Affinity, 246, 298 Agar, 246, 288 Age Distribution, 26, 246 Age Groups, 246 Agonist, 246, 250, 263, 284 Alertness, 246, 253 Algorithms, 247, 252 Alkaline, 159, 178, 247, 248, 253, 287 Alkaloid, 247, 250, 284 Allergen, 247, 297 Allogeneic, 247, 270 Allograft, 68, 247 Alloys, 247, 257 Allylamine, 247 Aloe, 132, 180, 247 Alopecia, 51, 196, 206, 247 Alpha Particles, 247, 293 Alpha-helices, 149, 247 Alpha-helix, 247, 277 Alternative medicine, 205, 247
Amber, 247, 275 Amine, 181, 247, 272 Amino Acid Sequence, 14, 164, 247, 249, 269 Aminolevulinic Acid, 70, 206, 248 Ammonia, 98, 246, 247, 248, 301 Ammonium Chloride, 159, 248 Amputation, 190, 248 Anaerobic, 169, 248, 299 Anaesthesia, 18, 59, 248, 275 Anal, 4, 12, 21, 35, 48, 74, 205, 227, 231, 248, 267, 292 Anal Fissure, 4, 248 Analgesic, 59, 163, 164, 248 Analog, 62, 153, 248, 268, 274 Anatomical, 87, 248, 256, 263, 265, 275, 296 Androgens, 246, 248, 260 Anemia, 41, 248, 257 Anergy, 155, 179, 248 Anesthesia, 158, 248, 290 Aneurysm, 248, 305 Angina, 248, 284 Angiogenesis, 21, 61, 87, 145, 163, 174, 248 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 145, 174, 248 Animal model, 13, 248 Anions, 248, 277 Annealing, 248, 289 Anogenital, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 49, 51, 52, 53, 62, 65, 66, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 156, 168, 181, 197, 203, 230, 248, 259 Anorectal, 3, 21, 249 Anoscopy, 249 Antagonism, 249, 253 Antiangiogenic, 163, 249 Antibacterial, 144, 163, 249, 298 Antibiotic, 217, 249, 298, 301 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 217, 249 Antibodies, 5, 25, 48, 86, 154, 249, 274, 280, 288, 293 Antibody, 169, 246, 249, 258, 266, 272, 274, 275, 277, 280, 282, 293, 294, 297, 298, 306 Anticarcinogenic, 177, 249 Anticoagulant, 249, 291 Antifungal, 163, 167, 249
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Antigen, 10, 52, 61, 79, 155, 168, 179, 246, 249, 258, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 297 Anti-infective, 249, 298 Anti-inflammatory, 168, 249, 260, 270, 296 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 249, 260 Antimetabolite, 249, 268 Antimicrobial, 28, 52, 144, 161, 183, 249, 256, 290, 301 Antimycotic, 249, 290 Antineoplastic, 163, 249, 252, 260, 268, 276, 281, 289 Antineoplastic Agents, 249 Antioxidants, 166, 250 Antiproliferative, 163, 250 Antiseptic, 144, 160, 183, 250 Antiviral, 6, 8, 9, 38, 144, 158, 163, 170, 181, 183, 250, 274, 276 Antiviral Agents, 9, 250, 276 Anus, 167, 228, 248, 249, 250, 253, 258, 287, 294 Anxiety, 45, 93, 250 Apoptosis, 47, 250 Aqueous, 148, 157, 166, 178, 250, 251, 261, 264, 279 Arachidonic Acid, 250, 291 Areca, 159, 250 Arecoline, 250 Arginine, 149, 250 Aromatic, 36, 250, 287, 300, 301 Arterial, 247, 250, 284, 291 Arteries, 250, 252, 260, 281 Arterioles, 250, 252 Artery, 248, 250, 252, 260, 292, 305 Articular, 250, 285 Aseptic, 58, 250, 299 Aspartic, 149, 250 Aspartic Acid, 149, 250 Assay, 25, 61, 251 Astringents, 250, 251, 266 Asymptomatic, 251, 270 Atopic, 47, 91, 181, 182, 251 Atrophy, 147, 165, 175, 251 Atypical, 81, 251 Autoimmune disease, 8, 251 Autologous, 9, 251 B Bacteria, 161, 183, 249, 251, 281, 282, 288, 292, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304 Bacterial Infections, 167, 251 Bactericidal, 251, 266, 304 Bacteriophage, 251, 288, 303, 306 Basal cell carcinoma, 152, 181, 251
Basal cells, 251 Base, 6, 170, 180, 183, 184, 185, 228, 246, 251, 261, 262, 269, 277, 287, 290, 301 Basophils, 251, 255, 271, 278 Benzaldehyde, 251 Benzene, 251, 273 Benzoin, 97, 110, 251 Bezoar, 131, 252 Bile, 252, 256, 268, 272, 279, 299 Bile duct, 252, 256 Binding Sites, 13, 164, 252 Biochemical, 6, 7, 9, 11, 23, 249, 252, 285 Biological response modifier, 252, 276 Biomarkers, 6, 252 Biopsy, 25, 50, 59, 85, 242, 252, 287 Biopsy specimen, 25, 50, 252 Biotechnology, 16, 17, 195, 205, 215, 252 Bladder, 252, 258, 275, 291, 295, 304 Blennorrhoea, 252, 270 Bleomycin, 19, 23, 24, 55, 56, 59, 61, 72, 74, 158, 208, 226, 228, 252 Blister, 158, 186, 252 Blood Coagulation, 252, 253, 302 Blood Glucose, 189, 252, 271 Blood pressure, 252, 282, 298 Blood transfusion, 191, 252 Blood vessel, 144, 173, 248, 249, 252, 254, 256, 257, 271, 277, 280, 298, 300, 302, 305 Body Fluids, 252, 264, 298, 303 Bone Marrow, 73, 125, 245, 251, 253, 267, 269, 274, 280, 281, 290, 298 Bowel, 96, 108, 248, 253, 262, 277, 300 Bowel Movement, 253, 262, 300 Brachytherapy, 253, 276, 277, 293, 306 Branch, 39, 100, 239, 253, 269, 280, 286, 292, 298, 301, 305 Breakdown, 253, 262, 268 Bronchi, 253, 267, 303 Bronchiectasis, 71, 253 Bronchitis, 253, 266 Buccal, 253, 273, 279 Buffers, 147, 175, 253 Bupivacaine, 253, 279 Burns, 123, 166, 183, 242, 253 Burns, Electric, 253 C Caffeine, 159, 253, 293 Calcium, 15, 104, 159, 253, 258 Calcium Carbonate, 159, 253 Calcium Hydroxide, 159, 253 Calculi, 254, 270 Callus, 150, 157, 176, 254, 278
