The Phoenician Family Tomb n.1 at the Northern Cemetery of Achziv (10th-6th Centuries BCE): Sam Turner Expedition: Final Report of the Excavations

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TOMB

Mazar, Eilat 2004 The Phoenician Family Tomb n.1 at the Northern Cemetery of Achziv (10th-6th Centuries BCE): Sam Turner Expedition: Final Report of the Excavations. Cuadernos de Arqueologia Mediterranea 10. Barcelona: Carrera Edició, Publicaciones del Laboratorio de Arqueología, Universidad Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona.

Background The architectural tradition of ashlar-built tombs reaches as far back as the built tombs from the Middle Bronze Age (MB) at Megiddo. The tombs of Megiddo display the main characteristics of chamber tombs in general (Gonen 1992: 1531, which include an entrance shaft and a burial chamber built of receding courses of irregular stones that gradually reduce the interna1 space of the tomb. This. the corbelled-vault style of tomb, appears also in the MB at Ugarit. However, there it is seen side by side with another style of chamber tomb built of ashlar stones as in Tombs LVI, LVII (Schaeffer 1939a: Fig. 49). It appears that the ashlar-built and corbelled-vault tombs exist together at Ugarit throughout the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (LB) (based on a personal correspondence with Sophie Marcheguy, a member of the French Archaeological mission at Ugarit n-ho wrote a dissertation on the Ugarit tombs: see also, for example, the corbelled vault Tombs 103. 105 in Salles 1987: Figs. 28,33, and the asl~lar-builtTombs I, XXXI, L in Schaeffer 1939a: 91, Figs. 79-80. 87). Marcheguy believes that the ashlar-built tomb is a sign of a high social rank and should be associated with wealthy families. However, she finds differences in the architectural characteristics of the Ugarit ashlar-built tombs frorn the MB as they relate to those of the LB. According to her, the MB ashlar Toinb LVI at Ugarit has structural errors, signs of construction incompetence that do not appear in the later ashlar toinbs of the LB. The stones of the LB ashlar-built tombs at Ugarit are of a rectangular shape, finely worked on all sides. They are laid in a precise manner. with each additional course of the long walls further protruding into the interior of the tomb; the gap left between the top courses of both long nralls is covered by stone slabs. The protruding corbels were then c ~ land t smoothed, giving the inner face of the nrall a uniform, elegant appearance. The entrances to the chainbers, located in the middle of one of the short walls, were high enough that those entering would not have needed to bend down. The other dominant feature of the ashlar-built tombs is related to the cult of the dead, namely, the supplying of food and drink to the dead within the tomb (Schaeffer 1939b:49). There are severa1 variations of installations arranged in order to carry out this ritual in the Ugarit ashlar-built tombs of the LB. One such arrangement is an opening in the ceiling through which drinks and libations were poured into the tomb, either directly above a jar embedded in the tomb's floor (Tomb VI11 in Schaeffer 1939a: Fig.78) or into a pit built in the floor (Toinb L in Schaeffer, 1939a: Fig.79). Another is a windon; of sorts built in the walls of the tomb, through which liquids were poured and then collected in depressions or shallow tunnels in the tomb's floor and then into a built central pit (Tomb I in Schaeffer 1939a: Fig. 80). In some cases a jar was placed near such a window outside of the tomb; the contents of the jar n7ereintended to be drunk by the dead from inside the tomb (Schaeffer 1939b:50-51). Although there is generally a close resemblance betm-een the ashlar-built tombs at Ugarit and those at Achziv, there does exist a gap of roughly three hundred years in their construction, and consequently differences do exist between them. These ~rimarilyinvolve their size, with the Ugarit tombs being larger and higher. The dromos of the

tombs at Ugarit is also longer and has steps: Tomb I. for example, has a 2.9 m long dromos with nine steps (Schaeffer 1939a: Fig. 801, whereas the Achziv ashlar-built toinbs have a v e n sina11 dromos, which is square and in two of three cases is built within a circular encasing. The entrances to the Achziv tornbs are much smaller than at Ugarit, at an average size of 70 x 80 cm, and are not consistently located in the center of one of the short n-alls as at Ugarit, with T.N.l being the only Achziv tomb with such an arrangenlent: in the other tn-o tombs the entrance is located at the southern end of one of the short walls. The Achziv tombs also lack the other feeding arrangements as they appear at Ugarit, aside frorn the hole cut in the center of the tombs' roofs. At Achziv, only T.N.l has a gabled roof, n-hile T.C.l and T.C.2 have flat roofs. Although it might be assumed that the flat roofs of T.C.l and T.C.2 represent a later architectural phase of development of ashlar-built tombs, as they do not appear at Ugarit, the ashlar-built toinbs found at Enkomi on the southeast coast of Cypixis date to the 13'hcentui7 BCE as in Ugarit, but have flat roofs, and are v e n similar to the Achziv toillbs in their ashlar building style, chamber size, smaller droinos size, and cut feeding hole in the roof (Courtois & Lagarce 1986: 24-26. Fig. IV, pls. VI-XI). Thus, the two roof forms seein to be contemporan, and can be understood as stylistic variations developed from the same architectural prototype of ashlar tombs n-ith gabled roofs from the MB. The m-o appear from the LB to the Iron Age and the later Phoenician and Punic n-orld, n-ith Achziv the only Iron Age site known so far in which both variants exist contemporaneously. This architectural backgrouncl enables the understanding of the various roofing variations of different periods, like those of the 10"' centun BCE ashlar-built chamber tombs at Achziv and the Punic ashlar tombs n-ith gabled roofs as found at Trayarnar in Spain and dated to the 7'" century BCE (Kiemeyer & Schubart 1975: Fig. 12) or at Maghoga in Morocco and dated to the 6'" and 5"' century BCE (Ponsich 1967: Fig. 5). The successors of the ashlar-built chamber tombs at Achziv are the shaft tombs quarried in the bedrock. In their earliest phase, dated to the end of the 10'" centui-y BCE, the Achziv shaft tombs have characteristics resembling the ashlar-built chainber tornbs. suc11 as built roofs n-ith long stone slabs laid transversely over the burial charnbers. and inward slanting a-alls. In their later architectural phases in the 9"' centuiy BCE, no remains of the built roofs remain and all the sl~afttombs n-ere quarried entirely underground. Although we do not see a continuation of the ashlar-built style in the tombs during the next centuries of the Iron Age 11 and the Persian period in Phoenicia, n-e do see their continuation in Cyprus and the Punic n-orld. The style is seen, for example, in the 8'"-7'" centuries BCE tombs at Salamis on the northeastern coast of Cyprus (Karageorghis 1969: 23-99) and in the tombs at Tamasos sout11 of Kicosia, which, by the end of the Iron Age, display a complexity and modification characteristic of Phoenician architecture (Ohnefalsc11-Richter 1895: Westholm 1941: 36-39).

The Tomb Structure (Plans 2-7) The interior of the burial chamber of T.N.l measures 1.86x 2.38 m. One course of stones, frorn 17.5-45 cm in height, comprises the foundation of the chamber, and lacks the fine dressing characterizing the other stones of the chambes. The stones of the nralls are of an average size of 55 x 30 cm and were laid mostly as stretchers n-ith clean, straight joints. The short walls have six courses of ashlars, n-hile the long walls ase built of three courses to a height of 95 em, above which ase the three courses of the gabled ceiling. The stones of the ceiling abut the short a-alls and covers over part of the sides of their upper three courses (Photo 7 ) . The gabled ceiling has three courses of n-ell-cut and smoothly dressed stones laid as headers, with clean. straight joints, some of n-hich are slightly diagonal. and reaches a height of 74 cm. The stones v a n in width from 14 cm to 39 em, but maintain a similar height in each course, ranging from 22 cin to slightly more than 30 cm. At the eastern end of the ceiling each course slants inward 26 cm over the course belon- it. while rhe third course slants inward 30 cm on one side and 56 cm on the other. On the western end of the ceiling the uppermost course slants inward only 10 cm on one side and 20 cm on the other. The inner faces of the stones ase dressed and smoothed and afford the chamber ceiling its perfectly gabled appearance. A hole is cut through the top of the western side of the ceiling: it n-as first cut as a 15 cm square hole in the center of the roof, but during a later phase it n a s enlarged to a long narrow hole of 87 x 42 cm (Photos 8. 9). The floor level of the tomb is 1.76 m below the top of the ceiling. The entrance is slightly to the south of the center of the eastern n-all (Photo 10). It is square. 64 x 64 em, and 20 cm deep. The threshold is one course higher than the chamber's floor. Aftes the last burial nras placed under the

THE PHOENICI.kS FAhIILY TOL'fB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIY. (10'"-6' CENTURIES BCE)

Plan 2. A plan of the chamber and the dromos of the tomb

Plan 3. A north-south section of the tomb and its close surroundings.

Plan 4. Sections of the four walls of the tomb

THE PHOENICIAK FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERS CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10'~--6'~' CENTURIES BCE)

Plan j. An east-west section of the southern wall of the tomb and dromos.

