Sarepta: A Preliminary Report on the Iron Age: Excavations of the University of Pennsylvania, 1970-1972

MUSEUM MONOGRAPHS SAREPTA A Preliminary Report on the Iron Age Excavations of the University Museum of the University ...

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MUSEUM MONOGRAPHS

SAREPTA A Preliminary Report on the Iron Age

Excavations of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1970- 72

by

JAMES B. PRITCHARD With contributions by WILLIAM P. ANDERSON ELLEN HERSCHER JAVIER TEIXIDOR

PHILADELPHIA .

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

1975

CONTENTS List of Figures: Plans, Drawings and Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vn

Introduction The Shrines

13

II.

The Stratigraphy of Sounding Y (William P. Anderson) . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

III.

Analysis of Pottery Forms from Sounding Y According to a Type Series. .

53

IV.

The Potters' Kilns in Sounding X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

V.

The Imported Pottery (Ellen Herscher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85

VI.

Selected Inscriptions (Javier Teixidor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97

Appendix A: Note on the Catalogue of Objects on Figures 56-63 . . . . .

105

Appendix B: Tables for the Frequency of Pottery Forms from Sounding Y

106

I.

Printed in Beirut, Lebanon by the Imprimerie Catholique

1 ~ A~'8\

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Contour map and grid plan for Area II Plan of Shrine 1, with sections A-A' and B-B' Section drawing of north balk of II-A-4 Section drawing of east balk of II~A-4 Plan of Stratum B in Sounding Y Plan of Stratum C in Sounding Y Plan of Stratum D in Sounding Y Plan of Stratum E in Sounding Y Plan of Stratum Fin Sounding Y Plan of Stratum Gin Sounding Y Section drawing of west balk of II-K-20/21 Section drawing of south balk in II-K/L-20 Plan of the Kiln E~F complex .. Plan of Kiln G complex and section A-A' of Kiln G Stone from filling within offering table of Shrine 1 Drawings of objects from Shrine 1 Drawings of bowls ofthe Type Series Drawings of bowls of the Type Series Drawings of thick bowls and deep bowls of the Type Series Drawings of jars of the Type Series Drawings of juglets of the Type Series Drawings of cooking pots of the Type Series Drawings of storage jars of the Type Series Drawings of storage jars of the Type Series Drawings of vessels with rolled rim of the Type Series Drawings of imported ware Drawings of catalogued objects Drawings of catalogued objects Drawings of catalogued objects

LIST OF FIGURES SAREPTA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IRON AGE

Vlll

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36:1.

2.

37:1.

2. 3. 38:1.

2. 39: I.

2. 3. 40:1.

2. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

Drawings of the inscriptions Air view of the site and surrounding area at the close of the 1970 season Sounding X at upper left; Sounding Y at upper right View of Sounding X taken from hydrogen balloon at ca. 100m. during the 1972 season Shrine 1, looking west Shrine 1 and street running along the south wall, looking east Offering table of Shrine 1 Floor of Shrine 2 and wall 472, with column Stone from filling of offering table of Shrine 1 Left, stone as found; center, after the removal of the cement coating; right, after the removal of the stone cover Wall 300 of Sounding Y, looking west Oven in Room 38 along wall 325, looking east Room 38 of Sounding Y, looking east Pavement in II-L-20 of Sounding Y, Stratum B, looking east Walls in II-K-20 of Sounding Y, Strata G and F, looking west Air view of Kiln G and the working area to the west Kiln G and Wall 448, looking north The top of the firing chamber of Kiln G Kiln G and coated wall 448, looking southeast Kiln E, loGking east Figurines from Shrine 1 Figurines and model throne from Shrine I Ivories and amulets from Shrine 1 Objects from Shrine 1 Lamps and other objects from Shrine 1 Figurines from Shrine 2 Bowls ofthe Type Series Bowls of the Type Series Type Series vessels Storage jars of the Type Series Imported ware Imported ware Imported ware Inscriptions in the Phoenician script Inscriptions: Phoenician and U garitic

56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

Catalogued objects: figurines Catalogued objects: animal figurines, a ladle and askos Catalogued objects: amulets, scarabs and a stamp seal Catalogued objects: miscellaneous Catalogued objects: miscellaneous Catalogued objects: miscellaneous Catalogued objects: miscellaneous Catalogued objects: ceramic forms

ix

INTRODUCTION

The site of the excavations of the University Museum at Sarafand, Lebanon, is a low tell on the seashore at Ras al-Qantara. 1 The mound, which lies just south of the harbor used by the fishermen of the village, rises abruptly from the shore and then in a gradual incline extends to the east and south until it reaches its maximum height of ca. 15 m. above the level of the sea (Fig. 31). In recent years the top of the mound has been disturbed by landowners who have made use of the bulldozer to level the surface for the growing of wheat, tomatoes, squash and other crops. At the northwest of the tell, waves from heavy seas have cut a scarp, some 4 to 5 m. high, in which ancient walls and heaps of potsherds are clearly visible. In our reconnaissance before the opening of the soundings in 1970 we found that the sherds from the surface of the tell and from the scarp ranged in date from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine period; no sherds that could be dated earlier than Hellenistic were found. Archaeological discoveries at Sarafand, prior to our excavation in 1969 of the Roman port lying about 500 m. to the southwest of the tell, had been confined to chance finds and the contents of four tombs cut into the rock of the ridge that flanks the strip of arable land along the coast. In 1857 M. Guillaume Rey acquired at Sarafand a torso of a statue of a human figure of slightly more than life size, which he gave to the Louvre. 2 A short distance to the east of the present coastal road was situated a tomb, said by villagers to have yielded the collection of Late Bronze Age pottery now a part of the collection of the Museum of the American University of Beirut and published by D. Baramki in 1958. 3 In May of1968 Roger Saidah found three tombs which had not been looted among some 40 cut into the rocky ridge to the east of the coastal site and concluded from their contents that they had first been used in the sixth-fifth centuries B.C. 4 1

Map reference: 1705.1089, Carte du Liban 1/20,000, Sarafand. E.G. Rey, Voyage dans le Haouran, p. 2, pl. I. 3 Berytus, vol. 12, 1956-58, pp. 129-42, pls. 14-16; and D. Baramki, in The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediteffanean, Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium, 1973, pp. 193-97. 4 Berytus, vol. 18, 1969, pp. 134-37; see also drawings of pottery from Tomb 26 published by W. Culican, Berytus, vol. 19, 1970, pp. 15-16, fig. 3. 2

2

SAREPTA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IRON AGE

The Sarafand excavations were sponsored by the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania with financial support in the form of grants made by the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society and an anonymous foundation. The Ford Foundation, through its Archaeology Trainee Program, made possible the participation of 13 graduate students in the three campaigns. Upon the recommendation of Emir Maurice Chehab, Director General of the Service des Antiquites, and also of the Minister of Tourism, the President of the Republic of Lebanon issued a decree on September 1, 1970 giving to the University of Pennsylvania a concession for archaeological work at Sarafand for a period of six years from April 22, 1970. 5 The Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company provided living quarters for the staff at its Sidon Terminal during the three seasons of excavation, and the American University of Beirut put at the disposal of the expedition a storeroom for pottery and other artifacts. Two other members of the Service des Antiquites, M. Roger Saidah and M. Brahim Kawkabani, rendet ed valuable service to the project. The dates for the three campaigns at Sarafand were: April I -June 5, 1970; April 19 -June 24, 1971; April 17 -June 24, 1972. From May I to June 30, 1973, a staff of six worked in Beirut describing and classifying materials excavated during the three previous seasons that had been stored in the National Museum and at the American University of Beirut. Archaeological findings such as those presented in this report are the result of the work of a team of people, each responsible for some aspect of the recovery. Besides the actual discoveries made by a field supervisor there are such important procedures as surveying, drawing the sections of balks, cleaning and reconstruction of artifacts, classification of sherds of pottery, cataloguing, drawing, photographing, and a variety of miscellaneous tasks which must be performed before excavated objects are presented in publication. The members ofthe staff listed below, while generally assigned to positions for which they were best suited by talents and experience, often performed a variety of tasks. For 1970-73: William P. Anderson, Martha Joukowsky, and James B. Pritchard; for 1970~72: Leila Badre, Patricia Cecil Bikai, Pierre Bikai, John E. Huesman, Thomas McClellan, and Pierre Proulx; for 1971 and 1973: Ellen Herscher; for 1972 and 1973: Julia Costello and Holly Hartquist; for 1970: Leila Khalidy and Magnus Ottosson; for 1971: Gioacchino Falsone, Adrianna Hopper, Susan Long, and Sigurdur Orn Steingrimsson; for 1972: Homer Athanassiou and Marian Laaff. At

5

Government Decree No. 15008.

INTRODUCTION

3

various times over the four years the following persons provided help in some capacity: in drawing, Rune 0degaarden, Helga Seeden and Yolande Steger; in photography, Bruce Bevan, Julian and Eunice Whittlesey; in classification of glass and beads, Gloria Dale; in identification of scarabs and other Egyptian objects, David B. O'Connor; in reconstruction, Yvette Bridi; in the analysis of Carbon-14 samples, Elizabeth Ralph. Jane Homiller has been responsible for inking drawings and plans in Philadelphia; and Christine Fiaccone has typed the manuscript and tabulated many counts of pottery forms. The principal objective of the Sarafand expedition from its beginning had been the discovery of well-stratified remains of an urban settlement for the period of the Phoenician commerce and settlement in the Mediterranean (ca. 1200-600 B.C.). The need for a record of the successive periods of Phoenician cultural history, especially that of the changing styles and techniques of ceramic fabrication, was obvious. While there are stratified remains which document fairly well the sequence of forms in use during the Bronze Age and during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the information available on the forms ofvessels characteristic of the Iron Age is limited to a few coastal sites which lie not at the center but on the periphery of 6 the cities of major historical importance in the Phoenician period. The contents of 7 a number of tombs of the Iron Age have been published, notably those from Khalde, but virtually no stratified ceramic material from a major urban site within the range of the coast occupied by the major Phoenician cities has as yet been available. Nor is it likely that the Iron Age remains of one of the well-known Phoenician cities will become available for recovery in the immediate future. Modern buildings now cover whatever remains of the Iron Age settlements at such centers as Beirut, Sidon, and even Byblos; and at Tyre the impressive Roman remains of monumental interest are a deterrent in the search for the earlier levels. The importance of the site at Sarafand would seem to lie in the unique circumstance of its recent history: unlike other coastal cities of Lebanon that played important roles in the history of the Iron Age when Phoenician power arose and reached its height, this ancient city has been by-passed by the tide of modern urban development and is today almost totally available for excavation. Thus, its remains can provide a major source for the record of the ceramic history of the Phoenician period.

a For a survey of what is known of Iron Age pottery from sites which extend from Tartus in the north to Mount Carmel in the south, see S.V. Chapman, "A Catalogue of Iron Age Pottery," Berytus, vol. 21, 1972, pp. 172-75. 7 Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth (hereafter: BMB), vol. 19, 1966, pp. 51-90.

4

SAREPTA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IRON AGE INTRODUCTION

A ~ record. of p~ttery forms associated with the various periods within the Iron _ge IS of obvwus Importance for those concerned with the cultural history of the Levant, the homeland of the Phoenicians. Yet this data has a wider relevance. It may ~elp solve some of the problems of chronology which have arisen at such distant Sites as Carthage, Motya, Almufiecar, Cadiz and many others where evidence has been found or suspected for colonies established from the Phoeni.ci'an h la d s I · h' omen . t IS t ~s need for a scale of ceramic chronology, controlled by a stratigraphic sequence, ~hich could serve to fix the dates for contacts between the Phoenician s~ttlements Ill the Western Mediterranean and the cities of the homeland that the Site of Sarafand should in time supply.

Methods of Excavation and Recording At the beginning of the 1970 season a grid with 5-meter coordinates was laid out a_t the top of the tell and designated as Area II to distinguish it from Area 1, the Site of the Roman port where excavations had been made in 1969 and th~ first part of the 1~70 campaign (Fig. 1). Two soundings were begun within this gnd. The larger: designated as Sounding X, consisted at first of the plots within II-C/D-6/7, but m the 1971 season it was enlarged to include th 600 1· · · e square meters ym~ ~Ithm II-A/D-4/9. The position for this sounding was chosen because of its proximity to the sheltered port and the conjecture that the adjacent shoreline should ~ave been occupied at all major periods of the city's history. A second area, farther mland from the coast and on the highest part of the mound was also ch ·h h . , osen, Wit t e expectatiOn that it might provide a sample of urban occupation of a dif1' · ferent character from that of Sounding X. This sounding of 100 II . sq. m. 1es m -K/L-20/21 and wa~ designated for convenience of reference as Sounding Y. It was partly excavated m 1970 and than carried down to bedrock in 1972. The 5-meter square, called a plot, was treated as an independent unit for purposes ~f recording. Each observable layer of debris within a plot, whether an accumulatwn of debris of occupation or the filling for a floor, was given an Arabic number called a level numb.er. Obviously the numbering of the levels within a plot may diffe; ~rom those of an adjacent one because of stratigraphic conditions that may be present I~ one plot and absent in another. Correlations between the level numbers of indiVIdual plots can b<made only by a study of the section drawings of the balks and the plans of walls and other architectural features. The assignment of level numbers 8

F. Barreca et al., L'espansionefenicia net Mediterraneo, 1971.

5

within plots to general strata has been made in this report only for Sounding Y; Sounding X presents problems of stratigraphy that require for their solution more study and possibly the evidence which may be forthcoming when adjacent areas are excavated. Strict attention was given in the process of excavation to the appearance of floors, but these were referred to in the recording as a floor between the numbered levels .or as the floor lying under a particular level. Floors, since they contained no artifacts, were not assigned level numbers. In addition to the scheme of designating loci in which artifacts were found by the plot and level, a second system was employed. When a room, building, courtyard, or kiln became clearly defined within one or more plots, it was given a room or kiln designation (numbers for rooms, buildings and courtyards; and letters for kilns). Levels within these structures were indicated within the sequence of notation which had been used in the recording of the stratigraphy of the plot in which the building lay or in which it was first encountered. This system of recording loci by plot and level within the plot has an advantage over an arbitrary assignment of locus numbers, as is frequently done, in that one can readily identify the find-spot of an object by its notation in terms of the grid. In excavating each 5-meter plot a .50 m. (occasionally .25 m.) margin was retained on each side for recording the stratigraphy. Thus each plot was temporarily separated from those surrounding it by balks of 1 m. Each level of a balk was tagged at its lower limit with the number assigned to it. When a balk that separated two plots became a deterrent either to the observation of stratigraphic relationships or to logistics of the removal of debris, a permanent record of the information preserved in its vertical face was made by means of a scale drawing and the balk was removed. It must be kept in mind that the stratigraphic differentiation of materials excavated from a 1 m. balk is not as dependable as that which has been checked by a standing balk. Thus, when an artifact is listed in the catalogue as having come from a balk, its provenience is not as stratigraphically reliable as that of objects labeled without this notation. In addition to the balks left along the lines of the 5-meter grid, there were others which were left at right angles to walls for the recording of relationships which were not apparent along lines of the grid system. The stratigraphic record consists, then, of the section drawings of balks, the plans of architectural elements, and the day-to-day notations of the supervisors of plots made in the field notebooks. In addition there are the final summaries of stratigraphy written by the supervisors at the end of each season. All of these resources have been drawn upon in the preparation of this preliminary report and they will continue to be studied as the final appraisal of the stratigraphy is being prepared.

6

INTRODUCTION


Artifacts have been recorded by two procedures. The general catalogue has been used to record by sketch, photograph and detailed description of material, colors, size, state of preservation, etc., and the principal artifacts have been numbered consecutively for each season (for 1970, the numbering begins at Sar. 1000; for 1971, at Sar. 2000; and for 1972, at Sar. 3000). The catalogue contains all artifacts that document the cultures of the various occupations of the site and those objects of pottery which are either sufficiently well preserved to be of importance for a museum collection or, if fragmentary, of interest for information that may be preserved about some feature of the method of their fabrication. The greater mass of evidence from the excavation, however, consists of sherds, many of which were broken into small fragments which are without any diagnostic characteristics. To deal with the problem of recording this massive and important documentation we devised a system of recording which was separate from the general catalogue. All potsherds were collected, labeled as to locus, washed, dried on a mat on which the separate squares were labeled with the locus from which each sample came. The sherds from each sample were then sorted according to rims, handles, bases, and body sherds. The body sherds were counted and notations made on the pottery sheet for each sample of the quantities of burnished, slipped, and decorated (by paint, incisions, etc.) found among the body sherds. The forms of rims, handles and bases were then matched with those of drawings of a type series in notebooks provided for the pottery sorters. 9 The number of sherds of each type was then entered on the pottery sheet for the sample, along with a description of any sherds which did not fall readily into the general system of classification. When a new form began to be prevalent the drawing of it was incorporated within the type series and given a number for purposes of classification. After this record had been made the diagnostic sherds (rims, handles, bases, and decorated fragments of body sherds) were bagged and stored for further reference and study. The nondescript body sherds were discarded after counting. Record photographs and drawings were made of the most important pottery fragments, which had previously been given provisional numbers and a notation of the year in which they had been found. Thus the designation of Sar. '72-143 indicates an uncatalogued pottety fragment found in the season of 1972 and numbered 143. Bones, soil samples, clays, slag, and carbon were collected and labeled as to provenience for laboratory analysis and further study. 9 The drawings of rims above the line in Figs. 17-25 are taken from the notebooks used on the pottery mats.

7

The Ancient Name of the Site

The present-day governmental district known as Sarafand has as its center the village of Sarafand, which is situated about 1.5 km. from the seashore at an elevation of ca. 100 m. on the ridge which rises to the east. This village seems to have been founded only a few centuries ago, since Georges Sandys, who visited the area in 1611, wrote that "high mounted on a mountain, there is the handsome new town, now called Sarapanta." 10 The Arab geographer Idrisi, of the twelfth century, is the first writer who is known to have m:::ntioned the nam~ Sarafand, a city which he said is ten miles from Sidon and had a beautiful citadel, 11 possibly the same building described as a fortress on the "very beach of the sea" by Joannes Phocas after he visited the site in 1177, some twenty-five years after Idrisi wrote. 12 Thus it would seem that the older Sarafand was on the coast and only at the beginning of the seventeenth century was the settlement moved to its present location. It has long seemed likely, because of the three consonants shared by the two names, that the coastal Sarafand is to be equated with Sarepta, which is frequently described oy the many travelers and pilgrims who wrote of their visits there from the fourth century onward. 13 Two recent discoveries, however, serve to add strength to the equation. The first is that of a block of veined white marble which was acquired in the summer of 1969 by the Service des Antiquites from a villager in Sarafand. 14 Parts of a threeline inscription remain, of which the first line contains the name Sarepta in w~at appears to have been a dedication to the "Holy God of Sarepta." The same deity is also attested on an inscription of the first century A.D. from Puteoli as well as on a bronze plaque now in the Yale Babylonian Collection. 15 The second discovery was made by us in the 1971 campaign. It is that of an inscribed stamp seal, Sar. 2402, containing in its second line the four letters J r p t, "Sarepta." 16 These two occurrences of the ancient name, one most probably from the site of ancient remains

10 Georges Sandys, Sandys Travells, Containing an History qf the Original and Present State of the Turkish Empire ... , 6th ed., 1670, Book 3, p. 166. n ldrtsti Palestina et Syria, ed. J. Guildemeister, 1885, p. 12. 12 The Pilgrimage of joannes Phocas, p. 10, in the publications of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, vol. 5. . 1a See my "Sarepta in History and Tradition," in the MortonS. Enslin Festschrift, Understandzng the Sacred Text, edited by John Reumann, 1972, pp. 101-14. 14 BMB, vol. 24, pp. 54-56, fig. 1, pl. 8. 1 5 Berytus, vol. 9, 1948-49, pp. 45-49. 16 See Figs. 30:1, 54:1.

2

9


INTRObUCTION

at Sarepta and the other from the excavation itself, would seem to remove any doubt about the trustworthiness of the identifications proposed by the travelers who visited the site during the first and second millennia of the Christian era. The references to Sarepta in ancient literary sources, while not numerous, do attest the existence ofthis important city through the periods of the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, and occasionally provide clues as to its relative size or importance among the city states of the Phoenician coast. 17 The earliest known reference to Sarepta appears in a Ugaritic text of the fourteenth century B.C. 18 In a tabular listing of quotas of bows, apparently provided by the men of various areas, there is a phrase bn . ~rptn . qst. This evidence for commercial contact between the two coastal cities was corroborated by the discovery during the 1972 excavations at Sarafand of a jar handle inscribed with 14 letters in the script of the U garitic alphabet. 19 Since the form of the handle on which the inscription appears is not common in the repertoire of forms indigenous to Sarafand, it is likely that it is an import from some center like Ugarit where the Ugaritic alphabet was generally used: Sarepta appears in a letter written in the following century, the thirteenth, by an Egyptian scribe who wished to discredit his correspondent by satirizing his lack of first-hand knowledge about Asiatic geography. 20 The scribe implies that his correspondent does not know even the most elementary facts about the geography of the Phoenician coastal cities. He wrote:

(Zarephath), "which belongs to Sidon." Basically the story is one of popular folklore that tells of two miracles performed by the prophet in reward for hospitality shown him by a widow of Sarepta. There is specific mention of the "gate of the city"; and one might possibly see in the theme of one of the miracles, the miraculous flow of oil in the time of famine, a reflection of a reputation which the city had for its production of this commodity. Twice does the name of Sarepta appear in the annals of the Assyrian kings. Sennacherib is said to have taken it in his famous campaign of 70 I B. C. on his march down the Phoenician coast. Sarepta at the time belonged to Luli, king of Sidon, who fled to Cyprus, leaving his cities with no choice but to capitulate and to accept the terms of an annual tribute to the Assyrian king. The listing of cities in which Sarepta appears is as follows:

8

LET ME TELL THEE of another strange city, named Byblos. What is it like? And its goddess? Once again- [thou] has not trodden it. Pray, instruct me about Beirut, about Sidon and Sarepta... They say another town is in the sea, named Tyre-the-Port .... 21 The listing of Sarepta along with its neighbors, Sidon and Tyre, in a document from the end of the Late Bronze Age, indicates that Sarepta was a city of major importance. The first specific reference to Sarepta in the Iron Age is that in the biblical text ofl Kings 17: 8-28, the account of the ninth-century prophet Elijah's visit to Sarepta

See my "Sarepta in History and Tradition," cited in fn. 13. Text 321, I, 46, in C.H. Gordon, Ugaritic Handbook, II, 1947, p. 173. See also Revue d'Assyriologie, vol. 37, 1940-41, pp. 106-07. 19 See Figs. 30:4, 55:2. 20 Papyrus Anastasi I, published by A.H. Gardiner, Egyptian Hieratic Texts, Series I, Part I, ... , 1911, pp. 22*-23*. The name appears as [)-r-p-t. 21 J.B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts (hereafter: ANET), 3rd ed., 1969, p. 477, translation of John A. Wilson. 17

Great Sidon, Little Sidon, Bit-Zitti, Sarepta ([uRu] Za•ri-ib-tu); Mahalliba, Ushu, Akzib (and) Akko, (all) his fortress cities, walled (and well) provided with feed and water for his garrisons .... 22 Yet the submission of Sarepta, which Sennacherib claimed to have received, was short-lived. Esarhaddon, Sennacherib's son, mentioned the city and remarked that he turned it over to Ba'li, king of Tyre, from whom he required a yearly gift in addition to the earlier tribute. 23

History of Occupation of the Site It is premature at this stage in the study of the materials from the excavations to give more than an approximation of the history of occupation in Area II. Materials datable to the Byzantine and Roman periods have been recovered from the thoroughly disturbed upper level of the tell, but these artifacts are from contexts which could not be related to floor levels and buildings. Erosion and the efforts offarrriets to level with a bulldozer the surface of the mound for cultivation had combined to destroy remains of the buidings of the Byzantine and Roman periods. Yet pottery, coins and other artifacts found in the upper layer of the tell's surface evidenced the use of the site in these two periods. The Hellenistic settlement had fared better. Levels from this period of settlement can be dated by coins and by a number of stamped

18

a2 Translation of A. Leo Oppenheim in ANET 3 , p. 287. 23 R. Borger, Die lnschriften Asarhaddons, Konigs von Assyrien, Archiv fur Orieniforschung, vol. 9, 1956, 49:16, where the name appears as URU$a-ri-ip-tu. Note should be made of the mention of

Zarephath in Obadiah 20, but the date of the text is so disputed that the reference adds little to the history of the site.

10


INTRODUCTION

amphora handles from Rhodes. 24 Below the Hellenistic remains there seems to have been in both Soundings X andY a fairly continuous use of the site for building purposes throughout the entire range of the Iron Age and through most of the Late Bronze period. The earliest evidence thus far excavated is pottery recovered from a tomb and two jar burials which exhibit features generally attributed to the end of the Middle Bronze period. 25 The opinion expressed above that the occupation of the site was continuous from the early Late Bronze period through the Hellenistic period is based principally upon stratigraphic observations. There is no discernible evidence in the balks for sterile layers of debris, which are usually associated with periods of abandonment. This observation must, however, eventually be checked against the evidence derived from the typology of pottery forms to see if there a1 e marked discontinuities in the sequence of pottery coming from successive stratigraphic levels (see p. 70 for pottery). A full account of the excavations at Sarafand will require some years of study after the excavations now in progress have been concluded. What we have attempted here is a display of some of the findings made thus far and the formulation of some tentative conclusions that have been reached at this stage of the excavation. We have concentrated on presenting those areas where, at this stage, there is the most certainty with regard to stratigraphy, such as those of the shrines and Sounding Y. In addition we have presented the plans of some of the kilns and notes about the relative sequence to which they can be assigned. We have also illustrated the major types of ceramic forms that were produced at Sarepta throughout the Iron Age, as well as some of the imported ware that may prove to be useful in dating the strata in which it was found. The Phoenician inscriptions discovered during the three campaigns have also been included. It is obvious that the references to comparative materials could have been greatly expanded. Those given in the report may help to place the object in the category to which it is assigned or to suggest approximate dates. The groundwork for this preliminary report was prepared during the months of May and June of 1973 when six members of the staff worked with the artifacts from the three seasons stored in the National Museum and the American University of Beirut. The file of photographs taken in the field was supplemented by new and

additional negatives made by Holly Hartquist. Julia Costello checked the descriptions of the objects which are presented in the catalogue of objects on Figures 56-63. The presentation of the type series in Chaptet III, as well as that of the accompanying catalogue is largely the work of Martha Joukowsky, who throughout the preceding campaigns was in charge of the classification of pottery. She is also responsible for many of the drawings. Ellen Herscher made a study of imported ware, particularly that from Cyprus, and wrote the comments in Chapter V. William P. Anderson made the separation of the strata of Sounding Y from a study of section· drawings, plans and field notebooks, and wrote the notes and the table of assignment of loci to strata according to the scale of "certain," "probable," and "possible." He is also to be credited with the section drawings and the copying from the field plans made by Pierre Bikai of the kilns of Sounding X. The director would like to express his appreciation for the labor of each of these five assistants in the project of preparing this preliminary report. Those who worked during the month of May, 1973, when a state of emergency existed in the Lebanon, successfully surmounted the dangers of an armed conflict and the inconveniences of a curfew. Yet no part of the report can be considered as other than the product of the entire staff for the four seasons listed above.

24 We are grateful to Virginia Grace, of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, for her identification of these stamps. 25 The sherd shown in Figs. 26:1, 51 :1 from a bowl identified as Cypriote and dated to the seventeenth-sixteenth centuries is reported to have been found in Stratum G of Sounding Y, but the context in which it was found was evidently disturbed.

11

I. THE SHRINES Throughout the Iron Age almost the entire area of 600 square meters we had chosen for excavation in Sounding X (11-A/D-4/9) had been used for industrial purposes: it was this area of the city in which potter's clay was stored, then fashioned into vessels and other forms, and finally fired in kilns. In the various strata of occupation during the Iron Age there was abundant evidence for this specific use of the area by potters: kilns, ''waster" heaps of misfired vessels, ash from the firing process, basins for the washing and perhaps mixing of clays, and potter's tools. The one exception to this almost complete utilization of the area for industrial purposes was a one-room building which stood at the northwest corner of the excavated area (Figs. 2, 33, 34). This room, which occupied only ca. 15 square meters of space within the industrial area, can readily be identified as a shrine by certain architectural features common to cultic buildings elsewhere as well as by a large cache of artifacts which are identifiable as having had a cultic function. The shrine area at the northwest corner of the excavated area is separated from the pottery-making sector by a street that runs along the south side of the shrine (Fig. 34, right), then turns to the left at the southeast corner to follow the east wall. At the end of the east wall the street turns to the right and runs along the wall of a larger building which lies to the north of the shrine. Actually the area set off from the industrial area of Sounding X by these streets was the site of at least two distinct shrines. The earlier, which we have called Shrine 1, is by far the better documented, since its limits are within the excavated area. The later, Shrine 2, was built upon the ruins of Shrine 1, but it was larger than its predecessor and extended beyond the bounds of the present excavation. Although its limits are not as yet known it has been characterized as a shrine because of the presence of cultic objects found in the debris which covered its floor. In addition to this specific evidence there is the probability that an area once having been devoted to religious use would have continued to be utilized for that purpose. Since the shrine area is a unit separate from the more extensive pottery-making area we are describing it and its artifacts in some detail in this preliminary report. We shall say what we can at this point in our study of the material about the dates

14


for the construction and use of the two shrines, but it should be kept in mind that more precise estimates on the chronology of these buildings should be forthcoming when correspondences have been worked out with the various levels to the south and east of the streets which separate the cultic from the industrial area.

The Shrine 1 Building The rectangular room in II-A/B-4 was originally designated as Room 71 of Level 3, but when its cultic function was recognized from its architectural features and associated artifacts it was called Shrine 1 (Figs. 2, 33, 34). The average interior measurements of the structure bounded by the four walls 471, 480, 478 and 479 are 2.56 m. for its north-south axis and 6.40 m. for the east-west dimension. It can be observed from the plan that the room is about .32 m. wider at the east than it is at the west end. This discrepancy may be explained by the builders' use of earlier walls. The north wall of the shrine, 4 78, is the south wall of a much larger building which lies almost entirely outside the area of excavation and continues eastward for a distance of ca. 6 m. beyond the shrine into II-C-4, where there is a return to the north. The priority of the larger building to the shrine is evident from the fact that the east wall of the shrine, 4 79, was built against the side of wall 4 78 and was not bonded to it. Obviously the shrine was an addition to a larger unexcavated building to the north and shared with it the common wall 4 78. The line for the south wall of Shrine 1 was determined, it would seem, by an earlier street running east-west in the southern part ofii-A-4. This street had been bounded on the north by an earlier structure, one wall of which had been utilized as a foundation for a part of 471, the south wall of the shrine. Thus it would seem that the builders' use of preexisting structural elements would account for. the north and south walls of their building being not exactly parallel. A sounding which was made below the floor of the eastern half of the shrine demonstrated that it, as well as the larger building to the north of it, had been constructed on a filling of broken pottery ca. 1.10 m. in depth. The deposit of pottery appeared to have been a "waster" dump from one of the kilns in the immediate vicinity, since there was but a small admixture of soil with the sherds. More than 100 baskets of sherds were recorded from this sounding of two or th1ee cubic meters. That the pile of sherds had accumulated or been transferred there before wall 478 had been built was evident from a foundation trench for the wall that had been cut into the deposit of pottery. When th1'l unusually large sample of ceramic forms is studied adequately it should provide a terminus post quem for the construction of both Shrine 1 and the larger building to the north of it.

