The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria

TH E R O Y AL I N S C R I PT I O N S O F TIGL A TH -P IL E S E R I I I ( 744– 727 BC ) A N D S HALM A N ES ER V ( 726– 722 BC ) , K I N G S O F A S S Y RI A

THE ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN PERIOD

EDITORIAL BOARD Grant Frame (Philadelphia) Director and Editor-in-Chief Barry L. Eichler (New York) Erle Leichty (Philadelphia) Karen Radner (London) Steve Tinney (Philadelphia)

PROJECT CONSULTANTS Robert K. Englund (Los Angeles) A. Kirk Grayson (Toronto) Simo Parpola (Helsinki)

Volumes Published 4╇ The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC) ERLE LEICHTY

THE ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN PERIOD VOLUME 1

The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727€BC), and Shalmaneser V (726–722€BC), Kings of Assyria H a y i m T a d m o r ‫ל‬″‫ ז‬and S h i g e o Y a m a d a with the editorial assistance of Jamie Novotny

Winona Lake, Indiana EISENBRAUNS 2011

© Copyright 2011 Eisenbrauns All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-1-57506-220-4

The research and publication of this volume have been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the University of Pennsylvania.

Cover illustration: BM 118908, lower register (text nos. 18–19) Drawing by K. E. Leaman Insua.

The text editions in this work were produced using Oracc. See http://oracc.org for further information.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tadmor, Hayim â•… The royal inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), kings of Assyria / Hayim Tadmor and Shigeo Yamada ; with the editorial assistance of Jamie Novotny. â•…â•…â•…â•… p.â•… cm. — (The royal inscriptions of the neo-Assyrian period ; v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57506-220-4 (hardback : alk. paper) 1.╇ Cuneiform inscriptions, Akkadian.â•… 2.╇ Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria, d. 727 B.C.â•… ╉ 3.╇ Shalmaneser V, King of Assyria, d. 722 B.C.â•… 4.╇ Assyria—History—Sources.â•… 5.╇ Akkadian language— Texts.â•… 6.╇ Assyria—Kings and rulers.â•… I.╇ Yamada, Shigeoâ•… II.╇ Novotny, Jamie R.â•… III.╇ Title. PJ3837.T5T34â•…2011 492′.1—dc22 2011035528

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †Ê

To The Babylonian Section of the Penn Museum, a delightful space in Philadelphia

Contents

Detailed Table of Contents . . List of Figures . . . . . . . . . Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editorial Notes . . . . . . . . . Bibliographical Abbreviations Other Abbreviations . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix xiii xv xvii xix xxiii xxxi

Object Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxxiii

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.

Introduction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

I. Tiglath-pileser III The Kalḫu Annals Stone Slabs — Nos. 1–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

Other Annalistic Accounts Stele — No. 35 . . . . . . Statue — No. 36 . . . . . Rock Relief — No. 37 . . Clay Object — No. 38 . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80 88 89 93

Summary Inscriptions from Kalḫu Stone Slabs — Nos. 39–45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay Tablets — Nos. 46–52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94 113

Miscellaneous Texts Basalt Bulls — No. 53 . . . . . . . . . . Stone Block — No. 54 . . . . . . . . . . Epigraphs on Stone Slabs — Nos. 55–57 Bricks — Nos. 58–60 . . . . . . . . . . . Duck Weights — Nos. 61–62 . . . . . . . Lion Weight — No. 63 . . . . . . . . . . Bead — No. 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

139 142 143 147 150 152 153

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. Tiglath-pileser III: Uncertain Texts Clay Vessel — No. 1001 . . . . . . Enameled Tiles — Nos. 1002–1003 Bead — No. 1004 . . . . . . . . . . Stone Object — No. 1005 . . . . . . Stone Plate — No. 1006 . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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155 155 157 158 158

Contents

viii

Brick — No. 1007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Tiglath-pileser III: High Officials and Royal Women Ninurta-bēlu-uṣur inscription Basalt Lions — No. 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aššur-rēmanni inscription Metal Disc — No. 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yabâ inscriptions Stone Tablet — No. 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold Bowls — Nos. 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . Kīdītê inscription (uncertain attribution) Brick — No. 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

159

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161

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163

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164 166

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167

IV. Shalmaneser V Lion Weights — Nos. 1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

171

V. Shalmaneser V: Uncertain Texts Clay Cones — No. 1001 . . . . . Brick — No. 1002 . . . . . . . . Lion Weight — No. 1003 . . . . Clay Ovals — No. 1004 . . . .

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183 183 184 185

VI. Shalmaneser V: Royal Women Bānītu inscriptions Gold Bowl — No. 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cosmetic Container — No. 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

187 188

Score of Tiglath-pileser III 2001 . . . . Index of Museum Numbers . . . . . . Index of Excavation Numbers . . . . . Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concordances of Selected Publications

191 193 197 199 207

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Detailed Table of Contents

Introduction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Tiglath-pileser III The Kalḫu Annals Stone Slabs No. 1 — Unit 1 (A, 1) / Ann. 1a+b No. 2 — Unit 2 (A, 2) . . . . . . . No. 3 — Unit 3 (A, 3) . . . . . . . No. 4 — Unit 4 (A, 4) . . . . . . . No. 5 — Unit 5 (B, 1) / Ann. 9 . . No. 6 — Unit 6 (B, 2) / Ann. 10 . No. 7 — Unit 7 (B, 3) / Ann. 11 . No. 8 — Unit 8 (B, 4) / Ann. 12 . No. 9 — Unit 9 (C, 1) / Ann. 17 . No. 10 — Unit 10 (C, 2) / Ann. 20 No. 11 — Unit 11 (C, 3) / Ann. 21 No. 12 — Unit 12 (C, 4) / Ann. 25 No. 13 — Unit 13 (C, 5) / Ann. 19* No. 14 — Unit 14 (B, 5) / Ann. 13* No. 15 — Unit 15 (B, 6) / Ann. 14* No. 16 — Unit 16 (B, 7) / Ann. 15 No. 17 — Unit 17 (B, 8) / Ann. 16 No. 18 — Unit 18 (A, 8) / Ann. 5 No. 19 — Unit 19 (A, 9) / Ann. 6 No. 20 — Unit 20 (C, 9) / Ann. 23 No. 21 — Unit 21 (C, 10 ) / Ann. 24 No. 22 — Unit 22 (C, 11 ) / Ann. 18 No. 23 — Unit 23 (A, 10) / Ann. 7 No. 24 — Unit 24 (A, 11) / Ann. 11 No. 25 — Unit 25 (C, 12 ) / Ann. 28 No. 26 — Unit 26 (A, 5) / Ann. 2 No. 27 — Unit 27 (A, 6) / Ann. 3 No. 28 — Unit 28 (A, 7) / Ann. 4 No. 29 — Unit 28x / Ann. 4 x . . . No. 30 — Unit 29 (C, 6) / Ann. 22 No. 31 — Unit 30 (C, 7) / Ann. 26 No. 32 — Unit 31 (C, 8) / Ann. 27 No. 33 — Unit 32 . . . . . . . . . No. 34 — Unit 33 . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

20 22 23 24 26 28 30 31 33 35 37 38 40 44 47 49 51 54 56 57 60 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 73 75 76 78 79

Detailed Table of Contents

x

Other Annalistic Accounts No. 35 — Iran Stele . . . . . . . . . . . No. 36 — Statue . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 37 — Mila Mergi Rock Relief . . . No. 38 — Clay Object . . . . . . . . . . Summary Inscriptions from Kalḫu Stone Slabs No. 39 — Summ. 1 . . . . . . . No. 40 — Summ. 2 . . . . . . . No. 41 — Summ. 3 . . . . . . . No. 42 — Summ. 4 . . . . . . . No. 43 — Summ. 5 . . . . . . . No. 44 — Summ. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 45 — Summ. 14 Clay Tablets No. 46 — Summ. 6 No. 47 — Summ. 7 No. 48 — Summ. 8 No. 49 — Summ. 9 No. 50 — Summ. 10 No. 51 — Summ. 11 No. 52 — Summ. 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80 88 89 93

95 99 101 104 107 110 112

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113 115 125 128 133 134 137

Miscellaneous Texts Basalt Bulls No. 53 — Misc. I, 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

139

Stone Block No. 54 — Misc. I, 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

142

Epigraphs on Stone Slabs No. 55 — Misc. II, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 56 — Misc. II, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 57 — Misc. II, 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

144 144 146

Bricks No. 58 — Misc. III, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 59 — Misc. III, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

147 148 149

Duck Weights No. 61 — Misc. IV, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150 151

Lion Weight No. 63 — Misc. IV, 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

152

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

153

II. Tiglath-pileser III: Uncertain Texts Clay Vessel No. 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155

Bead No. 64 — Misc. V

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Detailed Table of Contents

Enameled Tiles No. 1002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 1003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bead No. 1004

xi

155 156

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157

Stone Object No. 1005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

Stone Plate No. 1006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

Brick No. 1007

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159

III. Tiglath-pileser III: High Officials and Royal Women Ninurta-bēlu-uṣur inscription Basalt lions No. 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

161

Aššur-rēmanni inscription Metal Disc No. 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163

Yabâ inscriptions Stone Tablet No. 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

164

Gold Bowls No. 2004 No. 2005

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

166 167

Kīdītê inscription (uncertain attribution) Brick No. 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

167

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. Shalmaneser V Lion Weights . . . No. 1 No. 2 . . . . . . No. 3 No. 4 . . . No. 5 . . . . . . No. 6 No. 7 . . . No. 8 . . . . . . No. 9

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171 172 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

V. Shalmaneser V: Uncertain Texts Clay Cones No. 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

183

Brick No. 1002

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

183

Detailed Table of Contents

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Lion Weight No. 1003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

184

Clay Ovals No. 1004

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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VI. Shalmaneser V: Royal Women Bānītu inscriptions Gold Bowl No. 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

187

Cosmetic Container No. 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

188

List of Figures

Figure 1. BM 118905 (text no. 17), a relief from Tiglath-pileser III’s palace depicting a rider being attacked by Assyrian horsemen and inscribed with Kalu Annals Series B . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

Figure 2. BM 118908 (text no. 18), a relief from Tiglath-pileser III’s palace depicting the king in his chariot and inscribed with Kalu Annals Series A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

Figure 3. BM 115634 + BM 118903 (text no. 28), a relief from Tiglath-pileser III’s palace depicting the siege of the city Upa and inscribed with Kalu Annals Series A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

Figure 4. BM 118900 (text no. 30), a portrait of Tiglath-pileser III from his palace, with Kalu Annals Series C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

Figure 5. Israel Museum 74.49.96a (+) 74.49.96b + private collection (H. Mahboubian) (text no. 35), front of a stele of Tiglath-pileser III discovered in Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

Figure 6. K 3751 (text no. 47, obverse), a clay tablet discovered at Kalu inscribed with a summary inscription of Tiglath-pileser III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117

Figure 6. K 3751 (text no. 47, reverse), a clay tablet discovered at Kalu inscribed with a summary inscription of Tiglath-pileser III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


117

Figure 8. AO 11501 (text no. 53 ex. 1), an inscribed bull colossus of Tiglath-pileser III discovered by F. Thureau-Dangin at Arslan Tash in 1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


141

Figure 9. 
11500 (text no. 53 ex. 1*), an inscribed bull colossus of Tiglath-pileser III discovered by F. Thureau- Dangin at Arslan Tash in 1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


141

Figure 10. BM 115634 (text no. 55), a relief from Tiglath-pileser III’s palace with a one-word epigraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11. YBC 16941 (text no. 2006), a brick fragment with an inscription of Kdtê, a provincial governor of a Tiglath-pileser, possibly the third king of this name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145 168

Figure 12. BM 91220, BM 91221, BM 91226, BM 91222, BM 91228, and BM 91232 (Shalmaneser V text nos. 1003, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 respectively), lion weights inscribed with Akkadian and Aramaic texts of Shalmaneser V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


173

Figure 13. BM 91220 (Shalmaneser V no. 1003) A lion weight, possibly from the reign of Shalmaneser V, inscribed with two short Aramaic texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Foreword

The present series of publications, Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP), is intended to present up-to-date editions of the royal inscriptions of a number of Neo-Assyrian rulers. It is modeled on the publications of the now-defunct Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia (RIM) series and carries on where its RIMA (Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods) publications ended. The RIM Project was initiated by A. Kirk Grayson at the University of Toronto in 1979 and over the years received extensive support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the University of Toronto, and private individuals, in particular Dr. Lawrence Shiff. In all, it produced ten volumes in its various sub-series. Dr. Grayson retired from the University of Toronto in 2000 and a few years later found it necessary to cease scholarly pursuits due to personal and family illnesses. At that time, he handed over responsibility for the work of the project to me, formerly the assistant director and at times acting director of the RIM Project. When I took up a position at the University of Pennsylvania in 2006 and when the last RIM volume (RIME 1 by Dr. Douglas R. Frayne) appeared in early 2008, the RIM Project officially ceased to exist. Work on several further volumes of inscriptions of Assyrian and Babylonian rulers had already begun during the time of the RIM Project and Dr. Grayson passed on responsibility for the materials and manuscripts to myself, and thus in 2007 I initiated the current project in order to continue the task of making the official inscriptions of the several important Neo-Assyrian rulers available in up-to-date, scholarly editions. While the volumes in the new series will resemble the format of the RIM volumes in most matters, the RINAP volumes will include indices of proper names and a selection of photographs. Moreover, editions of the texts will also be available online, in connection with the Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (Oracc). The National Endowment for the Humanities awarded the RINAP Project research grants in 2008 and in 2010 to help carry out its work and my thanks must be expressed to it. My appreciation must also be extended to the University of Pennsylvania and to the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, in whose Babylonian Section the project is based. Philadelphia September 2011

G. Frame Editor-in-Chief

Preface

In the late 1980s, A. Kirk Grayson invited Hayim Tadmor to prepare the volume of inscriptions of Tiglathpileser III and Shalmaneser V for the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia (RIM) Project. After Tadmor published his book The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria (= Tigl. III) in 1994, he invited me to prepare the then-scheduled RIMA 4 jointly with him. In 2001, we began updating the editions of the Tiglath-pileser III corpus. In order to improve the transliterations, translations, and historical interpretations of the texts, we studied all of the published reviews of Tadmor, Tigl. III and other critical comments sent from colleagues to Tadmor himself. The corrections in Addenda et Corrigenda of the second printing of Tigl. III (2008), which appeared after Tadmor’s death (December 11, 2005), reflect a portion of our collaborative efforts on this group of texts. Numerous other additions and corrections that Tadmor and I discussed have been incorporated into the present volume. Between 2001 and early 2007, our collaborative efforts were more or less suspended, mainly due to personal obligations but also because the fate of the RIM Project was in jeopardy due to funding problems. When Grant Frame decided to revive the Assyrian Periods sub-series of the RIM Project (RIMA) at the University of Pennsylvania in a new series, I resumed my work on inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V. To facilitate production of the book and at the personal invitation of Grant Frame, I worked for about six months in Philadelphia, in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (June–November, 2007). During that time, I wrote most of the introductions and commentaries, updated the bibliographies, and prepared the editions of texts that were not included in Tadmor, Tigl. III. Thus, I am responsible for most of the content in RINAP 1 that deviates from Tadmor’s original publication; my research owes much to Hayim Tadmor’s work. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the individuals at the University of Pennsylvania who aided me in the production of this volume. Jamie Novotny not only helped with the initial computer entry of the editions published in Tadmor, Tigl. III and the preparation of the penultimate and ultimate manuscripts (2010–2011), but also with the collation of objects in the British Museum (London) and Vorderasiastiches Museum (Berlin) and the preparation of the bibliographies, indices, and images. Furthermore, he carefully reviewed the editions and suggested restorations for damaged text based on parallel passages in other late Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions, a task facilitated by the electronic tools provided by the Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (Oracc) Project created by Steve Tinney. Grant Frame, the director and editor-in-chief of the Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period Project, always supported our research, attentively followed its progress, and provided useful feedback. Steve Tinney offered unfailing and indispensable support for generating the camera-ready copy and the full-indexed and lemmatized online version. Several student assistants helped in the completion of the volume: Hezekiah Akiva Bacovcin, Andrew Knapp, and Irene Sibbing Plantholt. Erle Leichty and Barry Eichler were friendly hosts during my repeated and extended trips to the Babylonian Section (2007–2011). My deepest gratitude is offered to all of them. The penultimate manuscript was read by three external reviewers: Eckart Frahm, Wilfred Lambert, and Nicholas Postgate. They made astute comments and useful criticism on numerous points on the transliteration and translation, from philological and historical viewpoints. Their critical notes helped me to substantially improve the accuracy of the editions and statements made in the introductions, commentaries, and on-page notes. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of them for their cooperative attitude and for spending considerable time and energy improving this volume. Because Tadmor made extensive collations of many of the original texts for his 1994 publication, the inscriptions were generally not recollated from the originals for RINAP 1. Tadmor was indebted to many