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Plan 6. An east-west section of the northern wall of the tomb and dromos.

feeding hole in the ceiling, the last users of the tomtl were unable to use it as an exit and, preferring not tcl move the large seal stone from the tomb's entrance', puslied out two large stones built one above the othe~r from above the entrance (Photos 11, 13). The lonre~r stone, 85 cm long and rectangular in shape, n-as the 1in.tel of the tomb's entrance; the stone above it. 87.5 crrl long, 35 cm high, and somewhat triangular in shape', was the top pointed stone of the toinb's short easterrl wall. This stone n-as found in the drornos, at the foot o.f the hole created above the original entrance from n-hickl o it was pushed out (Photo 12). The dromos is rectangular, 1.20 x 1.O9 111 and 1.? m high. and is built on the eastern side of the tomb, no1[ Pian 7 . A section of the dromos, looking west into the tomb's on the central axis of the tomb's charnber but slightlv entrance. south of it (Pliotos 6, 14). The n-idth of the n-alls of thC dromos varies from 37-57 cm. It is built of large. partially worked rectangular stones and small to medium-sizeci fill stones. The outer line of the dromos is circular. The missing stones at the southern end of its eastern n-all creat$ a narrom; step, 25 cm wide, through which one could have descended about 40 ciil to the drornos floor. The seal stone was found in situ at the tomb's entrance (Photo 15). It is a large stone of an irregular shape, 0.87 x 1.12 x 20 inThe construction stages of the tomb can be distinguished. After the stone foundation was laid. the threg courses of the four chamber walls nrere set in place, followed by tlie additional three courses on the short n~estertl wall, the three courses of the gabled ceiling osTerthe long n-alls, and finally the three courses on the short easteril wall, built last in order to precisely fit the shape of tlie ceiling. No cement n-as used in the construction of the tomb, and it is built entirely of local sandstone. The roof of the tomb n-as constructed n-ith three components. The first component consists of tlie well-cut ashlar stones of the chamber ceiling. These stones n-ere laic$ with calculated precision in header fashion. the uppermost course of n-hich has an average length of 1.25 m and width of 30 em. One third of tlieir length protrudes into the toinb's interior witli no support underneath. A hole was cut in the center of the ceiling for the bringing in of food and drink for the dead. Second, in balancing the weight of the stones of the cliamber ceiling, long stones m-ith mani- sruall and niedium-sized irregular stones between them n-ere laid on and around the stones of the ceiling in header fashior. forming a 1.15 ni n-ide "belt" that creates a circular encasing for the entire structure and ensures its stahility. Third, two rows of long, rectangular, partially-n-orked stones were placed on top of the outei- edge of thz belt, with their short face towards the tomb's interior and their central part 11-ing directly on top of the tomb's wall," This, the uppermost part of the tornb's roof. further stabilizes the tomb and presrents ceiling collapse n-hen stepped upon by the s-isitorsof the deceased Altliough rhe roof structure bears a general resemblance to the gabled roofs of Lgarit s ashlar tomlx, at Ugart the roofs were built of larger and longer stones sufficient for stabilizing the gabled forni without the support of a l additional outer belt construction and the additional stones on the top of it. Furthermore, in most of Ugarit's tombs an additional row of relatively small worked stones was laid above the seam between rhe two sides of the g b l e j roof (as in Tonihs I. 11. L; Schaeffer 1939a:Figs.78-79, 87). The inanner in which the cremation burials mere found in relation to the exterior of the tomb's structure irdicates that the gabled roof of the tomb was above ground. The cremation burials that n-ere found abutting thz tomb's structure from the outside, including a cremation burial complex with a hearth, an urn full of creniatej bones, pottel-y vessels and a fallen stela, were found abutting tlie tomb on its --estern side (Photos 16 - 18). Regarding the tomb's foundation trench. although it n-as not res-ealed 1,eneath the n i d e belt of the roofs step-like structure, it can be expected to have been quite a narro- trench, only to fit the stones of the tomb's walB which were laid in stretcher fasliion

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STRATIGRAPHY AND DATING

The analysis of the tomb's finds, discussed below, places its construction within the 10b century BCE and indicates that it was in use for four hundred years. Although it is as yet the only family tomb found in the Achziv northern cemetery, it can be assumed that at the time of its construction it was located among other similar tombs. Based on the finds from our excavations it seems that sometime at the end of the 10thor the beginning of the 91h century BCE the northern cemetery was transformed into a cremation cemetery. It seems that it was partially cleared of its previous tombs in creating a space for the cremation structure and for the cremation burials that surrounded it. This assumption is strengthened by the finds at the southern cemetery at Achziv, where dozens of 10th91hcenturies BCE secondary burials and burial gifts (T.C.4, T.C.2 and T.C.l,in Mazar 2001:19-74) were found. Aside from its vicinity to the settlement on one side and to the sea on the other. specific reasons as to why this area was chosen for a cremation cemetery require further study. The discovery of T.K.1 at a relatively short distance from the cremation structure and surrounded by cremation burials indicates that the family tombs were not entirely cleared from the northern cemetery. No cremation burials m-ere placed originally inside T.N.l or in any of the dozens of family tombs found in the eastern and southern cemeteries of Achziv. The cremation burials found in T.N.1, placed in the large kraters in the tomb's corners and found with two broken urns on the ground near the zn sztu burials found at the southwest corner of the tomb, are incomplete and were likely placed there after having been removed from the cremation burial ground outside the tomb. They were deposited during the tomb's last phase of use (Phase 4) at the end of the 7Ih-beginningof the Oh century BCE, around the time the cremation practice came to an end, as based on the finds from our excavations. Four major phases of use were observed in the tomb:

Pbase 1 (IUh - beginning of Y bcentury BCE) At least three burials were placed along each of the tomb's walls except the entrance wall. They were laid on the beaten earth floor (level 3.j) with their burial gifts of the 10th- beginning of gthcentury BCE (for pilgrim flasks and iron weapons and tools of this phase, see Fig. 32). None of the earliest burials were found intact but many of their burial gifts were found in situ (Photo 19). The small pilgrim flask is the most common type of pottery vessel accompanying the burials of the first phase, and its presence in large numbers is especially interesting in light of its total disappearance from the later burial assemblages. A similar picture arose relating to the scarabs, ivories, iron weapons, iron tools, beads and pendants, which characterize the wealth of the burials of this phase and nearly or completely disappear from the finds of the later phases. Along the northern wall of the tomb were found burial gifts of a great warrior (see Fig. 29, Photos 117-122), including a long sword (reg. no. 2351.181, spearhead (reg. no. 2351.17), knife (reg. nos. 2415.1,2), dagger (reg. no. 24321, axe (reg. no. 2554) and arrowheads. An especially fine

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍAMEDITERR&KEA/ \'OL. 10

krater (reg. no. 2257; see Fig. 2. Photo 36) found in the northnlest corner of the tomb (Photo 20) and two pairs of bronze scales (reg. nos. 2539.1-4: see Fig. 27, Photos 113-116) as of a jewelry nlaker found to its south (Photo 21) ase probably related to the burial along the m7esternwall of the tomb. The many jewels reflecting an exceptionally high quality of workmanship discovered in the tomb may also belong to that burial. Other finds of the early phase were found near the southeastern corner of the tomb and probably relate to the burial laid along the eastern side of the southern mrall. As was customary in the many family tombs discovered in the southern and eastern cemeteries at Achziv, when nen- burials were brought into the farnily tornb the remains of the last burials that were left in articulation along the tomb's walls n-ere usually moved with their burial gifts to the pile of previous burials at the back of the tomb. However, the burials of the first phase in this tomb and their burial gifts were not piled in such a manner at the back of the tomb. Apparently the later burials were laid after the passage of a relatively long span of time, during m-11ich the remains of tlle first phase were covered over by earth and thus mere not removed. Perl~apsno new burials were brought into the tomb during this span because of the high social status of those buried n-ithin it. Hom-ever, it can also be assurned that no rnore new burials were allowed in the tornb after the cemetesy was changed into a cremation cemetery, sometinle at the end of the 10"' or beginning of the 9"centun BCE.

Phase 2 (IQh - beginning of yhcentury BCE, with penetration of finds from Phase 3) A shallow pit (frorn elevation 3.j to 3.23 m) n-as dug through the floor in the northeastern corner of the tomb (Photo 22). The pit is of an elliptical shape. with a long side, measuring 90 em, along the eastern wall of the tornb, and a short side, measuring 55 em, along the northern wall. It descends 20 cm under the level of the tomb's floor elevation and j cm above rhe bottom of the lowest foundational course of its walls. The pit contained loose earth, easy to excavate. Three skulls were arranged in a line along the northern end of the pit anc1 another was placed near the eastern side. The long bones (of the arms and legs) were laid in the pit with pottery and finds of the 10th- beginning of 9'j1century BCE (Photos 23-24), siinilar to those found with the burials of the first phase. such as the pilgrim flasks and the iron arrowheads. The pit was covered by burials and finds of Phase 3, n-hich also penetrated into its contents. Therefore, finds that ase relatecl to a later period were found relating to this phase. Given that the burials of the first phase and their burial gifts appear to have intentionally not been removed from their original burial place along the valls of the tomb, it is reasonable to assume that the secondary burials in the pit were brought from outside of the tomb. A similar phenomenon was obsened in the ashlar-built tombs in the southern cemetery at Achziv, where secondary burials dated to the 10'hcentury BCE were buried in the saine kind of pits under the eastern side of the tombs' floor (T.C.l, T.C.2;hIazar 2001:49-51,72, Fig. 26, Photos 64-65. 78). Despite the location of the pits. n-hich were under the floor level at the base of the entrances' valls. the fact that these secondary burials njere brought inside the tomb is an indication of their relative importance, probably by their familial ties to the family n7ho on-ned it. It can be assumed that these secondary burials were cleared from the northern cemetery sornetime in the 10"' to 9'" centuries BCE with its changeover to a cremation site (Mazar 2001:157).

