TRICHOTILLOMANIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Trichotillomania: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84664-2 1. Trichotillomania-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on trichotillomania. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA ................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Trichotillomania............................................................................ 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TRICHOTILLOMANIA....................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Trichotillomania .......................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TRICHOTILLOMANIA ................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 General References ....................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA ............................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Patents on Trichotillomania......................................................................................................... 51 Patent Applications on Trichotillomania ..................................................................................... 52 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA ................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 57 Chapters on Trichotillomania ...................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA ................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 59 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 60 Academic Periodicals covering Trichotillomania ......................................................................... 61 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Associations and Trichotillomania............................................................................................... 74 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 84 TRICHOTILLOMANIA DICTIONARY ..................................................................................... 85
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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 109
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with trichotillomania is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about trichotillomania, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to trichotillomania, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on trichotillomania. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to trichotillomania, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on trichotillomania. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on trichotillomania.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and trichotillomania, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Female Pattern Hair Loss Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 45(3 Suppl): S70-S80. September 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the incidence, prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic modalities of female pattern hair loss. The true prevalence of female pattern hair loss is difficult to determine, and the reported incidence has varied from 6 percent to 25 percent. The distinguishing features of pattern hair loss in women include the primacy of miniaturization of the hair follicle and a decrease of the percentage of hairs in anagen in affected areas. However, women with pattern hair loss have a mosaic of variable diameter hairs in the affected region of the top of the scalp. Women who have pattern hair loss do not usually develop true baldness in regions of the scalp as men do with
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male pattern baldness. Onset of hair loss may occur in the preteen years or from the age of about 40 through menopause. The diagnosis of pattern hair loss in women is more difficult to make than in men because of less obvious patterns of hair loss than in men and because of the frequency with which other types of hair loss occur. The more frequent occurrence of telogen effluvium, loose anagen syndrome, and trichotillomania in women versus men makes the diagnosis of female pattern hair loss more difficult to ascertain. Although there are differences in patterns and age at onset between men and women, it has been assumed that pattern hair loss in both genders is androgen dependent. However, most women with female pattern hair loss do not have any signs or symptoms of hyperandrogenemia. Several theories for the genetics of pattern hair loss have been proposed with that of a polygenic nature being most likely. The treatment options for female pattern hair include 2 percent topical minoxidil and the systemic antiandrogens spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, and flutamide. 14 figures and 84 references. •
Hair Diseases Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 82(5): 1155-1169. September 1998. Summary: This journal article provides primary care physicians with information on the diagnosis of hair loss, or alopecia. The most common method of classifying hair loss distinguishes nonscarring from scarring alopecia. Although many physicians begin the evaluation of hair loss by ordering laboratory tests, a careful history is the most important and useful part of the evaluation. Determining whether the patient is experiencing hair shedding or hair thinning is important, and family history can also be important because androgenetic alopecia is heritable. Grooming practices must be explored if hair fragility is suspected. The physical examination should focus on the pattern of hair loss experienced by the patient, and an examination of the scalp surface should be performed in all cases of hair loss. A scalp biopsy is also useful in the evaluation of hair loss. Other diagnostic tests are the hair pull and hair pluck tests. A serologic test for syphilis should be performed in all patients with unexplained hair loss. Common types of nonscarring alopecia include androgenetic alopecia, senescent alopecia, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, syphilitic alopecia, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, and tinea capitis. The article discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these forms of nonscarring alopecia. Scarring alopecia encompasses a heterogenous group of diseases in which hair loss is permanent. The most familiar form of scarring alopecia is discoid lupus erythematosus of the scalp. Another common form of scarring alopecia is central, centrifugal scarring alopecia. Other forms of scarring alopecia include lichen planopilaris and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. The article describes the features of these forms of scarring alopecia. 9 figures, 1 table, and 18 references.
•
Acquired Scalp Alopecia. Part I: A Review Source: Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 39(4): 207-221. November 1998. Summary: This journal article, the first of a two part series, provides health professionals with information on the classification, pathogenesis, physiology, evaluation, and clinical features of acquired scalp alopecia. Alopecia is classified into the clinical subgroups of nonscarring alopecia, where follicular ostia are preserved; scarring alopecias, in which there is clinical loss of follicular ostia; and hair shaft disorders, in which hair fragility is a major cause of hair loss. Hair loss can be caused by various pathogenic mechanisms, including metabolic and hormonal factors, structural defects, and lymphocytes. The assessment of hair loss begins with information on the pattern, speed, and onset of hair
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loss; family history of hair loss; and grooming practices. Other aspects of assessment include examination of the scalp and hair, biopsy of the scalp, and laboratory investigations. Nonscarring alopecias include androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, acute anagen and telogen effluvium, chronic telogen effluvium, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, senescent alopecia, and loose anagen syndrome. The scarring alopecias, which cause permanent pilosebaceous follicle loss, include cicatricial alopecias, lichen planopilaris, pseudopelade, discoid lupus erythematosus, follicular mucinosis, and acne necrotica varioliformis. The article presents the clinical features and diagnostic criteria for these nonscarring and scarring forms of alopecia. A continuing medical education examination accompanies the article. 11 figures, 4 tables, and 51 references. (AA-M). •
Acquired Scalp Alopecia. Part II: A Review Source: Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 40(2): 61-72. May 1999. Summary: This journal article, the second of a two part series, provides health professionals with information on the clinical manifestations of acquired scalp alopecias, including pustular scarring alopecias such as folliculitis decalvans (FD), tufted folliculitis, erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp, acne keloidalis nuchae, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, follicular degeneration syndrome, and cicatricial pemphigoid. Early stages include follicular based pustules and inflammatory papules. Later, follicular abscesses, cysts, necrosis, and, in some conditions, abscess and sinus formation occur. These conditions are usually associated with bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus and occasionally other organisms. FD may affect any region of the scalp and is characterized by recurrent follicular pustules. Tufted folliculitis is characterized by extensive secondary follicular fusion in the presence of S. aureus. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp is a chronic pustular process leading to scarring alopecia. Acne keloidalis nuchae is a chronic scarring folliculitis predominantly affecting the nape of the neck of young adult African American males. Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, which also occurs in young adult African American males, may accompany other conditions in the follicular occlusion triad. Follicular degenerative syndrome occurs almost exclusively in African American women and men and primarily involves the crown and vertex. Infiltrative scarring alopecia presents with progressive scarring alopecia with indurated nodules and other suggestive findings. The article also discusses the management of androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, effluvium, trichotillomania, lymphocyte associated scarring alopecias, and pustular scarring alopecia. More specific agents targeting components of the androgen system will make the treatment of androgenic alopecia more effective. Similarly, new immunomodulatory therapies show great promise for the lymphocyte associated alopecias and include a new generation of macrolide immunosuppresives, some of which appear to have good transcutaneous absorption. A continuing medical education examination accompanies the article. 7 figures and 60 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Trichotillomania The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to trichotillomania. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration
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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to trichotillomania. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore trichotillomania. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for trichotillomania: •
Project Title: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TRICHOTILLOMANIA
TREATMENT
OF
PED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Franklin, Martin E.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: This research project involves the development and empirical testing of a manual-driven cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric trichotillomania (TTM), a chronic impulse control disorder in which the individual acts on urges to pull out his/her own hair. Onset typically occurs by adolescence and TTM is often associated with significant functional impairment and distress, yet the scientific literature on TTM and its treatment is underdeveloped, especially with respect to pediatric TTM. Thus, the application is submitted in response to a request for applications for Exploratory/Developmental Grants for Psychosocial Treatment Research (R2 I). The major goals of the proposed study are to: (a) develop a cognitive-behavioral treatment for pediatric TTM that emphasizes relapse prevention techniques; (b) utilize expert opinion about TTM, manual development, CBT, and pediatric psychopathology to create a state-of-the-art treatment manual; (c) compare the efficacy of this manualized treatment to a control condition; (d) assess maintenance of gains following treatment discontinuation; and (e) use knowledge gained from this research endeavor as a springboard for future research into the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment for pediatric TTM. The investigators propose to conduct an initial pilot study in which four children age 8 to 12 and four adolescents age 13 to 17 will receive open CBT. These initial cases will be carefully evaluated using dependent measures such as independent evaluator ratings of TTM symptom severity and impairment, patient ratings of changes in hair pulling behavior and urges to pull across situations and body sites, clinician ratings of attainment of session goals and utility of specific clinical procedures, and consumer utilization and satisfaction ratings. Feedback from these various sources of information will be summarized and forwarded to the expert panel, which will then make additional suggestions for manual revisions. When the pilot study is concluded and manual revisions are complete, we will then conduct a randomized controlled trial. In this study, twenty-four patients age 8 to 17 inclusive who meet diagnostic criteria for primary TTM will be randomly assigned to CBT or a minimal attention control condition. The initial treatment phase will last 8 weeks; CBT responders will then enter an additional 8-week maintenance phase. Independent assessments of TIM severity and impairment will be conducted before, during, and immediately after the 8-week core treatment, during and following the 8-week (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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maintenance phase, and at 3 about and 6-month follow-up. Long-range goals are to address the critical need for effective treatment for TTM in youth and to encourage dissemination of such treatments to practitioners, health care systems and families. Findings from the proposed research will provide initial empirical validation of the efficacy of a manualized CBT program for TIM, inform the field of this protocol-driven intervention, and promote future clinical research on this