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people for their assistance in museums or aid in other manners in the preparation of that book. These individuals were acknowledged in Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. vii–x. I hope I will be forgiven for not fully repeating those acknowledgments here, although I am well aware that the present volume indirectly benefitted from their assistance. My own museum work for this volume took me to Berlin and Paris and, therefore, I would like to thank Joachim Marzahn and Ralf B. Wartke at the Vorderasiatisches Museum (Berlin), and Béatrice AndréSalvini and Ann Mettetel-Brand at the Musée du Louvre (Paris) for their assistance and for permitting me to work on objects housed in their collections. I would also like to thank the individuals who gave me access to unpublished information about Tiglathpileser III’s stone slabs discovered by the Polish excavation at Nimrud in 1976. Franciszek Stȩpniowski (University of Warsaw) and Richard Sobolewski (Polish Center of Archaeology) were generous enough to correspond with me, providing me with useful information. Sam Paley
(The University at Buffalo, State University of New York) set at my disposal several unpublished electronic photographs of slabs. Andrzej Reiche (National Museum of Warsaw), with the permission of Piotr Bieliński (Director of the Polish Center of Miditerranean Archoelology, University of Warsaw), very generously photographed and sent to me an unpublished inventory of slabs from Nimrud. Daisuke Shibata (University of Tsukuba) helped me by bridging the gap between me and German and Polish researchers and by providing me with copies of articles from Heidelberg. My work was financially supported by grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, as well as the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Tsukuba allowed me to take several leaves of absence, permitting me opportunities to work on this volume abroad. I sincerely appreciate all of these institutions’ support. Moreover, I am grateful to Stefan Maul, who has accepted me at the Seminar für Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients—Assyriology at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg and who has offered me a comfortable place to work in the library there for the final period of my work on this volume. Regrettably, I cannot show this volume to Miriam Tadmor, who kindly granted me access to files of her late husband, as she passed away on November 19, 2009. I wish to note here my fond memories of Hayim Tadmor and state that I have had a delightful time working on this material and that I have enjoyed the opportunity that he has given me. Philadelphia June 2011

S. Yamada

Editorial Notes

The volumes in the RINAP series are modeled upon the publications of the now-defunct Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia (RIM), with a few modifications, in particular the addition of indices of proper names and a few photographs. Like the RIM volumes, the volumes in this series are not intended to provide analytical or synthetic studies, but rather to provide basic text editions that can serve as the foundations for such studies. Thus, extensive discussions of the contents of the texts are not presented, and the core of each volume is the edition of the relevant texts. In this volume, the order of the texts is based for the most part upon the following two criteria: (1) The city at which the structure dealt with in the building or dedicatory portion of the text was located. If that information is not preserved in what is preserved of the text, the provenance of the inscribed object is the determining factor. (2) The type of object upon which the inscription is written (prism, cylinder, tablet, etc.). The system of numbering the text throughout the series is more straightforward than that of the RIM series, as the numbering comprises only the name of the ruler and the text number; for example, RINAP 1 Tiglath-pileser III text no. 1 is “Tiglath-pileser III 1” and RINAP 1 Shalmaneser V text no. 1 is “Shalmaneser V 1.” Should one be inclined, one could apply the RIM system of numbering inscriptions in its Assyrian Periods sub-series. Therefore, RINAP 1 Tiglath-pileser III text no. 1 and RINAP 1 Shalmaneser V text no. 1 could be referred to as “A.0.108.1” and “A.0.109.1” respectively. These are to be interpreted as follows: A = Assyrian Periods; 0 = Inapplicable Dynasty; 108 = Tiglath-pileser III and 109 = Shalmaneser V; and 1 = Text 1. Following the practice of the RIM series, inscriptions that cannot be assigned definitely to a particular ruler are given text numbers beginning at 1001. Certain other inscriptions that provide information relevant for establishing royal names and titles (e.g. “servant seals”) and any composed in the name of another member of the royal family (e.g., royal wives) have been given numbers that begin at 2001. In the volumes of the RINAP series, the term “exemplar” is employed to designate a single inscription found on one object. The term “text” is employed to refer to an inscription that existed in antiquity and that may be represented by a number of more or less duplicate exemplars. In these editions exemplars of one text are edited together as a “master text,” with a single transliteration and translation. The numbering of the ”exemplars” of some of the units of Tiglath-pileser III’s Kalḫu Annals (text nos. 1–34) and a few of that king’s summary inscriptions (text nos. 39–45) requires explanation because of the unusual nature of the source material. In numerous instances in this volume, a “text” (or more accurately, part of an inscription in the case of the Kalḫu Annals) is known only from one or more nineteenth-century (draft and/or published) copies. In such cases, the actual inscriptions are no longer available for firsthand study since the original slabs were left in the field. Each hand-drawn facsimile of a single “text” is regarded as a different version of the same “exemplar” because the copies all stem from the same inscribed object. For these texts, each copy is assigned the same “exemplar” number, but with a different lowercase letter appended to it to differentiate the various sources of information about what is on the exemplar. Text no. 13, for example, was on a single exemplar, but is now known only from several nineteenth-century copies. Because all of the hand-drawn facsimiles stem from the same ancient source, an inscribed and sculpted orthostat that lined a wall of Tiglath-pileser III’s palace, the various copies are regarded as one exemplar. Thus, exs. 1a and 1b are A.H. Layard’s draft and published copies, ex. 1c is a draft copy by H. Rawlinson, and exs. 1d and 1e are G. Smith’s in situ collation notes and draft copy (which was made from a cast then in the British Museum). This system of numbering introduced in RINAP 1 is also used for (1) texts that are known from casts once in the British Museum (but now destroyed or lost) and from modern hand-drawn facsimiles (see text no. 43); and (2) texts known from a now-damaged

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Editorial Notes

original and from one or more nineteenth-century copies that preserve text now lost (see text no. 30). With regard to the latter scenario, fragments of the same slab housed in different museum collections are each given their own “sub-exemplar” number; this is to present the information in the “Dimensions” column of the catalogue more clearly and to provide more accurate information in the “cpn” column when some fragments were collated from the original while others were collated from photographs. For example, text no. 15 is preserved in a single exemplar, but the extant text of this unit of the Kalḫu Annals is now known from a fragment of a slab in the British Museum (ex. 1a = BM 124961, which was collated from the original), from another fragment of the same orthostat in the Detroit Institute of Arts (ex. 1b = inventory no. 50, 32, which was collated from a photograph), and from A.H. Layard’s draft copy (ex. 1c = Layard, MS A fols. 66–67 and 111), which he made in the field and which includes text not preserved on either of the two fragments. Objects whose attribution to a particular text is not entirely certain are given exemplar numbers that are followed by an asterisk (*); for example, AO 11500 is regarded as text no. 53 ex. 1*, rather than as text no. 53 ex. 2, since it is uncertain that it is a duplicate of AO 115001 (text no. 53 ex. 1). Moreover, these exemplars are listed in separately catalogues (Catalogue of Uncertain Exemplars), beneath the main catalogue. Each text edition is normally supplied with a brief introduction containing general information. This is followed by a catalogue containing basic information about all exemplars. This includes museum and excavation numbers (the symbol + is added between fragments that belong to one and the same object), provenance, dimensions of the object, lines preserved, and indication of whether or not the inscription has been collated (c = collated with the original, p = collated by means of a photograph, (p) = partially collated from a photograph, and n = not collated). The next section is normally a commentary containing further technical information and notes. The bibliography then follows. Items are arranged chronologically, earliest to latest, with notes in parentheses after each item. These notes indicate the exemplars with which the item is concerned and the nature of the publication, using the following key words: provenance, photo, copy, edition, translation, catalogue, and study. Certain standard reference works (e.g., the various volumes of “Keilschriftbibliographie” and “Register Assyriologie” published in Orientalia and Archiv für Orientforschung respectively; Borger, HKL 1–3; AHw; CAD; and Seux, ERAS) are not normally cited, although they were essential in the collecting and editing of these texts. While the bibliographies should contain all major relevant items, they are not necessarily exhaustive; a vast amount of scattered literature exists on many of the inscriptions edited in this volume and much of this literature is of only limited historical interest. As noted earlier, a distinction is made between major and minor variants to a “master text”; the major variants are placed at the bottom of the page and the minor variants at the back of the book. In brief, major variants are essentially non-orthographic in nature, while minor variants are orthographic variations. Orthographic variants of proper names may at times be significant and thus on occasion these will also appear on the page as major variants. Complete transliterations of all exemplars in the style of musical scores are found on the CD-ROMs accompanying the volumes and thus any reader who finds the notes on variants insufficient for his/her needs may check the full reading of any exemplar. Such scores, however, are not normally given for bricks and seal inscriptions. Most of the inscriptions are written in Neo-Assyrian script; a few texts are written using a mixture of NeoAssyrian and Neo-Babylonian sign forms. Unless otherwise indicated, the script of a given text is Neo-Assyrian. As is the normal practice for transliterating cuneiform inscriptions, lower case Roman is used for Sumerian and lower case italics for Akkadian; logograms in Akkadian texts appear in capitals. The system of sign values in Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, is generally followed. Italics in the English translation indicate either an uncertain translation or a word in the original language. In general, the rendering of personal names follows the PNA, however, the names of Babylonian rulers follow the spelling used in RIMB 2. There are several differences between the RIM and RINAP styles. Among these, the most notable is that all partially preserved or damaged signs, regardless of how they are broken, now appear between half brackets ( and ). Thus, no partially preserved sign has square brackets ([ and ]) inserted in its transliteration; for example, [DINGI]R and LUGA[L KU]R appear in the transliteration as
DINGIR and
LUGAL KUR respectively. This change was made to ensure compatibility of the online RINAP editions with the standards of the Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (Oracc), the parent site and project where RINAP Online is housed. This change was implemented in the print version in order to present identical editions in RINAP 1 and RINAP Online. Note, however, that the translations may appear more damaged than their corresponding transliterations indicate, as the translations were prepared according to standard Assyriological practices; for example,
DINGIR (= [DINGI]R) and
LUGAL KUR (= LUGA[L KU]R) are translated as “[the go]d” and “king [of the lan]d,” and not “the god” and “king of the land.”

Editorial Notes

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In addition to the indices of museum and excavation numbers and selected publications found in RIM volumes, the RINAP volumes also contain indices of proper names (Personal Names; Geographic, Ethnic, and Tribal Names; Divine, Planet, and Star Names; Gate, Palace, Temple, and Wall Names; and Object Names). Online versions of the manuscripts are maintained by Oracc and are fully searchable; moreover, the Oracc transliterations will be automatically supplied to the CDLI (Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative) repository. Philadelphia September 2011

G. Frame Editor-in-Chief

Bibliographical Abbreviations

ABL AfK AfO AHw AJA Alt, Kleine Schriften Andrae, Coloured Ceramics Andrae, Festungswerke Andrae, FKA ANEP ANES 7 ANET3 AnOr AnSt AOAT AOAT 318

AoF Arnold and Beyer, Readings ARRIM Asher-Greve, ZAH 4

BA Bagg, Rép. Géogr. 7/1 Bagh. Mitt. Bär, AOAT 243 Barnett and Falkner, Tigl. BASOR Beckman, Emar Bezold, Cat. BiOr

R.F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters belonging to the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum, 14 vols. Chicago, 1892–1914 Archiv für Keilschriftforschung, vols. 1–2. Berlin, 1923–25 Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 3– (vols. 1–2 =AfK). Berlin, Graz, and Horn, 1926– W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1965–81 American Journal of Archaeology, second series. New York, 1897– A. Alt, Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel, 3 vols. München, 1953 and 1959 W. Andrae, Coloured ceramics from Ashur, and earlier ancient Assyrian wallpaintings, from photographs and water-colours by members of the Ashur expedition organised by the Deutsche Orient-gesellschaft. London, 1925 W. Andrae, Die Festungswerke von Assur (=WVDOG 23). Leipzig, 1913 W. Andrae, Farbige Keramik aus Assur und ihre Vorstufen in altassyrischen Wandmalereien, Berlin, 1923 J.B. Pritchard (ed.), The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1954 G. Bunnens (ed.), Essays on Syria in the Iron Age (=Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7). Louvain, Paris, and Sterling, 2000 J.B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition. Princeton, 1969 Analecta Orientalia. Rome, 1931– Anatolian Studies. London, 1951– Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1968– M. Hutter and S. Hutter-Braunsar (eds.), Offizielle Religion, lokale Kulte und individuelle Religiosität: Akten des religionsgeschichtlichen Symposiums “Kleinasien und angrenzende Gebiete vom Beginn des 2. bis zur Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr.” (Bonn, 20.–22. Februar 2003) (=AOAT 318). Münster, 2004 Altorientalische Forschungen. Berlin, 1974– B.T. Arnold and B.E. Beyer (eds.), Readings from the Ancient Near East: Primary Sources for Old Testament Study. Grand Rapids, 2002 Annual Review of the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Project. Toronto, 1983–1991 J.M. Asher-Greve and G.J. Selz, Genien und Krieger aus Nimrd: Neuassyrische Reliefs Assurnaṣirpals II. und Tiglat-Pilesars III. (=Zürcher Archäologische Hefte 4). Zürich, 1980 Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, 10 vols. Leipzig, 1890– 1927 A.M. Bagg, Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit, Teil 1: Die Levante (=Rép. Géogr. 7/1). Wiesbaden, 2007 Baghdader Mitteilungen. Berlin, 1960– J. Bär, Der assyrische Tribut und seine Darstellung: Eine Untersuchung zur imperialen Ideologie in neuassyrischen Reich (=AOAT 243). Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1996 R.D. Barnett and M. Falkner, The Sculptures of Aššur-naṣir-apli II (883–859 B.C.), Tiglath-pileser III (745–727 B.C.), Esarhaddon (681–669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud. London, 1962 Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. New Haven and Boston, 1919– G. Beckman, Texts from the Vicinity of Emar in the Collection of Jonathan Rosen (=History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs 2). Padua, 1996 C. Bezold, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum, 5 vols. London, 1889–1899 Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leiden, 1943–

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Bleibtreu, Flora BM Guide Bongenaar, Ebabbar Borger, Asarh. Borger, BIWA Borger, EAK 1 Borger, HKL Borger, MZ Braun-Holzinger, Bronzen Briend and Seux, TPOA Brinkman, PKB BSMS BSOAS CAD CAH2 3/2 CDOG 5 Chavalas, ANE de Clercq, Collection Cogan, Imperialism Cogan, Raging Torrent Cole and Machinist, SAA 13 Collins, Sculptures Continuity of Empire COS 2 CT Curtis and Reade, Art and Empire DAFI Dalley and Postgate, Fort Shalmaneser Damerji, Gräber DOTT Économie antique Engel, Dämonen