Phase 3 (end of 9"- 7"centuries BCE) With cremation burials gradually surrounding the tomb's structure, regular burials began once again to be deposited within it sornetime tom-ards the end of the 9" century BCE. The tomb then continued to be used as a family tomk for dozens of burials, m-ith each previous burial and its burial gifts being piled up at the back of the tomb and at it: eastern corners a-ith the arrival of nenr corpses (Photos 25-30). This phase continued unti1 the late 7'" century BCE At the end of this phase and possibly during the next phase, remains of isolated cremation burials wert brought into the tomb for secondan burial. likely from the crernation site outside. A ver); clear custom was ob. served in the eastern and southern cemeteries of Achziv, n-here no cremation remains n-ere buried in the dozen: of the family tombs, thus rhe presence of sucli remains in T.K.1 in its last phase of use probably reflects a new con. cept of a raised concern for the afterlife of the cremated individual. Such a concern is uncharacteristic of the cremation cult and likely arose when the custom of crernation became less cornmon, only to disappear altogether.

THE PHOENICIAN F.4MILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF ACHZIV.

phase 4 (late

( ~ ~ " ~ ~ ' T E N TBCE) URIES

-mid- 6'"centuries BCE)

Four burials (Burials A, B, C, D; see Fig. 17) are related to the fourth and final phase of the tomb's use, which lasted a few dozen years. The suggested chronology of the burials depends on their location in the tomb and the nature of their pottery assemblages. The vessels present in this phase of use that are not present in the third phase, such as the small lamps and the many variants of the unslipped trefoil rim jugs (see Fig. 15:2-4), make it possible to date it from the end of the 71hto the middle of the Oh century BCE. The pottery assemblages of each of the four burials also demonstrate time intervals between them, with an especially long interval between the third burial (Burial C) and the last burial (Burial D). The burials of Phase 4 show that the tomb aras no longer used as a main family tomb, and there was no need to move these burials aside and make space for new ones. Burial A is most probably the earliest burial among the four. It is placed along the southern part of the western wall, the most suitable and safest location for burial if no more burials were planned to be added to the pile of burials accumulated there during the third phase of use in the tomb. Found near the hand of Burial A was an unslipped trefoil rim jug (reg. no. 2013: see Figs. 17:22, 10:1, Photo 66), and near its head a red-slipped mushroom rim jug (reg. no. 2100; see Figs. 17:23, 9:4, Photo 61), both vessels dating to the 7 I h century BCE. This burial did not have a small lamp near its hand as discovered near the hands of the other burials of this phase. A jar (reg, no. 8797; see Fig. 17:25, 3:1, Photo 37) was likely taken from this burial and added to Burial D when it was brought into the tomb. Burial B is most probably the second burial among the four, although it is difficult to ascertain because so few vessels can be associated with it. The buriers arould likely have preferred an inner location in the tomb so that the western side of the southern wall would have been preferable over the eastern side of the wall. It is possibly the third burial among the four, although the pottery assemblage of Burial C typologically precedes that of Burial D, which appears to be the very last burial in the tomb. The identification of Burial D as such is based on the characteristics of its pottery assemblage and on its 10cation in the center of the tomb. The burial was accompanied by a pottery assemblage lacking mushroom rim jugs or any of the red-slipped jugs and thus its assemblage represents the very end of the separation process from the previous Iron Age Phoenician tradition. and should be given a date toward the mid-Gh century BCE. It was placed with the jar below the enlarged hole in the tomb's ceiling so that the dead could be directly provided with food and drink through the hole. Therefore, the hole ceased to function as an entrance to the tomb, through which new burials had been deposited during the 7Ih- Oh centuries BCE while the door was left blocked with remains of 71h century BCE burials piled at its foot, including a mushroom rim jug with oval body (Fig. 8:3,Photo 56) and a miniature jar (Fig. j:2, Photo 40). A new entrance was then breached with the removal of stones above the door, and another jar (reg. no. 8762; see Fig. 17:26. 3 2 , Photo 38) was left below the breach as an additional vessel into which drinks were supplied to the dead. The tomb was used through many generations, for many burials, which were brought in and laid along its walls while the earlier burials and their burial gifts were piled aside. Thus it is difficult to determine the original 10cation of most of the finds in the tomb. With multiple burials in such a small space it is clear that many burial gifts were moved from their original location and penetrated into earlier or later burial layers within the tomb. The conclusions must therefore not rely on a single find but on many, and on the overall picture that arises from them.

CUADERNOS D E ARQUEOLOGÍA ~ I E D I T E K R ~ N E A / VOL. 10

Photo 1 The northern cemeten of hchzn n ~ t hthe cremation structure and the tomb looking sourhnrard to Tel Achzlv (2002)

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Photo 2. The northern cemetery of Achziv with the cremation structure and the toinb (19941, looking northw-ard to Rosh Hanikra (Ras Nakora).

THE PHOESICIAN FAMILY TOMB 1.1. AT THE SORTHERV CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10'"-61 CENTURIES BCE)

Photo 3. The northern cemetery of Achziv, with the round crematorium structure to the left and the tomb to the right. looking east.

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Photo 4. Uncovering the tomb at the beginning of 2002 season. The completion of the tomb's excavations waited eight years from the time of its discovev and partia1 excavation in 1994.

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Photo 5. An excaLrator pulling herself up from the enlarged feeding hole in the tomb's roof at the end of a day of work.

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THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB S.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10"-6'" CESTURIES BCE)

Photo 6. The structure of the tomb at the end of excavations. n-ith the squared dromos leading to rhe chamber. Looking west.

Photo 7. The fine ashlar stone construction of the tomb. Looking west.

Photo.8. The roof of the tomb n-ith the enlargecl feeding hole in its center still full n-ith earth, as found in 1991.

Photo 9 Looklng up florn lnslde the tomb through its enldrged feecllng hole in rhe roof

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THE PHOENICIAN FALIILY TOMB N.1. AT THE I O R T H E R K CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10"'-6"'CEKTURIES BCE)

Photo 10. The blocked entrance of the tomb as uncol-ered in the 1994 season. Looking east

Photo 11. The breach above the blocked entrance of the tomb as seen from outside the tomb. The breach was probably made by the last buriers who could no longer use the enlarged feeding hole in the roof as an exit. Looking west.

Photo 12. The gabled headstone of the eastern

Photo 13. The breach above the blocked entrance of the tomb as seen fronl inside the tomb. Looking east.

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all of the tomb

Photo 14. The dromos at the end of the excavations. looking east.

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE SORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (101-6"' CENTURIES BCE)

Photo 15. The seal stone of the tomb as found in situ blocking its entrance. Looking west

Photo 16.Cremation burials and stelae surrounding the tomb, as seen in the 1992 season. Looking west.

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Photo 17. A cremation burial complex discovered adjacent to the n-estern side of the tomb. Looking east.

'hoto 18. A cremation complex that includes a fallen stele. a large hearth. a mushroom rim jug, a Samarian bowl, and an u n-ith cremated bones, as found adjacent to the nrestern side of the tomb. Looking north.

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Photo 19.A concentration of pilgrim flasks and a miniature trefoil rim jug (see Fig. 6:1) as they appeared o n the earliest floor of the tomb.

Photo 20. An elegant krater (see Fig. 2) as it appeared in the northaestern corner of the tomb.

Photo 21. The krater found in rhe corner on the earliest floor of the tomb, with the sword (see Fig. 2 9 3 ) to its east and the tn-o pairs of bronze scales (see Fig. 27) to its south.

Photo 22. The pit of Phase 2, with secondaq burials and burial gifts, as revealed in the northeastern corner of the tomb. Looking east.

THE PHOESICIAN F.4LIILY TOMB X.1. .kT THE NOKTHERN CEhlETEKY OF ACHZI\-. (10'-6'

CENTL-RIES RCE)

Photo 23. Skulls and long bones of seconclai-y burirrls as re\-ealed in rhe pit of Phase 2 . Looking east

course of tlle northern and eastern Photo 24. The pit of I'hase L aftei-l~avingheen enlptied of its contents. ?'he fouildatio~~al walls of rhe tornh is visible n-ithin the pit. Looking east.

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Photo 25. Many jugs uncovered among bones and burial gifts of Phase 3, as piled at the northwestern corner of the tomb.

Photo 26. The bichrome or red-slipped mushroom rim jugs and red-slipped trefoil rim jugs found in a pile of Phase 3 at the northwestern corner.