as yet neglected pediatric disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ERROR-RELATED BRAIN ACTIVITY AND PEDIATRIC ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hajcak, Greg; Psychology; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JUL-2003; Project End 15-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research will integrate developmental psychophysiology and psychopathology by investigating error-related brain activity in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM) both before and after cognitive-behavioral intervention. The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential (ERP) that has been associated with response monitoring and error detection. The ERN has been source-localized to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is part of the hyperactive fronto-striatal-thamalic circuitry in OCD (Stein, 2000). Thus, an enhanced ERN may serve as a marker of ACC hyperactivity relevant to the pathophysiology of OCD. Previous research has found ERN magnitude to be significantly correlated with symptom severity in a group of adult patients with OCD (Gerhing et al., 2000). The current research extends previous studies to pediatric populations, and includes pediatric TTM and pediatric controls. There is controversy about whether or not TTM is part of the OCD spectrum disorders, and the current study will provide psychophysiological data that may help differentiate these disorders. It is hypothesized that pediatric OCD patients will show enhanced error-related brain activity at protreatment, relative to both pediatric TTM patients and pediatric controls. Pediatric TTM patients are not expected to differ from pediatric controls with respect to error-related brain activity, supporting the notion that TTM is not simply a variant of OCD. Finally, the current study will also investigate the ERN after pediatric patients with OCD and TTM complete a course of CBT. It is hypothesized that only the errorrelated brain activity in pediatric OCD will change over the course of CBT reflecting the post-treatment alteration in the fronto-striatal-thalamic circuitry that underlies OCD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with trichotillomania, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for trichotillomania (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of resistant trichotillomania treated with risperidone-augmented fluvoxamine. Author(s): Gabriel A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 April; 46(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11320684
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A case of seasonal trichotillomania. Author(s): Feldman-Naim S, Rosenthal NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 May; 58(5): 218-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9184617
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A case of trichotillomania successfully treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Takei A. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 August; 54(4): 513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997872
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A clinical study of seven cases of trichotillomania in Singapore. Author(s): Fung DS, Chen HY. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999 July; 28(4): 519-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561765
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A cognitive-behavioral modification treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Ottens AJ. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1982 October; 31(2): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7153436
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A comparison of clinical features in trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Stanley MA, Swann AC, Bowers TC, Davis ML, Taylor DJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1992 January; 30(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1540111
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A controlled trial of venlafaxine in trichotillomania: interim phase I results. Author(s): Ninan PT, Knight B, Kirk L, Rothbaum BO, Kelsey J, Nemeroff CB. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641004
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A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling) Author(s): Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Rapoport JL, Lenane MC, Goldberger EL, Cheslow DL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 August 24; 321(8): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2761586
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A long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of the efficacy of fluoxetine for trichotillomania. Author(s): Streichenwein SM, Thornby JI. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 August; 152(8): 1192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625469
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A modified habit reversal procedure in a recalcitrant case of trichotillomania. Author(s): Tarnowski KJ, Rosen LA, McGrath ML, Drabman RS. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1987 June; 18(2): 15763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611384
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A novel approach to assessment in the treatment of childhood trichotillomania. Author(s): Dahlquist LM, Kalfus GR. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1984 March; 15(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6470157
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A placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clomipramine in trichotillomania. Author(s): Ninan PT, Rothbaum BO, Marsteller FA, Knight BT, Eccard MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 January; 61(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695646
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A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of fluoxetine in trichotillomania. Author(s): Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB, Mitchell JE, Callies AL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 November; 148(11): 1566-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928474
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A rare case of persistent trichotillomania in an adult. Author(s): Zawadzki Z. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1971 April; 14(2): 77-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5575641
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A simplified behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: report of two cases. Author(s): Blum NJ, Barone VJ, Friman PC. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 May; 91(5): 993-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8474824
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Acceptability of treatments for trichotillomania. Effects of age and severity. Author(s): Elliott AJ, Fuqua WR. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 July; 26(3): 378-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080907
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Adult men and women with trichotillomania. A comparison of male and female characteristics. Author(s): Christenson GA, MacKenzie TB, Mitchell JE. Source: Psychosomatics. 1994 March-April; 35(2): 142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8171173
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Affective correlates of trichotillomania. Author(s): Diefenbach GJ, Mouton-Odum S, Stanley MA. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 November; 40(11): 1305-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12384325
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Alopecia. II. Trichotillomania (trichotillohabitus). Author(s): Jillson OF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 April; 31(4): 383, 386, 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6851634
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An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents. Author(s): King RA, Zohar AH, Ratzoni G, Binder M, Kron S, Dycian A, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Apter A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 September; 34(9): 1212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7559316
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An open-label, flexible-dose study of olanzapine in the treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Stewart RS, Nejtek VA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 January; 64(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12590623
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An overview of trichotillomania and its response to treatment with quetiapine. Author(s): Khouzam HR, Battista MA, Byers PE. Source: Psychiatry. 2002 Fall; 65(3): 261-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405081
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Annotation: trichotillomania. Author(s): Swedo SE, Rapoport JL. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1991 March; 32(3): 401-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061361
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Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Implications for Tourette syndrome. Author(s): Baer L. Source: Adv Neurol. 1992; 58: 333-40. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414641
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Behavioral aspects of trichotillomania. Author(s): Tynes LL, Winstead DK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1992 October; 144(10): 459-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474296
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Behavioral contracting in treating trichotillomania: case note. Author(s): Stabler B, Warren AB. Source: Psychological Reports. 1974 April; 34(2): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4820495
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Behavioral treatment of children and adolescents with trichotillomania. Author(s): Vitulano LA, King RA, Scahill L, Cohen DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 January; 31(1): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1537765
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Behavioral treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Stevens MJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1984 December; 55(3): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6522563
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Behaviour therapy for trichotillomania. Author(s): de L Horne DJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1977; 15(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326253
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Behavioural intervention in the treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Mathew A, Kumaraiah V. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1988 May-June; 55(3): 451-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3225038
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Brief report: an autistic male presenting seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and trichotillomania. Author(s): Kurita H, Nakayasu N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994 October; 24(5): 687-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7814314
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Brief report: haloperidol treatment of trichotillomania in a boy with autism and mental retardation. Author(s): Ghaziuddin M, Tsai LY, Ghaziuddin N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1991 September; 21(3): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938782
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Brief report: trichotillomania in an autistic male. Author(s): Hamdan-Allen G. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1991 March; 21(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2037551
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Can the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale be used to assess trichotillomania? A preliminary report. Author(s): Stanley MA, Prather RC, Wagner AL, Davis ML, Swann AC. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 February; 31(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8442741
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Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Carpenter LL, Heninger GR, McDougle CJ, Tyrka AR, Epperson CN, Price LH. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 November 15; 112(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450635
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Characterization of trichotillomania. A phenomenological model with clinical relevance to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Author(s): O'Sullivan RL, Mansueto CS, Lerner EA, Miguel EC. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 23(3): 587-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986729
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Childhood trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, and controls. Author(s): Lochner C, du Toit PL, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Marais A, van Kradenburg J, Seedat S, Niehaus DJ, Stein DJ. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 15(2): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891995
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Childhood trichotillomania treated indirectly by punishing thumb sucking. Author(s): Knell SM, Moore DJ. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1988 December; 19(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3235700
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Childhood trichotillomania. Successful treatment with fluoxetine following an SSRI failure. Author(s): Palmer CJ, Yates WR, Trotter L. Source: Psychosomatics. 1999 November-December; 40(6): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10581985
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Childhood trichotillomania: clinical phenomenology, comorbidity, and family genetics. Author(s): King RA, Scahill L, Vitulano LA, Schwab-Stone M, Tercyak KP Jr, Riddle MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 November; 34(11): 1451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543512
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Chronic alopecia. Trichotillomania. Author(s): Clark J Jr, Helm TN, Bergfeld WF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1995 June; 131(6): 720-1, 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778928
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Clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in children with trichotillomania. Author(s): Reeve EA, Bernstein GA, Christenson GA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 January; 31(1): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1537764
