Tonsillectomy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TONSILLECTOMY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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TONSILLECTOMY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tonsillectomy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84658-8 1. Tonsillectomy-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tonsillectomy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TONSILLECTOMY....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tonsillectomy ................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TONSILLECTOMY ............................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tonsillectomy............................................................................... 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TONSILLECTOMY ...................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TONSILLECTOMY ........................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Dissertations on Tonsillectomy.................................................................................................... 63 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TONSILLECTOMY ................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Tonsillectomy............................................................................................................. 65 Patent Applications on Tonsillectomy ......................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TONSILLECTOMY ....................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 69 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 70 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 70 Chapters on Tonsillectomy........................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TONSILLECTOMY ......................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Tonsillectomy ............................................................................. 78 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 81 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 83 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 87 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 102 TONSILLECTOMY DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 139

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tonsillectomy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tonsillectomy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tonsillectomy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tonsillectomy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tonsillectomy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tonsillectomy. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TONSILLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tonsillectomy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tonsillectomy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Longitudinal Effect on Facial Growth After Tonsillectomy in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Source: World Journal of Orthodontics. 3(1): 67-72. Spring 2002. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. (800) 621-0387. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by heavy snoring, significant increases in respiratory rate and inspiratory effort, and arousals and apnoic (cessation of breathing) episodes during sleep. This article reports on a study undertaken to study the longitudinal effect on the dentition and facial morphology of children with OSAS and enlarged tonsils who have undergone tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils) to relieve the pharyngeal obstruction. The mean age of the 14 children in

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the experimental group was 5.7 years; there were matched controls without pharyngeal obstruction problems. Preoperative, 1 year postoperative, and 3 year postoperative analyses of several dentitional (teeth), facial, and breathing variables were done. The results showed significant differences for several dentitional and facial variables, despite the small number of children and the short observation time. The largest changes occurred during the first postoperative year, indicating that the obstruction of the airway had significantly impacted facial morphology and the dentition in young children. The authors conclude that normalization after relief of the obstruction occurred mostly during the first postoperative year. 12 figures. 20 references. •

Tonsillectomy and Steroid Pulse Therapy Significantly Impact on Clinical Remission in Patients with IgA Nephropathy Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 38(4): 736-743. October 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: This article reports on a retrospective investigation of kidney (renal) outcome in 329 patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (kidney disease) with an observation period longer than 36 months in the authors' renal unit between 1977 and 1995. Clinical remission, renal progression, and the impact of covariates were estimated. In 157 of 329 patients (48 percent), disappearance of urinary abnormalities (clinical remission) was obtained. None of these 157 patients showed progressive deterioration, defined as a 50 percent increase in serum creatinine (Scr) level from baseline, during the observation period. Conversely, in patients without clinical remission, the estimate of probability of progressive deterioration was 21 percent (plus or minus 5 percent) at 10 years. In the multivariate Cox regression model with 13 independent covariates, initial Scr level, histological score, tonsillectomy, and high dose methylprednisolone therapy had a significant impact on clinical remission, whereas proteinuria, age, sex, levels of hematuria, blood pressure, conventional steroid therapy, ACE inhibitor therapy, and cyclophosphamide therapy had no significant effect. These findings indicate that interventions aimed at achieving clinical remission have provided encouraging results applicable to managing patients with IgA nephropathy. 7 figures. 3 tables. 27 references.

Federally Funded Research on Tonsillectomy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tonsillectomy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tonsillectomy.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tonsillectomy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tonsillectomy: •

Project Title: CORE--TISSUE PROCUREMENT/DC LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Elder, Elaine; Assistant Professor; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Core B will consist of two components: the Tissue Procurement Facility and Dendritic Cell (DC) Laboratory. They will provide support to all four projects in this program. The former will procure, process, and distribute or store specimens from patients with oral carcinoma or control individuals, e.g., noncancer patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or tonsillectomy. Specimens, including tumor biopsies, normal mucosal tissues, tissues adjacent to tumors, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will be collected from patients or controls processed by trained personnel in accordance with the established SOP and under rigorous quality control measures. Specimens will be triaged according to the protocol established with the participating investigators and will be accompanied by histopathologic diagnoses and clinical/demographic data. Core B will handle fresh or cryopreserved specimens, microdissect tissues and prepare RNA or DNA as needed. The DC laboratory will generate human DC from PBMC precursors and culture them in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF in preparation for in vitro sensitization experiments. The laboratory, which operates according to FDA-approved GLP guidelines, will also grow DC for administration to patients on vaccination protocols. DC will be tested for phenotype and antigen-presenting functions prior to their use in priming assays with autologous T cells. Core B will be responsible for the quality and safely of cellular products administered to patients with OSCC. Cytokine assays and p53 antibody determinations will also be performed by the Core. Monitoring of patients receiving the antitumor vaccine for the frequency of T cells responding to individual peptides and to OSCC targets will be performed using ELISPOT and tetramer-based assays. Services of Core B are perceived as essential for the development of a strong vaccination grogram. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HOME CARE MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutters, Kimberly A.; Physiological Nursing; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: The pediatric surgery outpatient population has grown extensively in recent years. Tonsillectomy, one of the most prevalent ambulatory surgeries in children, has been associated with a substantial degree of postoperative morbidity, with inadequate pain control cited as a major concern. Therefore, this randomized clinical trial will compare the effectiveness of a structured pain management program (i.e. that combines routine parent postoperative education, with around the clock (ATC) dosing of analgesics and nurse coaching, that is targeted at decreasing barriers to effective pain control in the home), with either standard care (i.e. routine parent postoperative education) and "as needed" analgesic dosing, or standard care and ATC dosing. Patients (N = 300) will be recruited from a large ambulatory surgery program and will be randomized to one of three treatment groups. Parents in the standard care groups will

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receive routine postoperative education and will be told to administer pain medication to their children every 4 hours "as needed" (Group A), or every 4 hours ATC (Group B). Parents in the structured pain management group (Group C) will receive and educational session that includes standard postoperative instructions and pain management education targeted at increasing knowledge and decreasing barriers to effective pain management as part of a coaching intervention, and will told to administer pain medication every four hours ATC. Parents in all three groups will receive follow-up phone calls on days 1 and 2 following surgery. In the standard care groups, the purpose of the phone calls will be to ascertain level of adherence with completion of the daily logs. Parents in the structured pain management group will receive coaching during the phone calls to include review of pain scores, child adherence to taking pain medicine, strategies for pain medication administration (as indicated), rationale for ATC dosing and instruction for ATC dosing, and potential side effects. Patients will be followed for three days and nights following tonsillectomy and parents will complete diaries in the morning and in the evening. The major outcome variables for this study are: pain intensity scores with and without swallowing, analgesic consumption, oral intake of fluids, negative behaviors and side effects. Patients and parents in all pain management groups will have and end of study interview to describe their experiences with the program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for tonsillectomy in the PubMed Central database: •

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PCR-Based Detection, Restriction Endonuclease Analysis, and Transcription of tonB in Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae Isolates Obtained from Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. by Matar GM, Chahwan R, Fuleihan N, Uwaydah M, Hadi U.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96040

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tonsillectomy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tonsillectomy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient. Author(s): Fazi L, Jantzen EC, Rose JB, Kurth CD, Watcha MF. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 January; 92(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11133600

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A comparison of sleep quality in normal children and children awaiting (adeno)tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Capper R, Canter RJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 February; 26(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298166

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A comparison of tonsillectomy with the harmonic scalpel versus electrocautery. Author(s): Morgenstein SA, Jacobs HK, Brusca PA, Consiglio AR, Donzelli J, Jakubiec JA, Donat TL. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 October; 127(4): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402013

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A meta-analysis of dexamethasone use with tonsillectomy. Author(s): Goldman AC, Govindaraj S, Rosenfeld RM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 December; 123(6): 682-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11112957

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing the suitability of KTP laser tonsillectomy with conventional dissection tonsillectomy for day case surgery. Author(s): Kothari P, Patel S, Brown P, Obara L, O'Malley S. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2002 October; 27(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383299

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A prospective study on pros and cons of electrodissection tonsillectomy. Author(s): Blomgren K, Qvarnberg YH, Valtonen HJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 March; 111(3): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224779

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A retrospective study of tonsillectomy in the under 2-year-old child: indications, perioperative management, and complications. Author(s): Werle AH, Nicklaus PJ, Kirse DJ, Bruegger DE. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 May; 67(5): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12697346

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A warning to users of disposable tonsillectomy instruments. Author(s): Chicken DW, Sivaji N, Kanegaonkar RG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 August; 115(8): 686. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11535163

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Abscess tonsillectomy for acute peritonsillar abscess. Author(s): Knipping S, Passmann M, Schrom T, Berghaus A. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2002; 123(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200993

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Acetaminophen analgesia in children: placebo effect and pain resolution after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Anderson BJ, Woollard GA, Holford NH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 October; 57(8): 559-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758634

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Acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Moir MS, Bair E, Shinnick P, Messner A. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 November; 110(11): 1824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11081593

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An audit of post-operative analgesia in children following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Homer JJ, Frewer JD, Swallow J, Semple P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 May; 116(5): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080995

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Analgesia for paediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy with intramuscular clonidine. Author(s): Freeman KO, Connelly NR, Schwartz D, Jacobs BR, Schreibstein JM, Gibson C. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 September; 12(7): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358658

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Appendicectomy, tonsillectomy, and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control record linkage study. Author(s): Kurina LM, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D, Seagroatt V. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 July; 56(7): 551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080166

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Application of lingual tonsillectomy to sleep apnea syndrome involving lingual tonsils. Author(s): Suzuki K, Kawakatsu K, Hattori C, Hattori H, Nishimura Y, Yonekura A, Yagisawa M, Nishimura T. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2003; (550): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737346

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Argon beam coagulation for post-tonsillectomy hemostasis. Author(s): Bowling DM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 126(3): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956541

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Assessment of secondary haemorrhage rates following adult tonsillectomy--a telephone survey and literature review. Author(s): Evans AS, Khan AM, Young D, Adamson R. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 December; 28(6): 489-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616663

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Association of MALTectomy (appendectomy and tonsillectomy) and inflammatory bowel disease: a familial case-control study. Author(s): Lopez Ramos D, Gabriel R, Cantero Perona J, Moreno Otero R, Fernandez Bermejo M, Mate Jimenez J. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2001 May; 93(5): 303-14. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488108

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Audit of pain management at home following tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Homer JJ, Swallow J, Semple P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 March; 115(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244527

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Autologous fibrin sealant reduces pain after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Gross CW, Gallagher R, Schlosser RJ, Burks SG, Flanagan HL, Mintz PD, Avery NL, Mayers SL, Spotnitz WD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 February; 111(2): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210872

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Bacteraemia during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Yildirim I, Okur E, Ciragil P, Aral M, Kilic MA, Gul M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 August; 117(8): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956916

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Bacteraemia during tonsillectomy: a study of the factors involved and clinical implications. Author(s): Soldado L, Esteban F, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Solanellas J, Florez C, Martin E. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 February; 23(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563668

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Bacteremia during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Kaygusuz I, Gok U, Yalcin S, Keles E, Kizirgil A, Demirbag E. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 April 6; 58(1): 6973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249983

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Bacteremia during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Francois M, Bingen EH, Lambert-Zechovsky NY, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Nottet JB, Narcy P. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 November; 118(11): 1229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1418902

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Bacterial tracheitis as a complication of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Eid NS, Jones VF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 September; 125(3): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8071748

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Beneficial effect of low-dose peritonsillar injection of lidocaine-adrenaline before tonsillectomy. A placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Sorensen WT, Wagner N, Aarup AT, Bonding P. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 May; 30(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12753987

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Bilateral peritonsillar abscesses: relief of upper airway obstruction by quinsy tonsillectomy. Author(s): Kessler A, Lapinsky J, Segal S, Berkovitch M. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 February; 5(2): 126-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12674665

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Bipolar diathermy or ligation for haemostasis in tonsillectomy? A prospective study on post-operative pain. Author(s): Choy AT, Su AP. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1992 January; 106(1): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1541883

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Bipolar diathermy tonsillectomy. Author(s): Pang YT, el-Hakim H, Rothera MP. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1994 August; 19(4): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7994897

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Bipolar scissor tonsillectomy. Author(s): Saleh HA, Cain AJ, Mountain RE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 February; 24(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196640

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Bipolar scissors versus cold dissection for pediatric tonsillectomy--a prospective, randomized pilot study. Author(s): Raut VV, Bhat N, Sinnathuray AR, Kinsella JB, Stevenson M, Toner JG. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 May 31; 64(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12020908

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Bipolar scissors versus cold dissection tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, multi-unit study. Author(s): Raut V, Bhat N, Kinsella J, Toner JG, Sinnathuray AR, Stevenson M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802021

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Bleeding after tonsillectomy in severe von Willebrand's disease. Author(s): Alusi GH, Grant WE, Lee CA, Pasi KJ, Stearns MP. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 May; 109(5): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7798003

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Bleeding predisposition assessments in tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy patients using fuzzy interquartile encoded neural networks. Author(s): Pizzi NJ. Source: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 2001 January-March; 21(1-3): 65-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154874

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Blood loss following tonsillectomy in children. A blind comparison of diclofenac and papaveretum. Author(s): Thiagarajan J, Bates S, Hitchcock M, Morgan-Hughes J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 February; 48(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460760

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Blood splash and tonsillectomy: an underestimated hazard to the otolaryngologist. Author(s): Keogh IJ, Hone SW, Colreavey M, Walsh M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 June; 115(6): 455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429067

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Body growth in relation to tonsillar enlargement and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Hultcrantz E, Melander H, Svanholm H. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1992 July; 24(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399304

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Boyle-Davis gags for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Vickers G, Anders N, Flanagan P. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2001 November; 11(6): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11696160

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Breast feeding and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Pisacane A, Impagliazzo N, De Caprio C, Criscuolo L, Inglese A, Pereira de Silva MC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 March 23; 312(7033): 746-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8605462

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Bupivacaine injection to control tonsillectomy pain. Author(s): Cook SP. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 127(10): 1279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587613

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Capsule sparing in tonsil surgery: the value of intracapsular tonsillectomy. Author(s): Koltai PJ. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 December; 129(12): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676180

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Cervical emphysema and pneumomediastinum after tonsillectomy: it can happen. Author(s): Marioni G, De Filippis C, Tregnaghi A, Gaio E, Staffieri A. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 128(2): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601334

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Cervical emphysema complicating tonsillectomy with argon beam coagulation. Author(s): Fechner FP, Kieff D. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 May; 113(5): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792334

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Cervical necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Sonne JE, Kim SB, Frank DK. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 December; 125(6): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743479

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Child behavior and quality of life before and after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Goldstein NA, Fatima M, Campbell TF, Rosenfeld RM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 July; 128(7): 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117332

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Children's pain at home following (adeno) tonsillectomy. Author(s): Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2002; 6(3): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036308