Bibliographical Abbreviations

E. Bleibtreu, Die Flora der neuassyrischen Reliefs: Eine Untersuchung zu den Orthostatenreliefs des 9.–7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (=WZKM Sonderband 1). Vienna, 1980 British Museum. A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities, 3rd edition. London, 1922 A.C.V.M. Bongenaar, The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar Temple at Sippar: Its Administration and its Prosopography . Istanbul, 1997 R. Borger, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons, Königs von Assyrien (=Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft 9). Graz, 1956 R. Borger, Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals: die Prismenklassen A, B, C = K, D, E, F, G, H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften. Wiesbaden, 1996 R. Borger, Einleitung in die assyrischen Königsinschriften, Erster Teil: Das zweite Jahrtausend v. Chr. (=Handbuch der Orientalistik Ergänzungsband V/1/1). Leiden, 1961 R. Borger, Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur, 3 vols. Berlin, 1967–75 R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (=AOAT 305). Münster, 2004 E.A. Braun-Holzinger, Figürliche Bronzen aus Mesopotamien (=Prähistorische Bronzfunde 1/4). München, 1984 J. Briend and M-J. Seux, Textes du proche-orient ancien et histoire d’Israël. Paris, 1977 J.A. Brinkman, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158–722 BC (=AnOr 43). Rome, 1968 Bulletin of the (Canadian) Society for Mesopotamian Studies. Toronto, 1981–2006 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London, 1940– The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 21 vols. Chicago, 1956–2011 J. Boardman, et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edition., vol. 3, part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge, 1991 J. Renger (ed.), Assur—Gott, Stadt und Land: 5. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 18.–21. Februar 2004 in Berlin (=Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 5). Wiesbaden, 2011 M.W. Chavalas (ed.), The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. Oxford, 2006 H.F.X. de Clercq and J. Ménant, Collection de Clercq, catalogue méthodique et raisonné, antiquités assyriennes, cylindres orientaux, cahets, briques, bronzes, basreliefs, etc., 2 vols. Paris, 1888/1903 M. Cogan, Imperialism and Religion – Assyria, Judah and Israel in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.E. (=Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series 19). Missoula, 1974 M. Cogan, The Raging Torrent. Historical Inscriptions from Assyria and Babylonia Relating to Ancient Israel. Jerusalem, 2008 S.W. Cole and P. Machinist, Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal (=SAA 13). Helsinki, 1998 P. Collins, Assyrian Palace Sculptures. London, 2008 G.B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf, and R. Rollinger (eds.), Continuity of Empire (?). Assyria, Media, Persia (=History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs 5). Padua, 2003 W.W. Hallo (ed.), Context of Scripture, Volume 2: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Leiden, 2000 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum. London, 1896– J.E. Curtis and J.E. Reade, Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum. London, 1995 Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran. Vols. 1–15. Paris, 1971–87 S. Dalley and J.N. Postgate, The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser (=Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 3). London, 1984 M. Damerji (ed.), Gräber assyrischer Königinnen aus Nimrud (=Sonderdruck aus Jahrbuch des römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums 45/1998). Mainz, 1999 D. Winton Thomas (ed.), Documents from Old Testament Times. London, 1958 J. Andreau, P. Briant, and R. Descat (eds.), Économie antique. Prix et formation des prix dans les economies antiques. Sanit-Bertrand-de-Comminges, 1997 B.J. Engel, Darstellungen von Dämonen und Tieren in assyrischen Palästen und Tempeln nach den schriftlichen Quellen. Mönchengladbach, 1987

Bibliographical Abbreviations

Ephal, Arabs Eretz-Israel Forrer, Provinz. Frahm, KAL 3 Frahm, Sanherib FuB Fuchs, Khorsabad Gadd, Stones Galling, Textbuch2 Glassner, Chronicles Grayson, Chronicles Grayson, RIMA 2 Grayson, RIMA 3 Gressmann, ATAT2 Gyselen, Prix Hawkins, CHLI Helsinki Atlas Holloway, Aššur is King Hölscher, Personennamen HUCA Hussein and Suleiman, Nimrud IEJ IOS ISIMU ISIMU 6 Jakob-Rost and Marzahn, VAS 23 JCS JHK JNES Johns, ADD

JRAS JSOT JSS KAI Kataja and Whiting, SAA 12 KB Kessler, Nordmesopotamien

xxv

I. Ephal, The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th–5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem, 1982 Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. Jerusalem, 1951– E. Forrer, Die Provinzeinteilung des assyrischen Reiches, Leipzig, 1921 E. Frahm, Historische und historisch-literarische Texte (=Keilschrifttexte aus Assur literarischen Inhalts 3). Wiesbaden, 2009 E. Frahm, Einleitung in die Sanherib-Inschriften (=AfO Beiheft 26). Vienna and Horn, 1997 Forschungen und Berichte. Berlin, 1957– A. Fuchs, Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad, Göttingen, 1993 C.J. Gadd, The Stones of Assyria: The Surviving Remains of Assyrian Sculpture, Their Discover and Their Original Positions. London, 1936 K. Galling (ed.), Textbuch zur Geschichte Israels, 2nd edition. Tübingen, 1968 J.-J. Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles (=Writings from the Ancient World 19). Atlanta, 2004 A.K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (=Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5). Locust Valley, New York, 1975 A.K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC) (=RIMA 2). Toronto, 1991 A.K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858–745 BC) (=RIMA 3). Toronto, 1996 H. Gressmann (ed.), Altorientalishe Texte zum Alten Testament. 2nd edition. Berlin and Leipzig, 1926 R. Gyselen (ed.), Prix, Salaires, Poids et Mesures (=Res Orientales 2). Paris, 1990 J.D. Hawkins, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Vol. 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Berlin and New York, 2000 S. Parpola and M. Porter, The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki, 2001 S.W. Holloway, Aššur is King! Aššur is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 10). Boston and Leiden, 2002 M. Hölscher, Die Personennamen der Kassitenzeitlichen Texte aus Nippur (=IMGULA 1). Münster, 1996 Hebrew Union College Annual. Cincinnati, 1924– M.M. Hussein and A. Suleiman, Nimrud: A City of Golden Treasures. Baghdad, 2000 Israel Exploration Journal. Jerusalem, 1951– Israel Oriental Studies. Tel Aviv, 1971– ISIMU. Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad. Madrid, 1998– P.A. Miglus and J. Ma Córdoba, Assur y su entorno: En homenaje a los primeros arqueóloges de Assur (=ISIMU 6). Madrid, 2003 L. Jakob-Rost and J. Marzahn, Assyrische Königsinschriten auf Ziegeln aus Assur (=VAS 23 and VAS Neue Folge 7). Berlin, 1985 Journal of Cuneiform Studies. New Haven and Cambridge, Mass., 1947– Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen, 25 vols. Hamburg, 1948–1980 Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago, 1942– C.H.W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, Recording the Transfer of Property, Including the So-called Private Contracts, Legal Decisions and Proclamations, Preserved in the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum, Chiefly of the Seventh Century B.C., 4 vols. Cambridge, 1898–1923 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1834– Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Sheffield, 1976– Journal of Semitic Studies. Manchester and Oxford, 1956– H. Donner and W. Röllig, Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften, 3 vols. Weisbaden, 1962–64 L. Kataja and R. Whiting, Grants, Decrees and Gifts of the Neo-Assyrian Period (=SAA 12). Helsinki, 1995 Keilschriftliche Bibliothek, Sammlung von assyrischen und babylonischen Texten in Umschrift und Übersetzung, vols. 1–6. Berlin, 1889–1915 K. Kessler, Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens nach keilschriftliche Quellen des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. (=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 26, Reihe B 26). Wiesbaden, 1980

xxvi

King, Bronze Reliefs Kuan, JDDS 1 Kuhrt, Persian Empire Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6 Lambert, BWL Layard, Discoveries Layard, ICC Layard, MS A Layard, MS B Layard, MS C Layard, Nineveh Leichty, RINAP 4 Lemaire and Durand, Inscriptions araméennes Levine, Stelae Lie, Sar. Loftus, Notebook Luckenbill, ARAB Luckenbill, Senn. Mallowan, Nimrud MAOG Marzahn and Jakob-Rost, Ziegeln 1 Matthews and Benjamin, Old Testament Parallels MDOG MDP 12 Melammu 5

Messerschmidt, KAH 1 Millard, SAAS 2 MIO MSL Naaman, Borders and Districts NABU

Bibliographical Abbreviations

L.W. King (ed.), Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalmaneser, King of Assyria B.C. 860–825. London, 1915 J.K. Kuan, Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/JudeanTyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth–Eighth Centuries BCE (=Jian Dao Dissertation Studies 1). Hong Kong, 1995 A. Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. London and New York, 2007 T. Kwasman and S. Parpola, Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon (=SAA 6). Helsinki, 1991 W.G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford, 1960 A.H. Layard, Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, with Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert, being the result of a second expedition undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum. London, 1853 A.H. Layard, Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from Assyrian Monuments. London, 1851 A.H. Layard’s manuscript volume of cuneiform texts (made on the spot during the first season at Nimrud). Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, London A.H. Layard’s manuscript of Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from Assyrian Monuments. Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, London Unfinished, made on the spot during the second season at Nimrud. Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, London A.H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or Devil-Worshippers; and the Enquiry into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians, 2 vols. London, 1849 E. Leichty, The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC) (=RINAP4). Winona Lake, Indiana, 2011 A. Lemaire and J.-M. Durand, Les Inscriptions araméennes de Sfire et l’Assyrie de Shamshi-ilu. Paris, 1984 L.D. Levine, Two Neo-Assyrian Stelae from Iran (=Royal Ontario Museum Art and Archaeology Occasional Papers 23). [Toronto], 1972 A.G. Lie, The Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria, Part 1. The Annals. Paris, 1929 Copies of cuneiform inscriptions made by W. Boutcher during the expedition of W.K. Loftus to Nimrud, the Assyrian Expedition Fund, 1854. Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, London D.D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 2 vols. Chicago, 1926–27 D.D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (=OIP 2). Chicago, 1924 M.E.L. Mallowan, Nimrud and Its Remains, 2 vols. London, 1966 Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig, 1925–43 J. Marzahn and L. Jakob-Rost, Die Inschriften der assyrischen Könige auf Ziegeln aus Assur, Teil 1. Berlin, 1984 V.H. Matthews and Don C. Benjamin, Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East, 2nd edition. Mahwah, 1997 Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. Berlin, 1898– M.-C. Soutzo, G. Pézard and G. Bondoux, R. de Mecquenem, M. Pézard, J.-E. Gautier, and P. Toscanne, Mémoires publiés sous la direction de J. de Morgan, Délégué Général, vol. 12, Recherches Archéologiques, Quartième Série. Paris, 1911 R. Rollinger, C. Ulf, and K. Schnegg (eds.), Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project. Held in Innsbruck, Austria, October 3rd–8th, 2002 (=Melammu 5). Stuttgart, 2004 L. Messerschmidt, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, erstes Heft (=WVDOG 16). Leipzig, 1911 A. Millard, The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910-612 BC (=State Archives of Assyria Studies 2). Helsinki, 1994 Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung, 4 vols.. Berlin, 1953–72 B. Landsberger, et al. (eds.), Materialien zum sumerischen Lexicon. Rome, 1937– N. Naaman, Borders and Districts in Biblical Historiography: Seven Studies in Biblical Geographic Lists (=Jerusalem Biblical Studies 4). Jerusalem, 1986 Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires. Paris, 1987–

Bibliographical Abbreviations

NESE New Light on Nimrud Nimrud Inventory Nunn, Knaufplatten J. Oates and D. Oates, Nimrud Parker, Mechanics of Empire Parpola, Toponyms Pedde and Lundström, Palast Pedersén, Katalog PIASH PNA Postgate, Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents Postgate, Governor’s Palace Preusser, Paläste PSBA 2R 3R RA Rawlinson, Notebook 1 Rawlinson, Notebook 2 Rép. Géogr. RIMA RINAP RLA Rost, Tigl. Russell, Writing on the Wall SAA SAAB Saggs, Nimrud Letters Saporetti, Onomastica Schrader, KAT Schrader, KB 2 Schrader, Kritik Schramm, EAK 2 Schroeder, KAH 2 Segert, Altaramäische Grammatik Seux, ERAS

xxvii

Neue Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik. Wiesbaden, 1972–1978 J.E. Curtis, H. McCall, D. Collon, and L. al-Gailani Werr (eds.), New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the 11th–13th March 2002. London, 2008 Nimrud Inventory. Unpublished inventory of sculpted and inscribed slabs from Nimrus held at the Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology in Warsaw. A. Nunn, Knaufplatten und Knäufe aus Assur (=WVDOG 112). Saarwellgen, 2006 J. Oates and D. Oates, Nimrud: An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed. London, 2001 B.J. Parker, The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics. Helsinki, 2001 S. Parpola, Neo-Assyrian Toponyms (=AOAT 6). Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1970 F. Pedde and S. Lundström, Der Alte Palast in Assur: Architektur und Baugeschichte (=Baudenkmäler aus assyrischer Zeit 11; WVDOG 120). Wiesbaden, 2008 O. Pedersén, Katalog der beschrifteten Objekte aus Assur: die Schriftträger mit Ausnahme der Tontafeln und ähnlicher Archivtexte (=Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 23). Saarbrücken, 1997 Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Jerusalem, 1963– H.D. Baker and K. Radner (eds.), The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Helsinki, 1998– J.N. Postgate, Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents. Warminster, 1976 J.N. Postgate, The Governor’s Palace Archive (=Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 2). London, 1973 C. Preusser, Die Paläste in Assur (=WVDOG 66). Berlin, 1955 Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 40 vols. London, 1878–1918 H.C. Rawlinson and E. Norris, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. 2: A Selection from Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria. London, 1866 H.C. Rawlinson and G. Smith, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. 3: A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria. London, 1870 Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale. Paris, 1884– H.C. Rawlinson, Notebook 1. The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS. 47631 H.C. Rawlinson, Notebook 2. The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS. 47654 W. Röllig (ed.), Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr. 7: Répertoire géographique des texts cuneiforms. Wiesbaden, 1974– The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 3 vols. Toronto, 1987–96 The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2011– Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Berlin, 1928– P. Rost, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III.; 1: Einleitung, Transcription und Übersetzung, Wörterverzeichnis mit Commentar; 2: Autographierte Texts, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1893 J.M. Russell, The Writing on the Wall: Studies in the Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions (=Mesopotamian Civilizations 9). Winona Lake, Indiana, 1999 State Archives of Assyria. Helsinki, 1987– State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. Padua, 1987– H.W.F. Saggs, The Nimrud Letters, 1952 (=Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 5). London, 2001 C. Saporetti, Onomastica Medio-assira, 2 vols. (=Studia Pohl 6). Rome, 1970 E. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. Giessen, 1872 E. Schrader, Sammlung von assyrischen und babylonischen Texten in Umschrift und Übersetzung (=KB 2). Berlin, 1890 E. Schrader, Zur Kritik der Inschriften Tiglath-pileser’s II., des Asarhaddon und des Asurbanipal. Berlin, 1880 W. Schramm, Einleitung in die assyrischen Königsinschriften, Zweiter Teil: 934–722 v. Chr. (=Handbuch der Orientalistik Ergänzungsband V/1/2). Leiden, 1973 O. Schroeder, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, Zweites Heft (=WVDOG 37). Leipzig, 1922 S. Segert, Altaramäische Grammatik, 4th edition. Leipzig 1990 M.-J. Seux, Épithètes royales akkadiennes et sumériennes. Paris, 1967

xxviii

Sex and Gender G. Smith, Assyrian Disc. G. Smith, Eponym Canon G. Smith, Notebook 5 G. Smith, Notebook 12 G. Smith, Notebook 17 G. Smith, Reports S. Smith, Sculptures Spieckermann, Juda unter Assur Studies Böhl Studies Gaster Studies Grayson Studies Heltzer Studies Hunger

Studies Lipiski Studies Liver Studies Mikasa Studies Moran Studies Parpola Studies H. and M. Tadmor Studies Weippert Tadmor, Tigl. III TCL TUAT Thureau-Dangin, Arslan-Tash Thureau-Dangin, TCL 3 UF VAS VDI de Vogüé, CIS 2 VT Wachsmuth, Alten Geschichte

Bibliographical Abbreviations

S. Parpola and R.M. Whiting, Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001, 2 vols. Helsniki, 2002 G. Smith, Assyrian Discoveries: An Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, during 1873 and 1874. New York, 1875 G. Smith, The Assyrian Eponym Canon: Containing Translations of the Documents, and an Account of the Evidence, on Comparative Chronology of the Assyrian and Jewish Kingdoms, from the Death of Solomon to Nebuchadnezzar. London, 1875 G. Smith, Notebook 5, The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS. 30401 G. Smith, Notebook 12. The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS. 30408 G. Smith, Notebook 17. The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS. 30413 G. Smith, Reports to the Trustees of the British Museum. The British Library, London, Department of Manuscripts S. Smith, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum from Shalmaneser III to Sennacherib. London, 1938 H. Spieckermann, Juda unter Assur in der Sargonidenzeit. Göttingen, 1982 M. Beek et al. (eds.), Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae Francisco Mario Theodoro de Liagre Böhl Dedicatae. Leiden, 1973 The Gaster Festschrift (=JANES 5). New York, 1974 G. Frame (ed.), From the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea: Studies on the History of Assyria and Babylonia in Honour of A.K. Grayson. Leiden, 2004 Y. Avishur and R. Deutsch (eds.), Michael: Historical, Epigraphical and Biblical Studies in Honor of Prof. Michael Heltzer. Tel Aviv and Joffa, 1999 M. Köhbach, S. Procházka, G.J. Selz, and R. Lohlker (eds.), Festschrift für Hermann Hunger zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet von seinen Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern (=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 97). Vienna, 2007 K. van Lerberghe and A. Schoors (eds.), Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East, Festschrift E. Lipiski. Leuven, 1995 B. Uffenheimer (ed.), Bible and Jewish History— Studies in Bible and Jewish History Dedicated to the Memory of Jacob Liver. Tel Aviv, 1971 M. Mori, et al. (eds.), Near Eastern Studies Dedicated to H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa on the Occasion of His Seventy-Fifth Birthday. Wiesbaden, 1991 T. Abusch, J. Huehnergard, and P. Steinkeller (eds.), Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L. Moran (=Harvard Semitic Studies 37). Atlanta, 1990 M. Luukko, S. Svärd, and R. Mattila (eds.), Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: NeoAssyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola (=Studia Orientalia 106). Helsinki, 2009 I. Ephʿal, A. Ben-Tor, and P. Machinist (eds.), Hayim and Miriam Tadmor Volume (=Eretz-Israel 27). Jerusalem, 2003 U. Hübner and E.A. Knauf (ed.), Kein Land für sich allein: Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebirnâri für Manfred Weippert zum 65. Geburtstag (=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 186). Freiburg and Göttingen, 2002
H. Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III King of Assyria: Critical Edition, with Introductions, Translations, and Commentary. Jerusalem, 1994 Textes cunéiformes du Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquitiés Orientales. Paris, 1910– O. Kaiser (ed.), Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments. Gütersloh, 1982– F. Thureau-Dangin, Arslan-Tash, Texte. Paris, 1931 F. Thureau-Dangin, Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon (=TCL 3). Paris, 1912 Ugarit-Forschungen. Münster, 1969– Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, Leipzig and Berlin, 1907– Vestnik drevnei istorii. Moscow, 1937– M. de Vogüé, Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum 2. Paris, 1889 Vetus Testamentum. Leiden, 1951– C. Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der Alten Geschichte. Leipzig, 1895

Bibliographical Abbreviations

Wäfler, Darstellungen Weippert, Edom Winckler, AOF Winckler, Textbuch3 WO WVDOG WZKM ZA ZAW ZDMG ZDPV

xxix

M. Wäfler, Nicht-Assyrer neuassyrischer Darstellungen (=AOAT 26). Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1975 M. Weippert, Studien und Materialien zur Geschichte der Edomiter auf Grund schriftlicher und archäologischer Quellen, Theol. Diss. Tübingen, 1971 H. Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1893–1905 H. Winckler, Keilinschriftliches Textbuch zum Alten Testament, 3rd edition. Leipzig, 1909 Die Welt des Orients. Wuppertal, Stuttgart, and Göttingen, 1947– Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. Leipzig and Berlin, 1901– Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Vienna, 1887– Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. Berlin, 1886– Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin, 1881– Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig and Wiesbaden, 1847– Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. Wiesbaden, 1878–

Other Abbreviations

Bab. Chron. Bib. c cm col(s). dia. DN ed(s). ex(s). fig(s). fol(s). frgm(s). g GN h. KA kg l(l). m max. MS N n NA n(n). no(s). NS obv. p ph p(p). pl(s). PN r rev. RN v var(s). vol(s).