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Clinical characteristics of trichotillomania and its response to fluoxetine. Author(s): Winchel RM, Jones JS, Stanley B, Molcho A, Stanley M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 September; 53(9): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517191
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Clinical profile of trichotillomania. Author(s): Bhatia MS, Singhal PK, Rastogi V, Dhar NK, Nigam VR, Taneja SB. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1991 May; 89(5): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1748781
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Clomipramine treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Friedman EH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 November; 52(11): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1744068
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Clomipramine treatment of trichotillomania: a follow-up report on four cases. Author(s): Pollard CA, Ibe IO, Krojanker DN, Kitchen AD, Bronson SS, Flynn TM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 March; 52(3): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2005076
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Comparison of clinical characteristics in trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Tukel R, Keser V, Karali NT, Olgun TO, Calikusu C. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 September-October; 15(5): 433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583075
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Comprehensive management of trichotillomania in a young autistic girl. Author(s): Holttum JR, Lubetsky MJ, Eastman LE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 May; 33(4): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005911
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Compulsive and impulsive symptomatology in trichotillomania. Author(s): Stein DJ, Mullen L, Islam MN, Cohen L, DeCaria CM, Hollander E. Source: Psychopathology. 1995; 28(4): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7480576
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Conceptual issues in trichotillomania, a prototypical impulse control disorder. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2000 February; 2(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122936
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CSF 5-HIAA as a predictor of treatment response in trichotillomania. Author(s): Ninan PT, Rothbaum BO, Stipetic M, Lewine RJ, Risch SC. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1992; 28(4): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1284254
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Culture-bound trichotillomania. Author(s): Shome S, Bhatia MS, Gautam RK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 April; 150(4): 674. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8465892
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D8/17 in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Niehaus DJ, Knowles JA, van Kradenberg J, du Toit W, Kaminer D, Seedat S, Daniels W, Cotton M, Brink P, Beyers AD, Bouic P, Chapman F, Zabriskie JB, Stein DJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1999 July; 89(7): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470312
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Delusional parasitosis with trichotillomania. Author(s): Bhatia MS, Gautam RK, Shome S, Bedi GK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 November; 92(11): 389. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7890955
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Demystifying trichotillomania. Author(s): Whittaker H, Wolf K, Keuthen N. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 2002 February; 27(2): 54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858587
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Dermacase. Trichotillomania. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1994 April; 40: 669, 677. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8199519
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Efficacy of fluoxetine in trichotillomania. Author(s): Yanchick JK, Barton TL, Kelly MW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 November; 28(11): 1245-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7849338
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Elimination of thumb-sucking as a treatment for severe trichotillomania. Author(s): Watson TS, Allen KD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993 July; 32(4): 830-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340306
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Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students. Author(s): Christenson GA, Pyle RL, Mitchell JE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 October; 52(10): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938977
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Eyelash and eyebrow pulling. (Trichotillomania) treatment of two adolescent girls. Author(s): Ilan E, Alexander E. Source: Isr Ann Psychiatr Relat Discip. 1965 October; 3(2): 267-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5218374
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Familial trichotillomania. Author(s): Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB, Reeve EA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 February; 149(2): 283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1580914
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Familial trichotillomania. Author(s): Kerbeshian J, Burd L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 May; 148(5): 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2018177
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Family aspects of trichotillomania. Author(s): Lantz JE, Early JP, Pillow WE. Source: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1980 August; 18(8): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6253626
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Feather picking disorder and trichotillomania: an avian model of human psychopathology. Author(s): Bordnick PS, Thyer BA, Ritchie BW. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1994 September; 25(3): 189-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7852601
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Fenfluramine and trichotillomania. Author(s): Mahr G. Source: Psychosomatics. 1993 May-June; 34(3): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8493314
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Fluoxetine for trichotillomania: an open clinical trial. Author(s): Koran LM, Ringold A, Hewlett W. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1992; 28(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513916
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Fluoxetine treatment of trichotillomania and depression in a prepubertal child. Author(s): Sheikha SH, Wagner KD, Wagner RF Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 January; 51(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8419112
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Fluoxetine treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Alexander RC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1991 February; 52(2): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993643
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Fluvoxamine treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Stanley MA, Breckenridge JK, Swann AC, Freeman EB, Reich L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 August; 17(4): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9241007
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From external to self-control: behavioral treatment of trichotillomania in an elevenyear-old girl. Author(s): Wulfsohn D, Barling J. Source: Psychological Reports. 1978 June; 42(3 Pt 2): 1171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=674472
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Functional brain imaging and pharmacotherapy in trichotillomania. Single photon emission computed tomography before and after treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Author(s): Stein DJ, van Heerden B, Hugo C, van Kradenburg J, Warwick J, ZunguDirwayi N, Seedat S. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(5): 885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369261
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Further comments on trichotillomania. Author(s): Tattersall ML. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 February; 149(2): 284; Author Reply 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734767
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Further comments on trichotillomania. Author(s): Friman PC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 February; 149(2): 284; Author Reply 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734766
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Giant trichophytobezoar in a pediatric patient with trichotillomania. Author(s): Ciampa A, Moore BE, Listerud RG, Kydd D, Kim RD. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 March; 33(3): 219-20. Epub 2002 December 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612826
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Hair pulling (trichotillomania). Author(s): Galski T. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 1983 Fall; 70(3): 331-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6201939
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Hypnobehavioral treatment of self-destructive behavior: trichotillomania and bulimia in the same patient. Author(s): Hall JR, McGill JC. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 July; 29(1): 39-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3461700
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Hypnosis as a vehicle for choice and self-agency in the treatment of children with Trichotillomania. Author(s): Iglesias A. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2003 October; 46(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609298
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Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and adolescent trichotillomania. Author(s): Kohen DP. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1996 October; 17(5): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8897221
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Hypnotherapy in adolescents with trichotillomania: three cases. Author(s): Zalsman G, Hermesh H, Sever J. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2001 July; 44(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417149
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Hypnotherapy: an effective treatment modality for trichotillomania. Author(s): Cohen HA, Barzilai A, Lahat E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 April; 88(4): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342539
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Hypnotic age regression in the treatment of a self-destructive habit: trichotillomania. Author(s): Rowen R. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 January; 23(3): 195-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246469
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Hypnotic treatment of trichotillomania: two cases. Author(s): Fabbri R Jr, Dy AJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1974 July; 22(3): 210-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4847201
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Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Author(s): Christenson GA, Ristvedt SL, Mackenzie TB. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1993 March; 31(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8476406
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Imipramine treatment of trichotillomania and coexisting depression in a seven-yearold. Author(s): Weller EB, Weller RA, Carr S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1989 November; 28(6): 952-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808269
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Inositol in the treatment of trichotillomania and compulsive skin picking. Author(s): Seedat S, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 January; 62(1): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11235935
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Intranasal oxytocin in trichotillomania. Author(s): Epperson CN, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 September 15; 40(6): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879481
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Isotretinoin and trichotillomania. Author(s): Mahr G. Source: Psychosomatics. 1990 Spring; 31(2): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2139514
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Longitudinal follow-up of naturalistic treatment outcome in patients with trichotillomania. Author(s): Keuthen NJ, Fraim C, Deckersbach T, Dougherty DD, Baer L, Jenike MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 February; 62(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11247093
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Long-term treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling) Author(s): Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Leonard HL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 July 8; 329(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8510704
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Loose anagen syndrome as a severity factor for trichotillomania. Author(s): Thai KE, Sinclair RD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 October; 147(4): 789-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366432
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Magnetic resonance brain imaging in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Stein DJ, Coetzer R, Lee M, Davids B, Bouwer C. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 July 4; 74(3): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255863
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Neurological soft signs in female trichotillomania patients, obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, and healthy control subjects. Author(s): Stein DJ, Hollander E, Simeon D, Cohen L, Islam MN, Aronowitz B. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1994 Spring; 6(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8044043