THE SHRINES

15

The walls of the shrine had been almost totally robbed or destroyed to the level of the ground or to that of the benches along their inner faces. The best preserved is wall471, on the south side of the building, which has one cou1se of ashlar blocks of sandstone set in a header-stretcher pattern (Fig. 34). There are also some well-cut ashlar blocks in a course, possibly a repair, set upon a foundation of rubble construction in the north wall, 478, which is shared with the building to the north. From these two fragments of the superstructure it seems likely that the entire building had been constructed of ashlar blocks. The average width of the south wall of the shrine is .50 m. Little can be said about either the width or the construction of the west wall, 480, since it lies, except for its east face, outside the excavated area; its entire superstructure has been robbed. Wall479, the eastern limit of the room, had been robbed of all but its foundation; but in that there were some well-cut stones. The floor of the shrine consisted of hard, gray cement, averaging ca . . 10m. in thickness, finished off to a smooth surface. The cement extended to wall 4 71 on the south side, running under the stones of the bench built against the wall. However, on the east side of the room the floor generally extended only to the line of the bench, which seems to have run along that wall as well. No evidence for the floor remained along the west end of the north wall, 4 78; it had been broken away when that segment of the wall and the bench that went with it were robbed. The position of the entrance had been changed sometime during the period when the shrine was in use. Originally there was an opening, 1 m. wide, at the east end of the south wall (Fig. 2) that provided access to the shrine from the street that ran along the south side of the building. A step .85 m. wide, was found in place immediately in front of that doorway. But the original opening to the building was subsequently blocked and the bench, which flanked the south wall on both sides of the doorway was continued across the former opening by two ashlar blocks slightly higher than the original segments of the bench. Cement was used to fix these stones into place. An entrance was then made at the north end of the east wall, 479. The cement of the floor of the room extends beyond the line of the east wall (Fig. 2). but it is impossible to ascertain precisely the width of the entrance since the wall has entirely disappeared in that segment. It would seem likely that the change from an entrance from the east-west street to one from the northsouth street to the east of the building was made when the street level of the former built up to such a height that the water that coursed down it in the rainy season could have drained into the shrine. The street level of the north-south street was considerably lower, so that the flooding of the shrine from the new entrance would have been less likely.

16


The Benches, Offering Table and Socket for a Betyl

Along the walls of the shrine there are the remains of benches or shelves. The bench along wall 471 is the best preserved, and includes the stones set when the original south entrance was blocked. A well~preserved segment of the bench along the north wall was found intact, although it evidenced repair with cut stones set slightly out of line with those of the original plastered bench. The rounded corner ofthe cement on the face of the bench along the south wall (Fig. 34) indicates that there had also been a bench which had extended along wall480 from the corner to the south side of the offering table or altar. It would seem likely, although no actual evidence exists, that a corresponding bench extended along wall 480 between the table and the junction with the north wall of the building. At the east side of the shrine the bench appears in a badly damaged segment in which its cement surface has been broken away. The benches were built of field stones set in mortar. The top and side were then covered with cement to form a smooth surface (Fig. 34, for the best preserved bench along wall 471). The average height of the benches is ca . . 20m. and they vary in width from .30 to .40 m. At the west end of the shrine there is an offering table or altar, measuring 1.02 by .92 m. (Fig. 35). The sides were built of ashlar blocks which are set about .30m. below the cement floor; on the west side the stones have been robbed alon,g wall480. The center of the table was filled with rubble and a well~cut block, which will be described below. The top of the table had been robbed and it is impossible to determine how high it had originally stood. Yet fragments of a gypsum facing on the east side of the table extended to a height of .20m. above the level ofthe remaining foundation stones. Thus it is certain that the top of the table had been at least that much higher than the preserved course of the sides. Before the table there is a step, which is set at a slightly different alignment from that of the table itself. The crack left by this discrepancy had been caulked with cement. To the south of the step two stones had once been set in the cement floor. From the impressions of these stones, only about 5 em. deep, it is clear that they had been set in place before the cement floor had hardened or the final surface layer had been poured. To the east of the join of the two missing stones there is a slight channel or depression in the floor. The channel is in line with an aperture in the east face of the offering table, yet this opening appears to have no continuation westward beyond the outer face of the table. A layer of from 3 to 4 em. of dark ash and carbon covered the area around the offering table

THE SHRINES

17

and the square socket before it; but nowhere else within the room was this burnt deposit apparent. The filling within the offering table contained at the northwest corner a well~ cut stone with a system of channels (Fig. 35 for the position of the stone within the table; Fig. 36:2 for the top of the stone; and Fig. 15 for drawings of (a) side, (b) top, (c) front). The sandstone block has an average measurement for its top or face side of .28 by .32 m. and is .20m. thick. An oblong depression, .15 by .23 m., had first been cut in the top to a depth of 4 em. Two other depressions had been cut into this larger cutting: one is a depression 9.5 by 7.5 em. cut to a depth of another 4 em.; another circular depression, 7 em. in diameter, was cut to just below half of the thickness of the stone. A system of channels was then drilled. One wa~ cut from the center of the smaller rectangular depression so as to provide a drain from it into the circular depression. From the circular depression there were two outlets; one, 2 em. in diameter, ending in an oblong opening, provided a drain to the side; another, 3 em. in diameter, led from the circular depression to the front of the stone. The circular depression with its three circular drainage channels had been covered over by a slab, measuring .145 by .125m., which had been cemented into place. The entire surface of the cover and the edges around it had been covered with ce~ ment so that there was no indication from above of the system of drains below it. In fact, the cover and the circular cutting below it were not detected until the· stone was being redrawn for publication a year after its discovery. It is impossible to conjecture at this time what functions this object had. It is obvious that the channels served to divert a liquid from the smaller rectangular depression into the circular depression, from which it would have drained either into both of the drains or into one of them if the opening of the other were blocked. It could have functioned as a drain only if it were. in the position in which it was found, that is with the worked side up; and it is obvious that the intent had been to conceal from view the circular depression from which the two drainage channels led to the front and side of the stone. The stone was not in its original position since, within the rough filling of the offering table, there were no channels leading from the two channels of the stone, the one on the front and the other on the side. About .20m. to the east ofthe step before the altar there appears a break in the .cement floor, measuring ca . .50 by .60 m. (Fig. 2, Section B~B'). The depression was filled to a depth of .20 m. with yellow clay and stone chips. Below there appeared a thin layer of dark carbonized material lying on the fill for the cement floor. It can be seen from Fig. ~4 (and Fig. 2) that only the southwest corner of the socket is regular and that the well~formed line of the cement extends from it to the north for

18

19


THE SHRINES

a distance of .40 m. Similarly, the edge extending to the east is sharp and well defined for a distance of .40 m. The thlckness of the cement floor along the west edge of the socket is from .16 to .19 m. ; that on the south side is .13 m. In both these places the cement rises slightly to meet the object whlch had stood in the socket (Fig. 2, Section B-B'). It is apparent that when the standing object, probably a stone betyl or possibly an incense altar, was removed it was pulled over in an eastern or northern direction and that the edges of the cement floor on these sides of its base were broken away. From the depth of the socket and of the surrounding cement it is obvious that the standing stone must have stood at a considerable height. One would judge that it must have been at least 1 m. hlgh to have provided enough leverage to have destroyed the thick floors of cement on the north and east sides in the process of removal. Its base was clearly .40 by .40 m. and the object was in place when the cement floor of the building was poured. The orientation of the betyl socket and the step to the table is roughly that of the building, but the table itself has been set at a slightly different angle. It is difficult to account for this discrepancy. One explanation might be that the offering table or altar had been reused or rebuilt on the exact location of a table in a previous cultic building. But when the filling withln the offering table was excavated there appeared to be no evidence for an earlier construction of this central feature of the shrine.

reported as having been found near the walls of the inner room of the structure. 3 Similar features appear in the three Late Bronze Age temples at Lachish. While the earliest Fosse Temple at Lachish, Structure I, had but a single, short bench along a segment of its west wall, 4 the two subsequent temples on the site, Structures II and III, exhlbited increasing use of this feature. In Structure II mudbrick benches, .40 m. wide and from .20 to .40 m. hlgh, flanked the walls. 5 The benches of Structure III followed the lines of those of Structure II, except that there were three rows instead of two along the west wall. 6 At Beth Shan the temple of Level VII, belonging to the Late Bronze period, had mud-brick benches, or "mastabahs," averaging .50 m. wlde and .50 m. high, around three of the four walls of the sanctuary. 7

Comparisons with Shrines Elsewhere Of the three features of the shrine at Sarepta, the benches, offering table and standing stone, it is that of benches surrounding the walls of a religious structure that is the most frequently encountered in the adjacent regions. The tradition of the use of benches or shelves around the sides of a shrine is attested from the Late Bronze Age through the Iron Age. In the Late Bronze Age levels at Hazor three temples have been found that exhibit thls feature. Benchlike structures are reported in Area H, Stratum 2 (LB I), flanking the passage from the porch to the principal hall of the temple, and a similar bench was found near the western wall of the principal hall. 1 In the following Late Bronze II period there was found in Area C (Stratum IB) a temple with benches, about .40 m. wide and from .30 to .45 m. hlgh, around the walls. 2 And in the LB III temple of Stratum IA of Area H remains of benches are

1 2

Y. Yadin, Hazor: the Head of All those Kingdoms, 1972, p. 79. Ibid., pp. 68-69, figs. 15, 17.

The practice of equipping temples with benches continued on into the Iron Age in Palestine. A cult structure found in Stratum XI of Area B at Hazor, which the excavator has dated somewhere in the eleventh century, 8 has benches along three of the walls of the southern half of the structure, which measures 4 by 5 m. Although the complete plan of the building could not be recovered, votive objects found withln its limits suggest that its function was cultic. At Beth Shan the temple of Level VI had a similar arrangment along the east and west walls and along part of the north wall of its sanctuary. 9 In a later period of the Iron Age at Arad there were plastered benches along the north, west and south walls of the inner room, or hekal, of the temple of Stratum X. 10 The recently discovered "Philistine" temple at Tell Qasile has stepped plastered benches along its walls. 11 Excavations at two Iron Age sites on Cyprus have disclosed striking pat allels to the benches at Sarepta. At Enkomi the twelfth•century "Sanctuaire du dieu au lingot," 17.60 by 11.60 m., has an approximately .50 m. wide bench (and .40 m. high) along its north, west and south walls. 12 At K.ition there is evidenced the use of benches around the walls at a date closer to that of the Sarepta shrine. Among

.a Ibid., p. 87, fig. 21.

Olga Tufnell et al., Lachish II, 1940 (hereafter: Lachish II), pp. 38-39, pl. 66. Ibid., pp. 39-40, pl. 67. 6 Ibid., p. 42, pl. 68. 7 A. Rowe, The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, 1940, p. 8, pl. 6. 6 Y. Yadin, Hazor: The Head of All those Kingdoms, 1972, pp. 132-134, fig. 29. 9 A. Rowe, The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, 1940, p. 16, pl. 8. 10 Biblical Archaeologist (hereafter: BA), vol. 31, p. 19, fig. 15. u BA, vol. 36, 1973, p. 43. 12 Alasia I, 1971, p. 152, fig. 2. 4

6

20

21


THE SHRINES

the modifications made in the Kition temple during its third period of use, dated by V. Karageorghis from600 to about 450 B.C., there are benches along the southand north walls. 13 Another modification in the third period of the Kition temple provides afurther link between the sanctuary there and the one at Sarepta. In this period there was constructed a square altar, 1.55 by 1.55 m., just outside of what had been in the previous phase the south entrance to the temple. The altar is said to have been "revetu de plaques de gypse sur ses quatre cotes et portant des traces distinctes de feu sur la table." 14 The clear evidence of gypsum facing that remains on the east side of the altar at Sarepta may well be a feature of cultic construction which is shared by the Kition temple of a slightly later period. It is noteworthy that Karageoraghis mentions among the offering deposits such items as terra-cotta figurines, Egyptian amulets and scarabs and beads of faience and glass. These kinds of objects, with the exception of scarabs, are well represented in the inventory of finds from the Sarepta shrine. The long tradition extending from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age through the Iron Age in Pale.stine at the sites of Hazar, Beth Shan, Lachish, Arad and Tell Qasile and at Enkomi and Kition on Cyprus, that benchlike tables or shelves were a characteristic feature of cultic shrines, serves to support the attribution of a similar function to Shrine 1 at Sarepta. This architectural feature so widely connected with cultic use in adjacent areas is further supplemented by the inventory of votive objects found in it (see below). But before listing objects found in level 3 of Room 71 (Shrine 1) the architectural evidence for a later cultic building above it, Shrine 2, must be presented. This interruption in the logical order of presentation is necessary because of the possibility of the intrusion of materials from Shrine 2 into the level of Shrine 1 below it when walls were robbed, particularly in the area to the northeast of the offering table of Shrine 1.

however, are the north and· west limits. The cement floor ran under the later wall, 4 72 (Fig. 36:1, wall with column, behind the meter stick); but its relation to wall 4 78, the north wall of Shrine 1, is unclear. The cement slab ran to the west balk of II-A-4; how much farther it went could not be determined. There is no indication of either an offering table or a socket for a betyl in the area of the cement floor that was uncovered. Nor were there indications of any benches along the south or east walls. The floor had been once repaired by levelling the cement when the entire slab seems to have sagged slightly on the northern side (Fig. 36: 1, right). Two considerations favor the interpretation of the building as having had a cultic function: first, it lies immediately over Shrine 1 and made use of its south and east walls; and secondly, three figurines were found on its floor in the material assigned to level 2 (Figs. 46: 1-3). This sample of votive material is possibly to be augmented by a certain amount of material which came from a disturbed area within level 3, the level of Shrine 1, and other artifacts which fell from a higher level on April28, 1972 with the collapse of a balk on the north side of II-A-4 after a heavy rain.

The Stratigraphy of Shrine 2 The evidence for a second shrine built over the remains of the first is at the present stage of the excavations circumstantial rather than explicit. It consists of a cement floor which had been built over a deposit of .40 m. of debris and fill that covered the first shrine (Fig. 36:1). The floor ran to wall471 and to a robber trench from which wall479 had been taken; this was evidently its eastern limit. Less clear, 13 14

F. Barreca et al., L'espansionefinicia nel Mediterraneo, 1971, p. 171. Ibid., p. 172.

It can be seen from the plan (Fig. 2) that the cement floor of Shrine 1, which lay below level 3, was destroyed to the north of the offering table and along the line of the missing portion of the west end of wall 478. Obviously this portion of wall 478 and the bench built against it in this sector had been robbed and the cement floor had been damaged in the process. · The obvious explanation would seem to be that the wall and accompanying bench had been robbed before the construction of Shrine 2, the floor of which lay about .40 m. above that of Shrine 1. The floor (with one layer of repair) can be seen running under the later wall472 in Fig. 36:1 as well as in Fig. 3. But in the north balk of II-A-4, which was cut after the collapse of the original north balk during a heavy rain and along a line at least 50 em. to the north of the line of the section shown in Fig. 3, there is no trace of the cement floor of Shrine 2. Yet in the section of the east balk of II-A-4 (Fig. 4) it is clear that the cement floor of Shrine 2 runs northward over the bench of Shrine 1 and on northward beyond the trench made when wall478 was robbed. Thus it would seem that at this point, .50 m. to the west the grid line II-A/B-4, the north wall of Shrine 1 had been robbed before the building of Shrine 2. Where, then, ran the north wall of Shrine 2 ? There are two possibilities. Either the floor of Shrine 2 ran northward to a wall which was built approximately on the same line as wall478, or at least .20m. to the north of it, as might be assumed on the evidence ofFig. 4; or the cement floor of Shrine 2 ran to a north wall that lies in the

22


THE SHRINES

unexcavated area to the north of II-A-4/5. If the latter is the case, then the floor of Shrine 2 was broken in the process of erecting the column in wall472 (see Fig. 3), or, as seems less likely, when a trench was dug through the cement floor of Shrine 2 by the robbers responsible for the removal of the west end of wall 478. In view of this stratigraphic uncertainty in the break in the cement floor of Shrine 1 at the northwest corner there is a possibility that some artifacts which have come from level 3 (Shrine 1) originally belonged to level 2 immediately above it. In fact there are clear typological connections between the figurines found in Shrine 2 and fragments of the same type recovered from the disputed and uncertain area of Shrine 1. These observations will be noted in the discussion of the cache of votive objects.

motifs and representations. While Egyptian forms and motifs are especially prominent, such objects as the clay figurines and the delicately carved woman's head in ivory are Syro-Palestinian in style. And in the sphinx throne there would appear to be a synthesis of motifs from Egypt and Phoenicia. The collection of votive objects found in Shrine 1 is sufficiently large to serve as a representative sample of the kinds of objects which were brought to the shrine and presented by the devotees during the time the shrine was functioning. The assemblage is also a measure of the syncretism of diverse elements in the culture of Sarepta.

VoTIVE

OBJECTS FROM

SHRINE

1

The votive objects found in level3 ofii-A-4, or the western part of Room 71, came for the most part from the filling within and on top of the offering table, from the socket for the betyl or standing stone, from the floor of Room 71, and from the break in the floor at the northwest corner. In addition to these find-spots there is the debris resulting from the collapse of about .50 m. of the north balk of II-A-4 after the heavy rain of April 28, 1972 mentioned above. In the removal of this fallen material it was impossible to determine precisely the levels to which a number of votive objects belonged. Although the objects recovered on that day are labeled as having come from level 3, Shrine 1, it is entirely possible that they are a part of the remains of Shrine 2, immediately above it, and the uncertainty of their provenance has been indicated below. In the following report on the votive objects from Shrines 1 and 2, we have illustrated the major types recovered and attempted to give some indication ofthe number of objects in each category. The references given are to the field numbers of the general catalogue. In looking at the inventory of the objects of a votive character, especially from Shrine 1, it is apparent that the collection displays a wide variety. This diversity is to be seen in the types of objects: figurines of the human female, carved ivory pieces, amulets in human forms as well as the symbolic wajet, cosmetic equipment, beads, a cultic mask, gaming pieces, and a number oflamps. Within this assorted collection there is a noticeable lack of the most common kinds of artifacts found elsewhere in the excavated area, the common everyday ceramic ware. Another feature of the diversity should be noted: the materials of fabrication include pottery, alabaster, faience, ivory and cut stone for some of the beads. Yet another aspect of the heterogeneity of the collection is to be seen in the geographical range for the origins of

23

Bell-shaped Figurines The best preserved of the terra-cotta figurines is that of a woman holding an amorphous U-shaped object in her arms, Sar. 3005 (Fig. 41 :1). The face ofthe head was cast in a mold and a flat piece of clay was added for the back, in which a hole was pierced to allow the air to escape from the hollow head during the firing process. The head was attached to a bell-shaped body fashioned on a wheel (wheel marks appear prominently inside) and tapered at the top so as to join the neck and head. The long locks of hair were made by hand and attached to the sides of the head and shoulders. The arms and the U -shaped object were fashioned and joined to the body. Red paint decorates the ears and lips and a broad vertical stripe, 3 em. in in width, somewhat faded, appears on the lower front of the bell-shaped body. 15 Belonging to the same general type as Sar. 3005 is a head, Sar. 3052(Fig.41 :2). That the face was cast in a different mold from that of the better preserved example is apparent from the hair, which is represented as small curls parted in the middle of the forehead. Traces of red paint remain upon the face and the neck. As in the other examples of this type the back of the head was added to the molded face and neck and a hole pierced in it. The pendent locks were applied to the side of the head. Two other heads would seem to belong to the same type of figurine as Sar. 3005, although in both cases the characteristic broad pendent locks of hair have apparently broken away. Sar. 3003 (Fig. 41 :4) has been fabricated in the same manner as the two examples described above and a hole appears in the back of the head. A heavy slip, apparent at the break on the neck, seems to have filled in and obscured the features of the molded face, which is painted red. The other head of this type, Sar. 3004 (Fig. 41 :5), has a dowel-like projection that fitted presumably into 16 An unpublished example of this type of figurine appears in the exhibit opened on July 28, 1973 at the National Museum in Beirut.

3

24

THE SHRINES


a bell-shaped body. It is of a similar method of construction, is covered with a salmon-colored slip, and red paint has been applied to eyes, lips, neck, ears and hair. Figure Wearing a Stole

A female figure with hands across her stomach and her feet on a low platform or step, Sar. 3053 (Fig. 42:1), constitutes the sole representation ofthis type. Although the head is broken away, a bulky lock of hair reaches below the left shoulder. She wears a long robe represented slightly longer on the sides than in front, where it reaches to about halfway between the knees and ankles. A stole-like band is draped from the left shoulder and hangs under the left arm for a short distance under it. The figurine is hollow and open at the bottom; the front and sides have been formed in a mold and the back fashioned by hand and joined to the molded portion. The figure gives the impression of being corpulent with a slightly protlUding belly. The breasts are meager enough to allow some question as to the identification ofthe figure as female. The clay has been fired to a metallic hardness. From the precinct of Tanit at Carthage there is a stela of limestone with a representation of a priest wearing a stole over his left shoulder and a long garment which appears to be cut away at the front. 16 Harden dates the stela to the fourth century B. C. Large Figurine with Turban Heizddress

While only the left side of the face and the turban headdress of Sar. 3073a (Fig. 41 :3) are preserved, it is apparent that the scale of the figure was significantly different from other figurines in the cache. The head would have been at least twice the size of that of any other figure from Room 71. The headdress is decorated with vertical lines. Traces of red paint remain on the turban, while black paint appears on the face, possibly as the indication of a beard. The head seems to have been cast in a mold. Two additional pieces were found which in paint and texture of clay are similar to those of the head and niay belong to the same figurine. Figures Playing the Tambourine

The body of a seated female figure of intricate construction playing a hand drum or tambourine is represented in Sar. 3188 (Fig. 42 :2). She wears a long robe on which 16

D. Harden, The Phoenicians, 1971, fig. 28.

25

the vertical borders are clearly indicated, on the left side by a line in the clay and four lines of paint, two red and two black. A similar treatment (although the paint is faded) appears on the right side as well. The collar of the garment is decorated by a line of black and another of red paint. The belly protrudes slightly and the navel is represented. The player held a tambourine with the left hand; the right arm is missing. The stool on which the figure sits was molded by hand and there was a square opening in it on each side. The front of the figure was cast in a mold and the the sides and back were added by hand. The arms and the tambourine were made separately and joined to the body. A second figurine of the same type is Sar. 3197 (Fig. 41 :6), of which only the bosom, two arms and a tambourine remain. It, too, is hollow and has a front which was cast in a mold. The right forearm was added to the molded body. The fingers of the hands are not modeled. In addition to these two examples of the tambourine player there were found three arms (Sar. 3078a,b,c), which can be identified with the type of figurine described above. Thus we may be certain that there were at least four examples of the the woman playing the tambourine (from the lines of the breaks it is apparent that none of the arms belonged to Sar. 3188). A comparable example of this type of figure has been found at Kharayeb, which Chehab attributes to the fourth century B.C. 17 The Sphinx Throne

The most complex terra-cotta figurine of the collection is the sphinx throne, Sar. 3187 (Fig. 42:3). It consisted of a stool or chair flanked on each side by the figure of a sphinx wearing a high crown. On the seat of the chair there sat a figure of which only the lower part of the torso and the skirt remain. Two stubs of legs, which extended below the skirt, remain on the underside of the seat. The legs of the two sphinxes have been almost completely broken away. From what remains it would seem that all four legs of each sphinx were represented and that the object would have thus rested on the eight legs of the two sphinxes. Aside from the seat of the chair, which has been preserved virtually intact, the best preserved portion of the object is the head of the sphinx on the left side. Enough of the sphinx on the right is preserved to make certain that it was a duplicate 17 M.H. Chehab, Les terres cuites de Kharayeb, Texte, BMB, 10, 1951-52, p. 155; Planches, BMB 11, 1953-54, pl. 1 :4.

26

27


THE SHRINES

of the one on the left. The head wears a high crown, painted blue; the lips and ears are painted red, as is the fn:mt of the chair. At each side of the head there are represented long locks of the same type found on the bell-shaped figurine, Sar. 3005. Here they are painted black. A short rectangular false beard, painted blue, is represented under the chin. The front of the crowned head of the sphinx was cast in a mold; other elements were fashioned by hand. The body of the sphinx is modeled so that the upper half of the torso tapers inward to form the arm of the chair. If there were wings there is no indication of places of attachment to the body. A hole had been pierced in the back of the sphinx head to allow the escape of air in firing. Another hole, I mm. in diameter, appears in the bottom of the seat, probably made for the same purpose. Certain elements of the representation are clearly Egyptian: the false beard, the high crown, and the sphinx. The high crown seems to be closer in style to that worn by the "Baal" figures from north Syria (Ras Shamra, for example) than it does to the true Egyptian crown. Obviously motifs from the two areas are mixed in this representation. A figure seated on a sphinx throne is known from other sites in the mediums of ivory and stone, but the Sarepta throne is unique in that the representation is in terra-cotta. As examples of the theme one recalls the Megiddo ivory 18, the sarcophagus of Ahiram 19 from Byblos, and the Adlun chair. 2 Further afield there is the "Astarte" seated on a throne flanked by two sphinxes from Galera, now in the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid, 21 the figure from Pizzo Cannita, now in the Museo Nazionale, Palermo, 22 and a recently reported example found in the neighborhood of Granada in July of 1971. 23

to the level of the shoulders. In the center ofthe forehead there is a projection which suggests an uraeus, that seems to emerge from under the wig itself. The face is round and the ears are large and extend awkwardly in a lateral position as though they are being pushed forward by the two locks of the wig which are behind them. Below the chin there is a broad collar decorated with three rows of triangular designs. The remaining triangles of the middle of the three rows suggest lotus blossoms, but the detail is too worn for one to be certain of this identification. The upper row of designs on the collar, which can be seen just below the chin, is partly covered by the lower part of the wig.

°

Ivory Head of a Woman

The better preserved of two pieces of carved ivory is that depicting the head of a woman, Sar. 3034 (Fig. 43:1). She is represented as wearing a heavy wig of Egyptian type that covers half of the forehead and extends downward at the sides

G. Loud, The Megiddo Ivories, 1939, pl. 4:2. P. Montet, Byblos et l'Egypte, Atlas, 1929, pl. 131. 2° For photograph of relief now in the Louvre, see S. Moscati, The World rif the Phoenicians, 1968, pl. 1. 21 J. Ma. B1azquez, Tartessos y los Origenes de la Colonizacion Fenicia en Occidente, 1968, pp. 187192, pl. 75. 22 S. Moscati, Ifenici e cartagine, 1972, p. 282, bottom, which he dates to the sixth century. 23 Ibid., p. 288. 18

The back of the head is finished off to a smooth, flat surface. The thickness of the piece, from the nose to the back, is 1.6 em. While no indication of attachments remains it is obvious from the flat back and an undecorated portion of the side ofthe head toward the back that the piece was once a part of a larger whole. In the portrayal of the hair and ears the plaque is remarkably similar to the familiar plaques of the "woman at the window," particularly the example from the N.W. Palace at Nimrud. 24 Yet in these carvings ofthe face, ears and wig there are no examples with a broad collar.The sill of the window appears in the representations at the ends of the pendent locks of the wig. Thus, the clear evidence for the broad collar in the Sarepta piece would seem to rule out its identification with the wellknown inlay representing the woman at the window. Another possible parallel to our ivory head appears in the spade-shaped blinker ornaments from Nimrud, on which are represented a sphinx, the head of which wears a double or triple banded collar. 25 No. 109 from Nimrud is described as having "an alternating series of papyrus flowers and leaves," a decoration which is not unlike that on our plaque. However, the hair of the Nimrud ornaments is shown in straight lines and not in the mesh design of the Sarepta example and the carvings of the "woman at the window" described above. Furthermore, the grain of the ivory of the Nimrud ornaments runs horizontally, while on our ivory the grain is vertical. It would have been virtually impossible to carve an object as long as the bridle-harness ornament from an ivory tusk except from a vertical section in which the grain ran longitudinally through the head.

19

24 R.D. Barnett, Iraq, vol. 2, p. 182, for a listing of the examples from Nimrud, Arslan Tash, Samaria and Khorsabad, and pl. 23:3 for the Nimrud panel; M.E.L. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, II, 1966, fig. 429. 25 J.J. Orchard, Equestrian Bridle-Harness Ornaments, 1967, pl. 20: nos. 109, 110, 112.

THE SHRINES

28

29


. The most convincing parallel to our head would seem to be the heads of sphinxes on mlays found at Khorsabad. 26 In these pieces there is a three-row collar below the head of the sphinx. But, although the wig is similar to that of our head, there is no ~raeus represented. If our head belonged to such a sphinx as on these parallels it Is pr~bable that the winged figure was represented as walking to the right, siuce the w1dth of the right lock of the wig is noticeably narrower than the left. The broader left lock would thus have served to balance the body of the sphinx in the total composition. The artistic horizon of ivory carving represented here is, to judge from the treatment of the hair and the decoration of the collar, within that of the Layard or Phoenician group, which has been dated by Barnett to the eighth century B.C. 21

Bes The only complete example among the five amulets of Bes is Sar. 3057 (Fig. 43 :3), which measures only 3.9 em. in height. The squatting dwarf wears a feather headdress, but the amulet is worn and it is impossible to distinguish other features 28 clearly. Examples of the feather headdress on Bes figures appear at Lachish, Tell el-Far'ah (S), 29 Tell er-Retabeh, 30 and Lahun. 31 Clearer, however, is the detail ofSar. 3048 (not illustrated), a seated, bearded figure with a tail. There is a lateral nasal perforation as well as another in the remaining left ear.

Ptah Sokar Ivory Human Figure with High Crown or Cap The fragments of the head and torso, one arm, and three portions of the legs of a human figure carved in the round, Sar. 3084 (Fig. 43 :2), could be partly restored as what appears to be a female figure. Although the breasts are not prominent, the small waist is in contrast to the more ample measure of the buttocks and thighs. The face, while indistinctly carved, is beardless. It is obvious that at least most of the figure was carved in the round since there is a concave curvature of the back and the buttocks are modeled in a near realistic fashion. It is possible, of course, that the statuette was attached to a larger object at the back of the head or at the feet ' which are missing. The arms of the figure hung straight from the shoulder and the palms of the hands were placed firmly against the sides of the body. The crown or conical cap is apparently broken off at the top and it is difficult to judge how it was finished off. On the neck under the left side of the face there is the faint suggestion of a decorated collar. Beyond this possible indication of adornment the figure is entirely nude. Am~ng the votive objects found in Shrine I there were numerous faience figures, usually p1erced for suspension, readily identifiable as Egyptian in form and probably of Egyptian fabrication. From the inventory of 25 of these amulets we have chosen 14 for illustrating the diversity of types represented in the cache and cited some references to similar examples, particularly those which have been recovered from sites in Palestine and Syria.