+ (+)

Babylonian Chronicle Biblical collated centimeter(s) column(s) diameter divine name editor(s) exemplar(s) figure(s) folio(s) fragment(s) gram(s) geographical name height Kalḫu Annals kilogram(s) line(s) meter(s) maximum manuscript north not collated Neo-Assyrian note(s) number(s) New Series obverse collated from photo photo(s) page(s) plate(s) personal name recto reverse royal name verso variant(s) volume(s)

Between object numbers indicates physical join Indicates fragments from same object but no physical join

Object Signatures

AO AOC Ass BM Detroit DT EŞ Hamburg IM K NA ND SEM T VA VA Ass VAT YBC Zurich

Collection of Antiquités Orientales of the Musée du Louvre, Paris Assyrian Old Collections collection of the British Museum, London Prefix of excavation numbers from the German excavations at Aššur British Museum, London Detroit Institute of Arts Daily Telegraph collection of the British Museum, London Eşki Şark Eserleri Müzesi of the Arkeoloji Müzeleri, Istanbul Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg Iraq Museum, Baghdad Kuyunjik collection of the British Museum, London Prefix of excavation numbers from the Polish excavations at Nimrud Prefix of excavation numbers from the British excavations at Nimrud Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Prefix of excavation numbers from the Oriental Institute excavations at Tell Taʿyinat Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin Aššur collection of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin Tablets in the collection of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin Babylonian collection of the Yale University Library, New Haven Archäologisches Institut der Universität Zürich




Introduction

Many of the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727) and Shalmaneser V (726–722) edited in this volume have attracted scholarly interest since the very dawn of Assyriology, with the first discoveries at Nimrud (ancient Kalu) by Austen Henry Layard in 1845–1851. The search for new evidence for these two Assyrian monarchs, who played a crucial role in stories told in the Bible, was of prime importance in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since then, as a result of further discoveries and studies, it has become apparent that their reigns marked the beginning of the imperial phase of Assyria, and that this period of time should be regarded as a watershed in the history of the ancient Near East. The kingdom of Assyria was first formed as a territorial state, with a provincial system, in the fourteenth– thirteenth centuries, roughly half a millennium before the reigns of the two kings whose inscriptions are edited here. During a period of weakness in the eleventh and tenth centuries, Assyria’s territorial holdings were greatly reduced, and its administrative and economic systems broke down because of the intrusion of numerous Aramean tribes and a series of bad harvests. In the ninth century, the pre-imperial phase of Assyria, rulers mounted aggressive military campaigns to recover land once regarded as the “Land of (the god) Aur.” This reconquista-like advance reached its peak with the ambitious campaigns of the great conquerors Ashurnasirpal II (883–859), Shalmaneser III (858–824), and Adad-nrr III (810–783); these three rulers led their armies on campaign almost every year. This relentless Assyrian territorial expansion, especially to the west, established an Assyrian “corridor” that led to the north Phoenician coast. With the exception of Shalmaneser III’s 856 conquest of B t-Adini, a state that occupied territory on both the east and west banks of the Euphrates, these rulers did not annex territory west of the Euphrates, an area beyond the traditional border of the “Land of (the god) Aur.” Adad-nrr III’s successors continued to wage war in Syria, as well as in other directions, e.g., against Uraru in the north, the Zagros countries in the east, and Babylonia in the south. The basic details are recorded in laconic references appearing in the Eponym Chronicle (Millard, SAAS 2 pp. 37–43). These campaigns, however, failed to achieve uncontested supremacy or lasting Assyrian dominion over those lands, with the end result just a show of military might. In the first half of the eighth century, several other states grew substantially in power and rivaled Assyria’s might: in particular, Uraru in the north and northwest and Damascus in the west, both of which imposed their hegemony on a plethora of neighboring states. To the south and southeast, there was a decline and gradual disintegration of centralized authority in Babylonia. The cities Babylon, Sippar, and Nippur, all of which were important religious and economic centers, regularly clashed with nomadic and semi-nomadic Aramean tribes who disrupted their way of life. Moreover, the king of Babylon occasionally had to appeal to Assyria for military support. At this time, the internal stability of Assyria had also declined. This was due in part to periods of domestic instability and in part to the rise of formidable Assyrian high officials, men whose power and influence rivaled or surpassed those of the king. Far-flung campaigns, as well as victories in battle against major rival states, decreased in number, as suggested by the annual records of the Eponym Chronicle; there is also a noticeable decrease in the number of royal inscriptions. Thus, the first half of the eighth century is generally regarded as a period of Assyrian decline. Assyria’s fortunes changed dramatically after Tiglath-pileser III — “My trust is in the heir of Earra (i.e., Ninurta)” — ascended the throne. In the course of his eighteen-year reign, this king reshaped the political map of the ancient Near East and made Assyria the dominant power once again. Like the strong and ambitious ninth-century rulers Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III, Tiglath-pileser mounted campaigns in all directions. He began in the south with northern Babylonia, on the east side of Tigris, where he firmly established Assyrian control of Babylonian territory. Afterwards, he set his sights on rivals in the northwest and the west. From his second regnal year (his 3rd palû, 743) to his sixth regnal year (7th palû, 739), he fought with Uraru and its

1

Introduction

2

north Syrian allies. The Urarian army was routed, and the troublesome city Arpad in northern Syria was conquered and annexed. After that, as in an inexorable chain reaction, Tiglath-pileser rapidly conquered and annexed numerous Syro-Palestinian states, including Unqi (Pattinu), atarikka, imirra, Aram-Damascus, and the majority of the kingdom of Israel. These conquests were followed by unprecedented, large-scale two-way deportations, a new policy that disrupted the lives of tens of thousands, or perhaps hundreds of thousands, of people and radically transformed the demographic structure and cultural character of Assyria. Other rulers in southeastern Anatolia, along the Phoenician coast, and in Palestine (Israel and Judah), Philistia, and TransJordan became vassals, from whom a heavy tribute was extracted annually, and symbolic acts of obeisance were regularly required. At the time the west was being transformed into provinces, the Assyrian army advanced northward into the heart of Uraru, a kingdom centered around Lake Van, and eastward into Median territory. In the east, rulers, weak and powerful alike, were brought into submission and their lands were subsequently turned into Assyrian provinces; their larger cities became Assyrian administrative centers. Towards the end of his reign, Tiglath-pileser’s attention turned to the south. The Assyrian king conquered Babylonia, his victory possibly won as the result of the political circumstances of the region. He not only took the traditional title “king of the lands Sumer and Akkad,” but also declared himself “king of Babylon,” something not done by his predecessors. He ascended the throne as Babylon’s legitimate king and participated in the aktu-festival by taking the hand of the god B l (Marduk), a role suitable only for the true and divinely sanctioned king of Babylon. With both Assyria and Babylonia under the authority a single king, new geopolitical complications arose, some of which came to a head during the reigns of his successors. The inclusion of Babylon — with its strong independent tendencies — within the Assyrian empire would prove to be a thorn in the side of the kings of the Sargonid period (721–612). Shalmaneser V — “The god Salmnu is pre-eminent” — ascended the thrones of Assyria and Babylonia upon the death of his father Tiglath-pileser III late in 727. He should have been well suited to the task since he had held an important role in his father’s administration, and because he had presumably been educated as the heir designate. Continuing Tiglath-pileser’s policies, Shalmaneser appears to have conquered and annexed several lands and cities. His expansion of the “Land of (the god) Aur” included the absorption of Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel (although the nature of its conquest has been long disputed among scholars), and possibly Samal and Que, kingdoms in northern Syria and southeastern Anatolia. Babylonia, which he inherited from his father, remained firmly in his hands. Although the details of his reign remain obscure, he appears to have successfully maintained the kingdom, at least for a few years. In his fifth year as king, internal strife, the details of which are recounted by his successor, brought Shalmaneser’s reign to an abrupt end. The Babylonian Chronicle states that he died, but it does not record the disruption that shook Assyria’s foundations. Under his immediate successor, Sargon II, and his descendants, Assyria not only experienced its zenith but also its decline and total annihilation as a political entity. Its legacy, however, remains to this day. Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III and Related Texts The corpus of inscriptions firmly identifiable to Tiglath-pileser III currently comprises sixty-four texts;1 seven other inscriptions that might be attributed to Tiglath-pileser III, although some arbitrarily, are also edited here (text nos. 1001–1007). Other texts included in this volume are two belonging to his officials (text nos. 2001– 2002), three written in the name of his wife, Yabâ (text nos. 2003–2005), and one of uncertain attribution written by a provincial governor (text no. 2006). These texts are found on a variety of objects made of stone, clay, and metal, specifically: Object Type Stone Slabs Stone Stele Stone Statue Cliff Face Clay Tablets Basalt Bull 1

Text No. 1–34, 39–45, 55–57 35 36 37 38, 46–52 53

Text nos. 1–34, however, actually comprise altogether a single annalistic account with many lacunae. These “texts” are referred to as the Kalu Annals. This inscription is a composite text composed of several series (probably originally four or five), each of which originates from a separate room in Tiglath-pileser’s palace at Kalu. These series are hypothetically reconstructed in this volume into three series: Series A, Series B, and Series C (see the Kalu Annals below). Thus, this reduces the actual number of texts to thirty-four or thirty-five.

Introduction

Basalt Lions Stone Block Mud Bricks Glazed Brick Stone Duck Weights Bronze Lion Weight Stone Beads Clay Vessel Enameled Tiles Stone Tablet Stone Plate Stone Object (uncertain identification) Gold Bowls Metal Disc

3

2001 54 58–60, 2006 1007 61–62 63 64, 1004 1001 1002–1003 2003 1006 1005 2004–2005 2002

Overview of Previous Editions The history of the discovery and study of Tiglath-pileser III’s inscriptions up to and including Tadmor’s The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria (Jerusalem, 1994; hereafter Tadmor, Tigl. III) has been described in great detail in Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 10–25. It suffices here to give a shorter overview and to state briefly what has been published from 1994 to the present. In 1851, Austen Henry Layard published copies of all of the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III that were discovered in his excavations at Nimrud (1845–1847) in his Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from Assyrian Monuments (London, 1851). Several years later, Henry Rawlinson, Edwin Norris, and George Smith, early pioneers in Assyriology, published copies of other inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III found at Kalu in vols. 2 and 3 of The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia (London, 1861 and 1870). In his Assyrian Discoveries (New York, 1875), G. Smith presented for the first time a running translation of the then-known corpus of Tiglath-pileser III inscriptions, primarily the Annals. His edition included many extensive textual restorations, for which he did not reveal the cuneiform sources that served as the basis of his interpretations. The next scholarly advance is marked by the work of Eberhard Schrader, who first introduced a systematic order into the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III by classifying the texts as annals and summary inscriptions (Übersichtsinschriften and Prunkinschriften, in his terminology). In his Zur Kritik der Inschriften Tiglatpileser’s II., des Asarhaddon und des Asurbanipal (Berlin, 1880), Schrader not only identified different series of the Annals, but also transliterated and translated several new inscriptions for the first time. Paul Rost’s Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III. (Leipzig, 1893) brought the study of this king’s inscriptions to a new stage. Rost presented not only editions of the then-known texts, but also hand-drawn facsimiles. His editions, which often comprised conjecturally reconstructed running texts, were in many instances not the result of careful philological scrutiny of the original inscribed objects. Despite its shortfalls, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III. served as the standard for the study of Tiglath-pileser III for many decades. When the British resumed excavations at Nimrud in the 1950s, under the direction of Max Mallowan, new inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, as well as numerous letters relating to his and his successor’s reigns, were unearthed. Donald J. Wiseman published the royal inscriptions in a series of articles in the journal Iraq (13 [1951], 18 [1956], and 26 [1964]). In 1962, Richard D. Barnett and Margarete Falkner published a comprehensive and well-illustrated study of Tiglath-pileser’s reliefs from Nimrud: The Sculptures of Aur-nair-apli II (883– 859 B.C.), Tiglath-pileser III (745–727 B.C.), Esarhaddon (681–669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud (London, 1962). That volume made the fundamental data for the reconstructions of the texts inscribed on stone orthostats widely available, publishing for the first time photographs of slabs housed in the collections of the British Museum, as well as original drawings that were made in the field and some of Layard’s unpublished papers. After almost seventy years, Rost’s Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III. had become outdated. With the discovery of new texts and advances in the understanding of Akkadian, a new standard edition was needed. The first modern, comprehensive edition appeared in 1994, when Hayim Tadmor published his Tigl. III. Many of the complicated philological problems associated with editing texts no longer available on the original object (slabs left at Kalu) were resolved by carefully examining and crosschecking draft copies made in the field by Layard, Rawlinson, and G. Smith; those field and draft copies had not been published until that time.