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Neuropsychological measures in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Coetzer R, Stein DJ. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 June; 53(3): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459744
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New behavioral approach to trichotillomania. Author(s): Salama SA, Salama AA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 September; 156(9): 1469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484966
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Opiate sensitivity test in patients with stereotypic movement disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Frecska E, Arato M. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(5): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369265
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Pain thresholds are not elevated in trichotillomania. Author(s): Christenson GA, Raymond NC, Faris PL, McAllister RD, Crow SJ, Howard LA, Mitchell JE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 September 1; 36(5): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7993963
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Personal toll of trichotillomania: behavioral and interpersonal sequelae. Author(s): Stemberger RM, Thomas AM, Mansueto CS, Carter JG. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2000 January-February; 14(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770238
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Prevalence of trichotillomania in a college freshman population. Author(s): Rothbaum BO, Shaw L, Morris R, Ninan PT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 February; 54(2): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444827
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Pubic trichotillomania in an adult man. Author(s): Mazuecos J, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Camacho F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 December; 145(6): 1034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899136
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Rates of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in first degree relatives of patients with trichotillomania: a research note. Author(s): Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard H, Sceery W, Guroff JJ. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1992 July; 33(5): 925-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1634595
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Reduced basal ganglia volumes in trichotillomania measured via morphometric magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): O'Sullivan RL, Rauch SL, Breiter HC, Grachev ID, Baer L, Kennedy DN, Keuthen NJ, Savage CR, Manzo PA, Caviness VS, Jenike MA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 July 1; 42(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193740
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Regional cerebral glucose metabolism of women with trichotillomania. Author(s): Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard HL, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI, Grady CL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991 September; 48(9): 828-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929773
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Trichotillomania and trichophagia leading to trichobezoar. Author(s): Sharma NL, Sharma RC, Mahajan VK, Sharma RC, Chauhan D, Sharma AK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 27(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692820
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Trichotillomania associated with alopecia areata. Author(s): Wilkin JK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 January; 31(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6825461
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Trichotillomania associated with dementia: a case report. Author(s): Mittal D, O'Jile J, Kennedy R, Jimerson N. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 May-June; 23(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427250
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Trichotillomania associated with depression. Author(s): Sachdeva JS, Sidhu BS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1987 May; 85(5): 151-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3655396
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Trichotillomania associated with HIV infection and response to sertraline. Author(s): Rahman MA, Gregory R. Source: Psychosomatics. 1995 July-August; 36(4): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7652147
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Trichotillomania associated with the “Friar Tuck sign” and nail-biting. Author(s): Dimino-Emme L, Camisa C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1991 February; 47(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2001629
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Trichotillomania in a ten year old boy: gender identity issues formulated in terms of individual and family factors. Author(s): Schnurr RG, Davidson S. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1989 October; 34(7): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2804883
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Trichotillomania in adolescence. Author(s): Sorosky AD, Sticher MB. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1980; 8: 437-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6164301
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Trichotillomania in adults. Author(s): Sticher M, Abramovits W, Newcomer VD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 July; 26(1): 90, 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389405
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Trichotillomania in childhood. Author(s): Oranje AP, Peereboom-Wynia JD, De Raeymaecker DM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 October; 15(4 Pt 1): 6149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771840
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Trichotillomania in childhood. Author(s): Hamdan-Allen G. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 April; 83(4): 241-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2028799
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Trichotillomania in childhood: a case of successful short-term treatment. Author(s): Litt CJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1980 March; 5(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7452421
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Trichotillomania in children and adolescents: review of the literature and case report. Author(s): Adam BS, Kashani JH. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 1990 Spring; 20(3): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2189699
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Trichotillomania in children: a review. Author(s): Mannino FV, Delgado RA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1969 October; 126(4): 505-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4896795
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Trichotillomania in connection with alopecia areata. Author(s): Trueb RM, Cavegn B. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 July; 58(1): 67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8823553
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Trichotillomania resulting in a trichobezoar: a case report. Author(s): Stone KD, Rush BM, Westphal JR. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1998 October; 150(10): 478-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9805873
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Trichotillomania treated wih amitriptyline. Author(s): Snyder S. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1980 August; 168(8): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7400805
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Trichotillomania treated with clomipramine and a topical steroid. Author(s): Black DW, Blum N. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 June; 149(6): 842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1303620
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Trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 May; 56(5): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7737961
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Trichotillomania, clomipramine, topical steroids. Author(s): Gupta S, Freimer M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 March; 150(3): 524. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8434676
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Trichotillomania, trichophagy, and cyclic vomiting. A contribution to the psychopathology of female sexuality. Author(s): Sperling M. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1968; 49(4): 682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5251205
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Jordan DR, Mawn LA. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2003 June; 38(4): 303-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12870866
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Stevenson BA. Source: School Nurse News. 2003 May; 20(3): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12778604
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Papadopoulos AJ, Janniger CK, Chodynicki MP, Schwartz RA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 42(5): 330-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755966
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Bhalla M, Sarkar R, Arun P, Kanwar AJ. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 January; 40(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554920
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Hautmann G, Hercogova J, Lotti T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 June; 46(6): 807-21; Quiz 822-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063477
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Patil BB, Dowd TC. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 November; 85(11): 1386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702732
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Ragavan PS, Mahadevan S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 July; 38(7): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11463970
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Messinger ML, Cheng TL. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 July; 20(7): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10393227
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Mawn LA, Jordan DR. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 December; 104(12): 2175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9400781
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Adams M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 February; 22(2): 230. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8447795
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Hussain SH. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1992 January; 42(1): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1545478
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Hussain SH. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1992 January; 42(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1545475
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Muller SA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1987 July; 5(3): 595-601. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3301116
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Simon SB. Source: S D J Med. 1971 April; 24(4): 36 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5280610
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Slagle DA, Martin TA 3rd. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 June; 43(6): 2019-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2042545
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Sullivan C. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1989 December; 155: 869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2620223
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Singhal PK, Bhatia MS, Dhar NK, Nigam VR. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1988 March; 25(3): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3235179
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Schneider D, Janniger CK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 June; 53(6): 289-90, 294. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8070281
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Trichotillomania. Author(s): Graber J, Arndt WB. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993 September-October; 34(5): 340-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8306645
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Trichotillomania. A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Author(s): Muller SA, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 April; 105(4): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5017262
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Trichotillomania. A clinicopathologic study. Author(s): Mehregan AH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 August; 102(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5430307
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Trichotillomania. A common hidden disorder. Author(s): Jefferys D. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 July; 24(7): 1224-5, 1228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661774
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Trichotillomania. An obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder? Author(s): Swedo SE, Leonard HL. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1992 December; 15(4): 777-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1461795
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Trichotillomania. An overview and guide to understanding. Author(s): Enos S, Plante T. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2001 May; 39(5): 10-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360867
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Trichotillomania. Presentation, etiology, diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Walsh KH, McDougle CJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2001; 2(5): 327-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721651
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Trichotillomania. Two case reports from a similar cultural background. Author(s): Hussain SH. Source: Psychopathology. 1992; 25(6): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1293629