26 G. Loud and C.H.B. Altman, Khorsabad II, 1938 pl. 52 figs 42 43· pi 53 fig 46· pi 54 fig. 5 I; pl. 53, fig. 44. ' ' ' . ' ' . ' . ' . ' 27 Iraq, .vol: 2, pl. 185; Barne~~ in a communication of August 2, 1972, expressed the opinion that both thrs prece and Sar. 3084 were not later than the eighth century or early seventh century at the latest."

Ptah Sokar is represented by Sar. 3012 (Fig. 43:5), a faience figurine of a child with a large head and protruding belly. The detail of the figure is minimal although the hair on top of the head is represented as black in contrast to the light blue glaze of the body. This representation of Ptah, god of the living, and Sokar, god of the dead, is· discussed by Margaret M. Murray in connection with the examples found at Lachish, 32 and references are given to other examples of similar figures found at Beth Shemesh, Megiddo, and Tell el-Far'ah (S). Examples extending 33 from the XVIII Dynasty to Ptolemaic times are given by Petrie.

Cat A light green faience figure of a cat sitting on a base is complete in Sar. 3047 (Fig. 43:6). It is pierced longitudinally through the upper part of the body for suspension. Two similar examples of this figure were found at Lachish in Locus 120, and Margaret A. Murray has listed parallels from Gezer, Tell el-Far'ah (S), and Y ehudiyeh, 34 with the remark that these figures became common with the advent of Shishak of Bubastis, the first king of the XXII Dynasty.

Olga Tufnell et at., Lachish III, 1953 (hereafter: Lachish Ill), pl. 34:14. F. Petrie, Beth-Pelet I, 1930 (hereafter: Beth-Pelet I), pl. 35:414, which is assigned to the XX-XXII Dynasties. . 30 W.F.M. Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities, 1906, pl. 34 (Tomb 29). 31 F. Petrie et al., Lahun II, 1923, pl. 68:12-14, belonging to the XXII-XXIV Dynasties. 32 Lachish Ill, p. 380, pis. 34:11, 35:44, 36:49. 33 W.F.M. Petrie, Amulets, 1914 (hereafter: Amulets), p. 38, pl. 31:176. 34 Lachish Ill, p. 379, pl. 34:16, 17. 2s 29

30


THE SHRINES

31

Sow

Ptah

Sar. 3013 (Fig. 43:4) is a faience amulet of a sow attached to a base by the four :eet~one leg ~s missing) and snout. In the center of the back there is a projection that IS pierced with a hole for suspension. The sow stands higher than the one found at 35 Lachish and is molded with diagonal lines on the back and possibly with teats on the belly. A poorly preserved example was found in Tomb 1 at Beth Shemesh. as Another example comes from Tomb 21B, burial C-4, at 'Atlit. 37

A faience amulet, Sar. 3201 (Fig. 43:11) with head missing (but with beard), decorated with black paint, displays the staff held by both hands directly in front of the body. The figure stands on a base and against a plinth. 44

Aegis of Bastet Two pendants, Sar. 3010 (Fig. 43:9) and Sar. 3011 (Fig. 43:8) portray the head of a lioness surmounted by a disk and bordered below with a broad collar. They are virtually identical except for the decoration in the two rows of design on the collar. One, Sar. 3011, has the round disk broken away at the perforation of the hole for suspension. According to Margaret A. Murray, although the head clearly belongs to S~kh~~t, the object is always associated with Bastet, who, as a cat-headed figure, carnes 1t m her hand. 38 Examples of this amulet (but generally without the disk) have been found at Lachish, 39 Gezer, 40 Megiddo, .u and in Tomb 1 at Beth Shemesh. 42

Cat-headed Human Figure Sar. 3200 (Fig. 43:10) is a cat-headed human female figure wearing a high cir~ula~ he.address (partly broken away), standing on a base and against a plinth, which 1s p1erced for suspension. The material is light green faience. A fairly close parallel is a broken figure in the University College collection, 43 inscribed on the the back with the name of "Bast ... "

35 38 37

38 39

40 41 42

43

Lachish Ill, pl. 35 :35, p. 380. Annual qf the Palestine Exploration Fund (hereafter: APEF), vol. 2, pl. 28:35. Quarterly of the Department qf Antiquities qf Palestine (hereafter: QDAP), vol. 2, pl. 25:636. Lachish III, p. 379-80. Lachish Ill, pls. 34:26, 27; 36:50. , R.A.S. Macalister, The Excavation qfGezer, Vol. III, 1912, pl. 210:57. R.S. Lamon and G.M. Shipton, Megiddo I, 1939 (hereafter: Megiddo I), pl. 74:19-28. APEF, vol. 2, pl. 28 right:9, 34. Amulets, pl. 35: 194c.

Baboon The seated figure of a baboon, Sar. 3049 (Fig. 43:7), is made of light blue faience, of which only traces of the glaze remain. The elbows rest on the knees and the chin is supported by the hands. The frontal ridge of the head is represented. The upper part of a similar figure was found at Lachish 45 in Tomb 218, dated to the ninth century; other examples are from Tomb 1 at Beth Shemesh 46 and one reported from Stratum VA at Megiddo. 47 The baboon is an animal sacred to Thoth.

Wajet Amulets Fourteen whole or fragmentary wajet, or Eye of Horus, amulets were found among the objects of Shrine 1. They can be divided into four classes or types. Type A: Sar. 3112 (Fig. 44:8) is one of three fragmentary examples belonging to the same type. The amulet is oval in shape and the openwork representation of the eye, eyebrow and feather of the falcon is contained within a frame, the outer edge of which is denticulated. A hole for suspension runs through the amulet longitudinally. The material is white paste covered by a light green glaze; the pupil of the eye and the eyebrow are decorated with black paint or glaze. Other examples of the denticulated wajet are known from Byblos. 48 Petrie published a close parallel from the University College collection in London and assigned it to the XXIII Dynasty (eighth century). 49 Associated with the oval wajet amulet is a smaller oval object of faience, Sar. 3219 (Fig. 44:7), decorated with six apertures, which is obviously a stylized form of the fuller representation described above. Other examples are known from a large deposit of objects found at Byblos in a level corresponding to levees V-VIII, so

44 45

48 47

48 49

50

See Amulets, pl. 31 : 177b, for an example. Lachish III, pl. 35:32. APEF, vol. 2, pl. 28:31. Lachish III, p. 380. M. Dunand, Fouilles de Byblos, vol. 1, 1939, p. 177, pl. 73. Amulets, pl. 25: 139h, p. 33. M. Dunand, Fouilles de Byblos, vol. 1, 1939, p. 177, pl. 73.

32


from Samaria 51 ascribed to ca. the XXII-XXIII Dynasties by Rowe; and two examples are published by Petrie. 52 In each of these stylized representations the openings in the disk are six in number, corresponding to the number of openings in the standard openwork amulet.

Type B: One amulet, Sar. 3009 (Fig. 44: 1), is quite similar to those of Type A. It has the standard representation of the falcon eye in openwork, but the outline is rectangular and without denticulation. Both sides are similarly decorated with black paint on the pupil and the eyebrow, and the amulet is perforated longitudinally. The color of the faience is light blue.

Type C: Yet another type of wajet is to be seen in Sar. 3008 (Fig. 44: 5). It consists of a rectangular plaque with the design in high relief, with traces of yellow paint over a well fired fabric of light blue faience. The decoration appears on one side only. The plaque is pierced longitudinally at each end by a hole through the upper and lower extensions.

Type D: A complete amulet, Sar. 3050 (Fig. 44:3), has the standard representation of the wajet in full outline but without a border. The perforation is longitudinal. The green faience is decorated with black on the pupil of the eye and the eyebrow, and the decoration is identical on both sides. This type is perhaps the most common at coastal and adjacent sites in Palestine and Syria. From Byblos 138 amulets of this type are recorded and some are illustrated; 53 they are said to have come from a large deposit of votive objects in a level corresponding to levees V-VIII. Numerous examples were found in Strata II-V at Megiddo; 54 others were found in Tomb 120 (tenth-ninth century) and Tomb 224 (ninth century) at Lachish. 55 The type is also represented at Tell el-Far'ah (S), 56 Tomb 201, which Petrie dates to the XXI-XXII Dynasties, and at Tell Gemmeh. 57 An early example appeared at Tell Abu Hawam in Stratum V (LB). 58 A close parallel is

51 52 53 54

55 66 67 5s

A. Rowe, A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, 1936, pl. 31 :A62. Amulets, pl. 18, third and fourth amulets from the bottom of the plate. M. Dunand, Fouilles de Byblos, vol. I, 1939, p. 177, pl. 73. Megiddo I, pl. 75. Lachish III, pl. 34:10 and 35:37. Beth-Pelet I, pl. 41 :260, 262 and pl. 36 for photograph. F. Petrie, Gerar, 1928, pl. 45:43, 64, 65. Q.DAP, vol. 4, pl. 35 :404.

THE SHRINES

33

published from Naukratis by Petrie 59 and an amulet of the same type from Tomb 651 at Lahun has been dated to Shishak's reign. 60 Closely associated with the outlined types are six smaller examples of beads, Sar. 3015 (Fig. 44:9), which preserve the representation in a crude form. These are molded in faience which ranges in color from light blue to light green; they bear evidence of wear. They are similar in size but not as well formed as the six examples found in Tomb 120 at Lachish. 61 In her summary of the sacred eye figures found at Lachish, published in 1953, Margaret A. Murray concluded from the evidence at that site that "probably the peak period of popularity was reached in the ninth-eighth centuries". 62 From the information gleaned from other parallels cited above, with the exception of the one wajet amulet in a Late Bronze Age context at Tell Abu Hawam, there is no reason to depart from this same approximate date for the examples in the cache at Sarepta.

Baboon Closely associated with the amulets is Sar. 3006 (Fig. 44:4), a faience figurine of a seated baboon holding a round object, which he seems to be eating. While the appearance of the figure is strikingly similar to the baboon amulet Sar. 3049, it is twice its size and is not pierced for suspension. The material is a light blue faience.

Horus as a Child The small figure of Horus as a child, Sar. 3007 (Fig. 44:6), is made of well fired light green faience. The side lock of plaited hair is represented on the right side ofthe head. The knees are slightly bent in a posture of half sitting. There is a small hole pierced in the right hand, but it is hardly large enough to have held a staff or other fixture.

Alabaster jar The small well turned alabaster vessel, Sar. 3026 (Fig. 44:2), was filled with a dark material, which is undergoing analysis. The alabaster displays a variegated grain and ranges in color from light yellow to white.

69

60

o1

s2

Amulets, 1914, pl. 25:139 m. F. Petrie et al., Lahun II, 1923, pl. 55:18. Lachish III, pl. 34:9. Lachish III, p. 379.

34


Lid for a Box A faience disk, Sar. 3051 (Fig. 45 :4), which had a ring handle attached to the top (now broken away) and a recessed margin around the edge of the underside, probably served as the cover for a jar or box. The color is light blue.

Playing Pieces Twelve pieces of sherds, Sar. 3039 (Fig. 45:1), roughly circular in shape and of approximately the same diameter, had been chipped off from larger pieces of of pottery. It is conjectured that they may have served as gaming pieces. 63

Pottery Mask Two pieces of decorated pottery, Sar. 3072 (Figs. 16:5,45: 3), can be identified as parts of a facial mask somewhat smaller than life size by the two holes, one in each piece, and features of the design on the outside of the mask. These features are a rounded cap, traces of a wavy-line motif to represent hair, and the left ear, which bears traces of red paint. An approximate repositioning of the tWo fragments provides a measurement of the original width of the mask of ca . . 12 m.

THE SHRINES

35

from use. The finish of the surface of the lamps is wet-smoothed except for Sar. 3061 (Figs. 16:1, 45:5), of which there are two pieces, which is burnished on the interior with parallel strokes. A miniature lamp, approximately one-half the size of the others, is Sar. 3081 (Fig. 16:7). It consists of a shallow bowl with a flanged rim and a slight ridge below the body. On the bottom there was an attachment to another object. For a lamp attached to a figurine see the example from Ibiza. 64

Beads A total of 95 beads was recovered from level 3 of Room 71. Among the materials recorded are faience, paste, carnelian, glass, shell and bone; the shapes represented are annular, flat with reticulation, short cylinder or oblate, elongated barrel, barrel, biconical· or leticular, pendants, "eye" bead and gadrooned. As to exact location of the finds, about two-thirds of the total came from the break in the cement floor at the northwest corner of the room; only five of the total are recorded as having been found in the offering table filling. There is, therefore, no reason to consider the collection of beads as anything but a fairly homogeneous sample of the filling of Room 71.

Neck of Incense Stand A circular fragment of highly burnished red ware, Sar. 3080 (Fig. 16:6), was almost certainly a part of the neck of an incense stand. The vertical burnishing on the neck extends to within 2 em. ofthe beginning of a flange that was the connection for the bowl (or rim of the opening into which the bowl fitted) that topped the stand. Wheel marks on the inside of the neck make it apparent that this section of the stand was thrown on a wheel.

Lamps Fragments from at least twelve saucer lamps were found in level3 of Room 71 (among the numerous fragments this number of nozzles were counted). Typical of the forms are Sar. 3066, 3067, 3068 (Figs. 16:4, 4.5:2; 16:3, 45:6; 16:2, 45:7). The form is that of a shallow bowl with a distinct flange around the rim, which is pinched to provide a channel for the wick. The base is either flat or slightly curved. All nozzles, including those of the fragments, evidenced a deposit of carbon

83 Similar pieces were found in Stratum III at Megiddo, Megiddo I, pl. 103:1-3, where they were thought to have been lids for vessels. See also C.C. McCown, Tell en-Na~beh, vol. 1, 1947, pl. 90:15-21, p. 245, for examples from that site.

VoTIVE OBJECTS FROM SHRINE

2

During the 1971 season three figurines were found above the cement floor of level 2 in II-A-.4. At that time Shrine 1 had not been reached and the cultic use of this area was not recognized. The three figurines from what is now called Shrine 2 bear certain features in common and one (and probably a second), the seated pregnant woman, is of a type that is widely known in Syria, Palestine and Cyprus. Sar. 2293 (Fig. 46:1) is the upper part of a figurine of a pregnant woman seated on a stool and wearing a long garment, the vertical edge of which is indicated on the right side. The neck of the garment is decorated with three horizontal bands or stripes of red paint. Either from the edge of the garment or from a slot in it the right hand protrudes and rests over the distended abdomen. The slightly bowed head wears a headdress or wig with heavy locks that hang at each side of the face to a line just below the shoulders. Traces of red paint that once decorated the ears remain. The front of the figurine was cast in a mold. The back consists of a thin, roughly smoothed piece of clay added to the molded portion. The figurine is hollow.

64

S. Moscati, ljenici e cartagine, 1972, p. 356.

36

37


THE SHRINES

In addition to this figure from Shrine 2 there are fragments of several similar figures which, although found with the material from level 3 that overlays the the floor of Shrine 1, in all probability fell from a portion of the collapsed balk. Two complete heads, Sar. 3075 and Sar. 3076, are identical in form with that of the more complete example mentioned above; and two fragments from the right side of the same type of head, Sar. 3077 and Sar. 3079, evidence the existence of two more. Thus a total of five figurines of the seated pregnant woman was probably once a part of the collection of objects belonging to Shrine 2. Other fragments which may or may not belong with these heads are three footstools on which the feet remain (Sar. 3104, Sar. 3105, Sar. 3196), a bust with two breasts preserved (Sar. 31 06), a single breast (Sar. 3079 a). and fragments from the sides of at least two stools (Sar. 3198a-d), which are to be associated with this type of figurine on the basis of similarity to the Tell es-Sa'idiyeh figurine which will be mentioned below. On one of these fragments from the side of the stool there are remains of the lower part of the skirt of the seated figure (Sar. 3198b) ; on another, the cut-out portion of the side of the stool is outlined with bands of red paint (Sar. 3198a). The figurines were hollow, the front having been cast in a mold and joined by hand to the back. The sides of the stool appear to have been sculptured from the leather-hard clay by a knife or other sharp instrument.

A hollow figurine of a woman seated on a stool with oblong openings on the side was found at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh in Transjordan; 75 a number are know in collections which have come from Cyprus. 76 W. Culican has recently discussed the "Dea Tyria Gravida" and listed examples of this type of figurine. 77 The second figurine from Shrine 2 is Sar. 2389 (Fig. 46:2), which appears to be a fragment from the lower part of a figure of the same type described above. It is obvious fmm a fragment of the left foot which has been preserved that the feet rested on a stool. The left hand hangs down over the lap and the stool protrudes beyond the line of the lap of the seated woman. Both the front and the sides seem to have been cast in a mold. A third figurine from Shrine 2,Sar.2291 (Fig. 46:3), is strikingly differentfrom the other two. The figure is that of a nude female standing on what was, before it was broken away, a footstool or low base. The hands hold the breasts. The well-articulated fingers provide support for the breasts from below while the thumbs seem to press from above. The navel is indicated by a slight depression in the distended belly. The face and wig resemble those of the "seated pregnant woman." The ears are unusually large and the hair extends in two locks with squared ends to well below the shoulder line. The front and sides of the figurine were cast as one piece in a mold and the back was added by hand and smoothed off. It is noteworthy that this is the only figurine of a nude female among those found in both shrines; all others are clothed.

Examples of this type of figurine have long been known from Syria, Palestine and Cyprus. The parallel that has been found nearest to Sarafand is the almost complete figure from the favissa at Kharayeb, 65 for which Chehab proposes on stylistic grounds a date in the fourth century; 66 another example has been found at Byblos; 67 and two figurines now in the Musee du Louvre are said to have come from Phoenicia. 68 The seated pregnant woman has been found at such Palestinian sites as Tel Sippor, 69 Makmish, 70 Tell Abu Hawam, 71, Tell es-Safi, 72 Beth Shan, 73 Achzib. 74

66

M.H. Chehab, Les terre cuites de Kharayeb, Planches, 1953-54, BMB, vol. 11, pl. 2:1. BMB, vol. 10, p. 155. 67 M. Dunand, Fouilles de Byblos, vol. 2, 1950, pl. 168:9047. 68 L. Heuzey, Catalogue desfigurines antiques de terre cuite, 1923, nos. 193, 194, fig. 6:3; no. 193 was acquired by Renan in Tortose; no. 194 is from the collection Peretie. 69 'Atiqot, English Series, vol. 6, p. 12, pl. 6:19, 20; two figurines with heads missing and three heads with wigs are judged to have been deposited in thefavissa during the second hitlf of the fourth century. 70 Israel Exploration journal (hereafter: IE]), vol. 10, pl. llA,B; two figurines found in the Persian "sanctuary," dated to the fifth-fourth centuries. 66

CoNCLUSIONS

From the foregoing description of the rectangular room of Shrine 1, with its benches, offering tables and socket for a standing stone, and of the votive objects found within it, there can be little doubt that its function was cultic. It is, perhaps, 71 QDAP, vol. 4, p. 16, no. 25 and p. 17, no. 26; two examples from Stratum II, dated to the Greco-Persian period. 72 F.J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900, 1902, p. 138, pl. 70:10. . 7 3 G.M. FitzGerald, Beth-Shan Excavations 1921-1923, 1931, p. 33, pl. 24:3, left; figurine found on the southern edge of the summit, about 1. 70 m. below the late Arab floor level. 74 IE], vol. 9, p. 271, not illustrated. 7 6 Illustrated London News (hereafter: ILN), July 2, 1966, p. 26, fig. 6. 7 6 N. Breitenstein, Danish National Museum, Catalogue rif Terra-cottas: Cypriote, Greek, EtruscoItalian and Roman, 1941, nos. 42-43, fig. 5; L.P. di Cesnola, A Descriptive Atlas rifthe Cesnola Collection rif Cypriote Antiquities, vol. 2, 1894, pl. 4:23, 25-26; A.S. Murray et al., Excavations in Cyprus, 1900, p. 114, fig. 165 :8-9. 77 Australian journal of Biblical Archaeology, vol. 1, no. 2, 1969, pp. 35-50.

38


THE SHRINES

too small to have been a major temple of a city as large as Sarepta. Although the large building to the north of the shrine, to which it was attached (and to which it may have been connected by a doorway through the west end of wall 478), is as yet unknown except for its south side, it is possible that it served as a public building. Surely its east-west dimension of more than 12 m., as well as its well-built southeast corner, is impressive enough to suggest a use other than modest residential. If this assumption is correct, Shrine 1 could have been either a small cult room within a larger complex of a temple or a private shrine attached to a palace.

It has already been said that there eventually may be indications for the date of the construction and use of Shrine 1 when the chronology of the deposits of pottery from the two streets which ran beside the building, and the debris from the adjoining areas have been more adequately studied. At this preliminary stage of our presentation we can only fix within certain limits the dates of the objects found within the two shrines. The earliest date which can be fixed with any degree of certainty for an object in the votive cache is that for the ivory head of a woman, Sar. 3034. Considerable comparative materialfrom Assyria and the specific parallels from Khorsabad date it to the eighth century B.C. The lamps, four of which we have shown in drawings (Sar. 3061: Fig. 16:1, 3066: Fig.16:4, 3067: Fig.l6:3, 3068: Fig.16:2), are of a type which is documented for the eighth century, although the form is not limited exclusively to that century. 81 The lamps have a decided flange and the base is fiat. They represent an earlier development than the long, arched-base lamps that appear frequently in the Late Iron or Persian period 82 and the stump or high-footed base on lamps from the Iron II period. 83 The hand burnishing within the saucer of Sar. 3061 points to a period when this particular form of decoration was in general use. Burnishing also appears on the fragment of the incense stand, Sar. 3080 (Fig. 16:6). We are as yet not able to be precise about the dates for the introduction and the discontinuance of th~ hand burnishing technique at Sarepta. The dates for the amulets found in Shrine 1 are difficult to determine because of the great popularity of these Egyptian objects at Palestinian and Syrian sites through many centuries. We have cited parallels for some of those found at Sarepta in Palestinian contexts dated as early as the tenth century and Margaret A. Murray has ventured the opinion that the waJet figures at Lachish probably reached their peak of popularity in the ninth-eighth centuries. Yet it also apparent that many types of the Egyptian amulet continued to be made and traded in considerably later times. While it is obvious that the amulets in themselves do not provide sufficiently reliable criteria for dating the cache of votive objects, they do not preclude a date as early as the eighth century. The latest object found in the hoard is the well attested figurine of the seated pregnant woman. At other sites this type of figurine has been considered as belonging

Among the distinctive features of the building, the benches or shelves around the walls of the room are elements which are most frequently associated with cultic structures from the Late Bronze Age well into the Iron Age in Palestine and on Cyrpus, as we have seen from their plans at Hazor, Lachish, Beth Shan Enkomi and Kition. This particular feature of cultic architecture places the Sarepta shrine well within this functional horizon. A more specific link with the third phase of the Kition temple (dated to 600-4.50 B.C.) is provided by the gypsum facing of the offering table or altar found both at that site and at Sarepta. One may reckon with two possibilities for the function of the stone which once stood in the socket. 78 Either it was a stone decorated with a symbol or symbols of the cult 79 or it served as a support for a horned incense altar of a type represented at Megiddo IV ( ?) . 80 But the question of the specific use of the stone must remain open for lack of any concrete evidence. At any rate, the stone was evidently considered of sufficient importance to have been removed when the building was demolished or of sufficient value as building material to have been salvaged for use elsewhere. The presence of so many cultic objects near the offering table suggests that it served as a place for the deposit of offerings from worshippers rather than as a true altar for the burning of sacrifices, although the deposit of burned material in the area of the floor at the east end of the room might support the interpretation of the table as a place for burnt offerings. If the benches had served to receive and display the votive objects, there was found no evidence for such objects beside any of the benches, except for the possible northwest area of the room, from which the benches had been robbed.

78 For a discussion of standing stones in ancient Palestine see Carl F. Graesser in BA, vol. 35, 1972, pp. 34-63. 79 See Y. Yadin et al., Hazar I, 1958, pl. 29:1. so H.G. May, Material Remains rifthe Megidda Cult, 1935, pl. 12, no. 2982.

81

39

See Y. Yadin et al., Hazar II, 1960, pl. 88:13 (Str. VA), 97:14 (Str. VA), 100:27 (Str. IV). s2 For example, those from Tell Abu Hawan II, QDAP, IV, p. 4, fig. 5, and the stump or highfooted base on lamps from the Iron II period. sa See W.F. Albright's remarks in Tell Beit Mirsim, III, 1943, p. 154. 4

40


to the fifth-fourth centuries. But it should be emphasized that generally the stratigraphic evidence for this date is not well documented. Thus on the basis of the presence of these figurines it could be said that the later shrine, Shrine 2, could have continued in use as late as the fourth century, or even to the end of the Persian period. It is thus possible to say, on the basis of the votive objects found within the two phases of the shrine's use, that the sacred area was devoted to a cultic use from about the eighth to the fourth century. Should one allow that the eighth-century ivory head of a woman had been an heirloom for a century or so before it was deposited in Shrine 1, the span could be lessened to the period from the seventh to the fourth centuries. But one would also have to allow for the persistence of the use of hand burnishing as a ceramic technique to a time as late as the seventh century. For the present, it is perhaps best to assign the use of Shrine 1 to the eighth-seventh centuries and that of Shrine 2 to the sixth-fifth centuries.

II. THE STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUNDING Y BY

WILLIAM P. ANDERSON

Sounding Y is the designation for a 10 meter-square sounding near the highest elevation of the site, defined by grid coordinates in II-K/L-20/21 (see Fig. 1). As a result of two seasons of excavation, in 1970 and 1972, a continuous stratigraphical sequence was achieved from the surface to bedrock, which was encountered in IIK-21 some 8.10 m. below the present surface level. Eleven strata (A-L) were identified, primarily by changes in architectural plan. Six of these are summarized below, Strata B-G. A more detailed analysis ofthese strata and the complete documentation of the remaining five (Strata A and H-L) will appear in the final report. The architectural elements depicted on each of the six plans (Figs. 5-10) are those associated with the floors and surfaces at the bottom of the respective stratum. Two section drawings are presented, one a north-south section along the west balk of II-K-20/21 (Fig. 11 ), the other an east-west section along the south balk of IIK/L-20 (Fig. 12). The description of the architecture of Sounding Y will follow the chronological order from the earliest of the six strata, Stratum G, to the latest, Stratum B. A number of strata show more than a single phase of use and have been subdivided in order to facilitate the analysis of the pottery and other artifacts (e.g., Stratum D into an early, D2, and a late, Dl, phase; see the ceramic analysis, Chapter III). The section drawings indicate that there was no general destruction or gap in occupation in Sounding Y, although the architectural plan for Stratum E is radically different from that of Stratum D. Generally the transition from one stratum to the next in the series appears to have taken place without major disturbance, with frequent reuse of earlier architectural elements. Such continuity has made it difficult to differentiate between fills, living surfaces, and localized destructions and repairs for each stratum. It has been assumed, since there is little evidence to the contrary, that all fills are comprised of earth and debris from the immediate vicinty and that

42

43


THE STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUNbiNG Y

the floor surfaces and wall structures of each of the succeeding architectural plans are based on the consolidation and leveling up of the preceding stratum.

represent the level from which the bins were constructed. No direct correlation can be established between these floor surfaces and the bins. The builders of Stratum G eliminated all trace of any architecture associated with the bins.

This assumption leads to the basic hypothesis that the latest archaeological artifacts from beneath the floor surfaces of each stratum or substratum (i.e., the latest objects from the preceding stratum or phase) provide a terminus post quem for the initial construction of the buildings of that stratum. At the same time, the pottery and small finds from above the floor surfaces of a particular stratum or phase help to define the function of the architectural units of that stratum and provide an indication of the life span of its buildings. While the present assumption may not be valid in every instance, it appears to be the only practical solution to the interpretation of the evidence. Where there is an obvious contradiction to this assumption it has been noted.

Stratum G (Fig. 10) Levels in II-L-20/21 which belong to Stratum G are among the earliest reached in the eastern half of Sounding Y. However, those in the western half of the sounding (II-K-20/21) are known to overlie four earlier strata (Strata H-L). The presence of a number of incompletely preserved walls and floor surfaces, particularly in II-K-20, as well as a significant lack of architecture in the southern half of the sounding (II-KJL-21) accounts for some ambiguity in the interpretation of the transition . from Stratum H to Stratum G, as noted below. Stratigraphical considerations, however, permit certain preliminary conclusions to be made. Wall fragments and floor surfaces which belong to Stratum Gin II-K-20 overlay an accumulation of debris associated with Strata H and J, into which two bins were cut (not indicated on any plan). The slanting tip lines and nature of this debris (see Fig. 11, above wall 336 and limited to the south by the bin along the west balk of II-K-20) indicate that the debris was deposited as refuse or fill over a relatively short period of time, rather than accumulated as a result of the destruction or abandonment of the site. Although assigned on stratigraphical grounds to Stratum H, the two bins in II-K-20 were cut down into the accumulated debris noted above. A similar bin extends from the south balk of II-K-21 {not shown). These three bins may belong to an early phase of construction closely associated with the building remains of Stratum G. Several sections of broken floors - including a fragmentary surface of yellow clay running to wall 334, a similar surface above level 28-4 in the southwest corner of II-K-20 (see Fig. 12), and a floor surface within level 29-1 to the north (not shown in sections) -may

The architecture of Stratum G is confined primarily to the northern half of the sounding (II-K/L-20). Three incompletely preserved walls in II-K-20 enclose an area 1.90 m. wide by 3. 70 m. long (to the end of wall 332). The enclosed area is limited by wall332 on the southwest, which extends through the balk into II -K-21 ; by wall 334 on the northwest, which in Stratum F forms the tongue of Kiln AA (see Fig. 9); and by the two lowest courses ofwall322 on the northeast, which have have a slightly different alignment than the higher courses of stone of wall 322, which belong to Stratum F (Fig. 38 :2). No wall is preserved on the southeast. Northeast of this enclosed area lie the remains of a additional wall, 331, extending in a northeasterly direction from wall 322. The bond between the two walls, however, has been disturbed by later construction. Wall 329, in II-L-20, parallel to wall 331, forms with the latter wall and wall 322 a cul-de-sac associated with a cement-covered basin located near the west balk of II-L-20. The cement cover of this basin can be shown with reasonable certainty to be equivalent to a similar surface which runs to wall331 (top oflevel29-2 in II-K-20).This cement cover is also bonded to wall318 in II-L-20. The southwest end of the latter wall (318) is squared off as if to form a passageway (Fig. 10). However, no trace was found of the opposite side of the passageway, and it may be argued that wall 318 turned toward the east of this point. This possibility is strengthened by the presence of wall 329 in the area, which precludes the existence of a passageway at this location. No explanation can as yet be given as to the function of the cement-covered basin inll-L-20. It is irregular in shape, varying between .96 and 1.28m.in diameter, and extends to a depth of about 2.40 m. The basin was constructed by cutting down into the accumulated debris of earlier strata, and lining the resulting cavity with stones. It was then capped by at least one large, flat stone, over which the cement was laid. Unfortunately, the cement cover was broken and incompletely preserved. The fill of the basin in the first . 70 m. from the top consisted of decomposed soil with little pottery. The remaining depth contained bits of charcoal mixed with brown earth and a greater number of sherds. An earlier wall, to be assigned to either Stratum J or Stratum K, was encountered at the bottom of this basin; thus it appears that the builders of Stratum G dug down through at least two strata of earlier debris in order to construct their basin. Part of another cement-capped basin (not shown on plan) was discovered in the southeast corner of II-L-20. A

44


third such basin, the cover of which was much more fragmented than the first, was excavated in II-L-21. The walls of Stratum G, where preserved, are constructed uniformly of mediumsized field stones laid in more or less regular courses. An occasional large, roughly shaped square block appears to mark the juncture of walls or to delineate a passageway (e.g., the end of wall 318). For the most part, however, only one or two courses of stone are preserved (e.g., wall 329), and these remains might well be interpreted as foundation courses, the superstructure having been robbed by later construction. Interpretation of the function of the structural remains of Stratum G must be dependent in part on complete analysis of the associated pottery and small objects. A preliminary survey of the various artifacts suggests that the architecture of Stratum G was used in some type of residential or public capacity. The absence of ovens, hearths and other signs of domestic occupation, as well as the presence of the three cement-covered basins, also suggest that what has been uncovered in Stratum G is part of a large public or private building or a sector of an industrial or commercial complex. The discovery near wall 318 of a shapeless piece of metal, two segments of a narrow metal knife and a fragment of a clay crucible coated with slag indicates that at least part of the area, if not the entire vicinity, was used for metallurgical activity. Fragments of another crucible whose surface was coated with metal slag were found in contemporary levels in II-X-21. The evidence suggests some type of metallurgical activity for the area.