4

Introduction

Tadmor included all of the Tiglath-pileser inscriptions known to him, including a lengthy annalistic account written on a stele reportedly from Iran and a shorter annalistic-style account inscribed on a rock cliff in Kurdistan (Mila Mergi). Tadmor’s Tigl. III presented not only new comprehensive editions, but also detailed historical and philological studies, copies, and photographs of nearly the entire corpus, including draft copies made by Layard, Rawlinson, and G. Smith. In many regards, the present volume, RINAP 1, closely follows the text editions of Tadmor’s Tigl. III. The part of the book devoted to Tiglath-pileser III (pp. 19–153) is a rather faithful reproduction of Tigl. III in the RINAP style, but with many corrections reflecting the later collaborative work of Tadmor and Shigeo Yamada, as well as the comments and suggestions of many other scholars, which were expressed in their published reviews of Tadmor, Tigl. III.2 Note also that the translations are presented in blocks of text, rather than lineby-line as they were in Tigl. III, and that the editions contain more extensive restoration of damaged text. This book includes several texts of Tiglath-pileser that Tadmor was not able to include in his 1994 publication, or that appeared after that time (for example, text nos. 2–4, 33–34, 36, and 38). Following RINAP’s editorial policy, inscriptions tentatively assigned or (incorrectly) attributed to Tiglath-pileser III (text nos. 1001–1007) and those written by his high officials (text nos. 2001–2002) and his wife (text nos. 2003–2005) are presented here. Moreover, a text written by a provincial governor (text no. 2006) on behalf of a Tiglath-pileser is arbitrarily edited in this volume since it might date to the reign of the third king of that name. None of the 1000- or 2000number texts were included in Tadmor, Tigl. III. The small corpus of inscriptions of Shalmaneser V, including those of his wife, is treated in this volume; Tadmor did not edit these inscriptions either. For inscriptions not edited in RINAP 1, see pp. 11–12. Although the editions in RINAP 1 naturally represent an improvement over those of Tigl. III, that publication still has great merit, as it contains supplementary studies on philological and historical matters, photographs, and copies (including early drafts), all of which fall outside the scope of the present series. Thus, Tadmor, Tigl. III will serve as an excellent companion to this book. Classification of Texts in the Present Volume Following Tadmor’s historiographic criteria for classification of the corpus, this volume divides Tiglath-pileser III’s inscriptions into three categories: (1) annals, texts whose historical narrative is arranged chronologically (text nos. 1–38); (2) summary inscriptions, texts whose narrative is arranged in a predominantly geographical pattern (text nos. 39–52); and (3) miscellaneous texts, texts classified as labels, dedicatory inscriptions, as well as other texts that are too fragmentarily preserved to classify them as annals or summary inscriptions (text nos. 53–64). Kalu Annals (Text Nos. 1–34) At present there are five known annalistic texts of Tiglath-pileser III: text nos. 1–34 together represent a single text, the so-called “Kalu Annals,” and text nos. 35–38 each represent a different inscription. The main recension of the king’s Annals, the Kalu Annals — which is edited here as thirty-four texts, or more precisely thirty-four units of text — requires some explanation about its complex reconstruction. The inscription, which was composed towards the end of the king’s eighteen-year reign, was written on sculpted orthostats that decorated the rooms and corridors of his palace at Nimrud. This text represents the last and longest version of the king’s Annals. Unfortunately, barely one third, if not less, of the whole text has survived. In the midnineteenth century, A.H. Layard discovered many of these slabs in the ruins of two monumental buildings at Kalu. Some slabs were found in the unfinished “South-West Palace,” the palace being constructed by Esarhaddon in the southwest corner of the citadel mound, while other orthostats were unearthed in the “Central Palace,” the unfinished palace of Tiglath-pileser situated in the center of the citadel mound; the latter palace was later almost completely destroyed. From the find spots and the positions of the excavated slabs recorded by Layard, it can be deduced that all of the slabs were originally part of the Central Palace and that Esarhaddon had dismantled Tiglath-pileser’s unfinished royal residence and transported some of its sculpted slabs to the southwest corner of the citadel, where they were reused in his own palace; for further details, see Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 10–11 and the bibliography cited there. 2 For some reviews of Tadmor, Tigl. III, see: Frahm, AfO 44/45 (1997–1998) pp. 399–404; Frame, BSMS 35 (2000) pp. 93–95; George, BSOAS 60 (1997) pp. 124–125; Jas, BiOr 55 (1998) cols. 192–194; Naaman, Tel Aviv 22/2 (1995) pp. 268–278; Oded, IEJ 47 (1997) pp. 104–110; Schramm, Orientalia NS 68 (1999) pp. 169–171; and Streck, ZA 89 (1999) pp. 152–154. In addition, the authors also benefitted from suggestions by R. Borger, who personally delivered his notes to H. Tadmor (personal communication, Nov. 1999), as well as from our personal communication with many other scholars. Major changes/corrections from Tigl. III are noted in the on-page notes, with their reviewers cited. Not all changes or deviations from Tadmor, Tigl. III are indicated.

Introduction

5

Tiglath-pileser III was the first Assyrian king since Ashurnasirpal II — the king who had transformed Kalu into the chief administrative center of the kingdom — to decorate his palace with colossal sculpted and inscribed orthostats. Ashurnasirpal II’s army of scribes composed for his palace walls a single, non-annalistic “standard inscription,” a text that was copied on hundreds of slabs in the North-West Palace at Nimrud, with only minor variation in its contents. The final version of his Annals was inscribed on pavement slabs of the temple of the city’s patron deity, Ninurta, but not in his royal residence. In some regards, Tiglath-pileser followed Ashurnasirpal’s tradition of decorative reliefs and accompanying texts, but he also deviated from it. He had versions of his Annals written across several series of sculpted orthostats and had non-annalistic texts (see Summary Inscriptions below) inscribed on threshold and pavement slabs of his palace. Most of these inscribed and sculpted slabs do not survive today, with many being lost or destroyed in antiquity, by his fourth successor Esarhaddon (and possibly other Assyrian kings), or in modern times, by their excavators or local inhabitants. Sadly, we will never know with certainty how well decorated Tiglath-pileser’s palace was at the time of his death. The wall slabs containing the Kalu Annals are of two types. The first type divides the surface of the orthostat into three registers, with the top and bottom registers sculpted (mostly with scenes of battle) and with a blank or inscribed middle register (Layard, Nineveh 2 p. 24). The second type utilizes the entire surface of the slab to depict images of “gigantic figures of the King and his attendant eunuchs and of the winged priests or divinities” (ibid. p. 21) and has the inscription written over the reliefs, except over “a naked limb” (Layard, Nineveh 1 p. 62). Given the current state of preservation of the text and the fact that many of the slabs were destroyed or removed from their original positions in antiquity, it is impossible to determine which rooms in Tiglathpileser’s palace had inscriptions and how much of the original composition survives today. Certain practices, however, can be inferred from the palace of Sargon II at Dr-arruk n (Weissbach, ZDMG 72 [1918] pp. 161–185; see also Güterbock, AJA 61 [1957] p. 68 and pl. 24). In that palace, each room contained an entire text, a complete version of his Annals, from beginning to end. Inscriptions in neighboring rooms often varied, sometimes in very minor ways. Moreover, the number of lines of text inscribed on the slabs differed from room to room. For example, the slabs in Room II were inscribed with thirteen lines of text, those in Room V with seventeen lines, and those in Room XIII with fifteen lines.3 Based on Sargon’s Annals, E. Schrader (KAT pp. 134–137; and Kritik, p. 20) tentatively proposed that the Kalu Annals were arranged in a similar manner. Thus, some rooms in the Central Palace contained a complete recension of Tiglath-pileser’s Annals and the number of lines of text written on the slabs in those rooms varied from room to room. Therefore, slabs with different numbers of lines should not have stood side by side in the same room of the palace and should have come from different rooms in that building. Taking these criteria into account, the authors have divided the Kalu Annals into three hypothetical series. Slabs with seven lines of text are classified as Series A and those with twelve lines of text are classified as Series B. Both of these series are only partially preserved. The text of both Series A and Series B is generally written in the middle register of orthostats that have reliefs in their upper and lower registers (see the description above). Entry and corner slabs, however, could differ as text could be inscribed in those instances over sculpture that covered the entire surface of the slab (for example, text nos. 2–4). These two series were probably duplicates of one and the same inscription, but were written on the walls of different rooms in Tiglath-pileser’s palace. Series A and Series B were subdivided into units of text whose widths appear to have been uniform throughout. Narrow vertical bands of uninscribed space separated each unit of text. The individual units were not restricted to a single slab and thus a unit could run over parts of two adjacent slabs. It was not uncommon for a single slab to be inscribed with the end of one unit and the beginning of the next unit; for example, see Barnett and Falkner, Tigl. pl. LXXXI (text nos. 14–15) and pl. LXIX (text nos. 18–19). This arrangement of the seven-line and twelve-line series (Series A and B respectively) clearly indicates that the orthostats were inscribed in situ; this was also the case for the Kalu Annals written on “colossal” slabs (see Series C below). The width of the inscribed band of text (i.e., unit) varied from series to series: ca. 1.5 m for the seven-line series (Series A) and slightly more than 2 m for the twelve-line series (Series B). Twelve units of text are preserved for Series A and eight units are preserved for Series B. Layard copied other units of the Kalu Annals that each contained more than twelve lines (up to twenty or thirty lines) and that were inscribed on “colossal” slabs, with the text running across images of “gigantic figures of the King and his attendant eunuchs and of the winged priests or divinities” (Layard, Nineveh 2 p. 21); 3

Note, however, that the slabs in Rooms I, IV, VII, VIII, and X were inscribed with a long text summary (or display) inscription, rather than a recension of Sargon’s annals. See Fuchs, Khorsabad pp. 189–248 and 343–355.

6

Introduction

the text and sculpture were both carved in a single register. These inscribed slabs are classified as Series C and they are now mostly known from Layard’s field copies. One slab, however, is in the British Museum (text no. 30) and two other slabs were photographed after their rediscovery by Polish excavators in 1976 (text nos. 33–34). The width of the bands of text on these slabs appears to have been often considerably more than 2 m. The Series C slabs appear to have originated from at least two, or possibly three, rooms of the palace.4 The fragmentary condition of the texts, the many lacunae, and the fact that most of the originals are no longer available for study, make such a distinction rather conjectural. Thus, for the sake of simplification, all of these are categorized as Series C. Fourteen units of this Annals series are preserved, including text no. 33 (C, Unit x) and text no. 34 (C, Unit y), both of whose details remain obscure. As stated above, only a small percentage of the Kalu Annals is preserved today, with about twice as much text missing as is preserved. There are large gaps in the texts, some spanning several years of military narration. The reports describing events of Tiglath-pileser’s 4th, 5th, and 6th palûs (742–740; the siege of Arpad and the conquest of northern Syria), 10th palû (736; the campaign to Mount Nal), 12th palû (734; the campaign to Philistia), and 14th palû (732, the second campaign against Damascus) are completely missing. It is often assumed that the Kalu Annals were composed at the same time that some non-annalistic texts (summary inscriptions; text nos. 39–45) were placed in the palace. Because Tiglath-pileser’s summary inscriptions include the chronological notation “from the beginning of my reign to my seventeenth palû,” the Kalu Annals should have included descriptions of events up to Tiglath-pileser’s 17th palû (729). Thus, accounts of the 16th and 17th palûs (730–729) are probably missing as well. In addition to the gaps in which entire campaign reports are missing, there are numerous smaller lacunae in nearly all of the preserved narration, including the prologue and building report. With regard to the latter, only a few lines of this section are preserved. Moreover, the concluding formula (advice to a future ruler, with applicable benedictions and maledictions), if any, is entirely missing. The presentation of the Kalu Annals in this volume requires some comment. One may be inclined to edit Series A, Series B, and Series C (of which there are two, or possibly three, copies) as separate texts, but this would present an already poorly preserved inscription as being even more fragmentary than it is. Such a presentation would also obscure the original contents of that text and break its chronological narrative flow. Following the arrangement of Tadmor’s Tigl. III, Tiglath-pileser’s Annals are edited unit by unit, with each unit being placed in its proper place within the larger composition. Thus, an attempt is made to reconstruct the Kalu Annals from all of the known series. The chronological order of the badly damaged and mostly missing military narration can be reconstructed from information included in the Eponym Chronicle (see below). The order of the units essentially follows that of Tadmor, Tigl. III, but with a few additional pieces that were not available to Tadmor (text no. 1 ex. 1c and text nos. 2–4). These additions are the fruits of the 1974–1976 Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology excavations at Nimrud, work carried out under the direction of J. Meuszyski. Numerous slabs of Tiglath-pileser III were unearthed at that time, including inscribed orthostats that were discovered at the very end of the 1976 season. Meuszyski’s unexpected, tragic death in the spring of 1976 hindered the full publication of these inscribed slabs, and thus they were not included in Tadmor’s Tigl. III (see his notes on p. 37). Some unpublished photos, hand-drawn facsimiles, and the unpublished inventory of the slabs held at the Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology in Warsaw were made available by Polish colleagues and other researchers (see the preface). For further details about the sources accessible to the authors, see the introductions and commentaries of text nos. 1–4 and 33–34. Further unpublished information about these texts, in particular text nos. 33–34, still might be found at the Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology in Warsaw. As stressed already, text nos. 1–34 together represent a single inscription. In this edition, like that of Tadmor, each unit, which comprises a “column” of text (seven, twelve, twenty, or thirty lines long), is treated as a separate “text” and numbered accordingly; for example, unit 1 or “column” 1 = text no. 1. The units are numbered sequentially from 1 to 25 (see below for text nos. 26–34). Information on the series and unit number within each of the three series is provided in the chart below and at the end of the introduction to each “text.” For example, text no. 1 is Series A, Unit 1; text no. 5 is Series B, Unit 1; and text no. 9 is Series C, Unit 1. This numbering deviation from that of Tadmor’s Tigl. III not only follows RINAP editorial procedures, but also aims to make Tadmor’s arrangement of the Annals easier to follow; for example, “Annals 1” immediately followed by “Annals 9” and “Annals 13*” continuing the narrative of “Annals 19*” in Tadmor’s Tigl. III are extremely difficult to follow or understand. (This numbering was the result of repeated renumbering of the Annals units over the long process of Tadmor’s research on the Kalu Annals; see Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 23–25.) The 4

Tadmor, PIASH 2/9 (1967) pp. 179–180 and 185; see also Tadmor, Tigl. III p. 24.

Introduction

7

numbering of a single unit is maintained, even when two or more consecutive units are preserved, whether they are on one single slab or on two or more slabs; this editorial aspect follows Tadmor, Tigl. III. For example, units 1–2 (Series A) are edited as text nos. 1–2 (each with seven lines), and not as text no. 1 (with fourteen lines of text). See the chart below and the Concordances of Selected Publications at the back of the book for a concordance of this volume and Tadmor, Tigl. III. Text nos. 1–25 represent the master text of the Kalu Annals and text nos. 26–32 represent duplicates, which are sometimes used in the restoration of the main inscription. For the sake of continuity, the duplicates (text nos. 26–32) are edited after the master text. Two slabs whose contents still remain unknown (see above) and which are probably to be assigned to Series C (text nos. 33–34) are tentatively placed at the end of the series. With regard to the duplication of text, this occurs mostly between Series A and Series B; Series C overlaps only one line of Series B (text no. 13 line 20 = text no. 14 line 1). Moreover, since Series C is actually not a homogeneous recension of the Annals originating from a single room in Tiglath-pileser’s palace, there is duplicate text in that hypothetical series. For example, text nos. 30–31 basically duplicate text no. 13, although the former is a shorter version of the latter, and text no. 11 line 10´ duplicates text no. 12 line 1´. The distribution of extant Annals units is shown in the following table. The major texts used to reconstruct a single hypothetical running account in the present edition, i.e., text nos. 1–25, are given in bold type: Series A (Lacuna) Text no. 1 (A, 1) Text no. 2 (A, 2) Text no. 3 (A, 3) Text no. 4 (A, 4) (Lacuna)

Text no. 26 (A, 5) Text no. 27 (A, 6) Text no. 27 (A, 6) Text no. 28 (A, 7) Text no. 29 (A, 7x)

Text no. 18 (A, 8) Text no. 19 (A, 9) (Lacuna)

Text no. 23 (A, 10) Text no. 24 (A, 11) (Lacuna)

S e r i e s and Series B

Text no. 5 (B, 1) Text no. 6 (B, 2) Text no. 7 (B, 3) Text no. 8 (B, 4) (Lacuna)

Units

Series C

Text no. 14 (B, 5)

Text no. 9 (C, 1) (Lacuna) Text no. 10 (C, 2) Text no. 11 (C, 3) Text no. 12 (C, 4) (Lacuna) Text no. 13 (C, 5) Text no. 30 (C, 6) Text no. 31 (C, 7) Text no. 32 (C, 8)

Text no. 15 (B, 6)

Text no. 32 (C, 8)

Text no. 16 (B, 7) Text no. 17 (B, 8) (Lacuna)

Text no. 20 (C, 9) Text no. 21 (C, 10) Text no. 22 (C, 11) (Lacuna)

Text no. 25 (C, 12) (Lacuna)

Palû/Contents

Date

(prologue) prologue prologue prologue 1 (1) 1 1–2 2 2 (2) 2–3 (4–6) 7 8 8 (8) 8

745 (745) 745 745–744 744 744 (744) 744–743 (742–740) 739 738 738 (738) 738

8

738

8–9

738–737

9 9 (10) 11 11 (12) 13 13 13 (14) 15 15 (16–17) (building account)

737 737 (736) 735 735 (734) 733 733 733 (732) 731 731 (730–729)