Index 311
Candidiasis, 11, 217, 254 Candidosis, 254 Cannabis, 43, 254 Cantharidin, 122, 158, 254 Capsid, 80, 254 Carbohydrate, 254, 260, 270, 289 Carbon Dioxide, 51, 68, 76, 159, 254, 267, 288, 295 Carcinogen, 254, 281 Carcinogenesis, 11, 41, 164, 254 Carcinogenic, 7, 159, 251, 254, 276, 285, 290, 299, 304 Carcinoma, 11, 74, 90, 147, 152, 155, 168, 179, 254 Cardiac, 247, 253, 254, 264, 265, 279, 283, 299 Cardiovascular, 254, 301 Case report, 20, 115, 254, 257 Cations, 254, 277 Cause of Death, 163, 254 Caustic, 169, 254, 288, 298, 303 Cauterization, 158, 254 Cell Death, 250, 255 Cell Degranulation, 184, 185, 255 Cell Division, 251, 255, 271, 282, 288, 296 Cell proliferation, 47, 255, 285 Cellulose, 255, 268, 288 Central Nervous System, 245, 251, 253, 255, 268, 270, 271, 285, 301 Cerebral, 18, 255, 267 Cerebral Palsy, 18, 255 Cerebrum, 255 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 6, 14, 16, 25, 42, 55, 76, 146, 255 Cervix, 7, 147, 152, 154, 167, 168, 170, 177, 197, 245, 255, 277, 299 Chancroid, 190, 255 Check-up, 228, 255 Chelating Agents, 164, 255 Chelation, 175, 255 Chemoprevention, 5, 14, 146, 255 Chemotherapeutic agent, 153, 158, 197, 255 Chemotherapy, 4, 28, 52, 132, 246, 255 Chin, 98, 112, 256, 281 Chiropodist, 196, 256 Chloasma, 144, 173, 256 Chlorine, 157, 160, 256 Chloroform, 180, 256 Chlorophyll, 255, 256, 268 Cholangitis, 71, 256 Cholesterol, 252, 256, 299
Choline, 167, 256 Cholinergic, 159, 256, 284 Chromatin, 8, 13, 250, 256 Chromium, 171, 172, 256 Chromosomal, 8, 97, 109, 256, 288, 295 Chromosome, 79, 256, 271, 289, 296 Chromosome Mapping, 79, 256 Chronic, 12, 125, 145, 174, 245, 256, 257, 263, 275, 278, 289, 292, 300, 305, 306 Cidofovir, 26, 36, 56, 139, 140, 203, 256 Cimetidine, 25, 26, 27, 56, 67, 71, 256 Ciprofloxacin, 168, 256 Circulatory system, 163, 257 Circumcision, 5, 26, 257 Clear cell carcinoma, 257, 262 Clinical Medicine, 12, 257, 290 Clinical study, 257, 259 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 13, 102, 110, 113, 122, 139, 140, 215, 257, 259, 263, 291, 294 Cloning, 63, 64, 252, 257, 279 Clubfoot, 196, 257 Coagulation, 252, 257, 278 Cobalt, 171, 172, 257 Cod Liver Oil, 257, 265 Codons, 257, 269, 285 Cofactor, 257, 291, 302 Collagen, 147, 165, 175, 247, 257, 269, 273, 290 Collagen disease, 257, 273 Collapse, 195, 253, 258 Colloidal, 258, 287, 300 Colon, 20, 152, 227, 231, 258, 278 Combination Therapy, 96, 107, 258 Communicable disease, 217, 258 Communis, 133, 258 Complement, 258, 269, 297 Complementary and alternative medicine, 107, 135, 258 Complementary medicine, 107, 258 Compliance, 36, 258 Computational Biology, 215, 258 Concentric, 149, 259 Conception, 245, 259, 299 Condoms, 28, 34, 76, 190, 202, 216, 227, 228, 259 Condyloma, 7, 10, 85, 139, 140, 155, 168, 179, 227, 241, 259 Condylomata Acuminata, 4, 98, 101, 116, 150, 197, 259 Connective Tissue, 253, 257, 259, 262, 267, 269, 279, 295, 296, 301 Consciousness, 248, 259, 261, 292
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Consultation, 158, 259 Consumption, 43, 159, 259, 295 Contact dermatitis, 96, 109, 158, 166, 182, 259 Contamination, 22, 71, 259 Contraception, 191, 259, 278 Contraindications, ii, 259 Controlled clinical trial, 67, 99, 259 Controlled study, 56, 62, 79, 80, 98, 115, 259 Conventional therapy, 73, 259 Conventional treatment, 98, 115, 259 Coordination, 9, 217, 255, 259 Cornea, 259, 278, 307 Corneum, 148, 171, 176, 259, 265, 274 Coronary, 259, 260, 281, 284 Coronary Thrombosis, 260, 281 Corpus, 260, 286, 290 Cortex, 149, 260, 267, 285 Corticosteroid, 149, 260 Coumarin, 260 Courtship, 5, 260 Cowpox, 260, 305 Cowpox Virus, 260, 305 Croup, 146, 260 Cruciferous vegetables, 14, 177, 260, 275 Cryosurgery, 29, 63, 111, 228, 242, 260 Cryptosporidium, 161, 260 Curative, 260, 302 Curettage, 4, 37, 158, 260 Curette, 260 Cutaneous, 6, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 39, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 60, 61, 62, 68, 72, 75, 76, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 91, 100, 110, 123, 154, 155, 161, 165, 177, 179, 184, 196, 197, 254, 256, 259, 260, 270, 279, 290, 296, 305 Cyclic, 253, 260, 291 Cyclin, 92, 260 Cystine, 149, 178, 260 Cytochrome, 256, 261 Cytokine, 29, 79, 152, 153, 155, 179, 261 Cytomegalovirus, 261, 268 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 261, 268 Cytoplasm, 250, 251, 261, 265, 271, 295 Cytosine, 163, 261, 293 Cytotoxic, 146, 261, 274, 293, 294 Cytotoxicity, 146, 247, 261 D Degenerative, 261, 272, 285 Deletion, 250, 261 Delivery of Health Care, 261, 271