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Trichotillomania: a case report. Author(s): Bussaratid S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1973 March; 56(3): 196-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4693911
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Trichotillomania: a case report. Author(s): Kumar S, Rege VL. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1967 April; 21(4): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6046144
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Trichotillomania: a challenge to research and practice. Author(s): Diefenbach GJ, Reitman D, Williamson DA. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2000 April; 20(3): 289-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10779896
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Trichotillomania: a clinical study of 36 patients. Author(s): Chang CH, Lee MB, Chiang YC, Lu YC. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1991 February; 90(2): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1678413
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Trichotillomania: a comprehensive behavioral model. Author(s): Mansueto CS, Stemberger RM, Thomas AM, Golomb RG. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1997; 17(5): 567-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9260041
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Trichotillomania: a histopathologic study in sixty-six patients. Author(s): Muller SA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 July; 23(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365878
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Trichotillomania: a manipulative alopecia? Author(s): Cotterill JA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 March; 32(3): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444528
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Trichotillomania: a new treatment. Author(s): Barabasz M. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1987 July; 35(3): 146-54. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3305378
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Trichotillomania: a possible therapeutic strategy for the family doctor. Author(s): Singer Y, Yehezkel A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 March; 4(3): 226-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908273
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Trichotillomania: a review and case report. Author(s): Nuss MA, Carlisle D, Hall M, Yerneni SC, Kovach R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 September; 72(3): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533829
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Trichotillomania: a trichotillosis, a trichotillotic, or a tic trichotillosis. Author(s): Aljabre SH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 November; 32(11): 823-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8270345
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Trichotillomania: behavioral symptom or clinical syndrome? Author(s): O'Sullivan RL, Keuthen NJ, Christenson GA, Mansueto CS, Stein DJ, Swedo SE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 October; 154(10): 1442-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9326829
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Trichotillomania: clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Author(s): Minichiello WE, O'Sullivan RL, Osgood-Hynes D, Baer L. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1994 March-April; 1(6): 336-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384868
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Trichotillomania: current issues in conceptualization and treatment. Author(s): Keuthen NJ, O'Sullivan RL, Sprich-Buckminster S. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1998 July-October; 67(4-5): 202-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693347
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Trichotillomania: its psychopathological aspect. Author(s): Oguchi T, Miura S. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1977 March-April; 18(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=837667
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Trichotillomania: ophthalmic presentation. Author(s): Smith JR. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 February; 23(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7619458
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Trichotillomania: pathologic psychiatry? Author(s): Tahan SR, Fogt F. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1992 December; 14(6): 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471755
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Trichotillomania: response to lithium in a person with comorbid bipolar disorder. Author(s): Berk M, McKenzie H, Dodd S. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 October; 18(7): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533143
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Trichotillomania: symptom or syndrome? A need for revision. Author(s): Damodaran SS, Jayalekshmi KT, Khanna R. Source: Psychopathology. 1995; 28(3): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7675997
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Trichotillomania: women's reports of treatment efficacy. Author(s): Boughn S, Holdom JA. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 2002 April; 25(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933007
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Trichotillomania--a review. Author(s): Krishnan KR, Davidson JR, Guajardo C. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1985 March-April; 26(2): 123-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2580662
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Trichotillomania--an overview. Author(s): Jefferys D. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1999 August; 8(4): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10439230
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Under-diagnosed psychiatric syndrome. I: Trichotillomania. Author(s): Ko SM. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999 March; 28(2): 279-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497682
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Understanding trichotillomania. Author(s): Warmbrodt L, Hardy RE, Chrisman SK. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1996 December; 34(12): 11-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8959584
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Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Stein DJ, Bouwer C, Maud CM. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1997; 247(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9332906
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TRICHOTILLOMANIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and trichotillomania.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Trichotillomania The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “trichotillomania” (or a synonym): •
Trichotillomania: women's reports of treatment efficacy. Author(s): School of Nursing, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA. Source: Boughn, Susan Holdom, Julie Ann Jaarsma Res-Nurs-Health. 2002 April; 25(2): 135-44 0160-6891
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Under-diagnosed psychiatric syndrome. I: Trichotillomania. Author(s): Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Source: Ko, S M Ann-Acad-Med-Singapore. 1999 March; 28(2): 279-81 0304-4602
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
Nutrition
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
43
45
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE TRICHOTILLOMANIA
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to trichotillomania. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to trichotillomania and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to trichotillomania: •
A comparison of relaxation training and competing response training to eliminate hair pulling and nail biting. Author(s): De Luca RV, Holborn SW. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1984 March; 15(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6381543
•
Acceptability of treatments for trichotillomania. Effects of age and severity. Author(s): Elliott AJ, Fuqua WR. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 July; 26(3): 378-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080907
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•
Behaviour therapy for trichotillomania. Author(s): de L Horne DJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1977; 15(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=326253
•
Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral methods, and hypnosis in dermatology: is it all in your mind? Author(s): Shenefelt PD. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003; 16(2): 114-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12919113
•
Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Author(s): Carpenter LL, Heninger GR, McDougle CJ, Tyrka AR, Epperson CN, Price LH. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 November 15; 112(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450635
•
Clinical characteristics of trichotillomania and its response to fluoxetine. Author(s): Winchel RM, Jones JS, Stanley B, Molcho A, Stanley M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 September; 53(9): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517191
•
Dermatopsychosomatics: classification, physiology, and therapeutic approaches. Author(s): Medansky RS, Handler RM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 August; 5(2): 125-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7021610
•
Hypnobehavioral treatment of self-destructive behavior: trichotillomania and bulimia in the same patient. Author(s): Hall JR, McGill JC. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 July; 29(1): 39-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3461700
•
Hypnosis as a vehicle for choice and self-agency in the treatment of children with Trichotillomania. Author(s): Iglesias A. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2003 October; 46(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609298
•
Hypnosis in dermatology. Author(s): Shenefelt PD.
Alternative Medicine 47
Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 393-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724204 •
Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and adolescent trichotillomania. Author(s): Kohen DP. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1996 October; 17(5): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8897221
•
Hypnotherapy in adolescents with trichotillomania: three cases. Author(s): Zalsman G, Hermesh H, Sever J. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2001 July; 44(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417149
•
Hypnotherapy in the management of childhood habit disorders. Author(s): Gardner GG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 May; 92(5): 838-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=641639
•
Hypnotherapy: an effective treatment modality for trichotillomania. Author(s): Cohen HA, Barzilai A, Lahat E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 April; 88(4): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10342539
•
Hypnotic age regression in the treatment of a self-destructive habit: trichotillomania. Author(s): Rowen R. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 January; 23(3): 195-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246469
•
Hypnotic treatment of trichotillomania: two cases. Author(s): Fabbri R Jr, Dy AJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1974 July; 22(3): 210-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4847201
•
Longitudinal follow-up of naturalistic treatment outcome in patients with trichotillomania. Author(s): Keuthen NJ, Fraim C, Deckersbach T, Dougherty DD, Baer L, Jenike MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 February; 62(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11247093
•
Multi-component behavioral treatment of trichotillomania: a case study. Author(s): Bornstein PH, Rychtarik RG.
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Trichotillomania
Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1978; 16(3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=29600 •
Nonpharmacologic treatments in psychodermatology. Author(s): Fried RG. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2002 January; 20(1): 177-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11859591
•
Psychiatric syndromes with dermatologic expression. Author(s): Cossidente A, Sarti MG. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1984 October-December; 2(4): 201-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6545773
•
Pulling one's own hair. Author(s): Cohen SB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 January; 23(3): 145-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246465
•
The adjunctive use of hypnosis in the treatment of trichotillomania: a case report. Author(s): Galski TJ. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1981 January; 23(3): 198-201. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246470
•
The characterization and treatment of trichotillomania. Author(s): Christenson GA, Crow SJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 8: 42-7; Discussion 48-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698680
•
Thought Field Therapy clinical applications: utilization in an HMO in behavioral medicine and behavioral health services. Author(s): Sakai C, Paperny D, Mathews M, Tanida G, Boyd G, Simons A, Yamamoto C, Mau C, Nutter L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001 October; 57(10): 1215-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11526608
•
Treatment for trichotillomania. Author(s): Yung PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993 July; 32(4): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340317
Alternative Medicine 49
•
Trichotillomania. Author(s): Slagle DA, Martin TA 3rd. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 June; 43(6): 2019-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2042545
•
Trichotillomania: a new treatment. Author(s): Barabasz M. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1987 July; 35(3): 146-54. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3305378
•
Trichotillomania: women's reports of treatment efficacy. Author(s): Boughn S, Holdom JA. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 2002 April; 25(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933007
•
Trichotillomania--a review. Author(s): Krishnan KR, Davidson JR, Guajardo C. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1985 March-April; 26(2): 123-8.