Introduction

8

* Text no. 33 (C, x) and text no. 34 (C, y) are not assignable to specific years, because their contents remain unknown. Concordance between the Kalu Annals in this volume and in Tadmor, Tigl. III: RINAP 1 Text no. 1 (A, 1) Text no. 2 (A, 2) Text no. 3 (A, 3) Text no. 4 (A, 4) Text no. 5 (B, 1) Text no. 6 (B, 2) Text no. 7 (B, 3) Text no. 8 (B, 4) Text no. 9 (C, 1) Text no. 10 (C, 2) Text no. 11 (C, 3) Text no. 12 (C, 4) Text no. 13 (C, 5) Text no. 14 (B, 5) Text no. 15 (B, 6) Text no. 16 (B, 7) Text no. 17 (B, 8) Text no. 18 (A, 8) Text no. 19 (A, 9) Text no. 20 (C, 9) Text no. 21 (C, 10) Text no. 22 (C, 11) Text no. 23 (A, 10) Text no. 24 (A, 11) Text no. 25 (C, 12) Text no. 26 (A, 5) Text no. 27 (A, 6) Text no. 28 (A, 7) Text no. 29 (A, 7x) Text no. 30 (C, 6) Text no. 31 (C, 7) Text no. 32 (C, 8) Text no. 33 (C, x) Text no. 34 (C, y)

(Duplicates)

Tadmor, Tigl. III Ann. 1a+b (without c) — — — Ann. 9 Ann. 10 Ann. 11 Ann. 12 Ann. 17 Ann. 20 Ann. 21 Ann. 25 Ann. 19* Ann. 13* Ann. 14* Ann. 15 Ann. 16 Ann. 5 Ann. 6 Ann. 23 Ann. 24 Ann. 18 Ann. 7 Ann. 8 Ann. 28 Ann. 2 Ann. 3 Ann. 4 Ann. 4x Ann. 22 Ann. 26 Ann. 27 — —

Tadmor, Tigl. III Ann. 1a+b

RINAP 1 Text no. 1 (A, 1a+b+c)

Ann. 2 Ann. 3 Ann. 4 Ann. 4x Ann. 5 Ann. 6 Ann. 7 Ann. 8 Ann. 9 Ann. 10 Ann. 11 Ann. 12 Ann. 13* Ann. 14* Ann. 15 Ann. 16 Ann. 17 Ann. 18 Ann. 19* Ann. 20 Ann. 21 Ann. 22 Ann. 23 Ann. 24 Ann. 25 Ann. 26 Ann. 27 Ann. 28 — — — — — —

Text no. 26 (A, 5) Text no. 27 (A, 6) Text no. 28 (A, 7) Text no. 29 (A, 7x) Text no. 18 (A, 8) Text no. 19 (A, 9) Text no. 23 (A, 10) Text no. 24 (A, 11) Text no. 5 (B, 1) Text no. 6 (B, 2) Text no. 7 (B, 3) Text no. 8 (B, 4) Text no. 14 (B, 5) Text no. 15 (B, 6) Text no. 16 (B, 7) Text no. 17 (B, 8) Text no. 9 (C, 1) Text no. 22 (C, 11) Text no. 13 (C, 5) Text no. 10 (C, 2) Text no. 11 (C, 3) Text no. 30 (C, 6) Text no. 20 (C, 9) Text no. 21 (C, 10) Text no. 12 (C, 4) Text no. 31 (C, 7) Text no. 32 (C, 8) Text no. 25 (C, 12) Text no. 1 (A, 1c) Text no. 2 (A, 2) Text no. 3 (A, 3) Text no. 4 (A, 4) Text no. 33 (C, x) Text no. 34 (C, y)

Other Annalistic Texts (Text Nos. 35–38) In addition to the Kalu Annals, there are three other certain annalistic and annalistic-style texts of Tiglathpileser III. These are written on a stele (text no. 35), an anthropomorphic statue (text no. 36), and a rock cliff (text no. 37). A fragment of a clay object from Aur (text no. 38) may also preserve part of an annalistic text. The inscription on the stele (text no. 35), which is reported to have been discovered in Iran, narrates events of Tiglath-pileser’s first nine palûs (745–737); some of the palû reports may be omitted in this badly damaged text. The stele was inscribed and erected in celebration of his successes during the campaign of the 9th palû (737). The text represents a much earlier version of the Annals than the Kalu Annals because those recensions were written after Tiglath-pileser’s 17th palû (727). The inscription on a royal statue found at Nimrud (text no. 36) is also badly damaged. The extant text includes brief accounts of the campaigns of Tiglathpileser’s 8th–11th palûs (738–735), and thus that inscription may also represent a recension of the Annals that was composed late in Tiglath-pileser’s reign. The earliest known annalistic-style account is written on a rock face at Mila Mergi, in Iraqi Kurdistan (text no. 37); the text is inscribed in a frame and over the image of the king. Unlike other known texts of Tiglathpileser of this genre, the Mila Mergi rock relief narrates only the events of the 7th palû (739), the campaign

Introduction

9

against Ulluba. Thus, the Mila Mergi inscription is not a true annalistic text, but rather an inscription that records the details of a single campaign in the same style as other annals of this king. Although its classification as an annalistic text is not entirely certain, an inscription preserved on a small fragment of a clay object discovered at Aur (text no. 38) narrates events of Tiglath-pileser’s Median campaign, undertaken in his 9th palû (737). Summary Inscriptions (Text Nos. 39–52) Tiglath-pileser III’s summary inscriptions belong to the genre of building inscriptions. All of these probably commemorate the construction of his palace at Kalu, work that took place towards the end of his reign. When the first line of each text in this category has survived, it opens with the traditional Mesopotamian way of indicating ownership: ekal RN, “palace of RN.” On the basis of material and formal criteria, the fourteen known inscriptions of this category are divided into two groups: (1) summary inscriptions written on stone slabs (text nos. 39–45) and (2) summary inscriptions written on clay tablets (text nos. 46–52). The large stone slabs inscribed with this type of text were probably pavement slabs, judging from the colossal size and shape of BM 118936 (text no. 39), the only slab inscribed with a summary inscription available for firsthand examination. The other four slabs (those bearing text nos. 40–43) were deemed by their excavators unsuitable (or too heavy) for transport back to London and were left in the field. Although those objects are no longer available for firsthand examination, it is plausible that they were also pavement slabs similar to BM 118936. A tiny fragment of a slab known only from a draft copy made by G. Smith in the field (text no. 45) may be part of this same group. Another slab with what appears to be a summary inscription (text no. 44) is known, but since it is written on a sculpted orthostat, much like the Series C Annals, that text could be part of an annalistic text. Following Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 198–203, that text is tentatively classified as a summary inscription. Seven large and well-baked clay tablets, all with their contents written in a single column, are inscribed with summary inscriptions. None of them are complete, but the best preserved are text nos. 47 and 49. Although some of these were discovered in the early days of Assyriology, in exploratory excavations, and bear “K(uyunjik)” British Museum sigla, they may have actually been found in the Nabû temple at Kalu (Ezida). The tablet copies of these texts may have served as a draft or Vorlage for those inscribed on stone slabs. Viewing the genre as a whole, one can divide the category of Tiglath-pileser’s summary inscriptions into two: (1) texts with condensed accounts (for example, text nos. 39–41) and (2) texts with detailed accounts (for example, text no. 47); text no. 47, when compared to other texts, contains much more detail about the king’s achievements. The arrangement of the events described in this group of inscriptions is more or less fixed. Most of these summary inscriptions comprise a brief prologue, which contains a short list of Tiglath-pileser’s titles and epithets, a summary of the king’s military achievements by geographical region, a building report, and a concluding formula (see the schematic chart below). The campaign summaries usually begin with events in the south, then continue with those of the east and north (and northwest), and conclude with events in the west; the order is counterclockwise. Breaking from the chronological arrangement of the Annals, the military narration of the summary inscriptions divides the text into the following main units: (1) the Babylonian wars fought in 745 and 731–729; (2) the Zagros campaigns of 744 and 737; (3) the wars with Urar u and its allies in 743, 739, and 735; (4) the conquest of northern Syrian states in 742–740 and 738; and (5) the military operations in southern Syria, Palestine, and Arabia in 734–732. Note that the geographical order roughly coincides with the chronological order of the first campaign mounted in each of those directions: Babylonia in the south (745), the Zagros in the east (744); Urar u in the north (743); northern Syria in the northwest (742); and Philistia, the Egyptian border, and Arabia in the west (734). It is hard to say whether the king’s military targets were predetermined in this fixed geographic pattern and the original plan was slightly modified later for practical reasons, or if this is just pure coincidence. For a historical reconstruction of Tiglath-pileser’s reign, summary inscriptions are of lesser value than annalistic texts, but they are of utmost importance for filling in the many gaps in the Kalu Annals. The building account, which is preserved only in text no. 47, describes in detail the construction of a palace. The work was begun only towards the end of the king’s reign and was probably never completed, as excavators unearthed some sculpted and inscribed slabs that were unfinished; see Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 238–258 (Supplementary Study B), esp. pp. 257–258. Since the same chronological notation “from the beginning of my reign to my seventeenth palû” appears in text no. 40 line 3, text no. 47 obv. 5, and text no. 51 line 5, it is assumed here that all of the summary inscriptions were written in the same year, except text no. 46, which was composed before the Syro-Palestinian campaigns of 742–734. Text no. 39 may have also been written prior to Tiglath-pileser’s 17th palû; for the

Introduction

10

evidence, see Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 269–272 (Supplementary Study E). Therefore, most of Tiglath-pileser’s summary inscriptions were composed ca. 729. The distribution of geographically separated episodes preserved in the known summary inscriptions is summarized in the chart below, which is based on Tadmor, Tigl. III p. 119 fig. 7, but with some modifications. Schematic chart of episodes contained in Summary Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III 39 SOUTH

EAST

Stone Slabs (Text Nos. 39–45) 40 41 42 43 44 45

Royal name and titles

x

x

()

—

—

?

()

x

x

()

()

()

x

x

Arameans in Babylonia Chaldea

x x

x x

() x

— —

— —

? ?

x ()

x —

x x

() ()

() ()

() ()

x x

x ()

Babylonia

x

x

x

—

—

?

()

—

x

()

()

()

x

()

Namri B t-amban, Parsua

— x

— x

— x

— —

— —

? ?

() ()

— x

x x

() ()

() ()

() ()

x x

() ()

—

—

?

?

—

x

?

?

?

?

?

Ellipu

NORTH

WEST

Clay Tablets (Text Nos. 46–52) 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Media

x

()

x

—

—

?

()

x

x

()

()

()

()

()

Uraru Ulluba, abu

x x

() ()

x x

— —

— —

? ?

() ()

x x

x x

() ()

x x

() ()

() ()

() ()

Mount Nal

x

()

x

—

—

?

()

—

()

x

x

()

()

()

Enzi

—

—

—

()

—

?

—

—

()

()

x

()

()

()

B t-Agusi (Arpad) Unqi

— —

— —

— —

() ()

— —

? ?

— —

x x

() ()

() ()

x x

() x

() ()

() ()

atarikka, imirra, Arqâ

—

—

—

x

—

?

—

x

()

()

x

x

()

()

Damascus

—

—

—

x

—

?

—

—

()

()

x

x

()

()

Tyre (Hiram)

—

—

—

x

—

?

—

—

()

x

x

()

()

()

Israel

—

—

—

x

—

x

—

—

()

x

x

x

()

()

Ashkelon

—

—

—

—

—

?

—

—

()

—

x

()

()

()

Gaza

—

—

—

x

—

?

—

—

()

x

x

()

()

()

The Arabs

—

—

—

x

—

x

—

—

x

x

x

()

()

()

Tabal

—

—

—

—

—

?

—

—

x

?

x

()

()

()

Tyre (Metenna)

—

—

—

—

—

?

x

?

x

()

()

()

Building account

—

—

—

—

—

?

—

—

x

()

()

()

()

()

Epilogue

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

x

—

—

—

—

—

—

x: episode exists ( ): probably broken off — : non-existent Note: Text no. 43 belongs to a separate category of text.

?: existence uncertain

Miscellaneous Texts (Text Nos. 53–64) Texts that are too fragmentarily preserved to be certain of their classification — although they could probably be regarded as display inscriptions — as well as other short texts (labels, epigraphs, and brick inscriptions) are edited together under this heading. These include: (1) a badly damaged text on a colossal stone bull erected as a gateway guardian in the city adattu (modern Arslan Tash) that preserves both an account of military narration and a report of building activities in that city (text no. 53); (2) a fragmentarily preserved text on a stone block from Aur, which also records the king’s military accomplishments (text no. 54); (3) three oneword epigraphs, all of which appear on sculpted orthostats that lined the walls of Tiglath-pileser’s palace at Kalu (text nos. 55–57); (4) several mud bricks discovered at Aur in the ruins of the temples of the gods Aur and Adad that refer to work on those buildings (text nos. 58–60); and (5) proprietary labels inscribed on two stone duck weights, a bronze lion weight, and a stone bead (text nos. 61–64). Uncertain Texts (Text Nos. 1001–1007) Seven texts fall into this category and the objects upon which they are written are a clay vessel, enameled tiles, a bead, several stone objects, and a glazed brick. The attribution to Tiglath-pileser III is probable in some cases. However, Tilgath-pileser II may be the better candidate for a few of these texts. Most of the texts edited as 1000 numbers have been included here arbitrarily.

Introduction

11

Texts Belonging to Officials and Royal Women (Text Nos. 2001–2006) Six inscriptions fall into this category: a building inscription of Ninurta-b lu-uur written on a pair of lions placed in the West Gate of the city adattu, modern Arslan Tash (text no. 2001); a votive inscription of Aurr manni, a servant of Tiglath-pileser III, dedicated to the god Adad and written on a metal disk discovered at Tell Tayinat (text no. 2002); three inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III’s queen and wife, Yabâ — a funerary inscription written on a stone tablet and two gold bowls, all of which were discovered during Iraqi excavations (1989) of a tomb that was hidden under the pavement of a room in the domestic wing of the North-West Palace at Kalu (text nos. 2003–2005); and a brick inscription (provenance not known) of K d tê, a provincial governor, dedicated to a Tiglath-pileser, possibly the third king with that name (text no. 2006). Texts Excluded from This Volume The text on a stele from Tell Abta commissioned by B l-arrn-b lu-uur, who held the office of palace herald during the reigns of Shalmaneser IV and Tiglath-pileser III (see Radner, in PNA 1/2 p. 301), mentions Tiglathpileser III by name; Shalmaneser’s name was erased and Tiglath-pileser’s name written in its place. Although this text belongs to the corpus of texts edited in this volume, it is excluded since it was edited in Grayson, RIMA 3 (A.0.105.2). Numerous other texts were written during Tiglath-pileser III’s reign, but they fall outside the scope of this volume. These are three land grants (Kataja and Whiting, SAA 12 nos. 14–15 and 75), administrative documents, and royal correspondence found at Kalu (Postgate, Governor’s Palace; Dalley and Postgate, Fort Shalmaneser; and Saggs, Nimrud Letters). Three chronographic texts, the Eponym Chronicle and two Babylonian chronicles, record the events of his reign. The relevant passages of those texts are translated below (pp. 17–18). Bar-rakib, king of Samal and a vassal of Assyria, refers to Tiglath-pileser in an Aramaic inscription of his (KAI no. 217). The Bible (II Kings 16:7, 10, etc.) also mentions his military activities in and around the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. For other references to him, including those using his byname Pl(u) (meaning uncertain) in Akkadian, Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek traditions, see Brinkman, PKB pp. 240–243, with n. 1544. Inscriptions of Shalmaneser V and Related Texts Only a small number of contemporary Akkadian inscriptions are known from the short and poorly documented reign of Shalmaneser V (726–722). The extant corpus comprises nine short proprietary inscriptions that were written on bronze lion weights, all of which were discovered by A.H. Layard in the mid-nineteenth century at Kalu (text nos. 1–9). The weights were first thoroughly edited by E. de Vogüé in CIS 2/1 (pp. 1–13). These weights and the texts on them have remained a subject of scholarly interest. The comprehensive studies and editions of T.C. Mitchell (in Gyselen, Prix pp. 129–138) and F.M. Fales (Studies Lipiski pp. 33–55) provided a solid base for the editions published in this volume. Six further inscribed objects have been thought by some scholars to be dated to his reign. These are two clay cones from Aur (text no. 1001), a brick from Tell Abu Marya (ancient Apku) (text no. 1002), a bronze lion weight from Kalu (text no. 1003), and two unprovenanced clay ovals that are stamped with an image of a lion weight (text no. 1004). The assignment of these objects to Shalmaneser V is uncertain at best; the attribution of the clay cones (text no. 1001) to him seems especially improbable. Two objects, a gold bowl and an electrum cosmetic container (text nos. 2001–2002), bearing proprietary inscriptions of Bn tu, queen of Shalmaneser V, were discovered in 1989 during Iraqi excavations of a tomb that was hidden under the pavement of a room of the North-West Palace at Kalu. These inscriptions, together with some inscribed objects belonging to other queens unearthed from the same tomb, were first edited by Kamil in Damerji, Gräber pp. 14–15. Object Type Bronze Lion Weights Clay Cones Mud Brick Clay Ovals Gold Bowl Electrum Cosmetic Container