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Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. Author(s): Mitchell SA, Thyssen M, Orchard TR, Jewell DP, Fleming KA, Chapman RW. Source: Gut. 2002 October; 51(4): 567-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235082

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Classification of haemorrhage following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Windfuhr J, Seehafer M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 June; 115(6): 457-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429068

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Coblation tonsillectomy versus dissection tonsillectomy: postoperative hemorrhage. Author(s): Belloso A, Chidambaram A, Morar P, Timms MS. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 November; 113(11): 2010-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603065

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Coblation tonsillectomy: a double blind randomized controlled study. Author(s): Timms MS, Temple RH. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 June; 116(6): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385358

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Cohort study of advanced IgA nephropathy: efficacy and limitations of corticosteroids with tonsillectomy. Author(s): Sato M, Hotta O, Tomioka S, Horigome I, Chiba S, Miyazaki M, Noshiro H, Taguma Y. Source: Nephron. Clinical Practice [electronic Resource]. 2003; 93(4): C137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759582

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Combination of diclofenac plus B vitamins in acute pain after tonsillectomy: a pilot study. Author(s): Perez-Flores E, Medina-Santillan R, Reyes-Garcia G, Mateos-Garcia E. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2003; 46: 88-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699896

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Comparison of bipolar scissors and bipolar forceps in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Patel N, Kirkland P, Tandon P, Hung T, Knight J. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 October; 81(10): 714-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405092

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Comparison of granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for prevention of postoperative vomiting in children with a history of motion sickness undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 March; 36(3): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226996

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Comparison of postoperative pain: tonsillectomy by blunt dissection or electrocautery dissection. Author(s): Carr MM, Muecke CJ, Sohmer B, Nasser JG, Finley GA. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 February; 30(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770966

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Comparison of pre- and postoperative administration of ketoprofen for analgesia after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Kokki H, Salonen A. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 February; 12(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882229

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Comparison of spontaneous with controlled mode of ventilation in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Khan FA, Memon GA. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 11(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240877

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Complications of microdebrider-assisted powered intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Sorin A, Bent JP, April MM, Ward RF. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 February; 114(2): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755207

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Concealed post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage associated with the use of the antiemetic tropisetron. Author(s): Herreen PG, Wiese MC. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2001 August; 29(4): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11512655

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Current indications for (adeno)tonsillectomy in children: a survey in The Netherlands. Author(s): van den Akker EH, Schilder AG, Kemps YJ, van Balen FA, Hordijk GJ, Hoes AW. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 June; 67(6): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745152

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Dangerous Doughty--a quantitative study of disproportion between the size of endotracheal tubes and splits in tonsillectomy gag blades. Author(s): Lowe D, Hoare T. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 November; 116(11): 914-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487670

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Day case paediatric tonsillectomy: a review of three years experience in a dedicated day case unit. Author(s): Hellier WP, Knight J, Hern J, Waddell T. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 June; 24(3): 208-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384846

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Day case tonsillectomy: what is the risk and where is the economic benefit? Author(s): Drake-Lee A, Harris S. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 August; 24(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472453

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Day-case tonsillectomy in children: parental attitudes and consultation rates. Author(s): Kanerva M, Tarkkila P, Pitkaranta A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 July; 67(7): 777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791454

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Delayed infection, late tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy and adult leukaemia: a casecontrol study. Author(s): Vineis P, Miligi L, Crosignani P, Davico L, Fontana A, Masala G, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Stagnaro E, Tumino R, Vigano C, Vindigni C, Costantini AS. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 January 13; 88(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556958

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Depressive symptoms in children after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Papakostas K, Moraitis D, Lancaster J, McCormick MS. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 February; 67(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623148

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Dexamethasone reduces pain after tonsillectomy in adults. Author(s): Stewart R, Bill R, Ullah R, McConaghy P, Hall SJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2002 October; 27(5): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383289

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Dexamethasone reduces postoperative vomiting and pain after pediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Elhakim M, Ali NM, Rashed I, Riad MK, Refat M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 April; 50(4): 392-7. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670818

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Diclofenac or acetaminophen for analgesia in paediatric tonsillectomy outpatients. Author(s): Romsing J, Ostergaard D, Drozdziewicz D, Schultz P, Ravn G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2000 March; 44(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714842

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Diet following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Clin Nephrol. 2000 Aug;54(2):174 Source: Paediatric Nursing. 1998 November; 10(9): 25-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968698

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Dissection versus diathermy for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Pinder D, Hilton M. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd002211. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687149

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Do antibiotics decrease post-tonsillectomy morbidity? Author(s): Al-Kindy SA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 June; 23(6): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12070552

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Do intravenous steroids play a role for tonsillectomy patients? Author(s): Hengerer AS. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 August; 127(8): 1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493218

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Do steroids reduce morbidity of tonsillectomy? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Steward DL, Welge JA, Myer CM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 October; 111(10): 1712-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801931

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Does bismuth subgallate have haemostatic effects in tonsillectomy? Author(s): Sorensen WT, Henrichsen J, Bonding P. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 February; 24(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196655

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Does dexamethasone with preemptive analgesia improve pediatric tonsillectomy pain? Author(s): Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 126(3): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956540

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Does synchronous nasal surgery increase the risk of post-operative haemorrhage in adult patients undergoing tonsillectomy? Author(s): Murray DP, El-Hakim H, Ahsan F, Nunez DA. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 September; 117(9): 707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561358

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Double-blind randomized controlled study of coblation tonsillotomy versus coblation tonsillectomy on postoperative pain. Author(s): Arya A, Donne AJ, Nigam A. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 December; 28(6): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616666

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Double-blind randomized study of tramadol vs. paracetamol in analgesia after daycase tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Pendeville PE, Von Montigny S, Dort JP, Veyckemans F. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2000 September; 17(9): 576-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11029125

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 January; 88(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11881888

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Economic benefit of tonsillectomy in adults with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 November; 111(11): 983-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450171

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Effect of disposable instruments on paediatric post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates. Author(s): Montague ML, Lee MS, Hussain SS. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 December; 67 Suppl 1: S221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662200

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Effect of modern fibrin glue on bleeding after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Vaiman M, Eviatar E, Shlamkovich N, Segal S. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 May; 112(5): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784978

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Effect of pre-emptive analgesia on self-reported and biological measures of pain after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Podder S, Wig J, Malhotra SK, Sharma S. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2000 May; 17(5): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10926073

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Effect of tonsillectomy on serum concentrations of interleukins and TNF-alpha in patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Unal M, Ozturk C, Gorur K. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2002 JulyAugust; 64(4): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12232470

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Effectiveness of perioperative bupivacaine infiltration in tonsillectomy patients. Author(s): Kountakis SE. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 March-April; 23(2): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11893973

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Effectiveness of the ultrasonic harmonic scalpel for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Sood S, Corbridge R, Powles J, Bates G, Newbegin CJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 August; 80(8): 514-6, 518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523467

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Effectiveness of tonsillectomy? A reply to Howel et al. Author(s): Marshall T. Source: Family Practice. 2002 December; 19(6): 707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429681

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Effects of postoperative, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs on bleeding risk after tonsillectomy: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Author(s): Marret E, Flahault A, Samama CM, Bonnet F. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766664

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Effects of tonsillectomy on speech spectrum. Author(s): Ilk HG, Erogul O, Satar B, Ozkaptan Y. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 2002 December; 16(4): 580-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512645

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Efficacy and quality-of-life impact of adult tonsillectomy. Author(s): Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ, Shapiro J. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 127(11): 1347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11701072

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Efficacy and safety of 'hot' tonsillectomy. Author(s): Maheshwar AA, Jones MB, Evans RA. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 March; 55(2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321867

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Electroacupuncture prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Author(s): Rusy LM, Hoffman GM, Weisman SJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 February; 96(2): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818760

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Electrosurgery for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Maddern BR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 2): 11-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172230

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Endovascular treatment of hemorrhage after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Opatowsky MJ, Browne JD, McGuirt Jr WF Jr, Morris PP. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001 April; 22(4): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11290484

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Epstein-Barr virus infection in paediatric liver transplant recipients: detection of the virus in post-transplant tonsillectomy specimens. Author(s): Meru N, Davison S, Whitehead L, Jung A, Mutimer D, Rooney N, Kelly D, Niedobitek G. Source: Molecular Pathology : Mp. 2001 August; 54(4): 264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477143

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Evaluating the effects of oral prednisolone on recovery after tonsillectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Author(s): Palme CE, Tomasevic P, Pohl DV. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 December; 110(12): 2000-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129008

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Evaluation of post-tonsillectomy bleeding in the adult population. Author(s): Bhattacharyya N. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 August; 80(8): 544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523473

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Evaluation of the utility and cost-effectiveness of obtaining histopathologic diagnosis on all routine tonsillectomy specimens. Author(s): Younis RT, Hesse SV, Anand VK. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802018

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Excessive post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage requiring ligature of the external carotid artery. Author(s): Windfuhr JP. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2002 April; 29(2): 159-64. Erratum In: Auris Nasus Larynx 2002 July; 29(3): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11893451

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Factors associated with post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Author(s): Collison PJ, Mettler B. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 August; 79(8): 640-2, 644, 646 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969475

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Factors in tonsillectomy mortality. Author(s): Alexander DW, Graff TD, Kelley E. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1965 October; 82(4): 409-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5857215

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Failures in outpatient tonsillectomy policy in children: a retrospective study in 311 children. Author(s): Truy E, Merad F, Robin P, Fantino B, Morgon A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1994 March; 29(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8169045

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Familial bleeding tendency and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Robinson JM. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1976 April; 5(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=933243

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Florid infectious mononucleosis: clinicopathological correlation in acute tonsillectomy. Author(s): Irving JA, Cameron BR, Ludemann JP, Taylor G. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 October 21; 66(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12363428

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Fluoromar. II. Anesthetic for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): McCollum KB. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1966 January-February; 45(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4379664

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Fracture of the mandibular condyle as a complication of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Gupta SC, Singh SR, Misra T, Misra VP. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1989 June; 68(6): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2743903

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Furlow palatoplasty to restore velopharyngeal competence following tonsillectomy avulsion of a pharyngeal flap. Author(s): Gosain AK, Remmler D. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2001 January; 38(1): 84-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11204687

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Further thoughts about tonsillectomy. Author(s): Barr G. Source: Ir Med J. 1989 December; 82(4): 142-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2621068

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General practitioner consultations after a paediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Jones TM, Temple RH, Morar P, Roland NJ, Rogers JH. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997 March 6; 39(2): 97102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104617

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Glossopharyngeal nerve block for pain relief after pediatric tonsillectomy: retrospective analysis and two cases of life-threatening upper airway obstruction from an interrupted trial. Author(s): Bean-Lijewski JD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 June; 84(6): 1232-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174298

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Glossopharyngeal nerve block for tonsillectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Author(s): Bruin G. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1994 December; 41(12): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7867124

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Granisetron reduces vomiting after strabismus surgery and tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 January; 43(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8665632

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Guidelines on tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Author(s): Benjamin BN. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1982 November; 11(10): 16-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6925939

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Guidelines on tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Benjamin B. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1992 April; 28(2): 136-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1562362

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Guillotine and dissection tonsillectomy compared. Author(s): Whelan TR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1989 October; 103(10): 992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584866

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Guillotine and dissection tonsillectomy compared. Author(s): Wake M, Glossop P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1989 June; 103(6): 588-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2671217

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Guillotine and dissection tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Unlu Y, Tekalan SA, Cemiloglu R, Ketenci I, Kutluhan A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1992 September; 106(9): 817-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1431522

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Guillotine tonsillectomy without anesthesia. Author(s): Yuan CC, Yu DY, Jun TS, Quan CR. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1984; 11(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6732650

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Guillotine tonsillectomy: a glimpse into its history and current status in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Mathews J, Lancaster J, Sherman I, Sullivan GO. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 December; 116(12): 988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537608

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Guillotine tonsillectomy: anachronism or pragmatism. Author(s): Kerr AI, Brodie SW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1978 April; 92(4): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=641414

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Haemorrhage following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. (A review of 18,184 operations). Author(s): Williams RG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1967 July; 81(7): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5298319

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Halothane anaesthesia with spontaneous respiration for tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Valentin N, Lomholt B, Thorup M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1982 February; 26(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6803509

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Harmonic scalpel for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Wiatrak BJ, Willging JP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 2): 14-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172231

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Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy in children: a randomized prospective study. Author(s): Willging JP, Wiatrak BJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 March; 128(3): 318-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646833

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Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy versus electrocautery tonsillectomy: a comparative pilot study. Author(s): Walker RA, Syed ZA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 125(5): 449-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700440

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Head and neck and plastic surgery. A targeted problem and its solution. Cautery tonsillectomy--saves time. Author(s): Hall GM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1984 October; 94(10): 1381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6482635

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Head and neck swelling after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Rowlands JK. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1985 August; 13(3): 336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4051183

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Helicobacter pylori and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Skinner LJ, Winter DC, Curran AJ, Barnes C, Kennedy S, Maguire AJ, Charles DA, Timon CI, Burns HP. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 December; 26(6): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843933

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Hemorrhage following pediatric tonsillectomy before puberty. Author(s): Windfuhr JP, Chen YS. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 May 11; 58(3): 197204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11335006

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Hemostatic assessment of patients before tonsillectomy: a prospective study. Author(s): Close HL, Kryzer TC, Nowlin JH, Alving BM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1994 December; 111(6): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7991252

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Histological features in routine tonsillectomy specimens: the presence and the proportion of mesenchymal tissues and seromucinous glands. Author(s): Erkilic S, Aydin A, Kocer NE. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 November; 116(11): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487669

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History and current practice of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Younis RT, Lazar RH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 2): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172228

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History of tonsillectomy and appendectomy in Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Gledovic Z, Radovanovic Z. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 November; 7(6): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783053

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Hodgkin's disease and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Langman AW, Kaplan MJ. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1987 May; 20(2): 399-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3299217

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Hodgkin's disease in adults: association with social factors and age at tonsillectomy. A case-control study. Author(s): Bonelli L, Vitale V, Bistolfi F, Landucci M, Bruzzi P. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1990 March 15; 45(3): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307531

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Horner's syndrome after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Shissias CG, Golnik KC. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 June 15; 117(6): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198172

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Hot versus cold tonsillectomy: a systematic review of the literature. Author(s): Leinbach RF, Markwell SJ, Colliver JA, Lin SY. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(4): 360-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574289

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Human salivary immunoglobulin and antigen-specific antibody activity after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Childers NK, Powell WD, Tong G, Kirk K, Wiatrak B, Michalek SM. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2001 October; 16(5): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555302

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Hypernasality after tonsillectomy without adenoidectomy in an adult. Author(s): Wachtel JM, Kuehn DP, Weiss KS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 January; 122(1): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10629495

