The Phoenicians in Achziv: The Southern Cemetery: Jerome L. Joss Expedition: Final Report of the Excavations 1988-1990

Mazar, Eilat 2003 The Phoenicians in Achziv: The Southern Cemetery: Jerome L. Joss Expedition: Final Report of the Excav...

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Mazar, Eilat 2003 The Phoenicians in Achziv: The Southern Cemetery: Jerome L. Joss Expedition: Final Report of the Excavations 1988-1990. Cuadernos de Arqueologia Mediterranea 7. Barcelona: Carrera Edició, Publicaciones del Laboratorio de Arqueología, Universidad Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona.

A large Phoenician settlement existed throughout the Iron Age and the Persian period at Tel Achziv. The tel is situated on the northern coast of Israel, 15krn north of Acre and 25km south of Tyre, in southern Phoenicia. This rnonograph deals with the southern cernetery of Achziv, which in Arabic is called Minet E-Zib (the port of Achziv), and also known by the narne Buqbaq (Figs. 1-2; Photos 1-7).2 The southern cernetery is on a sandstone (kurkar) ridge a n d covered by sand dunes. It is near the seashore, half a kilorneter south of Tel Achziv, on the southern side of the Sha'al River. The presently siltedup mouth of the river served as an entrance for ships into their safe harbor along the eastern side of the Tel (Raban 1984). Although this cernetery spreads over many dunams, its exact size is uncertain. On the west the cernetery is bordered by the sea and on the north by the Sha'al River. Its southern and eastern lirnits are unknown. Irnanuel Ben-Dor conducted the fxst archaeological excavation at the southern cernetery in 1941, on behalf of the British Mandatory Govemrnent's Department of Antiquities. The excavation began when it becarne known that villagers frorn the area were looting the site (Prausnitz 1993). A report on the excavations conducted by E. Ben Dor at the southern and eastern cerneteries of Achziv in the years 1941-1944 has been published very recently (see end of Introduction). Moshe Prausnitz continued excavations at the site on behalf of the Israel Llepartrnent of Antiquities in the years 1958, 1960 and 1980 (see: Prausnitz 1959, 1960a, 1960b, 1962. 1969, 1970, 1982). Frorn 1963 to 1964 he also conducted srnall-scale excavations on the tel on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and the Oriental Institute of the University of Rome (Prausnitz 1963, 1965). Frorn 1988 to 1 9 0 , excavations continued in the southern cernetery of Achziv on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem by the author.3

1 I would especially like to thank Prof. Maria Eugenia Aubet for enabling this publication a n d for her encouragement and friendship. 2 All dates are Before the Cornmon Era. @CE) unless stated otherwise.

Fig. 1. Achziv on the northern coast of Israel

3 The excavations were funded by Mr. Jerome L. Joss of California, by the National Geographic Society, and by Mr. Leon Levy. Prof. Patricia Smith from the Hadassah School for Dental Medicine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem conducted the anthropological research. The archaeologists were: Tarnar Shabi, Jonathan Nadelman, Shlomit Atzmon, Shoshana Israeli, and Ditza Shrnuel. Margalit Hayosh and Sylvia Zis were registrars. Woif Shiiecher, David Silverman, Neomi Gal and Sylvia Owen acted as photographers. The architect was Wolf Shiiecher. The Israeli Army Engineering Corps and the residents of Nahanyah supplied tremendous help, especially Eitan Moller, Roni Briller and Cobi Voif. Further collaborators: Ruth Rivak and Ora Mazar (pottery restoration); Shifra Izenshtein, Margaret Ichelberg and Dalit Weinblat- Krauss (drawing of pottery and finds); Eilat Mazar (photography of finds); Wolf Shiiecher and David Milson (final plans); Yiftah Shalev, Noam Adler and Orit Peleg (assisted in the final preparations of the report). Yiftah Shalev also prepared the final plates. David Milson edited the final rnanuaipt I would hke to thank all of them for their ddigence.

CUADERNOS D E ARQLTOLOGÍA

The excavations revealed built tombs, rock-cut shaft tombs, round graves, pit graves, burials in pottery vessels and cremation burials. In spite of evidence of looting there was a large amount of evidence to be gained from the tombs concerning their architecture, burial goods, and burial cult. In this monograph each tomb from the author's excavations will be discussed individually, in light of the following four categories: 1.Surroundings of the tomb: topographic location and its relation to other tombs, possible cult activity and finds. 2. Tomb-plan: architectural characteristics. 3. Excavationproces: stratigraphy, location of the finds relative to each other, special elements such as stone-circles, etc. 4. Finds: figurines, jewelry, weapons, working tools, seals, amulets, etc. This monograph is divided into five chapters. The first four chapters dea1 with different types of tombs and burials. The first chapter concerns built tombs, which appear as both cist tombs and chamber tombs. In chapter two shaft tombs are divided into five sub-types. Chapter three deals with three types of graves, which are smaller than tombs and usually for individuals. Cremation burials are discussed in chapter four. All tombs excavated by the author are numbered according to the excavation areas (for example, T.A.1= Tomb no. 1 in area A). The report o n Ben Dor's excavations by M. Dayagi-Mendels (The Akhziv Cemeteries, The Ben Dor Excavations, 1941-1944. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) Reports, No. 15. Jerusalem, 2002) also includes an appendix by F. M. Cross on the stellae, and an appendix by O. Keel on the scarabs of Achziv. Upon first glance at the volume, it is clear that the author did not pay sufficient heed to the extensive accounts left by the excavator. Such inadequate research leads to conclusions that are simply wrong, and which affect the entire understanding of the Phoenician family tombs. A more thorough review of the volume will be published in the near future, and will clanfy its erroneous sections for the benefit of research on the subiect. The complete excavation report by Ben-Dor served as a basis for my doctorate work, which was completed in 1 9 7 . Accordingly it is possible for me to iden* the claims in Dayagi-Mendels' volume that have no foundatiora in these excavation reports. For example, upon careful examination of Ben-Dor's report on the eastern cemetery (ZR). no trace is found of the Cypriot import

MEDITERRÁKEA / VOL. 7

White Painted Barrel juglet, dated to the 1Othc. BCE. This fact is important in forming a general picture of rhe typological and chronological development of the family tombs in the Iron Age Achziv cemeteries, a picture indicating that the eastern cemetery went into use only at rhe end of the 10" c. - beginning of the 9th c. BCE, when the northern cemetery at Achziv was converted for use exclusively as a cremation burial site. Surprisingly, the White ~ a i n t e dBarrel juglet appears in Dayagi-Mendels' publication (under type CP9) as an artifact from tomb XVII in the eastern cemetery (ZR), even though, as mentioned above, Ben-Dor's report does not include such a vessel as coming from anywhere in the eastern cemetery. Rather, the vessel is reported by Ben-Dor as coming from tomb XVII in the southern cemetery (Z); it does not appear in Dayagi-Mendels' description of that tomb. It can be assumed that a confusion of the names of the eastern and southern cemeteries led to this mistake, which has caused a major disruption in the proper dating of the tombs' typology. Furthermore, the pottery from tomb XVII of the southern cemetery (Z) at Achziv, including the appearance of the White Painted Barrel juglet there, was published by Culican in 1982 (W. Culican, The Repertoire of Phoenician Pottery. In H.G. Niemeyer (ed), Phoniizier Im Western, Mainz am Rhein, 1982:45-82) but the article is not mentioned at all by Dayagi-Mendels in this context, even though it appears in the bibliography and was known to the author. The same type of White Painted Barrel juglet appears in Dayagi-Mendels in tomb X of the southern cemetery (Z). Tomb X is a developed type of tomb that includes beds, and dates at the very earliest to the end of the 9fhC., but is characteristic of the 8fh- 7thC. BCE. The existence of this kind of juglet in a tomb with such beds necessitates an unreasonably early date for this kind of tomb, undermining the family tomb typologies which until now have been integrated well into the full chronology of the Iron Age. Indeed, in the excavator's report the juglet does not appear in Tomb X of the southern cemetery (Z), rather in tomb m,as number 37. An incorrect marking on the artifact itself records it as coming from tomb X, as number 37, but such a mistake would certainly have been detected upon a careful study of the excavation report, given the fact that this kind of juglet pre-dates by 100 years the use of shaft tombs with beds. Therefore, the publication of Dayagi-Mendels should be used with caution until a more detailed criticism, which precisely outlines rhe errors of rhe volume, is published.

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Fig. 2. Excavation areas A and C in the southern cemetery

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍAMEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Photo 1. Members of the expedition in 1988: Standing from left to right: Sohshana Israeli, volunteer, Pau1 Davis, Muki Zehavi, Amram, Yonatan Nadelman, Eilat Mazar, Wolf Schliecher, Ditza Shumuel, volunteer. Sitting: Sylvia Owen and Tamar Shabi.

Photo 2. Members of the expedition in 1989: Back row from left: Wolf Schliecher, Sylvia Zis (with Nadia Zis-Schliecher), Nir Zinger. Front row from left: Tamar Shabi, Yonatan Nadelman, Eilat Mazar. Sitting: Shlornit Atzmon.

hot to 3. Members of the expedition in 1990: Back row: Guy Cohen, Maydva Mazar-Kovalyo (on ladder), Wolf Schliecher, Yoni Rand, David Silverman. Smadar Atzmon, Adi Ziv, Margalit Hayosh Middle row Eilat Mazar Tamar Shabi, Sylvia Krapiwko. Sitting: Volunteer, Shlomit Atzmon.


Photos 4-5. Tel Achziv and the outlet of Sha'al river, looking north (4); the city of Naharia 1 km, from the site, looking south ( 5 )

Photos 6-7. Aerial photograph of the southern cemetery in 1956, the outlet of Sha'al river and the southern edge of Tel Achziv, looking north (6); The southern cemetery, looking northeast (7)

Chapter I TYPE I: BUILT TOMBS

of ashlar stones. ~ l are l oriented east west with entrances in the eastern wall. In the vicinity of the chamber tombs three child burials inside pottery vessels were found. It seems that these burials relate to the tombs themselves, and therefore, they are included within the tombs' descriptions.

In area C on the northwestern side of the southern cemetery, four built tombs were found (Fig. 3 and Photo 8). These are divided into three distinct types. Only one or two examples were found of each type. These are a cist tomb built of rough stones, a chamber tomb built of rough stones and chamber tombs built

0

ACHZlV SOUfH Area C

--

General Plsn

-

1-

-i-

+

-r

A

'A I

I?

I

n

i

11

I

20

Fig. 3. Area C - Built tombs (Types I. A-C)

Photo 8. Area C - Built tombs (Types 1.A.-C). looking west. 15

I

11

I

tl

i

zt

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOC

TYPE LA. CIST TOMBS BUILT OF ROUGH STONES In 1963 Prausnitz discovered three cist tombs built of rough stones on the eastern slope of the tel (Prausnitz 1963: 338, 1993: 32, 1997: 19-23; Giveon 1988: 28). In 1989, another cist tomb was found (T.C.3) in the southern cemetery. The tombs on the tel are oriented north south. They were constructed by first digging a pit into the ground after which walls were built inside this pit. The tombs are rectangular in shape: their length varies from 2.00 to 2.2% and their width varies from 0.95 to 1.20m. The floors of the tombs were composed of a thin layer of pebbles4 One of these tombs, tomb 1029, was named "the warrior tomb" on account of the objects found. Two skeletons were uncovered, lying face-up near each other. A double head ax, spear head, an iron sickle knife, large pilgrim flasks and a meta1 bowl were found near one. Near the other, probably a woman, a fibula, pilgrim flasks and beads were found (Prausnitz 1963: 338; 1997: 19-23). In tomb 1009 six scarabs confirm the date of this tomb to the tenth century (Brandl 1997: 50-53, nos. 88-90, 92-94).j No cist tombs built of ashlar stones were found at Achziv.

1.

Tomb Type I.A. Tomb T.C.3 (Figs. 4-5; Photos 9-l5l6

width of the walls is 60cm. During the excavation, only the outer face of the eastern wall was partially exposed to determine how the tomb was constructed: a narrow foundation trench was dug for the walls. After the walls were built, small- to medium-size stones bound by a dark-brown oily earth was used as a fill in the foundation trench. The long walls of the tomb are built of large, partly worked rough stones with smaller stones between them as a fill. The floor of the tomb was made of a layer of shells and small pebbles. The tomb was covered on its western side by a single chalkstone (0.38 x 1.30 x 0.45m) laid on the long walls. The cover stone and the top of the walls are at surface level. A layer of small- and medium-size stones was found on the east side of the cover stone at the level of the top of the long walls. In the center of the tomb a skeleton of an adult male was found in situ, lying on its back. Near the southern wall, a pile of bones comprising two adults (a male and a female) and a ten-year-old child was found. Their long bones (legs and arms) were found together at the eastern side of the pile. A jug, two small pilgrim-flasks decorated by concentric circles in black, an ivory conical-shaped staff-head, a small ivory inlay plaque, a hematite weight (?), an unworked crystal stone (2.5 x 3.0 cm) and a silver button-pin with flax stuck to it were also found in the pile.

This tomb is located 10m southwest of tomb T.C.2 (described below). No other tombs were found between them (Smith et. al. 1993: Figs. 5, 12). The tomb was built underground, o n the sandstone bedrock. Unlike the three tombs Prausnitz found on the eastern slope of the tel, this tomb is oriented east west. Its interior measures: 2.15 x 0.95 x 0.90m. The

4 Prausnitz inaccurately refers to these tombs as "constructed of large, well-hewn slabs" (Prausnitz 1963338) and not as rough stone (Type 1.A).In another publication he wrote that their stones were "worked as needed" (Prausnitz 1997:19). In a photograph published in 1997, two stones of tomb 1029 can be seen in situ (Prausnitz 1997: Fig. 2). These stones indicate a building style similar to the cist tomb from the southern cemetery.

a-a 5 In 1963, Prausnitz dated the tombs on the tel to the tenth century (1963:338).Yet, six years later, he dated the same tombs to the second half of the eleventh century (1969:85-91).In light of the finds from tomb 979 (= T.C.l), Prausnitz gave another date, in the first half of the eleventh century (1997:22-23). Fig. 4. T.C.3 (Type I.A.) - Plan and section

THE P H O E S I C I k I S IN ACHZTV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 9-15.Tomb T.C.3 (Type I.A.) - Cist tomb built of rough stones (9-13); L. 306 - a pile of bones and burial gifts found in the tomb (14); L. 306 - silver buttoned-pin with remains of flax (15) 17

Fig 5 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 3 No. 1

Type Jug

Reg. No. Locus 1580 306

2

Pilgrim flask

1572

306

3

Pilgrim flask

1582

306

4

Pilgrim flask Button- pin Staff Head Inlay plaque Weight (?)

1591/2 1397 1598/2 1598/1 1600

306 306 306 306 306

5 6 7 8

0

Fig. 5. T.C.3 - L. 306 - nos. 1-8

Description Brownish-orange clay, small black grits, black and red concentric circles on body Light brown clay, many small grits, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, creme slip, black paint on body Light brown clay Silver with flax remains Ivory Ivory Hematite

Photo No.