Stratum F (Fig. 9)

The plan of Stratum F indicates a somewhat different architectural pattern from that of Stratum G. A semblance of continuity is indicated, however, by the fact that some of the walls of Stratum G were reused as foundations for the walls of Stratum F (e.g., wall 322). As was the case in Stratum G, much of the preserved architectural remains of Stratum F are confined to the northern half of the sounding (II -K/L-20). Wall322 in Stratum F rests on top of, but on a slightly different alignment from, its earlier phase in Stratum G (Fig. 38 :2). A gap of some .80 m. between wall 322 and its southeast extension, wall 322A, may be interpreted as an entranceway, although the threshold of this passageway was incompletely preserved. Wall 327, bonded to and extending in a northeast direction from wall 322, helps to define this passageway.


45

Wall 326, perpendicular to wall 322A, extends from II-L-20 into II-K-21. The northeast end of this wall (326) forms an evenly constructed vertical edge, apparently the jamb of a doorway later blocked at the time of the construction of Room 38 (Stratum E). No corresponding jamb was encountered on the opposite side of this passageway, although the limits of excavation at this point prevent the forming of final conclusions in the matter. Later construction has removed all trace of the threshold for this doorway. Wall 330, which extends in a northwest direction from the east balk of II-L-21, may have joined wall 326. Unfortunately, wall 330 could not be traced beyond the central part of II-L-21. The walls of Stratum F are constructed of medium and large field stones set in yellow clay and laid in regular courses. Smaller stones fill the gaps among the larger ones. The walls are of uniform construction, and vary between .55 and .65 m. in width. The most striking feature of Stratum F is Kiln AA, the excavated portion of which extends from the west balk of II-K-20 (see Figs. 9 and 11 and 38 :2). On the analogy of numerous kilns discovered in Sounding X Kiln AA may be considered to be a bilobate structure whose tongue is formed by wall 334 (Fig. 11). Only a part of the southeast lobe of the kiln and a very small segment of the northwest lobe were encountered during the excavation of II-K-20. The major portion of the the structure, including the presumed entrance to its firing chamber, lies to the west of II-K-20 beyond the limits of excavation. In constructing Kiln AA, the builders of Stratum F first dug a pit into the accumulated debris of Stratum G from approximately the level of the top of level28 in II-K-21 (bottom of Stratum F; see Fig. 11). Lack of evidence for a stone backing, common to the majority of the pottery kilns of Sounding X, suggests that the builders of Kiln AA applied the clay lining of the kiln directly to the side of the excavated pit and only occasionally consolidated it by means of a stone backing. No evidence for the superstructure of the kiln was recovered. On the basis of the floor surfaces of Stratum F, it may be assumed that the kiln was stacked from a working surface equivalent to the top of level 28 in II-K-21 (bottom of Stratum F; see Fig. 11). This level corresponds to the absolute level of the bottom of Stratum F to the north of wall 322 and the passageway between wall 322 and wall 322A in II-K-20 (these levels do not appear on either of the two published sections). While this interpretation conforms well to the available evidence, it should be noted that certain difficulties remain to be resolved. The entire area adjacent to Kiln AA was excavated as a single undifferentiated fill. It is apparent from the section drawings, however,

46


that this level consists of a series of three consecutively deposited layers of material (levcl26 in II-K-20; see Figs. 11 and 12), a fact which has a bearing on the phases of use of Kiln AA (see below under Stratum E). The excavation oflevel 26 in IIK-20 may have removed portions of the structure of Kiln AA as well. Other factors, however, including additional levels in II-K-20/21, indicate that the sequence established for Kiln AA in Strata E-F is correct. Stratum F functioned as an industrial complex for the manufacture of pottery. In addition to the presence of at least one pottery kiln, potter's tools (Fig. 62:1 0) were found in the vicinity in levels contemporary with Kiln AA. Two large open ar.eas are defined by the walls of Stratum F. The first encompasses the area southwest of walls 322 and 322A, and is interpreted as the surface from which Kiln AA was stacked. The second is defined by walls 326 and 330. Two extensive ash pits are associated with the two open areas, perhaps originally used for the storage of clay and later filled in with ash and debris from surrounding kilns. The magnitude of these refuse pits suggests that additional pottery kilns, other than Kiln AA, are to be found beyond the limits of excavation of Sounding Y. Connecting these open areas is a small room, perhaps roofed, formed by walls 327, 322A and 326 (Fig. 9), access to which was gained by means of a doorway between walls 322 and 322A, and perhaps another at the northeast limit of wall 326. This room may have functioned as a workroom for the potters of Stratum F.

Stratum E (Fig. 8) Stratum E is subdivided into two phases of use (E2 and El) in which the major architectural feature throughout is Room 38 (Fig. 8). Continuity from Stratum F is indicated by the reuse of Kiln AA and walls 322 and 326 (Fig. 9), at least in the earlier phase of Stratum E (E2). In its earlier phase, Room 38 consists of a rectangular room 3.80 m. long and 2.40 m. wide. It is limited on the northwest by wall 326 (see Fig. 8, dotted line east ofwall328), on the southwest by wall323, on the southeast by wall324, and on the northeast bywall325 (Fig. 37:2, 3). The join between walls 325 and 326 in the northwest corner is built over the blocked doorway to the northeast ofwall326ofStratum F. The walls of Room 38 are constructed of small to medium-sized field stones ranging from .20 to .50 m. in length, laid in more or less regular courses, with the interstices filled in with smaller stones, and bonded with yellow clay. All walls, where preserved, vary between .60 and . 70 m. in width. The floor of Room 38 is composed of hard-packed yellow clay overlying the deposits of ash and debris of

THE STRATIGRAPHY OF SOU'NDING Y

47

Stratum Fin II-L-20/21. A well preserved oven, approximately .70 m. in diameter, occupied the northwest corner of the room (Fig. 37 :2). A second oven, perhaps earlier than the first, was discovered in the southeast corner. This evidence suggests that Room 38 served as a domestic kitchen or working area. No doorway is evident, but possibilities exist in the several wall sections which are preserved to only one or two courses. The northeast corner of the room lies beyond the limits of excavation. Room 38 continued in use with minor changes into the later phase of Stratum E (El). Wall 328, of which only two or three courses are preserved, replaced wall 326 on the northwest side. The presence of a trench that appears on the south balk of II-L-20 above and slightly to the west of wall 324 makes it possible that a new wall replaced wall 324 on the southeast side of the room, shortening the room by some .80 m. This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that a floor level assigned to El appears on the east balk of II-L-21 (not shown) to run over the remains of wall 324. No trace of this assumed wall was preserved, however, and its presence must remain conjectural. As noted above, Kiln AA continued in use throughout at least the earlier phase (E2) of Stratum E. Not only are there continuing deposits of ash and debris against wall 326, but there is a second relining of the kiln as well (see Figs. 11 and 12). Access to the kiln from the north through wall 322, however, seems to have ceased with the end of Stratum F, since wall322 continues all the way to wall326 in Stratum E. It is possible that Kiln AA continued in use in at least the early part of the second phase (El) of Stratum E, but the evidence is uncertain at this point. ' By the end of phase El of Stratum E, Kiln AA seems to have been abandoned and covered over by an olive clay floor, which extends into II-K-21, where it appears as a black, burnt layer with sherds flattened into its surface (bottom of layer 10 in II-K-21; see Fig. 11). Due to a number of excavation problems, it is not yet clear which levels are to be assigned to Eland which levels are to be assigned to D2, the initial phase of Stratum D. What is certain is that by the end of Stratum E the entire excavated area of Sounding Y exhibits a change in function from one associated with the manufacture of pottery to one completely domestic in nature. This change is indicated by the disappearance of Kiln AA as an architectural feature and by the presence of numerous ovens. A number of burnt olive seeds were found interspersed among the levels assigned to the second phase (El) of Stratum E. Stratum D (Fig. 7) Stratum D manifests a completely different architectural plan from that of Stratum E. This discontinuity between the architecture of the two strata may be

48

49



significant, although there is little stratigraphical evidence for the abandonment of the site, at least in the area of Sounding Y, at the end of Stratum E. Further examination of the levels assigned to the late phase (El) of Stratum E and the early phase (D2) of Stratum D may, however, provide additional information in this regard. Also, certain details as to the sequence in which the wall units of Stratum D were constructed have yet to be worked out (e.g., it is obvious that wall 321 in II-K-20 was constructed before wall311 in II-K-21). However, these problems do not affect the overall plan of Stratum D.

units. On the one hand, a threshold across the ashlar block portion of wall317 seems possible (Fig. 37 :3). On the other hand, the presence of the bin in Room 35 immediately in front of this area makes such an interpretation difficult. It is possible, however, that the bin belongs to a later unit (Room 36 of Stratum C), since there is some evidence that at least part of the bin overlays a portion of wall 317.

Several clearly defined architectural units may be discerned in the plan of Stratum D (Fig. 7). A street or corridor (Room 34), which leads into a large open area in the northwest corner of Sounding Y, divides the plan into a northeast and a southwest sector. This street is defined by walls 319 and 315 in II-L-21, and varies in width from .90 m. at its southeast limit to 1.20 m. at its northwest limit. The open area northwest of the street covers in its excavated portion some 18 square meters, and appears to have been an open square or courtyard. Minor disturbances in the area and the presence of a stone fill deposited as a base for later building units (Stratum C) make it difficult to determine the function of this open square. The northeast sector of Stratum D consists of at least one clearly defined unit (Room 35) and part of another (Room 37). Room 35 is limited on the northwest by phase I of wctll 311, on the northeast by wall 317 and on the southwest by wall 319 which parallels the street (Room 34). The southeast wall of Room 35 was not encountered within the limits of the sounding. The walls of Room 35 are constructed of relatively small stones (averaging about .18 by .24m. in size). The join between wall 311 and wall 317, however, as well as the adjacent 1.40 m. section of ofwall317, is built oflarge ashlar blocks, some ofwhich are laid in header-stretcher fashion. There is no evidence for an entranceway into Room 35 from either the street or the open square to the northwest. However, since wall311 is robbed in its central portion and since wall 319 exhibits only one or two courses of stone, the evidence is not conclusive. A small bin, approximately . 70 m. square, rests in the northwest corner. The large size of the room (2.50 m. wide by at least 4.50 m. long), combined with the lack of evidence for roof supports or fallen roof material, makes it probable that Room 35 was an unroofed domestic courtyard or work area. Little can be said about the adjacent Room 37, except that it shared wall 317 with Room 35. There is conflicting evidence for a means of access between the two

The southwest sector of Stratum D (Fig. 7) consists of one completely defined unit (Room 33) and portions of an additional three. Room 33 is limited on the northeast by wall315, which separates the room from the adjacent street (Room 34); on the nothwest ·by wall 311, which also defines the southeast limit of Room 32; on the southwest by wall316; and on the southeast by wall314. The latter two walls separate Room 33 from small segments of additional architectural units. The walls of Room 33 and adjacent areas are constructed with a combination of ashlar masonry laid in header-stretcher fashion and uncut field stone of various sizes. No more than one or two courses of the walls is preserved in most cases. Large ashlar blocks laid in uniform fashion to make a segment ofwall 315 wider than the average thickness of the wall itself suggest an entranceway into Room 33 from the street (Room 34) through wall 315. No other evidence for doorways or passageways is preserved. A curious feature of Stratum D is the stone-built structure which lies against wall 316 in Room 33 (Fig. 7). Although it was designated as an oven at the time of excavation, its shape and size make this interpretation doubtful. At a preliminary stage of the analysis of the architecture of Stratum D, consideration was given to the possibility that it might be a smelting furnace or in some other function might be connected with metallurgical activity. However, since no slag or evidence for metallurgical use other than the presence of ash and signs of general burning were recovered from the area, this suggestion must remain tenuous. What appears to be the tongue of a kiln was visible in the center at the time of excavation, and it may well be that this structure was a potter's kiln. There is little additional supporting evidence for this or any other interpretation, and the exact function of the stone-built structure must remain somewhat of an enigma. Two ba!cing ovens of normal construction were uncovered in the extant portion of Room 32, one in its northeast corner and the other in the southeast corner. Little more can be said at this time about the function of the architectural units of Stratum D. They perhaps represent either portions of one or two large building complexes, or sections of several smaller units, all constructed along a street running in a northwest or southeast direction, and an adjacent open square.

50

THE STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUNDING Y


Stratum C (Fig. 6) Two phases of use are indicated for Stratum C. Phase II of wall 311, preserved only in the northeast section of Sounding Y but whose line can be traced from a robber trench to the southwest, divides the plan of stratum C into a northwest and a southeast quadrant. Northwest of the robbed portion of wall 311 in II-K-21, and limited on the opposite side by wall 3 07 of Room 31, lies the excavated portion of a street, 1.10 m. wide. Two phases of use, corresponding to the two phases of Stratum C, are represented. The street enters at its northeast extremity a large open area in II-K-'20, which in its earlier phase (C2) measures approximately 3.20 m. wide by 1.90 m. long. The open area is limited on the southeast by wall311, on the southwest by the street and wall 304, on the northwest by wall 312 and on the northeast by a section of a wall (without a number) which appears in the northwest corner of II-L-20. This open area appears to have been limited to the width of the street by the addition of a partition wall (not indicated on the plan) in the later phase (Cl) of Stratum C. Southwest of the open square lies the extant portion of Room 31, limited by wall 307 and wall 304. This room continued in use throughout the life span of Stratum C and into the initial phase of Stratum B (see Fig. 6). The southeast corner of another architectural unit is visible to the northwest ofwall312. No doorways are preserved in any of the walls mentioned above, and it must be concluded that the entrances to these units lie beyond the limits of excavation. The remains of several architectural units can be discerned in the area southeast ofwall311. These walls are in many instances incompletely preserved (e.g., wall310). Room 36, approximately 8.30 m. long and 5.20 m. wide, is limited on the northwest by wall 311, on the northeast by wall 306, on the southeast by wall 308 and on the southwest by wall 310. Since there is no evidence for any intervening walls nor evidence that the unit was roofed, Room 36 can best be interpreted as a large open courtyard. An entranceway from the northwest through wall 311 may be postulated on the basis of an incompletely preserved stone pavement in the open square in II-K-20, at least for phase D2. No other evidence for doorways is indicated. Northeast of Room 36lies the southwest corner ofa second architectural unit defined by walls 306 and 311. Wall 306 is built against wall311 and not bonded to it. It is quite possible that wall 317 of Stratum D (Fig. 7) rather than wall 306 was in use in the earlier phase (C2) of Stratum C. The remains of a long narrow room or corridor, 1.60 m. wide, are located southeast of Room 36 between wall 308 and wall 305. Wall 309 appears to be an addition to the corridor during the later phase

51

(Cl) of Stlatum C. A narrow foundation trench adjacent to wall 309 was apparent in the black floor of the earlier phase ( G2). The walls of Stratum Care composed of a combination of field stones ofvmious sizes and roughly shaped rectangular blocks, some of which were possibly acquired from earlier strata. At irregular intervals, particularly at wall junctures, piers of ashlar masonry are visible. The majority of the wall construction, however, consists of field stones set compactly together. The width of the walls varies within a fairly consistent range of .45-.50 m. The architecture of Stratum C provides little indication of the use of the area. No remains of a domestic nature (such as baking ovens or hearths) were uncovered, and the overall plan of Stratum C is more public or monumental in character.

Stratum B (Fig. 5) Stratum B is the final stratum of Sounding Y to be presented in this preliminary report and is the least well preserved. Because of the fragmentary nature of the architectural remains, any conclusions are considered extremely tentative. Two phases of use are posited for Statum B. Present evidence indicates that Room 31 of Stratum C continued in use through the earlier phase (B2) of Stratum B. A robber trench, but no evidence for the actual wall structure, indicates that wall 311, or a later wall constructed on a similar line, also continued in use. Slight changes are apparent in other areas of the sounding. Wall305A replaced wall312 to the north of Room 31 in II-K-20 and continued in use throughout both phases of Stratum B. In the southeast area ofthe sounding, wall. 300 was constructed. This wall is almost entirely of ashlar blocks, some of which are roughly bossed (Fig. 37 :1). Most of the remaining walls of Stratum Bare known only from robber trenches (see Fig. 5). Room 31 was no longer in use in the later phase (Bl) of Stratum B. The gradual change in the appearance and perhaps function of the area is indicated by the presence of wall 320, parallel to wall 304 and running up toward but stopping short of wall 307. The complete disuse of wall 307 is indicated by the presence of a later wall, apparent only in the west balk of the sounding, which is situated above and slightly to the southwest of wall 320 and from which a plaster or cement floor extends in a southerly direction over wall307 (top oflevel4 in II-K-21; see Fig. 11). Throughout the levels assigned to Stratum B there are numerous sections of stone pavements, perhaps the remains of streets or courtyards (not indicated on the plan

52


of Stratum B). These incomplete and ill~defined pavements, such as those in II-L-20 (Fig. 38:1) provide no exact stratigraphical correlation with the walls of Stratum B. Though fragmentary, the plan of Stratum B is similar to that of Stratum C (Fig. 6) in its overall arrangement.

III. ANALYSIS OF POTTERY FORMS FROM SOUNDING Y ACCORDING TO A TYPE SERIES A

TYPOLOGY oF PoTTERY FoRMS

In 1970 quantities of Iron Age pottery, principally sherds, began to appear in Sounding X. Since these forms did not fit the system of classification which had been devised for the Roman and Hellenistic shapes by Martha Joukowsky in 1969, an entirely new type series had to be formed from the sherds encountered in the first Iron Age level. Fortunately there was ample material for a rather full series of various types of vessels. We had in fact, as we later learned, chanced to come upon the pottery-making area of the city. Our first cache of pottery was a "waster'' dump from one of the kilns of the area. Not only was there a large quantity of sherds, but there was a wide variety in the types of vessels. A selection of the most commonly recurring forms in rims, handles, and bases was drawn. Each was given a designation of its general type and a number, and copies of the drawings were pasted into loose-leaf notebooks to be used by the pottery staff in their classification of the types which appeared from each locus. When new forms appeared as lower levels were reached in the course of excavation they were drawn and added to the type series. In addition to the typing by form of each of the rims, handles, and bases, there was the counting and recording of features of decoration, such as slip, burnishing, painting, and incisions. This information was keyed to the record of forms. At the beginning of the 1971 season it became apparent that the system employed during the previous season could be refined by making certain changes in terminology and the combination of types. In the final computations of a quantative analysis of the ceramic materials these changes and combinations have been taken into account. 1 The type series 1

The changes in designation of the forms which are used in this preliminary report are as

follows: 1970 X-6 P-5 P-1 P-2

1971-72 became became became became

F-1 X-10 X-11 X-12

1970 became SJ-3 became SJ-10 RR-1 became CPS was dropped

1971-72 SJ-2 SJ-6 RR-1-7

54

55


ANALYSIS OF POTTERY FORMS

devised at the beginning of the 1971 season continued to be serviceable, with the addition of some new forms, throughout the remainder of that and the following season of excavation.

etc., which have frequently been made in the descriptions of pottery. Although these traditional notations appeared in the field catalogue, it became apparent that they were subjective and varied from cataloguer to cataloguer. Furthermore, when compared in importance to the more objective criteria ofform, color and decoration these observations seemed of little practical value in making comparisons with other examples. The vessels shown in photograph on Figs. 47-50 have been chosen from among the examples of drawings of complete examples with the aim of displaying some features which can not be seen easily from the drawings.

In Figs. 17-25 we have presented what we believe to be a representative sample of the prevalent and the most diagnostic forms of vessels thus far recovered from the Iron Age. Since at this stage of the study of the stratigraphy we are not able to define precisely the limits of the Iron Age at the site, we have included some forms which belong to the Late Bronze and the Hellenistic periods as well. This display of ceramic forms aims to provide an over-all picture of the principal ceramic production of the site. When the stratigraphic situation is refined by further study it is expected that a precise dating of the forms will be possible. The arrangement of the material is by arbitrary divisions of types of vessels: bowls, thick bowls, deep bowls, jugs, juglets, cooking pots, storage jars, and vessels with heavy rolled rims. In this simplified listing we have retained throughout the nomenclature used in the recording procedures of 1971 and 1972. Thus there appears after each figure number on the illustrations an abbreviation in parentheses, e.g., F-1, X-1, X-3. Although these designations may appear to be superfluous to the reader of this report, they are nevertheless included here to provide continuity between the preliminary and the final reports. It will be obvious that there has been a rearrangement of the original classification as a more extensive system was simplified for the purpose of this presentation. This system of classification rests primarily on rim type for the various classes of vessels. In each figure we have given the drawings which were actually used in the sorting and counting of sherds in the field. These drawings generally register only form; various methods of decoration such as slip, burnishing or paint are recorded in the catalogue. The type series rim forms are displayed above the line which separates each figure. Below the line we have given drawings of complete or almost complete vessels for some of the rim forms shown above the line. In these drawings we have indicated painted decoration by solid black for black paint and hatching for red or a lighter color. Slip and burnishing are recorded, when present, in the catalogue. The colors of the ware, slip and paint are recorded according to the Munsell color designations in the following order: (a) exterior color, (b) color just under the exterior surface, (c) core color (also referred to as "even" or "uneven" if Munsell numbers were not available), (d) slip, and (e) paint. It is apparent that the descriptions within the catalogue of pottery are limited to a listing of colors and a notation of the presence of slip and burnishing. Missing are remarks about the size and color of inclusions, the hardness of firing,

Methods qf Fabrication Almost all the vessels shown on the accompanying plates were formed on a potter's wheel. The exceptions consist principally of the large vessels with rolled rims (Fig. 25): pithoi, basins, basins with spout, and deep, heavy bowls. They were constructed from coils of clay, pressed together and smoothed. Another possible exception to the usual process of fabrication by means of a turning wheel is molding· A few bowls of the F-1 class appear to have been formed in a concave mold (Fig. 17 :2,3), and there is some evidence that the lower parts of some cooking pots had been formed in a mold and the upper part and rim thrown on a wheel and joined to the base. Two categories of vessels were frequently wheel-made in separate parts and joined together. The most obvious examples of this technique are the "decanters" among the jars (Fig. 20:2,3, 6, 8-11). The upper half of the neck was made as a separate piece and fitted into the lower part of the neck, which is an extension of the wheel-thrown body. The resulting ridge and/or groove of this join is the hallmark of this type ofjar. Even when the jar was made as one piece, a groove was cut around the neck at its midway point to simulate the join (Fig. 20:12). The two-handle flasks of the juglet category, Fig. 21 :10-11, were constructed of two separately made hemispherical shapes, which were joined to form the body; the neck and handles were added. Elongated storage jars appear, from the lines of fracture, to have been made in as many as three parts: the base, the body, and the shoulder and rim.

Decoration By far the most frequent type of decoration is that of a lustre produced by burnishing, usually done as the vessel was turned on the wheel. Of the 45 rims or vessels shown in the classification of bowls, no less than 27 display evidence for this type of decoration. Seven of the II jars shown are burnished. The technique is rarely 5

56


used in the fabrication of thick bowls and deep bowls (only one example is recorded), and rarely with juglets (one example out of the 11). In no case is there an example of burnishing of storage jars or of vessels with rolled rims. Although most burnishing was done on a wheel, the high lustre on the necks of some of the jars has been produced by vertical strokes of the burnishing instrument held in the hand. The use of paint for decoration is most evident in the jars. Of 11 examples shown, 10 were painted, usually with bands around the neck and sometimes around the body. Eleven of the 45 bowls shown are decorated with lines of paint, usually circular around the inside or the outside of the bowl, and once (Fig. 17 :12) by a spiral on the inside. One thick bowl and one deep bowl display the use of painted decoration; and one juglet is painted. Among the storage jars only one has this type of decoration.

QuANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PoTTERY FROM SouNDING

Y

In this section of the report we present the results of an analysis of pottery forms from nine of the strata of occupation in Sounding Y according to the frequency of occurrence of the rim forms of the type series described above. Since the results can most readily be seen in tabular form, we have given in Appendix B tables for the frequencies of occurrence of each of the forms within the various strata of Sounding Y. From these tables we have extracted the data for the forms which occur most frequently, or are the most diagnostic for comparisons, and presented them in a series of bar graphs. And finally, the pottery from each stratum has been discussed and its assemblage of artifacts has been scrutinized for possible clues for dating. The sequence of architectural strata found in Sounding Y has been presented in Chapter II, and six plans of walls and other structures for Strata B-G appear in Figs. 5-l 0. From a study of the section drawings and the notebooks of the supervisors it became apparent that a further subdivision can be made in the detritus containing pottery for four of the strata, Strata B-E. Each has been dividedinto an earlier and later phase. Arabic numbers have been employed to indicate these divisions within a general stratum. Thus "1" denotes the upper, or later phase; and "2," the lower, or earlier phase of the stratum. The list which follows contains the loci, designated by the plot and level, assigned to the strata by William P. Anderson and used in this preliminary computation of the rim types. Since the sample from Stratum Bl was too small to be significant statistically, it has not been included in the tables of frequency. The assignment

57


of loci to strata has been made according to a scale of relative certainty. Each of the four plots of Sounding Y was excavated and recorded as an independant unit. In the attempt to correlate the level of one plot with that of another it was found that there was, in certain cases, less than absolute certainty about correspondences. For this reason we have assigned loci to strata according to a scale of probability which reflects the relative certainty for the assignment. The designation of "certain" denotes the minimum of doubt about the relationship of a sample of pottery to a stratum; the notation of "possible" indicates the maximum of reservation in a particular assignment; and the term "probable" is used for the medial position as to the certainty for the assignment of a locus to a stratum. The use of those samples which are "certain" with respect to the relative stratigraphy has the obvious advantage of greater accuracy. But the size of the sample coming from "certain" loci is at times relatively small and consequently may, by chance, provide a distortion in the over-all picture of frequencies. On the other hand, the larger sample of pottery available when the "probable" and the "possible" categories are included in the computation provides a safeguard against the misrepresentation which could result from the use of the smaller and less representative sample of forms. We have given in Appendix B the statistics for all three categories. In the final description of the assemblages of the nine strata we have' made use of the combination of figures for "certain," "probable," and "possible." The total number of rims in the "certain" category is 2,407; when the 792 "probable" forms are added the sample is increased by 33 per cent; and when to that the 331 "possible" rims are added, there is a further increase in the size of the sample by 10 per cent. DISTRIBUTION OF LOCI BY STRATA CERTAIN

PROBABLE

PossiBLE

Stratum B2

II-K-20 II-K-20 II-K-20 II-K-21

level 3 level 5 (1970) level 6 (1970) level4

II-L-20 level4 II-L-21 level 4

II-K-20 level 8 (1970)

II-K-21 level 5 II-L-20 level 5 II-L-20 level 6

II-L-20 level 7 II-L-20 level 11 II-L-21 level 5

Stratum Cl

II-K-20 level 9 II-K-20 level 10

58



CERTAIN

PROBABLE

PossiBLE

Stratum C2

II-K-20 level 5 (1972) II-K-20 level 6 (1972) II-K-21 level 6 II-L-21 level 6

II-K-20 level 14* II-L-20 level 12 II-L-20 level 14 II-L-20 level IS II-L-20 level 19

II-K-20 level 4 (1972)

II-L-20 level 20 II-L-21 level 7


Stratum D2

II-K-21 levelS II-K-21 level 9 II-L-21 level 8 (1970) II-L-21 level 9

II-K-20 level 18 II-L-20 level 22 II-L-20 level 24

II-L-20 level 23 II-L-20 level 25 II-L-21 level 8 (1972)

II-K-20 levell9 (1972) II-K-20 level25 (1970) II-K-21 1evell0 (1972) II-L-20 level 26 (1970) II-L-21 level 10

II-K-21 level 10 (1970) II-L-21 level 9

Stratum EI

II-K-20 level 26 II-K-21 level 26

II-K-21 level 27-3 II-K-20 level 28-1 II-K-21 level28 II-L-20 level27-1 II-L-20 level 27-2

II-L-20 level 28-1 II-L-20 level 31 II-L-21 level 28

II-K-20 level 28-2

In the following chart there is a visual presentation of the percentages of the principal rim types found in the nine strata (and phases) of sounding Y. This computation includes all rims, those from "certain," "probable," and "possible" loci. Each x of the bar graphs represents .03 per cent of the total body sherds. When a rim type is entirely missing, or when the percentage is less than .03 per cent, a zero has been placed in the bar of the graph. In cases where the number of x's exceeds that of a line, the total number is placed within the bar. In order to give a ready reference to the size of each sample on which the percentage is based, the actual number of sherds is given in parentheses immediately before the beginning of the bar.