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Hypoglossal nerve paralysis following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Sharp CM, Borg HK, Kishore A, MacKenzie K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 May; 116(5): 389-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081002

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I.v. ketoprofen for analgesia after tonsillectomy: comparison of pre- and postoperative administration. Author(s): Salonen A, Kokki H, Tuovinen K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 86(3): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573528

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Immediate abscess tonsillectomy--a safe procedure? Author(s): Windfuhr JP, Chen YS. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2001 November; 28(4): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694376

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Impact of clinical practice guidelines on clinicians' behaviour: tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Donaldson LJ, Hayes JH, Barton AG, Howel D, Hawthorne M. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1999 February; 28(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10077780

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Impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on child behavior. Author(s): Goldstein NA, Post JC, Rosenfeld RM, Campbell TF. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 April; 126(4): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772303

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Incidence of beta-lactamase production by oral aerobic/anaerobic flora from patients admitted for elective tonsillectomy. Author(s): Shibl AM, Memish Z, Abdulla A, Mian MY. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 May; 36(3): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661963

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Incidence of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in children and adults: a study of 4,848 patients. Author(s): Windfuhr JP, Chen YS. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 September; 81(9): 626-8, 630, 632 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353439

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Increased post-operative haemorrhage seen in adult coblation tonsillectomy. Author(s): Noon AP, Hargreaves S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 September; 117(9): 704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561357

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Indications for interventional arteriography in post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Author(s): Windfuhr JP. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 February; 31(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11881767

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Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Darrow DH, Siemens C. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 2): 6-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172229

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Infectious indications for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Discolo CM, Darrow DH, Koltai PJ. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2003 April; 50(2): 445-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809333

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Injection of local anesthetic in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Ohlms LA. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 127(10): 12768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587612

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Intracapsular partial tonsillectomy for tonsillar hypertrophy in children. Author(s): Koltai PJ, Solares CA, Mascha EJ, Xu M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 August; 112(8 Pt 2): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172232

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Intracapsular tonsillar reduction (partial tonsillectomy): reviving a historical procedure for obstructive sleep disordered breathing in children. Author(s): Koltai PJ, Solares CA, Koempel JA, Hirose K, Abelson TI, Krakovitz PR, Chan J, Xu M, Mascha EJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 November; 129(5): 532-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595276

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Invasive group A streptococcal infection after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Timmers-Raaijmaakers BC, Wolfs TF, Jansen NJ, Bos AP, van Vught AJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 October; 22(10): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579819

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Investigations using logistic regression models on the effect of the LMA on morphine induced vomiting after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Anderson BJ, Pearce S, McGann JE, Newson AJ, Holford NH. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2000; 10(6): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11119196

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Is day case tonsillectomy suitable for children in Cumbria? Author(s): Kubba H, Messersmith R. Source: Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care. 1999 July-September; 7(3): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848386

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Is paediatric day case tonsillectomy desirable? The parents' perspective. Author(s): Vowles R, Loney E, Williams H, Gormley-Fleming E, Kulkarni P, Ryan R. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 May; 54(4): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912310

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Is postoperative nausea and vomiting following tonsillectomy really a problem? Author(s): Church JJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 57(10): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358967

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Is the incidence of tonsillectomy influenced by the family medical or social history? Author(s): Capper R, Canter RJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 December; 26(6): 484-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843928

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Is the routine use of antibiotics justified in adult tonsillectomy? Author(s): O'Reilly BJ, Black S, Fernandes J, Panesar J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 May; 117(5): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803788

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Jugular thrombosis following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Nix PA. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 March; 115(3): 238-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244538

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Ketamine reduces swallowing-evoked pain after paediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Elhakim M, Khalafallah Z, El-Fattah HA, Farouk S, Khattab A. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 May; 47(5): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699521

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Ketamine: parenteral anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Odetoyinbo O. Source: Trop Doct. 1987 January; 17(1): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824510

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Ketoprofen and fentanyl for pain after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Virtaniemi J, Kokki H, Nikanne E, Aho M. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 December; 109(12): 1950-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591353

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Ketoprofen for postoperative pain after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy: two-week follow-up study. Author(s): Nikanne E, Virtaniemi J, Aho M, Kokki H. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 November; 129(5): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595282

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Ketoprofen, diclofenac or ketorolac for pain after tonsillectomy in adults? Author(s): Tarkkila P, Saarnivaara L. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 January; 82(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325837

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Ketorolac tromethamine and hemorrhage in tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Bailey R, Sinha C, Burgess LP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 February; 107(2): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023238

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KTP/532 laser tonsillectomy--a potential day-case procedure. Author(s): Llewellyn R. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 December; 109(12): 1234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8551168

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KTP-532 laser tonsillectomy: a comparison with standard technique. Author(s): Oas RE Jr, Bartels JP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1990 April; 100(4): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2319887

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KTP-532 laser tonsillectomy--a potential day-case procedure? Author(s): Kaluskar SK. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 February; 110(2): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8729516

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KTP-532 laser tonsillectomy--a potential day-case procedure? Author(s): Raine NM, Whittet HB, Marks NJ, Ryan RM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 June; 109(6): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7642991

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Laryngeal mask airway in adeno-tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Howard-Griffin RM, Driver IK. Source: Anaesthesia. 1996 April; 51(4): 409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686851

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Laryngeal mask and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Short JA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 81(6): 996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211045

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Laryngeal mask and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Porter H, Bailey PM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 81(6): 996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211044

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Laryngeal mask or tube for tonsillectomy? Author(s): Bishop P, Patel A. Source: Hosp Med. 2003 July; 64(7): 440. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886861

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Laser lingual tonsillectomy. Author(s): Krespi YP, Har-El G, Levine TM, Ossoff RH, Wurster CF, Paulsen JW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1989 February; 99(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2913423

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Laser midline glossectomy and lingual tonsillectomy as treatments for sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Yonekura A, Kawakatsu K, Suzuki K, Nishimura T. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2003; (550): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737344

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Laser tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Martinez SA, Akin DP. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1987 May; 20(2): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601391

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Laser-assisted serial tonsillectomy. Author(s): Krespi YP, Ling EH. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1994 October; 23(5): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7807635

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Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty and tonsillectomy for the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Author(s): Kern RC, Kutler DI, Reid KJ, Conley DB, Herzon GD, Zee P. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 July; 113(7): 1175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838016

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Lethal complications after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Peeters A, Claes J, Saldien V. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2001; 55(3): 207-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685957

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Life-threatening deep cervical abscess after infiltration of the tonsillar bed for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Fradis M, Goldsher M, David JB, Podoshin L. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1998 May; 77(5): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9615523

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Lingual nerve palsy following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Vartanian AJ, Alvi A. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 December; 26(6): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438939

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Lingual tonsillectomy for refractory paroxysmal cough. Author(s): Lewis M, McClay JE, Schochet P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 June 9; 53(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10862927

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Lip injury prevention during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Evans AS, El-Hawrani A, Lodhi A, Thompson A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 July; 117(7): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901810

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Local nerve blockade by bupivacaine reduced short- and long-term pain in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Ozuer MZ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1998 November; 107(11 Pt 1): 999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9823853

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Local versus general anaesthesia in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Agren K, Engquist S, Danneman A, Feychting B. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1989 April; 14(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2721018

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Long distance travel by children for tonsillectomy: experience of the ORL department at Princess Alexandra Hospital (PAH), Royal Air Force, Wroughton, Swindon. Author(s): Nofal F, Moran MM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1990 May; 104(5): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2370469

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Longitudinal analysis of human salivary immunoglobulins, nonimmune antimicrobial agents, and microflora after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Kirstila V, Tenovuo J, Ruuskanen O, Suonpaa J, Meurman O, Vilja P. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1996 August; 80(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8764554

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Long-term effects of intensive therapy combined with tonsillectomy in patients with IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Hotta O, Taguma Y, Yoshizawa N, Oda T, Nishiyama J, Yusa N, Chiba S, Horigome I, Sudo K, Tomioka S. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082770

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Looking back: Sluder method of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Lampton L. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2003 September; 44(9): 310-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564744

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MALTectomy (appendectomy/tonsillectomy) does not influence the occurrence or mode of presentation of adult celiac disease. Author(s): O'Gorman P, Bennett D, Kavanagh E, Twohig LB, O'Sullivan GC, O'Regan P, Shanahan F. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 April; 91(4): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677937

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Management of postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Franco KL, Wallace RB. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1987 May; 20(2): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601393

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Marginal zone B cell lymphomas of Waldeyer's ring--a report of two tonsillectomy cases resembling histomorphological features of inflammatory lesions. Author(s): Kojima M, Nakamura S, Shuimizu K, Itoh H, Masawa N. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2001; 197(11): 781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770023

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Massive blood loss during tonsillectomy in a child with congenital venous malformation. Author(s): Foley PJ, Beste DJ, Farber NE. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189972

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Massive primary hemorrhage during tonsillectomy from a large venous varicosity. Author(s): Burstin PP, Hooper RE. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 September; 117(3 Pt 1): 28790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334779

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Meningitis as a complication of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Papadakis CE, Nikolidakis AA, Bizakis JG, Skoulakis CE, Velegrakis GA, Kokori HG, Helidonis ES. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 October 15; 45(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9865441

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Meningococcemia following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Sharma M, Naqvi A, Maollod L, Khatib R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(12): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868768

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Methods of haemostasis in tonsillectomy assessed by pain scores and consultation rates. The Roskilde County Tonsillectomy Study. Author(s): Rungby JA, Romeling F, Borum P. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10909022

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Microbipolar dissection vs. cold knife/suction cautery tonsillectomy in children: preliminary results of a prospective study. Author(s): Brodsky L, Pizzuto M, Gendler J, Duffy L. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082800

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Microdissection needle tonsillectomy and postoperative pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Perkins J, Dahiya R. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 December; 129(12): 1285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676153

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Microscopic examination of routine tonsillectomy specimens: is it necessary? Author(s): Alvi A, Vartanian AJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 October; 119(4): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781991

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Microscopic tonsillectomy: a double-blind randomized trial. Author(s): Kujawski O, Dulguerov P, Gysin C, Lehmann W. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 December; 117(6): 641-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419092

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Morbidity after day-case tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Steward DJ. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 81(6): 989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211037

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Morbidity after day-case tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Church J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 August; 81(2): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9813543

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Mucha-Habermann disease resolves after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Nishimura M, Matsuda T, Hori Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 December; 30(12): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1816138

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Multiple sclerosis and tonsillectomy: no evidence for an influence on the development of disease or clinical phenotype. Author(s): Broadley SA, Deans J, Chataway SJ, Sawcer SJ, Compston DA. Source: Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2000 April; 6(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10773858

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Nasopharyngeal stenosis following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Woolf RM, Broadbent TR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1970 April; 45(4): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5435868

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Nasopharyngeal stenosis following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Report of six cases and their repair. Author(s): McDonald TJ, Devine KD, Hayles AB. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 July; 98(1): 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4713140

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Negative pressure pulmonary edema after a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in a pediatric patient: case report and review. Author(s): Thomas CL, Palmer TJ, Shipley P. Source: Aana Journal. 1999 October; 67(5): 425-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10876434

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New modification to tonsillectomy gag-fibre light attachment to tongue plate. Author(s): Hammad Z. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1979 March; 24(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=439054

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Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of operative site bleeding after tonsillectomy: a quantitative systematic review. Author(s): Moiniche S, Romsing J, Dahl JB, Tramer MR. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 January; 96(1): 68-77, Table of Contents. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505926

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Non-traumatic atlanto-axial displacement after tonsillectomy. A case report. Author(s): Hekster RE, Norden AA. Source: Radiol Clin Biol. 1970; 39(4): 357-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5432563

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Nursing care study: tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy and bilateral myringotomy. Author(s): Callery P. Source: Nurs Times. 1981 July 8-14; 77(28): 1201-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6910655

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Nursing care study: tonsillectomy. Author(s): Nicol A. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1983 October 19; 157(16): 46-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6556642

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Oestriol succinate. Its effect on the haemorrhage in adenotonsillectomy and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Pedersen OT, Nielsen PH. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1967 July; 64(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4862541

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On the origin of tonsillectomy and the dissection method. Author(s): Koempel JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 September; 112(9): 1583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352667

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On which day is pain worst following adult tonsillectomy? Author(s): Molony NC, Santana-Hernandez D, Wardrop PJ, Armstrong M, Moralee SJ. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 September; 52(6): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894372

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Oncologic rationale for bilateral tonsillectomy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary source. Author(s): Koch WM, Bhatti N, Williams MF, Eisele DW. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 March; 124(3): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11241001

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Ondansetron and dolasetron provide equivalent postoperative vomiting control after ambulatory tonsillectomy in dexamethasone-pretreated children. Author(s): Sukhani R, Pappas AL, Lurie J, Hotaling AJ, Park A, Fluder E. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 November; 95(5): 1230-5, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401599

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Ondansetron with propofol reduces the incidence of emesis in children following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Barst SM, Leiderman JU, Markowitz A, Rosen AM, Abramson AL, Bienkowski RS. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1999 April; 46(4): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10232720

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Onset of paroxysmal myoglobinuria after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Report of a case. Author(s): Herzberg SB, Michener WM, Kiser WS. Source: Cleve Clin Q. 1967 July; 34(3): 159-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6046488

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Oral dantrolene sodium for tonsillectomy pain: a double-blind study. Author(s): Salassa JR, Seaman SL, Ruff T, Lenis A, Bellens EE, Brown AK. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1988 January; 98(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3124047

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Oral versus rectal diclofenac for postoperative tonsillectomy pain in children. Author(s): Swanepoel A, Semple P. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 March; 54(3): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364873

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Outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy clinical pathways: an evaluative study. Author(s): Pestian JP, Derkay CS, Ritter C. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 January-February; 19(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9470951

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Paediatric day stay tonsillectomy service: development and audit. Author(s): Walker P. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 October; 31(5): 596; Author Reply 597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14601295

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Pain intensity after laseruvulopalatoplasty and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Kokki H, Nikanne E, Aho M, Virtaniemi J. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 128(2): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601326

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Partial tonsillectomy revisited and role for mini-tracheotomy revisited. Author(s): Bennhoff DF. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 129(4): 500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707218

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Peritonsillar abscess--critical analysis of abscess tonsillectomy. Author(s): Dunne AA, Granger O, Folz BJ, Sesterhenn A, Werner JA. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 October; 28(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969344

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Polysomnographic studies in children undergoing adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Author(s): Jain A, Sahni JK. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 September; 116(9): 711-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437807

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Post tonsillectomy morbidity: following the introduction of single-use-instruments. Author(s): Oluwasanmi AF. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589855

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Postoperative hemorrhage with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use after tonsillectomy: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Krishna S, Hughes LF, Lin SY. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 129(10): 10869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568792

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Post-tonsillectomy and -adenoidectomy hemorrhage in nonselected patients. Author(s): Windfuhr JP, Chen YS. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 January; 112(1): 6370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537061