15

TYPE IB.CHAMBER TOMBS BUiLT OF ROUGH !!XONES

skeleton was the only original burial in the tomb. The other bones, from secondary burials, were laid at one time, filling the tomb u p to one meter. The bones were laid in the tomb in no apparent order, except for a few groups of two to three skulls. On floor level in the dromos a jug was found. In the chamber, pottery vessels were discovered mixed together with the bones. Most vessels were complete but broken, although some were intact. The most common types were bowls with simple rims, bichrome jugs and trefoil rim jugs, and severa1 large and small pilgrim flasks. In one bowl two small pilgrim flasks and a skull were found on the floor. Severa1 large pieces of two jars, dipper juglets, black on red juglets, Cypriot white-painted juglets, a broken clay model of a boat (?)and an oi1 lamp were also found. In iron, the finds included: two sickles; a pick with a wooden handle, and a fibula. In stone, two hematite weights (?),another weight (?), a conical hematite seal (?)and a black stone scaraboid seal were discovered. In ivory the finds included: a staff-head in the shape of a pomegranate and another in a conical shape, a Bes head, and a broken staff. In addition, a badly preserved scarab (see Brandl no.1 in this volume), different beads, and severa1 attractive pebbles and shells were found in the tomb.

This type of tomb is a variation of the previous type I.A. Only one tomb of this type was found s o far. The difference between type 1.A and 1.B lies with the increased size, a n d a n e w feature. namely, a n additional built small dromos. We have foarnd n o parallels for this tomb.

1.

Tomb Type I.B. Tomb T.C.4 (Figs. 6-18; Photos 16-44)'

A single chamber tomb was discovered 6m northwest of T.C.2 and 7m southwest of T.C.l (Smith et. al. 1993: Figs 5,101. Nearby the tomb, two pottery vessels each containing a child burial were found. One of these was in a bowl, discovered upside down, 1.5m northwest of T.C.4 (L.619). Inside this bowl were skeleton bones and a skull of an infant. The second was found inside a 6Ocm-high jar (L.112). The jar was discovered in very poor condition, standing upright, situated 1.5m southeast of T.C.4. Inside the jar were leg-bones of a child. The unfinished burial chamber was built of rough stones. Its foundation penetrates into a Late Bronze Age stratum and reaches even deeper t o a stratum of meager remains from the Middle Bronze Arre. The foundation trench for the tomb w i s filled with dark, oily earth. The tomb chamber is rectangular (2.85 x 1.70m) with a floor 35cm lower than the entrance threshold. Its walls were built only from one course of narrow, rough stones (1.0 x 0.30m) with small fieldstone providing a fill between them. There is a small dromos in front of the eastern entrance to 7.9 the tomb. The dromos is rectangular (1.15 x 0.85m), and is located above ground level. It is composed of a single, low course of narrow, rough stones 25cm wide. a Remains of approximately fifty individuals, including men, women and children, as well as burial gifts were found in the tomb (Smith et. al. 1993: Fig. 10). AU burials but one are secondary burials. The single articulated skeleton was found on the floor level lying on its back along the a - a southem wall. Its feet pointed towards the east and in its right hand was a bowl. This

.

.

Fig. 6. T.C.4 (Type I.B.) - plan and section

7 Loci 107, 112, 410, 610, 619. 19

Photos 16-21.T.C.4 (Type 1.B). Chamber tomb built of rough stones (16-18): L. 610 - dozen of secondary burials and burial gifts piled aii over the tomb (19-21)

20


Photos 22-25. T . c . 4 - The only burial found in situ, laying on its back along the southern wall, looking west (22-23); L. 112 - a jar with remains of child burial (24); L. 619 - a bowl with rernains of child burial ( 2 5 ) 21

Fig 7 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 4 No.

Type Bowl Bowl Bowl Bead Earring Bowl Jug

Reg. No. 3305 577 6996 586 608 539/1 575

Locus 619 108 108 108 108 107 107

20 21 22

Sickle Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

626 2086 3846/4 3172 3227 6969 6985 3164 2238/2 2057 6961 2111 6956 2125 3193

107 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 410 610 610 610 610 610 610

23 24

Bowl Bowl

3156 2238/1

610 410

1

2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19

Description Brown clay Brown clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, black core, many small grits Copper alloy Copper alloy Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, small black grits, black and red horizontal lines o n the shoulder Iron Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Light brown clay, small white grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Light brown clay, black and red paint Light brown clay Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay, grits Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Light brown clay Light brown clay, black paint on interior Light brown clay Light brown clay, red slip on the interior Brownish-orange clay, red slip o n interior and on upper part of exterior Brown clay, red slip Brown clay, small grits

Photo No 25

39 26 27 28

Fig. 7. T.C.4 - L.619 - no. 1; L. 112 nos 2-5; L. 107 - nos. 6-8; L. 610 and L. 410 - nos. 9-24 -

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERRÁXEA / VOL. 7

Fig 8 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1 2 3

4

5 6 7

Type Jar Jar Jug Jug

Reg. No. 3140 3246 21 18 3175

Locus 610 610 610 610

.Jug Jug Jug

3158 3174 6955

610 610 610

Description Light brown clay Orange clay Light brown clay, red and black paint on body Orange clay, burnish, red and black paint on body and handles Light brown clay, black and red paint on neck Light brown clay, black and red paint on neck Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck

Photo No.

29 30 31 32

Fig. 8. T.C.4 - L.610 and L. 410

Fig 9 - Pottery from T.C. 4 Xo. 1 2 3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10 11

Type Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug


Description Light brown ela);, red slip ~ i g h brown t clay. red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, many small black grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay

Photo No 34

35

37 36

38

8

Fig. 9. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 10 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Type Juglet Juglet Juglet Juglet Juglet BOR Juglet

Reg. No. 695 1 3139 2040 6946 6974 3206

Locus 610 610 610 610 610 610

7

BOR Juglet

6950

610

8

Juglet Juglet BOR Juglet Juglet Juglet

2212 2191 3159 3208 6930

410 410 610 610 610

9 10 11 12

Description Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Orange clay, white grits Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines and concentric circles on rim and body Orange clay, burnish, small black grits, black paint on rim, neck, handles and body Brownish-orange clay, gray slip Brownish-orange clay Brownish-red clay, black paint on body Orange clay Orange clay, burnish, black paint on body and handles

-

CUADERNOS D E A R Q U E O L O G ~MEDITERRÁUEA / VOL. 7

Fig. 10. T.C. 4 - L.610 and L. 410

29

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~AMEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 11 - Pottery from T.C. 4 NO. 1

Type Cypriot W.P. juglet

Reg. No. 2190

Locus 410

2

Cypriote W.P. juglet

2189/2

410

3

Cypriot W.P. juglet

2072

610

4

Cypriot W.P. juglet

3248

610

5

Cypriot W.P. juglet

2186

410

6

Cypriot W.P. juglet

2185

410

7

Cypriot W.P. juglet Cypriot W.P. juglet

2184 3220

410 610

8

Description Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck, body and handle Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck, body and handles Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint o n rim, neck, body and handles Light brown clay, black paint o n neck, body and handles Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck, body and handles Brownish-orange clay, white slip, black paint on neck and body Light brown clay, black paint on body Light brown clay, white slip. black paint on neck, body and handle

CUADERYOS DE ARQuEOLOG~AM E D I T E R R ~ T A V O L 7

Fig. 11. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L.410

31

Fig 12 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1

Type Cypriot W.P. juglet

Reg. No. 2197

Locus 410

2

Cypriot W.P. juglet

2079

610

3

Cypriot W.P. juglet

2123

610

4 5

Description Light bromm clay, white slip, black paint o n neck, body and handle Brownish-orange clay, white slip, black paint on rim, neck, body and handles Light brown clay, black paint o n neck, body and handles Light brom~nclay, black paint on neck and body Bromin clay, red slip, black paint on rim and body Brownish-orange clay, small grits, red slip

Cypriot W.P juglet 3127 610 Cypriot juglet 2207 410 6 Pilgrim Flask 6943 610 4 7 Pi1 rim Flask 2102

CVADEIm-OS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA ~ ~ E D I T E R R Á N E,IAVOL.

6

Fig. 12. T.C.4 - L.610 and L. 410

7

33

CCADERVOS D E ARQL-EOLOG~A MEDITERRÁIWEA

/

VOL

Fig 13 - Potten from T.C. 4 No.

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

Type Pilarim pilirim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pi1 rim

Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask

Reg. Xo. Locus 3297 610 3247 610 2189 410 2099 610 2109 610 3141 410 3205

Description Light brown clav Brownish-orange Brownish-orange Brownish-orange Brownish-orange Brownish-orange

clay, small grits clay, small grits clay, small grits clay, small grits clay, many small grits

4

Fig. 13. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CLilDERNOS DE ARQYEOLOGÍA ~IEDITERRÁXEA / VOL

Fig 14 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1 2

3

4 5 6 7 8

Type Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim ~ i lrim -

Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask

Reg. No. 2119 3243 3158 3858 3200 6976 6968 6964 2209

Locus 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610

Description Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brown clay, black core Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, black paint on body Light brown clay, black paint on body

9 9

Fig. 14. T.C.4 - L.610 and L.410

CUADERUOS D E ARQLTEOLOG~A ~IEDITERRÁNEA ' VOL 7

Fig 15 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Type Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim

Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask

Reg. No. 210019 6452 6963 6960 3171 6954 6929 2087

Locus 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610

Description Light brown clay, black paint on body Light Brown clay, black paint on body Light b r o a ~ nclay, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, black core, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black and red paint on b o d ~ r Light brown clay, black paint on body Light brown clay, black paint on body Light brown clay, black paint on body

Fig. 15. T.C.4 - L.610 and L.410

CCADERiiOS

DE ARQUEOLOGIA MEDITERRÁNEA

, VOL

Fig 16 - Pottery from T.C. 4 No. 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

Type Pilgrin~Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask Pilgrim Flask

Reg. No. 6974 6957 6975 6953 6958 6927 6959 6973 3237

Locus 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610

Description Orange clay, black paint on rim, body and handles Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black paint on rim and body Light brown clay, black paint on body and handles Brominish-orange clay, black and red paint on body Broa~nish-orangeclay, black and red paint o n body Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black paint o n body Brommish-orange clay, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint on rim, neck and body

Fig. 16. T.C.4 - L.610 and L. 410

CUADERKOS D E ARQUEOLOGÍA M E D I T E R ~ E Ai VOL. 7

Fig 17 - Objects from T.C. 4 o

Type

Reg. No. Locus

Description

Photo Xo.

1 2 3

Pick Sickle To01 Fibula

3137 3242 6928 3185

Iron blade and wood handle Iron Iron plug and ivory body Iron

41 40

4

610 610 610 610

Fig. 17.T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERNOS D E ARQUEOLOGÍA M E D I T E R ~ Y E A1 VOL 7

Fig 18 - Objects from T.C. 4 No. 1

2 3 4 j

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Type Reg. No. Oi1 lamp 6997 Boat Model (?) 3129 Ring 6937 Bes head 2126 Staff head 6998 Staff head 6512 Seal 6920/1 Scarab 3222 Seal(?) 3116 Staff 6906/1 Bead 6920/9 Bead 6920/j Bead 6551 6920/7 Bead Bead 6920/2 6935 Bead Bead 2121 7005/7 Weight (?) Weight (?) 3215/3 Weight (?) 3226 Bead 6920/3

Locus 610 610 610 410 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610 610

Description Light brown clay Yellowish-brown clay Gold Ivory Ivory Ivory, shape of pomegranate Black stone

Photo N o .

42 44

43 Brandl fig. 1

Hematite Ivory Gray stone Black stone White stone W'hite stone White stone White stone Copper alloy White stone Hematite Hematite Shell

Fig. 18. T.C.4 - L.610 and L. 410

46

Photos 34-38. T.C.q

CLADER\OS DF A R Q U E O L O G ~MEDITERK?~~T.~VOL 7

-

L. 610 - trefoil jugs

Photos 26-33. T.C.4 - L. 610 - bowls, jugs, numerous pilgrim flasks and a lamp

CUADERATOS D E ARQUEOLOGIA MEDITERFÁNEA/ VOL. 7

phmos 39-44. T.C.4 - L. 610 - two iron sickies (39-40); an iron pick (41): an ivory Bes head (42);a black stone scaraboid seal (43): an ivory staff head in a shape of a pomegranate (44)

48

THE PHOENICIAKS IN ACHZN. THE SOUTHERK CEMETERY

TYPE LC. CHAMBER TOMBS BUILT OF ASHLAR STONES The two ashlar chamber tombs are the only tombs of this type among dozens of shaft tombs cut in the sandstone bedrock (see below) discovered at Achziv. These tombs are fifteen meters from each other in the northwestern part of the cemetery, and are nearly identical in size and features.

1.

Tomb Type I.C. Tomb T.C.2 (Figs. 19-26; Photos 45-78)8

This tomb was discovered 15m to the south of tomb T.C.l (Srnith et. al. 1993: Fig. 5). Three meters southeast of the tomb's entrance two jars were found (L.402). The jars were lying on their side, one on top of the other, rim above base. The upper jar was found broken and inside it an infant burial. In the lower jar, found intact! was another infant burial. Near the south side of the tomb's roof, a small hearth and a bowl were found (L.203). Near the base of the seal stone of the tomb was a large part of a broken jar (L.207). The tomb is rectangular (2.70 x 1.67 x 1.83m). Its walls are built in five courses and are slightly slanted inward (Mazar 1993: 34-36). The stones are cut from blocks of sandstone (c. 4j x c. 8jcm), and are precisely joined without cement. From the eastern outer wall of the tomb, two walls (75 x 5jcm) at the entrance were built, creating a degenerated small dromos. The entrance to the tomb is rectangular (62 x 57cm). From the threshold, one step descends 7jcm to floor level. The floor of the torr:b is composed of dark brown oily earth and sandstone. The ceiling is built of four partly worked sandstone slabs (1.75 x 0.75m each). These slabs were laid width-wise on the walls of the tomb. The length of the cover slabs just fit the width of the tomb. In some places between the ceiling slabs and the top of the walls, small stones were used as a fill. In the center of the second ceiling slab, at approximately the center, a hole a7ascut through the stone (13cm diameter). The hole was found blocked by a fitted smooth river-rock. Three phases of burials were discovered in the tomb. The first phase comprises two articulated burials and a pile of secondary burials. The articulated burials were found along the northern wall on their backs with heads to the west. Three rough-cut stones of medium size bounded the burials from the south. Near their feet a complete juglet was found. These are

8

Loci 203, 207. 212, 215. 402.