Text No. 1–9, 1003 1001 1002 1004 2001 2002

Introduction

12 Texts Excluded from This Volume

All of the other contemporary and later textual evidence relating to Shalmaneser V, including five letters written while he was crown prince, falls outside the scope of this volume. The letters written in the nickname (or birth name) of Shalmaneser V — Ullyu, “(One born in) the month Ullu” — all addressed to the king (Tiglath-pileser III), were discovered at Kalu in the 1950s and published by H.W.F. Saggs in Iraq 18 (1956), Iraq 21 (1958), and Saggs, Nimrud Letters. These important texts were recently re-edited and discussed by K. Radner (AfO 50 [2003/4] pp. 95–104). A few chronographic texts (the Eponym Chronicle and two Babylonian chronicles) record the events of his reign. The relevant passages of these texts are translated below (pp. 17–18). For other scattered references, certain or uncertain, to Shalmaneser V in cuneiform sources, see H. Baker, PNA 3/1 p. 1077 sub Salmnu-aar d no. 5. He is also mentioned in the Bible (II Kings 17:3-6 and 18:9-11), as well as in later Aramaic and Greek sources; see Brinkman, PKB p. 244 for references. Historical Overview of the Reigns of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V Tiglath-pileser III: Origin and Accession The rise of Tiglath-pileser III to the Assyrian throne is recorded in the Eponym Chronicle. That text states that he became king in the month Ayyru (II) of 745, the year following a revolt in the capital Kalu (746), a period during which the reign of Aur-nrr V must have come to an end. The fact that Tiglath-pileser rose to power during this disturbance and the fact that he mentions his ancestry only once, in a minor inscription (text no. 58), may suggest that he was a usurper who seized the royal throne by force, and not the designated successor. If the statement about his parentage on bricks from Aur (text no. 58) is indeed true, then Tiglathpileser was a son of Adad-nrr III and the brother of his immediate predecessor, Aur-nrr V. Moreover, if that statement is correct, then the contradictory statement about him in one copy of the Assyrian King List (Grayson, RLA 6/1–2 [1980] p. 115) that claims he was “the son of Aur-nrr (V)” should be regarded as a scribal error. In sum, Tiglath-pileser was a member of the ruling royal family, but he had not been appointed crown prince, and thus he was not in line to be king. It is possible that he had been a high-ranking officer or courtier prior to seizing the throne, and that he became king somewhere between the age of forty and fifty; see the introduction to text no. 58 and Grayson, CAH2 3/2 pp. 73–74. Tiglath-pileser III’s Military Enterprises Tiglath-pileser III conducted a large-scale military campaign in almost every year of his reign, and thus built a great empire in a single reign. In this regard, it is unfortunate that only one-third or less of the entire text of the Kalu Annals is preserved today. The gaps in those recensions of the Annals are, however, filled in by other annalistic and annalistic-style texts, especially those on a stele from Iran (text no. 35) and on a rock face at Mila Mergi (text no. 37), as well as by some accounts in his summary inscriptions (text nos. 39–53), the contents of which are presumably mostly extracted from the Annals. A chronological reconstruction of Tiglath-pileser’s campaigns is possible because this information is preserved in the Eponym Chronicle and Babylonian Chronicle (see below for translations). The former lists in chronological order the targets of this king’s campaigns, and the latter records some of the details of the individual expeditions. Using those two chronographic texts, we can follow with reasonable certainty the progress of Tiglath-pileser’s conquests and territorial annexation, as shown in the chart below, filling in the many gaps in the Kalu Annals and in the extant summary inscriptions. For a more detailed description of his military campaigns, see for example, Grayson, CAH2 3/2 pp. 74–83; and Baker, PNA 3/2 pp. 1329–1331 sub Tukult -apil-Earra no. 3. Date 745 Acc. Year (1st palû)

Eponym Chronicle In the month Ayyru (II), on the thirteenth day, [Tiglat]h-pileser (III) ascended the throne. [In the month T]ar tu (VII), he marched to the (land) Between the River(s).

K(alu) A(nnals) and Other Annalistic Texts

Other Major Sources

KA: text no. 4 line 1– text no. 6 line 7 Text no. 35 i 36–4´

Bab. Chron.

Major Events Tiglath-pileser ascends the throne in the month Ayyru (II). Campaign into northern and eastern Babylonia; defeat of the Aramean tribes near Dr-Kurigalzu and east of the Tigris, as far as the Uqnû River, and their deportation to the northeastern provinces.

Introduction

Date

K(alu) A(nnals) and Other Annalistic Texts

Other Major Sources

KA: text no. 6 line 7– text no. 9 line 2´ Text no. 35 i 5´–20´ KA: text no. 9 lines 2´– 16´ Text no. 35 i 21´–43´ —

—

—

Arpad besieged.

Against the same city. Within three years it was conquered. Against the city Arpad.

—

—

Arpad besieged.

Text no. 35 ii 4´

—

Fall and annexation of Arpad.

Against the land Ulluba. The fortress was seized. The city Kullani was conquered.

KA: text no. 10 lines 1´– 8´ Text no. 37 lines 16–46 KA: text no. 12 line 1´– text no. 15 line 5 Text no. 35 ii 5´–17´ Text no. 36 lines 1´–3´ KA: text no. 15 line 5– text no. 17 line 12 Text no. 35 ii 25´–44´ Text no. 36 lines 4´–7´ Text no. 38 lines 1´–5´ Text no. 36 lines 8´–10´

—

Campaign to Ulluba located on the Urarian border.

—

Unqi and Hatarikka annexed; tribute received from all vassal kings of the West, including Rainu (Rezin) of Damascus and Menahem of Samaria. Second Median campaign: campaign deep into Media. Territories around Parsua and B t-amban annexed.

744: Year 1 (2nd palû)

Against the land Namri.

743: Year 2 (3rd palû)

The land Uraru [was defea]ted at the city Arpad. Against the city Arpad.

742: Year 3 (4th palû) 741: Year 4 (5th palû) 740: Year 5 (6th palû) 739: Year 6 (7th palû) 738: Year 7 (8th palû)

5

Eponym Chronicle

13

737: Year 8 (9th palû)

Against the Medes.

736: Year 9 (10th palû)

To the foot of Mount Nal.

735: Year 10 (11th palû)

Against the land Uraru.

734: Year 11 (12th palû)

Against the land Philistia.

733: Year 12 (13th palû)

Against the land Damascus.

732: Year 13 (14th palû)

Against the land Damascus.

731: Year 14 (15th palû) 730: Year 15 (16th palû) 729: Year 16 (17th palû)

Against the city ap ya.

728: Year 17 (18th palû)

727: Year 18 (19th palû)

KA: text no. 18 line 1– text no. 19 line 7 Text no. 36 lines 11´– 13´ —

KA: Text no. 20 line 1´– text no. 21 line 16´//22 line 13´ —

—

—

Text no. 39 line 28 Text no. 41 line 27´ Text no. 49 obv. 11´ Text no. 39 lines 23– 25 Text no. 41 lines 21´–26´ Text no. 42 lines 8´– 15´ Text no. 48 lines 14´–19´ 2 Kings 16:5–8; Is. 7:1

Major Events First Median Campaign: Parsua and B tamban annexed; the submission of the Manneans. Sarduri, king of Uraru, and his Anatolian allies defeated.

Campaign to the foot of Mount Nal on the Urarian border. Campaign into the heart of Uraru, as far as urupâ, Sarduri’s capital. Campaign to Philistia and the Egyptian border. Siege of Damascus. Campaigns against the Arabs and to Gilead and Galilee.

2 Kings 15:29, 16:9

Conquest and annexation of Damascus, Galilee, and Transjordan.

KA: text no. 23 line 1– text no. 24 line 7 —

Text no. 47 obv. 15– 25 —

Defeat of the Chaldean tribes of central and southern Babylonia; siege of ap ya.

—

Bab. Chron. i 19–23

The king took the hands of the god B l (Marduk). The city/land i... [was conquered].

—

—

Defeat of (Nabû)-muk n-z ri, king of Babylon. Tiglath-pileser III ascends the Babylonian throne and participates in the aktu-festival in the month Nisannu (I) (of the Babylonian year 728).5 Tiglath-pileser III participates in the aktu-festival in the month Nisannu (I) (of the Babylonian year 727).

Against the cit[y ... Shalma]neser (V) [ascended] the [throne].

—

Bab. Chron. i 24–25

(The king stayed) in the land (Assyria). The king took the hands of the god B l (Marduk).

Tiglath-pileser III dies in the month eb tu (X).

For the apparent contradiction between the Eponym Chronicle and Babylonian Chronicle, see Brinkman, PKB p. 241 n. 1547.

14

Introduction

Tiglath-pileser III’s Building Activities Limiting our scope to the evidence originating from the royal inscriptions edited in this volume, and excluding contemporary royal correspondence and later evidence, Tiglath-pileser III’s building activities were mostly concentrated at Kalu, where he built a palace towards the end of his reign. The palace was called the “Cedar Palace” (ekal erni), according to the most detailed account of the project, which is preserved in the building report of text no. 47 (rev. 17´–36´), as well as in a fragmentary passage of the Kalu Annals (text no. 25). Its plan included a Syrian-style portico called a bt- ilni and its interior was decorated with a variety of imported woods. Cedar beams from the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon (Mount Sirra) were used to roof the palatial halls. The walls of this palace, called the “Central Palace” by its first excavator A.H. Layard, were lined with large sculpted and inscribed stone orthostats; these slabs bore copies of the lengthy Kalu Annals (text nos. 1–34). Some of its floors and thresholds were paved with inscribed stone slabs. Unlike the walls, the floor slabs were inscribed with summary inscriptions (text nos. 39–43). Although no accounts of work on buildings other than the palace at Kalu are preserved in the extant corpus of Tiglath-pileser’s inscriptions, he may have worked on Ezida, the Nabû temple there, since several tablets with texts of his were discovered in that building (text nos. 49 and 51–52); see Mallowan, Nimrud 1 pp. 237–239. Tiglath-pileser also sponsored building projects at Aur, the evidence for which is provided by several inscribed and stamped bricks discovered in the ruins of the temples of the gods Aur and Adad (text nos. 58– 60). Moreover, he states that he carried out construction in cities located in the periphery of the Assyrian empire and in newly annexed areas. Tiglath-pileser carried out construction work at adattu (modern Arslan Tash; text no. 53) in the west and at Aur-iq a, an Ullubian city northwest of Assyria, which he transformed into a provincial capital (text no. 39 line 29, text no. 41 line 30´, and text no. 49 obv. 10´). Archaeological evidence, namely an inscribed basalt bull, confirms the former project, whereas the latter project is attested only in textual sources. Reign of Shalmaneser V Shalmaneser V was certainly the legitimate heir of Tiglath-pileser III, as shown by letters written by him to his father while he was crown prince (Radner, AfO 50 [2003/4] pp. 95–104); in these texts, he uses his nickname (or birth name) Ul lyu — “(One born in the month) Ul lu” — and not his throne name Shalmaneser. According to the Babylonian Chronicle, Shalmaneser V ascended the thrones of Assyria and Babylonia in the month eb tu (X), shortly after the death of Tiglath-pileser III in that same month. This suggests that the royal succession occurred without any serious disturbance. There is very little textual and archaeological evidence for his short five-year reign extant today, thus little is known about his political, military and building accomplishments. Only a small number of short and uninformative contemporary inscriptions have survived from his reign (see above). The Babylonian Chronicle, a text attesting to his legitimate status as the king of Akkad (Babylonia), records that he conquered or devastated Samaria; the Bible (2 Kings 17:3–6 and 18:9–11) and Josephus (Jewish Antiquities IX 15) also credit Shalmaneser with the conquest of Samaria, which probably took place near the end of his reign. The Eponym Chronicle, which is very fragmentarily preserved for Shalmaneser’s reign, appears to record campaigns conducted in his second, third, and fourth regnal years (725, 724, and 723), but the names of his military targets are unfortunately broken away and thus remain unknown.6 He may have also conducted a campaign in his fifth regnal year, but the Eponym Chronicle is too badly damaged to make out what took place at that time. Since Sam al and Que both appear to be Assyrian provinces in the reign of Sargon II, it has often been suggested that Shalmaneser annexed them. Josephus (Jewish Antiquities IX 16) states that Shalmaneser V besieged Tyre for five years; the reliability of this account is sometimes questioned. No building activity by this king is known so far. An inscribed brick found at Tell Abu Marya (ancient Apku) is reported as belonging to Shalmaneser V (text no. 1002), and assuming the attribution is correct, this may attest to a building project of his in that city. For more information and further discussion about his reign, see Brinkman, PKB pp. 243–245; Grayson, CAH2 3/2 pp. 85–86; Baker, PNA 3/1 p. 1077 sub Salmnu-aar d no. 5; Radner, AfO 50 (2003/4) pp. 95–104; and Baker, RLA 11/7–8 (2008) pp. 585–587 sub Salmanassar V.

6

The campaign mentioned in the eponymy of B l-arrn-b lu-uur (727) took place during the reign of Tiglath-pileser, and not in that of Shalmaneser V. This is supported by the Babylonian Chronicle, which records Tiglath-pileser’s death in the month eb tu (X). This does not leave enough time for Shalmaneser V to go out on campaign during his accession year. Shalmaneser apparently also stayed at home in his first regnal year. Therefore, one might restore i-[na? KUR?], “(the king stayed) i[n the land (Assyria)],” for the entry for 726 in the Eponym Chronicle.

Introduction

15

Dating and Chronology Mesopotamian month names are often mentioned in this volume and the charts in this section are intended to aid the reader in understanding the Babylonian Calendar. The Mesopotamian month names and their modern equivalents are: I II III IV V VI VI2

Nisannu Ayy ru Sim nu Duzu Abu Ullu Intercalary Ullu

March–April April–May May–June June–July July–August August–September

VII VIII IX X XI XII XII2

Tar tu Arasamna Kisl mu ebtu, Kinnu

ab u Addaru Intercalary Addaru

September–October October–November November–December December–January January–February February–March

Unless it is stated otherwise, the dates given in this volume (excluding those in bibliographical citations) are all BC. Each ancient Mesopotamian year has been given a single Julian year equivalent even though the ancient year actually encompassed parts of two Julian years, with the ancient year beginning around the time of the vernal equinox. Thus, for example, the fourth regnal year of Tiglath-pileser (the eponymy of Bl-arr nblu-uur) is indicated to be 741, although it actually began around the middle of March in 741 and ended in March 740; therefore, events which took place late in the ancient year “741” actually took place early in the Julian year 740. A. King Lists The SDAS (Seventh-day Adventist [Theological] Seminary) copy of the Assyrian King List, Babylonian King List A, and the Ptolemaic Canon record that Tiglath-pileser III (Plu) and Shalmaneser V (Ull yu) were kings of Assyria and Babylonia. Translations of the relevant passages are presented here for the convenience of the user of this volume. In this section, the entries immediately preceding and following those of the kings whose inscriptions are also edited in this volume are given when they are preserved. 1. Assyrian King List (Gelb, JNES 13 [1954] pp. 209–230; Grayson, RLA 6/1–2 [1980] pp. 101–115 §3.9) iv 23) [Aur-n r r (V), son of] Adad-n r r (III), ten years ditto (exercised kingship).7 -----------iv 24–25) Tiglath-pileser (III), son of Aur-n r r (V), exercised kingship for eighteen years. -----------iv 25–26) Shalmaneser (V), son of Tiglath-pileser (III), exercised kingship for five years. -----------2. Babylonian King List A (CT 36 pls. 24–25; Grayson, RLA 6/1–2 [1980] pp. 90–96 §3.3) -----------iv 7) 3 (years) (Nabû)-muk n-zri, Dynasty of apî ( ap ya) iv 8) 2 (years) Plu (Tiglath-pileser III) iv 9) 5 (years) Ull yu (Shalmaneser V), Dynasty of Baltil (Aur) iv 10) 12 (years) Marduk-apla-iddina (II), Dynasty of the Sealand

7

The entry for Aur-n r r V is fully preserved in the Khorsabad copy of the Assyrian King List. That text also has “exercised kingship for ten years” (10 MU.ME LUGAL-ta DÙ-u) instead of “ten years ditto (exercised kingship)” (10 MU.ME KI.MIN). See Gelb, JNES 13 (1954) pp. 222 and 229 iv 31–32.