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Photo 27. A female mask (see Fig. 18) found among the many bones and burial gifts of Phase 3

Photo 28. The mask as it appeared among bones and burial gifts of Phase 3.

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Photo 29. A donkey figurine as it appeared among bones and burial gifts of Phase 3

Photo 30. The clay model of a boat as it appeared among bones and burial gifts of Phase 3

38

POTTERY

More than 200 pottery vessels were found in the tomb, most of which were found complete. They include 49 pilgrim flasks, 27 dipper juglets, 19 red-slipped trefoil rim jugs. 45 mushroom rim jugs of all types, 16 unslipped trefoil rim jugs, 4 funnel shaped rim jugs, 22 bowls. 4 lamps. one krater, 2 urns, 2 jars, and other miscellaneous vessels. Only eight (!) imported pottery vessels were found in the tomb, including a decorated Cypriot krater. 3 white painted barrel juglets, 3 Black-on-Red (BOR) juglets, and one BOR jug. Although the tomb was in use through several centuries and the pottery vessels were often piled up and mixed together, it is still possible to link many of them with their original burial phases, namely on the earliest layer on the tomb's floor (Phase 1: see Fig. 32) and on the ven1 last burial layer (Phase 4: see Fig. 17). It became clear that pottery vessel types varied among the phases of the tomb's use, and when a certain type was used over a long period of time it consistently changed form during that period. The tomb's pottery assemblage. spanning about 400 years, represents the richest and most complete collection of Phoenician pottery ever found in an intact family tomb in Phoenicia so far. For a discussion on many of these vessels mrith comprehensive refesences to parallels, see Nunez 2004.

Bowls (Fig. 1) Open Bowls with Rounded Wall (Fig. 1:1-4)

Four open bowls with rounded walls were found in the tomb. One bowl (Fig. 1:1), characterized by a simple upcentury BCE pit of Phase 2. It is the most common type found in right rim, was found in a lower level in the 10'h-91h the 10th-9"century BCE T.C.4 (Mazar 2001:Fig. 7:14-20), while its absence in the 8Ih century BCE shaft tombs with burial beds at Achziv (E. Mazar 1996:66) and its parallels at other sites, as at Tyre Strata V-XIII (Bikai 1978:24-25, Pls. XVIII:l, XXV1:l-4, X X I X : ~ ,or ~ )at Tel Keisan Strata 7-9a-b (Briend & Hubert 1980:Pls. 52:l-4, 53:3, 5514, 66:3) support its earlier date. Two more boa~lsof this type (Fig. 1:2-3). only with flat double-ledge rims, appear together at a low level associated with Phase 1. The fourth bowl (Fig. 1:4) has a similar rim, but is smaller than the others and ~ BCE (see Fig. its wall ase slightly thicker; it is associated with Burial C of Phase 4; dated to the end of the 7 1century 17:19).

Open Bowls with Straight Wall (Fig. 1:5-7)

Three bowls of this type were found in the tomb. Two are characterized by an inward slanting rim; one (Fig. 15) was found inside the Cypriot krater dated to 750 - 600 BCE (see Fig. 16:1, Photo 92) found at the northeastern cor-

ner of the tomb, and the other (Fig. 1:6) in a low level that relates to Phase 1 or 2 of burials in the tomb. Another bowl (Fig. 1:7) of this type, with a triangular rim, aras discovered near the northern wall of the tomb in a layer related to Phase 3.

Bowls with ShelfRims (Fig. 1.8-10, Photo 31) Only three bowls of this type were found in the tomb. Two of them are of the common shelf rim type without slip and have fairly straight walls; one (Fig. 1%) was found behind the abovementioned Cypriot krater, and rhe other (Fig. 1:9) near the w-estern side of the southern wall. This type of bowl does not appear in the 10th- Yh centuries BCE T.C.4 (Mazar 2001:19-24),while it is the most common in the Achziv shaft tombs dated to the 81h- bthcenturies BCE (E. Mazar 1996:67), a date that is strengthened by parallels from other sites, such as at Tyre Strata 1-111 (Bikai 1978:20-23.Pl. I:7-11, VIII, IX:3-6, 11-18) or Sarepta Strata B-C (Anderson 1988:Pls. 3537-9, 13-14, 16-17, 36:13, 16, 18-23, 38:19, 21). The third bowl (Fig. 1:10,Photo 31) is different, as it is red-slipped and has carinated walls. It was found near the southern wall on the floor that is related to Phase 1. Found inside the bowl were nine beads (see Fig. 22:31-32, 34, j j, 64, 69-70, 100, 144), a pendant (see Fig. 23:6, Photo 103), an amulet (reg. no. 2469.7, see Appendix), a silver ring (see Fig. 25311) still on a finger bone, and ivories (Fig. 31:21, 62). In Achziv's southern cemetery a similar bowl was found in T.A.78 (Mazar 2001:Fig. 36:2), and another, but a-ith a rounded wall, in T.C.4 (Mazar 2001:Fig. 7:21).

Hemispherical Bowls (Fig. 1:11-12,Photo 32) Two hemispherical boarls were found in the tomb. One (Fig. 1:11, Photo 32) has a very shallow, wide disk base and is related to Phase 1. The other (Fig. 1:12) has a rounded base; it was found near the northern wall and is related to Phase 3. A hemispherical bowl with base appears in T.C.4. indicating an earlier date (Mazar 2001: Fig. 7:24), while the hemispherical bowls found in the 8'h century BCE shaft tombs a-ith burial beds at Achziv have a rounded base (Dayagi-Mendels 2002: 113, Type B4 V; Mazar 2001: Fig. 52:16). Thus it seems that a general chronological line can be drawn between the two sub-types.

Closed Hemispherical Bowl (Fig. 1:13J) A closed hemispherical bowl relates to Phase 3. It seems that this bowl represents a smaller variation, with round base, of the 10thcentury BCE krater from the tomb (see Fig. 2:1, Photo 36).

Samarian Bowls (Fig. 1.14-19,Photos 33-34) Six Samarian bowls with thin walls were found in the tomb. Two (Fig. 1314-15, Photo 33) were found at a low level near the eastern part of the southern wall by a concentration of pilgrim flasks, and can be related with certainty to Phase 1.Three others (Fig. 1:16-18, Photo 34) were found in rhe pit of Phase 2; these bowls are characterized by a wide rounded base or a very small ring base. The sixth bom71(Fig. 1:19), with a much flatter base, was found together with an athcentury BCE red-slipped trefoil rim jug with a round body (Fig. 6:9) near the northern wall of the tomb, both relating to Phase 3. The bowls with shallow ring base (Figs. l:lj,17) can be dated to as early as rhe 10rh - yhcentury BCE, based on parallels found in T.C.4 at Achziv (Mazar 2001: Fig. 7:22) and Hazor Stratum IX (Yadin et al 1 9 6 1 : ~ l~. C V I I I : but ~ ~ )their , type's long range is confirmed by later parallels. which appear together with bowls with a wide round base in the 81hcentury BCE, as at Horbat Rosh Zayit (Type BIII. Gal &Alexandre 2000:36). Bowls with a wide flat base (Fig. 1:19) were found at Achziv in the later type of tombs dated to the 8'h- 71h century BCE, but do not appear in the 10thcentury BCE assemblage (for Achziv, see Mazar 2001:Fig. 64:18; for parallels and general discussion, see: Singer-Avitz 1989:83, Fig. 7.4:l).

A black-ware bowl (Fig. 1:20) with a concave-ledge rim, round wall and three legs was found scattered at the back of the tomb and should be associated with Phase 3. This bowl is unique in the bowl assemblage with no parallels at Achziv. Two small, round, deep bowls (Fig. 1:21-22)were found related to Phase 3, one (Fig. 1:21,Photo 35) with a hole under the rim. A similar bowl was found in the eastern cemetesy of Achziv (~aya~i- end dels 2002:113, Type B4 IV).