the latest burials of this phase. The secondary burials were found along the western wall piled 50cm high. At the pile's southeast edge four rough stones (15 x 20cm) were placed together (see Photo 59). Severa1 colorful pebbles and hematite weights (?)were found at the base of the northernmost stone. South of the stones, a complete standing jar was discovered. Between this jar and the southern wall of the tomb three skulls were found together. A concentration of skulls and burial gifts were uncovered to the northwest of the stones. These include: a jug; a juglet; and three small pilgrim flasks. At the southwestern corner of the tomb, in a lower level, another burial concentration was found. In it there were a juglet and five small pilgrim flasks set on top of a clay mask of a bullhead (Smith et, al. 1993: Fig. 8; cf. discussion below). Pieces of a medium-sized bowl found scattered in different parts of the burial pile attests to its disorder. On a male skull found in this pile, a fatal wound was observed, made by a sharp weapon (Smith et. al. 1993: 62, Fig. 15). The second phase of the tomb is a rectangular pit (1.4 x 0.58 x 0.35m), found under the floor by the entrance to the tomb (Smith et. al. 1993: Fig. 13). In this pit (locus 215) long bones (legs and arms) were laid and above them nine skulls, one near the other. Between these bones a complete small pilgrim flask was found among other fragments of pilgrim flasks decorated with concentric circles in black paint and fragments of Cypriote white-painted juglets. Also, a worked pebble, a very small worked stone, hematite weight (?),broken ivory round inlay plaque and an astrogal bone of a goat were in this pit. In the third phase, burials were laid along the western wall of the tomb, above the first phase burials. These burials too were laid one on top of the other, with their heads toward the south. These bones were found bonded together, most likely as a result of their interment at the same time. In this group there are at least ten adults and four children. No gifts can be attributed to this group, except for two copper alloy earrings and a bracelet that were worn at the time of burial. In light of the relatively small amount of burial gifts related to the first burial phase, it may be assumed that the people who brought in the burials of the third phase also robbed the burial gifts belonging to the first phase. Not including the burials of the second-phase pit (which were brought from elsearhere into the tomb), forty burials were found in the tomb that include ten men and eight women, and fourteen children. T h e oldest w o m a n a n d m a n w e r e approximately 50 years old. The youngest child was

CCADERNOS D E A R Q U E O L O G ~M E D I T E R R ~ X E AI VOL

' -7

Section

B-B

Section C - C Section D - D

Fig. 19. T.C.2 (Type I.C.) - plan and sections


approximately nine months old. The sex and age of the others were not identifiable. In the s e c o n d phase of burial, t h e bones uncovered were femurs, humerus and skulls. Spinal column and rib bones were not found. This is a common feature of secondary burials, since small bones were typically not taken but left behind in the original burial location. The most common type of pottery vessels found in the tomb is the small pilgrim flask in various sizes. Of these, most were intact or complete. In addition to the other finds mentioned above, bowls with simple rims, an intact jar: a trefoil jug, black on red juglets and a Cypriote white-painted juglet also were found. Other burial gifts are: a hematite weight (?),copper alloy earrings, rings, two stone plaques, an ivory staff head in the shape of a pomegranate, an ivory inlay plaque, two amulets, and four staff heads in conical shape, beads, shells and two scarabs dated to the seventh century (Brandl 1997: 64-65, nos. 129-130; see also Brandl figs. 2-3 in this volume).

The location of the bullhead mask at the very bottom of the pile probably indicates its relatively early date. A similar mask was bought on the antique market in 1940, and most likely originated from the southern cemetery. The masks are votive, (averaging 13cm in height), and have three holes to tie the mask. Both masks show the face of a young bull with partly chopped horns and small round clay eyes. In style they are similar to the horse rider figurines found in Achziv tomb T.A.68 (see below, Discussion of Figurines). Masks of bullheads were found in seventhto sixth-century tombs from Cyprus (Karageorghis 1987: 32, Pl. XXX: 147-148, Monloup 1984: 99-103, Pl. 22: 412-429). These small, votive bullhead-masks probably symbolize the god Ba'al just as the large authentic bull-skulls w o r n in t h e temple cult ceremonies (Karageorghis 1971: 261-263, 1987: 32; Monloup 1984: 99-100).

CUADERNOS D E A R Q U E O L O G ~~~EDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

photos 45-49. T.C.2 (Type 1.C) - Chamber tomb of asMar stones. L. 203 - a small hearth with a bowl found near roos of rhe tomb (4 5 ) : L. 207 - a broken jar found near rhe sealed entrance of the tomb (46); L. 402 . jars, each contain a infant-bunal, found near the tomb one o n top of rhe other (47-48):view of T C 2 toward rhe north .hoWing [he soilthwest sections ( 4 9 )


Photos 50-58. T.C.2 - Chamber t o m b built of ashlar stones

53

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLO(

photos 59-65.T . c . ~- L. 212 floor of the tomb (64-65)

-

Burials and burial gifts in the tomb (59-63): L. 215

-

secondaq burials found under the

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Fig 20 a - Objects from T.C. 2 No. 1 2

Type Jar Jar

Fig. 20 a. T.C.2 - L. 402

Reg. No. Locus 2230 402 211j 402

-

nos. 1-2

Description Brownish-orange clay, black core, grits Brown clay

Photo No. 47

47

CUADERNOS D E ARQUEOLOGIA ~ I E D I T E R R ~ Y E AVOL ,

Fig 20 b No.

3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

-

-

Objects from T.C. 2

Type Bowl Bowl Bowl Jar Bomrl Bowl Jar Bowl Bowl Bowl Boa71 Bowl nowl r3oa.l Jug Jar

Reg. No. 1032/'1 104411 1032/3 1031 4026/1 1006i1 1008/1 1173 1342 1375 11981'4 1103i2 1178/1 111911 1304 1084

Locus 207 207 207 207 203 203 203 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212

Description Brommish-orange clay Bromrnish-orange clay Light hrown clay Light bromin clay Brom-nish-orange clay, small grits Light bromrn clay Brownish-orange clay, white grits Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay, small grits Light brown clay, grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Light bromin clay Brown clay Light brown clay, red slip Brown clay, nlhite grits

Photo No.

67

59, 68

Fig. 20 b. T.C.2 - L. 207 - nos. 3-6; L, 203 - nos. 7-9; L. 212 - nos. 10-18

Fig 21 - Pottery from T.C. 2 No.

Type BOR juglet

Reg. Xo. Locus

1

1198

212

2

BOR juglet

1414

212

3

BOR juglet

1351

212

4

BOR juglet

1357

212

5 7

Juglet Juglet Cypriote W.P Juglet

1390 119316 ' 1178

212 212 212

8

Juglet

1307

212

6

Description Orange clay, burnish, black paint on neck, body and handles Brownish-orange clay, burnish, black paint on rim, neck and body Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines and concentric circles on rim, neck, handles and body Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines and concentric circles on rim, neck, handles and body Light brown clay, burnish, black paint on body Light brown clay, burnish, black paint on body Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck, body and handles L.ight brown clay, white grits, red paint on bodj-

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERR~sEA

Fig. 21. T.C.2 - L.212

/

VOL 7

59

CUADERNOS D E ARQUEOLOGÍA M E D I T E R R ~ X E A, VOL. 7

Fig 22

-

Pottery from T.C. 2

5 6 7 8

Type Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim Pilgrim

7

Pilgrim flask

No. 1 2

3 4

flask flask flask flask flask flask flask flask

Reg. No. 1306 1337 1156/1 1429 1365 1343 1365 1318

Locus 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212

1307

212

Description Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Brown clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay Brown clay, many small grits Brownish clay, niany small grits Brown clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black and red paint on body

Photo No. 72 73

70

CU.4DERKOS D E ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERRÁSEA / VOL. 7

Fig. 22. T.C.2 - L. 212

61

C U A D E N O S DE ARQUEOLOGÍA M E D I T E R R Á ~ ~ E/AVOL. 7

Fig 23 - Pottery from T.C. 2 No. 1

Type Pilgrim flask

Reg. S o . Locus 1305 212

2 3

Pilgrim flask Pilgrim flask

1408 1381

212 212

4

Pilgrim flask

1379

212

5

Pilgrim flask

1208

212

6


1352 1330

212 212

7

Description Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint o n body Brown clay, small grits, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint o n body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint o n body Light brown clay, small grits, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black paint on body

Photo No.

Fig 24 - Objects from T.C. 2 No. 1

29

Type Reg. No. Locus Bullhead mask 1415 212 Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Ring Ring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead 1464/2 212

Description Light brown clay copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Silver Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy White stone White stone White stone White stone White stone Translucent purple stone White stone White stone White stone White stone

Photo No.

74-77

Fig. 24. T.C.2 - L. 212

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 25 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 2 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Type Plaque Plaque Weight(?) Amulet Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Amulet Amulet Staff Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Scarab Scarab Pilgrim flask Pilgrim flask

Reg. No. 1341 1392 1427/1 1368 1404 1450 1465/1 1092/2 1443 1371/2 1371/1 1402 1296 1419 1477 1462 1399 1446 1428 1400 4030/1 4030/6

Locus 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 215 215

23 24


4030/3 4030/5

215 215

25

Pilgrim flask

4030/11

215

Description White stone White stone Hematite Faience Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Steatite Steatite Light brown clay Light brown clay, black paint on body and handle Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint on body and handle Light brown clay, black paint on body and handle

Photo No.

Brandl fig. 3 Brandl fig. 2 78 78 78 78 78

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~MEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 26 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 2 No. 1 2

Type W.P juglet W.P juglet

Reg. No. Locus 4030/12 215 4030/4 21 5

3

W.P juglet W.P juglet W.P juglet

4030/2 4030/9 4030/10

215 215 215

W.P juglet W.P juglet Inlay plaque Pebble Weight (?) Worked Stone Astrogal

4030/7 4030/8 4029 4030/14 4030/15 4030/13 1436/1

215 215 215 215 215 21 5 215

4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

Description Light brown clay, black paint o n body Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck and body Light brown clay, black paint on neck and body Light brown clay, black paint on body Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck and body Light brown clay, black paint o n neck Light brown clay, black paint on neck Ivory Gray and white stone Hematite White stone Goat bone

Photo No. 78 78 78 78 78 78 78

Fig. 26. T.C.2 - L.215

Photos 66-73. T.C.2 - Pottery from L. 212

THE PHOENICLANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 74-78.T.C.2 - a bull head clay mask from L. 212 (74-77);pottery from L. 215 (78)

2.

Tomb 'Qpe I.C. Tomb T.C.1 (Fig. 27; photos 79-85)9

This tomb is located 15m north of T.C.2. It is similar in style and dimensions to T.C.2. The ceiling of the tomb was built with three covering slabs. The middle stone slab, that probably had a hole cut through it, was found broken and missing the place where the hole should have been. Around the tomb a surrounding wall was built, 50cm in height and 40cm wide, of small and medium stones in an oily-earth fill. In front of the entrance to the tomb a semi-circular dromos was built, (1.3m diameter). Its wall was 6Ocm wide and 50cm high. According to Prausnitz, there were four burial phases in the tomb. The tomb was built at the end of the eleventh century at the latest (Smith et, al. 1990: Fig. 2, Prausnitz 1997: 23-27). A pit (Prausnitz 1997: 24, fig. 4) cut the earliest phase. This feature parallels the pit in tomb T.C.2. (L.215). In the last phase, in the northeast corner of the tomb, three large jars with wide openings were laid inside another pit. The jars contained human bones as well as few goat or sheep bones among burial gifts (Prausnitz 1982: Pl. 2: c; Smith et. al. 1990: Fig. 2, Pls. XII-XIV). In one jar remains of skeletons of two male adults and teeth of a four-year-old child were found. In the other jar an unidentifiable human bone and a

skull of a male adult were found together with bones of an adolescent. In the third jar a complete skeleton of a two-year-old child was found, together with bones of an adult. Very few burned bones of adults were found in different parts of the tomb (Smith et. al. 1990: 62, 141-142).1°Scattered inside the tomb were sheep or goat bones, and one burned fish bone (Smith et. al. 1990: 141-142, 145).11 Brandl published the glyptic finds from the tomb.12 The finds can be divided into three groups. One scarab related to the pre-tomb phase is dated to the MBIIc period (1650-1550) (Brandl 1997: 58, no. 110). Another scarab found in the pit is dated from the eleventh to the tenth century (ibid no. 111). Three conical stamps related to the second burial phase, one of green jasper and two of black hematite, are dated by Brandl to the ninth and to the eighth centuries (ibid no. 112-114). A yellowish steatite seal in a shape of a lion dates from the second half of the ninth century (ibid no. 115). Also found in this phase were five scarabs: three are dated to the ninth century; one from the ninth to the eighth century (ibid nos. 116-119); and one from the seventh century (ibid. no. 127). This last scarab gives a significant late date for the second burial phase. Its findspot should cast doubt on its attribution to this phase. From the third burial phase eight scarabs were discovered, all dating to the seventh century (ibid nos. 120-126, 128).

10 Since no cremated burials were found inside the tomb, the very few burnt bones found should be attributed to crernated burials laid outside the tomb, similar to locus 500 near tomb T . ~ . 6 8(see below).

s was excavated by Prausnitz in 1980 (tomb 9 ~ h i tomb 979). NO excavation report has been published. In a personal

11 These bones probably originated in the burial feasts taking place n e a r b ~the tomb, and also given to the dead.

co-unication, Prausnitz mentioned that he found lead weights for a fishing net in this tomb.

12 In Keel's corpus of scarabs. Keel, 1997,

THE PHOENICiANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Section A - A

Fig. 27. T.C.l (Type I.C.) - plan and sections

Section 0-0

Photos 79-85. T.C.l (Type I.C.) - Chamber tomb built of ashlar stones

74


DISCUSSION Cist tombs and chamber tombs buiit of rough stones The closest parallels to cist tombs (Type I.A.) found on Tel Achziv and in the southern cemetery are at Tel Far'ah (S) and at Zeror. In cemetery 200 at Tel Far'ah (S) thirty-two cist tombs built of rough stones were found. The finds from the tombs suggest that the Philistines built these eleventh- to tenth-century tombs. Cremation burials in jars that were found near these tombs date to a short time later and seem to signify a Phoenician presence at the site (Petrie 1930: 11-12, Pls. XXXIXA: 2-5, LI, LXVII; Culican 1973: 95-98). In 1965 and 1966, three cist tombs were discovered at Zeror, 5km southeast of Caesarea. These too date from the eleventh to the tenth century and were probably built by the Sikils, another group of the Sea People (Ohata 1970: 7374, Pls. XIII, LI-LIV; Kochavi 1993: 1524-1526). Although there is only one tomb of this type in the southern cemetery and three others at Tel Achziv, it is likely that they were also built by one of the groups of Sea People, perhaps by the Sherden. If a group of the Sea People built the cist tomb T.C.3 (Type LA), then it may be assumed that chamber tomb T.C.4 (Type I.B), was also built by the same group. The large size of T.C.4 might indicate that it was meant for a large number of burials. Merely two tombs in the rough-stone building style (T.C.3 and T.C.4) rnight indicate that the presence of the Sea People in Achziv ended towards the end of the eleventh or the beginning of the tenth century. Although no cist tombs built of ashlar stones have yet been found in Achziv, it is interesting to compare cist tombs of rough stones (Type I.A.) to cist tombs built of finely worked ashlars. A cist tomb built of ashlar stones was found in 1962 in Khaldeh, 2km south of Beirut. It is rectangular and measures: 2.35 x 0.95m. The excavator dated the tomb from the end of the ninth to the eighth century (Saidah 1966: 64-72,901. Another ashlar cist tomb was found at Ugarit in 1934. This tomb is also rectangular with similar dimensions (2.21 x 0.8jm). The excavator assumed that the stones for this tomb were taken from the ruins of an arched tomb nearby and that the tomb is a small imitation of burial rooms with arched ceilings dating to the Late Bronze Age from Ugarit. He dated the tomb to 700400 (Schaeffer 1935: 148-154, pls. XXIX: 2, -1: 2). The tombs in Khaldeh and Ugarit show that relatively rare ashlar cist tombs existed in Phoenicia during the Iron Age.