CHART OF FREQUENCY OCCURRENCES FOR SELECTED FORMS IN THE THREE CATEGORIES II-L-21 level 26

(certain, probable, possible)

F-1 (Bowls, Fig. 17: 1-3) B2 Cl

Stratum F

II-K-20 level 26-2 II-K-20 level 27 II-K-20 level 27-1

PossiBLE

II-K-20 level 27-2 II-K-21 level 27 II-L-20 level 27 II-L-21 level 29-1

Stratum E2

II-K-20 level 26-1 II-L-20 level 26 (1972) II-L-21 level26-l II-L-21 level 27

PROBABLE

Stratum G

Stratum DI

II-K-20 level 7 (1972) II-K-21 level 7 II-L-20 level 21

CERTAIN

59

II-L-21 level 27-1


C2 D1

D2

(4) (51) (48) (3 7) (34)

xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

60 El E2 F G

(32) (32) (39) (14)

xxxxxxxxxxx

X-15 (Bowls, Fig. 18:12, 13)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

B2 Cl C2 D1 D2 El E2 F G

xxxxxxx xxxx

C-1 (Bowls, Fig. 17:7, 8) B2 Cl C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F G

(8)

xxxxxxxxx

(2)

XX

(8)

XXX

(13) (3) (18) (34) (14) (13)

xxxxx

D1 D2 El E2 F G

(3)

(28) (60) (40) (9) (3) (2) (17) (1)

D2 E1 E2 F G

0 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

B2 Cl C2 D1 D2 El E2 F G

XXX

xxxx

XXX

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(1)

X

0 (26) (5)

xxxxxxxxx XX

0 (37) (39) (69) (58)

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

XXX X X

xxx

0

SJ-1 (Storage Jars, Fig. 23 :1) B2 CI C2

(6)

xxxxxxx

(8) (36) (40) ( 17)

xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

F

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

G

( 10) (24) (48) (56) (44) (13) (5) '

(25)

xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx XX

xxxxx

0

xxxxxx XX

0

(3) (3)

xxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

D2 El E2

(5)

xxxx

X-17 (Bowls, Fig. 18:14-16)

D1

D1

(11) (13) (1) (50) (30) (54) (64)

xxxxxx

X-11 (Bowls, Fig, 18:9) B2 CI C2

0 0

X

X-1 (Bowls, Fig. 18:1) B2 Cl C2



0 X

Sj-2 (Storage Jars, Fig. 23 :2) B2 Cl C2

( 7) ( 15) (77)

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

61

62 D1 D2 E1 E2

F

(54) (35) (11) (I) (65)

G

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx 0 xxxxxxxxxxxx 0

Sj-6 (Storage jars, Fig. 23 :6) B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F G

(16) (13) (4) (36) (26) (10) (13)

0 0 xxxxx xxxxx X

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx XX

xxxx

Sj-7 (Storage Jars, Fig. 23:7-9) B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2

F G

(2) (3) (20) (14) (7) ( 109) (60) (94) (138)

xx XXX

xxxxxxx xxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxx

Sj-8 (Storagejars, Fig. 23:10-12) B2 Cl C2 D1 D2 El



( 114) (77) (54) (34) (6) (5)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 124xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx:xxxxxxxxxxxx64xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx XX

E2 F G

(1) (1) (1)

0 0 0

RR-1 (Vessels with Rolled Rim, Fig. 25:1)

B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 El E2 F G

(1) (16) (13) (18) (24)

0 0 0 0 0 xxxxx xxxxxx XXX

xxxxxxx

RR-2 (Vessels with Rolled Rim, Fig. 25 :2) .

B2 Cl C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F G

0 0 (8) (4) (3) (34) (36) (63) (29)

XXX XX X

xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

RR-6 (Vessels with Rolled Rim, Fig, 25:5)

B2 Cl C2 Dl D2 El E2 F G

(1) (2) (11) (25) (52) (19)

(1)

X XX

xxxx xxxxxxxxxx

xx.xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx 0 0 0

63

64

SAREPTA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON. THE IRON AGE

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Certain general observations can be made about the frequency of forms as they appear in the nine strata under consideration. The first is that there is a noticeable difference in the frequencies between the lower strata, Strata G-El, and the upper strata, Strata D2-B2. This change is most apparent in the storage jars: the dominant types throughout the four lower strata are SJ -7 and SJ -6. In both thes~ types there is a sharp reduction in the frequency at Stratum D2. In the upper group of strata the dominant storage jar types are SJ -1, SJ -2, and SJ -8. In several categories of bowls the break between Stratum D2 and Stratum El is equally dramatic. Both X-15 and X-17 predominate in Strata G through Eland are represented in the five strata above only in Strata D 1 and C2; in neither of these strata do they reach the proportions they have in the lower strata. In the upper strata, Strata Dl through B2, there appears to have been a strong preference for the bowl forms of X-1 and X-11, both of which are only slightly represented in the lower group of strata. In the categories of vessels with rolled rims the same break between Stratum El and Stratum D2 is obvious. RR-1 is frequent in the lower strata and does not appear in the percentages of the strata above. RR-2 follows a similar pattern offrequency for Strata G through El and is represented only sparsely in three of the strata immediately above. The place of these two forms characteristic of the lower strata appears to have been taken by RR-6 in the upper strata D2 through B2, although the form had its beginning in the uppermost of the lower group, Stratum El. The only principal forms which do not exhibit this pronounced break between Stratum El and Stratum D2 are F-1 and C-1. The former appears to have had a fairly regular growth in frequency in Stratum G through Stratum Cl, where it reached its maximum. C-1 displays an erratic frequency th,r~mgh the entire succession of strata, although when the actual number of examples on which the percentages are based is taken into consideration it is apparent that the form is more dominant in the four lower strata.

Stratum G The dominant bowl form in Stratum G is X-15, which has its highest frequency in this stratum. Almost as prominent is X-17, the frequency of which is only slightly surpassed in Stratum E2. The three krater types, K-6, K-7 and K-9 (see Appendix B for frequencies of forms not on preceding chart), also are most frequently present in Stratum G, where they tally .09, .10, and .13 per cent respectively. These forms decrease in the three later strata and do not survive at all after Stratum El. CP-6


65

reaches its highest frequency in this stratum, with .09 per cent, and declines slightly to .08 per cent in Stratum F. CP-18 appears only in this stratum. D-14 appears with .04 per cent, which is the highest percentage in any stratum. From the bar graphs it is apparent that SJ -7 occurs most frequently in this stratum. SJ -6 is represented moderately, but SJ . . l, SJ-2, and SJ-8 do not appear.at all. RR-1 reaches its peak of frequency here, but does not survive Stratum El. RR-2 is respectably present, but not to the extent that it is in the three strata above Stratum G. There are four examples of imported sherds found in the levels of Stratum G. From II-L-20, level27-3, there are three body sherds from a Mycenaean IIIB closed vessel (Fig. 51 :7), which Ellen Herscher has assigned to about the first two-thirds of the thirteenth century B.C. A fragment of a Mycenaean deep bowl appears in II-K-21, level 28, and has been dated on the basis of Cypriote and other examples to around the end of the thirteenth century (Figs. 26 :4, 52: 1). While both of the find spots of these imports are relatively certain, there are also two imports from questionable loci. One is a body sherd from a Cypriote White Painted closed vessel (Fig. 51 :2), which is dated considerably earlier, probably early in the Late Bronze Age. This sherd, however, comes from the "basin" in II-L-21 and is possibly from a level earlier than that of Stratum G. The fourth imported sherd is a rim from a Cypriote Red-on-Black open vessel, which may be as early as the seventeenthsixteenth centuries (Figs. 26: 1, 51 :1). But the sample of pottery from which it carrie is definitely labeled "mixed" by the supervisor and cannot be considered seriously as providing a date for Stratum G. From the two imports found in relatively certain loci it would seem that the thirteenth century should be a probable date for Stratum G. The plaque from a wall bracketfor a lainp (Figs. 27:14, 60:6) belongs to Stratum G, as does the scarab with a wajet design (Fig. 58 :8). It should also be noted that the rare form of cooking pot, CP-18 (Fig. 22:11), makes its appear~ri.ce only iri Stratum G, from which two rim sherds are recorded.

Stratum F Stratum F has the largest sample of sherds, 17,713 body sherds, among the nine strata which are being considered in the preliminary report. Thus, from a statistical point of view it should be the most trustworthy. In general the p~rcen.tages for bowls follow a pattern similar to that of Stratum G. X-15 and X-17 are the most frequent bowl types, but both of these are slightly less numerous than they are in the earlier stratum. F -1 is considerably increased over the q1,1antity in Stratum G, while X-1 makes a modest appearance for the first time. The dominant storage jar type is clearly SJ-: 7, but SJ -1 :and SJ -2 are also represented. SJ -2 i~, strangely enough,

66

67



present in a good sample although it does not appear in either of the other lower strata. RR-2 is most common among the vessels with rolled rim in this stratum, but RR-1 is also present. CP-6 is the most frequent type of cooking pot, as it was in Stratum G. The most important single artifact from Stratum F is the bronze bovine weight filled with lead (Fig. 62:6), which was found in II-K-20, level 27-1. This has a close parallel from Ras Shamra, niveau 1 (Syria, 16, 1935, pl. 33:5). The decorated rattle (Fig. 61 :5) is also from the same locus. Other objects include the tuyere (62 :4), the bronze/copper needle(Fig. 59 :4), and the potter's too1(Fig. 62: 10).

assemblage of artifacts from this stratum. A· Mycenaean import appeared in the pottery from II-K-20, level 26.

On the whole the general continuity of the pottery forms from Stratum G to Stratum F would suggest that the occupation of the latter followed without interruption that of the former, which we have placed tentatively in the thirteenth century B.C. Stratum E2 No marked break in the representation of bowl types appears in the transition from Stratum F to Stratum E2. Types F -1 and C-1 increase markedly in frequency in this transition, as do X-15 and X-17 to a lesser extent. X-1 and X-11 are either barely present or not at all. The dominant storage jar is type SJ -7, which is present with an increased frequency over that of Stratum F. SJ-6 is also prominent in Stratum E2, appearing there more than five times as frequently as it did in Stratum F. Other storage jar types are virtually absent. It is significant that SJ -18, which is limited to Strata F, E2, and E1, appears here with a considerably higher percentage. The vessels with rolled rim are represented by RR-1 and RR-2, both of which classifications increase from Stratum F to Stratum E2. On the whole the picture of the relationship of Stratum E2 to its predecessor is one of a fairly consistent continuity. A sherd of base-ring ware is reported on the pottery sheets from II-L-20, level 26-1. Stratum El Among the bowls of this stratum types X-15 and X-17 are most represented. Type X-15 shows a slight increase in percentage over that of Stratum E2, while F-1 and C-1 exhibit decreases from the level of frequency reached in Stratum E2. As in Stratum E1, the most common storage jar is SJ-7, which shows a decided gain from Stratum E2. SJ -6 is also well represented. Rolled rims of the RR-2 variety are most prominent, although there is a fair sampling of the two other types RR-1 and RR-6. D-14 is a jug type which occurs in Stratum El, although it is also represented in Stratum F and Stratum G. A stamp seal Sar. 3046 (Fig. 58:9) belongs with the

Stratum D2 Attention has already been called to the marked discontinuity in the frequency of rim forms between Strata E and D. In general there are two major assemblages of pottery types represented in this series: one from Strata G-E, and the other from Strata D-B. The dividing line, however, between the two groups is not altogether clearly marked. For example, in bowl X-1 the shift from the frequencies in the earlier to the later group of strata is apparent at the division between Stratum D2 and Stratum D1, where thereis more than a five-fold increase in frequency. A similar pattern appears in t4.~ b~r graphs for SJ -8. Characteristic as this type is of the upper strata, it does not come into prominence in the sequence of strata until Stratum D1, where its frequency is seven times what it was in Stratum D2. Some ambiguity in the general division exists also for the types F -1 and RR-6, but they are not so obvious as those mentioned above. However, the weight of evidence for a break in ceramic tradition between Stratum E1 and Stratum D2 is supplied by the bar graphs for bowls X-11, X-15 and X-17, in all of which categories there is a marked change in percentages between the lower and the upper groups of strata. Similarly the statistics for SJ-1, SJ-6, SJ-7, RR-1, and RR-2 display a decided discontinuity between Strata E1 and D2. (Of all the samples of rims considered in the bar graphs that from Stratum D2 has the smallest percentage of the total body sherds. But when bar graphs were made based on percentages to total rims rather than to total body sherds, the results were not significantly different and supported the observations made above.) The vessels prominent in the assemblage of this stratum include the bowls F-1 and X-ll, both of which appear in fair numbers. Among the types of storage jars, SJ-1 and SJ-2 are conspicuous. RR-6 reaches its peak of frequency in this stratum. Among the sherds from Stratum D2 are two imports from Cyprus, the dates for which are estimated to be within the range of the late tenth to the early eighth century B.C. The :first is from the "probable" locus, II-K-20, level 18, and consists of a barreljug (Figs. 26:7, 52:5) which has been assigned to the late tenth century B.C. The second import is a Cypriote barrel jug found in the "certain" II-K-21, level 9 (Figs. 26:9, 53:1), which Ellen Herscher considers to belong to the late ninth or early eighth century. Two other artifacts are assigned as "probable" to Stratum D2. The stone headrest in characteristic Egyptian Style (Fig. 62 :8) came from IIK-20, level 18; and the grooved-neck, hand burnished jug with bichrome paint

68

ANALYSIS OF POTTERY. FORMS


(Fig. 20:8) which is the type for D-3, came from II-L-20, level22.From the frequency tables it can be seen that the type D-3 appears also in Strata D 1 and C2 and reaches its peak of frequency in Stratum Cl; after that it does not occur. Stratum Dl

In general there exists a continuity between the forms of Stratum D2 and those of Stratum Dl. In the cases ofF-1, X-1, X-11, SJ-1, SJ-2, where there was arespectable representation of forms in Stratum D2, there is a marked increase in frequency of the same forms; only in the case of RR-6 is there an appreciable decline in percentages from Stratum D2 to Stratum D 1. On the whole the impression given from the bar graphs is one of continuity between Strata D2 and Dl. . The one imported object from this stratum is a part of a Cypriote Black-on-Red I (III) flask (Figs. 26:11, 53:4) from II-K-21, level 7, which has been dated to the middle of the ninth to the middle of the eighth century. From this evidence, which comes from a "certain" level, Stratum D1 may be assigned on the basis of its continuity with Stratum D2 in which there were imported sherds belonging to the span of the late tenth to early eighth century, to about the eighth century. Other artifacts from this stratum are the two complete storage jars of the SJ -2 type found in II -L-21, level 7 (Figs. 23:18-19; 50:5; 50:3), the clay mask from the "possible" II-L-20, level 18 (Fig. 62 :3), and a complete F-3 type bowl from II-K-21, level 7 (Figs. 17: 15, 47:1).

69

in Stratum Ci but each is reduced to about one-half in Stratum B2. SJ-8, however, is by far the most popular form in the storage jar :class. Vessels with rolled rims are practically non-existent. An animal figurine was found in II-K-20, level 12*, a level which is assigned as ''probable" to this stratum, although no pottery was computed from it (Fig. 57:5). Stratum B2

Stratum B2 is the smallest of the nine samples of pottery considered in this re;.. port, with only 3,055 body sherds, or 3.71 per cent of the total. Among the bowls C-1 and X-11 are the most prominent. SJ;.8 is by far the most representative (Figs. 24:5, 50:1) although SJ-1 f!.nd SJ-2 continue to appear. Vessels with rolled rims are virtually absent. One corri.~lete lamp comes from a "probable" level, II-L-20, level 4 (Figs. 27:3, 60 :2). A figurine head with a high pointed headdress was found in II-K-21, level 4 (Figs. 56:6). Although the sample of sherds from Stratum Bl was too small for a quantitative analysis, it is significant that in II-K-21, level3, assigned stratigraphically to Stratum Bl, there was found a Rhodianjar handle, Sar. 1206 (not published in this report), which has been assigned by Virginia Grace to ca. 300 B. C. This import suggests the possibility of a date in the fourth-third century for Stratum Bl. In view of this firm dating Stratum B2, which immediately precedes it stratigraphically, must be placed not much earlier.

Stratum C2

From the bar graphs of the most frequently recurring rim forms it seems that Stratum C2 displays a normalgrowth in thefrequency ofcertainforms, such asF-1, X-1, SJ-2, SJ-8 and a decline in popularity of the rims X-11, SJ-1 and RR-6; These are all present in sufficient numbers to be representative of the forms of the stratum. Somewhat puzzling is the representation of X-17, which appeared to have gone out of use in Stratum D2; possibly a consideration of other criteria than rim form could explain this anomaly. Associated with this stratum is the lamp from II-K-20, level 14* (Figs. 27:4, 60:1). Stratum Cl

Stratum Cl has a relatively small sample of sherds (3,981. body sheri::ls or 4;8 per cent of body sherds in the nine strata), but certain trends are apparent. Bowls F-1 and and X-1 both reach their maximum frequency in this stratum; in the later Stratum B2 they are drastically reduced. Both SJ-1 and SJ-2 are well represented

SUMMARY

At this preliminary stage of the study of the material from Sounding Y it is premature to give more than an assessment of the relative chronology of the evidence for occupation of the area. Much evidence has yet to be studied, principally the styles of decoration on pottery, the methods of fabrication used in the ceramic industry, etc. Furthermore, the correlation of the stratigraphy of Sounding Y with that of Sounding X, where the amount of materials is far more abundant, may serve to solve many of the problems which we have encountered in the more limited area of Sounding Y. At the moment, however, it seems that Stratum G should be placed toward the end of the Late Bronze Age, to judge from the imported sherds from dependable loci which can be dated to the thirteenth century B.C. Stratum F, which displays a closely related pattern of ceramic forms and contained the bovine weight which has its parallel at Ras Shamra, must also be placed, it would seem, within the range

70


of the Late Bronze period. The two Strata, E2 and El, display no marked discontinuity in the ceramic tradition of the two earlier strata and there is no evidence from the stratigraphy for a general destruction or lapse in occupation of the area. If Stratum G is to be assigned, as seems probable, to the last century or so of the Late Bronze Age it is difficult to fit three more strata into the remainder of this general period. Yet the base-ring ware from Stratum E2 and the Mycenaean import from Stratum El would suggest a Late Bronze Age date. It would seem preferable to assume that at this coastal city of Phoenicia there was no major disruption of the ceramic tradition, as there was in Palestine for example, and that the same forms made in the Late Bronze period continued to be made well into what is called the Iron Age at sites to the south. How far Stratum El extended beyond the traditional date of ca. 1200 B.C. for the beginning of the Iron Age cannot at the moment be determined. The evidence presented by William P. Anderson in his study of the plans and sections for an entirely new architectural plan in general Stratum D, regardless of whether it began in Stratum D2 or D 1, is now confirmed by the marked break in the pottery tradition. This discontinuity may be explained by either a temporal gap in the occupation of this area of the city or the arrival of a new and different populatJon bearing with them new styles of pottery. The former theory of a gap in occupation of the area would seem the more plausible. If this is indeed the proper explanation, the period of abandonment must have been of considerable duration, to judge from the sharp break in the continuity of pottery forms. It would seem likely from the datable imports that the reuse of the area began in the ninth century. The site was then continually in use from Stratum D2 through five more strata until the occupation represented by Stratum Bl, which contains evidence from the beginning of the third century B.C. Thus each of the strata of the Iron Age occupation would have represented something slightly over a century in time.

IV. THE POTTERS' KILNS IN SOUNDING X

Sometime toward the end of the Late Bronze Age the 600 square-meter area of the city which we had chosen for excavation in what is called Sounding X became a center for the making of pottery. For the remainder of the Late Bronze period and throughout most of the Iron Age this sector of Sarepta seems to have been used almost exclusively for the manufacture of ceramics. The only deviations from this pattern of use through almost a millennium were the establishment of a shrine, possibly in the seventh century, at the northwest corner, an occasional building of an oven for the baking of bread, and the discarding in 11-B/C-9 of a mass of crushed murex shells from which purple dye had been extracted. On the whole, the evidence for the industrial use of the area is consistent: it was the potters' quarter. The evidence consists primarily of the remains of U -shaped kilns found in the various levels of occupation. Nineteen were discovered and recorded in the course of the three seasons of excavation. In association with these kilns are a number of courtyards, probably temporarily covered, for the storing, aging and working of the clays from which vessels were fashioned for firing in the kilns (for example Rooms 70 and 74). These working areas, adjacent to the kilns with which they were associated, were identified by such features as piles of finely levigated yellow clay on the floor or a layer of the same material over the entire floor of the court - possibly spread evenly by the water that collected there from heavy rains - and basins of various sizes and shapes which had been used in fashioning the vessels or in decorating them with slip or paint. Occasionally a potter's tool (Figs. 29:7, 62:9) was found in the debris. In addition to the kilns and the working areas beside them there were heaps of sherds which had accumulated in the vicinity of the kilns when the potters discarded vessels that had blistered, cracked, warped or exploded in the firing process. In some instances these "waster" piles appeared to be in their originally deposited position adjacent to a kiln. Other deposits with a high percentage of sherds may well have been fills for building purposes in which a "waster" pile had been utilized. The only evidence for the equipment of the ceramic industry which is as yet undocumented is that of the 6

72

73


THE POTTERS' KILNS IN SOUNbiNG X

potter's wheel. One can only suppose that an object as valuable as a wheel would not have been abandoned but salvaged for use elsewhere. It must be noted, however, that what appeared to have been the cemented seat for a socket for a wheel was found in II-C-9, level 7. In this preliminary report we shall describe three of the 19 kilns discovered and the working areas adjacent to them. Kiln G is the best preserved and is older than Kilns E and F, which were built over the courtyard associated with Kiln G. We shall reserve the publication of the other kilns in Sounding X for the final report.

and over the span from the south end of the tongue to the doorway. The roof was perforated with flues or vents, of which 33 could be identified and 18 were completely preserved. The outside surface of the roof was found to be very much weathered from exposure to the elements but the orifices of the flues had withstood better the deterioration, since the passage of flames and hot gasses through them had served to fire them into a harder material. As a consequence of this hardening of the edges of the flues, they are now seen to protrude above the uneven surface of the softer roofmaterial (Fig. 39:3). The level ofthe upper part ofthe flues, however, provides an approximation of the height of the floor to the pottery chamber, which presumably was once smooth. The edge of the roof displays a bevel or rounding off; along this rounded portion there is a line of large flues, about .12 m. in diameter, which encircle the perimeter of the roof structure. Unlike the smaller vertical flues in the central part of the roof, the larger ones around the edge extend obliquely outward from the firing chamber below. On the walls of the two lobes of the firing chamber, there is a heavy coating of greenish slag deposited during the firing process. It begins about .50 m. from the floor and extends upward and into the flues themselves. The floor of the chamber was covered with a deposit offrom .10 to .12m. of greenishblack ash.

KILN

G

AND

RooM 74

The remains of Kiln G, in II-B/C-8/9, consist of an almost complete firing chamber, with walls, roof with flues, and a doorway leading into it from the adjoining stoking room to the south (Figs, 14, 39:1-3, 40:1). The chamber and the room from which it was fired were at a level lower than that of the court where the vessels were fabricated. No evidence remains for an upper chamber in which the vessels were stacked for firing. If such a structure existed, as seems likely for reasons of technology and from parallels to kilns elsewhere (to be discussed below), all remnants of the construction had been removed in the levelling of the area for buildings in the subsequent period. The firing chamber is a bilobate subterranean structure. The maximum internal measurements of the chamber are 1.85 m. for the east-west and 2.40 m. for the northsouth diameter; the roof stood at a height offrom 1.30 to 1.36 m. above the floor. A wall,.60 m. thick, projects from the north wall and extends to a point .84 m. from the doorway, dividing the structure into two symmetrical lobes. This tongue-like projection serves to provide support for the clay roof, and possibly was a means of directing the flames and gasses through a controlled up-draft to the flues which led into the pottery chamber above. The U -shaped wall, constructed of field stones and averaging .60 m. in width, lines the pit that had been dug into the debris of an earlier occupation. The exterior of the wall displays an irregularity offace which is generally characteristic offoundation walls (Fig. 39:2, for the east wall of the kiln after excavation of the lower level). The inner face of the curved wall to the chamber, as well as those of the tongue that separates the two lobes, had been plastered with several layers of clay which formed a coating that averages from .12 to .16 m. in thickness. The roof of the structure is composed of several layers of clay (Fig. 39 :3) with a total thickness of from .30 to .40 m. The clay roofis slightly arched over the lobes(here two sections have collapsed)

The entrance consists of a passageway, about 1 m. long, which connects the firing chamber with the stoking room to the south. Presumably this corridor had been roofed over, but no evidence for the upper portion remained. Beyond the corridor to the south there were two semicircles of stones, partly embedded in the floor, which appear to have served as fenders for the firing chamber, possibly barriers for the accumulation of ash which resulted from the firing process. The doorway to the kiln had been almost completely blocked with large stones when it was last used and some of the flues had been covered or filled with small stones. That the firing chamber had been stoked and cleaned from the lower level was apparent from the heavy deposit of ash and other burned material in the area to the east of wall 448, which served as a terrace wall separating the two levels of the kiln. Only the western limit of the stoking room could be determined; the debris from the firing of the kiln extended southward and eastward into unexcavated areas. A slope to the floor of the stoking roomfrom the west to the east would suggest that the entrance to it was to the south, near the end of wall 448. A corridor between the entrance to the stoking room from the outside and the doorway to the firing chamber would have been kept clean of debris to provide access for the fuel needed in the firing .

74


Immediately to the west of Kiln G is a large court, Room 74, which is a part of the complex of Kiln G. The clay facing which lines its east wall, wall448, continues along the face of the west wall of Kiln G (Fig. 40:1) so that it is likely that the kiln and the adjoining room belong to the same unit. The north wall of the room, wall 504, had been completely robbed, but its line could be seen from its robber trench and a line of yellow clay which had once adhered to it; the west wall, 505, could be similarly identified by a line of the same clay lining running directly beneath wall 4 75; its south wall is clearly wall 489, most of which is still in place. Thus there is a defined area, approximately 6.40 by 7.60 m., enclosed by existing or robbed walls which can be traced. A distinguishing feature of Room 74 was its floor of yellow clay, about 3 em. thick, which extended over its entire surface. In addition to this deposit there was a coating of the same material on all the remaining walls to a thickness of about 6 to 8 em.; where a wall had been robbed the line of the clay that had once adhered to its face was generally apparent. The clay floor of the room was consistently level, except for a circular depression, .15 to .18 m. deep at the center and with a diameter of ca. 1.50 m., in that part of the room which lies in 11-A-8/9. The depression slopes gently from the general level of the floor toward a bottom of stones. In addition to the considerable quantity of potsherds there were found on the floor three small goblets (two are illustrated in Figs. 63:5,6) and a complete amphora (Fig. 50:2). Two observations would support the supposition that Room 74 was an open court and not a covered room. The area is considerably larger than that which could have been spanned with roof beams without any center support, and there is no evidence for a pillar or post holes in the floor at the center of the room. Furthermore, the walls of the room, where they have not been robbed, display an even upper surface. They could well have been merely low walls which had been built for the purpose of defining the area of the court where potter's clay was stored and fashioned into vessels.

KILNS

E

AND

F

The two kilns E and F were contemporary (Figs. 13, 40:2). They are only 1.80 m. apart, are contained within the same system of walls, and are associated with a common court, Room 70, where the clay was worked and fashioned. The firing chamber of each of these kilns was built only a few centimeters below the ground level and not set underground as was that of Kiln G. They are both poorly preserved; only their plans could be recovered.

THE POTTERS' KILNS IN SOUNDING X

75

Kiln E is a structure in II -A/B-7 J8, of which little remains except the outline of the plan of a firing chamber lined with a layer of clay burned to a dark brown color (Fig. 40:2). It is circular in plan, with a maximum inside diameter of2.46 m. A wall, .30 m. wide, projects from the northwest for a distance of 1.20 m. toward the narrow doorway, .44 m. wide, from which the chamber was fired. At the north the kiln intersects a segment of wall 497, the wall acting as a support of that side. No traces of the remainder of the circular wall which once supported the clay of the firing chamber and the superstructure of the kiln have survived. Kiln Flies within 11-B-8 and is even more poorly preserved than Kiln E. Its maximum inside width is 1.88 m.; the longer northwest-southeast measurement is 2 m. The wall within, .30 m. wide, projects for a distance of 1.26, dividing the kiln into two lobes. The lobe to the south is almost completely destroyed, and the only trace of the circular wall around the firing chamber appears in a few stones on the north side. The doorway into the kiln is directly opposite to that of Kiln E and measures .40 m. in width. The level of the floor of the chamber is slightly lower than the level ofthe floor at the entranceway. The clay which once lined the walls remains to a height of only a few centimeters. The area around the firing chambers of Kilns E and F is clearly defined on the north by wall 497 and a continuation of it eastward which probably underlies the later wall241. The west ofthe area is limited by wall475, whichjoins wall474, to provide the south limit at the western end of the enclosure. The southeast corner of the area is defined by walls 448,481, and 482. The most likely place for an entranceway into the area of the two kilns is at the south between wall448 and the destroyed portion ofwall474. If this was indeed the entrance the door would have led into the stone-paved room lying to the south of wall 4 74, which is contemporary with Room 70. Remains ofburning appeared on the floor of the enclosed court, especially around the doorways to the two kilns. Connected with the enclosure around the two kilns is Room 70, lying in 11-B/C-9. It is bounded on its north side by wall481 ond on the west by wall 448. Its south and east limits could not be determined since they lie outside the limits of the excavation. Yellow clay covered the floor and the inside faces of its walls. At the juncture of walls 448 and 481 there appears a platform or step, which possibly served as a means of access to the kiln area from Room 70. Both the west end of wall 481 and the step were built directly over the entranceway into Kiln G below them. The regularity of the remaining tops of walls 481 and 448 would suggest that they stand at their original height and that they were nothing more than

76


retainers to separate the pottery working area of Room 70 from the court in which the the pottery was fired in the two kilns.

CoMPARISONs WITlt KILNs AT OTHER SITES

The plan of the U -shaped potter's kiln represented at our site is well attested in the ancient Near East, particularly in Palestine and Syria, where, as one might expect, there seems to have been a well established tradition in the ceramic industry. Gilbert Delcroix and Jean-Louis Huot have recently collected examples of kilns discovered in the area from the Indus to Anatolia, excluding Egypt, down to the time of Alexander, and classified them by the technology employed in a scheme of six general types. 1 Our Kiln G, with its firing chamber underground belongs to their Type IV, considered to have been a technological improvement over the kiln with its combustion chamber above the ground level and consequently subject to a greater loss of heat through radiation. Kilns E and F, however, have only a slightly despressed hearth in the firing chamber and conform in plan to Type III to which the Palestinian examples of the Iron I period at Megiddo 2 and Tell en-Nasbeh a belong. On the question of the upper chamber built to contain the pots to be fired Delcroix and Huot remark: "Lachambre superieure d'un four a deux etages n'est pas forcement recouverte d'une 'coupole'. Au contraire les tensions mecaniques crees par la chaleur, impossible a compenser dans 1'Antiquite, la fissureraient tres rapidement. On peut se contenter d'entourer le laboratoire d'un muret a paroi convexe, ou d'un depart du coupole, sans fermer celle-ci." 4 Such an arrangement for the upper chamber of Kiln G seems quite plausible and this explanation would obviate both the difficulty of explaining the absence of a foundation for a heavy wall that would have been required to support a stone-built domed chamber and the technical problem of constructing a domed chamber of clay without a center support.