Krater (Fig. 2:1, Photo 36) ~t the northwest corner of the tomb, an elegant krater was found in situ (see Photos 20-21! Fig. 32:46) containing cremation remains that were probably placed inside the vessel as a secondary burial sometime at the end of the 7th or beginning of the Gh century BCE, when the practice of cremation probably ceased (see Stratigraphy and Dating). During the excavation, the krater appeared at level 3.86 aftes the removal of three skulls that were piled above it. It belongs to Phase 1, as it was found on top of the earliest floor of the tomb (at level 3.54), between the burial of the great warrior to its east and of the jewelsy-maker to its south, both of which ase dated by their pottesy assemblages to the 10thcentury BCE. This type of krater is unique, especially in its form, hemispherical body, highly curved base, high quality of manufacture, and the fine black! white, and red decoration. There is some similarity in shape and decoration between it and the krater found at Achziv's southern cemetery in Tomb Z I11 (Dayagi-Mendels 2002:122, Fig. 5.7:1, Type HJl), a transitional type of tomb dated to the late 10th-early9'h centuries BCE (Mazar 2001: 108-109, 158-159). It is also somewhat similar to the red-slipped, burnished krater found in Tomb 13 at Amathus, dated to the lPh-Bth centuries BCE (Gjerstad 1935: 79-84, Pl. XIX). This type of tomb belongs to an early type of shaft tomb at Achziv dated to the end of the 10th-beginningof the gthcenturies BCE (Mazar 2001:158-159). ca&ated-Sboulder Jars (Fig. 3:1, Photos 37-38) Two complete jars were found in the tomb. One jar (Fig. 3 1 , Photo 37) was found directly below the enlarged feeding hole cut in the ceiling and the other (Fig. 3:2, Photo 38) below the breach cut above the sealed entrance to the tomb. The jars were probably used as containers for liquids supplied to the dead, and were located with easy access for refilling them (see Phase 4 in Stratigraphy and Dating). In evesy 81h-Ghcentury BCE family tomb at Achziv it seems that at least one jar was placed with the burials. It appears that in these tombs the jars were often given to the dead as communal vessels containing liquids for all the burials in the tomb rather than as private burial gifts. Examples of such a jar senring many dead, identical to the jar (Fig. 3:l) in T.N.1, m-ere found in T.C.2 (Mazar 1996:69; 2001:49, Photo j9, Fig. 20b:lB) and T.A.72 (Mazar 1996:69-70;2001: Fig. 64:20) in the southern cemetery. Ben Dos found examples in the eastern cemetesy that demonstrate that the jar sesved as the most elementary vessel in the pottesy repertoire of the Bth-Ghcentury BCE tombs. In Tomb ZR XLV one burial was found together with a sealed jar and no other burial gifts (Mazar 1996:45; Dayagi-Mendels 2002:106). In many of the tombs he found at least one jar, and occasionally two or three jars, as in Tomb ZR XXXI where eight burials were found in situ together with three jars (Mazar 1996:Pl. 23:15; Dayagi-Mendels 2002236). Figure 3:l is a "sausage jar," characterized by a short upright rim, horizontal shoulders, and two small handles on the uppermost part of the body. The body is narrow and cylindrical with a slight curve under the edge of the shoulder. At its lower third it gradually narrows and ends in a pointed base. This type of jar is found at Tel Keisan Stratum 4, dated to the 7thcentusyBCE (Briend & Humbert 1980:Pls .26:3, 7, 27:9). Figure 3:2 has a shost upright rim, horizontal shoulders, and two small handles at the uppermost part of the body. The upper half of the body is cylindrical and slightly widens towards its lower past. from which the body narrows to a very pointed base. This type of jar is also found at Tel Keisan Stratum 2 (Briend & Humbert 1980:Pls. 7:5) and at Tel Dos (Stern 1995:58-62, Fig.2.7, including a discussion of the type). It is dated to the b'h-4thcenturies BCE (Mazar 1996:71). In very recent research of the carinated-shoulder jars manufactured at Sarepta. Bettles describes them as a Phoenician commodity with a significant role throughout southern Phoenicia during the Persian period (2003:76-77).

Urns (Fig. 4:l-2) Fragmentary remains of two urns and remains of cremations were found at a high level near the southwestern corner of the tomb, in between the burials OS Phase 4 (late 71h-mid6'" century BCE). Given their location and fragmentary state, it can be assumed that they were brought into the tomb as a secondary burial from their original location in the cremation site outside, which can be explained by the termination of the cremation cult during the end of the 71hto the first half of the 6"' century BCE. It is likely that such is the explanation for the other remains of cremations that were placed inside the two kraters in the tomb, one of which is dated to the lVh century BCE (Fig. 2:l) and the other to the 81h- 7Ih century BCE (Fig. 16:l). The urns here are OS the most common type of urn found at Phoenician sites, and are characterized by a short neck, a piriform body, handles that extend from rim to shoulder. and a ring base: they are dated to the 8Ih7Ih century BCE (Seeden 1991:53-54,57-59; Mazar 1996:92-95;Doumet-Serhal 2003:45).

Miniature Jars and a Miniature Ampbora (Fig. 5; Photos 39-41) One miniature jar with a squat body and two vertical lug handles below a carinated shoulder (Fig. 5:2, Photo 40) was found at the foot of the blocked entrance. Another (Fig. 5:1, Photo 39). with a red-slipped cylindrical body, was found at a low level near the center of the northern wall of the tomb and relates to Phase 1 (lOrh-beginning of 91h century BCE). Other miniature jars of the same type but unslipped were found in the eastern cemetery at Achziv (Types MV1-4, Dayagi-Mendels 2002:133, Fig. 5.12:5-8). A miniature amphora (Fig. 5:3, Photo 41: see Fig. 17:5) with basket-handles was found near the i n situ burial in the tomb's center, which is the last burial OS the tomb, dated to the bth century BCE. In a late type of shaft tomb (ZR XII) at Achziv another miniature amphora was found (Dayagi-Mendels 2002:135, Fig. 5.12:9,Type MV5). Amphorae of this type were found in Oh-51hcentury BCE strata at Tel Michal (Herzog et al 1989:116-1180) and Tel Keisan (Briend and Humbert 1980:Pl. 24:1,4).

Red-Slqped Trefoil Rim Jugs (Fig. 6, Photos 42-46) Nineteen jugs of this type were found in the tomb, the third most common pottery vessel of the tomb after pilgrim flasks and mushroom rim jugs. Only one (Fig. 6:1, Photo 42) among them can be related with certainty to Phase 1, a miniature with a thick, wide-open trefoil rim, an elongated neck that opens gradually, a pear-shaped body, and a pedestal base. Its shape varies from the other jugs of that type and represents the earliest phase of the typological development of the red-slipped trefoil rim jugs. Taro such jugs, but of a regular size, were found at Achziv's centuries BCE (Mazar 2001:Fig. 9.1-2). In the early types of chamsouthern cemetery, in T.C.4, dated to the 10th-Yh ber tombs (Tombs ZR XXXIX, Tomb Z XX and Tomb Z I, dated to the end of the 10Ihcentury BCE) in the southern and eastern cemeteries of Achziv, a fem7 similar jugs arere found (Types JG1-2, Dayagi-Mendels 2002:122-123). Other such jugs were found in Tomb IV at Rashidieh (Doumet 1980: 44, 89, 102: Pl. XI: 34), in a tomb at Joya (Chapman 1972: 135, 167, Fig. 27:261) and at Megiddo Strata Va-IVb (Loud 1948: Pl. 91:3, Fig. 389). According to its typology and parallels, it should be dated to the second half of the 10thcentury BCE. An entirely different picture arises in T.N.l during Phase 3, when the red-slipped trefoil rim jug appears as the most common type OS pottery vessel in the tomb. They have a medium-sized trefoil rim, a conical neck that narrows toward the rim, a round or slightly elliptical body, and a shallow ring base. For the most part all OS these vessels represent the same phase in the typological development of the type, with some minor variations. Figure 6:2 (Photo 43) is small in size and has a round body and a relatively small ring base, characteristics typical of an earlier phase OS development. It was found in a low level of Phase 3, further indicating a relatively early date. Such jugs appear in T.C.4 at Achziv (Mazar 2001: Fig. 9:3-4) and with a slightly larger body in other early type tombs as T.A.14 (Z 1111, Z I! and T.A.75 (Z V) (Mazar 1996: 73-74; Dayagi-Mendels 2002: 122-124, Type JG2I). Parallels appear in Tomb A at Rashidieh (Macridy 1904: Fig. 13, Pl. VI:2), Khirbet Silm and Joya (Chapman 1972:132-133, 136, 166-167,Figs. 26:259, 27:149), Hazor Stratum VI11 (Yadin et al. 1960:13, Pl. LVIII:25), and Beth Shan Stratum Upper V (James 1966:124:Fig. 66:2). According to its typology and parallels the jug OS this phase OS development should be dated to the 9"century BCE.

THE PHOESICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF ACHZIV.

(~~'"~TENTURIES BCE)

The other jugs (Fig. 6:3-19, Photos 44-46), larger in size with a round or slightly elliptical body and a wider base, ase the next phase of development of this type of jug. Some have a round body that maintains a clear line of separation from the neck, while the others, of a slightly later phase in typological development, lose this clear line as their body becomes slightly more elliptical. No jugs of this type arere found in the 7Ih century BCE burial chambes tombs discovered in the eastern cemetery of Achziv (ZR), m-hich are characterized by an additional sarcophagus and kukhim (Mazar 199626-36: Dayagi-Mendels 2002:37-110). They have parallels at El-Mina Strata VI-VI1 (Taylar 1959:83 Fig. 7:7), Tomb 3 at Khaldeh (Saidah 1966:60-61: No.9. Pl.V:9)! Tomb IV at Rashidieh (Doumet 1980:102.Pls. XI:50, XII:54), Khirbet Silm (Chapman 1972:133, Fig.26139, 143-144), Hazor Stratum VI1 (Yadin et al 1958:Pl. L:25) and Megiddo Strata IV-I1 (Lamon & Shipton 1939:175. P1.3:83, 85). According to their typology and parallels these jugs should be dated from the end of the 9Ihto the end of the 8Ihcentury BCE. No jugs with the elliptical body that represent the 71h century BCE typological phase of the type were found in the tomb, although some of the jugs in the tomb can be associated with this trend of development. Their absence from the tomb's pottery repertoire should be related to the significant reduction in the appearance of red-slipped trefoil rim jugs in tombs dated from the beginning of the 7Ih century BCE onward, at which point the red-slipped mushroom rim jugs, a nen- variation of the mushroom rim jugs, overtake them as the dominant type in the pottery repertoire of the tombs.