The ashlar cist tomb in the Punic diaspora appears to be the most common type from the seventh century onwards. In Carthage tens of ashlar cist tombs were found. These measure from 1.90 to 2.00m in length, O.6Om in width, and are built at the bottom of deep shafts (Benichou-Safar 1982: 102-105, 348,351352, 373). In Jardin (southern Spain) dozens of cist tombs were discovered in 1974. These are similar to the Carthage tombs and date from the sixth to fifth centuries (Maass-Lindeman & Schubart 1975: 179-186, Pls. 9-18). Furthermore, dozens of cist tombs were found in 1965 at Ain Dalhia, (northern Morocco), dating from the seventh to the fifth century (Ponsich 1967). In Cadiz, cist tombs were found with two or three tombs, one next to another. Severa1 of the tombs have a hole in the roof, perhaps for offering drinks to the dead. These were dated to the sixth century (Moreno et. al. 1990: 35-37, Figs. 16,18).

Chamber tombs buiit of as&

stones

Parallels to the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type 1.C) at Achziv were found at Ugarit, in northern Phoenicia. These fourteenth- to thirteenthcentury tombs are similar in size, building style of ashlar stones, and holes in the ceilings for offering drinks to the dead (Schaeffer 1939: Figs. 78-79, 91). The major difference to these tombs at Ugarit is the slanting walls, which allow smaller cover-slabs to b e used. Also at Ugarit, the long rectangular dromoi have steps, unlike the small degenerated dromoi at Achziv. Developed features at Ugarit are the holes in the ceilings and deep pits below them where large jugs w e r e placed. At Achziv, these holes a r e also degenerated. At Enkomi, on the southern coast of Cyprus, burial chambers built of ashlar stones resemble those at Achziv in their dimensions and building technique (Courtois & Lagarce 1986: 24-26, Pls. VI-XI; Westholm 1941: 42-43, Tombs 1, 11, 12, 48, 66). Here too, the walls slant slightly inwards. The ceiling slabs are large and laid widthwise on top of the walls. There are also small dromoi. In one of the tombs a hole was cut in the ceiling (Courtios 1986: fig. 4 pls. WII: 4, XI: 1). The excavator dates the tombs at Enkomi from the fourteenth to the thirteenth centuries (ibid. 24-26). This type of burial chamber continues at other sites in Cyprus throughout the Iron Age (Westholm 1941). By the e n d of the Iron Age these tombs were more elaborate and complex. For example, the royal tombs in Tamassos have elaborate Phoenician architectural characteristics (Ohnefalsh-Richter 1895; Westholm 1941: 36-39). A more general resemblance to the

Achziv tombs can be found in the simplest tombs of the eighth- to seventh-century royal cemetery at Salamis. The long dromos and wide facade of the chamber tombs at Salamis are the major differences to Achziv (Karageorghis 1969: 23-99). At Carthage, many types of chamber tombs were found. The most similar to the chamber tombs of Achziv are those characterized by Benichou-Safar as type X2, dated from the seventh to sixth century (Benichou-Safar 1982: 62-63: 355, 373). These tombs are rectangular (c. 2.57 x c. 1.77 x c. 1.65m) and built from precisely laid ashlar stones. One or two niches appear in the wall opposite the entrance. The fagades of these tombs are elaborate, often built to a height of over two meters above the tomb entrance and decorated by a gable (Benichou-Safar 1982: 144, 160161). According to Benichou-Safar, the architectural development of these tombs belongs to the cist-tomb type (Type 1.A) rather than to the chamber tomb type (Type 1.C) (1982: 363-370). Similar gable decoration has not been found at Achziv. At Utica, one tomb is strikingly similar to the Achziv tombs and differs markedly from the built tombs of nearby Carthage. The tomb is rectangular (3.5 x 3.0 x 2.lm). A srnall dromos was found destroyed in the tomb-front. The tomb ceiling is flat and built of large stone slabs. This tomb dates to the seventh century (Cintas 1954: 117, 123-125, Benichou-Safar 1982: 360-361, 370). Chamber tombs built of ashlar stones exist in other sites in the Phoenician diaspora with a variety of building characteristics. Of special interest are the seventh-century tombs with gable ceilings at Trayamar in southern Spain (Niemeyer & Schubart 1975).

Another is the sixth- to fifth-century tomb at Mogogha in northem Morocco, which has a cut-gable ceiling and many niches in the chamber (Ponsich 1967: 26-30). The two chamber tombs built of ashlar stones at Achziv indicate an identical architectural concept, which shows skilled craftsmanship. The tombs most similar to these tenth-century Achziv tombs are the Late Bronze Age tombs (fourteenth to thirteenth century) from Ugarit and Enkomi. So far, no tombs with similar features have been discovered dating to the twelfth or eleventh centuries. The holes in their ceilings are a particularly interesting common element. These holes point to a belief in the after-life, and the ritual of offering drinks to the dead. This cult is described in Ugaritic texts as well as in other contemporary texts from the ancient Near East (Astour 1980: 227; Pope 1981: 159-179, Pitard 1978: 71-72). Offering drinks to the dead, (called menaqu in Babylonian texts), was supposed to pacify the dead's spirit. Otherwise, their spirit was believed to become mean and destructive (Bayliss 1973: 116). In Mesopotamian texts there is a special name for this hole in the ceiling, arutu (Pope 1981: 161). In Ugaritic texts the parallel is gngn.'3 Owing to the similarities in Achziv between the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type 1.C) and the shaft tombs cut in the sandstone (Type 11, see below), it is highly likely that the ashlar tombs were the proto-type for the rock-cut tombs. The earliest are those using the "vertical quarrying technique", which allows rectangular building stones to be removed for use elsewhere. In later shaft tombs, this technique disappears.

13 In Ugaritic mythological texts relating to ~ a ' a lDe , Moor translated gngn as a "drinking pipe," see: De Moor 1987:28, 132.

Chapter I1 TYPE 11: SHAFT TOMBS The shaft tombs that are all cut in the bedrock are the dominant type of tombs in the excavated northern section of the southern cemetery at Achziv (Figs. 28-29; Photo 86). These shaft tombs are sub-divided into five types, on account of their plans, type of ceiling, building technique and interior divisions. The order of their presentation is based on the development of these features. The five types are: shaft tombs with built ceilings, unfinished shaft tombs with built ceilings, transitional shaft tombs with built ceilings, simple shaft tombs, and shaft tombs with burial beds.

Two quarrying techniques are used for the shaft tombs. One technique is accomplished from above and requires the chamber's ceiling to be open to the sky. With this technique, which is called the "vertical quarrying technique", rectangular stone blocks could be quarried from inside the chamber as well as from the shaft. For these tombs stone slabs were used to cover the open ceiling. In the excavations, some cover slabs were discovered in situ. The other technique is accomplished from the side and does not require the chamber's ceiling to be open. This technique results solely in stone chips, as building refuse.

Photo 86. Area A - Shaft tombs (Types 11. A-E) and graves cut in the sandstone (Type 111) 78


Type 1I.A. Shaft tombs with built ceilings There are six tombs falling into this type. None had remains of cultic activity preserved nearby. In all the tombs of this type the "vertical quarrying technique" was solely used. All the tombs are cut into bedrock with their walls slightly slanted inwards. They all have ground level open ceilings. All their covering slabs are missing. All tombs were found robbed.

1.

Tomb 'Qpe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.64 (Fig. 30; Photos 87-89)14

Prausnitz excavated the tomb in 1960 (Prausnitz 1960a, 1962, 1993: 34-35). The tomb was re-measured and mapped in 1988. Quarrying chips still can be seen around the entrance. Both the shaft and burial chamber are rectangular (1.25 x 0.90 x 1.00m for the shaft and 2.82 x 2.25 x 1.55m for the chamber). The entrance was

at the bottom center of the northwestern wall of the shaft. It measures 55 x 45 and 37cm in depth. The threshold is 55cm above the floor of the burial chamber. According to Prausnitz, on the chamber floor many burials with burial gifts were laid. He recognized two burial phases. The first burial phase he dated from the ninth to the eighth century and the second phase to the second half of the sixth century, when the tomb was reused. In the secondary phase more burials were added, while previous burials were moved aside into a pile. Pottery vessels and jewellery were found among the burial gifts. A clay mask of a woman (Prausnitz 1962: 405, Pl. XLIVb) and three scarabs were also found. The scarabs are dated by Keel to the XiX-XX dynasties (Keel 1997: 22, Nos. 7-91. Giveon dated two of these scarabs to the end of dynasty XIX - beginning of dynasty XXII (ca. 1200-900) (Giveon 1988: 26-27).

D-D

o

1

2 rn

Fig. 30. T.A. 64 (Type 11. A) - pian and sections

F-F


88

89

Photos 87-89. T.A. 64 (Type 1I.A) - Shaft tomb with built ceiling


2.

Tomb v p e 1I.A. Tomb T.A.76 (Figs. 31-32: Photos 90-91)15

The tomb's plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft (1.25 x 0.92 x 0.75m) and a rectangular burial chamber (3.00 x 1.90 x 1.72m). At the bottom center

Fig. 31. T.A. 76 - plan and sections

of the shaft's western wall a rectangular narrow entrance was cut (80 x 43 x 28cm). The nearest ceiling slab of the burial chamber probably served as a lintel. The opening was blocked by a seal-stone that was unearthed in the shaft. The threshold is 10 cm above the floor of the chamber.

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDIERRÁNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 32 - Objects from T.A. 76 No.

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

9

Type Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Ring Staff head Staff head Bead Bead Bead Staff

Reg. No. Locus

5743 5749/1 5736 5735 5737 5731 5710 5709 5749/2

904 904 904 904 904 904 904 904 904

Description Ivory Ivory Copper alloy Ivory Ivory Faience Carnelian Copper alloy Ivory

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZN. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 90-91. T.A. 76 (Type 11. A)

Fig. 32. T.A. 76 - L. 904

-

Shaft tomb with built ceiling

3.

Tomb %pe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.77 (Figs. 33-34; Photos 92-93)16

The plan consists of rectangular entrance shaft (1.05 x 0.95 x 0.65m) and a rectangular burial charnber (2.52 x 1.85 x 1.48rn). At the bottorn center of the shaft's northern wall a rectangular narrow entrance was cut

16 Locus 905.

Fig. 33. T.A. 77 (Types 11. A) - Pian and sections

(62 x 23 x 22cm). The seal-stone was found in situ and was supported by a triangular stone. Here too, the nearest ceiling slab of the chamber probably served as a lintel. The threshold is 82crn above the floor of the charnber. In the sand that was filling the entrance shaft, near the shaft ridge, a cornplete oi1 larnp was found.



85

Fig 34 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 77 No. 1

2 3

4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Type Oi1 lamp Staff head Staff head Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Earring Amulet Bead Weight (?)

Fig. 34. T.A. 77 - L.90j

Reg. No. 6908 5956 5949 5947 5946/1 5946/2 5916 5950 5923 5917 5938 5953 5957 5948 5929

Locus 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905 905

Description Brown clay Ivory Bone Bone Agate Stone Stone Carnelian Carnelian Crystal Carnelian Silver Carnelian Glass Hematite

THE PHOENICIANS IhTACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

4.

Tomb -pe 1I.A. T o m b T.A.78 (Figs. 35-36; Photos 94)''

The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft (1.37 x 0.95 x 1.10m) and a rectangular burial chamber (3.10 x 1.88 x 1.65m). At the bottom center of the shaft's northern wall a small rectangular entrance was cut (62 x 47 x 30cm). A square seal-stone was found in situ

AR-AR

and near it was found a triangular supporting stone. The threshold is 62cm abave the floor of the chamber. While sifting the sand filling the burial chamber two shallow bowls, a few conical shape staff heads ivories, small inlay plaques, a glass bead decorated with floral design, a few small worked stones and copper alloy fibulae pins were found.

AR

+

AS Photo 94. T.A. 7 8 (Type 1I.A) - Shaft tomb with built ceiling

Fig. 35. T.A. 78 (Type 1I.A) - plan and sections

Fig 36 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 78 No. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Type Bowl Bowl Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Bead Fibula pin Fibula pin Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Weight (?) Weight (?) Weight (?) Amulet Pebble Bead

Reg. No. 5560/6 5506/1 5549/9 5549/4 5549/3 5j49/6 5563/3 5563/2 5563/1 5549/7 5549/2 556314 5549/8 5549/1 5j49/10 5549/5 5557 55571'12 6171 5554 5504 5557 5556/1 5527 555211 5552/2 5552/3 5552/4 5552/5 5525/6 5552/7 5539/1 5535/6 5535/3 5545 5548 5541 5555

Locus 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 906

Description Light brown clay Light brown clay Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Carnelian Copper alloy Copper alloy Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Hematite Hematite Metal Gray stone White stone Glass


Fig. 36. T.A. 78 - 1. 906

5.

Tomb Type 1I.A. Tomb T.A.79 (Figs. 37-38; Photos 95-96)18

The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft (1.00 x 1.12 x 1.00m) and a rectangular burial chamber (2.00 x 2.42 x l.6Om). At the bottom center of the shaft's western wall a rectangular entrance was cut (50 x 72 x 25cm). The threshold is 6Ocm above the

A0 - A0 Fig. 37. T.A. 79 (Type 1I.A) - plan and sections

chambers' floor. On the floor of the tomb were found in situ a single small and severa1 medium-size rough stones, forming a curved line. The stones probably marked the limits of a burial that was robbed together with the rest of the tomb contents. During the sifting of the sand filling the chamber, an iron spearhead and a broken scarab were found (see Brandl fig. 4 in this volume).



91

Fig 38 - Objects from T.A. 79 No. 1

Type Weight (?) spearhead Staff Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff Bead Weight (?) Weight (?) Weight (?) Scarab

Fig. 38. T.A. 79 - L. 908


Description Sandstone Iron ivory ivory ivory ivory Ivory Black stone Hematite Hematite Hematite

Photo No.

Brandl fig. 4


6.

Tomb 'Qpe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.80 (Figs. 39-40; Photo 97)19

The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft (1.08 x 1.27 x 1.30m) and a rectangular burial chamber (2.07 x 3.62 x l.62m). At the center of the bottom of the shaft's noRthern wall, a square entrance was cut

19 Locus 910. This tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941, and called ZXVIII.

(75 x 8 j x 32cm). The threshold is 30cm above the floor of the chamber. Along the back wall of the chamber was a low bench 3jcm. Around The ceiling opening, margins were cut to fit the covering slabs. Two scarabs dated from the tenth to seventh century were found (Keel 1997: 20-21, nos. 2-3).

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDIERFL~VEA


Type Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Bead Staff Bead Bead Staff head Staff head Staff head

Fig. 40. T.A. 80 - L. 910

Reg. No. 6549/1 6549/3 6549/5 6549/2 6539 6552 6545 6550

6553 6548/1 6548/2 6548/3

Locus 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910 910

Description Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Bone Bone Ivory Translucent brown stone Carnelian Ivory Ivory Ivory

/ VOL. 7

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZW. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Tomb wpe 1I.B. Tomb T.A.71 (Fig. 41; Photos 78-77)

TYPE 1I.B. UNFTNISHED SHAFT DOMBS WITH BUaT CEILINGS

1.

Five Tombs were left unfinished in vabying stages of the quarrying process. In all the tombs 6f this type the "vertical quarrying technique" was solely used. Only one tomb had remains of burials (T.A.73).