Dementia, 245, 261 Denaturation, 261, 289 Density, 30, 261, 298 Dental Care, 11, 261 Dentists, 217, 261 Deoxyribonucleic, 155, 161, 179, 261, 262 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 155, 161, 179, 262 Deoxyribonucleotides, 261, 262 Depigmentation, 262, 306 Depressive Disorder, 262, 279 Dermal, 57, 181, 262 Dermatitis, 47, 89, 91, 125, 169, 181, 182, 196, 262, 263, 264 Dermatologist, 225, 262 Dermis, 147, 152, 156, 165, 175, 262, 301, 303 DES, 262 Deuterium, 262, 273 DHEA, 132, 165, 262 Diabetes Mellitus, 8, 126, 262, 270, 271 Diabetic Foot, 189, 262 Diagnosis, Differential, 197, 262 Diagnostic procedure, 143, 205, 262 Diarrhea, 262, 266 Diarrhoea, 262, 273 Digestion, 13, 177, 252, 253, 262, 277, 279, 300 Digestive system, 141, 262, 282 Digestive tract, 262, 297, 299 Dilatation, 245, 248, 253, 263, 305 Dilatation, Pathologic, 263, 305 Dilation, 263, 305 Dilator, 263, 284 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 33, 58, 85, 86, 158, 263 Diploid, 263, 288 Direct, iii, 111, 152, 155, 160, 169, 170, 207, 257, 263, 294 Discrete, 263, 301, 307 Disease Progression, 263, 306 Disinfectant, 160, 161, 263, 266, 287 Dissection, 58, 263 Distal, 13, 24, 263, 264, 287, 292 Distemper, 196, 263 Distemper Virus, Canine, 263 Diuresis, 253, 263 Dopamine, 263, 283, 287 Double-blind, 18, 48, 49, 56, 59, 62, 70, 74, 96, 97, 99, 107, 111, 113, 116, 118, 263 Dross, 263, 290 Drug Interactions, 209, 263 Drug Tolerance, 263, 302
Index 313
Duct, 35, 90, 202, 225, 264, 296, 301 Duodenum, 252, 264, 300 Dysplasia, 12, 47, 125, 147, 168, 170, 204, 264 Dystrophic, 264, 265 Dystrophy, 64, 127, 264 E Eczema, 126, 145, 147, 162, 165, 172, 173, 174, 175, 196, 264 Edema, 259, 264 Efficacy, 36, 59, 72, 77, 100, 111, 114, 119, 175, 181, 195, 204, 264 Ejaculation, 264, 296 Elastic, 264, 298 Elastin, 147, 165, 175, 257, 264 Elective, 77, 264 Electrocoagulation, 37, 59, 71, 257, 264 Electrode, 264 Electrodesiccation, 102, 122, 158, 264 Electrolyte, 260, 264, 282, 289, 298 Elementary Particles, 264, 284, 292, 293 Emaciation, 245, 264 Embryo, 245, 264, 275 Emodin, 247, 264 Emollient, 264, 270, 284 Emulsion, 183, 264, 267 Enamel, 265, 277 Endocarditis, 254, 265, 270 Endogenous, 168, 263, 264, 265, 303, 304 Endometriosis, 265, 279, 284 Endotoxins, 258, 265, 278 Enhancer, 13, 265 Environmental Health, 214, 216, 265 Enzymatic, 247, 253, 258, 265, 272, 289 Enzyme, 148, 175, 181, 182, 246, 265, 269, 279, 281, 286, 289, 291, 302, 303, 306, 307 Eosinophil, 185, 265 Eosinophilic, 265 Epidemiological, 42, 265 Epidermal, 57, 85, 144, 146, 147, 148, 155, 173, 175, 176, 179, 265, 277, 281, 305 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, 5, 49, 68, 154, 156, 197, 265 Epidermoid carcinoma, 265, 299 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 149, 265 Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, 149, 265 Epithelial Cells, 11, 148, 155, 176, 179, 266, 272 Epithelium, 14, 15, 197, 259, 260, 266, 286, 307 Epitope, 13, 266 Erbium, 19, 266
Erectile, 266, 286 Erysipelas, 196, 266 Erythema, 39, 259, 266, 300 Erythrocytes, 248, 253, 266, 297 Esophageal, 202, 266 Esophagus, 167, 262, 266, 287, 299, 300 Estradiol, 151, 266 Estrogen, 151, 266 Ethanol, 97, 101, 110, 121, 159, 266 Ether, 180, 266 Eucalyptus, 144, 266 Eukaryotic Cells, 266, 275 Evaluable patients, 8, 266 Excipient, 147, 166, 175, 266 Excitatory, 266, 270 Exfoliation, 147, 148, 149, 175, 176, 178, 182, 266 Exocytosis, 255, 267 Exogenous, 264, 265, 267 Expectorant, 248, 267 Extemporaneous, 159, 267 Extensor, 267, 292, 306 External-beam radiation, 267, 277, 293, 306 Extracellular, 259, 267, 298 F Facial, 21, 41, 79, 80, 256, 267 Family Planning, 215, 267 Family Practice, 102, 110, 123, 124, 267 Fat, 193, 250, 253, 260, 267, 279, 295, 298 Fatty acids, 183, 267, 291, 298 Feline Panleukopenia, 263, 267 Fibrosis, 159, 166, 247, 267, 296 Fissure, 258, 267 Fixation, 267, 297 Flagellum, 267, 303 Flavoring Agents, 266, 268 Fluorouracil, 41, 62, 67, 133, 158, 161, 162, 268, 278 Fold, 10, 15, 80, 267, 268, 290 Follicles, 268 Foot Care, 189, 196, 268 Foot Ulcer, 190, 262, 268 Foramen, 256, 258, 268 Friction, 150, 268 Fungi, 148, 249, 268, 281, 282, 302, 306 Fungus, 160, 189, 254, 268 G Gallbladder, 262, 268 Gamma Rays, 268, 293, 294 Ganciclovir, 153, 268 Ganglion, 268, 285, 307