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “trichotillomania” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on trichotillomania, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Trichotillomania By performing a patent search focusing on trichotillomania, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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Trichotillomania
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on trichotillomania: •
Method of treating trichotillomania and onchyphagia Inventor(s): Leonard; Henrietta L. (Washington, DC), Rapoport; Judith L. (Washington, DC), Swedo; Susan E. (Lorton, VA) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Department of Health (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,008,262 Date filed: April 19, 1988 Abstract: The instant invention is drawn to the use of clomipramine for treating trichotillomania and onchyphagia. Excerpt(s): Several methods of treating hair-pulling and nail-biting have been tried heretofore including psychotherapy, behavior modification, hypnosis, relaxation therapy, and administration of varied pharmaceutical preparations. Beauticians have provided skin, hair, and nail treatments at high cost to patients While some of these approaches have proven to be efficacious in specific populations, no treatment has proven to be effective in treating a wide range of patients wherein the common problem pattern is trichotillomania or onchyphagia. Finally, the use of clomipramine in obsessive compulsive patients was believed by many authorities to be of value in treating OCD but only in patients having OCD accompanied by depression. For example, Marks and his associates stated, "When depression is minimal, clomipramine has no demonstrable value. Clomipramine effects mood more than rituals." (Brit. J. Psychiat. (1980) 136, pp. 1-25 at 22. Others have found clomipramine's antiobsessional effect to be independent of its antidepressant activity. It has now been discovered that clomipramine is effective in treating trichotillomania or onchyphagia which does not accompany schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, or depression. The eight patients who responded to the use of clomipramine in the manner described herein had previously undergone both psychotherapy and pharmaceutical therapy used in treatment of depression and/or OCD, to no avail. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05008262__
Patent Applications on Trichotillomania As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to trichotillomania:
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 53
•
Antidepressant azaheterocyclylmethyl derivatives of 1,4,5-trioxa-phenanthrene Inventor(s): Stack, Gary P.; (Ambler, PA), Tran, Megan; (Hoboken, NJ) Correspondence: Wyeth; Patent Law Group; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020193401 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1useful for the treatment of diseases such as depression (including but not limited to major depressive disorder, childhood depression and dysthymia), anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder attention deficit disorder (with and without hyperactivity), obsessive compulsive disorder (including trichotillomania), social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obesity, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, vasomotor flushing, cocaine and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction and related illnesses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending provisional application serial No. 60/287,448, filed Apr. 30, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Major depression is a serious health problem affecting more than 5% of the population, with a life-time prevalence of 15-20%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have produced significant success in treating depression and related illnesses and have become among the most prescribed drugs. They nonetheless have a slow onset of action, often taking several weeks to produce their full therapeutic effect. Furthermore, they are effective in fewer than two-thirds of patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Biofeedback device for treating obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) Inventor(s): Perlman, David; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: John G. Posa; Gifford, Krass, Groh, Sprinkle,; Anderson & Citkowski, PC; 280 N. Old Woodward AVE., Suite 400; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20030234727 Date filed: June 20, 2002 Abstract: A biofeedback device for treatment of certain obsessive compulsive spectrum and habit disorders including trichotillomania (hair pulling), onychophagia (nail biting), thumb-sucking, skin-scratching (dermatillomania) and certain other selfinflicted harm, includes a sensing element and triggering device, both worn on various parts of the body, depending upon the particular characteristics of an individual's disorder. The biofeedback device is able to sense the movement of one body part relative to another and set off an alarm mechanism prior to contact, assisting the patient in avoiding the destructive behavior. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to apparatus for persons suffering from obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) or habit disorders and, more particularly, to a biofeedback device and associated methods of use which anticipate an impending movement of one body part towards another as being indicative of undesirable behavior typical of such disorders. Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) are potentially disabling conditions that can persist throughout a person's life. These include impulse control disorders typified by a failure to control
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Trichotillomania
physical impulses that are generally harmful towards self or others, including trichotillomania (hair pulling), onychophagia (nail biting), skin picking (dermatillomania), gambling and kleptomania. This invention is particularly concerned with OCSDs that are of a physically self injurious nature, such as hair pulling, skin picking, and nail biting, as well as the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders that involve physical rituals, such as hand washing. For many years, mental health professionals thought of OCSDs as rare diseases because only a small minority of their patients had the condition. These disorders often went unrecognized because many of those afflicted, in efforts to hide their unusual and sometimes embarrassing behaviors, declined to seek treatment. This led to underestimates in the number of people with these disorders. However, a survey conducted in the early 1980s by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) showed that OCSDs affect more than 2 percent of the population, meaning that these afflictions are more common than mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or panic disorder. OCSDs strikes people of all ethnic groups. Males and females are equally affected. The social and economic costs of OCSDs are measured in billions of dollars. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treatments for neurogenetic disorders, impulse control disorder, and wound healing Inventor(s): Driscoll, Daniel John; (Gainesville, FL), Lessig, Mary Catherine; (Gainesville, FL), Shapira, Nathan Andrew; (Gainesville, FL) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20020082222 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: The subject invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of neurogenetic disorders, particularly DSM-IV impulse control disorders such as intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathologic gambling, trichotillomania, and other impulse control disorders such as compulsive buying and problematic Internet use. In a preferred embodiment, the subject invention provides methods for treating or controlling symptoms associated with ADHD or PWS comprising the administration of therapeutically effective amounts of compositions containing compounds of the formulas I-V. In another embodiment, the subject invention provides for methods of promoting wound healing comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the compounds of formulas I-V. Compositions may administered to a wound site via a salve, ointment, or as a component of a bandage or bioadhesive applied to the site of injury. The invention also provides therapeutically effective compositions comprising one or more of the compounds of formulas I-V. Excerpt(s): As many as one-third of the approximate 3,000 known genetic disorders are believed to have important neurological involvement. Individually, most genetic disorders are of low incidence in the general population; however, collectively they represent an enormous burden on affected individuals, their families, and society. Many neurogenetic disorders manifest themselves early in life leading to either a premature death or to lifelong disability with significant attendant psychological and economic hardships. Examples of these types of disorders include: (1) Hereditary ataxias and related disorders such as Friedreich ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia, olivopontine cerebellar degeneration, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, Machado-Joseph disease,
Patents 55
and familial spastic paraparesis; (2) Movement disorders such as Juvenile Huntington disease, the dystonias including blepharospasm and spasmodic torticolis, tremor, myoclonus, and Hallervorden-Spatz disease; (3) Phakomatoses, or neurocutaneous syndromes such as neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber, and Von Hippel-Landau disease; (4) Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies such as the MELAS syndrome, Kearns-Sayre, and Leigh disease; (5) Hereditary disorders of nerve and muscle such as infantile spinal muscular atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, genetic myasthenic syndromes, metabolic myopathies, muscular dystrophies, and myotonias. There are numerous other neurological disorders that are also believed to result from genetic abnormalities such as the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl, Aicardi, Sjogren-Larsson, Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with trichotillomania, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on trichotillomania. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning trichotillomania. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TRICHOTILLOMANIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to trichotillomania. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on trichotillomania include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “trichotillomania” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “trichotillomania” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “trichotillomania” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Help for Hair Pullers: Understanding and Coping With Trichotillomania by Nancy J., Ph.D. Keuthen, et al; ISBN: 1572242329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572242329/icongroupinterna
•
The Hair Pulling "Habit" and You: How to Solve the Trichotillomania Puzzle, Revised Edition by Sherrie Mansfield Vavrichek, et al; ISBN: 0967305020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967305020/icongroupinterna
•
The Hair-Pulling Problem: A Complete Guide to Trichotillomania by Fred Penzel; ISBN: 0195149424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195149424/icongroupinterna
•
Tic Disorders, Trichotillomania, and Other Repetitive Behavior Disorders: Behavioral Approaches to Analysis and Treatment by Douglas W. Woods (Editor), Raymond G.
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Miltenberger (Editor); ISBN: 0792373197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792373197/icongroupinterna •
Trichotillomania by Dan J. Stein (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0880487593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880487593/icongroupinterna
•
Trichotillomania: A Guide by James W. Jefferson, Jeffrey L. Anders; ISBN: 189080214X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189080214X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Trichotillomania In order to find chapters that specifically relate to trichotillomania, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and trichotillomania using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS TRICHOTILLOMANIA
AND
NEWS
ON
Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover trichotillomania.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on trichotillomania is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to trichotillomania. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “trichotillomania” (or synonyms).
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “trichotillomania” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to trichotillomania, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “trichotillomania” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on trichotillomania: •
Common Causes of Hair Loss in Children Source: Skin and Allergy News. 30(7): 43. July 1999. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News, Circulation. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the common causes of hair loss in children and on diagnosis and treatment. One disorder, aplasia cutis congenita, is a form of alopecia that is characterized by scalp erosions or scarlike plaques encircled by long dark hair. One of the most common causes of alopecia is alopecia areata. Although the cause is unknown, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. Androgenetic alopecia results from androgen excess or end-organ hypersensitivity. Cosmetic practices, such as tight braids or ponytails, can also damage hair. Loose anagen hair is another common cause of hair loss in children that results from poorly formed roots. As a result, bald patches can occur following minor trauma. Generalized hair loss may be caused by metabolic abnormalities. Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, another cause of hair loss, is an overgrowth of sebaceous glands with miniaturized or absent hair follicles that can occur on the face, neck, and scalp. Telogen effluvium, which is the diffuse shedding of hair, can occur in the 2 to 3 months following a major metabolic change. Tinea capitis, commonly known as scalp ringworm, is very common in urban areas. Features include seborrhea, inflammation, or small black dots. Another common condition, trichotillomania, involves compulsive hair pulling and results in very characteristic patterns of hair loss.