1 "~es fours. dits ,'de potier' dans !'Orient Ancien," Syria, vol. 49, 1972, pp. 35-95. Since the completiOn of thts article there has been published a plan of a brick-built potter's kiln in Area H Strat~m 2 (LB I) at Razor (Y. Yadin, Hazar: the Head of All those Kingdoms, 1972, fig. 19, p. 82.) I~ was Situated 5 m. to the west of the bammah of the temple. Although poorly preserved, its plan would appear to be that of a bilobate structure. 2 P.L.O. Guy, Megiddo Tombs, 1938 (hereafter: Megiddo Tombs), p. 77, fig. 84, kilns no. 22 and 33. 8 C.C. McCown, Tell en-N~beh, vol. 1, 1947, p. 258, fig. 60 on p. 231. 4 Syria, vol. 49, 1972, pp. 37-38.


77

Some information on the technological problem of controls for combustion of fuel, and the flow of hot gasses which resulted from it, is provided by two observations made in the clearing of the firing chamber of Kiln G. One is that some of the flues in the top of the firing chamber appeared to have been intentionally blocked temporarily - probably at the last use of the kiln - by a well-fitted stone or stones. This device would have served to reduce the draft and thus slow the combustion of the fuel. Another method of achieving a similar reduction in the speed of combustion and thus regulating the heat available in the firing process was the temporary blocking of the doorway to the firing chamber. The almost total blocking of the entranceway which was encountered on the first disclosure of the firing chamber was in all probability the result of an effort on the part of the potters to slow down the rate of combustion at the end of the last firing in which the kiln was used.

ANALYSIS oF PoTTERY FoRMS

A sizeable sample of pottery, amounting to 7,617 sherds, was collected from the level immediately above the floor of the working area of Kilns E and F and the floor of Room 70, which was associated with this kiln complex (II-A-8, levels 4-1 and 4-2; II-A-9,level5;II-B-8,level5;and II-B-9,level5). The assemblage from Kiln G and Room 74 was considerably larger, consisting of 20,085 sherds (II-A-8, levels 5 and 5-1; II-A-9, level 6; II-B-8, level 6; and II-B-9, level 5, only west of wall 448 in the 1972 season). Since the stratigraphy of these two kiln complexes is relatively certain - when Kiln G. was abandoned, Kilns E and F were constructed - the quantitative analysis of pottery forms in the sequence is of interest. This sequence of ceramic development can be further enlarged by material found below the floor of the working area of Kiln G. In the closing weeks of the 1972 season the floor of Room 74 was partly removed in II-B-8 (level 7) and in a small section of II-A-9 (levels 7 and 7-1). In both of these areas a floor level of occupation was reached. Although the sample of sherds numbers only 2,024, it will su:f,licie for making some comparisons with the pottery of the level of Kiln G above. In the computations this material will be designated as "Below Kiln G." In appraising the results in the following analysis of the frequency of rim forms it is important to keep in mind the character of the debris in which the pottery was found. It is impossible to tell from the sections of the balks which were left during the excavation (to be published in the final report) what part of the detritus had accumulated during the occupation and use of the area and what had constituted a fill for the construction of a later floor. Yet there is no evidence for an extensive filling

78

THE POTTERS' KILNS IN SOt1N:OING


process upon the laying of either the floor for the Kiln G complex or that of Kilns E and F. The area was level at the time of the construction of the working area for the two kiln systems, Kiln G and Kilns E-F. Existing structures were merely levelled and accumulations of debris from earlier industrial activity were smoothed over to form the base for a new floor. There was no indication from the balks of a deposit of humus or wind-blown soil to suggest a period of desertion between either Below Kiln G and Kiln G or between Kiln G and Kilns E and F. If these observations are correct, then the samples which we have for these three levels are fairly homogeneous and should provide a measure of the frequency of forms for each of the levels. To be sure, we have excluded from the tally those pottery samples which came from foundation and robber trenches as well as from the balks as they were being removed. Since the floors sealed the debris below, it is certain that no sherd below the floor can be later than the time of the construction of the floor. In the following table the figures for the frequency of the various forms of the type series shown in Chapter III are presented as they appeared in each of the three levels, Kiln E-F, Kiln G, and Below Kiln G. The actual number of forms is given to the left of each column; the percentage of the total body sherds (including heavy body sherds) is given to the right. For the visual presentation of the results of this analysis by bar graphs we have chosen only those types of rims which had a frequency in any one of the three samples of more than .10 per cent of the total body sherds (except for CP-4, which was excluded because of the small sample of only four sherds in Below Kiln G). In the bar graphs the actual nu~ber of sherds on which the percentage is based is given in parentheses after the notation oflevel. Each x represents .03 per cent of total body sherds.

79

X

ANALYSIS OF POTTERY FORMS FROM THE THREE LEVELS IN THE AREA OF THE KILNS (For illustration ofForms, see Figs. 17-25)

Form F-1 F-2 C-1 C-5 X-1 X-3 X-5 X-9 X-10 X-11 X-12 X-15 X-17 DB-1 DB-6 DB-8 DB-10 DB-22 K-6 K-7 K-9 D-2 D-4 D-5 D-14 D-19 J-1 J-2 J-3

BELOW KILN G

KILN G

KILN E-F

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

18

.24

.31

.04 .03 .07 .01 .03 .16 .01 .04 .07 .09 .08 .01 .01 .04

.43 .01 .32

6

3 2 5 1 2 12 1 3 5 7 6 1 1 3

82 2 61 5 4 2 6

.03 .02 .01 .03

1

.05

4 5 273 95 1 3 9 1 2 2 7 4 3 2 1 3

.02 .03 1.42 .50 .01 .02 .05 .01 .01 .01 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01 .02

8 14

.41

1

.01 1 1 1

.01 .01 .01

.72

80


Form J-7 CP-1 CP-4 CP-6 CP-10 CP-14 SJ-1 SJ-2 SJ-4 SJ-6 SJ-7 SJ-8 SJ-10 SJ-18 RR-1 RR-2 RR-4 Total Forms HBS BS Total BS

No.

%

No.

%

1

.01

1

.01 .06 .01 .03 .01 .01 .03 .01 .03 .19 .89 .03 .05 .04 .06 .21 .03 4.70 17.72 82.28 100.

11

34 1 6 6 6 10 1

.46 .01 .08 .08 .08 .13 .01

18 6 6 166

.24 .08 .08 2.23

2 5 1 1 5 2 5 37 170 6 10 7 12 40 6 901

263 7,188 7,451

3.53 96.47 100.

3,399 15,785 19,184

81


No.

4

4 29

%

.21

.21 1.49

1 10

.05 .51

77

3.9.5

626 1;321 1,947

32.15 67.85 100.

FREQUENCY OF DIAGNOSTIC RIMS IN LEVELS OF KILN AREA F-1 E-F (18) xxxxxxxx G (82) xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Below G (6) xxxxxxxxxx C-1 E-F (3) X G (61) xxxxxxxx:xxx Below G 0 X-9 E-F (12) xxxxx G (6) X Below G 0

X-15 E-F (7) G (273) Below G (8) X-17 E-F (6) G (95) Below G (14) S]-1 E-F (34) G (5) Below G SJ-6 E-F (6) G (37) Below G (4) SJ-7 E-F (6) G (170) Below G (29) SJ-8 E-F (10) G (6) Below G RR-1 E-F (18) G (12) Below G (1) RR-2 E-F (6) G (40) Below G (10)

XXX

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx XXX

xxxxxxxxxx:xxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx X

0 XXX

xxxxxx xxxxxxx XXX

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

XX

xxxx X

0

xxxxxxxx XX XX

XXX

xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

SUMMARY OF THE FREQUENCIES WITHIN THE THREE LEVELS AS SHOWN ON THE PRECEDING CHART Below Kiln G: SJ -7 is the most popular form in the lowest level; from this period onward it diminishes in a regular decline through the two upper levels.

82


Among the bowls, X-17 is most frequent; and its percentages diminish regularly in the levels above. There is a substantial representation in Below Kiln G of F-1 and X-15, but both are more frequent in the level above. SJ-6 appears in a slightly higher percentage in Below Kiln G than in the two levels above it. In Below Kiln G, RR-2 is more than twice as frequent as it is in Kiln G; a further decline continues in Kiln E-F. Important forms that are totally lacking in Below Kiln G are C-1, X-9, SJ-1 and SJ-8. Heavy body sherds (HBS), which are usually associated with the RR type of vessel, constitute 32.15 per cent of the total body sherds in Below Kiln G. The percentage of HBS declines sharply in Kiln G to 17.72 per cent. In Kiln E-F the percentage is only 3.53. Kiln G: The considerable sample of 19,184 body sherds from the levels associated with Kiln G makes this collection a most valuable indicator of ceramic forms for the date when the structure was in use. The prevalent type of vessel is the bowl X-15, which is represented by a sample of273 fragments, representing 1.42 per cent of the total body sherds. The type appears in Below Kiln G and greatly diminishes in the Kiln E-F level. Kiln G also had a greater percentage of bowl F -1 than either the levels below or above it. For bowl X-17 Kiln G stands between Below Kiln G, where its greatest frequency occurs, and Kiln E-F, where the form is in decline. The profile of SJ -7 is similar: the frequency of this type is greatest in Below Kiln G and is greatly reduced in Kiln E-F. The same pattern appears for RR-2, which has its greatest frequency in Below Kiln G, is reduced to about one-half in Kiln G, and to about one-fourth in Kiln E-F. Bowls F-1 and C-1 are most frequent in Kiln G. F-1 is only slightly as well represented in Below Kiln G and in Kiln E-F; C-1 does not appear in Below Kiln G and is only slightly present in Kiln E-F. Kiln E-F: The levels lying above the floor of the two kilns E and F produced a sizeable sample, 7,452 body sherds, for a quantitative analysis. The dominant type of storage jar is SJ-1, which did not appear in Below Kiln G and was barely represented in Kiln G. Second to this dominant type is SJ-8, which, like SJ-1, is not present in Below Kiln G and is poorly represented in Kiln G. Although SJ-7 is represented, its low percentage is in marked contrast to the overwhelming predominance of the type in Kiln G and Below Kiln G. Kiln E-F show1; a strong usage ofRR-1, in marked contrast to the dominance ofRR-2 in Kiln G and Below Kiln G. Bowl X-9 is well represented; its does not appear in Below Kiln G and is sparse in Kiln G. One example ofD-19, the only one in this series of kiln levels, is recorded for Kiln E-F.


83

Dates for the Levels In addition to the large sample of sherds found in the complex of Kiln G there were several complete vessels and other artifacts which serve to provide approximate dates for the use of this well preserved kiln. Although the sherds are yet to be published, there was noted on the pottery type sheets the presence in the levels associated with Kiln G of two Mycenaean sherds, one base-ring handle and one fragment of a Cypriote milk bowl. The presence of these imports points to a date somewhere toward the end of the Late Bronze period for the context in which they were found. Also reported in the pottery sorting were two strainer spouts and nine potter's tools. The better preserved ceramic evidence consisting of more or less complete forms ofvessels is published in this report. Two small goblets (Figs. 28:6-7, 63:5-6) were found sitting directly on the clay floor of Room 74. These have close parallels in goblets from the Late Bronze II period found at Lachish 5 and Megiddo. 6 There was a complete storage jar with an angular shoulder and depressed mouth and rim (Figs. 24:6, 50 :2). It resembles both in profile and in the thickness of its walls the wine jar from Tomb 101 at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh in the Jordan Valley, 7 which would appear to have been used at about the end of the Late Bronze period. There is also a bowl with a high trumpet base (Fig. 28:5), which would also fit into the horizon of this period. A fragmentary figure of the Egyptian Bes (Fig. 58 :5) also came from this level. The most important object, however, is a ribbed jar handle incised with a Ugaritic inscription (Sar. 3102, Fig. 30:4, 55:2; for a discussion of this inscription see Chapter VI). Although the inscription was found on the floor of a room to the south ofwall489 (II-A-9, level 6) the absolute level ofits floor was the same as that of Room 74, which belongs to the kiln complex. The major part of the room lies outside of the excavated area, but there can be little doubt about it belonging to the same level as that of Kiln G. From the evidence cited above it would appear that Kiln G was built and used at the end of the Late Bronze period. One further indicator of date must be mentioned. When the floor ofRoom 74 was removed toward the end ofthe 1972 season there was discovered a post hole, .45 m. deep, just north of the wall489. In it were the remnants of charred wood. Although it was discovered while cleaning the floor

5 6

Lachish II, pl. 47B:234. Megiddo Tombs, pl. 57:8.

J.B. Pritchard, "New Evidence on the Role of the Sea Peoples ... ," in W.A. Ward, ed., of Mediterranean Civilizations, 1968, p. 106, fig. 2: I ; see ibid. p. 101 for listing of parallels from Palestine, Syria and Egypt. 7

The Role of the Phoenicians in the Interaction

84


of II-A-9, level 7, slightly below the clay that covered the floor of Room 74, it is possible that the hole was dug from the layer above and that clay from Room 74 had washed over the opening to the hole. Thus there remains the strong possibility that the post is to be equated in date to the construction of the Kiln G complex. The wood from the hole, which measured .30 by .35m. in plan, has been analyzed in the C-14 laboratory of MASCA (No. F-1946) and found to have a date of 1290 ± 52 B.C. (5730 half-life with M.I.T.-MASCA correction). With this independent determination it seems likely that Kiln G is to be placed within the thirteenth century B. C. It can be seen from the bar graphs of diagnostic rims that the continuity of forms is greater between Below Kiln G and Kiln G than it is between Kiln G and the later level. Bowl X-17 which is most frequent in Below Kiln G, continues to be popular in Kiln G. SJ-7, SJ-6 and RR-2 follow the same trend. It is also apparent that X-15 and F-1, which are most numerous in Kiln G, are also well represented in Below Kiln G. The repertoire of forms in these two levels is remarkably similar; only the proportions change from one level to the other. There are two well preserved vessels from Below Kiln G. The form is that of a large basin with straight sides, a rolled rim ofthe RR-6 type (Fig. 25:8). At the base there is a large spout, by which the contents could be drained completely. It is impossible to say what function this basin had. The time span covered by the occupation called Below Kiln G can not be fixed with any degree of certainty. As the changes in pottery styles are minor, it would be inadvisable to allow more than a century for its duration. Thus we are inclined to assign it tentatively to the fourteenth century, solely for the reason that it is earlier than Kiln G and remarkably close to it in the pottery styles it employed. The transition in pottery forms from Kiln G to Kiln E-F is most marked by the production of a new type of heavy rim storage jar, types SJ-1 and SJ-8. The thin, plain rim types SJ -6 and SJ -7, which had been popular in the two earlier periods, has almost completely disappeared. RR-1 supplanted the earlier RR-2 almost completely. And the lighter bowl X-9 seems to have taken the place of the characteristic forms X-15 and X-17. It is also significant that one mushroom-lip decanter, D-19, is reported from this level. Unfortunately the sample is small for Kiln E-F. Yet it is apparent that the two kilns and associated remains belong to the Iron I period. How long they were in use cannot at the moment be estimated.

V. THE IMPORTED POTTERY BY

ELLEN HERSCHER

Numerous pieces of pottery not native to the Syro-Palestinian coast were found during the 1970-1972 seasons of excavation at Sarafand. The twenty examples chosen for presentation in this preliminary report are those types which can be readily and accurately dated, and examples from provenances pertinent to the levels and areas with which the preliminary report as a whole deals. The objective has been to help provide a chronological framework for the stratified pottery and other artifacts of local origin. In general the types represent those characteristic of foreign pottery found in the Levant from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Thus it appears that Sarafand was a typical settlement, at least in its commercial contacts. The final study of the complete corpus of imported pottery will undoubtedly contribute much new information toward a better understanding of these contacts. It is not the intention in this preliminary report to grapple with the complex problems of Syro-Palestinian chronology and the controversies concerning its relationship to that of Cyprus. 1 Nor have we attempted here to treat the fine points of Mycenaean pottery analysis and its historical implications. 2 Rather, for the purposes ofthe present report, it was judged adequate to use the standard basic chronological systems, which at least provide a ready frame-of-reference for those wishing to make adjustments and alterations. Therefore, the absolute dates given below are based upon the following works: P. Astrom, The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, 1957 (for the Cypriote Middle Bronze Age); A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery, vol. II: Chronology, 1941, pp. 110 ff. and A. Furumark, "The Mycenaean IIIC Pottery and its Relation to Cypriote Fabrics," Opuscula Archaeologica, vol. 3, 1944, p. 252 (Mycenaean); E. Gjerstad, Swedish Cyprus Expedition, val. IV :2, The Cypro-Geometric, 1 For a recent summary and evaluation, with bibliography, seeJ.N. Goldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery, 1968, pp. 318-320. 2 On this subject, see the recent and exhaustive volume, The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1973.

86


Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical Periods, 1948 (Cypriote Iron Age [CyproGeometric and Cypro-Archaic]); J.N. Goldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery, 1968 (Greek Geometric).

CATALOGUE

1. Rim sherd from Cypriote Red-on-Black open vessel (Figs. 26:1, 51 :1). II-L-20, level 28-1, mixed; Stratum G (probable). Handmade; plain vertical rim; diam. of rim: 19 em. Colors: (a) 7.5YR 7/4; (b-e) 7.5YR 7f6; (d) 2.5YR 4/6 (exterior), 2.5YR 5/8 (interior); (e) lOR 3/6 (exterior), lOR 4/4 (interior). Slightly lustrous slip, black on the exterior, red on the interiorexcept foranarrow black band around the interior rim; matt painted decoration: vertical lines on the exterior, short horizontal lines on the interior. Cypriote Red-on-Black ware is widely distributed in the eastern Mediterranean coastal area in the latter part of the Middle Bronze Age and in the Late Bronze Age. Its place of manufacture seems to have been Cyprus' long northeastern peninsula, the Karpas, and it begins to appear during the second phase of the Cypriote Middle Bronze Age. 3 The interior ofthisparticular sherd represents a variation of the general class known as "Red-on-Red" ware, although this distinction is thought to be due to inconsistencies in the firing process, the combination of both the red and the black backgrounds in a regular way on the same piece indicates that this effect may have been intentional. Exported Red-on-Black ware seems to reflect its northeastern origin, since it is known from Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor, but not yet reported from Egypt. 4 It has been found mostly on the coast, but has not previously been noted in the Lebanon. Yet it may well be that the extremely fugitive nature of the red paint has made the ware difficult to identify. The most common shape is the open bowl, like this sherd from Sarafand. The main period of export is Middle Cypriote III to Late Cypriote I, roughly the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries B.C. 2. Body sherd from Cypriote White Painted (handmade) "Pendent Line Style" closed vessel (Fig. 51 :2).

3

P. Astrom, "Red-on-Black Ware," Opuscula Atheniensia, vol. 5, 1964, p. 78. P. Astrom, The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, 1957, pp. 226-229; P. Astrom, "Red-on-Black," Opuscula Atheniensia, vol. 5, 1964, pp. 79-81, fig. 5 (map); Swedish Cyprus Expedition (hereafter: SCE), vol. IV:ID, 1972, p. 718. 4

THE IMPORTED POTTERY

87

II-L-21, basin; Stratum G. Colors: (a) IOYR 8/3; (b) 5YR 6/6; (c) IOYR 6/6; (e) 2.5YR 4/6. Very slightly lustrous slip; matt painted decoration: four narrow parallel lines, a wavy line on either side. White Painted "Pendent Line Style" is another type of early Cypriote pottery widely distributed abroad, but with a more southern orientation than Red-onBlack ware. 5 Two previously known examples were found, along with other Cypriote pottery, in tombs at Qraye and Majdalouna, in the region of Sidon, and thus not far from Sarafand. 6 The Sarafand sherd probably also comes from a juglet, the most commonly exported shape. The type appears late in the White Painted (handmade) series, probably not before the end of Middle Cypriote II. 7 Occurrences abroad are generally in early Late Bronze Age contexts: the Majdalouna tomb is dated by the excavator to the sixteenth to early fifteenth centuries B.C., the Qraye tomb to the mid-fifteenth. s 3. Body sherd from Mycenaean IIIA:2 closed vessel 9 (Fig. 51 :3). II-C-9, level 7-1. Colors: (a) 5YR 6f6; (b) 5YR 7/6; (c) 7.5YR 6/4; (e) 2.5YR 4/8. Matt slip; lustrous painted decoration: four narrow between two wide horizontal lines. This sherd probably comes from a globular false-necked jar or flask which, when decorated with only linear decoration, is typical of the Levanto-Mycenaean style.1° This particular arrangement -narrow lines between two broad ones -is classified by Furumark as Type C, the dominant linear decoration of the Mycenaean IIIA:2

5

P. Astrom, The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, 1957, pp. 212-215. P.E. Guigues, "Necropoles de la region sidonienne," BMB, vol. 3, 1939, pp. 52-58, pl. XIIb; M. Chehab, "Tombes Pheniciennes: Majdalouna," BMB, vol. 4, 1940, p. 50, fig. 3e. 7 P. Astrom, The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, p. 215. 8 P.E. Guigues, "Necropoles de la region sidonienne," MBM, vol. 3, 1939, p. 58. 9 The inclusion of Mycenaean ware among the "Imported Pottery" is not intended to imply a position in regard to the controversy concerning the place of manufacture of the Mycenaean pottery found in the Levant. Rather, evidence being lacking to suggest that this ware was made at Sarafand itself, we have assumed that it was imported. Tests to ascertain its ultimate place of origin have not yet been made; although, as is standard in Middle Eastern contexts, it is always accompanied by Cypriote White Slip II and Base-ring II pottery. For recent discussions on the general problem, see The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1973. 10 A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery, vol. I: Analysis and Classification, 1941, pp. 428, 535; F· Stubbings, Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant, 1951, p. 72. 6

7

88

89



period. 11 Historically, this period (roughly the fourteenth century B.C.) is the time of the great expansion of Mycenaean trade in the eastern Mediterranean; 12 thus Sarafand appears to have been a participant of this first wave. This sherd is comparable to stirrup jars found previously in a tomb at Sarafand. 1 3

ofthe late fourteenth century B.C. The same motif appears, but horizontally, on the shoulder zone of a two-handled jar from Sarafand.17

4. Sherd from shoulder of Mycenaean IIIA:2 pyxis (Figs. 26:2, 51 :4). 11-C-9, level 7-1. Diam. of vessel at shoulder: 13 em. Colors: (a-b) 101rFl 7/4; (c) 101rFl 7/3; (e) 7.51rFl N2.5. Matt slip; lustrous painted decoration: narrow horizontal lines on shoulder, wide horizontal line on carination. This sherd appears to be from a vessel of Furumark's shape 94, a "squat jar with angular profile." This type becomes fairly common in Cyprus in the Mycenaean IliA: 2 period (fourteenth century B.C.), where it appears to replace the alabastron and is one of the most common shapes in the Levant. 14 The decoration is comparable to that of No. 3 above. 5. Body sherd from Mycenaean IIIA:2 closed vessel (Fig. 51 :5). 11-K-20, level 28:3. Colors: (a) 101rFl 7/4; (b-e) 51rFl 6J6; (e) 2.51rFl 4/8. Matt slip; lustrous painted decoration: an S-curve with a portion of a second one below it, to the left; two vertical lines to the right. The decoration of this sherd is a variety of the "Wavy Line" motif, Furumark 53. 7, which disintegrates in this way in late IIIA:2 to become the "Quirk" motif 48. 15 Here it is used in a composition which is typical of the "Quirk"· in IIIB, placed in a metope. 16 The late characteristics of the sherd suggest an absolute date

11 A. Furumark, op. cit., pp. 515-516; E. French, "Late Helladic IIIA:2 Pottery from Mycenae," Annual of the British School at Athens (hereafter: ABSA), vol. 60, 1965, p. 173. 12 • E .. French, o~; cit., p. 159; Stubbings, op. cit., pp. 31-32, 105; V. Hankey, "Mycenaean Pottery m. th~ M~ddle East, ABSA, vol. 62, 1967, pp. 107-147, esp. p. 145; G:. Cadogan, "Patterns in the D1st~1but10n of Mycenaean Pottery in the East Mediterranean," in The Mycenaeans in the Eastern J:I.edzterranean, pp. 168-169; P. Astri:im, "Comments on the Corpus of Mycenaean Pottery in Cyprus," zbzd., p. 123 (chart). · 13 D.C. Baramki, "A Late Bronze Age Tomb at Sarafend, Ancient Sarepta," Berytus, vol. 12, 1956-58, pl. 14:7,9; V. Hankey, op. cit., pp. 121-122. 14 Frank H. Stubbings, Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant, 1951, p. 35 · V. Hankey "Mycenaean Pottery in the Middle East," ABSA, vol. 62, 1967, p. 145. ' ' 16 A Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery, vol. I, 1954, p. 371. 1 6 A. Furumark, ibid., p. 360.

6. Fragment of Mycenaean chariot figurine (Fig. 51 :9). 11-A-9, level 7. Part of neck, body, and front leg of one horse and part of front horizontal crosspiece which connected it to a second horse preserved. Colors: (a) 7.51rFl 6/6; (b) 7.51rFl 6/8; (c) 5Y 5/1; (e) 2.5YFl 5/8. Somewhat lustrous slip and painted decoration: "Ladder Type'~ bands on leg, neck, body and cross-piece. This type of figurine is quite well known in mainland Greece, but has rarely been found in the eastern Mediterranean. 18 None of the examples published from Flas Shamra are particularly close parallels to the Sarafand fragment, although the one from the built Grande Tombe VI at Minet el-Beida is most similar. 19 They seem generally to date to early Mycenaean IIIB, but the study in progress by Joost Crouwel 20 should clarify them further. 7. Fragment of Mycenaean Psi type figurine (Fig. 51 :6). 11-K-20, level 28-3. Left breast, shoulder, and lower arm preserved. Colors: (a) 101rFl 7/4; (b-e) 7.5YFl 7/4; (e) 2.51rFl 3/4, varying to 2.51rFl 5/8. Matt slip; lustrous painted decoration: slightly wavy parallel vertical lines on back and front. This example appears to belong to the class of Mycenaean Psi figurines with columnar stem and natural waistline, usually dated to Mycenaean IIIB. 21 They have been found nearly everywhere that Mycenaean material has been found. French, in her discussion of their distribution, comments that such figurines seem to indicate the actual presence of Mycenaean people, rather than simply commercial relations. The type has been found at many Levantine sites, including Ain Shems, Lachish, Minet el-Beida, and Flas Shamra. 22 17 D.C. Baramki, "A Late Bronze Age Tomb at Sarafend, Ancient Sarepta," Berytus, vol. 12, 1956-58, pl. 15:38. 18 E. French, "The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines," ABSA, vol. 66 1971 p. 185 (chart of distribution). ' ' 19 C.F.A. Schaeffer, Ugaritica II, 1949, fig. 59.19. 2 0 Cf. E. French, op. cit., p. 164. 21 E. French, op. cit., pp. 128-131. 22 E. French, op. cit., pp. 185-187 (chart).

90


8. Three body sherds from Mycenaean IIIB closed vessel (Fig. 51 :7). From one or two similar vessels. II-L-20, level 27-3; Stratum G. Colors: (a) lOYR 7{6; (b) 10YR 7{4; (c) 7.5YR 7{6; (e) 2.5YR 4/6. Lustrous slip; lustrous painted decoration: narrow horizontal lines with wide lines above and below; streak dripping down from (?) neckfbody join. The decoration of this vessel displays the disintegration of Furumark's Type C linear decoration, which begins to occur in Mycenaean IIIB (ca. 1300-1230 B.C.). 23 This is also the time when vases with linear decoration only are most common. 24 The piece can be compared with a stirrup jar from a tomb at Sa~afand. 25 · 9. Rim sherd of Mycenaean late IIIBJearly IIIC:l open vessel (Figs. 26:3, 51 :8). II-A-8, level 5; Room 74. Slightly flaring rim; diam. of rim 19 em. Colors: (a-b) lOYR 7/4; (c) 5YR 6{6; (e) 5YR 3/3, varying to 5YR 4/6. Matt slip; slightly lustrous painted decoration: wide line around rim edge; on the exterior, a cross-hatched area to the left, two vertical lines to the right of it. The shape of the vessel from which this sherd comes is comparable to Furumark's shape 305, dated Mycenaean IIIB to IIIC:l (early), that is, approximately the thirteenth century B.C. The decoration is Furumark's motif 57.2, the "Diaper Net," which appears in triglyph designs of this sort also in the IIIB to early IIIC:l periods. 26 An exact parallel comes from Mycenae, dated to LH IIIB :2. 27 10. Fragmentary Mycenaean IIIC:1 deep bowl (Figs. 26:4, 52:1). Sar. 3259, II-K-21, level 28; Stratum G. Complete ring base, part of conical body, slightly flaring rim; one horizontal handle preserved, round in section, on upper body; diam. of rim: 14 em.; diam. of base: 5 em.; height: 10 em. Colors: (a) lOYR 7{3, varying to 10YR8f3; (b-e) 7.5YR 7/4; (e) 5YR 3/2 (exterior). 2.5YR 8.3 (interior). Matt slip; matt painted decoration: on the exterior, a line around the rim, a wide 23

A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery, vol. I, 1941, pp. 524, 534; cf. Import No. 3 above. Ibid., p. 428. 25 D.C. Baramki, "A Late Bronze Age Tomb at Sarafend, Ancient Sarepta," Berytus, vol. 12, 1956-58, pl. 14:3. 26 A. Furumark, Mycenaean Pottery, vol. I, 1941, p. 379. 27 E. French, "A Group of Late Helladic IIIB:2 Pottery from Mycenae," ABSA, vol. 64, 1969, p. 81, fig. 6.6. 24


91

horizontal line below the handle and around the base; antithetic spirals, with a solar disk between, on the upper body; a wide line on outside of the handle, a curved line around either handle attachment; interior painted solid except for reserved circle in center. Deep bowls combining antithetic spirals (Furumark motif 50.27) and a mono~ chrome interior are characteristic of early Mycenaean IIIC: 1. 28 The central "Sea Anemone" motif, Furumark 27.32, is also dated to IIIC:l. The general type has been discussed by Dikaios, but the examples from Enkomi do not have painted interiors and may be slightly later than the Sarafand piece. The discovery of IIIC pottery at Sarafand is extremely important, as it is very rare in the Levant. 29 An absolute date around the end of the thirteenth century B.C. is likely. 11. Sherd from rim and body of Mycenaean III C: 1b deep bowl, including one piece of handle attachment (Figs. 26:5, 52 :3). II-C-9, level 6; Kiln G. Flaring rim; horizontal handle, oval in section; diam. of rim: 14 em. Colors: (a) IOYR 7/3; (b-e) 7.5YR 6/4; (e) 2.5YR 5/6. Matt slip; matt painted decoration: wide line around rim edge, extending down rim exterior and interior; wide curved line following handle attachment; narrow diagonal line from below handle attachment; wide horizontal band below handle attachment. The narrow line to the left of the handle is undoubtedly the beginning of a "Stemmed Spiral," Furumark motif 51, which appears as a main element of decoration in Mycenaean IIIB-C. An exact parallel is an early Mycenaean IIIC:lb deep bowl from Pyla-Kokkinokremos, Cyprus, comparable to bowls from Enkomi Level IliA (dated 1220/10 -1190). 30 According to Furumark's dating, the piece would date to the early twelfth century B.C. 31

28 E. French, "The First Phase of LH IIIC," Archiiologischer Anzeiger, 1969, p. 135; A. Furumark Mycenaean Pottery, vol. I, 1941, p. 429. 29 P. Dikaios, Enkomi, vol. II, 1971 pp. 844-845; A. Furumark, "The Excavations at Sinda: Some Historical Results," Opuscula Atheniensia, vol. 6, 1965, pp. 107, 110, 115 (chart); P. Astrom, SCE, vol. IV:lD, 1972, pp. 695, 776; V. Hankey, "Mycenaean Pottery the Middle East," ABSA, vol. 62, 1967, pp. 113-114, 127-128, 143, 146; idem., "Late Mycenaean Pottery at Beth-Shan," American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 70, 1966, pp. 169-171; F. Stubbings, Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant, 1951, pp. 108-109; F. Asaro, I. Perlman, M. Dothan, "An Introductory Study of Mycenaean IIIC:l Ware from Tel Ashdod," Archaeometry, vol. 13, 1971, pp. 169-175. 3 0 P. Dikaios, Enkomi, 1971, vol. II, pp. 905-906; vol. Ilia, pl. 238.7; see discussion of type, vol. II, pp. 844-845. 31 A. Furumark, "The Mycenaean IIIC Pottery and its Relation to Cypriote Fabrics," Opuscula Archaeologica, vol. 3, 1944, p. 262. ·

92

93



12. Part of neck and rim from Cypriote Bichrome (Wheel-made) I amphora (Figs. 26 :6A-B, 52 :4). II-A/B-4, Room. 71, level 4. Conical neck, flat everted rim, broken spool-shaped projection on rim; diam. of rim: 27 em.

lozenge motifs below the handle, and this lack of decorative development may also indicate a fairly early date.