Mushroom Rinz Jugs (Figs. 7-9, Photos 47-65) Forty-five mushroom rim jugs were found in the tomb. Seventeen ase of the earlier type (Fig. 7): characterized by a developed mushroom rim, a long neck with a ridge in its centes! a round body, and a bichrome decoration on the rim and the upper part of the neck. All of the jugs of this type are related to Phases 2 and 3. This type of jug is dated to the B h centusy BCE. Parallels were found at Tyre Stratum I11 (Bikai 1978:Pl. 15-17), Sarepta Strata E and VI (Pritchard 197j:Fig. 206; Anderson 1988:202-203, Pl. 31:15; Khalifeh 1988:Pl. 33:DJ-2A), El-Mina Stratum VI11 (Taylor 1959:69, Figs. 2,10,11, Pl. XXb), the tombs at Khirbet Silm (Chapman 1972: 153-155, Fig. 64041), Rashidieh Tombs A and IV (Macridy 1904:Pl. VI:6; Doumet 1980:Pl. XVI:7O) and Megiddo Stratum IV (Loud 1948:Pl. 91:4). Ten jugs represent a later development of the type tom-ard the end of the 8'" century BCE in which the round body becomes oval (Fig. 8. Photos j 5-60): occasionally a red stripe decoration is added on its shoulder. In the same period the red-slipped trefoil rim jug almost disappears from the pottery repertoire of the tombs at Achziv, in sharp contrast to their abundance during the 81hcentury BCE. Two jugs (Figs 8:2. 7; see also Fig. 1 7 : l l . 18) are related to Burial C of Phase 4! dated to the end of the 71h century BCE. Parallels to this type of jug can be found at Tyre Stratum I11 (Bikai 1978: Pl.V:14). Tel Keisan Strata 4-5 (Briend & Humbert 1980:Pls.28:8!4431, and Atlit Burial V Uohns 1938:143,Fig. 7:l). Sometime tom-ards the 71h centuqr BCE a new type of mushroom rim jug, characterized by a square-shaped body and red slip (Fig. 9! Photos 61-65) replaces the red-slipped trefoil rim jug as the other most common jug in the pottery repertoire in the tombs along with the mushroom rim jug with bichrome decoration and a round, or later, oval body. Ten such jugs (Fig. 9:l-2, 6-8, 10-12, 14-15) were found related to Phase 3. Five jugs (Figs. 9:3-5, 9, 13 and 17:15-17, 23) ase related to Burials A and C of Phase 4, dated to the 7'h century BCE. All of the mushroom rim jug variations disappear from the pottery repertoire of the Achziv tombs in the 6"'century BCE. They can be traced later at Punic sites.

Unslipped Trefoil Rim Jugs (Fig. 10:1-14, Photos 66- 74) In addition to the red-slipped trefoil rim jugs that were found in the tomb, fourteen unslipped trefoil rim jugs were found. One such jug (Fig. 10:1), characterized by an elliptical body that continues in a straight line from the neck, was found near Burial A of Phase 4 (see Fig. 17:22) and represents a 71h century BCE phase of development also seen in the red-slipped trefoil rim jug (see discussion above). The jug has a parallel in T.A.73 at Achziv's southern cemetery (Mazar 2001: Fig. 43:j), only there it appears with a disk base, which is a late characteristic. Thus this jug should be dated to an earlier phase, at the end of the 7"' century BCE. Another jug (Fig. 10:2; see Fig. 17:3), uncovered near Burial D of Phase 4, is characterized by a body of a developed elliptical shape and a flat base. In its shape this jug represents the Oh century BCE phase of the traditional slipped trefoil rim jugs, which are characterized by

an elliptical body and date to the 7thcentury BCE (Dayagi-Mendels 2002: Type JG211, pp. 123-124). The jug is the last of the trefoil rim type in all of Achziv's tombs. Their later appearances can be traced at Punic sites. Severa1 other unslipped trefoil rim jugs were discovered in the tomb (Fig. 10:3-14, Photos 68-74), in contrast to their scarcity at other Achziv tombs of the 10'"-7"' centuries BCE. These vessels have large bodies of various shapes, short necks and ring bases. They substitute the red-slipped trefoil rim jugs, which appear only in isolated numbers already in the 7Ihcentury BCE, and the mushroom rim jugs, which disappear from the tombs in the Oh century BCE. Four of the unslipped trefoil rim jugs from T.N.1 are related to rhe very last burial of Phase 4, which was found i n situ in the tomb's center; three (Fig. 10:2,5!10,Photos 67, 73) were laid by the head (see Fig. 17:2-4) and one (Fig. l0:9, Photo 72) by the hand (see Fig. 17:9). Two other unslipped trefoil rim jugs were found near two other burials of the last phase of use in the tomb; one (Fig. 10:1!Photo 66; see discussion above) was discovered near the hand of Burial A (see Fig. 17:22), and the other (Fig. 10:7, Photo 70) was discovered near the head of Burial C (see Fig. 17:13);both date to the end of the 7'" century BCE. The unslipped trefoil rim jugs (Fig. 10:2, 5 , 9, 10) of the very last burial in the tomb demonstrate the total disappearance of the red slip that was for many centuries a dominant feature of Phoenician pottery, and represent rhe end of the traditional forms of the Phoenician Iron Age, which were replaced by coarse forms.

Trefoil RimJug andJuglet with Red Stnpes (Fig. 10:15-16) Found in the tomb were a trefoil rim jug (Fig. 10:16) with red and black stripes on the body and a trefoil rim juglet (Fig. 10:15) decorated with one red stripe on the body. A small number of trefoil rim jugs and juglets decorated with red stripes were found, in different shapes and sometimes with additional thin black stripes, in the Achziv tombs centuries BCE (Mazar 2001:Fig.7:7) to the end of the 71h- 61hcenturies BCE (Types JG3III and dated from the 10th-Yh 51-2, Dayagi-Mendels 2002:125. 132; Mazar 2001:Fig. 43:6).

Funnel-Shaped Rim Jugs (Fig. 11, Photos 75-78) Four jugs with funnel-shaped rims were found in the tomb. One (Fig. 11:3) has a round body and a ridge in the middle of the neck. It was found in Phase 3 of the tomb, in a relatively low level near rhe northern wall. Close parallels to the jug were found in T.C.4, dated to rhe 10'h-9thcenturies BCE, in the southern cemetery (Mazar 2001: Fig. 9.9-11). Ta70other jugs (Figs. 11:1, 11:4) were found near the i n situ burial from the eastern part of the southern wall of rhe tomb (see Fig. 17:12, 14). The flat base of Fig. 11:4 and the squared body shape of Fig. 11:l indicate a relatively late date, in the late 7Ih century BCE. Another jug (Figs. 11:2) with a squared body is related to Burial D century BCE. (see Fig. 17:6) and dates to the

oh

VariousJugs One jug (Fig. 12:2) with a globular body, a slightly flaring neck ending in a flattened rim, and a handle from midneck to shoulder mras found in Phase 4 of the tomb. Another jug (Fig. 12:3, Photo 80), with a globular body and a short swollen neck, was found in Phase 3 in the northwestern corner of the tomb; another sherd of such a jug (Fig. 12:4) was found in the southeastern corner. Similar jugs were found in other tombs at the eastern cemetery of Achziv and are dated to rhe 81h century BCE (Dayagi-Mendels 2002:129, Fig. 5.10:j. Type JG7V). A degenerated mushroom rim jug (Fig. 12:j) was found near the in sztu burial along the western side of the southern wall in the tomb (see Fig. 17:l). It is characterized by a coarse ware without slip or bichrome decoration, and seems to represent the mushroom rim jug at its degenerated form towards the end of rhe 7Ih century. A barrel-shaped jug (Fig. 12:6, Photo 81), a-ith a red burnish slip on the loarer half of the neck and the entire body, was found in rhe northwestern corner and is related to Phase 3. Its barrel-shaped body, which is similar to the white painted pilgrim flasks (dated to the 10Ihcentury BCE; see below), and its typical Phoenician red slip, probably indicate a date at about the end of the 10thor rhe Yh century BCE. Xo parallels were found.