314
Warts
Gangrene, 190, 268 Gas, 248, 254, 256, 268, 273, 284, 300 Gastric, 38, 256, 268, 272, 287 Gastrin, 256, 269, 272 Gastrointestinal, 161, 191, 257, 263, 266, 269, 301, 304 Gastrointestinal tract, 266, 269, 304 Gelatin, 269, 270, 302 Gels, 166, 269 Gene, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 63, 152, 195, 252, 269, 279, 285, 296, 303 Gene Expression, 6, 8, 15, 269, 303 Gene Therapy, 152, 269 General practitioner, 76, 99, 117, 269 Genetic Code, 269, 284 Genetic Engineering, 252, 257, 269 Genetic testing, 269, 289 Genetics, 64, 246, 269 Genotype, 11, 269 Gestation, 269, 287, 288 Ginger, 133, 135, 167, 269 Gland, 246, 269, 279, 286, 288, 291, 296, 301, 302 Glucocorticoid, 270, 273 Glucose, 252, 255, 256, 262, 270, 271, 296 Glucose Intolerance, 262, 270 Glucosinolates, 177, 270 Glutamate, 270 Glutamic Acid, 149, 270, 283, 290 Glycerol, 159, 270 Glycine, 247, 248, 270, 283, 297 Gonadal, 270, 299 Gonorrhea, 137, 190, 191, 199, 216, 217, 226, 270 Gonorrhoea, 49, 196, 270 Gout, 190, 195, 196, 270 Governing Board, 270, 289 Grade, 6, 42, 47, 49, 270, 299 Graft, 12, 20, 270, 272, 275 Graft Rejection, 12, 270, 275 Granulocytes, 184, 185, 271, 278, 306 Gravidity, 271, 286 Growth factors, 271, 285 H Hair follicles, 144, 173, 262, 271, 299, 306 Haploid, 271, 288 Headache, 253, 271 Health Care Costs, 15, 271 Health Expenditures, 271 Heme, 248, 261, 271, 289 Hemodialysis, 253, 271 Hemoglobin, 248, 255, 266, 271, 278
Hemoglobin A, 255, 271 Hemoglobinopathies, 269, 271 Hemolytic, 271, 275 Hemorrhage, 264, 271, 272, 300 Hemorrhoids, 3, 46, 249, 272 Hepatitis, 190, 191, 216, 217, 272, 282 Hepatocytes, 272 Hepatoma, 152, 272 Hereditary, 270, 272, 295 Heredity, 245, 269, 272 Herpes virus, 157, 272 Herpes Zoster, 88, 157, 272 Heterotrophic, 268, 272 Histamine, 256, 272 Histidine, 272, 276 Histology, 65, 272 Hoarseness, 260, 272 Homologous, 63, 269, 272, 292, 296, 297, 301 Hormonal, 251, 260, 272 Hormone, 164, 246, 260, 262, 266, 269, 272, 278, 290, 295 Hormone therapy, 246, 272 Horny layer, 265, 272 Host, 6, 20, 155, 179, 251, 254, 272, 274, 275, 295, 304, 306 Humoral, 169, 270, 272 Humour, 272 Hybrid, 272, 273 Hybridization, 31, 34, 273 Hydration, 159, 273 Hydrocortisone, 149, 273 Hydrogen, 175, 245, 247, 251, 253, 254, 261, 262, 273, 282, 284, 285, 292 Hydrogen Bonding, 273, 284 Hydrolysis, 149, 246, 250, 273, 281, 291 Hydrophilic, 48, 62, 273 Hydrophobic, 181, 273 Hydroxybenzoic Acids, 165, 273 Hydroxylysine, 257, 273 Hydroxyproline, 247, 257, 273 Hyperkeratosis, 149, 150, 158, 162, 163, 176, 273 Hyperpigmentation, 41, 256, 273 Hyperplasia, 12, 155, 197, 273 Hypersensitivity, 155, 179, 247, 265, 273, 295, 297 Hyperthermia, 30, 114, 273 Hypertrophy, 159, 273, 274 Hyperuricemia, 270, 274 Hypnotherapy, 97, 109, 114, 115, 129, 274 Hypnotic, 115, 117, 120, 274
Index 315
Hypogammaglobulinemia, 38, 274 I Ichthyosis, 162, 163, 165, 173, 274 Id, 103, 124, 224, 230, 232, 238, 240, 274 Idoxuridine, 97, 274 Immune Sera, 274 Immune system, 8, 10, 169, 184, 185, 274, 275, 280, 304, 306 Immune-response, 52, 274 Immunity, 12, 14, 41, 66, 75, 76, 161, 169, 245, 263, 265, 274, 280, 303 Immunization, 5, 274, 275, 297 Immunocompromised, 4, 32, 66, 161, 274 Immunodeficiency, 8, 12, 14, 21, 47, 48, 51, 54, 75, 80, 81, 190, 191, 217, 226, 245, 274 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 190, 191, 226, 274 Immunogenic, 14, 154, 274 Immunologic, 4, 8, 9, 197, 206, 274, 280, 294 Immunology, 6, 9, 14, 15, 18, 46, 77, 246, 274 Immunomodulator, 158, 274 Immunosuppressant, 268, 274 Immunosuppressive, 12, 270, 274, 275 Immunosuppressive therapy, 275 Impairment, 275, 281 Impetigo, 196, 275 Implant radiation, 275, 276, 277, 293, 306 In situ, 5, 31, 49, 275 In Situ Hybridization, 31, 49, 275 In vitro, 9, 13, 25, 30, 48, 154, 158, 269, 275, 289, 297 In vivo, 11, 152, 154, 269, 275 Incision, 275, 277 Incontinence, 159, 275 Incubation, 155, 275 Incubation period, 155, 275 Indicative, 191, 275, 286, 305 Indole-3-carbinol, 146, 177, 275 Induction, 29, 158, 168, 248, 275 Infarction, 260, 275, 281 Infection, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21, 30, 31, 34, 39, 41, 42, 46, 48, 49, 51, 62, 78, 81, 85, 100, 110, 113, 118, 128, 139, 140, 146, 155, 157, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 177, 179, 186, 190, 192, 196, 197, 200, 202, 216, 217, 226, 228, 232, 245, 250, 252, 254, 256, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267, 270, 274, 275, 278, 279, 280, 283, 285, 290, 294, 295, 297, 300, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307