The shaft a n d D h e c h a m b e r t o m b w e r e c u t simultAneously. The quarrying chips were left piied around the tomb openings (entrance shaft and chambEr ceiling). The quarrying of the tomb and the

L Fig. 41. T.A. 71 (Type 1I.B) - pian and sections

Photos 98-99. T.A. 71 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished tomb with built ceiling

2.

Tomb Type II.B. Tomb T.A.73 (Figs. 42-43; Photos 100-109)20

The tomb's plan consists of an unfinished entrance shaft and an unfinished burial chamber. The shaft is square (1.15 x 1.33 x 1.50m). The opening to the burial chamber is cut in the center of the eastern wall of the shaft (72cm wide), and its height is high as the shaft. The burial chamber is rectangular (2.50 x 2.75m). Its ceiling is totally cut open at ground level. Quarrying marks are seen all over the tomb.

-

--- -

Fig. 4 2 . T.A. 73 (type 1I.B) - plan and sections

I I I 1 I I

I

,

I

\

# 1.77

3.50

Q-Q

S-S

In the tomb were severa1 sizes of stone blocks in different stages of quarrying, some are in an advanced stage, ready to be removed. Wide natural fissures in the bedrock are visible in the shaft and the chamber. On the tombs' floor, near the walls, were found in situ poorly preserved bones of legs and arms. Burial gifts were found nearby, including a small stone box. The box is remarkable in its combination of six pieces. Small incisions were carved on the side of two of the pieces to show the joining point that marks the way to put it together. Other finds in the tomb were a faience scarab dated to the seventh century and a gold ring with a carnelian scarab. dated from the ninth to eighth century (Brandl 1997: 70-71, nos. 143-144; see also Brandl figs. 5-6 in this volume).

R-R

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZW. T H E SOUTHERN CEMETERY

photos 100-104. t . ~ 73 . (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb (100-101); L. 606 - pottery found in the tomb, before and after restoration (102-104)

Fig 43 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 73 No. 1 2 3 4 5

6

Type Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Jug Jug

Jug Scarab and Ring Box Bracelet Staff Scarab Ring Earring Bead Jewelry (?)

Reg. No.

Locus

3016/2 30161'1 2045 2027 2043 2042

606

Description Brownish-orange clay ~rownish-orangeclay, black core Brown clay Light brown clay, red slip Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Light brown clay, small white grits, black and red paint on rim and neck Orange clay, small grits, black and red paint on rim and neck Light brown clay, black and red paint on rim and neck Light brown clay Carnelian and gold Green stone Copper alloy Ivory Faience Copper alloy Copper alloy Gray stone Silver

Photo No.

104

103

Brandl fig. 6 105-109

Brandl fig. 5


93

14

-

o

Fig. 43. T.A. 73 - L. 606

2 crn

15

Fig. 43. T.A. 73 - L.606

100

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV.THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

3.

Tomb v p e 1I.B. Tomb T.A.74 (Fig. 44;Photos 110-113)21

The quarrying of the tomb was stopped suddenly. The quarrying methods are clearly visible. The tomb was not used.

2 1 This tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941, and called

ZIV.

u-u

Fig. 44. T.A. 74 (Type 1I.B) - plan and sections

Photos 110-113. T.A. 74 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling

102


Tomb Type ii.B. Tomb T.A.81 (Fig. 45-46; Photo 114)22

4.

In this tomb the quarrying of the chamber was nearly finished, while the quarrying of the shaft had just begun.

Photo 114. T.A. 81 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling

o

1

2m

Fig. 45. T.A. 81 (Type 1I.B) - plan and section

Fig 46 - Objects from T.A. 81 No. 1 2

Type Weight(?) Weight (?)

Reg. No. Locus 909 6305/2 6305/1 909

Fig. 46. T.A. 81 - L. 909

Description Hematite Hematite


5.

Tomb v p e 1I.B. Tomb T.A.82 (Fig. 47; Photo 115)

As in the previous T.A.81, the quarrying was stopped, leaving the chamber in a more advanced state than the shaft. The location for the quarrying of the shaft is not aligned with the chamber.

Fig. 47. T.A. 82 (Type 1I.B) - plan

Photo 115. T.A. 82 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling 105

TYPE 1I.C. TRANSITIONAI, S WITH BUILT CEILINGS

m TOMBS

1.

Tomb Type ii.C. Tomb T.A.19 (Fig. 48; Photos 116-118)2'

In this type, there are two tombs, both located near t h e edge of the burial graves. In t h e t o m b s , a combination of the two quarrying techniques is used: the vertical technique is used in the shafts and the side technique is used inside the burial chambers. In T.A.14, a raised bed appears, for the first time, along the walls of the tomb.

N o remains of burial activity were preserved around the tomb, except for scant remains of a low convex feature (2m in diameter) of a mixture of stones, plaster and lime that nras built around the opening of the

23 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called Z X i i . In 1958, Prausnitz re-examined the tomb (Prausnitz 1969: 87).

I ( - R - -

--

B-B

- - - - - A /

Fig. 48.T.A.19 (Type 1I.C.) - plan and section

C-C

THE PHOENICLANS IN ACHZIV. T H E SOUTHERN CEMETERY

western wall of the shaft, 25cm above its floor level. The opening was blocked with a heavy, precisely-cut sealing stone. Another large block of stone was found in the shaft, whose use is unclear. The opening between the shaft and the burial chamber is odd. Margins 20cm deep were cut from within the tomb chamber for a sealing-stone rather than from the shaft. Moreover, on the floor of the burial chamber, near the entrance, a rectangular depression was cut

83 x 37 x 7cm. These probably show that at first the burial chamber was meant to be a shaft and for some reason, at a certain stage of quarry, it was changed. The burial chamber is rectangular (3.20 x 2.72 x 1.80m). The walls of the chamber are slanted inward and the ceiling is arched. In the center of the ceiling a rectangular opening (1.40 x 1.15 x 0.20111) was cut from ground level.

Photos 116-118. T.A. 19 (Type 1I.C.) - Transitional shaft tomb with built ceiling 107

2.

Tomb 'Qpe 1I.C. Tomb T.A.14 (Fig. 49; Photos 119-120)*'

The entrance shaft is square (1.12 x 1.05 x 1.00m). A rectangular depression (0.62 x 1.00 x 0.12m) aras cut in the floor of the shaft. A square sealing- stone was found inside the shaft, although not in situ. At the bottom of the western wall of the shaft a square opening (55 x 53 x 43 em) to the tomb was cut. The threshold is 83cm higher than the tomb's floor. The chamber is rectangular (3.36 x 2.65 x 1.55m). Along three walls (except the entrance wall) are shallow beds, l m wide and 20cm high. The walls of the room slant inward and the ceiling is arched. In the center of the ceiling there is a rectangular opening (1.06 x 1.65 x 0.30m) cut from ground level. Around the outside of the opening, margins 20cm wide and lOcm high

24 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called 2111. In 1958 Prausnitz re-examined it and published its plan (Prausnitz 1969: Fig. 1).

were cut. One rectangular slab (1.22 x 1.13 x 0.25m) was used to cover this opening. A rectangular stone offering table (65 x j j x 28cm) stood at the eastern edge of this slab, between the opening of the tomb's ceiling and the opening of the shaft. On the upper surface of the offering table a rectangular depression 45 x 35 x 4cm was cut (Prausnitz 1986: Photo. 1). Two particularly interesting finds from the tomb finds were published. One is a clay mask of the grotesque Phoenician type (Stern 1976: 117, fig. 71, and the other is a small figurine of a woman kneading dough on a low table with three legs (Prausnitz 1993: 34). A similar figurine of a woman was found broken in Tyre stratum 11, dated to the second half of the eight century (Bikai 1978: Pl. LXXXI: 1). Three similar figurines were found in Cypms, where the three-legged ceremonial tables appear in the tombs as separate clay models (Karageorghis 1987: 16, 27-28. Pl. I: 3-4). These figurines probably relate to the daily-life act of baking bread that is needed by the deceased in their life after death. Another possibility is to understand the figurines as baking sacred bread for the gods.

2m

Fig. 49. T.A. 14

i1 C )

-

plan and secuon

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZW. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 119-120.T.A. 14 (Type 1I.C.) - Transitional shaft tomb with built ceiling

109

TYPE 1I.D. SIMPLE SHAFT TOMBS Only one tomb fits in this type. The entire tomb was cut into the bedrock. In the tomb, a combination of the t w o quarry techniques is used: the vertical technique is used in the shaft and the side technique is used inside the burial chamber. This combination rerninds us of transitional Type 1I.C.No burial remains were found.

1.

Tomb Type 1I.D. Tomb T.A.75 (Fig. 50; Photos 121-12?~)~'

No remains of activity were preserved around the tomb. The shaft measures: 1.18 x 1.12 x 1.27m. Two steps were cut at the northern wall of the shaft with the vertical quarrying technique. In the southern wall is a square opening to the tomb (63 x 62cm). The sealing stone was found lying in the shaft. The burial chamber is rectangular (2.80 x 2.28 x 1.6Om). The ceiling is flat. The walls of the chamber slant inwards and the corners are rounded. The floor is flat without beds. One step, 18cm high, is cut nearby the threshold 1jcm above the chamber's floor level.

25 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called ZV.

a-a

2m

Fig. 50. T.A. 75 (Type 1I.D.) - pian and section

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHER? CEMETERY

1

Photos 121-123.T.A. 75 (Type 1I.D.) - Simple shaft tomb

T H E PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

TYPE 1I.E SHAFT TOMBS WíTH BURIAL BEDS In this type, the entire tomb was cut into the bedrock. There are four examples of this type. Tombs T.A.68, T.A.69, and T.A.70 are cut along a natural fissure in the bedrock (Mazar 1990: 104-109). T.A.72 was cut nearby. All were robbed in antiquity (Photos 124-1251.

photos 124125. Area A - three shaft tombs with burial

( T Y P 1I.E) ~ cut along a fissure in the bedrock

112


1.

Tomb m e 1I.E. Tomb T . ~ . 6 8 (Figs. 51-j8; Photos 126-135)'~

The shaft measures 1.13 x 0.87m and is 1.34m high. Five steps were crudely cut in the northeast corner. A deep, narrow fissure in the bedrock passes through the shaft in a north-south direction. The opening of the burial chamber was cut in the bottom of the western wall of the shaft. The square opening (60 x 58cm) has margins around it (width 17cm at the top and 12cm on the sides). The burial chamber is rectangular (1.85 x 2.90 x 1.60111). The walls of the chamber are slightly slanted inwards. The ceiling is flat, 6Ocm beneath the surface. Three steps descend to the chambers' floor. Beds 70cm wide and 38cm high are cut along three of the chambers' walls (except the entrance wall). Thirteen burials of women, men and children of various ages were found in the tomb. On the beds, remains of gifts and bones were found. On the floor, near the entrance, a burial without a skull was found in situ. The skeleton was lying on its stomach and

26 Locus 507. A concentration of six pottery vessels, some of which contain cremated bones of human adults were found j meters north of the entrance shaft of the tomb (Locus j00, see chapter IV).

/

- - - - _ _- - - - -

I

Fig. 51. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - plan and section

bis feet touched the lower steps. Under its mid-section were two medium-sized rough stones. Similar stones were found on the beds. On top of and around the single burial, bones and severa1 finds were uncovered, that probably fel1 from the beds during the robbery of the tomb. The burial o n the floor was of an adult male. Analysis of the bones indicates that thls individual probably had tuberculosis (Srnith et a1.1993:62,Fig.16). Among other finds, three horsemen figurines and a figurine of a women drummer were uncovered. On the shoulder of one of the horsemen was a round shield, while the second figurine didn't have a shield. From the third figurine only the head was found (see discussion below). Also found in the tomb were an unidentified broken figurine, bowls with shelf rim, trefoil rim jugs, mushroom rim jugs, eleven iron spear heads (some still had their plugs with remains of wood and binding ropes), a cosmetic plate, ivory conical staff-heads and inlay plaques, beads, copper alloy earrings and bracelets, an electrum earring, a faience Horus amulet, an iron fibula, a gold setting for a bead, an amber decorated amulet, many attractive pebbles and seven scarabs. Three of the scarabs date from the ninth to eighth centuries and the rest date to the seventh century. A rectangular bifacial seal with fish decoration from the seventh century was also found (Brandl 1997: 66-69, nos. 132-139; see also Brandl fig. 7-15 in this volume).

CUADEmOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERRÁNEA/ VOL. 7

Photos 126-129. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds

114


Photos 130-132.T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds

Fig 52 - Pottery from T.A. 68 No.

Type

Reg. Xo. Locus

Description

Bowl Bowl

27141'6 17141'10

507 507

Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

17141'28 1714/8 1714/26 2691/2 2714/4 2714/1 2681

507 507 507 507 507 507 507

Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

2862 17141'24 1714/20 2691/6 2692

507 507 507 507 507

Bowl Bowl

1714/12 2680

507 5 07

Jug Jug Jug

2715 2689 2716 2684 2691/9 2685

507 507 507 507 507 5 07

Light brown clay Light brown clay, black core, many small black grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, black core Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint on the interior Brownish-orange clay Brown clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip on interior and upper part of exterior Brownish-orange clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip on interior and upper part of exterior Light brown clay, red paint on rim Light brown clay, red and black paint on rim and neck. Brownish-orange clay, red slip Orange clay, red slip, black paint o n rim Brownish-orange clay, red slip, black paint on neck Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light orange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay, manv small grits

JUS Juglet Pilgrim flask

Photo No.

Fig. 52. T.A. 68 - L.507

Fig 53-54 - Object from T.A. 68 No. 1

Type Figurine

Reg. No.

Locus

2678

507

Fig~.53-54. T.A. 68 - L. 507

Description Light brown clay, black and red paint

Photo Xo.

135

Fig 55 - Object from T.A. 68 No. 1

Type Figurine

Reg. No. Locus 2622/2 507

Description Brownish-orange clay, red paint on shield and horse's front

Photo No.

134

Fig. 55 T.A. 68 - L.507

Fig 56 - Object from T.A. 68 No. 1

Type Figurine

Fig. 56. T.A. 68 - L.507

Reg. No. Locus 507 2622/1

Description Brownish-orange clay, red paint on horse's front

Photo No.

134


Type

Reg. No. Locus

Description

Photo No.

1

Figurine Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Fibula Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Cosmetic plate Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Inlay tablet Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff

2688 2567/2 2567/3 2567/1 2577 2574/1 2574/2 2580 2570/1 2570/2 2570/3 2570/4 2570/5 2570/6 2570/7 2570/8 2570/9 2570/10 2570/11 2570/12 2570/13 2570/14 2674/1 2674 2723/1 2723/2 2723/4 2675 2578 2572 2673/1 2676 2582/3 2582/1 2582/2 2582/4 2676/13

Brownish-orange clay. red paint Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Iron Copper alloy Copper alloy Electrum Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Ivory Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory Ivory

133

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507

CL.4DERVOS DE AKQUEOLOG~AMEDITERRÁSEA / VOL. 7

Fig. 57. T.A. 68 - L. 507

121


Type

Reg. No. Locus

Description

1

Figurine Amulet Amulet Setting for a bead Gold Bead Weight Spearhead Spearhead Spearhead Spearhead Spearhead Spearhead Seal Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead

2686 2581/1 2588

Light brown clay, red stripes Amber Faience

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

507 507 507

2696 507 507 2581/2 507 2560 507 2569/1 507 2569/2 507 2569/4 507 25691'5 507 2569/6 507 2569/3 507 2562 507 2571 507 2668 507 2584 507 2616 507 2667 507 2586 507 2579 507 2693 507 2627/1 507 2627/2 507 2627/3 507 2627/4 507 2627/5 507 2627/6 507 2627/7 507 2627/8 507 2627/9 507 26271'10 2627/11 507 2627/12 507 2627/13 507

Faience Metal Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steatite Yellow composition Steatite Steatite Steatite Faience Steatite Steatite Faience Faience Faience Faience Crystal Crystal Crystal Faience Faience Faience Faience Faience Faience Faience

Photo No.