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Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage: a 7-year retrospective study. Author(s): Hopkins C, Geyer M, Topham J. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 September;260(8):454-5. Epub 2003 May 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732932

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Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Oztekin S, Hepaguslar H, Kar AA, Ozzeybek D, Artikaslan O, Elar Z. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 12(8): 694-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472706

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Quality improvement study of day surgery for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy patients. Author(s): Norinkavich KM, Howie G, Cariofiles P. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1995 July-August; 21(4): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7644281

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Quantitative alterations in the ecology of the oropharyngeal microflora subsequent to tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Sprinkle PM, Veltri RW. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1974 March-April; 78(2): Orl60-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4151059

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Quantitative analysis of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with IgA nephropathy after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Baba Y, Akagi H, Fukushima K, Kosaka M, Hattori K, Nishizaki K, Ogawa T, Masuda Y, Shikata K. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1999 April; 26(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214897

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Quinsy following tonsillectomy (five case reports). Author(s): Randall CJ, Jefferis AF. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 April; 98(4): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6585444

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Quinsy following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Bugti AH. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1996 January; 46(1): 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8830163

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Quinsy tonsillectomy as the treatment of choice for peritonsillar abscess. Author(s): Harley EH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1988 February; 67(2): 84, 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349962

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Quinsy tonsillectomy or interval tonsillectomy--a prospective randomised trial. Author(s): Fagan JJ, Wormald PJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 October; 84(10): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839259

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Quinsy tonsillectomy. Author(s): Yung AK, Cantrell RW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1976 November; 86(11): 1714-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1068337

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Quinsy tonsillectomy. Author(s): Joshi CK, Rege SR, Shah KL, Kantawala SA. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1974 February; 28(2): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4525524

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Quinsy tonsillectomy: a safe procedure. Author(s): Sumner E. Source: Anaesthesia. 1973 September; 28(5): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4516929

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Recovery after tonsillectomy in adults: a three-week follow-up study. Author(s): Salonen A, Kokki H, Nuutinen J. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 January; 112(1): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802045

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Recovery following tonsillectomy a comparison between tramadol and morphine for analgesia. Author(s): Chew ST, Ip-Yam PC, Kong CF. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 June; 44(6): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560861

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Researching post-tonsillectomy bleeding. Author(s): Skadiang K. Source: Nurs N Z. 2001 May; 7(4): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008509

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Respiratory complications following tonsillectomy/UPPP: is step-down monitoring necessary? Author(s): Gessler EM, Bondy PC. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 August; 82(8): 628-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503103

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Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial to determine the effective dose of ramosetron for the prevention of vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Fujii Y, Tanaka H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 December; 25(12): 3135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749151

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Reusable versus disposable instruments in tonsillectomy: a comparative study of outcomes. Author(s): Maheshwar A, De M, Browning ST. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 September; 57(7): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529057

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Revisiting outpatient tonsillectomy in young children. Author(s): Ross AT, Kazahaya K, Tom LW. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 March; 128(3): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646834

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Risk of accidental extubation with disposable tonsillectomy instruments. Author(s): Wynne DM, Marshall JN. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 89(4): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12393377

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Risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and tonsillectomy. Author(s): Tysnes OB. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 September;260(8):410-1. Epub 2003 April 29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720005

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Ropivacaine with or without clonidine improves pediatric tonsillectomy pain. Author(s): Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK, Morey T. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 127(10): 126570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11587610

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Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guidelines on tonsillectomy: a three cycle audit of clinical record keeping and adherence to national guidelines. Author(s): Williams A, Lee P, Kerr A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 June; 116(6): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385359

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Secondary tonsillectomy haemorrhage and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Smith I, Wilde A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1999 January; 113(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10341915

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Skeletal muscle in routine tonsillectomy specimens: a common finding. Author(s): Gnepp DR, Souther J. Source: Human Pathology. 2000 July; 31(7): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923917

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Social conditions and paediatric day case tonsillectomy. Author(s): Drake-Lee A, Harris S. Source: Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 1999 April; 4(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10387401

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Spontaneous resolution of tonsillitis in children on the waiting list for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Woolford TJ, Ahmed A, Willatt DJ, Rothera MP. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2000 October; 25(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012659

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Steroid pulse therapy combined with tonsillectomy in IgA nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Furuta T, Hotta O, Horigome I, Chiba S, Noshiro H, Miyazaki M, Satoh M, Honda S, Taguma Y. Source: Nephron. 2001 December; 89(4): 398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721156

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Steroids for improving recovery following tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Steward DL, Welge JA, Myer CM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd003997. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535500

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Subcutaneous emphysema secondary to tonsillectomy: a case report. Author(s): Nishino H, Kenmochi M, Kasugai S, Okada T, Ohashi T. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30 Suppl: S135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543179

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Suction cautery use in lingual tonsillectomy. Author(s): Yoskovitch A, Samaha M, Sweet R. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 April; 29(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819112

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Suitability of cefotiam and cefuroxime axetil for the perioperative short-term prophylaxis in tonsillectomy patients. Author(s): Muller R, Bottger C, Wichmann G. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642969

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Telithromycin (HMR 3647) achieves high and sustained concentrations in tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Gehanno P, Sultan E, Passot V, Nabet P, Danon J, Romanet P, Attal P. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727077

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The effect of electrocautery versus cold scalpel technique on the incidence of early postoperative tonsillar pillar dehiscence after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy. Author(s): Altman JS, Senior B, Ransom E. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 February; 114(2): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755206

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The effects of a preoperative steroid/anesthetic injection on post-tonsillectomy pain. Author(s): Cupero TM, Kim SY, Silva AB. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 April; 82(4): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735161

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The effects of dexamethasone, bupivacaine and topical lidocaine spray on pain after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Kaygusuz I, Susaman N. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 July; 67(7): 737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791448

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The efficacy of tonsillectomy on long-term renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Xie Y, Nishi S, Ueno M, Imai N, Sakatsume M, Narita I, Suzuki Y, Akazawa K, Shimada H, Arakawa M, Gejyo F. Source: Kidney International. 2003 May; 63(5): 1861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12675864

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The incidence of laryngospasm with a “no touch” extubation technique after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Tsui BC, Wagner A, Cave D, Elliott C, El-Hakim H, Malherbe S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 February; 98(2): 327-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742363

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The perceived risk of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and the effect of additional delay in tonsillectomy: a questionnaire based parents perspective. Author(s): Loughran S, Alves CB, Geddes NK. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 July; 67(7): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791449

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Tonsillectomy and risk of acute appendicitis. Author(s): Andreu-Ballester JC, Colomer RE, Millan Scheiding M, Ballester F. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 98(12): 2806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687841

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Tonsillectomy by plasma-mediated ablation. Author(s): Yaremchuk K. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 129(4): 498-9; Author Reply 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707213

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Tonsillectomy using the Colorado microdissection needle: a prospective series and comparative technique review. Author(s): Rideout B, Shaw GY. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 January; 97(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746415

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Ultrasonic tonsillectomy. Author(s): Fenton RS, Long J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 December; 29(6): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770142

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Ultrasonic tonsillectomy: rationale and technique. Author(s): Weingarten C. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 February; 116(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9051063

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Unidentified coagulation disorders in post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Author(s): Windfuhr JP, Chen YS, Remmert S. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2004 January; 83(1): 28, 30, 32 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986756

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Unilateral tonsillectomy. Author(s): Laubscher HH. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1989 November 4; 76(9): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2814740

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Unusual complication of tonsillectomy: taste disturbance and the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Author(s): Uzun C, Adali MK, Karasalihoglu AR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 April; 117(4): 314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816225

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Use of intraoperative corticosteroids in pediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Ohlms LA, Wilder RT, Weston B. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 July; 121(7): 737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7598849

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Use of KTP-532 laser delays healing in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Bartels JP, Oas RE. Source: Clin Laser Mon. 1990 November; 8(11): 167-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10149823

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Use of laryngeal mask during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Venn PJ. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 August; 81(2): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9813548

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Utility of tonsillectomy in 2 patients with the syndrome of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. Author(s): Parikh SR, Reiter ER, Kenna MA, Roberson D. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 June; 129(6): 670-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810475

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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in neurologically impaired children. Author(s): Kerschner JE, Lynch JB, Kleiner H, Flanary VA, Rice TB. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 February 25; 62(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11852126

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Value of preoperative prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time as a predictor of postoperative hemorrhage in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Howells RC 2nd, Wax MK, Ramadan HH. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 December; 117(6): 628-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419090

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Variation in selected childhood surgical procedures: the case of tonsillectomy and management of middle ear disease. Author(s): Close GR, Rushworth RL, Rob MI, Rubin GL. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1993 December; 29(6): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286158

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Velopharyngeal insufficiency following palatine tonsillectomy. Author(s): Haapanen ML, Ignatius J, Rihkanen H, Ertama L. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1994; 251(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080641

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Velopharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy: whether to perform them simultaneously. Author(s): Lo TP Jr, Thaller SR. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2003 July; 14(4): 445-7; Discussion 448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867854

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Velopharyngoplasty with or without tonsillectomy and/or adenotomy--a retrospective evaluation of speech characteristics in 143 patients. Author(s): Eufinger H, Eggeling V, Immenkamp E. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1994 February; 22(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8175996

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Visual loss following tonsillectomy; possible association with injections in tonsillar fossae. Author(s): Ellis PP. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1968 April; 87(4): 436-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5643256

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Vomiting after outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children: the role of nitrous oxide. Author(s): Pandit UA, Malviya S, Lewis IH. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995 February; 80(2): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7818105

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Vomiting and recovery after outpatient tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Comparison of four anesthetic techniques using nitrous oxide with halothane or propofol. Author(s): Ved SA, Walden TL, Montana J, Lea DE, Tefft MC, Kataria BK, Pudimat MA, Nicodemus HF, Milmoe GJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 1996 July; 85(1): 4-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8694380

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Von Willebrand disease as cause of unanticipated bleeding following adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): de Diego JI, Prim MP, Rodriguez E, Garcia J, Morado M. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 August 20; 49(3): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10519697

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Weight gain in children following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Barr GS, Osborne J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988 July; 102(7): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3411209

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What are the indications for tonsillectomy in children? Author(s): Neill RA, Scoville C, Belden J. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11978252

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What is the place of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy? Author(s): Riley HD Jr. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1971 February; 64(2): 41-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5133364

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When does an adult need a tonsillectomy? Author(s): Bhattacharyya N. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 August; 70(8): 698, 701. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959395

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Who should do the surgery? Tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy in one Canadian province. Author(s): Roos NP. Source: Inquiry. 1979 Spring; 16(1): 73-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=155042

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TONSILLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tonsillectomy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tonsillectomy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of intramuscular tenoxicam with intramuscular morphine for pain relief following tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Derriford Hospital, Devon, UK. Source: Sutherland, C J Montgomery, J E Kestin, I G Paediatr-Anaesth. 1998; 8(4): 321-4 1155-5645

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A comparison of rectal diclofenac with intramuscular papaveretum or placebo for pain relief following tonsillectomy. Author(s): University Department of Anaesthesia, Leicester Royal Infirmary. Source: Bone, M E Fell, D Anaesthesia. 1988 April; 43(4): 277-80 0003-2409

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A prospective randomized controlled study of the efficacy of ketamine for postoperative pain relief in children after adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Anaesthetic Department, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK. Source: Aspinall, R L Mayor, A Paediatr-Anaesth. 2001 May; 11(3): 333-6 1155-5645

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A randomized comparison of three post-tonsillectomy diets. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK. Source: Cook, J A Murrant, N J Evans, K L Lavelle, R J Clin-Otolaryngol. 1992 February; 17(1): 28-31 0307-7772

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Acetaminophen versus acetaminophen with codeine after pediatric tonsillectomy. Author(s): Division of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California, USA. Source: Moir, M S Bair, E Shinnick, P Messner, A Laryngoscope. 2000 November; 110(11): 1824-7 0023-852X

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Adenotonsillectomy in children with von Willebrand disease. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. [email protected] Source: Allen, G C Armfield, D R Bontempo, F A Kingsley, L A Goldstein, N A Post, J C Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1999 May; 125(5): 547-51 0886-4470

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Adenotonsillectomy. A safe outpatient procedure. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH. Source: Maniglia, A J Kushner, H Cozzi, L Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1989 January; 115(1): 92-4 0886-4470

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Adult day case tonsillectomy: a safe and viable option. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Source: Fenton, J E O'Dwyer, T P Clin-Otolaryngol. 1994 December; 19(6): 470-2 03077772

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An audit of post-operative analgesia in children following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, UK. Source: Homer, J J Frewer, J D Swallow, J Semple, P J-Laryngol-Otol. 2002 May; 116(5): 367-70 0022-2151

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An audit of prophylactic antibiotic treatment following tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.