~ i p p eJuglets r (Fig. 13, Photos 82-84) ~wenty-sevendipper juglets were found in the tomb, of which three are miniature (Fig. 13:25-27,Photo 83). Three juglets (Fig. 13:2,9,11)found on a low level near the middle of the northern wall and another (Fig. 13:4) found near the northwestern corner of the tomb are related to Phase 1. Three more juglets (Fig. 13:1,3,7,Photo 82) found in the pit at the northeastern corner of the tomb relate to Phases 2 and 3, and, along with one more juglet (Fig. 135) to which an exact phase could not be associated, have larger and longer bodies than the others. It appears that the larger dipper juglets. usually with rounded bases, appear in small quantities in the earlier burial complexes of the 10th- Yh century BCE, as in the 10th- Yh century BCE T.C.4 in the southern cemetery of Achziv, where only such vessels appear among the dozens of pottery vessels revealed there (Mazar 2001:Fig. 10:l3 ) Whereas the small dipper juglets, characterized by a shorter body and usually pointed bases, appear in relatively large quantities within the burial complexes dated from the 8th- Gh century BCE (Dayagi-Mendels 2002:130, Type DJ1; Mazar 1996:81-82).This is also the impression received from T.N.l, in which the dipper juglets of the large type are less frequent in Phase 1. while the small type (for example Fig 13:3) is more numerous and relates only to Phases 3 and 4. Many dipper juglets of the large type were found in the 10thcentury BCE fortress of Rosh Zayit (see recent discussion and related parallels in Z. Gal & Y. Alexander 2000:61-64, specifically Type JTla). Parallels to the dipper juglets of the small type ase found in Tyre Strata V-I (Bikai 1978:41-42.Pls. XI1:l-23. XVIII:8-9), Sarepta Stratum C (Anderson 1988:Pl. 37:2, 38:17), Tel Keisan Strata 4-5 (Briend & Humbert 1980: Pis. 33:3, 4%43:8), Megiddo Strata 111-1 (Lamon & Shipton 1939:P1.1:10.11.13),and Hazor Strata VII, V (Yadin et al. 1961:Pl. CLXXX:I6, CCXXIV:7); however, the one juglet from Hazor Stratum VI1 was subsequently defined as coming from Stratum VI (Yadin et al. 1989:39-40).

Trefoil Rim Juglet with Button Base (Fig. 12:1, hot to 79) This juglet was found a low level in the pit (Phase 2) at the northeastern corner of the tomb. It has a button base resembling the typical button base of the 10'" century BCE black juglets, as at Rosh Zayit (Type SJ IV, Z. Gal & Y. Alexander 2000:66).

Small Pilgrim Flasks (Fig. 14, Photos 85-87) The most common type of pottery vessel found in the tomb is the small pilgrim flask, all of mrhich belong to Phase 1. Out of the 49 pilgrim flasks, at least 10 are decorated with black concentric circles on the body (Fig. 1436-45); such decorations on other flasks, including perhaps additional red circles, might be concealed by a heavy patina that covers much of the vessels. All of the flasks are of a small size. Two concentrations of flasks were found on the floor of Phase 1. One concentration of 13 flasks (Fig. 14:10,20,24,26-30,33-35,44,46;see Fig. 32:64-76) was found near the northwestern corner and another concentration of 19 flasks (Fig. 14:1,3-4,7,9,14-15.18-19,21,23,38-39,4042,47-49; see Fig. 32: 77-95) was found near the southeastern corner of the tomb. In the pit of Phase 2 another 9 flasks (Fig. 14:5.8,11,13,16,22.25!36!4~; see Fig. 32355-63) were found. The small flask appears as the most common pottery vessel in the 10'" - Yh century T.C.4 in the southern cemetery of Achziv. many decorated with black concentric circles on the body, and a few with additional red circles (Mazar 2001:34-41). Isolated flasks arere found in a few of the shaft tombs with burial beds, which are dated mainly to the century BCE (Mazar 2001:117, 139: Dayagi-Mendels 2002:130, Type PF1). Parallels a-ere found at Tel Keisan Strata 9a-b, 4 (Briend & Humbert 1980:Pls. 33:9, 62:11), Tell Abu Hawam Stratum I11 (Hamilton 1935319:54-5j), the tombs of Joya, Khirbet Silm and Qraye (Chapman 1972:159-160, Figs. 13:63, 14:200, 205, 15:275), Tomb IV at Rashidieh (Doumet 1980:Pl.XIII:~) and Graves 2 and 4 at Khaldeh (Saidah 1966:59:4, 63: 15).

Lamps (Fig. 15, Photo 88-91) Four oi1 lamps were found in the tomb, three of which are miniature. The non-miniature (Fig. 151, Photo 88) has a rounded base and was found at a low level in the very corner of the pit of Phase 2 (lOth- beginning of Yh cen-

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A ,IIEDITERRÁNEA

/

VOL. 10

turies BCE) in the northeast corner of the tomb. A fenr 10"' - 9'" centusy BCE lamps were found in the early type of chamber tombs in the southern (Tomb Z XC7111.T.C.4,) and eastern (Tomb ZR XXXIX) cemeteries at Achziv (Mazar 2001:Fig. 18.1; Dayagi-Mendels 20023135. Type L3). Parallels to this type also come fi-om the 10'11centusy BCE Strata XIV-XIII at Tel Michal (Singer-A\-itz 1989:77. 82, Figs. 7.1:16. 7.3:13) and are common at many sites in the north of Israel during the 10"' - 9'" centusy BCE (Gal and Alexandre 2000:67). The other three lamps (Fig. 15:2-4, Photos 89-91], found in T.N.l ase miniature and have a flat or a ve17 shallom-, wide disk base. A few other such lamps of both miniature and regular sizes were found in Tomb Z XIII in the southern cemetery and Tombs ZR XII. ZR XIII in the eastern cemetery. and date to the 6"' century BCE (DapagiMendels 2002:26, 135. Types LI. L2, L4: the lamp on Figs. 3.11:l and 5.12:11 n-as found, according to the excavator's notes, in Tomb ZR XIII, not Tomb Z XIII, as reported there). During the time span between this type and the rounded base type, the bases of the lamps gradually flatten unti1 they reach their n-ide flat base in the 6" centuiy BCE. In general, a vei-y small number of lainps n-ere found in the Achziv cemeteries. many of n-hich mere found on the surface near the graves cut in sandstone in the northern section of the southern cemetery, indicating a use in the cult activity outside the tombs (Mazar 1996:ll-12,Pl. 6:10-14: Mazar 2001:147-152). Two of the miniature lamps (Fig. 15:2,4) from T.N.l were found near the hands of Burials C and D of Phase 4 (see Fig. 17:7, 20). Burial C is dated ton-ards the end of the 7"' centu1-y BCE and Burial D to the 6'" century BCE. Another larup (Fig. 15:3) was found moved aside from Burial B of Phase 4 (see Fig. 17:24).No lamp n-as found near Burial A, n~hichis the earliest burial of Phase 4, dated to sonletirne toward the lates part of rhe 7"' century BCE. We see now that towards the end of the 7"' centuly BCE a new burial custom of placing a nliniature lamp in the hand of the dead was introduced in the tombs and continued in the 6'" century BCE.

Cypriot Krater (Fig. 16:1. Photos 92) In the northeastern corner of the tomb a Cypriot krater was found containing partia1 remains of a cremated body. This only emphasizes their secondary nature in the tomb, having been removed from their original burial place, most likely the cremation site outside the tomb. It seems that only during Phase 4 n'ere cremated remains brought into the tomb, including those placed in the krater, n-hile the krater itself original!). relates to Phase 3, as it is surrounded by other burial gifts of that phase. The krater is a most elegant piece of art. It has a wide mouth, two triple handles drawn from the upper most part of the body to its center. and a ring base. It is decorated n-ith stripes in red and black on a white slip. A wide panel is drawn on the upper half of the body. divided into six registers, in fous of which are dran-ings of single birds and two of n-hich are placed the vessel's wide handles. The birds on each side of the krater face each other and are drawn in a sin~ple,minimalistic style. On their backs they have raised wings resernbling a branch m-ith leaves. Parallels to the krater appear in Cyprus. 2nd belong to a potteiy tradition from as far back as the LB characterized by figurative decorations describing single animals within geometric patterns (Karageorghis 1974:l-3). Parallels most resembling the krater from the tomb ase of rhe Bichrome 11'type, dated to the Cypro-Archaic I period (750-600 BCE). At that tirne the birds of the "figure style" are drawn in a Cypriot style that is called the "free field." which exKarageorghis -~. 1974: 103. 112, 326presses the independence and skillfulness of the Cypriot artist (Type X Y T - . C . ~ 328).

BOR Juglets andJug (Fig. 162-5, Photos 93-94)

Three small juglets of this family were found in the tomb (Fig. 16:2-4, Photo 93). All ase associated with Phase 1! dated to the 10'" centusy BCE. This type of juglet appears also in Tombs C.4, C.2; Z I (Eastern Chamber), Z XI. Z XX in the southern cemetery at Achziv and in Tombs ZR XXIX, ZR m I . ZR XXXIX in the eastern cemetery (Mazar 1996:84, 2001: Figs. 1 0 6 9 , 21:6. Dayagi-hlendels 2002:138, Type CP6). Their 10'11century BCE date suits n-ell their parallels at other sites (see the recent discussion and related parallels in Z. Gal & Y. Alexander 2000:68-78, specificall)- BOR IIIa: Black-on-Red Ridged-Neck Globular Juglets). A jug (Fig. 16:j, Photo 94) that was found neai- the northm-estern corner of the tomb is a larger type of the BOR family. Similar jugs a-ere found at the fortress of Rosh Zayit and date to the sarne period iZ.Gal & Y. Alexandes 2000:74, Type BORII).