Brandl fig. 7 Brandl fig. 8 Brandl fig. 11 Brandl fig. 10 Brandl fig. 13 Brandl fig. 14 Brandl fig. 12 Brandl fig. 9 Brandl fig. 15

Fig. 58. T.A. 68 - L. 507

photos 133-135. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.). L. 507 - finds from the tomb (133); two horsemen figurines (134); a figurine of a drurnrner woman (135).

124

T H E P H O E N I C L N S IN ACHZIV. T H E SOUTHERN CEMETERY

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍAMEDITERRÁNEA/ VOL. 7

2.

Tomb Type 1I.E. Tomb T.A.69 (Figs. 59-60; Photos 136-138)2'

The shaft is square (1.05 x 1.80m) in its top part, and is narrower towards its base. Its height is 1.77m and it is cut by the fissure. The entrance to the burial chamber was cut at the bottom of the southwestern wall of the shaft. The entrance is rectangular (60 x 75cm). No seal stone was found. The burial chamber is square (2.60 x 2.75m) and its height is 1.43m. The walls are slightly slanted inwards. The flat ceiling is cut 75cm beneath the surface. The floor of the burial

27 Locus 508.

Fig. 59. T.A. 69 (Type 1I.E.) - pian and sections

chamber is quarried 32cm beneath the threshold. There are two raised beds, 15cm high, along the northwestern and the southwestern walls. One is 67cm wide and the other 75cm wide. At the center of the southeastern wall, near the entrance, is a small niche, probably for a lamp. Arnong the remains found in the tomb are beads, gold and silver earrings, an iron knife, and five scarabs that are dated from the ninth to eighth centuries (Brandl 1997: 68, nos. 140-142; see also Brandl figs. 16-20 in this volume). One of the scarabs (no. 2589) is attached to a gold ring.

T H E PHOENICIAiiS IN ACHZIV. T H E SOUTHERN CEMETERY

niche for a Iamp

Photos 136-138. T.A.69 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb wlth burial beds

127

I

Fig 60 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 69 No. 1 2

Type Bowl Jar

Reg. No. Locus 2011/6 508 2611/3 508

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Jar Jar Jar Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Staff head Staff head Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Staff Object Knife Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab

2594/3-4 508 3594/1 508 2594/2 508 2695/8 508 2695'11 508 2695/7 508 2695/13 508 2695/10 508 2695/9 508 2531 508 2698 508 2531/1 508 2531/2 508 2697/1 508 2697/2 508 2531/4 508 2531/3 508 2534/1 508 2534/2 508 2695/3 508 2695/4 508 2695/1j 508 2695/14 508 2695/18 508 2695/5 508 2695/6 508 2610/1 508 508 261012 2610/3 508 2610/4 508 2610/5 508 2699 508 2700/1 508 508 2700/2 2593/2 508 2593/2 508 2573 508 2589 508 2669 508 2670 508 267 1 508 2532 508

11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Description Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip, black paint on rim and neck Orange clay, black core, white grits Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay, small black grits Crystal Agate Red jasper Carnelian Crystal Carnelian Turquoise Carnelian Faience Faience Silver Silver Turquoise Turquoise Ivory Ivory Carnelian Carnelian Carnelian Carnelian Carnelian Carnelian Faience Copper alloy copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Silver Gold Gold Bone Bone Iron Steatite Steatite Steatite Steatite Faience

Photo No.

Brandl Brandl Brandl Brandl Brandl

fig. fig. fig. fig. fig.

17, 17a 18

19 20 16


Fig. 60. T.A. 69 - L. 508

3.

Tomb Type 1I.E. Tomb T.A.70 (Figs. 61-62; Photos 139-145)28

The shaft is 0.92 x 1.3m and 1.40111 high. In the northeastern wall three round steps were crudely cut. The narrow deep fissure in the bedrock passes through the shaft in an east-west direction. The opening of the burial chamber was cut at the bottom of the northern wall of the shaft. The opening is square (62 x 48cm). Margins surround the opening, 22cm wide on top and 7 to lOcm on the sides and base. On both

sides of the entrance there are two depressions, probably for decoration. The burial chamber (2.80 x 2.03~11)is 1.57m high. The walls of the chamber are slightly slanted inwards. The flat ceiling is 6Ocm under surface level. Three beds, j5cm wide and 5cm high, were cut along the chamber walls. Along the southem wall there is a narrow bed from which two steps descend to the chamber's floor. In the northwestern corner of the ceiling there is a small natural hole. No finds in situ were uncovered in the tomb, but many finds, including many bones, were left by the robbers. Among the finds were: trefoil-rim jugs; mushroom-rim jugs; dipper juglets: severa1 pebbles and a scarab dated from the ninth to eighth centuries (Brandl 1997: 64 no. 131; see also Brandl fig. 21 in this volume)

AB-AB

AC-AC Fig. 61. T.A. 70 (Type 1I.E.) - plan and sections

AD - A D


PhOtos 139-145. T.A. 70 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds (139-142); L. 504 - pottery from the tomb (143-145)

Fig 62 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 70 No.

Type

Reg. No. Locus

Description

1 2 4

Bowl Bowl Jar Jar

25 17/11 2512/6 2535'1 2535

504 504 504 504

5 6 7 8 9

Jug Jug Jug Jug Jug

2550/1 2535/2 2550 2606 2541

504 504 504 504 504

10 11 12 13 14

Jug Jug Juglet Juglet Scarab

2509 2596 2517 2517/6 2603

504 504 504 504 504

Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay, black core, small white grits Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Orange clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, small white grits, black and red paint on neck Orange clay, small white grits. Yellowish-light brown clay, black paint on body Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay, many large grits Steatite

3

Photo No.

145 144 143

Brandl fig. 21

Fig. 62. T.A. 70 - L. 504

4.

Tomb Type 1I.E. Tomb T.A.72 (Figs. 63-66; Photos 146-152)29

The shaft is rectangular (1.00 x 1.15m) and 90cm high. On its western wall a high step was cut, 20cm under surface level. The southern half of the shaft floor is cut 6 cm deeper than its northern half. At the bottom of the northern wall of the shaft is a square 63 x 50cm entrance to the burial chamber. The burial chamber (2.20 x 2.381~1)is 1.40m high. The walls are slightly slanted inwards and the ceiling is cut flat, 62cm under surface level. Two steps descend to the burial chamber floor. There are two beds, 75cm wide and 25cm high, along the northern and western walls.

Fig. 63. T.A. 7 2 (Type 1I.E.) - pian and section

Some finds were left on the beds. On the floor was a n in situ burial with its legs towards the northwest. This burial is probably the last burial in the tomb. Among the finds were: bowls with shelf rims, a complete cooking pot and a complete jar, mushroom- rim jugs, trefoil-rim jugs, dipper juglets and a pilgrim flask, copper alloy bracelets, silver and copper alloy rings, two silver rings with scaraboid carnelian seal, silver and copper alloy earrings, one gold earring, beads, an amulet, a faience seal, iron and copper alloy fibulas, conical bone staffs, a seal and 16 scarabs, dating from the ninth to seventh centuries. The latest scarab dates to the seventh century (Brandl 1997: 70-76, nos. 145-161; see also Brandl fig. 22-39 in this volume).


Photos 146-152. T.A. 7 2 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds (146-148). L. 703 - pottery from the tomb (149-152)

135

Fig 64 - Pottery from T.A. 72 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Type Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

Reg. No. 3667/7 3636/7 3636/6 3656/5 3682/7 3667/5 3636/2 3667/6 362/2 3636/3 3682/3 3682/3 366/9 2636/3 2626/4 3663 3682/6 3681

Locus 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703

19 20 21 22 23 24

Bowl Jar Jar Jar Jar CookIng pot

3667 2 3579 3667/3 3636/10 3636/8 3621

703 703 703 703 703 703

Description Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay Brownish-oranGe clay Brownich-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Brown clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small white grits Brownish-orange clay, small White grits Bownish-orange clay, small white grits Light brown clay Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, red slip o n the interior and upper part of exterior Light brogn clay, red slip Light brown clay Light bRown clay Light brown clay Light brown clay Light bbown clai, small white gbits

Photo No.

150

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~MEDITERR~N~A / VOL 7

Fig. 64. T.A. 72 - L. 703

137

Fig 65 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 72 No. 1 2 3

4

Type JugJug Jug Jug

Jug Juglet Juglet Juglet Juglet Pilgrim flask Votive juglet Fibula Fibula Fibula Seal Seal Scarab and ring Scarab and ring Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab Scarab

Reg. No. 3580 3667/1 3682/1 3627

Locus 703 703 703 703

Description Light brown clay, red slip ~ i g h brown t clay, red sl$ Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, black and red paint on rim and neck Light brown clay Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip, black paint on rim Light brown clay, red slip black paint on rim and neck Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, burnish, black paint on neck and body Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay, many small grits Brownish-obange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, dark brown slip Iron Copper alloy Copper alloy White stone

Photo No. 152

151

Faience

Brandl figs. 39, 39a Brandl fig. 27

Carnelian and silver

Brandl fig. 23

Carnelian and silver Steatite Steatite Faience Steatite Steatite Faience Steatite Steatite Faience Faience Mottled stone Blue composition Faience Carnelian

Brandl fig. 22 Brandl fig. 25 Brandl fig. 24 Brandl fig. 28 Brandl fig. 30 Brandl fig. 29 Brandl fig. 32 Brandl fig. 33 Brandl fig. 31 Brandl fig. 34 Brandl fig. 36 Brandl fig. 37 Brandl fig. 35 Brandl fig. 38 Brandl fig. 26

Fig. 65. T.A. 72 - L. 703


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Type Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Ring Ring Ring Ring Ring Ring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Pendant Pendant (?) Fibula Spatula Spatula Needle

Reg. No. 3630 3535 3646 3531 3608 3628 3526 3614 3556 3532 3615 3656 3690 3552 3657 3685 3672 3662 3550 3618 3558 3582 3611/1 3611/2 3687

Locus 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703 703

Description Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Silver Silver Copper alloy Silver Silver Copper alloy Silver Copper alloy Silver Silver Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Gold Copper alloy Silver Silver Iron Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy

-

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZN. THE SOUlTiERjY CEMETERY

Fig. 66. T A. 7 2 - L. 703

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍA M E D I T E R ~ E A / VOL. 7

Fig 66 - Objects from T.A. 72 (continue) No. 26 27 28 29 30

Type Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Weight (?) Scaraboid Scaraboid Seal Pendant Pendant (?) Bead Amulet Bead Bead Staff head Staff Head Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead

Reg. No. 3560 3664 3346 3546 3546/1 3607 3598 3571 3515 3670 3516 3505 3528 3584 3625 3609 3543 3553 3530 3637 3523 3675 3508 3663 3592 3514 3519 3549 3652 3545 3521 3554 3674 3652 3565 3658 3594 3590 3541 3652/1 3602 3651 3557

Locus Description Bone 703 Bone 703 Bone 703 Ivory 703 703 Ivory Ivory 703 703 Hematite Black stone 703 Black stone 703 Black stone 703 Copper alloy 703 Copper alloy 703 Carnelian 703 703 Carnelian 703 Copper alloy Silver 703 Bone 703 Ivory 703 Crystal 703 Carnelian 703 Carnelian 703 703 Faience Agate 703 703 Carnelian Carnelian 703 Turquoise 703 Carnelian 703 703 Carnelian Carnelian 703 703 Carnelian Carnelian 703 703 Carnelian White stone 703 Carnelian 703 Carnelian 703 Silver 703 703 Carnelian Carnelian 703 Copper alloy 703 703 ~arnelian Carnelian 703 Carnelian 703 703 Carnelian


Fig. 66. T.A. 72 - L. 703

DISCUSSION The basic plan of the rock-cut shaft tombs found in the southern cemetery consists of rectangular entrance shafts (1.07 x 1.32 x 1.6m on average) connected to a burial chamber. Severa1 shafts have walls with crudely cut steps, for easier descent. The average size of the entrance openings is 62 x 52cm. Typically, the sealing stone for the entrance was cut to match and another stone supported it from outside. The average size of the chambers is 2.20 x 2.15 and 1.79m. high. In all the burial chambers the walls are slanted slightly inwards. The shaft tombs in the southern cemetery were cut under the surface, but the built ceilings, the convex feature and the offering table (T.A.19 and T.A.14) show that the location of the tombs was not hidden. In the built ceiling chambers (Type 11.1%)the floors are flat and no beds appear. However in one of the tombs (T.A.80) a narrow bench 35cm wide was discovered at the chamber's back wall. This is the earliest appearance of what might be the first stage towards the construction of the later rock-cut beds for burials. In the transitional type tomb (Type 1I.C) the size for the opening of the ceilings is much smaller. Concurrently, beds start to appear (Tomb T.A.14).The plastered concave feature found around the chamber's open ceiling of T.A.19 is unique. This feature probably had some cultic significance. The offering table found in situ beside the ceiling's cover slab of T.A.14 presents further evidence to the cult activity taking place above the burial chamber itself. In spite of the general homogeneity of the shaft tombs, one can discern flexibility in their execution. The orientation, size and interna1 arrangements are different. The covering slabs (Type 1I.A) were rectangular and well worked, in order to be tightly laid along the width of the tomb (Prausnitz 1986: Ph.1, Raban & Stieglitz 1993: 25). Most slabs were later robbed. In severa1 tombs, margins were cut around the open ceiling of the chamber as a frame for the covering slabs. In some of the burial chambers with built ceilings, there is no cut-rock lintel, but the nearest covering stone was used instead. In fact, severa1 entrances of these tombs are too narrow to be used. For example, the entrance to tomb T.A.76is only 40cm wide. On account of this fact, it may be assumed that burials were placed in these chambers through their ceilings, by removing the covering stone slabs and after positioning, replacing them. On the one hand, the quarrying technique of the burial chambers with built ceilings (Type 1I.B) is especially noticeable in four unfinished tombs. In these tombs, vertical quarrying was accomplished and

resulted in rectangular stones ready to be used for building. The shafts and burial chambers were cut simultaneously. The chips remaining after quarrying were left nearby. On the other hand, the chamber of the transitional shaft tombs (Type 1I.C) were all totally cut by chiseling from the side, while the shafts were cut by vertical quarrying. The simultaneous use of these t w o different techniques emphasizes the transitional nature of these tombs. Out of fourteen burial chambers with built ceilings (Type II), five were unfinished, perhaps owing to d e e p cracks in the bedrock. Yet, all burial chambers cut entirely under the surface were completed. Shaft tombs with the built ceilings were found in Amathus, Cyprus and dated from the tenth to eighth century (Gjerstad 1935: 1-141; Figs. 11:4-7, 12-15, 17: 1-3, 25: 6-7, 26; PIS.VIII: 5, IX-XII, XIII, XX. Christou 1978: 132-148, Pls. XII-XIV). The existence of such transitional type tombs, indicates strong links to Achziv by sharing the same development of burials. It seems that this shape of burial chamber imitates the ashlar built tombs, in which the slanting walls were meant to decrease the ceiling hole in order to decrease the weight of the ceiling-slabs laid on the walls. Regarding the prototypes of the shaft tombs, the earliest appear in the Royal Cemetery at Byblos where nine six-meter-deep shaft tombs were found. These tombs are dated to the Middle Bronze Age, yet severa1 are used again in the tenth and ninth century (Montet 1928: 143-238; 1929: Pls. CXXV- CXXVII). The famous example is the tenth-century sarcophagus of Ahiram, King of Byblos, which was discovered in tomb V (Harden 1962: 106, Mazar 1986: 243). Shaft tombs completely-cut under the surface were excavated in Rashidieh, south of Tyre. In 1903, three shaft tombs with beds were excavated and dated by the excavator to the end of the Iron Age (Macridy 1904: 564-5701, In 1975, five additional tombs with beds were excavated. Only tomb IV was discovered intact. The excavator dates it from the eighth to seventh centuries (Doumet 1980: 21-22, 102). Forty shaft tombs dated to the sixth to fifth centuries were found cut under the surface at the burial site east of Sarepta. Plans of only two tombs were published in which niches and sarcophagi are cut in the floor of the chambers (Saidah 1969: 134-137). In the cemetery of Magharat Abloun, southeast of Sidon, a fifth-century basalt sarcophagus belonging to Eshmonazar, king of Sidon was discovered. This sarcophagus was laid inside a grave above which a structure, now destroyed, was built. Kearby, dozens of underground shaft tombs cut in the bedrock were found, the earliest of which dates from the fifth to