Colors: (b) 5YR 7j6; (c) 5YR 6J6; (d) 2.5Y 8/2; (e) 2.5YR N3/, lOR 3/4. Matt slip; matt painted decoration: triglyphs and rosettes in metopes in black on the neck; wide black line around neck/body join; rim solid black on edge and. underside, hatched band around the top; red projection; wide black band around rim interior; Close parallels to this amphora .are known from Marion, near Polis, in northwest Cyrpus. 32 All these are in White Painted (Wheel-made) ware- in contrast to the Sarafand amphora which has a small touch of red paint along with the predominant black-and are dated to early Cypro-Geometric I. 33 The added red paint, the somewhat more conical neck, and sharper rim may suggest that the Sarafand piece is slightly later, 34 probably late Cypro-Geometric I or early II, therefore an absolute date in the tenth century B.C. 13. Cypriote White Painted (Wheel-made) II barrel jug (Figs. 26:7, 52:5). Sar. 1364, II-K-20, levell8 (1970); Stratum D2 (stratigraphically earlier; could be El). Short barrel-shaped body with knob on either end, cylindrical neck with ridge; vertical handle, oval in section, from lower neck to upper body; rim not preserved; length of body: 20 em. Colors: (a-c) 2.5Y 8/2; (e) 5YR 2.5/2. Matt slip; matt painted decoration: encircling wide and narrow lines on the body, dot on each end; horizontal lines on the neck; vertical hatched band on handle exterior. Because of its short, nearly globular body with flattened ends and its fairly cylindrical neck with low ridge, this jug should be assigned to early in CyproGeometric II (late tenth century B.C.). 35 It is unusual in lacking cross-hatched

32

SCE, vol. II, 1935, pl. LXXI, row 1 :3,5; pl. LXXIII. 3, row 1:2. E. Gjerstad, SCE, vol. IV :2, The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical Periods, 1948, p. 187 (chart). 33

34

E. Gjerstad, "Pottery Types, Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical," Opuscula Atheniensia, vol. 3, 1960, p. 119. 35 E. Gjerstad, ibid., p. 114.

14. Two sherds from Cypriote Bichrome (Wheel-made) III bowl (Fig. 26:8, 52 :2). II-D-6 (5-6) Balk, over Kiln S, level 8-1. One from plain vertical rim, other from lower body at carination; no actual join, but ware and decoration closely similar in all respects; diam. of rim: 20 em. Colors: (a-b) lOYR 8/3; (c) lOYR 6/4; (e) lOR 4/4, 5YR 3/1. Matt slip; matt painted decoration: op. the rim exterior, a double X adjoining three vertical lines in a horizontal band, in black; a wide red band, three black lines below it, horizontally on the rim interior; a black line around the rim edge; on the lower body exterior, a vertical zigzag line framed by three vertical lines on either side, adjoining a double diagonal line. Unfortunately, the best available parallel for this bowl is without context. 36 Stylistically, the date indicated is the latter part of Cypro-Geometric III, probably the eight century B.C. This classification is based mainly upon the shape characteristics of angular profile and somewhat flaring rim set off by a bordering ridge. 37 15. Cypriote Bichrome (Wheel-made) III barrel juglet (Figs. 26:9, 53:1). Sar. 1359, II-K-21, Room 32, level 9; Stratum D2. Barrel-shaped body with knob on either end, cylindrical neck, flaring rim, handle, from lower neck to mid-body, not preserved; height: 9.5 em. Colors: (a-c) lOYR 7/4; (e) lOR 3/2, lOR 4/3. Matt slip; matt painted decoration: narrow black lines framed by wide lines encircling the body; on the ends, several narrow black and one wide red concentric circles, a black dot in the center; on the neck, three narrow horizontal black lines, a wide red band on the rim exterior. This juglet is classified stylistically on the basis of the shape of the neck, which flares into a funnel-shaped rim, and the proportions of the body (degree of tapering and elongation). 38 An excellent parallel is Lapithos Tomb 403.116, dated to CyproGeometric IliA, so or the late ninth to early eighth centuries.

36 E. Gjerstad, SCE, vol. IV:2, 1948, fig. XVIII.8 =Cyprus Museum, B. 506, from Tamassos . . (actually Bichrome ware). • 37 E. Gjerstad, "Pottery Types, Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-C1assical," Opuscula Athemensza, vol. 3, 1960, p. 112. 38 Ibid., p. 114. so E. Gjerstad, SCE, vol. IV:2, 1948, fig. XXII. 6.

94


16. Rim sherd with handle, from Cypriote Black-on-Red I (III) bowl (Figs. 26: 10, 53:3). II-B-7, level 10 (sealed). Plan vertical rim; horizontal handle, round in section, below rim; diam. of rim: 15 em. Color: (a) 2.5YR 5/6; (b-e) 5YR 6J6; (e) 7.5YR N4f. Hand-burnished horizontally before painting. Matt painted decoration: wide line around the rim edge, extending down rim exterior and interior; another wide line below, on rim interior; handle solid black. This piece has been classified as Black-on-Red I (III) mainly on the basis of its fabric, the characteristic thick polished slip and matt paint. An example of similar handles, joined to the body of the bowl, is Amathus Tomb 5.27. 40 A date of the late ninth to the early eighth centuries B.C. is suggested. 17. Neck and half of rim from Cypriote Black-on-Red I (III) two handled flask (Figs. 26:11, 53:4). II-K-21, level 7; Stratum Dl. Cylindrical neck with ridge, flaring rim; diam. of rim: 3.75 em. Colors: (a) 5YR 5{6; (b-e) 5YR 6/6; (e) 5YR 3/1. Burnished with vertical strokes after painting. Painted decoration: wide line around rim edge, narrow horizontal lines with a wide line below on the rim exterior; line above neck ridge; wavy line between handles, continuing above place of attachement; horizontal line at neck/body join. Questions regarding the origin, manufacture, and distribution of these fine Black-on-Red vessels are much discussed, but this example probably comes from Cyprus. 41 An excellent parallel in all respects is one from a tomb at Kapouti, near near Nicosia, dated to Cypro-Geometric III, 42 or an absolute date of about 850 to 750 B.C.


95

II-B-5, level 4-2, kiln. Ring base with convex center, globular body; diam of base: 6 em. Colors: (b-e) lOYR 6{4; (d) 2.5YR 5{6; (e) 2.5YR N3f. Finely made; slip unevenly applied, somewhat lustrous in places; slightly burnished before painting. Matt painted decoration: concentric circles of various sizes; intersecting horizontal and vertical circular bands of parallel lines. This type of jug is certainly Cypriote, 43 but the great variation exhibited by the fabric seems to suggest several centers of manufacture. It can be closely dated, by its occurrences and imitation in the West, to the early East Greek Late Geometric period. 44 In Cyprus, an example from Salamis Tomb 31 is securely dated to CyproArchaic I. 4 5 Therefore an absolute date of the late eighth century B.C. is most probable for the Sarafand piece. 19. Rim sherd with part of body and one piece of handle attachment, from Cypriote Bichrome (Wheel-made) IV bowl (Figs. 26:13, 53:2). II-B-7, wall 240 N. Plain vertical rim, horizontal handle, oval in section, on mid-body; diam. ofrim: 13 em. Colors: (a) IOYR 7{3; (b-e) 5YR 6{6; (e) 5YR 5/4, 5YR 3/2. Matt slip; somewhat lustrous painted decoration: light brown line around the rim, extending down interior and exterior; horizontal line below, on the rim exterior; a wide horizontal line below the handle attachment; a group of narrow vertical lines ("triglyph") in dark brown, to left of handle attachment; wide light brown line continuing on body from handle; on the interior, a narrow reserved band on the rim, solid light brown body. This type of bowl is common in Cyprus and represents a local imitation of an East Greek Geometric skyphos. 46 It occurs in Cypro-Archaic I, 47 and on the basis

18. Base and part of body from Cypriote Black-on-Red II (IV) closed vessel (Figs. 26:12, 53:6). For its classification, see SCE, vol. IV :2, 1948, fig. XXXIX.2. A close parallel is Ialysos Tomb 51.2: J.N. Goldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery, 1968, p. 276, Clara Rhodos, vol. 3, 1929, p. 87, fig. 78. 46 V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, vol. I (Salamis, Vol. 3), 1967, p. 59, pl. CXXXI.20. 46 E. Gjerstad, SCE, vol. IV:2, 1948, p. 306; V. Karageorghis, "Chronique des fouilles," Bulletin de Correspondence Hellenique, vol. 86, 1962, pp. 366-369, fig. 53; for the classification, see Gjerstad, ibid., fig. XXX.l9 .. 47 For example, Salamis Tomb 31; V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, vol. 1 (Salamis Vol. 3), 1967, p. 60, pl. LIX.38, CXXXII.38. 43

44

4 0 41

SCE, vol. IV:2, 1948, fig. XXV.!.

See, e.g., SCE, vol. IV:2, 1948, p. 270, n.l; V.R.d'A. Desborough, "A Group of Vases from Amathus,'' journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 77, 1957, p. 217;]. Birmingham, "The Chronology of Some Early and Middle Iron Age Cypriot Sites," American journal of Archaeology, vol. 67, 1963, p. 36. 42 V. Karageorghis, "Chronique des fouilles," Bulletin de Correspondence Hellenique, vol. 91, 1967, p. 299, fig. 68.

96


of its Samian Late Geometric prototypes, can be dated absolutely to around 750 B.C. or soon afterward. 48 20. Rim sherd from Greek Protogeometric skyphos with pendent semi-circles (Figs. 26:14, 53:5). II-B-5; Kiln V. Flaring rim, angular rim/body join; diam. of rim: 14 em. Colors: (b-e) lOYR 4/3; (e) 7.5YR N4j. Painted decoration: wide horizontal line around rim exterior; narrow vertical lines below, portion of wide curved line to right; black interior. This ubiquitous type is the only class of Greek pottery known to be exported to the eastern Mediterranean from about 850 to 750 B.C. 49 Its origins and distribution have been much debated, but the absolute date seems fairly certain. 50 There is a great deal of variation in the rim profile of these skyphoi, seemingly without chronological significance. The Sarafand sherd has a rather sharp ridge at the join between rim and body, a characteristic shared by Hama 6A 290.5 1

VI. SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS BY

JAVIER TEIXIDOR

[NoTE: Sixteen inscriptions in the Phrenician alphabet and one in the Ugaritic script were discovered in various loci of Sounding X during the three seasons 1970-1972. They vary in length from one to twenty letters. Five of the inscriptions in the Phoenician script are presented here with notes by Dr. J. Teixidor; Dr. David Owen has supplied the notes on the Ugaritic text. An announcement of the stamp seal bearing the name Sarepta was made in the press after a study of it by members of the staff in the field and consultation with Professor F. M. Cross, who examined photographs of the seal as well as of other inscriptions from the 1971 season. Later, the photographs and drawings of all the Phrenician inscriptions and some suggestions of Professor Cross were given to Dr. Teixidor for more thorough study. The handle with the Ugaritic inscription was first studied in the field by Pierre Proulx and the director after its discovery in the 1972 season. From the photographs and drawings David Owen made valuable suggestions on the readings and supplied the notes which are included in this report. Professor Mitchell Dahood kindly looked over the proposed readings and made some useful comments.- JBP].

1.

48

J;N. Goldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery, 1968, pp. 273-274, 290, pl. 64a,c. T.J. Dunbabin, The Greeks and their Eastern Neighbours, 1957, p. 29; V.R.d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric Pottery, 1952, p. 181; G.M.A. Hanfmann, "On Some Eastern Greek Wares Found at Tarsus," The Aegean and the Near East, Studies Presented to Hetty Goldman, 1956, pp. 174-175. 50 Desborough, "The Low-footed Skyphos with Pendant Semicircles," ibid., pp. 180-194; J.N. Goldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery, 1968, Chapter 5: "Protogeometric survivals in Thessaly, Skyros, Euboea and the Cyclades," pp. 148-15 7; J. Boardman, "Early Euboean Pottery and History," ABSA, vol. 52, 1957, pp. 7-8. 51 P.J. Riis, Hama, 1948, vol. II :3, p. 113, fig. 134A. 49

(Figs. 30:1, 54:1).

Sar. 2402. II-D-5, level 2d. Scarab of green and brown stone measuring 1.9 X 1.5 X .6 em., pierced longitudinally for suspension. The upper right side is partly damaged. The inscription in three lines runs as follows : (1) 's.[] (2) ~rpt [] (3) '12 The presence of the Phoenician name ~rpt in the second line confirms the well established tradition that modern Sarafand is the site of biblical $arephath, "which belongs to Sidon" (I Kings 17 :9). To date and interpret the seal, however, present some problems.

98


The letters of the inscription with the exception of the shin easily fit the scripts from the fifth to the third centuries B.C. Therefore, I would suggest relying exclusively on the shin for the purpose of dating the inscription. The rounded form of the letter with only its right line going downward beyond the baseline suggests a date in the late fifth century. This date is somewhat confirmed by the information obtained from the third line of the inscription. The expression '12 bears a striking similarity to the inscriptions on the Attic didrachms of Tyre in which the name of the monarch is indicated by his initial; after the letter there is a numeral which stands for his regnal years. 1 The fourth century coins of Sidon are likewise inscribed with the initials of the monarchs: 'b ('bd'strt, i.e. Straton I), "(Evagoras II), t' (Tennes) and 'b (Straton II). Here, though, the regnal years are not indicated. An inscription from Bostan esh-Sheikh, near Sidon, published by M. Dunand 2 allows for the intercalation of a new dynasty prior to that of Straton I and immediately following the reign ofBod'astart, the fourth and last king of the Eshmun'azor dynasty. 3 According to the new Phoenician text the members of the dynasty were at least three: "; .. king b'n', the king ofthe Sidonians, son of king 'bd'mn, the king of the Sidonians, son ofking b'lSlm, the king of the Sidonians ... " Based on this evidence the double shekels of Sidon from around 384-370 B.C. 4 with a bet on the obverse can be ascribed to king b' lslm. I find the same support for interpreting. the 'ayin of the Sarepta seal as the initial letter of king 'bd'mn, who must have reigned at Sidon around 400 B.C.; the numeral 12 which follows the 'ayin is then to be understood as the twelfth regnal year of the monarch. The first line of the inscription is problematic. A reading 'sr[], "ten," i.e. "the Ten of Sarepta," may indicate that the inscription refers to a college or to a committee of Ten which would be similar in its function to the office of the Decaproti in the Eastern Roman provinces. A committee ofTen in charge of religious matters did exist at Carthage as we know from a Punic inscription 5 mentioning the "decemviri'' ofthe.city; the text describes them as 'srt h'sm 's 'l hmqdsm. On the other hand, the Tariff of Palmyra 6 refers also to "the Ten" ('srt') as the ones who, together

1 See G.F. Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia, p. 232, no. 37, and the convincing interpretation of the inscriptions given by H. Seyrig in Syria, 34, 1957, pp. 93-98. 2 BMB, 18, 1965, pp. 105-109. s See W. Rollig, Die Welt des Orients, 5, 1969, pp. 121-124 and Teixidor, "Bulletin d'epigraphie semitique," Syria (hereafter: BES) 1972, no. 115 (with a photograph of the inscription). 4 G.F. Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia, pp. xcii and 143. 5 Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum (hereafter: C!Sem), I, 175. 8 CISem, II, 3913, I,7.

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

99

with the Council of the Archons, were responsible for the payment of taxes. Moreover, Josephus in his Life' clearly refers to the board of the Decaproti of Tiberias in Galilee to whom he trusted his property. Predating these testimonies Kohelet 7:19 states that the "wisdom" of a wise man is stronger than that of "ten rulers (slytym) that are in a city." Notwithstanding this evidence I refrain from concluding that the seal is the one used by "the Ten of Sarepta" in official transactions because ( 1) the resh in the first line is not altogether certain; (2) there is no archaeological document to match this kind of seal; and (3) the political history of the town remains as yet unknown. 2.

(Figs. 30:2, 54:2).

Sar. 2214. II-C•9, level 2. Fragment from the body of a storage jar, salmon in color. It measures 9 X 8.2 em. The inscription has two fragmentary lines. The letters were incised before firing. The two lines, although not related to each other, were written by the same hand: ( l) ]h w z !z t y[ (2) ]'mr l'dnn grmlqr[t bn ... On palaeographical grounds this inscription can be dated in the fifth or the fourth century B.C. I interpret a sign after the second nun as being a word-divider. The term 'dnn preceded by the preposition l- is to be translated by "to our lord." The title 'dn is most frequently used in Phoenician and Punic inscriptions as an epithet of gods and goddesses. 8 It can occasionally refer to a king, for instance the king of Persia, (cf. the Eshmun'azor inscription, line 18, 9 ) or the kings Ptolemy I Soter 10 and Ptolemy III Euergetes. 11 The Phoenician title is used for an individual only in Plautus' Poenulus, par. 998 (auo ... donni) and par. 1001 (auo donni). 12 'dnn in the present inscription is certainly meant for a deity whose name may have been mentioned at the beginning of the dedicatory formula. Germelqart was the dedicator. The interpretation of the three remaining letters: 'mr, is not easy. 7 13:69; 57:296. s Cf. Ch.F. Jean and J. Hoftijzer, Dictionnaire des inscriptions semitiques de l'ouest, 1965, p. 5. 9 H. Donner and W. Rollig, Kanaaniiische und aramiiische Inschriften I-III, 1962, 1964 (hereafter: KAI), 14. 1o KAI, 42. 11 KAI, 19. 1 2 Cf. M. Sznycer, Les passages puniques en transcription latine dans le Poenulus de Plaute, 1967, p. 141.

100

101



They may stand for the second element in the term mlk'mr, i.e. the rite of molchomor recorded in Latin texts. 13 For the name grmlqrt, see F. L. Benz, Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions (1972), pp. 298-299. The original meaning of the term gr in Hebrew was "resident alien," and during Nehemiah's time it meant "proselyte." 14 At Palmyra the meaning of gr is either "guest,'' 15 or "host." 16

baseline suggests to me a fifth-century shin. 20 The following letter can hardly be reconstructed: a kaph or yod is equally possible.

3.

(Figs. 30:3, 54:3).

Sar. 2429. II-A-8/9, level 3, balk removal. Sherd belonging to the shoulder of a jar, with burnished salmon-colored surface, on which nine letters are inscribed. The inscription runs below two horizontal grooves. The fragment measures 11.5 X 10.1 em. The inscription reads: ]lSdrp' ws.[ On palaeographical grounds the inscriptlon is to be dated in the fifth century B.C. The proposition l- indicates that the content of the jar was offered to Sadrafa, a healer god as Eshmun; whose cult was spread around the Phoenician Mediterranean: Amrit, Ma'ad (near Batrun), Antas (Sardinia), Grotta Regina (Sicily), Leptis Magna, Carthage. 17 For the cult of Sadrafa at Palmyra, see J. T. Milik, Dedicaces faites par des dieux (1972), pp. 85-88. The popularity of Sadrafa lasted up until early medieval times in Me<sopotamia. 18 The interpretation of the last word involves some difficulties. F. M. Cross suggests a reading wsk[] restoring the word as wsk[n], "and Sakkon,'' i.e. the name of the Phoenician god known only from personal names. 19 In spite of its appeal I have two major objections to this interpretation: (1) If the offering had been made to "Sadrafa and Sakkon" the preposition l- would have been repeated before the second divine name as is the rule in the Phoenician dedicatory formulas. (2) The material reading sk[] is by no means undisputed. The letter after the waw does not conform to the shape of any known samek; on the contrary the rounded form of the 13 See bibliography in M.G. Guzzo Amadasi, Le iscrizionifenicie e puniche delle colonie in occidente, 1967, pp. 22-23. 14 Cf. M. Smith, Palestinian Parties and Politics that Shaped the Old Testament, 1971, pp. 178-182. For the element grin the Phoenician personal names, see Teixidor, BES, 1970, no. 20. 15 Cf. CISem, II, 205. 16 See the inscription of a Nabataean horseman at Palmyra in G.A. Cooke, A Text-Book for North-Semitic Inscriptions, 1903, pp. 303-305, no. 140B. 17 See W. Rollig in Giitter und Mythen im vorderen Orient, ed. H.W. Haussig, 1965, p. 287 and Teixidor, BES, 1969, 88; 1970, 73; 1971, 113. 18 J.A. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, 1913, p. 107, no. 25, 5. 19 Cf. F.L. Benz, Personal Names, 1972, p. 365.

4.

(Figs. 30:5, 54:4).

Sar. 2338. II-A/B-6, level 1, balk. Fragment, 7 X 4 em., from the base of a jug or jar, ca. 13 em. in diameter; interior surface of salmon-colored ware unfinished; exterior burnished, with red slip appearing on the body of the vessel. The inscription, which was inscribed before firing, consists of seven letters: ]s~

bn 'b.[.

The best parallels for the samek are found in fourth century inscriptions from Cyprus. 21 In the third and second centuries B.C. the shaft of the letter, until then vertical, tilts considerably to the left. 22 The ~et can also be dated in the fourth century; see Cypriote scripts in Peckham, p. 9. The three crosslines are present, but the topmost is loosened from the right shaft while the middle line encroaches upon the lowest one. 5.

(Fig. 55:1).

Sar. 2460. II-A-6, level 2a. Fragment, 8 X 6.8 em., from the upper part ofthe body of ajar. The salmoncolored ware is burnished and painted with two black bands (above) and one red band immediately above the inscription. The four signs, which are painted with a lack of adroitness, read from left to right ]d'~·f· The forms of dalet and aleph are found in ninth century inscriptions (see in particular the funerary text from Cyprus. 23 ) ·The triangular dalet persists until the eighth century. 24 Apropos the peculiar character of the letters F. M. Cross has rightly suggested the script of the twelfth century ostracon from Beth Shemesh as a possible parallel to the Sarepta fragment. 25 The comparison of course is merely conjectural. 20 J.B. Peckham, The Development of the Late Phoenician Scripts, 1968 (hereafter: Peckham), p. 66, V:2,3. 21 Peckham, pp. 8-10. 22 For the evolution see Peckham, p. 97. 23 0. Masson and M. Sznycer, Recherches sur les PMniciens a Chypre, 1972, pp. 13-20 and pl. III (excellent photograph). 24 Cf. CISem, I, 5. 25 For the ostracon see Cross' reading and decipherment in Eretz-Israel, 8, 1967, 17*-18*, fig. 3.

102 6.



(Figs. 30 :4, 55 :2).

Sar. 3102. II-A-9, level 6. A two line inscription in the Ugaritic script on a heavy handle from an amphora. The handle is rectangular in section, except for the five ridges on the outside (see section on Fig. 30:4). The inscription is impressed in two of the corrugations on the surface of the handle; the writing probably began near the point of juncture between the upper part of the handle and the body of the jar, and ran downward on the handle. The ware of the handle is buff in color and of a fairly coarse texture. The inscription was impressed with a stylus before firing. The suggested reading is that of Dr. David I. Owen, who is also responsible for the notes which follow. (1) [']ag(?)n I P'l yd[y] (2) r'lbl 1lbdt b'fll The inscription is not without numerous difficulties in spite of its brevity. It can best be compared with the alphabetic cuneiform tablet from Taanach 26 written, like our text, from left to right. Similar texts, written from right to left (!'alphabet senestrogyre 27 ) are known from Ras Shamra1Ugarit 2S and from Palestine from the sites of Tabor 29 and Beth Shemesh. 30 One of the three texts known from Ras ShamraiUgarit (RS 64ll=Gordon, UT no. 74) is a cultic text written from right to left on a ridged(?) handle of an amphora 31 not unlike Sar. 3102. However, before any definitive comparisons can be made the original amphora handle now kept in the Louvre must be examined. It appears that our text is written in the short alphabet as evidenced by the use of the Sit sign (o). 32 The use of the upside down vertical wedges in the writing of the b and d signs is also characteristic of the short alphabet in the texts listed 26 Cf D.R. Hillers, "An Alphabetic Cuneiform Tablet from Taanach," Bulletin of the American Schools qfOriental Research (hereafter: BASOR), 173, pp. 45-50 and F.M. Cross,Jr., "The Canaanite Cuneiform Tablet from Taanach," BASOR, 190, pp. 41-46. 27 Cf C. Virolleaud, "L'alphabet senestrogyre de Ras-Shamra (Ugarit)," Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1960, pp. 85-90. 28 Three such texts are known from Ugarit. Two are economic and one is cultic. For a discussion of the three texts, cf. Virolleaud, ibid. 29 Y.S. Yeivin, "A New Ugaritic Inscription from Palestine," Kedem, 2, 1945, pp. 32-41. 3 ° Cf W.F. Albright, "The Cuneiform Tablet from Beth-Shemesh," BASOR, 53, pp. 18-19, and the references cited in D.R. Hillers, op. cit., p. 45, note 2. 31 The text was originally published by C. Virolleaud in Syria, 16, p. 186 and republished by him in the article cited in note 27 above, p. 86. For a photo of the handle cf. A. Herdner, Corpus des tablettes en cuneiformes alphabetiques decouvertes aRas-Shamra, de 1929 a1939, 1963, vol. II, no. 187, pl. 88. 32 For this sign cf. C. Virolleaud, op. cit., p. 85 and F.M. Cross, Jr., op. cit., p. 43.

103

above 33 • And finally, if our interpretation of the word ~dt is correct, the use of the !Jib sign would also be in keeping with the short alphabet. The Sarepta inscription would then be the second known example of the short alphabet written from left to right according to the standard practice for the writing of the full Ugaritic cuneiform alphabetic script. 34 It should also be noted that RS 22.203 35 is written boustrophedon with the first line running from left to right but the remainder of the text, lines two through twelve, running right to left. 3 6 The amphora handle was broken off at its top where it joined the neck and at its bottom where it joined the body of the amphora. Therefore it does not appear that the inscription has lost more than a sign at either end of its two lines and as a result is, according to my proposed restorations, complete. The text of line one begins with the end of the 'a sign. The second preserved sign, if in fact it is a sign, looks like an inverted Phoenician g (remember the scribe is writing in the reverse of the standard Phoenician writing system) as if the scribe momentarily forgot how to write the cuneiform g and substituted a more familiar written form for it. The third letter n is followed by a word divider. The only known word in the Ugaritic lexicon which fits this proposed pattern is 'agn, "ewer" (Gordon, UT glossary, no. 65). This, in fact, would fit the context very well. The following phrase, p' l yd[y], although new to the Ugaritic lexicon, is paralleled in the Old Testament in Deut. 33:11 and Isa. 45:11. Line two begins with a damaged sign which is likely to be restored as an •ayin. It is followed by a clear b. Then there is a slightly damaged space which may conceal an 'ayin although after repeated examination of the photos of the text I have concluded that no sign was present at this space. After this space, equal in width to a letter, there follows a clear l. The sequence 'bl is known as a personal name from the Ugaritic archives and it is as such that I interpret the text here. 37 The next word is clearly written and although subject to a number of possible readings I have opted for Mt, "new•moon" (Gordon, UT glossary no. 843). 38 The

33

Cf. the remarks by D.R. Hillers, op. cit., p. 46. As this volume goes to press a third such inscription from Kamed el-Loz (ancient Kummidi) has just been published. See now, G. Wilhelm, "Eine Krughenkelinschrift in alphabeticher Keilschrift," Ugarit Forschungen, 5, 1973, 284-285. The inscription lrb, "belonging to the rabu," is written from left to right on the handle of a small jug and is tentatively dated to the Late Bronze Age. The b sign is written with the upside down bottom wedges as is the bin our text and Wilhelm rightly concludes that the script is the same as used in the texts written in the short alphabet. 35 Published in part by C. Virolleaud, op. cit., p. 8S. 36 Although the text is mostly unpublished, it is clearly an economic and not a religious text. 37 Cf F. Grondahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit (Studia Pohl1, 1967), p. 106. 38 I do not exclude the possibility that we have a personal name here. The P N fju-da-si is 34

104


last word of the inscription appears to be b'l, "to make, to work" (Gordon, UT glossary no. 494). If my interpretation is correct the noun form p'l and the verb form b'l, both from the same root, occur together in the same text. Both forms are known from the U garitic archives although they never occur in the same text. 39> In sum the brief inscription appears to be a dedication written in the short alphabet (possibly the standard alphabet for the South) from left to right. It may be understood as follows: "(This) ewer, the work of my hands, 'obal, made for (the festival[?] of) the new-moon."

known from U garit in the Akkadian texts as well as from the alphabetic texts. Cf. Grondahl, op. cit. • p. 30 for references. 39 Gordon, UT glossary no. 2075. Note that the PN yp'l is based on the noun form of p'l, "to make," the standard Phoenician form. However, at Ugarit the form of the verb is regularly b'l. Although it is highly unusual to have both forms on the same text, it cannot be excluded here.

APPENDIX A: NOTE ON THE CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS ON FIGURES 56-63

Three seasons of excavations have yielded hundreds of artifacts which have been duly catalogued and stored in the National Museum for reference and further study. It is the catalogue of objects, more than any other single part of the record of excavation that provides the data from which the daily life of those who once inhabited the site can be reconstructed. Such matters of interest, as religion, artistic preference and conventions, crafts, industries, contacts with other areas, dress and costume, are to be most clearly perceived in or deduced from objects of clay, stone, metal, glass and bone which have survived, sometimes only in fragments, as a witness to the past. In view of the importance of artifacts, we have felt obliged to present in this preliminary report a sample of the various kinds of objects from the excavations in addition to those in the type series of pottery forms and the objects recovered from the shrines. The criteria for selection have been two. First we have attempted to give a representative cross section of the types of artifacts which have come from the Iron Age and those periods immediately before and after. Secondly we have included some important objects from those strata of Sounding Y which have been identified and described in Chapter II. Those which have their parallels in other sites may serve to supplement the pottery analysis of the strata in which they were found in providing a chronological framework for the occupation of the site. When eventually the stratification of Sounding X is worked out the artifacts from that area should serve a similar purpose. By far the greatest number of artifacts are shown in photograph. When important details are not apparent in the photograph a drawing of the object is given as well. A few of the artifacts are shown in drawing only. The descriptive catalogue is limited to such details as method of construction or fabrication, identification of the class of object, color and material. The dimensions can be had from the scales on the plates of photographs and drawings. Notations of color for the pottery objects have been given according to the system of Munsell color charts according to five readings: (a) exterior color, (b) color just under the exterior surface, (c)core color, (d) color of the slip, (e) color of the paint. The selection of vessels given in photograph in Fig. 63 and in drawing in Figs. 28-29 is that of examples which do not fit the scheme of the type series presented in Chapter III.