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Source: Lee, W C Duignan, M C Walsh, R M McRae Moore, J R J-Laryngol-Otol. 1996 April; 110(4): 357-9 0022-2151 •

Analgesia for adenotonsillectomy in children and young adults: a comparison of tramadol, pethidine and nalbuphine. Author(s): Department of Anesthesia, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: van den Berg, A A Montoya Pelaez, L F Halliday, E M Hassan, I Baloch, M S Eur-J-Anaesthesiol. 1999 March; 16(3): 186-94 0265-0215

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Analgesic efficacy of paracetamol in children using tonsillectomy as a pain model. Author(s): Dept of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Auckland Children's Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Anderson, B Kanagasundarum, S Woollard, G Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 1996 December; 24(6): 669-73 0310-057X

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Angular cheilitis after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: England, R J Lau, M Ell, S R Clin-Otolaryngol. 1999 August; 24(4): 277-9 03077772

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Antibiotic prophylaxis post-tonsillectomy: is it of benefit? Author(s): Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. [email protected] Source: Colreavy, M P Nanan, D Benamer, M Donnelly, M Blaney, A W O'Dwyer, T P Cafferkey, M Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1999 October 15; 50(1): 15-22 0165-5876

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Audit of pain management at home following tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK. Source: Homer, J J Swallow, J Semple, P J-Laryngol-Otol. 2001 March; 115(3): 205-8 00222151

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Avoidance of primary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in a teaching program. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology and Human Communication, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. Source: Conley, S F Ellison, M D Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1999 March; 125(3): 330-3 0886-4470

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Child preferences for post-tonsillectomy diet. Author(s): Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Alfred I. DuPont Institute, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA. Source: Thomas, P C Moore, P Reilly, J S Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1995 January; 31(1): 29-33 0165-5876

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Combined study to assess the role of calcium alginate swabs and ligation of the inferior tonsillar pole in the control of intra-operative blood loss during tonsillectomy. Author(s): Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. Source: Sharp, J F Rogers, M J Riad, M Kerr, A I J-Laryngol-Otol. 1991 March; 105(3): 191-4 0022-2151

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Comparison of ketamine and morphine for analgesia after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): University Dept of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Marcus, R J Victoria, B A Rushman, S C Thompson, J P Br-J-Anaesth. 2000 June; 84(6): 739-42 0007-0912

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Comparison of morphine sulphate and codeine phosphate in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK. Source: Semple, D Russell, S Doyle, E Aldridge, L M Paediatr-Anaesth. 1999; 9(2): 135-8 1155-5645

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Dexamethasone in adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Source: Tom, L W Templeton, J J Thompson, M E Marsh, R R Int-J-PediatrOtorhinolaryngol. 1996 October; 37(2): 115-20 0165-5876

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Diet following tonsillectomy. Author(s): Derbyshire Children's Hospital, Derby. Source: Bhaskar, K Paediatr-Nurs. 1998 November; 10(9): 25-7 0962-9513

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Do steroids reduce morbidity of tonsillectomy? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0528, USA. [email protected] Source: Steward, D L Welge, J A Myer, C M Laryngoscope. 2001 October; 111(10): 1712-8 0023-852X

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Does bismuth subgallate have haemostatic effects in tonsillectomy? Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Sorensen, W T Henrichsen, J Bonding, P Clin-Otolaryngol. 1999 February; 24(1): 72-4 0307-7772

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Effect of chewing gum on recovery after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of ENT Surgery, West Middlesex Hospital, London, UK. Source: Hanif, J Frosh, A Auris-Nasus-Larynx. 1999 January; 26(1): 65-8 0385-8146

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Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on obese children with sleep-associated breathing disorders. Author(s): Division of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Japan. Source: Kudoh, F Sanai, A Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1996; 523216-8 0365-5237

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Effects of anticholinergics on postoperative vomiting, recovery, and hospital stay in children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA. [email protected] Source: Chhibber, A K Lustik, S J Thakur, R Francisco, D R Fickling, K B Anesthesiology. 1999 March; 90(3): 697-700 0003-3022

•

Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy versus electrocautery tonsillectomy: A comparative pilot study. Author(s): McIntire Ear, Nose, and Throat Center and Freeman Hospitals & Health Systems. Source: Walker, R A Syed, Z A Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2001 November; 125(5): 449-55 0194-5998

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I.v. ketoprofen for analgesia after tonsillectomy: comparison of pre- and postoperative administration. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Source: Salonen, A Kokki, H Tuovinen, K Br-J-Anaesth. 2001 March; 86(3): 377-81 00070912

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•

Ibuprofen for tonsillectomy pain in children: efficacy and complications. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA. Source: Harley, E H Dattolo, R A Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1998 November; 119(5): 492-6 0194-5998

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Improved postoperative pain control in pediatric adenotonsillectomy with dextromethorphan. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9200, USA. Source: Dawson, G S Seidman, P Ramadan, H H Laryngoscope. 2001 July; 111(7): 1223-6 0023-852X

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Longitudinal analysis of human salivary immunoglobulins, nonimmune antimicrobial agents, and microflora after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Turku Immunology Centre, University of Turku, Finland. Source: Kirstila, V Tenovuo, J Ruuskanen, O Suonpaa, J Meurman, O Vilja, P ClinImmunol-Immunopathol. 1996 August; 80(2): 110-5 0090-1229

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Ondansetron decreases postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202, USA. Source: Lawhorn, C D Bower, C Brown, R E Schmitz, M L Kymer, P J Stoner, J Vollers, J M Shirey, R Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1996 July; 36(2): 99-108 0165-5876

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Oral dantrolene sodium for tonsillectomy pain: a double-blind study. Author(s): Division of Otolaryngology, Scott and White Clinic, Scott and White Memorial Hospital, Sherwood, FL. Source: Salassa, J R Seaman, S L Ruff, T Lenis, A Bellens, E E Brown, A K OtolaryngolHead-Neck-Surg. 1988 January; 98(1): 26-33 0194-5998

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Oral ondansetron decreases vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada. Source: Splinter, W M Baxter, M R Gould, H M Hall, L E MacNeill, H B Roberts, D J Komocar, L Can-J-Anaesth. 1995 April; 42(4): 277-80 0832-610X

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Paediatric coblation tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, Lancashire BB2 3LR, UK Source: Temple, R H Timms, M S Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 2001 December 1; 61(3): 195-8 0165-5876

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Pain relief after tonsillectomy in adults: intramuscular diclofenac and papaveretum compared. Author(s): Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK. Source: Kotecha, B O'Leary, G Bradburn, J Darowski, M Gwinnutt, C L ClinOtolaryngol. 1991 August; 16(4): 345-9 0307-7772

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Pediatric tonsillectomy: post-operative morbidity comparing microsurgical bipolar dissection versus cold sharp dissection. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Source: Lassaletta, L Martin, G Villafruela, M A Bolanos, C Alvarez Vicent, J J Int-JPediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1997 September 18; 41(3): 307-17 0165-5876

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Post-operative morbidity following paediatric tonsillectomy; a comparison of bipolar diathermy dissection and blunt dissection. Author(s): Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, London, UK. Source: MacGregor, F B Albert, D M Bhattacharyya, A K Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1995 January; 31(1): 1-6 0165-5876

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Postoperative morphine requirements, nausea and vomiting following anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Comparison of intravenous morphine and non-opioid analgesic techniques. Author(s): Sir Humphry Davy Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol, UK. Source: Mather, S J Peutrell, J M Paediatr-Anaesth. 1995; 5(3): 185-8 1155-5645

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Postoperative tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients: electrocautery (hot) vs cold dissection and snare tonsillectomy--a randomized trial. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland. [email protected] Source: Nunez, D A Provan, J Crawford, M Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2000 July; 126(7): 837-41 0886-4470

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Post-tonsillectomy pain: the difference between younger and older patients. Author(s): ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. Source: Lavy, J A Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1997 October 18; 42(1): 11-5 0165-5876

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Premedication with oral dextromethorphan reduces postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Source: Kawamata, T Omote, K Kawamata, M Namiki, A Anesth-Analg. 1998 March; 86(3): 594-7 0003-2999

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Preoperative ketorolac increases bleeding after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada. Source: Splinter, W M Rhine, E J Roberts, D W Reid, C W MacNeill, H B Can-J-Anaesth. 1996 June; 43(6): 560-3 0832-610X

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Preoperative oral dextromethorphan does not reduce pain or analgesic consumption in children after adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, USA. [email protected] Source: Rose, J B Cuy, R Cohen, D E Schreiner, M S Anesth-Analg. 1999 April; 88(4): 74953 0003-2999

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Recovery after tonsillectomy in adults: a three-week follow-up study. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Source: Salonen, Aarre Kokki, Hannu Nuutinen, Juhani Laryngoscope. 2002 January; 112(1): 94-8 0023-852X

•

Reducing post-tonsillectomy pain with cryoanalgesia: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Dunedin Public Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Robinson, S R Purdie, G L Laryngoscope. 2000 July; 110(7): 1128-31 0023-852X

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•

Steroid pulse therapy combined with tonsillectomy in IgA nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Department of Nephrology, Sendai Shakaihoken Hospital, Sendai, Japan. [email protected] Source: Furuta, T Hotta, O Horigome, I Chiba, S Noshiro, H Miyazaki, M Satoh, M Honda, S Taguma, Y Nephron. 2001 December; 89(4): 398-401 0028-2766

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Subhypnotic propofol does not treat postoperative vomiting in children after adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Zestos, M M Carr, A S McAuliffe, G Smith, H S Sikich, N Lerman, J Can-JAnaesth. 1997 April; 44(4): 401-4 0832-610X

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Sucralfate for posttonsillectomy analgesia. Author(s): First ENT Clinic, Ankara Numune Hospital, Turkey. Source: Ozcan, M Altuntas, A Unal, A Nalca, Y Aslan, A Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1998 December; 119(6): 700-4 0194-5998

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Taste disorder from zinc deficiency after tonsillectomy. Source: Bicknell, J M Wiggins, R V West-J-Med. 1988 October; 149(4): 457-60 0093-0415

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Taste disturbance after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Tomita, H Ohtuka, K Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 2002; (546): 164-72 0365-5237

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The dose-effect relationship for morphine and vomiting after day-stay tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland Children's Hospital, Grafton, New Zealand. Source: Anderson, B J Ralph, C J Stewart, A W Barber, C Holford, N H AnaesthIntensive-Care. 2000 April; 28(2): 155-60 0310-057X

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The effect of general anaesthesia on post-tonsillectomy pain and respiratory status. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia and Nursing, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa. Source: Splinter, W M MacNeill, H B Menard, E A Roberts, D J Rhine, E J Komocar, L Chevrier, R Kay, J Can-J-Anaesth. 1990 May; 37(4 Pt 2): S121 0832-610X

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The effect of ketoprofen on recovery after tonsillectomy in children: a 3-week followup study. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Source: Salonen, Aarre Kokki, Hannu Nuutinen, Juhani Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 February 1; 62(2): 143-50 0165-5876

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The effect of peritonsillar corticosteroid infiltration in tonsillectomy. Author(s): ENT Clinic, Yuzuncu Yil Universitest, Tip Fakultesi, KBB Departmani, Van, Turkey. Source: Egeli, E Akkaya, S Auris-Nasus-Larynx. 1997 April; 24(2): 179-83 0385-8146

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The effect of post-operative diet on recovery in the first twelve hours after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.

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Source: Hall, M D Brodsky, L Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1995 March; 31(2-3): 215-20 0165-5876 •

The effect of steroid therapy on recovery from tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston. Source: Catlin, F I Grimes, W J Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1991 June; 117(6): 649-52 0886-4470

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The effectiveness of clonidine as an analgesic in paediatric adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. [email protected] Source: Reimer, E J Dunn, G S Montgomery, C J Sanderson, P M Scheepers, L D Merrick, P M Can-J-Anaesth. 1998 December; 45(12): 1162-7 0832-610X

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The efficacy of a single dose antibiotic regimen in adults undergoing tonsillectomy. Source: Cannon, C R J-Miss-State-Med-Assoc. 1996 November; 37(11): 817-21 0026-6396

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The efficacy of perioperative antibiotic therapy on recovery following tonsillectomy in adults: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute of Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Source: Grandis, J R Johnson, J T Vickers, R M Yu, V L Wagener, M M Wagner, R L Kachman, K A Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1992 February; 106(2): 137-42 0194-5998

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The influence of calcium alginate haemostatic swabs upon operative blood loss in adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): ENT Department, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK. Source: Milford, C A Sudderick, R M Bleach, N R O'Flynn, P E Mugliston, T A Hadley, J Clin-Otolaryngol. 1990 August; 15(4): 303-6 0307-7772

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The role of calcium alginate swabs in adenotonsillectomy. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Liverpool, UK. Source: O'Sullivan, D G Sherman, I W Phillips, D E Clin-Otolaryngol. 1992 October; 17(5): 403-5 0307-7772

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Tonsillectomy by means of plasma-mediated ablation: prospective, randomized, blinded comparison with monopolar electrosurgery. Author(s): Division of Otolarynology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and neck Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA. [email protected] Source: Shah, Udayan K Galinkin, Jeffrey Chiavacci, Rosetta Briggs, Marianne ArchOtolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2002 June; 128(6): 672-6 0886-4470

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Vomiting after adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison of ondansetron, dimenhydrinate, and placebo. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia and the Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Hamid, S K Selby, I R Sikich, N Lerman, J Anesth-Analg. 1998 March; 86(3): 496500 0003-2999

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. TONSILLECTOMY

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tonsillectomy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tonsillectomy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tonsillectomy: •

Abstracts from Rivista Italiana di Agotunctura Anno V-N. 13, Maggio 1972. Author(s): Musso E. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 January; 1(1): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4774354

•

Acupressure-acupuncture antiemetic prophylaxis in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Author(s): Shenkman Z, Holzman RS, Kim C, Ferrari LR, DiCanzio J, Highfield ES, Van Keuren K, Kaptchuk T, Kenna MA, Berde CB, Rockoff MA. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 May; 90(5): 1311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10319779

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•

Acupuncture anesthesia. A case report. Author(s): Liu WC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 July 3; 221(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5067773

•

Acupuncture anesthesia. A report of two cases. Author(s): Ho WY, Chen JY. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 January; 1(1): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4774348

•

Acupuncture for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: where's the point? Author(s): Cohn AI. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 October; 97(4): 1038-9; Author Reply 1039. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357192

•

Adenotonsillectomy in a Jehovah's Witness with blood dyscrasia. Author(s): Gill G, Ritter FN. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1975 June; 101(6): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1079453

•

Chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy in the treatment of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma in the dog. Author(s): Brooks MB, Matus RE, Leifer CE, Alfieri AA, Patnaik AK. Source: J Vet Intern Med. 1988 October-December; 2(4): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3230560

•

Electroacupuncture prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Author(s): Rusy LM, Hoffman GM, Weisman SJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 February; 96(2): 300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818760

•

Moderation of morbidity following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a study of awareness under anesthesia. Author(s): Wood WE, Gibson W, Longo D. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1990 November; 20(2): 93-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2286510

•

P6 acupuncture and postoperative vomiting after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Yentis SM, Bissonnette B. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia.