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZTV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

fourth centuries. Sarcophagi cut in the chambers' floor characterize these tombs (Renan 1864: 481-483). Similar kinds of burials are known from Aya, northeast of Sidon, where two complexes of 10m- and 7m-deep shaft tombs were discovered. Inside these shaft tombs were also found sarcophagi cut in the floor. In one of these burial complexes, Tibnat, king of Sidon was buried in the fifth century (Jidejian 1971: 115-117, 120137). It is interesting to note that among the dozens of shaft tombs in Carthage, dating from the end of the seventh century and mainly to the sixth century, most tombs have a shaft 5m deep or more. Over centuries, this type of tomb becomes deeper, reaching a depth of 20 to 30m with many burial chambers along the shaft (Benichou-Safar 1982: 62-63, 105-113, 252-253, 373).

Figurines from Tomb T.A.68 The clay figurines from this tomb are of special interest. Few musician figurines, similar to the figurine of the drummer were also found previously in the southern and eastern cemeteries30 All the figurines are made in a complex technique consisting of a wheel-made round body, a mold-made head and added parts of clay. Most of the figurines are drummers, others are flute players. All hold musical instruments in their poorly designed hands. The drummers hold a tambourine in their left hand at a ninety-degree angle to their body. Their hair was made of stylized braids added to the mold-made head. The flute players hold their double flutes tightly to their chests, each hand holds one flute. Their hair is short, its outline was set by the mold. These figurines are dated from the eighth to the seventh centuries. Parallels for these figurines are known from Phoenicia and Cyprus. In Tyre stratum I1 (dated to the second half of the eight century) a tambourine player with plaited braids was found (Bikai 1978: Pl. LXXXI: 2). At Shiqmonah, in a grave dated from the ninth to the eighth centuries, a similar figurine with plaited braids was found (Karageorghis 1987: 17, Figs. 2-31, In Temple I at Sarepta another figurine was f o m d but her braids are behind her ears and she holds a pigeon or some other object (~ritchard1975: 23, Fig. 41: 1). In Cyprus the number of musician figurines of the same period arc numerous (~arageorghis1987:

30 Mazar 1990:108-109.The clay figurines f m n d by BenDor were not published.

17, note 13; Moscati 1988: 157). In a tomb at Amathos, a tambourine player with plaited braids was found, similar to the figurines from Phoenicia (Karageorghis 1987: 17, Fig. 1). At Samos, a tambourine player with a short hairstyle dating to the seventh century was found (Schmidt 1968: 84, Pl. 91). Stylistic considerations are important in studying these figurines, as there are two types. One type of the figurines holds the tambourine at a ninety-degree angle to their body ("tambourine players"), while the other type holds a round object tied to their chest ("tambourine holders"). This latter type has not been found yet in Phoenicia. According to Karageorghis, the "tambourine holder" figurines are actually holding a round cult object a n d d o not play a tambourine (Karageorghis 1987: 18-19, Pls. III-VII). As to the question of the function of the tambourine player figurines in tombs, it is possible that they intended to accompany a ritual ceremony to the gods, in a similar way to the promenade of musicians depicted on the ivory box from Nimrud (Barnett 1957: 78-80, Pls. XVIXVII). According to Karageorghis, their role was simply to entertain the dead in their "life after death" (1987: 1). Three figurines riding horses were found in T.A.68(Mazar 1990: 107). The horses were made from two pieces of clay. The heads and necks of the horses were made from one piece, later attached to the body of the horse. The head was stylized by folding and it is hollow. The nostrils are swollen and the mouth protrudes outwards, which gives the face a rather natural look. The eyes are made of small-flatted clayballs, the mane and the ears were added to the body. On the chest there is a red and black square design. The mold-made male riders have little facial detail. One rider holds a shield in his left hand. Prausnitz found on Tel Achziv another horse head, identical to those from tomb T . ~ . 6 (Prausnitz 8 1975: 29). It seems that the horse figurines are made in a special art style that can be called "Achziv sculpture ~ t y l e " . ~ ' At Kabri, a head of a horse, similar to those from Achziv was found and dated to the seventh century (Kempinski & Niemeier 1994: 23,34 Fig. 20: 9-10). Three more heads of the same type were found in Tel Keisan. The one from stratum 4b dates from the seventh century (Briend & Humbert 1980: 337-338, Pl. 104: 28-30). Another identical broken figurine of a horse was found at Tel Dor, in a pit dating to the Persian period, although it contained earlier material (Stem 1985: 186. Fig. 8).

31 The buiihead mask from T.C.2 is made in a similar style.

In Cyprus a horse and rider are common figurines in tombs (Young & Young 1955: 211-214, 228-229; Karageorghis 1987: 24-25, Pls. XE-XXVI). Some riders are warriors holding shields. Yet, the Cypriot horses and riders are completely different in their style and are lacking the natural appearance of the Achziv sculptured style. In the Tophet site at Tyre, excavated in 1997, a warrior figurine was found (Aubet & Sader 1999:139-141). This figurine is very similar to those from Achziv T.A.68in the way the rider and his shield are presented. The figurine from Tyre is different only by its horned hat symbolizing the god Ba'al (Negbi 1976: Fig. 43, Seeden 1980: 104, 136, 139, 145ff). No parallels to the Achziv horse riders have been found in the western-Mediterranean Phoenician diaspora. The figurines of horse-riders from Achziv show realistic characteristics of a relatively undeveloped

fighting cavalry consisting of riders and archers in pairs (Yadin 1963: 4-5,284-287, 360, 394-395; Littauer & Craouwel 1979: 134-139, 142-143; 76-78, Pl. 76, Mazar 1990: 107). The role that the horse rider figurines play in the burial context is uncertain. They may have been considered a defensive force to protect the dead, as real warriors protected the living. Yet, if this were the case, one would expect to find them in many other tombs as well. Another possibility is that one or two of the deceased in T.A.68 were horsemen themselves. The figurines rnight represent the deceased in their occupation as warriors. Sirnilarly, these figurines should be understood in the context of other clay models in tombs at Achziv. For example, the lead weights from a fish-net probably belonged to a fisherman (Tomb T.C.l) and the sickles probably to a farmer (Tomb T.C.4).

In Cyprus a horse and rider are comrnon figurines in tombs (Young & Young 1955: 211-214, 228-229; Karageorghis 1987: 24-25, Pls. XM-XXVI). Some riders are warriors holding shields. Yet, the Cypriot horses and riders are completely different in their style and are lacking the natural appearance of the Achziv sculptured style. In the Tophet site at Tyre, excavated in 1997, a warrior figurine was found (Aubet & Sader 1999:139-141). This figurine is very similar to those from Achziv T.A.68 in the way the rider and his shield are presented. The figurine from Tyre is different only by its horned hat symbolizing the god Ba'al (Negbi 1976: Fig. 43, Seeden 1980: 104, 136, 139, 145ff). No parallels to the Achziv horse riders have been found in the western-Mediterranean Phoenician diaspora. The figurines of horse-riders from Achziv show realistic characteristics of a relatively undeveloped

fighting cavalry consisting of riders and archers in pairs (Yadin 1963: 4-5,284-287, 360, 394-395; Littauer & Craouwel 1979: 134-139, 142-143; 76-78, Pl. 76, Mazar 1990: 107). The role that the horse rider figurines play in the burial context is uncertain. They may have been considered a defensive force to protect the dead, as real warriors protected the living. Yet, if this were the case, one would expect to find them in many other tombs as well. Another possibility is that one or two of t h e deceased in T.A.68 were horsemen themselves. The figurines might represent the deceased in their occupation as warriors. Sunilarly, these figurines should be understood in the context of other clay models in tombs at Achziv. For example, the lead weights from a fish-net probably belonged to a fisherman (Tomb T.C.l) and the sickles probably to a farmer (Tomb T.C.4).

Chapter I11 GRAVES CUT IN SANDSTONE Ben-Dor and Prausnitz found dozens of graves cut in the soft sandstone, in the northern section of the southern cemetery (Figs. 67-68; Photos 153-158). Unlike the previous tombs, these graves are for single individuals. They are divided into three categories: pit graves, round graves and complex pit graves. The pit graves are rectangular in plan. In them single inhumation burials were found, sometimes together with cremation burials inside jars. The round graves are cylindrical in shape. In them cremation burials inside jars were found. The complex pit graves consist of a pit grave with an additional round grave attached to it. Hearths and offering vessels were found above some of the graves, especially flat bowls! lamps and stands of various shapes (Prausnitz 1986 Photo. 4, Culican 1980: 85, Fig. 1). Above one of the graves seven jars were found in a row, lying on their sides (Prausnitz 1992: 31). Since their excavations, the graves have deteriorated drastically.

TYPE m.A. PIT GRAVES Approximately 30 pit graves were scattered among other round graves and complex pit graves. Most are cut in an east-west direction. Only a few are cut in a north-south direction. The shape of the graves is rectangular (1.30 to 1.85m in length, and 0.40 to 1.10m in width). Their depth varies from 0.60 to 1.00m. Previous excavations at the site discovered that each grave of this type contained a single burial, lying with the head to the east. Burial gifts included jars, jugs, bowls, jewelry and cult objects. In one pit grave, a jar was set on the mid-section of [he skeleton. In another pit grave a copper alloy leg-bracelet was found on the leg of the skeleton. In this same burial, a sixthcentur? ceramic fertility figurine was also found. The pit graves date from the seventh to sixth centuries. (Stern 1982: 68, Fig. 84;Prausnitz 1959: 271. 1960a: 261, 1960b:pl. XXV. 1975: 29, 1982: 35. Pl. Zd, 1993: 33-34).

'Il'PE m.B. ROUND GRAVES A~proximately20 round graves were scattered amo% the other pit graves and ~ o m p l e xpit graves. Their diameter varies between O. jo to 1.00m, and their d e ~ t h ranges from 30 to 7jcm. Pairs of graves arc typical, often mrith a narrow opening connecting them.

Of particular interest is the round grave T.A.56d (80cm diameter, depth 65cm) found by P r a u s n i t ~ . ~ * This tomb is located on the eastern edge of the soft sandstone area. On its western side was a 50cm-high step, on which a burial jar was found. This jar was covered by a flat bowl and sealed with clay. Another flat bowl and two jugs, one with a trefoil rim and the other with a ridged neck, were found nearby. On the floor of this grave another jar stood with a flat bowl sealing it. Both burial jars have large openings and wide handles descending from the rim to the shoulder. Cremated human bones were found inside the jars (Prausnitz 1982: 35-36,Fig. 2, 1993: 34).

TYPE III.C. COMPLEX PIT GRAVES The complex pit graves consist of a pit grave with an additional round grave. A narrow opening connects them together. Approximately 20 complex pit graves were scattered among the other round graves and pit graves. Three of these will be referred to briefly here. Grave T.A.55ad, located on the eastern edge of the soft sandstone area, was excavated by Prausnitz.33 The size of the pit is 1.00 by 2.00m and its depth is 55cm. An irregular-shaped addition with a diameter of 90cm was cut in its southeast side. Above the pit, at the surface level, a fallen sandstone stele (1.00 x 0.26 x 0.20m) was found. Near the edge of its front was inscribed a cross-like sign, identified as the sign of Tanit (Prausnitz 1970: 376). Near the stele, bowls and a large fragment of a jar were found. In the pit, 55cm under the stele, a burial of an adult was found lying on its back, with the head t o the east a n d legs b e n t . Near its s h o u l d e r a mushroom jug was laid. The head was lying on the mouth of a burial jar with cremated human bones. The jar was intentionally broken to fit the head. Near

32 On the plan, this grave appears connected to T.A.56 and rnight belong to Type 1II.C. Nevertheless, this might be the result of weathering on the soft sandstone, since Prausnia refers to this grave as a separate round grave.

33 The o u h e of this grave since its excavation has changed owing to weathering on the soft sandstone. Similar changes occurred in other graves. Grave T.A.55ad was changed so much that its parts a and d are from the original grave and c and b are from separate graves.

this jar another burial jar with cremated human bones was found. In the attached round grave two additional burial jars containing cremated human bones were found with a trefoil jug and a flat bowl nearby (Prausnitz 1969: 86; 1970: 376, Pls. 9-11). In T.A.44 only one burial jar was found in the attached round grave (Prausnitz 1960b Pl. XXV: a, 1967: 96). In T.A.46, two burial jars were found. One

Fig. 67. Graves cut in sandstone (Types 1II.A-C.)

of these was of black-on-red type. In addition, two scarabs from the twenty-fifth to twenty-sixth Egyptian dynasties, 728-525, were uncovered (Keel 1997: 20-23, nos. 4-5).34

34 ~ 0 t these h graves were excavated by Prausnitz. T.A.46 is the sarne grave as Ben-Dor's Z W .

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZTV. THE SOLTHERV CEMETERY

Fig. 68. T.A.