107

TABLES FOR FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY IN THREE CLASSES OF PROBABILITY

APPENDIX B: TABLES FOR THE FREQUENCY OF POTTERY FROM SOUNDING Y

In the following tables we have presented the analysis of frequency of occurrence of rim forms for the most common vessels: bowls, jugs, juglets, cooking pots, storage jars and vessels with rolled rims. (See Figs. 17-25 for vessels forms.) Although other forms, such as handles and bases were recorded in the process of classification and will be included in the final report, it is apparent that the rim of a vessel is the most important single element of its structure for the identification of the whole form of the vessel. Accordingly for the preliminary report we have considered only the rims and among them only the most commonly recurring types. There are two vertical columns for each stratum. The first records the number of sherds belonging to the type listed in the column at the extreme left; the second column contains the percentage of the total body sherds of the stratum represented by the rim forms. Percentages were also calculated on the basis of the total rim forms within a sample; the general picture offrequencies was not significantly different from that derived from the use of the total body sherd count as a base. The size of the samples differs considerably. The total number of body sherds in the three classes of probability for the nine strata of Sounding Y is 82,291, and the rim forms number 3,566 or 4.33 per cent of the body sherds. However, the size of the samples for the strata varies considerably, ranging .from 3,055 body sherds (3.71 per cent of the total) for Stratum B2 to 17,713 (21.52 per cent of the total) for Stratum F. Only two samples fall below the 7,500 mark: Strata B2 and Cl, the two uppermost strata of the sequence. Since the samples of the strata below Stratum 02 are more ample, the dependability of the averages of the lower strata is apparent.

(Certain, Probable, Possible) Cl

F-1

4 .13

51 1.28 48 .47

F-2

2 .07

F-3

D2

Dl

C2

B2

E2

El

37 .44 34 .35

7 .18

10 .10

1 .01

2 .02

1 .03

4 .04

.01

.01

32 .32

F

32 .42

39 .22

14 .12

34 .45

14 .08

13 .11

.01

F-4

1 .03

3 .08

.01

4 .05

2 .02

C-1

8 .26

2 .05

8 .08

13 .16

3 .03

C-5

2 .07

3 .08

10 .10

2 .02

2 .02

X-1

3 .10 28 .70 60 .59 40 .48

9 .09

3 .03

2 .03

4 .04

1 .01

2 .03

8 .20

6 .06

9 .11

X-5

2 .02

2 .02

X-6

1 .01

.01

X-3

18 .18

2 .01

17 .10

2 .02 .01 2 .02

X-9

3 .03

.01

.01

X-10

17 .18

5 .05

3 .02

11 .13

.01

.01

2 .01

11 .11

13 .16

.01

26 .26

5 .06

X-11

6 .20

8 .20 36 .36 40 .48

X-12

2 .07

7 .18 10 .10

X-15 X-17

G

1 .03

DB-1

2 .OS

DB-6

2 .OS

DB-8

20 .20 10 .12 3 .03

5 .06

.01

2 .02

50 .50 30 .40 54 .30 64 .54 37 .37 39 .52

69 .39

58 .49

2 .03

6 .03

6 .05

3 .04 15 .08

3 .03

5 .07 16 .09

8 .07

10 .10 7 .07 5 .05 1 .01

2 .02

DB-10

3 .03

14 .19 2 .03

DB-22 K-6

4 .04

3 .04

2 .01

K-7

.01

3 .04

7 .04 12 .10

K-9

5 .OS

D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-14

.01

4 .05

4 .04

7 .18

3 .03

.01

.01

1 .03

2 .02

2 .07

3 .10

.01 2 .02

.01

1 .01

11 .09

4 .02

15 .13

3 .02

4 .03

2 .01 3 .04

1 .01 3 .03

5 .03

5 .04

108


FREQUENCY IN THREE CLASSES OF PROBABILITY (Certain, Probable, Possible) B2

J-1 1 .03

J-2

D2

Cl

C2

Dl

4 .10

5 .05

5 .06

4 .10

3 .03

El

CP-1 CP-2

2 .07

CP-3

.03

2 .05

1 .01

3 .03

5 .05

.01

4 .04

2 .02

3 .03

CP-4

G

3 .02 2 .02

.01

J-7

FREQUENCY IN "CERTAIN" LEVELS F

1 .01

.03

J-3

E2

2 .02

2 .02

CP-S

.01

CP-10

.01

.01

3 .04

2 .02

3 .04

3 .02

5 .05

.01

CP-6

3 .04

1 .01

F-1

.05

F-2

.05

C2

Dl

22 2.21

20 .57

34 .53

.01

3 .09

4 .22

.01

2 .06

12 .19

C-5

2 .11

.01

2 .06

2 .03

X-1

3 .16

7 .07

38 1.08 3 .09

2 .02

.01

2

3 .05

X-5

14 .08

11 .09

7 .04

CP-18

E2

26 .36

26 .43

10 .33

24 .60

48 .47

56 .67

44 .46

13 .13

5 .07

25 .14

SJ-2

7 .23

15 .38

77 .76

54 .64

35 .36

11 .11

.01

65 .37

3 .03

.01

.01

1 .03

.00 16 .22

30 .49

12 .07

9 .10

38 .60

3 .04

2 .03

17 .10

1 .01

8 .13

.01

.02

2 .03

2 .03

1 .00

.02

2 .03

X-9

X-11

.05

X-12

.05

X-17

3 .08

SJ-4 SJ-6

5 .05

13 .16

9 .09

5 .05

16 .16

13 .16

4 .04

36 .36

26 .34

10 .06

60 .79

94 .53 1381.16

SJ-7

2 .07

3 .08

20 .20

14 .17

7 .07 1091.09

SJ-8

114 3.73

771.93

54 .53

34 .41

6 .06

14 .40 1 .01

7 .20

.00

2 .02

2 .03

3 .02

3 .03

.01

2 .01

.02

7 .07

6 .07

1 .05

35 .55

1 .03

9 12 .19

49 .68

26 .43

52 .31

42 .45

5 .08

37 .51

35 .57

69 .41

39 .42

6 .04

5 .05

.02

15 .09

.01

3 .04

4 .07

16 .10

6 .06

.01

3 .05

5 .03 DB-1

5 .14

2 .03

DB-6

3 .09

2 .03

13 .11 DB-8

5 .05

.01

5 .05

6 .08

2 .03

DB-10 SJ-10

DB-22 SJ-18

1 .01

RR-1

5 .07

2 .01

16 .16

13 .17

18 .10

24 .20

3 .03

34 .34

36 .48

63 .36

29 .24

~1

10 .10

10 .13

16 .09

14 .12

52 .54

19 .19

.01

RR-2

8 .08

RR-4

.01 1 .03

2 .05

11 .11

4 .05

25 .30

RR-7

.01

2 .03

K-6

4 .06

.02

2 .01

11 .12

K-7

.01

3 .05

7 .04

10 .11

K-9

5 .07

3 .02

13 .14

3 .02

.01

D-2

3 .05

D-3

.02

1 .03

.01

1 .02

4 .02

D-4 T.F.*

172 5.63 265 6.66 540 5.33 435 5.19 274 2.85 459 4.60 350 4.63 598 3.38 473 3. 98

B.S.* T.F.

11 .11

1 .01

X-6

X-15

SJ-3

*

37 .22

2 .02

SJ-1

RR-6

G

F

.02

C-1

3 .03

El

.01

F-4

. X-3

7 .18

6 .17

8 .07

3 .03

.01

D2

Cl

2 .02

1 .01 2 .02

B2

F-3

11 .11

109


3055 =

Total Forms

3981

10125

8379

B.S. = Body Sherds

9613

9988

7552

17713

11885

3 .16

2 .06 3 .05

D-5 D-14 J-1

1 .03

4 .06

.01

.00

3 .04

4 .02 3 .02

3 .03

110


FREQUENCY IN "CERTAIN" LEVELS B2

J-2

C1

1 .OS

D1

C2

2 .02

D2

E1

2 .06

FREQUENCY IN "PROBABLE" LEVELS E2

2 .03

F

3 .04

J-7

11 .15

2 .03

CP-2

1 .OS

CP-3

.OS

1 .01

CP-4

3 .09

.02

1 .01

3 .OS

2 .06

.02

2 .03

2 .03

1 .03

.02

CP-S

G

F-1 1 .00

1 .01

F-2

3 .02

1 .01

F-3

6 .06

F-4

.09

C-1

.09

1 .00

.01

CP-6

1 .02

2 .03

CP-10

.02

3 .15

4 .28

4 .19

1 .07

1 .OS

1 .07

.02

18 1.07

22 .34

2 .22

3 .21

.00

.01

X-3

8 .47

3 .OS

.11

3 .21

14 .08

6 .06

X-5

2 .03

X-6

.02

SJ-2

.OS

4 .04

21 .60

26 .41

SJ-4

3 .09

10 .16

SJ-6

5 .14

11 .17

33 .46

25 .41

10 .06

SJ-7

.03

10 .16

.03 109 1.51

51 .84

40 1.14

30 .47

.03

4 .06

.02

5 .07

3 .OS

1 .11

1 .OS

X-9

10 .14

5 .08

24 .14

X-11

.09

2 .12

21 .32

5 .54

1 .01

.02

65 .39

X-12

.09

5 .30

3 .OS

1 .11

5 .03

X-15

11 .17

.11

12 .13

X-17

26 .40

92 .55

99 1.06

DB-1

15 .23

.00

1 .01

DB-6

SJ-18

6 .41

X-1

3&t460

3 .04

3 .41

.01

28 .80

6 .09

.06

17 1.17

.07

6 .06

S}-10

4 .06

E2

8 .12

5 .27

28 2.81

6 .36

1 .11

2 .12

DB-8

5 .08

2 .01

G

E1

.06

2 .02

86 4.72

28 .43

F

D2

C-5

SJ-1

SJ-8

25 1.48

D1

2 .14

CP-18

1 .03

C2

2 .03

7 .04

6 .15

1 .09

C1

1 .06

1 .03

.02

B2

1 .02

J-3

CP-1

Ill


11 .76

.OS 1 .14

.11 .11

4 .28

19 .92

4 .28

15 .73

2 .14 6 .41

.02

DB-10

2 .27

2 .10 2 .27

2 .03

.07

2 .10

11 .76

RR-1

.02

11 .15

12 .20

18 .11

20 .21

K-6

RR-2

4 .06

34 .47

27 .44

61 .37

27 .29

K-7

.OS

RR-4

.02

8 .11

6 .10

13 .08

4 .04

K-9

2 .10

.01

D-2

RR-6

1 .OS

1 .01

9 .26

21 .33

37 .94

RR-7

4 .02

T.F.*

113 6.21

B.S.*

1821

* T.F. = Total Fonns

7 .42

.06

571.44 399 5.54 282 4.62 577 3.47 341 3.66

D-4

997

3955

D-5

B.S.

=

6368

Body Sherds

7198

6102

16634

9212

.02

D-3

77 7.72 221 6.28 340 5.34 3517

2 .14

D-14

2 .14

3 .OS

1 .OS .02 2 .03

1 .OS

112


FREQUENCY IN "PROBABLE" LEVELS B2

C1

C2

J-1

4 .24

4 .06

J-2

2 .12

.Q2

J-3

.06

D1

D2

E1

E2

F

F-1

1 .06

3 .05

CP-4

.02

CP-6

.02

CP-10

.02

11.44

1 .11

4 .28 1 .07

10 .59

18 .27

7 .76

SJ-2

6 .54

3 .18

47 .72

5 .54

9 .62

2 .03

2 .22

11 .17

2 .14

3 .41

2 .18

3 .18

19 .29

.11

2 .14

SJ-8

26 2.33

42 2.49

12 .18

.11

2 .14

.08

.09

2 .05

.09

.02

.09

.02 .02

3 .23

6 .14

.02

2 .10

X-10

.02

5 .24

X-11

1 .07

5 .68

.o7

1 .05

K-7

9 .62

30 1.46

K-9 D-2

1 2.27

.08

.o7

3 .15

1 .09

RR-4

.02

RR-6

2 .03

1 .11

4 28

T.F.*

41 3.68 145 8.60 3014.59

32 3.49

714.88

28 3.80 664.55

11.49 107 5.19

B.S.*

1115

918

1454

737

67

D-5

4 .28

D-14

10 .49

3 .41

2061

7 .64

10 .24

2 .18

.02

Total Forms

B.S.

Body Sherds

1 .05

2 .20

.20

1 .10 21.68

1 .09

.02

3 .59

.02 2 .20 .20 1 .10 .09 1 .84

.09

.02

CP-6

.02

SJ-4

3 .59

1 .20

3 2.52

8 .62 8 .62

2 4.55

11 1.01

29 .69

16 1.46

29 .69

SJ-3

T.F.

2 .20

4 .78 2 .15

.02

SJ-2

*

2 .10

G

.02

CP-3

SJ-1

F

2 .20

.02

J-1 CP-2

E2

3 .15

D-4

9 .62

1450

5 .12

D-3

8 .12

2 .27

6 .46

DB-6

RR-2

6564

4 3.36

DB-1

3 .21

RR-1

49.09

X-3

1 .14

7 .11

1686

10 .24

X-1

X-17

.14

SJ-7

S]-10

2 .18

.08

.14

.07

E1

C-5

X-15

.14

D2

2 .10

3 .41

SJ-3

Dl

4 .31

3 2.52

X-12

2 .18

S]-6

C2

C-1

1 .07

SJ-1

2 .12

C1

.05

1 .07

2 .03

CP-3

SJ-4

3 2.52

F-2

2 .03

CP-2

B2

G

1 .07

.02

CP-1

FREQUENCY IN "POSSIBLE" LEVELS

F-4

J-7

113


1 .10

3 .07

1 .08

1 .09

7 .17

1 .05

.20

114


FREQUENCY IN "POSSIBLE" LEVELS

B2

C1

C2

D1

E1

E2

F

G

2 .20

91.76

2 .OS

SJ-6 SJ-7 SJ-8

D2

21.68

7 .54

24.55

3 .27

4 .10

3 .27

3 .07

SJ-18

.02

RR-1

.20

RR-2

3 .07

RR-4

2 .20

.02

RR-6

1 .08

3 .27

16 .78

~

0

~·

s

3 .30

11 .26

"'

..... ....... C:s

)

oti"

0

.....

,

r:n

... s·

::r' (1)

-.......

I

;:;:o

0

-----'-+---0 -- __,_ - - - ""'0

0

z--t

I

--t

---=

rt ~-~--r--

I

1 I

II \

__________ ) I

\....._

,

I

I I

-~

I I

~, 4

3

2

-A

I

1 / I I

,------,1 A-A'

I I I

7

---

0

I I

5

1

=

Sar. 3061 (45: 5), 2

~

6

=

5

20CM

10

Fig. 16. - Drawings of objects from Shrine 1 : 3068 (45: 7), 3 = 3067 (45: 6), 4 = 3066 (45: 2), 5 = 3072 (45: 3), 6

=

3080, 7

=

3081

Fig. 17. -Drawings of bowls of the Type Series

1. Type F-1. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/7; (d) lOR 4/7; (e) 2.5Y 2.5/0. Exterior slip; exterior painted with 6 black bands 1 mm. wide; exterior burnished.

l(F 1)

4 {F 2)

3 (F 1)

2.(F1)

8.(C.1)

7.(C.1)

6.(F.4)

5 (F 3)

9.{C.5)

2. Type F-1. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/6. Wet-smoothed interior and exterior. 3. Type F-1. II-C-6, level 6. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/6; (b-e) lOR 5/8. Interior and exterior burnished to medium lustre. 4. Type F-2. II-C-6, level 6. Colors: (c) lOR 5/6; (d) lOR 4/6 interior; (e) 2.5YR 3 fO, 2.5YR 4/6. Interior slip; interior bichrome; interior and exterior burnished.

11(C.1)

5. Type F-3. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 6/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 5/6; (d) lOR 4.5/6. Interior and rim slip; interior and exterior burnished.

10.(F.1)

6. Type F-4. II-C-7, Rm. 4, level 7. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 6/8; (b-e) 2.5YR 6/6; (e) 1OR 4/6. Exterior rim burnished. 7. Type C-l.II-C-6, Rm.l, level15. Colors: (a) 7.5YR 8/2; (b) 5YR 8/4; (c) lOYR 8/3; (e) 10YR 8/2, 5YR 5/3, lOR 6/2. Interior polychrome bands; interior burnished to low lustre. 8. Type C-l.II-C-7, Rm. 4, level 7. Colors: (a-b) 2.5YR 6/8; (c) uneven. 9. Type C-5. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/6. Wet-smoothed interior and exterior. 10. Type F-1. Sar. 3059. 11-K-20, level 26. Stratum El. Colors: (a-b) lOYR 6/1; (c) lOYR 7/2. 11. Type C-1. II-C-6, Rm. 8, level 11-1. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5/4; (b) 5YR 4/8; (c) 5YR 5/3. Interior hand-burnished.

\

/

I I

E

I

13.(C.1)

I \

/

--- -----

/

12. Type F-2. 11-A/B-7, level2. Colors: (a) 2.5Y 8/2; (b) 2.5YR 6/6; (c) 5YR 6/4; (e) 2.5YR 5/6, 5YR 4/1. Interior bichrome; interior burnished to low lustre.

14.(C.1)

13. Type C-l.II-C-6, Rm. 8, levelll-1. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/4; (b) 5YR 5/8; (c) 5YR 5/3. Interior hand-burnished; exterior striations from smoothing. 14. Type C-1. II~D-6, Rm. 3, level 8-1. Colors: (a) 7.5YR 7/4; (b) 7.5YR 5.5/4; (c) 7.5YR 5/0.

12.(F.2)

15. (Fig. 47:1) Type F-3. Sar. 1288. 11-K-21, level 7. Stratum Dl. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 6/7. Surface discoloration. 16. Type F-3. 11-B-7, level 7. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 5/7; (e) 2.5YR4/6, 5YR 4/1. Exterior bichrome; interior and exterior burnished. 17. (Fig. 47:2) Type C-5. 11-C-7, Rm. 4a, level 18-4. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5.5/6; (b) 2.5YR 5/8; (c) 2.5Y 5.5/2.

Z::l) 15.(F.3)

17 (C.5)

---

0

16.(F.3)

Fig.17

5

10

20CM.

Fig. 18 - Drawings of bowls of the Type Series

1. Type X-1. 11-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 5/8; (d) 5YR 8/4. Interior and exterior slip; interior and exterior burnished to low lustre. 2. Type X-3. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 6. Colors: (a-b) 2.5YR 5/6; (c) uneven; (d) 5YR 8/4. Interior and exterior slip; interior and exterior burnished to low lustre. 3. Type.X-5. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 7. Colors: (a) 5YR 7.5/4; (b) 5YR 7/4; (c) 7.5YR 8/2; (d) 5YR 7.5/4. Interior slip applied evenly over exterior rim. 4. Type X-5. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-b) 2.5YR 5/8; (c) uneven; (d) 2.5YR 6/8. Exterior slip; wet-smoothed. 5. Type X-6. II-C-7, Rm. 4, level13b. Colors: (a-b) 2.5YR 5/6; (c) 2.5YR 6/6; (d) 2.5YR 6/8. Interior and rim slip; interior and exterior burnished. 6. Type X-9. II-C-6, Rm. 1, evel 9. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 7/6. Well smoothed interior. 7. Type X-9. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 7. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/6; (b) 5YR 7/4; {c) 5YR 8/4. Interior and exterior burnished to low lustre. 8. Type X-10. II-C-6, level6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/6; (d) lOR 4/8. Interior and exterior slip; interior and exterior burnished. 9. Type X-11. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level14. Colors (a) lOYR 5.5/1; (b-e) 10YR 8/2. 10. Type X-12. II-C-6, Rm. 1, levellO. Colors: (a) 5YR 8/4; (b-e) 5YR 7/4; (e) 7.5YR 6/6. Top of rim painted; interior well smoothed. 11. Type X-12. II-C-6, level6. Colors: {a-c) 2.5YR 6/6; {d) lOR 6/6. Exterior slip. 12. Type X-15. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 13. Colors: (a-c) 10YR 8/2; (e) 2.5YR 4/2, 10YR 8/1. Interior bichrome; interior irregularly hand-burnished. 13. Type X-15. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level15. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/3; (b-e) 5YR 7/4. Interior irregularly hand-burnished; exterior poorly finished. 14. Type X-17. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 12. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/4; (b) 5YR 7/6; (c) 7.5YR 7/0. Surface discoloration; unevenly burnished interior and exterior; exterior poorly smoothed. 15. TypeX-17. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level14. Colors: (a) 5YR 6.5/4; (b) 5YR 7/4; (c) lOYR 7/2; (d) 2.5YR 8/3. Interior hand-burnished to dull lustre; interior scraping; exterior crudely rubbed. 16. Type X-17. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level15. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/4; (b-e) 5YR 7/3. Interior irregularly hand-burnished. 17. (Fig. 47:3, repaired) Type X-3. Sar. 1218. II-L-20, level 7. Stratum C1. Colors: (b-e) 5YR 5.5/6; (d) lOR 4.5/6. Interior and exterior slip; interior and exterior burnished to high lustre. 18. (Fig. 48:5) Type X-3. Sar. 1277. II-C-6/7, Rm. 4A, level18b. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5.5/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 6/8. Exterior burnished; several large inclusions. 19. (See Fig. 47:4 for example of Type X-6, Sar. 3121) Type X-6. II-C-6, Rm. 4, level13b. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5/6. Slip on interior and on face of rim, burnished to dull lustre. 20. (Fig. 48 :2) Type X-9. Sar. 2355. II-A-8/9, Rm. 58 A, level 4. Colors: {a-c) 5YR 6/6. 21. Type X-12. II-C-6, level 7. Colors: {a-c) 5YR 7/6. 22. (Fig. 47:5) Type X-9. Sar. 2354. II-A-8/9, Rm. 58A, level 4. Colors: (a) 5YR 6.5/6; (b-e) 5YR 6/6. 23. (Fig. 48:1, for photo of similar form) Type X-15. Sar. 3163. II-A/B-4, Rm. 71, level4-2. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 6/6; (e) lOR 5/6, 5YR 4/1. Interior bichrome; interior hand-burnished before paint. 24. Type X-11. II-C-6, level 6. Colors: {a) 2.5YR 5/6. 25. Type X-15. II-C-4, level 5-9. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/8; {d) 2.5YR 5/8; (e) 2.5YR 3/2. Interior and exterior slip; exterior paint; hand-burnished. 26. Type X-17. II-K-20, level 27-1. Stratum F. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/6; (d) lOR 4/8. Interior and exterior slip; irregularly hand-burnished. 27. (Fig. 48:3) Type X-15. II-C-5, level 4a. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/7; (b-e) 5YR 5/6. 28. Type X-17. II-D-6, Rm. 3, level9. Colors: (a) 2.5Y 7/2; (b) 5YR 6/8; (c) 2.5Y 7/2; (e) lOR 4/5. Interior paint washed out; hand-burnished interior. - (Fig. 47 :4) Type X-6. Sar. 3121. II-A-8/9, Rm. 58A, level 4. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 6/6.

., '7"7 1.(X )

'"7 /

\

7

13.( X 15)

12(X 15)

11.(X 12)

10.(X 12)

9(X.11)

"7 15(X 17)

14(X 17)

7

17.(X3)

7(X.9)

6( X 9)

5(X.6}

4.(X.5)

3 .(X.5)

( X.3)

18.(X3)

(~~---=::::::::::=::l.]f--_-,_-7~_..7

(~------------1

~~~........-

20.(X.9)

19.(X.6)

~-=~==:]I~ 2 .(X.9)

21.(X.12)

24.(X.l1)

23.(X.15)

~17

26.(X.l7)

25.(X.l5)

/

/

-----

/

I I

I I

C::::l7

I

I \

27.(X.l5) /

---

0

5

/

10

20CM.

Fig. 18

~

;;tP 28.(X.l7)

,

8(X 1 )

Fig. 19. - Drawings of thick bowls and deep bowls of the Type Series

·-· "7

") "}

L(DB.l)

4.(DB7)

2.(DB.6)

5.(DB.8)

1. Type DB-1. II-C-6, level 6. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 6/6. 6 (DB.8)

., "J

2. Type DB-6. II-C-7, Rm. 4, level 7. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 7/4. 3. Type DB-6. II-C-6, level 6. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 5/6. 4. Type DB-7. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 15. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 7/4. 9.( DB.2 2)

ll.(K?)

7(DB.8)

l2(K 9)

5. Type DB-8. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 14. Colors: (a) 7.5YR 8/4; (b-e) 7.5YR 7/3. Surface unevenly finished. 6. Type DB-8. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 19. Colors: (b) lOYR 8/3; (c) lOYR 7/1; (d) 2.5YR 8/2. Interior and part of exterior slip; wet-smoothed exterior; bubble in section where rim was rolled to exterior. 7. Type DB-8. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level 14. Colors: (a) 5YR 7.5/3; (b) 5YR 7/3; (c) 5YR 7/1. Lip of rim irregularly smoothed, gouges in interior body. 8. Type DB-10. II-A/B-7, level 2. Colors: (a-b) 5Y 8/3; (c) 5Y 7/2. 9. Type DB-22. Sar. 3142. II-D-5, level 6-3. Colors: (a-b) 5YR 6/8; (c) lOYR 5/3; (e) lOR 8/2, lOYR 4/4. Exterior bichrome; exterior hand-burnished. l3.(DB.l)

10. Type K-6. II-B/C-4, Rm. 75, level 4-1. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/8; (b) 5YR 6/8; (c) lOYR 7/4. 11. Type K-7. II-K-21, level 27. Stratum F. Colors: (a) lOYR 8/2; (b) 5YR 5/8; (c) lOYR 6/2. 12. Type K-9. II-K-21, level27. Stratum F. Colors: (a) 7.5YR 8/3; (b) 2.5YR 5/6; (c) 2.5Y 5.5/2. 13. Type DB-1. 11-C-6, level 6. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 6/8. Horizontal thumb-impressed handle; wet-smoothed surface with lower exterior body unevenly finished.

l4.(DB.l0)

14. (Fig. 48:4) Type DB-10. 11-B-6, levellO. Colors: (a) 2.5Y 8/2; (b-e) 5YR 6.5/4; (d) 2.5Y 8/2. Self same slip interior. 15. (Fig. 48:6) Type DB-22. Sar. 3142. 11-D-5, level 6-3. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/8; (c) lOYR 5/3; (e) lOYR 8/2, lOR 4/4. Bichrome; exterior hand-burnished.

---

0

l5.(DB.2 2)

Fig. 19

5

10

20 M

Fig. 20.- Drawings of jars of the Type Series

1. Type D-2. II-D-4, level 9. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 6/6; (b-e) lOR 5/8. Finger impressions evident on both sides of mouth.

3(04)

m

2. Type D-3. Sar. 1261. II-L-20, level22. Stratum D2. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 5.5/8; (e) lOR 5/6, 2.5YR 2.5/2. Exterior bichrome; exterior hand-burnished. 3. Type D-4. II-C-7, Rm. 4, level tO. Colors: (a-c) 5YR 6/7; (e) tOR 4.5/6; 5 YR 3/1. Exterior bichrome; hand-burnished.

4(05)

2 (03)

1(0.2)

4. Type D-5. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level18-19. Colors: (a-b) 2.5YR 5/8; (c) 10YR 6/4; (e) lOR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/0. Exterior bichrome.

I'

(080 VI

5. Type D-14. II-C-6, Rm. 1, level18-19. Colors: (a) 5YR 6.5/6; (b-e) 5YR 7/8; (e) lOR 5/4, 7.5YR 4/0. Exterior bichrome; vertically hand-burnished exterior.

6.(0.19)

5(0.14)

6. Type D-19. Sar. 2000. II-C-6, cleanup. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 5/6; (e) lOR 5/4, 2.5YR 3/0. Surface discoloration; exterior bichrome; exterior hand-burnished below decorated portion of neck. 7. (Fig. 49:2) Type D-2. Sar. 1103. II-C-7, Rm. 4, level7 (?).Colors: (a) 7.5YR 6/4; (b-e) 5YR 5/6; (e) 5YR 5/4, 5YR 3/2. Exterior bichrome. 8. Type D-3. Sar. 1261. II-L-20, level22. Stratum D2. Colors: (a-c) 2.5YR 5.5/8; (e) lOR 5/6, 2.5YR 2.5/2. Exterior bichrome; exterior hand-burnished. 9. (Fig. 49:3) Type D-3. Sar. 3136. II-B-7, level tO. Colors: (a) 5YR 6/7; (b-e) 5YR 6/6; (e) lOR 5/6, 2.5YR 3/0. Exterior bichrome; exterior hand- and wheelburnished to medium lustre.

8(03) 10(03)

10. (Fig. 49:1) Type D-4. Sar. 1285. II-C-7, Rm. 5, level19b. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5/8; (b-e) 2.5YR 4/6; (e) lOR 5/8, 7.5YR 3/0. Exterior bichrome. 11. (Fig. 49:5) Type D-4. Sar. 2569. Colors: (a-c) 7.5YR 7/6; (e) lOR 4/3, tOR 3/1. Exterior bichrome; exterior hand-burnished.

7(02)

12. (Fig. 49:6) Type D-4. II-C-8, level4-e. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 5.5/8; (b-e) 2.5YR 4/8; (e) lOR 4/4, lOR 3/1. Exterior bichrome; exterior wheel- and hand-burnished to medium lustre.

12.(04)

---

0

5

Fig. 20

10

20CM.

Fr\ w·

Fig. 21. - Drawings of juglets of the Type Series

I

1. Type J-1. H-C-7, Rm. 4, level 7. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/6; (b-e) 10YR 5/6. Surface

Q:

l(J 1)

discoloration. 2. Type J-2. II-C-7, level 6. Colors: (a) 5YR 7/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 4/8. Surface discoloration; crudely pinched spout.

4.(J.7)

3.{ J.3)

2.( J.2)

-·

3. Type J-3. Sar. 1167. II-D-6, Rm. 3, level 5. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 6/6; (b-e) 2.5YR 5/6. 4. Type J-7. II-C-9, level 6. Colors: (a) 5Y 8/2; (c) lOR 5/1.2. 5. Type J-1. Sar. 3040. II-C-4, level4-8. Colors: (a) 2.5YR 6/8; (c) lOYR 7/3.

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