Alternative Medicine 61

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to tonsillectomy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TONSILLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to tonsillectomy. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tonsillectomy, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tonsillectomy ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to tonsillectomy. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Pedagogical suggestions for post-tonsillectomy singers by Hauan, Catherine G.; DMA from Arizona State University, 1999, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9949173

•

SOCIAL SUPPORT, COPING, AND PREOPERATIVE EMOTIONAL ADAPTATION AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN ANTICIPATING ELECTIVE TONSILLECTOMY by THOMPSON, MAUREEN LOWERY, PHD from Syracuse University, 1990, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109623

•

THE EMERGENCE, DECLINE AND PERSISTENCE OF MODERN MEDICAL PROCEDURES: THE CASE OF TONSILLECTOMY by CHOW, SUSIE, PHD from University of Pennsylvania, 1992, 544 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9227640

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TONSILLECTOMY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tonsillectomy, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tonsillectomy By performing a patent search focusing on tonsillectomy, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tonsillectomy: •

Submucosal tonsillectomy apparatus and method Inventor(s): Edwards; Stuart D. (Portola Valley, CA), Nelson; Lionel (Los Altos Hills, CA), Yourgenlow; Ashoor Shahbazi (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Gyrus Ent, L.l.c. (bartlett, Tn) Patent Number: 6,682,501 Date filed: June 10, 1999 Abstract: A cell necrosis apparatus includes an elongated member with a longitudinal axis. The elongated member being is configured to be positionable and maneuverable in an oral cavity. First and second energy delivery devices are positioned at a distal portion of the elongated member. Each of the first and second energy delivery devices is laterally offset from the longitudinal axis. In another embodiment, the apparatus can also include a template with a tissue penetrating introducer and a lumen. The energy delivery device is configured to be advancable from the first lumen into a tonsil intratonsil lymphoid stroma. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus to treat tonsils, and more particularly, to an apparatus that creates cell necrosis within the intratonsil lymphoid stroma while substantially preserving the underlying tonsil capsule and overlying mucosa. Tonsillectomy is a procedure indicated for recurrent infection of the tonsils and surrounding tissues and/or airway obstruction caused by the tonsils. It is one of the most frequently performed operations in the western world. Post-operatively, it is also one of the most painful due to the resultant exposure of unprotected oropharyngeal nerve and surrounding muscle tissue. The healing process is a slow taking between two to three weeks for the injured tissue to become overgrown with new epithelial/mucous membrane tissue. This period is typically characterized by considerable pain, dehydration and weight loss due to difficulty in swallowing as well as occasional hemorrhaging. Tonsillectomies and adenotonsillectomies are some of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States and elsewhere, with an estimated 340,000 procedures performed in the United States each year. The major complication of tonsillectomy is post-operative hemorrhage. With refinements tonsils techniques are removed over time have been refined, electrocoagulation has been used more frequently to achieve hemostasis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682501__

•

Tonsillectomy retractor stabilizer Inventor(s): Fernot; Patricia C. (1313 Greenpound Rd., Newfoundland, NJ 07435) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,322,501 Date filed: May 16, 2000 Abstract: A stabilizer for retractors employed in tonsillectomies includes a first longitudinal member secured to an operating table in an adjustable, substantially upright position; a second elongated member secured to the first elongated member adjacent an end thereof remote from the operating table at an adjustable angle relative to

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the first longitudinal member, the second longitudinal member having a plurality of notches spaced therealong to enable selection of one of the plurality of notches to receive an end of a retractor remote from a patient lying on the operating table; and an arrangement associated with both the first and second elongated members to enable adjustment of the adjustable angle to thereby enable the surgeon to manipulate the retractor and the head of the patient to place the head of the patient in a desired position to enable removal of the tonsils. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to retractors employed in surgical procedures and more particularly to a stabilizer for retractors employed in tonsillectomies. During tonsillectomies the tongue of the patient has to be retracted or held out of the way so that the surgeon can remove the tonsils. In the past, it has been the practice of using one of the surgical team to hold the retractor. This requires a lot of concentration on the part of the person holding the retractor and, as is known, it is very difficult for a person to hold anything without having the device being held moved, since the person cannot hold the same position for a great length of time. Another type of retractor stabilization that could be used is a Mayo stand which is large and cumbersome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06322501__

Patent Applications on Tonsillectomy As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tonsillectomy: •

Electrosurgical tonsilar and adenoid electrode Inventor(s): Ellman, Alan G.; (Hewlett, NY), Garito, Jon C.; (Hewlett, NY) Correspondence: Jack Oisher; 200 High Point DR.-PH2; Hartsdale; NY; 10530; US Patent Application Number: 20040049183 Date filed: January 2, 2003 Abstract: A electrosurgical electrode specifically adapted for use in a surgical procedure for removing lymphoid tissue, specifically a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy procedure. The electrosurgical electrode incorporates a suction or irrigation conduit in the form of a hollow tube for conveying the suction or fluid to the active electrode end. The electrosurgical electrode is preferably provided with a generally spoon-shaped body with a curved end comprising a wire or serrated active edge from which electrosurgical currents can emanate for dissection and hemostasis of tissue. Excerpt(s): Co-pending U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/______, filed Oct. 23, 2000, commonly owned, for "Suction Attachment For Electrosurgical Handpiece". This invention relates to electrosurgery, and in particular to an electrode for attachment to an electrosurgical handpiece for use in electrosurgical procedures which tend to produce vapors, odors or smoke plumes or which may require irrigation. Electrosurgery is a common procedure for dentists, doctors, and veterinarians. Electrosurgical handpieces are commercially available that will accommodate a wide variety of electrodes shapes and sizes, such as needles, blades, scalpels, balls and wire loops. Also, multi-function

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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electrodes are available. A suction coagulator is described ill U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,007, whose contents are herein incorporated by reference. This is an instrument that call be connected to a source of electrosurgical energy and that provides the handpiece in the form of a hollow tube with an exposed tip. By connecting a suction source to the hollow tube end, blood and other liquids as well as vapors and odors at tile operative field can be drawn out while simultaneously bleeding capillaries can be coagulated electrosurgically. This instrument is adapted to receive a suction hose at its rear, and it requires a special nosepiece to receive an electrical connector for supplying the active electrosurgical currents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tonsillectomy, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tonsillectomy. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tonsillectomy. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TONSILLECTOMY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tonsillectomy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tonsillectomy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on tonsillectomy: •

Otitis Media with Effusion: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Otitis Media with Effusion in Young Children Source: Silver Spring, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). 1994. 28 p. Contact: Available from AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 8457, Silver Spring, MD 20907. (800) 358-9295. PRICE: Single copy free. AHCPR Publication Number 94-0622. Summary: This guideline reflects the state of knowledge, current at the time of publication, on effective and appropriate care for otitis media with effusion in young children. The medical interventions considered in the Guideline include antibiotic therapy, steroid therapy, and antihistamine/decongestant therapy; the surgical interventions studied include myringotomy with insertion of tympanostomy tubes, adenoidectomy, and tonsillectomy. Short-term outcomes addressed are resolution of

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effusion and restoration of hearing; the long-term outcomes studied were the effects of otitis media with effusion on hearing and the hearing-related development of speech, language, and cognition. The editors note that because the prevalence of otitis media with effusion and the impact of associated hearing loss are greater among children with craniofacial or neurologic abnormalities, sensory deficits, or other medical illness, these children are excluded from Guideline recommendations. Recommendations are given for diagnosis and hearing evaluation; control of environmental factors; and sequencing of management interventions, including observation, use of antibiotics or other medications, and the appropriateness and timing of surgery. A glossary and brief subject index conclude the volume. 154 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tonsillectomy” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tonsillectomy” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Would Day Case Adult Tonsillectomy Be Safe?: an Outcome Audit (Audit Symposium 1994: 59) by S.J. Moralee, J.A.M Murray; ISBN: 0748030468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0748030468/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Patterns of tonsillectomy in Manitoba, 1989-1993: analyses to support the Tonsillectomy Review Panel of the Clinical Guidelines and Analysis Program. Author: Charlyn Black. [et al.]; Year: 1996

•

Scottish tonsillectomy audit. Author: R.L. Blair. [et al.]; Year: 1996

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

Tonsillectomy: scientific evidence, clinical practice, and uncertainties. Author: Larizgoitia I; Year: 1999

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Tonsillotomy or tonsillectomy, which? Author: by Crittenden Joyes; Year: 1912

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Variations in rates of tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and myringotomy in Quebec: report. Author: submitted to the Ministre de la santé et des services sociaux du Québec by the Conseil d'évaluation des technologies de la santé du Québec; Year: 1996

•

Workshop on Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. Author: Workshop Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy (1974: West Newton, Mass.); Year: 1975

on

Chapters on Tonsillectomy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tonsillectomy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tonsillectomy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on tonsillectomy: •

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Cahill, M., et al. Everything You Need to Know About Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 501-542. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671; Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348226. Summary: This chapter is from a consumer health handbook. This lengthy chapter outlines ear, nose, and throat disorders. For each disorder, the authors define the condition, its causes, its symptoms, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Conditions outlined include adenoid enlargement, hearing loss, infectious myringitis, inflammation of the mastoid, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, motion sickness, nasal papillomas, nasal polyps, nosebleed, otosclerosis, septal perforation and deviation, sinus infection, sore throat, swimmer's ear, throat abscess, tonsillitis, vocal cord nodules and polyps, and vocal cord paralysis. The chapter features a number of sidebars that cover topics including preparing a child for adenoid surgery, removing earwax, preventing congenital hearing loss, preventing noise-induced hearing loss, coping with laryngitis, Meniere's disease, preventing middle ear infections, fluids and where they collect in middle ear infections, minimizing motion sickness, nosebleeds, speeding up recovery after ear surgery, dealing with a perforated or deviated septum, sinuses and their anatomy, tonsillectomy, coping with a sore throat, preventing swimmer's ear, throat abscess, gargling with warm salt water, recovering from vocal cord surgery, and tracheotomies. 10 figures. 1 table.

•

Ear, Nose, and Throat: Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx Source: in Tierney, L.M.; McPhee,S.J.; Papadakis, M.A., eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1999. 38th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1999. p. 237-243.

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Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Companies. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (800) 352-3566 or (212) 512-4100. Fax (212) 512-4105. Website: www.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838515509. Summary: This chapter on diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx is from a general medical textbook that is designed as a single source reference for practitioners in both hospital and ambulatory settings. The textbook offers extensive coverage of all primary care topics, including gynecology, obstetrics, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, psychiatry, neurology, and urology. This chapter covers leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral cancer; oral candidiasis (thrush); glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and glossodynia (burning and pain of the tongue); intraoral ulcerative lesions, including necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth), aphthous ulcer (canker sore), and herpetic stomatitis; pharyngitis and tonsillitis; peritonsillar abscess and cellulitis; tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils); and deep neck infections. For each topic, the author discusses the symptoms, diagnostic methods, classification, prevention, treatment, prognosis. Each section offers relevant references for that particular topic. 45 references. •

Surgical Management of Otitis Media with Effusion Source: in Roberts, J.E.; Wallace, I.F.; Henderson, F.W. Otitis Media in Young Children: Medical, Developmental, and Educational Considerations. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1997. p. 245-264. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775 or (410) 337-9580. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $48.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557662789. Summary: This chapter on the surgical management of otitis media with effusion (OME) is from a textbook on the medical, developmental, and educational impact of otitis media on young children. The authors note that the surgical treatment of middle ear effusion is the most frequent reason for administering general anesthesia to children in the United States. This chapter discusses the various procedures currently used for the surgical treatment of middle ear fluid. First, middle ear anatomy and physiology are discussed. Next, the different surgical procedures for treatment of OME are described, followed by a review of the effectiveness of these procedures. Procedures covered include tympanocentesis (needle aspiration of the middle ear space), myringotomy, myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion, exploratory tympanotomy, middle ear reconstruction, mastoidectomy, and adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy. 7 figures. 2 tables. 29 references. (AA-M).

•

Treating Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Daly, S., et al. Everything You Need to Know About Medical Treatments. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 491-516. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670; Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348218. Summary: This chapter, from a consumer handbook of medical treatments, focuses on treating ear, nose, and throat disorders. Three sections consider drug therapy, including decongestants and antihistamines; surgeries, including myringotomy and ear tubes, stapedectomy, rhinoplasty and septoplasty, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy,

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laryngectomy, radical neck dissection, and nasal polypectomy; and other treatments, including hearing aids, nasal packing, and nasal irrigation. For each treatment, the authors provide a rationale for the surgery, contraindications, what to expect before the procedure, what happens during the procedure, possible complications, and recovery. Numerous suggestions for self-care are provided. Some illustrations are provided to aid understanding. 10 figures. •

Ear, Nose, and Sinus Conditions of Children with Down Syndrome Source: in Van Dyke, D.C., et al., eds. Medical and Surgical Care for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 1995. p. 155174. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570; Fax (301) 897-5838. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0933149549. Summary: This chapter, from a guide for parents of children with Down syndrome, discusses ear, nose, and sinus conditions typical in this population. The author notes that for typical ear, nose, and throat conditions, treatment for children with Down syndrome is the same as for other children. The author focuses on those circumstances in which special considerations exist. Topics covered include the impact of hearing loss on language development, how hearing impairments are classified, the causes of hearing loss, hearing loss treatment options, neck instability, breathing concerns, tonsillectomy, sinusitis, tongue protrusion, and drooling. 4 figures. 1 table. 8 references.

•

Iatrogenic Causes of Taste Disturbances: Radiation Therapy, Surgery, and Medication Source: in Doty, R.L., ed. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995. p. 785-791. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000; Fax (212) 685-4540. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824792521. Summary: This chapter, from a medical text on olfaction and gustation, discusses the iatrogenic causes of taste disturbances, including those attributable to radiation therapy, surgery, and medication. The authors note that recent findings concerning the physiology of taste cells, taste transduction mechanisms, and central nervous system (CNS) processing of gustatory information are beginning to provide some basis for understanding mechanisms for these iatrogenically-caused taste disturbances. Topics covered include surgical procedures of the head or neck that damage cranial nerves innervating the taste structures, or any of the central neural pathways involved in gustation; surgical risk; tonsillectomy; radiation-induced taste dysfunction, including that due to damage of the salivary glands; taste dysfunction as a side effect of drug therapy; and some of the medications associated with alterations in taste function. 57 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TONSILLECTOMY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tonsillectomy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tonsillectomy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tonsillectomy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tonsillectomy: •

Microdissection needle reduces tonsillectomy pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 19, 2003

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Official guidelines deemed too quick to recommend tonsillectomy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 2002

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•

Plasma-mediated ablation not recommended for pediatric tonsillectomy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 26, 2002

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Preoperative anesthetic infiltration does not reduce posttonsillectomy pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 20, 2002

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Harmonic scalpel has edge in tonsillectomy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 13, 2001

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Tonsillectomy in adults improves quality of life Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 26, 2001

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Radiation therapy may offer tonsillectomy alternative Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 22, 2001

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ArthroCare Evac devices cleared for use in tonsillectomy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 15, 2001

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Gastric aspiration does not reduce likelihood of post-tonsillectomy vomiting Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 14, 2001

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Tramadol equivalent to diclofenac for post-tonsillectomy pain control Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 25, 2001

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Harmonic scalpel speeds tonsillectomy recovery Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 25, 2000

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"Hot" dissection tonsillectomy associated with high morbidity in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 18, 2000

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Codeine may not be required for post-tonsillectomy pain in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000

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Post-tonsillectomy vomiting not reduced by gastric aspiration Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 29, 2000

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Pain after tonsillectomy modestly reduced with dexamethasone Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 22, 1999

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Risk of hemorrhage after tonsillectomy associated with age Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 28, 1999

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Risk of bleeding after tonsillectomy increases with age Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 27, 1999

Periodicals and News

•

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Tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy increases BMI in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 15, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tonsillectomy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Tonsillectomy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tonsillectomy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering tonsillectomy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 6080 62 53 10 8 6213

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tonsillectomy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tonsillectomy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tonsillectomy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tonsillectomy”:

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Bleeding Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleedingdisorders.html Children's Page http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childrenspage.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to tonsillectomy, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Doctor, Explain Tonsils and Adenoids: Insight into Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/tonsils.cfm Tonsillectomy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/tonsillectomyloader.html Tonsillitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00273 Tonsils and Tonsillectomies Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/ears/tonsil.html

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Throat Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/515.xml

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy (with a Bleeding Disorder) Source: Children's Hospitals and Clinics http://xpedio02.childrenshc.org/stellent/groups/public/%40Manuals/%40PFS/% 40Surg/documents/PolicyReferenceProcedure/018766.pdf

•

Children All about Adenoids Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/adenoids.html Having Your Tonsils Taken Out Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/tonsils_out.html Sore Throats (Viral and Bacterial Sore Throats) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ4LP9BH4C&