44,45, 46,55, 56 (TypeS

- 'la*'

phOtos153-155. Graves cut in sandstone (Types 1II.A-C) - (153); two incense stands found near the graves (154-155) 150


Photos 156-158

graves (Type 111,~1 .(156); round graves (Type 111.8) - (157): complex Pit graves ( T Y P I1I.c) ~ - (158)

151

Discussion At Tel Es-Sumeiriya, 8 km south of Achziv, a fifth to fourth century Phoenician burial site was excavated in 1984 (Peleg et al. 1984: 72). Pit graves were the dominant type of tomb, although shaft tombs were also found. The rectangular pit graves are dug into the sandy ground, and oriented east-west. The number of individual pit graves beginning from the end of the Iron Age increased throughout the Persian period. Concurrently, the excavators noticed a decrease in the number of burials in each shaft tomb. In light of the finds from Achziv, it is possible that the trend to separate burials in the tombs may have been a reason for an increase in pit graves. At the southern cemetery of Achziv, all t h e cremation burials in round graves and complex pit graves are dated to the Iron Age. The latest finds, dated to the sixth century, w e r e related t o the inhumation burials in the pit graves. The earliest dated cremation burial known from Phoenicia comes from Tambourit, southeast of Sidon. In the pit grave there, five burial jars containing cremations were found. These date to the second half of the ninth century (Saidah 1977: 135-146). In Khaldeh, south of Beirut, a combination of cremations and inhumations of single burials was found. Two inhumations were found in grave 3, and near one was a pottery vessel with a cremation burial. The excavator dates the grave to the eighth century (Saidah 1966: 60-66) The complex pit graves in the southern cemetery in Achziv c o n n e c t burials of inhumations a n d cremations. This probably indicates that these individuals wanted to be buried together in spite of the two different burial practices to which they were tied.

It is impossible now to determine why these practices were unalterable. Nevertheless, one reason for this strong desire to be buried together may be a clue to family relations between these individuals. It should be emphasized that on the one hand cremation burials were not found in any of the built tombs and not in the shaft tombs of the southern cemetery. On the other hand, no inhumation burials were found at the northern cemetery of Achziv, which was dedicated solely for cremation b ~ r i a l s . 3It~may be assumed that the complex graves were the result of a problematic situation, which required separating related individuals in two different burial practices, taking place in separate locations. The complex graves therefore show a solution to this problem, by combining the two burial practices in one location. It is interesting to note the two inscribed stelae that were found on the surface (not in situ) near the graves cut in sandstone. Both are rectangular. The first, (73 x 43 x 26cm), was cut crudely from sandstone. This stele is round at the top. Incised at the upper half of the stele is the inscription:"yy~11~ n v 7 - ~ y > ' ~ ( e v e d - ~ h e m son e s hof 'Ashshi) referring to a man and his father. The,man's name literally means: "Servant of the sun god." The lower half consists of an incised cross with a small circle at its top, similar to the cross-like sign on the stele discovered by Prausnitz above T.A.55ad (Type 111.0. Epigraphically, the stele dates to the sixth century (Driver 1953: 64, Pl. VIII: 7; Delavault & Lemaire 1979: 3-4, Pl. 11: 3). The second is similar in size (78 x 38 x 25cm). An incised two-line inscription at the top reads: "?L/Dl>tL/" (to Zecher Melech), referring to a man's name. The inscription is dated to c. 600 (Driver 1953: 64, Pl. VIII: 8; Delavault & Lemaire 1979: 4, Pl. 11: 4).

35 The writer conducted the excavations at the northern cemetery of Achziv in 1984, 1992, 1994 and 2002.

Chapter TV CREMATION BURIALS In the southern cemetery burial cremations were not found in the built and shaft tombs. Ben-Dor and Prausnitz observed the same phenomenon in their unpublished excavations of the shaft tombs at the eastern cemetery. Yet, six broken vessels: two jars, two trefoil jugs, a rirnless jug and a rim of a mushroom jug (locus 500), were found on surface level above the natural bedrock fissure connecting shaft tombs T.A.68 and T.A.69 (Figs. 29, 69: Photos 159-160). No remains of cult activity were preserved around the vessels. Only very white cremated bones, from different body parts of adults, were found inside the vessels without any burial gifts. If w e assume that these burials' proximity to the shaft tombs was intentional, owing to a desire of these people that inhumations a n d cremations be close together, then family relations might be a motive for such behavior. Two sites of solely cremation burials, Tophet sites, are found at Tyre and Achziv. The excavators date the Tophet at Tyre to the ninth century (Seeden 1991, Aubet & Sader 1999, Aubet, Nuñez and Trellisó 1999). This site is located on the seashore, directly east of the island of Tyre. It is highly likely that the Tyrians on the island used it as their cremation cemetery. Examination of cremated bones found in three of the burial jars were those of adults (Conheeney & Pipe 1991: 8385). The Tophet site at Tyre is very similar to the tenth-century Tophet in the northern cemetery of ~ c h z i v~t . ~Achziv ~ the crematorium structure itself was found. This is the only Phoenician cremation structure discovered s o far. Such a crematorium structure probably existed in every Tophet site in every Phoenician city. The crematorium in Achziv is surrounded by dozens of cremations buried in pottery vessels and accompanied by stelae. Each vessel contained a burial of an adult male or female. So far, no child cremations were found at Achziv or in Tyre. In cases of cremation burials that were found outside Tophet sites, the cremated remains were not only separated from the inhumation burials but also concentrated in pits or in tombs. One example is the

36 In light of the finds from the 2002 season, it seerns to be more accurate to date the Tophet at Achziv to the very end of the tenth, or the beginning of the ninth, centuries BCE.

shaft tomb IV in Rashidieh, south of Tyre, dated by the excavator to the eighth a n d seventh centuries (Doument 1980: 78, Pls. E.I-IX). In this tomb in 26 jars only cremation burials were found. Another example is the round pit grave found in Tambourit, southeast of Sidon, in which merely five burial jars containing cremations were found. These date to the second half of the ninth century (Saidah 1977: 135-146). However, a combination of these two practices is seen. Cremation and inhumation burials existed together. In Iron Age I1 shaft tomb A in Rashidieh, five cremation burials inside jars, together with two inhumations were found in situ on the beds in the tomb (Macridy 1904: 568-569, Pl. VI). In the Iron Age I1 built cist tomb no. 121 in Khaldeh two inhumations were found, together with a pottery vessel containing a cremation burial (Saidah 1966: 66-67). These are the only documented examples from Phoenicia in which we find cremation burials inside a tomb together with inhumations.

photos 159-160.L. 500 - six pottery vessels with a cremation burial, found on surface level above a fissure in the bedrock, which connecting tombs T.A. 68 and T.A. 69

154

mE PHOENICIAIWS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERX CEMETERY

Fig 69 - Pottery from L. 500 No. 1

2 3

4 5 6

Type Tar ~ a r Jug Jug Jug Jug

Fig. 69. L. 500

Reg. No. 2538 2539 2537 2523 2506 2529

Locus 500 500 500 500 500 500

Description Brown clay Light brown clay, large white grits Orange clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Brown clay, small black grits

Chapter V Conclusions In the southern cemetery of Achziv in the Iron Age, the built tombs (Types 1.A and 1.B) are the earliest evidence for burials found so far. These tombs, built of rough stones, are unique in building style at Achziv. This style is known from eleventh century sites where the Sea Peoples settled, such as Tel Zeror and Tel Farah (S). This evidence suggests that the Sea Peoples settled in Achziv. The description of the Phoenician coast in the Egyptian Wen Arnmon story shows the complex relations between the rulers of the Sea Peoples along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and the rulers of the Phoenician~.~' Tomb T.C.4 (Type 1.B) was never finished. Its rough-stone building style does not continue among the other tombs in Achziv during the Iron Age. Since we have not found any other tombs of this type here, it might be assumed that the discontinuation of this style of building is related to the disappearance of the Sea Peoples from Achziv. The chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type IC, dating as early as the tenth century) ought to be related to the Phoenicians. These tombs show an influence rooted in the Late Bronze Age culture of the Phoenician coast, even though a gap of 300 years exists between these tombs and the fourteenth- to thirteenth-century built tornbs at Ugarit. Why were men, a70men and children, together wit!: their burial gifts, interred as secondary burials in T.C.4 (Type I.B)? Sirnilarly, why were secondary burials placed in pits under the floors in the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (T.C.l and T.C.2;Type I.C)? One explanation for this mass of secondary burials is that they were moved to the southern cemetery from another location, perhaps the northern cemetery. It is possible that the need arose to "clear" the northern cemetery sometime in the tenth to ninth century, when it turned to serve as a cremation site (Tophet). The newly established tenth-century Tophet with its central crematorium structure rnight have been the impetus for moving inhumation burials to the southern cemetery and thereby creating space for the new cremations. Since the secondary burials in the pits were not added to the original burials of the tombs, but instead

37 Pritchard, 16-24.

were buried separately under the floor at the foot of the entrances (in tombs type LC), this rnight be an indication that those secondary burials were related to the owners of the tombs. These areas were chosen for the pits in order to separate these burials from those already in the tombs. Moreover, since on entering the tomb one must have had to step over these burials, their location probably indicates their relatively less importance. Tombs T.C.l and T.C.2 (Type 1.C) are evidence of the last phase of a 300-year old architectural style. These were later developed as rock cut tombs adapting characteristics of the ashlar built tombs. Those in Achziv were constructed during the tenth century and were used for many generations unti1 the end of the Iron Age. Similar burial customs continued throughout this time. Burials and gifts were laid together. The burials were laid in a supine position along the long wall away from the entrance. The previous burials and their burial gifts were moved to the pile at the back of the tomb. The gifts in the built tombs were personal, mainly pottery vessels and jewelry. From some of the gifts we infer the occupation of the deceased, such as the lead weights from a fishing net found by Prausnitz in T . C . l , which w e r e m o s t likely o w n e d b y a fi~herman.~~ T h e bullhead mask f o u n d in Tomb T.C.2 probably symbolizes the god Ba'al. The representation of the main Phoenician god Ba'al appears also o n stelae in the Tophet site of Achziv. These are examples where the representation of the god Ba'al was found in burial complexes. Concerning the bullhead masks made from bull skulls found in Cyprus (see discussion Type LC), it can be assumed that the votive masks from Achziv were considered as a talisman, which people would associate with the role of bull skulls during cult ceremonies in the temples. While discussing the Achziv tombs, it is important to emphasize that remains of cult activity w e r e preserved outside the tombs. This shows that burial ceremonies w e r e c o n d u c t e d in the t o m b s ' surroundings. In the built tombs in the southern cemetery, men, women and children of all ages were buried (Types 1.B and 1.C). ?Jo cremation burials were brought

38 These finds are unpublished.

CUADERNOS DE ARQLTOLOGÍA MEDITERR~LNEA/ VOL. 7

inside the built tombs. However, a very interesting phenomenon was discovered near the tombs. Child burials inside pottery vessels were found near these tombs, one burial in each pottery vessel. Three burials were found in separate jars and one in a bowl. This phenomenon of burials outside the tombs reminds us of the cremated burials of adults also found outside some of the tombs. We know that children were never cremated in the Iron Age (or in other periods) in Phoenicia. Accordingly, it is highly probable that the same reasons that caused some of the children to be buried outside the tombs also caused some of the Phoenician adults to be cremated and buried separately (L.500 near T.A.68). In tomb II.A.l a pottery mask of a woman was found by Prausnitz. Severa1 masks were found in other shaft tombs in the southern cemetery by Ben-Dor. All were votive masks, averaging 13 cm, with three holes along the perimeter to attach a string (Stern 1976: 117). Different assumptions have been proposed as to the use of these masks and their meaning. It seems likely that they were meant to give protection to the deceased (Stern 1976: 117-118; Culican 1976: 71 ff.; Pritchard 1988: 70-71). Quarrying of five of the tombs, similar to tomb type II.A, was suddenly stopped (Type 1I.B). The next phase of tomb building continued in rock-cut shaft tombs with closed rock-cut ceilings. In the unfinished tombs the methods of cutting the rock are clearly visible. T h e shaft a n d the c h a m b e r w e r e c u t simultaneously from above, using the vertical quanying technique. This had the added benefit of producing rectangular stones for further construction. In the tombs with rock-cut ceilings, the rock was cut out by a chisel from the side, resulting in piles of waster chips. However, type 1I.C shows a transitional phase, indicating the hesitations relating to this change. In these transitional tombs the open ceiling of the burial chamber became smaller. In these tombs, b o t h chiseling techniques were used: the vertical quarrying technique for the shafts and chiseling from the side for the chamber itself. It is clear that by the eighth century, all the shaft tombs were constructed with closed rockcut ceilings. During the Iron Age in Achziv, the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type 1.C) represent the first phase of a successive development of tomb architecture. These are followed by shaft tombs with built ceilings (Type 11). Five tombs, begun in a similar

manner to Type II.A, were unfinished. These w e classify as Type 1I.B. The ashlar building style is abandoned and followed by the rock-cut style that preserved some of the previous building characteristics, such as the slightly inward slanted walls and ceilings built of stone slabs. The built ceilings emphasize the close ties between the two building styles. This development appeared sometime in the tenth century. At this time the trend begins to separate each burial individually by putting a few medium size stones around the burial as a border. A bordering line of stones, found in Type II.A, developed into beds along the walls in Type 1I.C. The large number of burials (more than ten) found in these tombs indicates that the separation purpose of each burial form the others was not achieved. In the shaft tombs the same picture of personal burial gifts appears as in the built tombs. The deceased were buried together with their personal jewelry, mainly copper alloy earrings and bracelets, pottery vessels, working tools and cult objects. The horsemen figurines and the iron arrowheads discovered in T.C.68 (type 1I.E) are probably related to the occupation of one or more of the deceased in the tomb who were soldiers. It is interesting to note the figurines of the musicians playing tambourines or double flutes that were laid in these tombs. Their existence in the tombs can be related to the need to entertain the gods or simply to entertain the deceased themselves in their life after death. The shaft tombs in the southern cemetery d o not continue in use during the Persian Period. It seems that towards the end of the Iron Age (7-6 centuries) and through the Persian period, new developed shaft tombs were cut solely in the eastern cemetery. These tombs continue the trend of separating the burials by using not only b e d s but also by adding niches (kukhim) and cut sarcophagi. It is very important to remember that most of the tombs in the southern cemetery were continuously used through many generations in the Iron Age. Only tomb T.C.3 can be dated from the end of eleventh century to the beginning of tenth century and tomb T.C.4 can be dated from the tenth century to the end of the ninth century. The other earlier tombs (types Ic and IIa) were used over hundreds of years unti1 the end of the Iron Age (Mazar 2000). The excavations at the southern cemetery of Achziv give us a rich picture of the Phoenicians' material culture in their homeland.

THE PHOENICLANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERK CEMETERY

Summary table - Built tombs (Sea-People (?) tradition) Type of tomb T@e I.A: Cist tombs built of rough stones.

Date end of eleventh century

(?I C Type 1.B: Chamber tomb built of rough stones.

end of eleventh century - beginning of tenth century

Summary table - Built tombs (Phoenician tradition)

and cut sarcophagi, appears in the Eastern Cemetery

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APPENDIX

FIGURES AND PLATES O F THE SCARABS FROM THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Baruch Brandl Israel Antiquities Authority

Fig. 1. T.C. 4 - L. 610 - no. 3222


Fig. 2. T.C. 2

-

L. 212

-

no. 1400

Fig. 3. T.C. 2 - L. 212 - no. 1428

THE PHOENICLLVS IN ACHZn'. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Fig. 4. T.A. 79 - L. 908 - no. 6155

CUADERNOS DE ARQLTOLOGÍA

,,

O L

r

Fig. 5. T.A. 73 - L. 606 - no. 3010

L

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