Infection Control, 217, 275 Infiltration, 37, 59, 79, 164, 276, 290, 307 Infusion, 84, 102, 276, 303 Ingestion, 273, 276, 289 Initiation, 9, 17, 160, 276, 303 Initiator, 9, 276 Inorganic, 147, 276, 283, 300 Inosine Pranobex, 98, 115, 276 Insect Repellents, 145, 174, 276 Insight, 9, 276 Interferon Alfa-2a, 43, 276 Interferon-alpha, 48, 49, 86, 99, 113, 116, 202, 276 Interleukin-1, 29, 168, 276 Interleukin-2, 75, 276 Internal radiation, 276, 277, 293, 306 Interstitial, 253, 276, 277, 306 Intestinal, 38, 88, 96, 108, 169, 260, 277 Intestine, 177, 253, 277, 278, 300 Intoxication, 277, 305 Intracellular, 6, 15, 156, 253, 275, 277, 289, 291 Intraepithelial, 7, 37, 48, 49, 146, 168, 277 Intravenous, 276, 277 Intrinsic, 162, 246, 277 Invasive, 5, 147, 149, 168, 181, 274, 277 Invasive cervical cancer, 5, 147, 277 Involution, 30, 37, 41, 161, 277 Ionizing, 247, 277, 293, 304 Ions, 164, 175, 251, 253, 255, 264, 273, 277, 293 Irradiation, 202, 277, 306 Ischemia, 251, 277 J Joint, 190, 250, 257, 277, 285, 301 K Kb, 214, 277 Keratin, 57, 75, 100, 148, 149, 178, 277 Keratinocytes, 15, 17, 41, 78, 82, 148, 149, 178, 277 Keratitis, 274, 278 Keratoacanthoma, 161, 278 Keratolytic, 86, 158, 278, 289 Keratosis, 149, 245, 278 Keto, 162, 173, 278, 293 Kidney stone, 160, 278, 304 L Large Intestine, 262, 277, 278, 294, 297 Laryngeal, 14, 57, 139, 156, 278 Larynx, 177, 278, 300, 302 Laser Surgery, 227, 278 Laser therapy, 68, 72, 228, 243, 278
316
Warts
Latent, 57, 278, 290 Leprosy, 268, 278 Leucine, 149, 278, 287 Leucocyte, 265, 278 Leukemia, 17, 125, 245, 269, 278 Leukocytes, 8, 251, 253, 271, 276, 278 Leukopenia, 263, 278 Leukoplakia, 11, 159, 217, 278 Levamisole, 25, 27, 58, 59, 278 Levonorgestrel, 151, 278, 284 Library Services, 238, 279 Lice, 144, 190, 191, 192, 217, 279 Lidocaine, 18, 59, 208, 279 Life cycle, 11, 15, 268, 279 Ligament, 279, 291 Ligase, 6, 279 Lip, 11, 279 Lipid, 37, 256, 270, 278, 279 Liposome, 166, 279 Lithium, 19, 60, 96, 279 Liver, 11, 144, 152, 173, 250, 252, 256, 261, 262, 265, 268, 272, 279 Localization, 6, 52, 61, 279 Localized, 19, 110, 152, 153, 255, 267, 275, 279, 285, 288 Locomotion, 267, 279, 288 Loop, 23, 96, 108, 279 Lupus, 90, 128, 257, 279 Lymph, 255, 257, 272, 279, 280 Lymph node, 255, 279, 280 Lymphangitis, 58, 279 Lymphatic, 275, 279, 280, 298, 302 Lymphatic system, 279, 280, 298, 302 Lymphocyte, 61, 184, 185, 245, 249, 280 Lymphocyte Count, 245, 280 Lymphoid, 249, 274, 278, 280 Lymphokines, 280 Lymphoma, 11, 38, 73, 88, 96, 108, 152, 280 Lymphoproliferative, 38, 61, 280 Lysine, 6, 273, 276, 280 Lytic, 280, 306 M Macrophage, 185, 276, 280 Macrophage Activation, 185, 280 Malignancy, 9, 280, 286 Malignant, 15, 17, 73, 93, 145, 152, 163, 245, 246, 249, 280, 283, 293, 296 Malnutrition, 251, 280 Manic, 279, 280 Mannans, 268, 280 Meat, 49, 89, 280 Mediate, 8, 263, 280
Mediator, 276, 280 Medicament, 164, 167, 170, 171, 185, 186, 280 MEDLINE, 215, 280 Melanin, 262, 281, 287 Melanocytes, 273, 281 Melanoma, 66, 152, 281, 304 Melphalan, 84, 102, 281 Membrane, 148, 176, 258, 259, 265, 266, 267, 278, 281, 282, 290, 295, 300, 303 Meningitis, 126, 270, 281 Mental, iv, 4, 119, 141, 214, 218, 256, 261, 281, 292 Mental Disorders, 141, 281 Mental Health, iv, 4, 141, 214, 218, 281, 292 Meta-Analysis, 34, 81, 281 Metabolic disorder, 270, 281 Metabolite, 281, 290 Metastasis, 163, 281 Metastatic, 152, 281, 296 Metastatic cancer, 152, 281 MI, 102, 177, 196, 243, 281 Microbe, 281, 302 Microbiology, 9, 15, 30, 32, 49, 100, 101, 251, 281 Micrococcal Nuclease, 13, 281 Microorganism, 257, 282, 286, 306 Microspheres, 183, 282 Migration, 280, 282 Milligram, 161, 282 Mineralization, 254, 282 Mineralocorticoids, 246, 260, 282 Miscible, 181, 282 Mitosis, 7, 19, 92, 250, 282 Mitotic, 19, 94, 282 Mobility, 186, 282 Mode of Transmission, 226, 282 Modification, 6, 164, 247, 269, 282 Molecule, 249, 251, 252, 258, 260, 266, 271, 273, 282, 284, 285, 288, 294, 303, 305 Monitor, 6, 282, 284 Monoclonal, 277, 282, 293, 306 Monocyte, 184, 185, 282 Morphological, 264, 268, 281, 282 Morphology, 87, 280, 282 Mucins, 282, 296 Mucocutaneous, 20, 282 Mucosa, 155, 170, 179, 184, 197, 279, 282, 300 Mucositis, 282, 302 Mucus, 252, 267, 282
Index 317