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sub_cat=107 Tonsillectomy Procedures Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/KidsENT/tonsil_procedures.cfm Tonsillitis Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://entnet.org/KidsENT/tonsillitis.cfm Tonsils and Tonsillectomy Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://entnet.org/KidsENT/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&P ageID=35858 •

Latest News More Tonsillectomies Needed Source: 04/14/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17149 .html

•

Organizations American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/

•

Teenagers Truth about Tonsillitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/common/tonsillitis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tonsillectomy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

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Tonsillectomy Procedures Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2003. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org/kidsent. PRICE: Available free online. Summary: It is recommended that children who have three or more tonsil infections in one year undergo a tonsillectomy. A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which the tonsils are removed. This fact sheet describes the various types of tonsillectomy procedures available today, including cold knife (steel) dissection, electrocautery, harmonic scalpel, radiofrequency excision, contact diode laser, and partial tonsillectomy. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 July; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2911&nbr=2137&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

ASHP therapeutic guidelines for nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis Source: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists - Professional Association; 1999 June 15; 50 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1959&nbr=1185&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 April; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3205&nbr=2431&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2003 April; 53 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3755&nbr=2981&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

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Glomerulonephritis Source: National Committee on Renal Care (Singapore); 2001 October; 132 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2971&nbr=2197&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

Guidelines for referral to pediatric surgical specialists Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3420&nbr=2646&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

HIV-related hematologic manifestations in pediatrics Source: New York State Department of Health - State/Local Government Agency [U.S.]; 2003; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3808&nbr=3034&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

Management of sore throat and indications for tonsillectomy. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 January; 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1841&nbr=1067&a mp;string=tonsillectomy

•

Sore throat and tonsillitis Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 22 (revised 2003 July 17); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4375&nbr=3297&a mp;string=tonsillectomy The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tonsillectomy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tonsillectomy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tonsillectomy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tonsillectomy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tonsillectomy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tonsillectomy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tonsillectomy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tonsillectomy: •

Basic Guidelines for Tonsillectomy Tonsillectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003013.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Tonsillectomy Ear pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003011.htm

•

Background Topics for Tonsillectomy Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TONSILLECTOMY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH]

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Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

Dictionary 105

the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]

Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or

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actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a

Dictionary 107

network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for

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example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cefotiam: A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other

Dictionary 109

medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal

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replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Dexamethasone:

(11

beta,16

alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-

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diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimenhydrinate: A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]

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Dyscrasia: A term formerly used to indicate an abnormal mixture of the four humours; in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous with 'disease' or 'pathologic condition'. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic

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vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-

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identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossalgia: Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. [NIH] Glossectomy: Amputation of the tongue. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glossodynia: Pain in the tongue; glossalgia. [EU] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU]

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Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhaging: A copious discharge of blood from the blood vessels. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

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Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no

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troublesome effect. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation:

A

morphologic

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

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developmental process. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mandibular Condyle: The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of

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water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit.

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Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through

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the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and it has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH]

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Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial Thromboplastin Time: Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic

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nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound. [NIH] Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia. [NIH]

Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Prothrombin Time: Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,

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and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Ramus: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be

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cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retractor: An instrument designed for pulling aside tissues to improve exposure at operation; an instrument for drawing back the edge of a wound. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include

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abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH]

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Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]

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Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and

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antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea. [EU] Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

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Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU]

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Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] nd bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Ablate, 103, 113 Ablation, 44, 56, 76, 103 Abscess, 8, 27, 32, 38, 40, 71, 72, 103, 132 Acetaminophen, 8, 16, 50, 103 Adenitis, 46, 103 Adjustment, 67, 103 Adolescence, 103, 126 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 110, 114, 128 Adrenaline, 11, 103 Adverse Effect, 103, 132 Aerobic, 27, 103 Aerosol, 103, 124 Afferent, 103, 111 Affinity, 103, 112, 133 Agonist, 103, 112, 123 Airway, 4, 11, 22, 30, 66, 103, 104, 132 Airway Obstruction, 11, 22, 66, 104 Algorithms, 104, 106 Alimentary, 104, 126 Alkaline, 104, 107 Alkaloid, 104, 123, 134 Allergen, 104, 132 Alopecia, 104, 111 Alpha Particles, 104, 129 Alternative medicine, 59, 61, 77, 104 Alveoli, 104, 111, 136 Amnestic, 104, 122 Anaerobic, 27, 104, 117 Anaesthesia, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60 Analgesic, 5, 18, 51, 54, 56, 103, 104, 109, 112, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 135 Analog, 104, 112 Anatomical, 104, 131 Androgens, 103, 104, 110 Anesthesia, 7, 22, 23, 36, 37, 44, 47, 51, 60, 72, 103, 104, 120, 122, 128 Antibacterial, 104, 133 Antibiotic, 50, 51, 56, 69, 90, 104, 108, 133 Antibodies, 104, 121, 130 Antibody, 5, 26, 103, 104, 105, 109, 118, 119, 123, 130, 132 Anticholinergics, 52, 105 Anticoagulant, 105, 129 Antiemetic, 15, 59, 105, 112, 117, 122 Antigen, 5, 26, 103, 104, 105, 109, 118, 119, 132 Antihistamine, 69, 105

Anti-inflammatory, 38, 42, 103, 105, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 105, 111, 120 Antimicrobial, 33, 43, 53, 90, 105 Antineoplastic, 105, 111 Antipyretic, 103, 105, 112, 120 Antitussive, 105, 112, 125 Anus, 105, 109, 130 Anxiolytic, 105, 122, 125 Aphthous Stomatitis, 46, 105 Apnea, 3, 77, 90, 105 Appendectomy, 9, 13, 25, 33, 105 Appendicitis, 44, 105 Argon, 9, 13, 105 Arterial, 105, 128 Arteries, 105, 106, 107, 110, 122 Arteriography, 27, 105 Artery, 21, 105, 107, 110, 126, 129 Articular, 105, 122, 125 Aspartate, 105, 112, 120 Asphyxia, 105, 124 Aspiration, 72, 76, 106 Atypical, 106, 119 Autologous, 5, 10, 106 Autonomic, 106, 111, 116, 126 Autosuggestion, 106, 118 Avulsion, 22, 106 B Bacteria, 104, 105, 106, 116, 122, 133, 134, 135, 136 Bacteriophage, 106, 135 Bacterium, 106, 117, 135 Base, 106, 120 Benign, 106, 124, 130 Bilateral, 11, 36, 37, 106 Bile, 106, 121, 128, 134 Bile duct, 106, 128 Biliary, 106, 108, 112 Biliary Tract, 106, 108 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 70, 77, 83, 106 Bismuth, 17, 52, 106 Blood Coagulation, 106, 107, 135 Blood pressure, 4, 106, 107, 123, 133 Blood vessel, 106, 117, 122, 127, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 Body Fluids, 107, 112, 133 Bowel, 107, 119, 120, 136 Brachytherapy, 107, 119, 130

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Branch, 45, 99, 107, 126, 133 Buccal, 107, 134 Bupivacaine, 12, 19, 32, 44, 107, 121 C Calcium, 51, 56, 107, 109, 126, 129 Calcium Chloride, 107, 126 Candidiasis, 72, 107 Candidosis, 107 Carbohydrate, 107, 110, 127 Carbon Dioxide, 107, 108, 115, 127, 131 Carcinogenic, 107, 134 Carcinoma, 5, 60, 107 Cardiac, 107, 113, 114, 121, 122, 123, 134 Cardiorespiratory, 107, 122 Carotid Sinus, 107, 116 Case report, 36, 39, 43, 60, 107, 109 Cefotiam, 43, 108 Cefuroxime, 43, 108 Celiac Disease, 33, 108 Cell, 5, 66 Cell Respiration, 108, 131 Cellulitis, 72, 108 Central Nervous System, 73, 108, 113, 115, 123, 132, 134 Cervical, 13, 32, 46, 108 Cervix, 108 Cheilitis, 51, 108 Chemoreceptors, 108, 116 Chemotherapy, 60, 108, 112, 117 Child Behavior, 27, 108 Cholesterol, 106, 108, 134 Chromosome, 108, 121 Chronic, 18, 19, 108, 119, 120, 121, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 Chronic Disease, 108, 121 Cisplatin, 108, 125 Clear cell carcinoma, 108, 111 Clinical study, 108, 110 Clinical trial, 5, 83, 109, 110, 112, 129, 130 Cloning, 106, 109 Coagulation, 9, 13, 45, 106, 109, 117, 126, 127 Codeine, 8, 50, 52, 76, 109, 112, 125 Cofactor, 109, 128, 135 Cognition, 70, 109, 120, 124 Colitis, 109 Collapse, 109, 132 Colon, 109, 119, 120, 136 Complement, 109, 110, 127, 132 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 61, 110 Complementary medicine, 59, 110

Complete remission, 110, 130 Computational Biology, 83, 110 Congestion, 110, 111 Connective Tissue, 108, 110, 115, 121, 122, 123, 131 Consciousness, 104, 110 Consultation, 16, 34, 110 Consumption, 6, 54, 110, 125 Contraindications, ii, 73, 110 Controlled clinical trial, 11, 110 Controlled study, 14, 18, 50, 110 Cornea, 110, 134 Coronary, 110, 122 Coronary Thrombosis, 110, 122 Corticosteroid, 55, 110, 128, 134 Cortisone, 111, 112 Coumarins, 111, 129 Cranial, 73, 111, 116, 126, 127 Cranial Nerves, 73, 111 Creatinine, 4, 111 Cutaneous, 107, 111 Cyclophosphamide, 4, 111 Cytotoxic, 111, 125, 130 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 111, 125 D Dantrolene, 37, 53, 111 Databases, Bibliographic, 83, 111 Decongestant, 69, 111 Degenerative, 111, 117, 123, 125 Dehydration, 66, 111 Dentists, 67, 111 Dentition, 3, 111 Dermatology, 35, 72, 111 DES, 71, 111 Dexamethasone, 7, 16, 17, 37, 44, 52, 76, 111 Dextromethorphan, 53, 54, 112 Diabetes Mellitus, 42, 55, 112, 116 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 77, 112 Diathermy, 11, 17, 54, 112 Diclofenac, 12, 14, 16, 30, 37, 39, 50, 53, 76, 112 Diclofenac Sodium, 112 Dicyclomine, 105, 112 Digestion, 104, 106, 107, 112, 120, 121, 134 Digestive tract, 112, 133 Dimenhydrinate, 56, 112 Diphenhydramine, 112 Direct, iii, 112, 130 Dissection, 8, 11, 14, 17, 23, 34, 36, 53, 54, 67, 73, 76, 90, 112 Distal, 66, 112, 113, 129

141

Dopamine, 112, 122 Double-blind, 8, 18, 20, 30, 35, 37, 41, 53, 56, 112 Duct, 112, 131, 134 Dyscrasia, 60, 113 E Edema, 113, 123 Efferent, 111, 113 Efficacy, 14, 19, 20, 44, 50, 51, 53, 56, 113 Effusion, 69, 70, 72, 113 Elective, 27, 113 Electrocoagulation, 66, 109, 113 Electrode, 67, 113 Electrolyte, 110, 113, 123, 133 Ellagic Acid, 113, 126 Emesis, 37, 113, 128 Emphysema, 13, 43, 113 Endocarditis, 61, 107, 113 Endocardium, 113 Endocrinology, 113, 117 Endoscopic, 113, 122 Environmental Health, 82, 84, 113 Enzymatic, 107, 109, 113, 117 Enzyme, 113, 127, 135, 137 Eosinophilia, 113, 114 Epidermoid carcinoma, 113, 133 Epinephrine, 103, 112, 113 Epithelial, 66, 114 Erythrocytes, 114, 132 Erythroplakia, 72, 114 Esophagus, 112, 114, 127, 134 Esotropia, 114, 134 Estradiol, 114 Estriol, 36, 114 Excitation, 111, 114 Exotropia, 114, 134 Expiration, 114, 131 External-beam radiation, 114, 130 Extracellular, 110, 114, 115, 133 F Facial, 3, 46, 114, 126 Family Planning, 83, 114 Fasciitis, 13, 114 Fat, 110, 114, 121, 131, 133 Fentanyl, 29, 114 Fibrin, 10, 18, 106, 114, 126, 135 Fibrinogen, 114, 126, 127, 129, 135 Fibroblasts, 114, 115 Fibrosarcoma, 114, 115 Fibrosis, 115, 131 Fixation, 115, 132 Forearm, 106, 114, 115

Fungi, 115, 122, 135, 137 Fungus, 107, 115 G Gamma Rays, 115, 129, 130 Ganglia, 115, 124, 127 Gas, 105, 107, 115, 124, 125, 134, 136 Gas exchange, 115, 136 Gastric, 76, 115, 117 Gene, 70, 106, 116 Genital, 108, 116, 117, 136 Genotype, 116, 127 Gingivitis, 72, 116 Gland, 103, 111, 116, 121, 126, 127, 131, 134 Glossalgia, 116 Glossectomy, 31, 116 Glossitis, 72, 116 Glossodynia, 72, 116 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 45, 116 Glucocorticoid, 112, 116, 128 Glucose, 112, 116, 131 Glucose Intolerance, 112, 116 Glutamate, 112, 116 Gluten, 108, 116 Gonadal, 116, 134 Gonorrhea, 108, 116 Governing Board, 116, 128 Gram-negative, 108, 116, 117 Gram-positive, 108, 116, 134 Granisetron, 14, 23, 117 Growth, 3, 12, 103, 104, 105, 114, 117, 119, 122, 124, 127 Gynecology, 72, 117 H Haematemesis, 113, 117 Haematoma, 117 Haemophilus, 6, 108, 117 Haemorrhage, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24, 27, 36, 39, 42, 117 Haemostasis, 11, 34, 117 Hearing aid, 73, 117 Hematuria, 4, 117 Hemolytic, 114, 117 Hemorrhage, 20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 34, 38, 39, 45, 51, 66, 76, 113, 117, 128, 129 Hemorrhaging, 66, 117 Hemostasis, 9, 66, 67, 117, 132 Heparin, 117, 126 Hepatitis, 117, 119 Hepatomegaly, 117, 119 Heredity, 116, 117 Heterotropia, 117, 134