Academic Periodicals covering Trichotillomania Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to trichotillomania. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering trichotillomania that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 514 6 10 0 1 531
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on trichotillomania can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to trichotillomania. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to trichotillomania. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “trichotillomania”:
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Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Child Behavior Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbehaviordisorders.html Eating Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Klinefelter's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/klinefelterssyndrome.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reflexsympatheticdystrophy.html Teen Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenmentalhealth.html Teens' Page http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenspage.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on trichotillomania. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
What Should I Know About Hair Loss? Source: American Family Physician. July 1, 2003. 2 p. Summary: This fact sheet discusses alopecia, temporary or permanent hair loss that may occur on any part of the body. Alopecia can have many causes including stress, prolonged fever, childbirth, hormonal problems, improper hair care, and drugs used to treat cancer and other prescription medications. Local hair loss may be caused by fungal
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infections, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, or alopecia areata. Hair loss may also be genetic. Alopecia can be treated with medication such as minoxidil and finasteride (in men only). Hair transplant surgery and hairpieces are other options. Other treatments focus on treating the underlying condition causing the alopecia. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
About Trichotillomania and Treatment Summary: Trichotillomania (TTM) is an impulse disorder that causes people to pull out the hair from their scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, or other parts of the body, resulting in noticeable bald patches. Source: Trichotillomania Learning Center, Inc. http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7689 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to trichotillomania. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on trichotillomania can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Trichotillomania The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to trichotillomania: •
Trichotillomania Learning Center Telephone: (831) 457-1004 Fax: (831) 426-4383 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.trich.org/home/default.asp Background: The Trichotillomania Learning Center (TLC) is a national nonprofit organization designed to provide information, support and referrals regarding the experience and treatment of trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling). TLC's educational resources are available to people with TTM, their friends and families, therapeutic professionals, educators, and anyone with an interest in the subject. TLC's mission is to raise public awareness, maintain a support network and referral base, and raise funds for research to find a cure for trichotillomania. Relevant area(s) of interest: Trichotillomania
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to trichotillomania. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with trichotillomania. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about trichotillomania. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “trichotillomania” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “trichotillomania”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “trichotillomania” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “trichotillomania” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on trichotillomania: •
Basic Guidelines for Trichotillomania Trichotillomania Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001517.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Trichotillomania Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Loss of hair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Patches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003231.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm
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Diagnostics and Tests for Trichotillomania Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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TRICHOTILLOMANIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Keloid: A type of acneiform disorder in which secondary pyogenic infection in and around pilosebaceous structures ends in keloidal scarring. It manifests as persistent folliculitis of the back of the neck associated with occlusion of the follicular orifices. It is most often encountered in black or Asian men. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and
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diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form
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salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavioral Medicine: The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]
Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the
Dictionary 89
pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing
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acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a
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bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]
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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical
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disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH]
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Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others.
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Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification, or release of tension at the time of committing the act. [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders.
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[NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]
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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Nail Biting: Common form of habitual body manipulation which is an expression of tension. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]
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Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurocutaneous Syndromes: A group of disorders characterized by ectodermal-based malformations and neoplastic growths in the skin, nervous system, and other organs. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH]
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Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their
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cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH]
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Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial
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remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]
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Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic
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relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]
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Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 85, 100 Abscess, 5, 85 Acne, 5, 85, 92 Acne Keloid, 5, 85 Adolescence, 6, 31, 85 Adrenergic, 85, 86, 87, 93 Affinity, 85, 92 Agonist, 85, 88, 93 Algorithms, 85, 88 Alkaloid, 85, 90 Alopecia, 4, 5, 10, 13, 26, 27, 30, 32, 37, 61, 72, 85 Alpha-1, 85, 86 Alternative medicine, 45, 50, 60, 85 Amenorrhea, 86 Amitriptyline, 32, 86 Amnestic, 86, 94 Amphetamines, 86, 90 Amygdala, 86, 87, 105 Anatomical, 86, 95, 103 Androgenic, 5, 86 Anorexia, 21, 28, 53, 86 Anorexia Nervosa, 21, 28, 53, 86 Antiandrogens, 4, 86 Antibacterial, 86, 104 Antibiotic, 86, 104 Antibodies, 86, 95, 97 Antibody, 85, 86, 90, 96, 97 Anticholinergic, 86 Antidepressant, 52, 53, 86, 90, 94, 95, 107 Antigen, 85, 86, 91, 95, 96, 97 Antipsychotic, 86, 103 Anxiety, 13, 14, 22, 26, 27, 29, 53, 87, 94, 100, 103 Anxiety Disorders, 14, 22, 26, 87, 100 Anxiolytic, 87, 88 Aplasia, 61, 87 Approximate, 54, 87 Aqueous, 87, 88, 96 Arteries, 87, 88, 92, 98 Ataxia, 54, 87, 89, 105 Atrophy, 55, 87 Atypical, 87, 103 Autonomic, 55, 87, 99 Avian, 16, 87 B Bacteria, 86, 87, 104, 107