Mumps Virus, 155, 179, 283 Muscular Dystrophies, 264, 283 Myocardium, 281, 283 Myotonic Dystrophy, 34, 81, 283 N NCI, 1, 140, 213, 283 Needle Sharing, 191, 283 Neonatal, 270, 283 Neoplasia, 4, 13, 32, 34, 37, 42, 48, 146, 168, 283 Neoplasm, 161, 260, 283, 286, 296 Neoplastic, 14, 273, 278, 280, 283, 285 Nerve, 69, 248, 256, 268, 280, 283, 285, 287, 290, 296, 307 Nervous System, 255, 280, 283, 301, 305 Neural, 272, 283 Neurologic, 263, 283 Neuroma, 231, 283 Neurons, 266, 283, 284, 301 Neuropathy, 283, 287 Neurotransmitter, 245, 246, 247, 251, 263, 270, 272, 283, 301 Neutral Red, 157, 283 Neutralization, 147, 175, 283 Neutrons, 247, 277, 284, 293 Neutrophil, 184, 185, 284 Nicotine, 14, 159, 284 Nitrogen, 60, 98, 152, 158, 243, 247, 248, 267, 281, 284, 303 Nitroglycerin, 151, 284 Norgestrel, 278, 284 Nuclear, 6, 7, 195, 257, 266, 268, 284, 285 Nuclei, 247, 269, 282, 284, 285, 292 Nucleic acid, 61, 254, 261, 269, 273, 275, 284, 293 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 61, 273, 284 Nucleus, 6, 150, 176, 250, 251, 256, 260, 261, 262, 264, 266, 268, 284, 292, 300 O Occult, 120, 284 Odds Ratio, 284, 294 Odour, 250, 284 Ointments, 166, 284, 298 Oncogenes, 11, 14, 153, 285, 292 Oncogenic, 7, 197, 285 Onychomycosis, 148, 149, 178, 285 Oophoritis, 270, 285 Open Reading Frames, 154, 285 Ophthalmoscope, 39, 285 Opportunistic Infections, 12, 217, 245, 285 Optic Nerve, 285, 295 Oral Health, 11, 217, 285
Orbital, 258, 285 Orofacial, 40, 285 Oropharynx, 177, 285 Orthotic Devices, 190, 285 Osteoarthritis, 127, 180, 285 Osteomyelitis, 190, 285 Outpatient, 68, 108, 227, 285 Ovary, 266, 285 Ovum, 269, 279, 285, 290 Oxidation, 178, 245, 250, 260, 261, 285 P Paediatric, 20, 286 Palliative, 286, 302 Pancreas, 252, 262, 286, 304 Papillary, 273, 286 Papule, 4, 242, 286 Parasite, 286, 303 Parasitic, 191, 279, 286, 303 Parity, 10, 286 Patch, 114, 180, 182, 202, 278, 286, 303 Pathogen, 10, 145, 169, 174, 275, 286 Pathogenesis, 22, 76, 197, 286 Pathologic, 250, 252, 254, 260, 273, 286, 292 Pathologic Processes, 250, 286 Pathologies, 160, 286 Patient Education, 225, 236, 238, 243, 286 Pelvic, 35, 216, 226, 265, 286, 291 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 35, 216, 226, 286 Pelvis, 245, 286, 304 Penis, 167, 168, 259, 264, 286, 290 Pepsin, 256, 286 Pepsin A, 256, 286 Peptide, 15, 185, 247, 277, 286, 287, 291 Peracetic Acid, 169, 287 Percutaneous, 151, 287 Perianal, 3, 16, 32, 37, 46, 68, 69, 74, 80, 82, 83, 158, 259, 287 Perinatal, 10, 191, 287 Peripheral blood, 8, 9, 276, 287 Peripheral Neuropathy, 190, 287 Peritonitis, 127, 270, 287 Petrolatum, 265, 287 Phagocytosis, 185, 287 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 166, 255, 266, 269, 287 Pharmacologic, 248, 287, 302 Pharynx, 285, 287 Phenolphthalein, 265, 287 Phenyl, 166, 287 Phenylalanine, 98, 287 Phosphorus, 253, 287
318
Warts
Phosphorylated, 19, 92, 287 Photodynamic therapy, 70, 73, 206, 287 Photosensitizer, 206, 287 Physical Examination, 217, 255, 287 Physician Assistants, 3, 287 Physiologic, 7, 185, 246, 288, 291, 294 Pigmentation, 273, 288 Pigments, 257, 288 Pilot study, 19, 35, 73, 96, 119, 288 Pituitary Gland, 260, 288 Placenta, 266, 288, 290 Plana, 98, 155, 288 Plant Oils, 284, 288 Plants, 145, 174, 177, 180, 247, 251, 254, 255, 256, 264, 270, 282, 288, 296, 302, 303, 305 Plaque, 152, 160, 288 Plasma, 249, 269, 270, 271, 282, 288, 296, 306 Plasma cells, 249, 288 Plasmid, 14, 288, 305 Platelets, 149, 255, 288, 302 Platinum, 279, 288 Play Therapy, 119, 288 Pleated, 277, 288 Pneumonia, 259, 288 Podiatrist, 256, 288 Podophyllin, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 158, 288 Podophyllotoxin, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 108, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 158, 288, 289 Poisoning, 126, 255, 277, 289 Polymerase, 13, 31, 71, 250, 289 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 31, 289 Polymers, 289, 291, 300 Polyploid, 42, 289 Polysaccharide, 249, 255, 289 Porokeratosis, 59, 289 Posterior, 248, 286, 289 Potassium, 153, 160, 252, 282, 289, 298 Potassium Cyanide, 252, 289 Potentiates, 276, 289 Potentiating, 177, 289 Practice Guidelines, 218, 230, 289 Precancerous, 146, 147, 152, 175, 245, 289, 290 Precursor, 177, 250, 256, 263, 265, 287, 290, 303 Premalignant, 75, 150, 158, 290 Prepuce, 257, 290