142

Tonsillectomy

Histamine, 105, 112, 117 Hoarseness, 118, 120 Homologous, 118, 132 Hormonal, 110, 118 Hormone, 103, 110, 111, 113, 114, 118, 128, 131 Host, 106, 107, 118, 136 Hyperplasia, 118, 123 Hypersensitivity, 104, 112, 118, 131, 132 Hyperthermia, 112, 118 Hypertrophy, 28, 118 Hypnotic, 112, 118, 122 I Iatrogenic, 73, 118 Ibuprofen, 18, 53, 118, 120 Id, 57, 61, 88, 90, 91, 92, 98, 100, 118 Immune response, 105, 111, 118, 132, 136, 137 Immune system, 118, 121, 136, 137 Immunization, 118, 132 Immunoglobulin, 4, 26, 104, 118, 123 Immunologic, 118, 130 Immunosuppressive, 111, 116, 118 Implant radiation, 118, 119, 130 In vitro, 5, 118, 119 In vivo, 117, 118, 119 Incision, 119, 135 Indicative, 70, 119, 126, 136 Induction, 104, 112, 119, 120 Infant Behavior, 108, 119 Infarction, 110, 119, 122 Infection, 16, 20, 27, 28, 66, 71, 107, 108, 114, 119, 121, 131, 134, 135, 137 Infectious Mononucleosis, 21, 119 Infertility, 119, 136 Infiltration, 19, 32, 55, 76, 119, 128 Inflammation, 71, 72 Inflammatory bowel disease, 9, 119 Inlay, 119, 131 Inner ear, 119, 120 Interleukins, 19, 119 Internal radiation, 119, 130 Intestinal, 108, 119, 121 Intestinal Mucosa, 108, 119 Intestine, 105, 107, 118, 120 Intracellular, 119, 120 Intramuscular, 9, 50, 53, 120, 126 Intravenous, 17, 54, 120, 126 Intrinsic, 103, 120, 126 Ionizing, 104, 120, 130 Ions, 106, 113, 120, 129 Irrigation, 67, 73, 120

K Kb, 82, 120 Ketamine, 29, 50, 51, 120 Ketoprofen, 15, 26, 29, 30, 52, 55, 120 Ketorolac, 30, 54, 120 Kidney Disease, 4, 82, 120 L Labyrinth, 119, 120, 125 Labyrinthitis, 71, 120 Language Development, 73, 120 Large Intestine, 112, 120, 130 Laryngeal, 30, 31, 45, 120 Laryngectomy, 73, 120 Laryngitis, 71, 120 Larynx, 11, 21, 23, 27, 38, 39, 43, 52, 55, 120, 135, 137 Latent, 120, 128 Leucocyte, 121 Leukaemia, 16, 121 Leukocytes, 119, 121 Leukoplakia, 72, 121 Levorphanol, 112, 121 Library Services, 98, 121 Lidocaine, 11, 44, 121 Ligation, 11, 51, 121 Linkage, 9, 121 Lipid, 121, 122 Liver, 20, 103, 106, 111, 117, 121, 128 Localized, 103, 115, 117, 119, 121, 127, 131, 136 Lumen, 66, 121 Lymph, 108, 119, 121, 124 Lymph node, 108, 121, 124 Lymphadenopathy, 119, 121 Lymphatic, 119, 121, 122 Lymphocyte, 105, 121 Lymphoid, 66, 67, 104, 121, 135 M Malabsorption, 108, 121 Malformation, 34, 121 Malignant, 105, 114, 122, 124, 130 Mandible, 122 Mandibular Condyle, 22, 122 Manifest, 122, 134 Mediate, 56, 76, 112, 122 Medical Records, 122, 131 MEDLINE, 83, 122 Medullary, 112, 122 Membrane, 66, 105, 109, 116, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132 Meninges, 108, 122 Mental, iv, 4, 82, 84, 109, 122, 129

143

Mental Disorders, 122, 129 Mesenchymal, 25, 122 Meta-Analysis, 7, 19, 38, 122 Metabolite, 114, 122 Methylprednisolone, 4, 122 Metoclopramide, 14, 122 MI, 46, 102, 122 Microorganism, 109, 122, 137 Midazolam, 7, 122 Mineralocorticoids, 103, 110, 122 Mitochondrial Swelling, 123, 124 Modification, 36, 123, 129 Molecular, 20, 83, 85, 104, 106, 110, 115, 117, 123 Molecule, 105, 106, 109, 114, 123, 130, 136 Monitor, 108, 111, 123, 124, 126 Monoclonal, 123, 130 Mononuclear, 5, 114, 119, 123 Morphine, 28, 39, 40, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 109, 123, 125 Morphology, 3, 123 Motion Sickness, 14, 71, 112, 123, 124 Mucociliary, 123, 132 Mucosa, 66, 123, 134 Muscle relaxant, 111, 123 Myocardium, 122, 123 N Nalbuphine, 51, 123 Narcotic, 114, 121, 123, 124, 135 Nasal Mucosa, 123 Nasal Polyps, 71, 123 Nasopharynx, 116, 123 Nausea, 54, 60, 105, 112, 123, 125 Neck dissection, 73, 124 Necrosis, 66, 114, 119, 122, 124 Need, 3, 48, 69, 71, 72, 93, 103, 124 Neoplasms, 105, 123, 124, 130 Nephropathy, 4, 14, 33, 39, 42, 44, 55, 120, 124 Nerve, 22, 26, 32, 66, 104, 113, 116, 124, 126, 128, 131, 134, 135 Nervous System, 73, 103, 108, 124, 126 Networks, 12, 124 Neural, 12, 73, 103, 124 Neural Pathways, 73, 124 Neuroleptic, 124, 125 Neurologic, 70, 124 Neurology, 72, 124 Neuromuscular, 111, 124 Neurotoxicity, 112, 124 Neutrons, 104, 124, 129 Nitrogen, 104, 105, 111, 115, 124

Nitrous Oxide, 47, 124 Nuclear, 115, 124 Nucleus, 115, 123, 124, 125, 129 O Obstetrics, 72, 125 Olfaction, 73, 108, 125 Ondansetron, 37, 53, 56, 125 Ophthalmology, 26, 72, 115, 125 Opiate, 123, 125 Opium, 123, 125 Ossicles, 125 Osteoarthritis, 120, 125 Otitis, 69, 72, 125 Otitis Media, 69, 72, 125 Otitis Media with Effusion, 69, 72, 125 Otolaryngologist, 12, 125 Otolaryngology, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 72, 88, 89, 90 Otosclerosis, 71, 125 Outpatient, 5, 21, 38, 41, 47, 50, 125 Oxygen Consumption, 125, 131 P Paediatric, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39, 42, 51, 53, 54, 56, 125 Palate, 22, 116, 123, 125, 132, 134, 135, 136 Palsy, 32, 125 Paralysis, 26, 71, 114, 126 Paranasal Sinuses, 126, 132 Parenteral, 29, 126 Parotid, 116, 126 Paroxysmal, 32, 37, 126 Partial remission, 126, 130 Partial Thromboplastin Time, 46, 126 Parturition, 125, 126 Patch, 114, 121, 126 Pathologic, 107, 110, 113, 118, 126, 136 Patient Education, 89, 96, 98, 102, 126 Pediatrics, 10, 52, 88, 90, 91, 126 Perceived risk, 44, 126 Perforation, 71, 126 Perinatal, 108, 126 Periodontitis, 116, 126 Perioperative, 8, 19, 43, 56, 126 Peripheral blood, 5, 126 Peripheral Nervous System, 125, 126 Petechiae, 117, 127 Pharmacologic, 104, 127, 135 Pharyngitis, 46, 72, 127 Pharynx, 71, 72, 123, 127, 135 Phenotype, 5, 35, 127 Phosphorus, 107, 127 Photocoagulation, 109, 127

144

Tonsillectomy

Physiology, 72, 73, 113, 117, 127 Pilot study, 11, 14, 24, 34, 52, 127 Pituitary Gland, 110, 127 Placebo Effect, 8, 127 Placenta, 114, 127, 128, 129 Plants, 104, 107, 116, 123, 127, 131, 135 Plasma, 44, 56, 76, 104, 114, 116, 117, 123, 126, 127, 129 Plasma protein, 127, 129 Pneumonia, 110, 127 Poisoning, 107, 124, 127 Polysaccharide, 105, 127 Posterior, 116, 122, 125, 127, 135, 136 Postoperative, 4, 5, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60 Postoperative Hemorrhage, 14, 46, 128 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting, 20, 29, 60, 128 Practice Guidelines, 27, 69, 84, 90, 128 Precursor, 111, 112, 113, 128, 129 Predisposition, 12, 128 Prednisolone, 20, 122, 128 Preoperative, 4, 43, 46, 54, 76, 128 Prevalence, 70, 128 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 13, 128 Procaine, 121, 128 Progesterone, 128, 134 Progression, 4, 128 Progressive, 4, 117, 124, 125, 128 Prophylaxis, 20, 43, 51, 59, 60, 90, 128, 136 Propofol, 37, 47, 55, 128 Prospective study, 8, 11, 24, 25, 34, 128 Protein S, 70, 106, 128 Proteins, 105, 109, 123, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135 Proteinuria, 4, 129 Prothrombin, 46, 126, 129, 135 Prothrombin Time, 46, 129 Protocol, 5, 129 Protons, 104, 120, 129 Proximal, 112, 129, 132 Psychiatry, 72, 115, 129, 136 Puberty, 25, 129 Public Policy, 83, 129 Publishing, 3, 6, 72, 129 Puerperium, 125, 129 Pulmonary, 36, 106, 110, 129, 136 Pulmonary Artery, 106, 129, 136 Pulmonary Edema, 36, 129 Pulse, 4, 42, 55, 123, 129 Purpura, 117, 129 Q Quality of Life, 13, 76, 129

R Radiation, 73, 76, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 129, 130, 137 Radiation therapy, 73, 76, 114, 119, 129 Radio Waves, 112, 130 Radioactive, 118, 119, 124, 130 Radioimmunotherapy, 130 Radiolabeled, 130 Radiotherapy, 60, 107, 130 Ramus, 122, 130 Randomized, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 30, 35, 41, 50, 52, 54, 56, 113, 130 Randomized clinical trial, 5, 130 Receptor, 105, 112, 117, 125, 130, 132 Rectal, 37, 50, 130 Rectum, 105, 109, 112, 115, 119, 120, 130 Refer, 1, 107, 109, 115, 124, 130, 132 Refraction, 130, 133 Refractory, 32, 113, 130 Regimen, 56, 113, 127, 130 Remission, 4, 130 Respiration, 24, 105, 107, 123, 131 Respiratory Physiology, 131, 136 Restoration, 70, 131 Retractor, 66, 67, 131 Retrospective, 4, 8, 21, 22, 39, 46, 131 Retrospective study, 8, 21, 39, 131 Rheumatism, 118, 131 Rheumatoid, 120, 131 Rheumatoid arthritis, 120, 131 Risk factor, 13, 128, 131 S Saliva, 131 Salivary, 26, 33, 53, 73, 131 Salivary glands, 73, 131 Saponins, 131, 134 Scalpel, 7, 19, 24, 43, 52, 76, 90, 131 Scleroderma, 114, 131 Sclerosis, 35, 131 Screening, 109, 126, 131 Secretion, 111, 112, 117, 119, 123, 131 Sedative, 109, 112, 122, 131 Seizures, 126, 131 Sensibility, 104, 132 Sensitization, 5, 132 Septal, 71, 132 Septum, 71, 132 Septum Pellucidum, 132 Sequencing, 70, 132 Serotonin, 117, 125, 132 Serrated, 67, 132 Serum, 4, 19, 109, 123, 132

145

Sex Characteristics, 103, 104, 129, 132 Side effect, 6, 73, 103, 111, 132, 135 Signs and Symptoms, 130, 132 Sinusitis, 73, 132 Sleep apnea, 3, 9, 31, 46, 77, 90, 132 Smooth muscle, 117, 123, 132 Snoring, 3, 132 Social Environment, 129, 132 Sodium, 37, 53, 112, 123, 133 Soft tissue, 114, 115, 133 Somatic, 103, 111, 116, 126, 133 Sound wave, 112, 133 Spasticity, 111, 133 Specialist, 51, 92, 133 Species, 113, 117, 123, 133, 134, 135 Spectrum, 19, 108, 130, 133 Sphincter, 120, 133 Spinal cord, 108, 122, 124, 126, 133 Splenomegaly, 119, 133 Squamous, 37, 60, 113, 133 Squamous cell carcinoma, 37, 60, 113, 133 Squamous cells, 133 Stabilization, 67, 133 Stabilizer, 66, 67, 133 Steel, 90, 133 Stenosis, 35, 134 Sterility, 111, 119, 134 Steroid, 4, 42, 43, 55, 56, 69, 111, 131, 134 Steroid therapy, 4, 56, 69, 134 Stimulus, 113, 114, 134 Stomach, 112, 114, 115, 118, 123, 127, 134 Stomatitis, 72, 134 Strabismus, 23, 134 Streptococcal, 28, 134 Streptococcus, 114, 134 Stress, 124, 128, 131, 134 Stricture, 134 Stroma, 66, 134 Subacute, 119, 132, 134 Subclinical, 119, 131, 134 Subcutaneous, 43, 108, 113, 126, 134 Suction, 34, 43, 67, 134 Suppression, 111, 134 Systemic, 106, 107, 113, 119, 128, 130, 131, 134 T Theophylline, 112, 134 Thrombin, 114, 129, 135 Thromboplastin, 129, 135 Thrombosis, 29, 128, 135 Thrush, 72, 107, 135 Tinnitus, 125, 135

Tissue, 5, 66, 67 Tonsil, 13, 66, 88, 89, 90, 135 Tonsillitis, 7, 18, 19, 42, 71, 72, 88, 89, 91, 135 Topical, 44, 135 Toxic, iv, 135 Toxicology, 84, 135 Toxins, 105, 119, 130, 135 Trachea, 120, 127, 135 Tracheitis, 10, 135 Tracheotomy, 38, 135 Tramadol, 18, 40, 51, 76, 135 Transduction, 73, 135 Transfection, 106, 135 Trauma, 124, 135 Tunica, 123, 135 U Ulcer, 72, 108, 136 Ulcerative colitis, 119, 128, 136 Unconscious, 118, 136 Urinary, 4, 112, 136 Urinary tract, 112, 136 Urine, 111, 114, 117, 129, 136 Urology, 72, 136 Uterus, 108, 128, 136 Uvula, 132, 136 V Vaccination, 5, 136 Vaccine, 5, 129, 136 Vagina, 107, 108, 111, 136 Vaginitis, 107, 136 Vascular, 119, 127, 136 Vasoconstriction, 114, 117, 136 Vector, 135, 136 Vein, 120, 124, 126, 136 Venous, 34, 128, 136 Ventilation, 15, 136 Ventricle, 129, 136 Vertigo, 112, 125, 136 Veterinarians, 67, 137 Veterinary Medicine, 83, 137 Villous, 108, 137 Viral, 88, 135, 137 Virus, 20, 106, 119, 135, 137 Visceral, 111, 116, 137 Visceral Afferents, 116, 137 Vitro, 5, 117, 137 Vocal cord, 71, 137 W White blood cell, 104, 119, 121, 137 Windpipe, 127, 137

146

Tonsillectomy

X X-ray, 105, 115, 124, 129, 130, 133, 137

Y Yeasts, 107, 115, 127, 137

147

148

Tonsillectomy

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