Introduction

16

3. Ptolemaic Canon (Wachsmuth, Alten Geschichte p. 305; Grayson, RLA 6/1–2 [1980] p. 101 §3.8)         





Khinzeros and Poros (k n-z ri and Plu) 5 (years) Iloulaios (Ullyu) 5 (years) Mardokempados (Marduk-apla-iddina II) 12 (years)

B. Eponym Dates In Assyria, each year was named after a high official, called a limmu or lmu in Akkadian, and lists of these officials (eponyms) were compiled by the Assyrian scribes. The following list of the eponym officials for the reigns of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V is based upon Millard, SAAS 2 pp. 43–46 and 59. None of the inscriptions included in the present volume bear the date in which they were composed, but a number of inscriptions whose dates may be determined with some degree of confidence (for example, instances with a clear terminus post quem for the inscription) are given in bold. Year

Regnal Year (palû number)

Eponym

745 744 743 742 741 740 739 738 737 736 735 734 733 732 731 730 729

Tiglath-pileser III Accession year (1st palû) 1 (2nd palû) 2 (3rd palû) 3 (4th palû) 4 (5th palû) 5 (6th palû) 6 (7th palû) 7 (8th palû) 8 (9th palû) 9 (10th palû) 10 (11th palû) 11 (12th palû) 12 (13th palû) 13 (14th palû) 14 (15th palû) 15 (16th palû) 16 (17th palû)

Nabû-b lu-uur, governor of Arrapa B l-dn, governor of Kalu Tiglath-pileser III, king of Assyria Nabû-dainanni, field marshal (turtnu) B l-arrn-b lu-uur, palace herald (ngir ekalli) Nabû- iranni, chief butler (rab qê) Sîn-taklk, chamberlain (masennu) Adad-b lu-kain, governor ( aknu) of the land B l- muranni, governor of Raappa Ninurta-ilya, governor of Na b na Aur-allimanni, governor of Arrapa B l-dn, governor of Kalu Aur-dainanni, governor of Mazamua Nabû-b lu-uur, governor of Sime Nergal-uballi, governor of Ai-Zu na B l-l-dri, governor of Tillê Lipur-ilu, governor of abruri

728 727 727 726 725 724 723 722

17 (18th palû) 18 (19th palû) Shalmaneser V Accession year 1 2 3 4 5

Dateable Texts

37 35, 46 38 36 54 39, 42, 44, 48 1–34, 40–41, 47, 49, 50, 51–52, 55–57

Dr-Aur, governor of Tuan B l-arrn-b lu-uur, governor of Guzna B l-arrn-b lu-uur, governor of Guzna Marduk-b lu-uur, governor of Amedi Made, governor of Nineveh Aur-imânni, governor of Kilizi Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria Ninurta-ilya, governor of Na b na

C. Chronicles The Eponym Chronicle and two Mesopotamian chronicles provide useful information both on events of the reigns of Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V and on the order of those events. The standard edition of the Eponym Chronicle is that of Millard (Millard, SAAS 2) and that of the Mesopotamian chronicles is the edition of A.K. Grayson (Grayson, Chronicles), but note also the recent edition by J.-J. Glassner (Glassner, Chronicles) and the ongoing work by I. Finkel and R.J. van der Spek (see www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/chron00.html [2011]). For the convenience of the user of this volume, it has been thought useful to present translations of the relevant passages here; these translations are adapted from the aforementioned works.

Introduction

17

1. The Eponym Chronicle (Millard, SAAS 2, in particular pp. 43–46 and 59; Glassner, Chronicles pp. 164–177 no. 9, especially pp. 172– 175) -----------[In the eponymy of Nabû-b lu-uur of the ci]ty Arrapa (745): [In the eponymy of B l-d n o]f the city Kalu (744): -----------[In the eponymy of Tiglath-pileser III, kin]g of Assyria (743): [In the eponymy of Nabû-dainanni], field marshal (turtnu) (742): [In the eponymy of B l-arr n-b lu-uur], palace herald (ngir ekalli) (741): [In the eponymy of Nabû- iranni], chief butler (rab qê) (740): [In the eponymy of Sîn-takl k], chamberlain (masennu) (739): [In the eponymy of Adad-b lu-kain], governor (aknu) of the land (738): [In the eponymy of B l- muranni] of the land Raappa (737): [In the eponymy of Ninurta-il ya] of the city Nabna (736): [In the eponymy of A

ur- allimanni] of the land Arrapa (735): [In the eponymy of B l-d n] of the city Kalu (734): [In the eponymy of A

ur-dainanni] of the city Mazamua (733): [In the eponymy of Nabû-b lu-uu]r of the city Sime (732): [In the eponymy of Nergal-uballi] of the city Ai-Zuna (731): [In the eponymy of B l-l-d r]i of the city Tillê (730): [In the eponymy of Lipur-il]u of the land abruri (729): [In the eponymy of Dr-A

u]r of the city Tu[ ]an (728): -----------[In the eponymy of B l-arr n-b lu-uur, governor] of [the land Guz] na (727): [In the eponymy of Marduk-b lu-uur of the city Ame]di (726): [In the eponymy of Made of the city] Nineveh (725): [In the eponymy of A

ur-i mânni of the city Kili]zi (724):

8

In the month Ayy ru (II), on the thirteenth day, [Tiglat]h-pileser (III) ascended the throne. [In the month T]a rtu (VII), he marched to the (land) Between the River(s). Against the land Namri. The land Uraru [was defea]ted at the city Arpad. Against the city Arpad. Against the same city. It was conquered within three years. Against the city Arpad. Against the land Ulluba. The fortress was seized. The city Kullani was conquered. Against the Medes. To the foot of Mount Nal. Against the land Uraru. Against the land Philistia. Against the land Damascus. Against the land Damascus. Against the city apya. (The king stayed) in the land (Assyria). The king took the hands of the god B l (Marduk). The king took the hands of the god B l (Marduk). The city/land i... [was conquered]. Against the cit[y ... Shalma]neser (V) [ascended] the [throne]. (The king stayed) i[n the land (Assyria)].8 Again[st ...]. Again[st ...].

For this interpretation of the line, see p. 14 n. 6; cf. Millard, SAAS 2 p. 59 (“i[n

]”).

18

Introduction [In the eponymy of Shalmaneser (V), king of Assyria] (723): -----------[In the eponymy of Ninurta-ilya ...] (722):

Again[st ...]. ... [...].

2. Chronicle Concerning the Period from Nabû-nir to ama - uma-ukn (Grayson, Chronicles pp. 69–87 no. 1; Glassner, Chronicles pp. 193–203 no. 16 and pp. 202–207 no. 17; note also Brinkman, Studies Moran pp. 73–104, esp. pp. 100–101 and 103) i 1–5) [The third year of Nabû-nir], king of Babylon (745): Tiglath-pileser (III) ascended the throne in Assyria. The same year: [The king of Assyria] came down to Akkad, plundered the cities Rabi-ilu and amarnu,9 and carried off the gods of the city apazza. -----------i 6–8) In the time of Nabû-nir, Borsippa revolted against Babylon, (but) the battle that Nabû-nir waged against Borsippa is not recorded (in writing). -----------i 9–10) The fifth year of Nabû-nir (743): umban-nika (I) ascended the throne in Elam. -----------i 11–13) The fourteenth year (734): Nabû-nir became ill and died in his palace. Nabû-nir ruled Babylon for fourteen years. (Nabû)-ndin-(z ri), his son, ascended the throne in Babylon. -----------i 14–18) The second year (732): (Nabû)-ndin-(z ri) was killed in a rebellion. (Nabû)-ndin-(z ri) ruled Babylon for two years. (Nabû)-uma-uk n (II), a governor (and) the leader of the rebellion, ascended the throne. (Nabû)-uma-uk n (II) ruled Babylon for one month and two days. (Nabû)-muk n-z [ri, the] Amukanite, removed him from the throne and seized the throne (for himself). -----------i 19–23) The third year of (Nabû)-muk n-z ri (729): When Tiglath-pileser (III) had come down to Akkad, he ravaged B t-Amukni and defeated (Nabû)-muk n-z ri. (Nabû)-muk n-z ri ruled Babylon for three years. Tiglath-pileser (III) ascended the throne in Babylon. -----------i 24–28) The second year (727): Tiglath-pileser (III) died in the month eb tu (X). Tiglath-pileser (III) ruled Akkad and Assyria for <eighteen> years. For two of those years he ruled in Akkad. On the twenty-fifth day of the month eb tu, Shalmaneser (V) ascended the throne in Assyria . He ravaged Samaria. -----------i 29–32) The fifth year (722): Shalmaneser (V) died in the month eb tu (X). Shalmaneser (V) ruled Akkad and Assyria for five years. On the twelfth day of the month eb tu, Sargon (II) ascended the throne in Assyria. In the month Nisannu (I) Marduk-apla-iddina (II) (Merodach-baladan) ascended the throne in Babylon. -----------3. An Eclectic Chronicle (Grayson, Chronicles pp. 180–183 no. 24; Glassner, Chronicles pp. 284–289 no. 47) rev. 19) [... Tiglath-pilese]r (III), the king of Assyria, ascended the throne. -----------rev. 20) [... Shalmaneser (V), king of Assyria], ascended [the thro]ne. -----------Lacuna

9

Rabi-ilu and amarnu are also the names of Aramean tribes; for example, see text no. 4 line 5 and text no. 47 obv. 5.

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176

Shalmaneser V 5

 

 

5  

  A lion-shaped weight discovered in the North-West Palace at Kalḫu is inscribed with a short Akkadian text stating that the object belonged to Shalmaneser (V) and weighed one (heavy) mina. The lion also bears a short Aramaic text.  

 

CATALOGUE

 

  Museum Number

Registration Number

BM 91228

48-11-4,72

 

Dimensions (cm)

Provenance Kalḫu, North-West Palace, under bull colossus flanking Chamber B, Entrance b

 

9.9×6.1

cpn c

 

 

COMMENTARY   This bronze lion weight weighs 954.566g; its handle is now missing so its full original weight is not known. The Akkadian inscription is written on the lion’s back. Line 1 of the Aramaic inscription is incised on the right flank of the lion, and line 2 is on the right side of the base. One vertical stroke,

indicating the weight of one (heavy) mina, is incised on the left flank, just below the last line of the Akkadian inscription. The present edition is based on F.M. Fales’ published copy (Studies Lipiński p. 40) and the collation notes of J. Novotny.

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY   1853 1856 1889 1891 1901 1907 1911 1912

Layard, Discoveries p. 513 and pl. facing p. 513 no. 8 (copy [Aramaic text], study) Norris, JRAS 16 pp. 216, 221 and pl. facing p. 220 (partial copy [Akkadian, Aramaic texts], study) de Vogüé, CIS 2/1 pp. 7–8 no. 6 (typeset copy [Akkadian text], edition [Akkadian, Aramaic texts]) Müller, WZKM 5 p. 5 (study) Johns, ADD 2/1 p. 260 Leo 8 (transliteration [Akkadian, Aramaic texts], study) Weissbach, ZDMG 61 p. 401 no. 67 (translation [Akkadian, Aramaic texts]) Soutzo, MDP 12 pp. 30 and 47 no. 8 (study) Lehmann-Haupt, ZDMG 66 p. 682 (study)

1921 1922 1966 1973 1984 1990 1991 1995 1997 1999

Thureau-Dangin, RA 18 p. 139 no. 8 (study) BM Guide pp. 170–171 (study) Mallowan, Nimrud 1 p. 109 and n. 9 (study) Schramm, EAK 2 p. 140 b (study) Braun-Holzinger, Bronzen p. 111 no. 383 e (translation [Akkadian text], study) Mitchell in Gyselen, Prix p. 132 no. 8 (photo, edition [Akkadian, Aramaic texts], study) Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6 p. XXIV fig. 3a (photo) Fales, Studies Lipiński pp. 39–40 no. 6 (copy, edition [Akkadian, Aramaic texts]) Fales, Économie antique p. 293 no. 6 (translation) Zaccagnini, Studies Heltzer pp. 259–265 (study)

 

 

TEXT  

  Akkadian Inscription

Akkadian Inscription 1) 2) 3)

mdSILIM-man-MAŠ

É.GAL MAN KUR AŠ 1 MA.NA šá MAN

Akkadian 1–3) Palace of Shalmaneser (V), king of Assyria: one mina of the king.

 

Aramaic Inscription

Aramaic Inscription

1) 2)

Aramaic 1–2) (One) mina. Mina of the king.

mnh mnh mlk

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179


1911 1912 1921 1922 1966 1984

1990

[Akkadian, Aramaic texts]) Soutzo, MDP 12 pp. 30 and 47 no. 10 (study) Lehmann-Haupt, ZDMG 66 pp. 682, 685 and 687 (study) Thureau-Dangin, RA 18 p. 139 no. 10 (study) BM Guide pp. 170–171 (study) Mallowan, Nimrud 1 p. 109 and n. 9 (study) Braun-Holzinger, Bronzen p. 111 and pl. 72 no. 383 j (translation [Akkadian text], study)

1994 1995 1997 1999 2000

Mitchell in Gyselen, Prix p. 134 no. 10 (photo, edition [Akkadian, Aramaic texts], study) Tadmor, Tigl. III pp. 316–317 (transliteration) Fales, Studies Lipiski pp. 41–42 no. 8 (copy, edition [Akkadian, Aramaic texts]) Fales, Économie antique p. 293 no. 8 (translation) Zaccagnini, Studies Heltzer pp. 259–265 (study) Frame, BSMS 35 p. 95 (study)







TEXT






Akkadian Inscription

Akkadian Inscription

1) 2)

Akkadian 1–2) One mina. Palace of Shalmaneser (V), king [of Assyria].

1 MA.NA É.GAL mdSILIM-ma- nu-MA LUGAL [KUR? A?]

Aramaic Inscription

Aramaic Inscription

1)

Aramaic 1) (One) mina of the king.

mnh mlk








8







A lion-shaped weight discovered in the North-West Palace at Kal u is inscribed with a short Akkadian text stating that the object belonged to Shalmaneser (V) and weighed one-fourth (heavy) mina. A short Aramaic text is also written on the lion.







CATALOGUE





Museum Number

Registration Number

BM 91232

48-11-4,76




Dimensions (cm)

Provenance Kal u, North-West Palace, under bull colossus flanking Chamber B, Entrance b

6.73.8




cpn c







COMMENTARY
This object, with a handle on its back, weighs 236.678g. The Akkadian inscription is written on the lion’s back. The Aramaic inscription is incised on the bottom. Four vertical strokes, apparently indi-

cating the weight of one-fourth (heavy) mina, is incised on the left flank. The present edition is based on F.M. Fales’ published copy (Studies Lipiski p. 44) and the collation notes of J. Novotny.



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186

Shalmaneser V 1004

 

  and Ashurbanipal, cannot be excluded. This text is included here as a 1000number since it cannot be proven with certainty that these stamped disks belonged to Shalmaneser V and not some other Neo-Assyrian king.  

 

CATALOGUE

 

 

 

Ex.

Museum Number

Registration Number

1 2

SEM 1263 SEM 1264

— —

 

Provenance

Dimensions   cpn (cm)

— —

12.2×9.3×2.7 p 9.1×6.9×2.1 p

 

 

COMMENTARY   The provenance of the stamp impressions is not known. Because the objects are much lighter than one mina (ca. 500g), it seems unlikely that the disks were actually used as weights; ex. 1 (complete) weighs only 296g and ex. 2 (damaged) weighs just 158g. Moreover, these clay disks do not appear to be dockets since they are not perforated. They may have been used as covers for containers that stored one mina of goods. Because the objects were not

collated from the originals in the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna), the edition is based on the photographs published by H. Galter and B. Scholz (AfO 35 [1988] p. 32 fig. 4 and p. 34 fig. 5). The authors, however, regard the alphabetic inscription as Aramaic, rather than Hebrew as suggested by Galter and Scholz. The edition is a conflation of exs. 1 and 2. Because both impressions were probably made from the same stamp, no score is included in the volume.

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  

1988

Galter and Scholz, AfO 35 pp. 32–34 nos. 1.4–1.5 and figs. 4–5 (exs. 1–2, photo, edition, study)

   

TEXT    

Akkadian Inscription

Akkadian Inscription 1) 2) 3)

md[SILIM-man-MAŠ?]

É.GAL MAN KUR AŠ 1 MA.NA šá MAN

Akkadian 1–3) Palace of [Shalmaneser (V)], king of Assyria: one mina of the king.

 

Aramaic Inscription

Aramaic Inscription

1)

Aramaic 1) (One) mina of the king.

mnh mlk

 

                    Akk. 1 md[SILIM-man-MAŠ?] “[Shalmaneser (V)]”: Or possibly md[30-PAP.MEŠ-SU?] “[Sennacherib].” Aramaic 1 Cf. the edition of H. Galter and B. Scholz (AfO 35 [1988] p. 34), where [1] is restored before mnh. This restoration is unnecessary; see Shalmaneser V text no. 7.

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