Prevalence, 5, 12, 19, 46, 48, 71, 149, 284, 290 Prickle, 278, 290 Procaine, 279, 290 Prodrug, 152, 290 Progenitalis, 43, 290 Progesterone, 278, 284, 290, 299 Progression, 7, 9, 13, 73, 129, 147, 248, 290 Progressive, 71, 261, 263, 271, 277, 283, 285, 289, 290 Proline, 257, 273, 290 Promoter, 8, 13, 290 Promyelocytic leukemia, 82, 290, 303 Prone, 5, 290 Prophylaxis, 250, 290, 304 Propolis, 149, 290 Prospective study, 12, 290 Prostaglandin, 151, 291 Prostaglandins A, 291 Prostate, 127, 152, 159, 166, 252, 291, 304 Protease, 147, 148, 175, 204, 258, 291 Protein C, 163, 164, 248, 251, 277, 291 Protein Conformation, 248, 277, 291 Protein Kinases, 285, 291 Protein S, 7, 195, 250, 252, 269, 291, 295, 301 Proteolytic, 147, 175, 258, 291 Protocol, 6, 8, 291 Protons, 247, 273, 277, 292, 293 Proto-Oncogenes, 285, 292 Protozoa, 282, 292 Protozoal, 292 Protozoan, 161, 292, 303 Proximal, 13, 80, 263, 292 Pruritic, 264, 292, 296 Pruritus, 4, 147, 162, 172, 175, 292 Pruritus Ani, 4, 292 Psoriasis, 96, 109, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152, 158, 162, 163, 165, 172, 174, 175, 178, 182, 196, 206, 292, 303 Psychic, 281, 292 Psychoactive, 159, 292 Public Health, 5, 23, 71, 96, 97, 190, 216, 218, 227, 292 Public Policy, 215, 292 Pulmonary, 74, 252, 256, 259, 265, 292, 305 Pulmonary Edema, 256, 292 Pulse, 160, 282, 292 Purgative, 264, 288, 292 Purines, 292, 297 Purulent, 245, 270, 293, 305 Pustular, 245, 275, 293
Index 319
Putrefaction, 268, 293 Pyogenic, 285, 293 Pyridones, 166, 293 Pyrimidines, 293, 297 Q Quaternary, 183, 291, 293 Quiescent, 293, 306 R Race, 5, 278, 281, 282, 284, 293 Racemic, 278, 281, 284, 293 Radiation, 11, 73, 184, 246, 264, 267, 268, 273, 276, 277, 293, 304, 306 Radiation therapy, 73, 246, 267, 276, 277, 293, 306 Radiation, Ionizing, 184, 293 Radioactive, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284, 285, 293, 304, 306 Radioimmunotherapy, 293, 294 Radiolabeled, 277, 293, 306 Radiological, 287, 293 Radiotherapy, 67, 253, 277, 293, 306 Randomized, 6, 8, 14, 18, 19, 37, 62, 67, 73, 81, 96, 97, 99, 107, 108, 111, 113, 264, 294 Randomized clinical trial, 81, 97, 111, 294 Reactivation, 290, 294 Reagent, 157, 256, 263, 294 Receptor, 164, 249, 263, 294 Recombinant, 13, 37, 43, 69, 74, 86, 152, 154, 197, 276, 294, 305 Recombination, 269, 294 Rectal, 4, 48, 227, 231, 294 Rectum, 20, 249, 250, 253, 258, 262, 268, 275, 278, 291, 294 Recur, 40, 294 Recurrence, 168, 204, 227, 255, 294 Refer, 1, 246, 253, 256, 258, 267, 268, 272, 279, 284, 293, 294, 302 Refraction, 294, 298 Refractory, 33, 79, 81, 84, 102, 264, 294 Regimen, 264, 294 Reinfection, 227, 294 Relative risk, 10, 294 Remission, 294 Renal pelvis, 278, 295 Resection, 152, 295 Respiration, 254, 282, 295 Retina, 285, 295 Retinoblastoma, 7, 295 Retinoid, 36, 295 Retrograde, 277, 295 Retrospective, 10, 19, 53, 70, 101, 120, 295 Retroviral vector, 269, 295
Retrovirus, 153, 295 Rheumatism, 195, 295 Rheumatoid, 180, 257, 295 Rheumatoid arthritis, 180, 257, 295 Ribose, 246, 295 Ribosome, 295, 303 Rigidity, 288, 295 Risk factor, 6, 10, 21, 47, 48, 71, 75, 76, 146, 204, 290, 294, 295 Rubber, 157, 245, 295 Rubulavirus, 283, 295 S Safe Sex, 216, 218, 295 Salicylate, 165, 296 Salicylic, 21, 60, 64, 99, 122, 149, 150, 157, 158, 161, 176, 202, 208, 225, 296 Saliva, 159, 195, 296 Salivary, 184, 261, 262, 296 Salivary glands, 261, 262, 296 Salpingitis, 270, 296 Saponins, 296, 299 Sarcoma, 11, 157, 217, 296, 298 Scabies, 190, 296 Scalpel, 171, 186, 296 Scleroproteins, 277, 296 Sclerosis, 166, 257, 296 Screening, 5, 43, 77, 257, 296 Scrotum, 196, 296, 301 Sebaceous, 262, 296, 306 Sebaceous gland, 262, 296, 306 Secondary tumor, 281, 296 Secretion, 245, 256, 260, 272, 282, 296 Secretory, 255, 296, 301 Secretory Vesicles, 255, 296 Segregation, 8, 50, 294, 296 Semen, 31, 32, 264, 291, 296 Senile, 77, 245, 288, 296 Sensibility, 248, 297 Sensitization, 21, 157, 263, 297 Sequencing, 149, 289, 297 Serine, 17, 149, 297 Serology, 8, 297 Serous, 265, 297 Serrated, 171, 172, 297 Serum, 8, 9, 48, 86, 258, 274, 282, 287, 297 Sexual Abstinence, 199, 226, 227, 228, 297 Sexual Partners, 190, 297 Sharpness, 170, 171, 185, 186, 297 Shedding, 158, 297 Shock, 159, 273, 297, 303 Side effect, 4, 159, 207, 246, 274, 297, 302 Signs and Symptoms, 229, 294, 297
320
Warts