Basal Ganglia, 23, 87 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 87 Base, 74, 87, 96 Behavioral Medicine, 48, 88 Benign, 88, 94 Benzodiazepines, 88 Bile, 88, 97, 105 Biochemical, 88, 103 Biopsy, 4, 5, 84, 88 Biotechnology, 7, 60, 67, 88 Bipolar Disorder, 38, 54, 88 Blepharospasm, 55, 88 Blood Platelets, 88, 103 Blood vessel, 88, 89, 96, 97, 105, 107 Bone scan, 88, 103 Branch, 81, 88, 99, 100, 104, 105 Buccal, 88, 97 Bulimia, 18, 46, 53, 88 Buspirone, 27, 88 C Carbohydrate, 88, 103 Carcinogenic, 89, 105 Carcinoma, 89, 92 Cardiac, 89, 98, 105 Cardiovascular, 89, 103 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 28, 89 Case report, 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 48, 89, 90 Case series, 89, 90 Catecholamine, 89, 93, 100 Cell, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105, 107 Cellulitis, 4, 5, 89 Central Nervous System, 86, 89, 90, 98, 103 Cerebellar, 54, 87, 89, 102, 106 Cerebellar Diseases, 87, 89, 106 Cerebellum, 89, 102 Cerebral, 23, 87, 89, 99, 104, 105 Cerebral Palsy, 89, 104 Cerebrum, 89, 105, 106 Character, 89, 92 Cholesterol, 88, 89, 105 Cholinergic, 86, 87, 89 Chronic, 5, 6, 13, 90, 96, 105 Cicatricial, 5, 90 Citalopram, 17, 39, 90 Clinical study, 8, 36, 90
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Clinical trial, 6, 16, 67, 90, 91, 101, 102 Clomipramine, 8, 9, 14, 32, 52, 90 Clonic, 88, 90 Cloning, 88, 90 Coca, 90 Cocaine, 53, 90 Comorbidity, 13, 28, 90 Complement, 90, 91 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 50, 91 Complementary medicine, 45, 91 Computational Biology, 67, 91 Computed tomography, 17, 91, 103 Computerized axial tomography, 91, 103 Computerized tomography, 91 Congenita, 61, 91 Connective Tissue, 89, 91, 94 Consciousness, 91, 92 Contraindications, ii, 91 Controlled study, 27, 91 Coronary, 91, 92, 98 Coronary Thrombosis, 92, 98 Cortex, 7, 87, 92, 99, 101, 102 Cutaneous, 10, 16, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 92, 97 Cyclic, 32, 92 Cyproterone, 4, 92, 94 Cyproterone Acetate, 4, 92 D Databases, Bibliographic, 67, 92 Degenerative, 5, 92 Dementia, 30, 87, 92 Depersonalization, 92, 100 Depressive Disorder, 53, 92, 96 Derealization, 92, 100 Dermatology, 3, 4, 5, 13, 20, 23, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 92 Dermatosis, 5, 92 Desipramine, 9, 92 Diagnostic procedure, 51, 60, 92 Dihydrotestosterone, 92, 93, 102 Direct, iii, 93, 102 Discoid, 4, 5, 93 Dizziness, 93, 100 Dopamine, 87, 90, 93, 103 Drive, ii, vi, 7, 41, 93, 95 Dyskinesia, 87, 90, 93 Dysphoric, 53, 92, 93 Dyspnea, 93, 100 E Eating Disorders, 21, 53, 72, 93 Efficacy, 6, 9, 15, 38, 42, 49, 88, 93, 106
Electrons, 88, 93, 96, 102 Empirical, 6, 93 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 93 Enzymes, 85, 93, 98 Epidemiological, 10, 93 Epidermis, 93, 102 Estrogen, 92, 93 Ethanol, 90, 93 Ethnic Groups, 54, 94 F Family Planning, 67, 94 Fibroblasts, 94, 96 Fibrosis, 94, 103 Finasteride, 73, 94 Fluoxetine, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 27, 46, 94 Flushing, 53, 94 Flutamide, 4, 94 Fluvoxamine, 8, 17, 94 Follicles, 61, 94 Folliculitis, 5, 85, 94 G Gastrointestinal, 90, 93, 94, 103 Gastrointestinal tract, 90, 93, 94, 103 Gene, 88, 94 Genetics, 4, 13, 94 Gland, 94, 103, 105 Glucose, 23, 94, 103 Gonadal, 94, 105 Governing Board, 94, 101 Growth, 85, 86, 94, 96, 99, 101, 106 H Habitual, 89, 94, 98 Hair follicles, 61, 94 Haloperidol, 12, 26, 95 Health Services, iv, 5, 48, 68, 95 Hemostasis, 95, 103 Hereditary, 54, 95 Heredity, 94, 95 Heterogenic, 95 Heterogenous, 4, 95 Hirsutism, 92, 95 Hormonal, 4, 72, 87, 95 Hormone, 95, 100, 101, 105 Hybridomas, 95, 96 Hydrogen, 88, 89, 95, 98, 100 Hyperplasia, 94, 95 Hypersensitivity, 61, 95 I Id, 42, 49, 73, 80, 82, 95 Imipramine, 19, 90, 95 Immune system, 95, 97, 107 Impairment, 6, 87, 93, 95, 97, 98
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Impulse Control Disorders, 53, 54, 95 Incest, 29, 96 Indicative, 53, 57, 96, 100, 107 Infancy, 96 Infantile, 55, 96 Infarction, 92, 96, 98 Infection, 5, 30, 85, 87, 89, 96, 97, 105, 107 Inflammation, 61, 85, 89, 92, 94, 96, 102 Interleukin-6, 12, 46, 96 Intermittent, 54, 96 Intracellular, 96, 102 Invasive, 96, 97 Involuntary, 87, 96, 98, 104, 105 Ions, 88, 95, 96 Ischemia, 87, 96 K Kb, 66, 96 L Lactation, 96, 100 Lens, 91, 96 Lesion, 96, 104, 105, 106 Library Services, 80, 96 Lithium, 38, 87, 96 Liver, 85, 88, 90, 97, 103 Liver scan, 97, 103 Localized, 7, 85, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106 Lupus, 4, 5, 97 Lymphatic, 96, 97 Lymphocyte, 5, 86, 97 Lytic, 97, 103 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 23, 97, 103 Malnutrition, 87, 97, 98 Manic, 87, 88, 96, 97 Manifest, 54, 97 Median Nerve, 89, 97 Mediator, 97, 103 MEDLINE, 67, 97 Membranes, 97, 98, 104, 105 Memory, 86, 92, 97 Menopause, 4, 97 Menstruation, 86, 97, 101 Mental Disorders, 97, 101 Mental Health, iv, 5, 35, 39, 54, 66, 68, 72, 98 Mental Retardation, 12, 98 Metabolite, 90, 98 MI, 53, 84, 98 Mitochondrial Swelling, 98 Modification, 8, 10, 45, 52, 98 Molecular, 67, 69, 88, 91, 98, 102, 106 Molecule, 86, 88, 91, 98, 102
Monocytes, 96, 98 Motility, 98, 103 Mucosa, 97, 98 Muscle Fibers, 98 Muscular Atrophy, 55, 98 Muscular Dystrophies, 55, 98 Myocardium, 98 Myoclonus, 55, 98 N Nail Biting, 45, 53, 54, 98 Nausea, 87, 98, 100 Necrosis, 5, 96, 98 Need, 3, 7, 38, 58, 60, 75, 99 Neocortex, 20, 99 Neoplastic, 95, 99 Nerve, 55, 85, 86, 87, 97, 99, 103, 105 Nervous System, 89, 97, 99 Neural, 92, 99 Neurocutaneous Syndromes, 55, 99 Neuronal, 90, 99 Neurons, 90, 99 Neuropsychology, 26, 99 Neurotransmitters, 86, 99 Nonverbal Communication, 99, 102 Norepinephrine, 85, 86, 92, 93, 99 Nuclear, 87, 93, 98, 99 Nuclei, 86, 93, 97, 99 Nucleus, 87, 92, 98, 99, 105 O Oculi, 88, 99 Ophthalmic, 38, 99 Orbicularis, 88, 99 Oxytocin, 19, 100 P Palliative, 92, 100 Panic, 53, 54, 94, 95, 100 Panic Disorder, 53, 54, 94, 95, 100 Paralysis, 100, 104 Paresthesias, 100 Paroxetine, 22, 27, 100 Pathogenesis, 4, 100 Pathologic, 25, 38, 54, 88, 92, 95, 100 Pathophysiology, 7, 100 Patient Education, 72, 78, 80, 84, 100 PH, 17, 20, 47, 100 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 52, 94, 100 Pharmacologic, 100, 106 Pharmacotherapy, 15, 17, 100 Phototherapy, 100, 103 Physical Examination, 4, 100 Physiologic, 85, 97, 98, 100, 102, 106 Physiology, 4, 46, 100
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Trichotillomania
Pilot study, 6, 101 Plants, 85, 90, 94, 99, 101, 103, 106 Posterior, 87, 89, 99, 100, 101 Post-traumatic, 53, 101 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 53, 101 Potentiates, 92, 101 Potentiating, 86, 101 Practicability, 101, 106 Practice Guidelines, 68, 101 Premenstrual, 53, 101 Prevalence, 3, 15, 22, 53, 101 Progesterone, 101, 105 Progressive, 5, 92, 94, 98, 101 Protein S, 88, 101 Protocol, 7, 101 Psychiatric, 12, 13, 26, 35, 39, 42, 48, 97, 101 Psychiatry, 6, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 Psychology, 7, 11, 23, 31, 36, 48, 99, 101 Psychopathology, 6, 7, 14, 16, 32, 36, 38, 102 Psychophysiology, 7, 99, 102 Psychotherapy, 23, 37, 52, 102 Public Policy, 67, 102 Publishing, 73, 102 Punishment, 28, 102 Pustular, 5, 102 Pyogenic, 85, 102 R Radiation, 102, 103, 107 Radioactive, 88, 95, 97, 99, 102, 103 Randomized, 6, 27, 93, 102 Rape, 101, 102 Receptor, 86, 88, 92, 93, 102, 103 Receptors, Serotonin, 102, 103 Recur, 102, 103 Recurrence, 88, 102, 103 Red Nucleus, 87, 102 Reductase, 94, 102 Refer, 1, 88, 90, 93, 102 Refraction, 102, 104 Regimen, 93, 100, 102 Relapse, 6, 102 Remission, 88, 102 Risperidone, 8, 24, 103 S Saponins, 103, 105 Scans, 25, 103 Schizophrenia, 52, 54, 103 Sclerosis, 55, 103 Screening, 90, 103 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 12, 103
Sebaceous, 61, 103 Sebaceous gland, 61, 103 Seborrhea, 61, 103 Sebum, 103 Secretion, 96, 103 Sedative, 86, 95, 103 Serologic, 4, 103 Serotonin, 17, 20, 24, 39, 53, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106 Sertraline, 30, 104 Serum, 90, 103, 104 Sex Characteristics, 85, 104, 105 Shedding, 4, 61, 104 Shock, 98, 104, 106 Side effect, 87, 90, 104, 106 Signs and Symptoms, 102, 104 Skeletal, 98, 104 Sneezing, 104 Somatic, 85, 104 Spasm, 88, 104 Spasmodic, 55, 104 Spastic, 55, 104 Spasticity, 104 Specialist, 74, 104 Species, 94, 95, 104, 106 Spectrum, 7, 12, 35, 53, 104 Spirochete, 104, 105 Staging, 103, 104 Steroid, 32, 103, 105 Stimulus, 93, 100, 102, 105 Stress, 53, 72, 83, 89, 94, 98, 105 Subacute, 96, 105 Subclinical, 96, 105 Subcutaneous, 89, 105 Suppurative, 89, 105 Sweat, 103, 105 Sweat Glands, 103, 105 Symptomatology, 14, 105 Synergistic, 105 Syphilis, 4, 105 Systemic, 4, 96, 105 T Tardive, 87, 90, 105 Telangiectasia, 54, 105 Telencephalon, 87, 105 Testosterone, 94, 102, 105 Thalamic, 7, 87, 105 Thalamic Diseases, 87, 105 Tic, 37, 57, 105 Tin, 89, 106 Tissue, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 106, 107
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Tomography, 106 Tonic, 88, 106 Topical, 4, 32, 93, 106 Toxic, iv, 106 Toxicology, 68, 106 Toxins, 86, 96, 106 Traction, 4, 5, 73, 106 Transcutaneous, 5, 106 Transfection, 88, 106 Trauma, 13, 61, 87, 98, 105, 106 Treatment Outcome, 19, 24, 47, 106 Tremor, 55, 106 Triad, 5, 106 Trichotillomania, 4, 5, 6, 7, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 73, 74, 83 Tricyclic, 86, 90, 92, 95, 106 Tryptophan, 103, 106 Tuberculosis, 97, 106 Tuberous Sclerosis, 55, 106
U Ulcer, 89, 106 Unconscious, 95, 107 Uterine Contraction, 100, 107 V Vaccine, 101, 107 Vascular, 96, 107 Vasomotor, 53, 107 Venereal, 105, 107 Venlafaxine, 8, 107 Veterinary Medicine, 67, 107 Viruses, 104, 107 W War, 101, 107 Weight Gain, 103, 107 White blood cell, 86, 97, 107 Wound Healing, 54, 107 X X-ray, 91, 99, 103, 107
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Trichotillomania