Skeleton, 245, 277, 291, 297 Skin graft, 40, 297 Skin Neoplasms, 265, 288, 297 Skin test, 56, 297 Skull, 297, 301 Small intestine, 264, 272, 277, 297 Smallpox, 123, 297, 305 Smooth muscle, 247, 253, 272, 284, 298 Sneezing, 297, 298 Soaps, 183, 298 Sodium, 151, 270, 282, 298, 301 Soft tissue, 63, 145, 253, 297, 298 Soft tissue sarcoma, 63, 298 Solar radiation, 148, 298 Solid tumor, 152, 248, 252, 298 Solvent, 251, 256, 266, 270, 298 Somatic, 272, 282, 287, 298 Somatic cells, 282, 298 Sound wave, 160, 298 Specialist, 196, 233, 256, 263, 298 Specificity, 10, 181, 246, 298 Spectrum, 21, 42, 144, 156, 166, 298, 304 Sperm, 203, 248, 256, 298, 301 Spermicide, 226, 298 Sphincter, 278, 298 Spinal cord, 159, 255, 256, 268, 283, 299 Spinous, 80, 265, 278, 299 Spirochete, 299, 301 Sporadic, 295, 299 Squamous, 8, 11, 12, 22, 33, 72, 148, 152, 155, 159, 161, 176, 179, 265, 278, 299 Squamous cell carcinoma, 12, 33, 72, 159, 265, 278, 299 Squamous cells, 299 Squamous Epithelium, 11, 299 Squamous intraepithelial lesion, 22, 299 Standard therapy, 82, 299 Staphylococcus, 275, 299 Staphylococcus aureus, 275, 299 Steel, 299, 304, 305 Sterility, 227, 299 Steroid, 165, 296, 299 Stilbenes, 145, 174, 299 Stimulant, 163, 250, 253, 272, 299 Stomach, 177, 252, 262, 266, 268, 269, 272, 286, 287, 297, 300 Stool, 258, 275, 278, 300 Strand, 48, 101, 121, 289, 300 Streptococci, 275, 279, 300 Streptococcus, 266, 300 Stress, 127, 164, 290, 295, 300 Stridor, 260, 300
Stroke, 141, 214, 300 Styptic, 153, 300 Styrene, 157, 295, 300 Subacute, 275, 300 Subclinical, 42, 147, 197, 275, 300 Subcutaneous, 79, 264, 279, 300 Submucous, 159, 300 Subspecies, 298, 300, 305 Subungual, 34, 300 Sulfides, 160, 300 Sulfur, 300 Sunburn, 163, 290, 300, 304 Suppression, 12, 111, 168, 260, 300 Suspensions, 166, 300 Sweat, 262, 301 Sweat Glands, 262, 301 Symphysis, 256, 291, 301 Synaptic, 283, 284, 301 Synaptic Transmission, 284, 301 Synergistic, 144, 149, 301 Syphilis, 137, 190, 191, 199, 216, 217, 226, 301 Systemic disease, 274, 301 T Tachykinins, 184, 185, 301 Tea Tree Oil, 134, 144, 301 Temporal, 183, 301 Tendon, 258, 268, 301 Teratogenesis, 288, 301 Teratogenic, 301, 303 Testicles, 196, 296, 301 Testis, 266, 301 Tetracycline, 59, 301 Therapeutics, 19, 63, 209, 301 Thermal, 156, 284, 289, 302 Thorax, 245, 302 Threonine, 17, 149, 297, 302 Thrombin, 291, 302 Thrombocytes, 288, 302 Thrombomodulin, 291, 302 Thrombosis, 291, 300, 302 Thrush, 144, 254, 302 Thymidine, 153, 302 Thymidine Kinase, 153, 302 Thymus, 274, 280, 302 Thyroxine, 287, 302 Tin, 287, 288, 302 Tolerance, 140, 270, 302 Toxic, iv, 151, 153, 251, 254, 261, 264, 270, 274, 281, 283, 284, 289, 300, 302 Toxicity, 163, 263, 264, 302 Toxicology, 216, 302
Index 321
Toxin, 302 Trace element, 65, 256, 257, 302 Trachea, 253, 267, 278, 287, 300, 302 Transcriptase, 295, 303 Transcription Factors, 13, 285, 303 Transdermal, 151, 180, 303 Transduction, 153, 303 Transfection, 252, 269, 303 Transfer Factor, 274, 303 Transfusion, 303 Translation, 15, 154, 247, 303 Translational, 14, 303 Transplantation, 73, 274, 303 Trauma, 91, 164, 186, 271, 303 Trees, 247, 266, 295, 303 Tretinoin, 208, 226, 303 Trichloroacetic Acid, 122, 158, 303 Trichomonas, 303 Trichomoniasis, 44, 199, 303 Trichophyton, 155, 179, 303 Tryptophan, 257, 303 Tumor marker, 252, 303 Tumor suppressor gene, 79, 81, 153, 304 Tumorigenic, 7, 304 Tungsten, 171, 172, 304 Tunica, 282, 304 U Ultraviolet radiation, 293, 300, 304 Ultraviolet Rays, 290, 304 Unconscious, 243, 274, 304 Ureters, 278, 304 Urethra, 286, 291, 304 Urethritis, 190, 217, 226, 270, 304 Uric, 270, 274, 293, 304 Urinary, 96, 159, 228, 254, 257, 269, 275, 304 Urine, 17, 68, 252, 263, 275, 278, 295, 304 Urogenital, 32, 49, 269, 270, 304 Uterus, 245, 255, 260, 290, 304, 305 V Vaccination, 8, 154, 191, 304, 305 Vaccine, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 37, 69, 70, 86, 123, 163, 168, 181, 203, 229, 246, 292, 304, 305 Vaccine adjuvant, 37, 181, 305 Vaccinia, 86, 305 Vaccinia Virus, 86, 305
Vagina, 167, 168, 254, 255, 262, 305, 306 Vaginal, 35, 62, 144, 146, 204, 224, 227, 305, 306 Vaginitis, 190, 191, 217, 226, 254, 305 Vanadium, 171, 172, 305 Varicella, 217, 241, 305 Variola, 305 Vascular, 184, 185, 247, 262, 275, 288, 305 Vasodilation, 21, 87, 184, 185, 305 Vector, 152, 168, 303, 305 Vegetative, 289, 305 Vein, 248, 277, 284, 305 Venereal, 39, 54, 57, 85, 87, 121, 139, 150, 155, 158, 190, 196, 200, 232, 241, 301, 305 Venereology, 52, 73, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 305 Venous, 272, 284, 291, 305 Ventricle, 292, 305 Venules, 252, 305 Verruca, 85, 98, 114, 144, 148, 155, 178, 305 Vertebrae, 299, 305 Vertebral, 288, 305 Vesicular, 272, 297, 305 Veterinary Medicine, 215, 305 Viral Load, 168, 306 Viral Proteins, 9, 30, 306 Viral vector, 152, 306 Virulence, 169, 302, 306 Virulent, 196, 306 Virus Diseases, 250, 306 Vitiligo, 65, 306 Vitro, 13, 306 Vivo, 153, 306 Vulgaris, 27, 98, 114, 155, 306 Vulva, 58, 167, 168, 306 W White blood cell, 164, 249, 278, 280, 282, 284, 288, 306 X Xenograft, 248, 306 X-ray, 57, 268, 277, 284, 293, 304, 306 X-ray therapy, 277, 306 Y Yeasts, 254, 268, 306 Z Zoster, 217, 307 Zymogen, 291, 307
322
Warts
Index 323
324
Warts