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. ( 1 w h 4 ~CENTURIES BCE)

White Painted Barrel Juglets (Fig. 16:6-8,Photos 95-96) Three white painted (WP) barrel juglets arere found in the tomb. One (Fig. 16:8) was found together with many pilgrim flasks on the floor of Phase 1 near the southeastern corner. The other two barrel juglets (Fig. 16:6-7) were found in the pit of Phase 2. The absence of these juglets in the pottery assemblage of the fortress at Rosh Zayit further emphasizes its presence in burial assemblages. This type --as found in the 10thcentury BCE tombs at the southern cemetery at Achziv (for parallels and discussion see Mazar 1996:84-85, 2001: Figs. 11-12, 21:7; Dayagi-Mendels 2002: 138-140, Type CP9). No WP juglets were found at the eastern cemetery at Achziv or in the later tombs in the southern cemetery.

Fig. 1 - BOW~S

No.

Reg. no.

Description Light brown a-are Light ho\\-n ware Light bron n nrare Light brown ware Light broa n ware Light hro\\ n ware L~ghtbrom n ware Light bron n mare Buff ware Orange arare. red slip Orange I\ are Light brown n-are Buff n-are, red slip, decorated with four incised lines Buff ware Buff ware, red slip, burnished Buff a-ase, red slip, black paint Orange n-ase. red slip Orange \vare. red slip Orange nare, red slip Black -nare Light brom-n ware, hole under rim Light hrown vare

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1 (or 2?) 1 1

4 3 1 (or 2?)

3 3 3 1 1

3 3

31 32

THE PHOEWICIAN FhMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY OF ACHZIV. (I~'~-G''' CENTURIES BCE)

Figure 1

49

CUADERKOS DE ARQuEOLOG~A MEDITERRÁNEA / VOL. 10

Fig. 2 - Krater No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

1

2257

Light brown ware, red slip, red, black and white paint

3.86-3.54

1

Photo

Fig. 3 - Carinated-ShoulderJars No.

Reg. no.

1 2

8797 8762

'

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

Brown ware Orange ware

4.12 4.61-4.26

4 4

37 38

I Figure 2

16 cm

O

Figure 3

51

Fig. 4 - Urns No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Brown ware Light brown ware

Fig. 5 - MiniatureJars and Miniature Amphora

No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

1

2397 9233 9296

Miniature jar, brown ware, red slip Miniature jar, brown ware Miniature amphora, whitish ware

3.62-3.74 3.95 4.16

1 3 4

2 3

Photo

Figure 4

15 cm

O

Figure 5

Fig. 6 - Red-siipped Trefoii Rim Jugs No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Light brown ware, red slip Buff ware, red slip Light brown a7are,red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Orange ware, red slip, three lines incised on body Orange ware, red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Light brown ware, red slip Light brown ware, red slip Orange ware, red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Orange ware, red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Orange ware. red slip, burnished Orange ware, red slip. burnished, three lines inclsed on body Red slip Light brown arare,red slip, burnished Orange ware, red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Orange ware, red slip, burnished, three lines incised on body Orange ware, red slip, burnished Orange ware, red slip, four lines incised on body Buff ware, red slip Orange ware. red slip

Figure 6

Phase in tomb

Photo

Figure 6

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERR~TEA/ VOL. 10

Fig. 7 - Round-bodiedMushroom Rim Jugs

No.

Reg. no.

Elevation

Description Dark brown nrare. red and black stripes, incised line on neck Orange ware. red and black stripes Buff alare, red and black stripes Light brown mare, red and black stripes Orange ware, red and black stripes Buff ware, red and black stripes Light b r o n n n-are, red stripes Light brown n a r e , red stripes Orange ware. red and black stripes Buff nrare, red and black stripes Light bronn n-are. red stripe Buff ware, red and black stripes Buff ware, red and hlack stripes Buff n7are,red and black stripes Buff arare. black stripes Buff ware. red stripes Buff ware

Phase in tomb

Photo

16

-

15 cm

O

Figure 7

17

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERR~YEA / VOL. 10

Fig. 8 - Oval-bodiedMushroom Rim Jugs

No.

Reg. no.

Description Bron-n n ase, red and black stripes Buff n a r e , red and black stripes Light bronn mare, red stripes Light bron-n n-are. red stripes, tnro incised lines on neck Buff ware, rec\ and black stripes Buff ware. red and black stripes Light brown n-are. red 2nd black stripes Light brown n-are Light brom-n \vare, black and red stripes o n neck, red stripe on rim Reddish brom-n n-are Dark bron-n n-are. incised line on neck Orange nrare. red and black stripes Light bron-n mare, red and black stripes

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. ( 1 0 ~ CENTURIES ' BCE)

15 cm

O

Figure 8

Fig. 9 - Red-siipped Mushroom Rim Jugs

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

1

9221

4.11

3

2

9341

3.89

3

3

8767

4.16-4.26

4

4

5

2100 8770

3.96-3.98 4.16-4.26

4 4

6

9332

3.93

3

7

2169

3.88-3.92

3

8

2164

3.88-3.92

3

9

8769

Orange arare, red slip, burnished, tnro lines incised on neck Orange ware, red slip, two lines incised on neck Light brown ware, red slip, burnished, two lines incised on neck and three lines incised on body Orange ware. red slip Buff ware, red slip, burnished, two incised lines on neck Orange clay, red slip, burnished, two lines incised on neck and three lines incised on body Orange ware. red slip, burnished, line incised on neck Orange mrare,red slip, two lines incised on neck Orange ware. red slip, burnished, line incised on neck Buff ware, red slip, burnished, two incised lines on neck and two incised lines on body Orange ware, red slip, burnished, two lines incised on neck Orange ware, red slip, burnished, line on neck Light brom-n ware, red slip, two incised lines on neck Light brown ware, red slip, burnished Light brown ware, red slip

4.16-4.26

4

4.00

3

4.00-4.01

3

3.91-3.93

3

4.52-4.26

4

4.00 4.00-4.01

3

No.

10

9228.1

11

2004

12

2127

13

9389

14 15

9228.6 2011

3

Photo

63

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10'~-6.~ CENTURIES BCE)

CCADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERF~NEA/ VOL. 10

Fig. 10 - Unslipped Trefoil Rim Jugs

No.

Reg. no.

Description Light orange ware, line incised on body Orange ware Light brown ware, three lines incised on body Light brown ware, three lines incised on body Buff ware Light brown ware Broa7nware Light brown ware, three lines incised on body Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light broa~nware Reddish-brown ware Reddish-brown ware Buff ware, red stripe on body Buff ware. three black lines and three red stripes on body

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

13 Figure 10

CUADERXOS DE ARQUEOLOG~AM E D I T E R ~ N E A/ VOL. 10

Fig. 11 - Funnel-Shaped Rim Jugs No.

Reg. No.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

1

8768 9297 2200 8765

Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware: red stripes

4.16-4.26 4.14 3.88-3.85 4.26

4 4 3 4

2

3 4

Photo

Rg. 12 -Varia: Jugs and Juglets

No.

Reg. no

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1 2 3

2383 2014 9387

3.42-3.4 4.1-4.00 4.1-4.46

2 4 3

79 80

4 5

9241 2051 9344

Juglet, light brown ware Jug, light brown ware Globular jug, orange ware, red slip on rim and on neck Globular p g . brown ware Jug, light brown ware Barrel-shaped jug, light brown ware, red burnish slip on body up to middle of neck

4.0-4.15 4.02-4.00 3.85

3 4 3

81

6

Figure 11

Figure 12

Fig. 13 - DipperJuglets

No.

Reg. no.

Description Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Orange ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Buff ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Buff ware Orange ware Orange ware Buff ware Buff ware Buff ware Orange ware Buff ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Buff ware Buff ware Buff ware Buff ware

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

THE PHOENICIAK FAhIILY TOhIB h.1, rlT THE hORTHERN CEMETERY OF ACHZIV. (10'1'-G'XENTURIES BCE)

Figure 13

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGÍAMEDITERRÁNEA/ VOL. 10

Fig. 14 - Flasks

No.

Reg. no.

Description

Buff ware Light broarn ware Buff ware Buff ware Buff n7are Light brown ware Light brown ware Buff arare Light broa~nware Buff ware Buff arare Orange ware Buff ware Buff ware Light brown ware Buff ware Light brown ware Buff ware Buff ware Light brown ware Buff ware Light brown ware Orange ware Light brown ware Light brown nrare

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Figure 14

No.

Reg. no.

Description Light brown mlare Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown ware Light brown arare Light brown n7are Light brown ware Light brown mrare Light brown ware Llght brown ware Buff ware, black paint Light bronn ware, black paint Light bron n mare, red and black paint Light bronn ware Buff ware Light brom-n ware, black paint Buff mare, black paint Buff ware Buff r a r e , hlack paint Buff m-are, black paint Light brom-n a-are Light brown mare Light brown ware

* not drawn

Elevation

Phase in tomb

THE IIHOENICIAN F.43IILY TO3lB N.1. .4T THE NORTHERN CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10-6'"CENTURIES BCE)

15 cm

O

P

Figure 14

CUADERNOS DE AROUEOLOG~AM E D I T E R ~ S E A / VOL. 10

Fig. 15 - Oii Lamps No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

2573 2106 2054 2132

Light brown ware Miniature. buff ware Miniature, buff ware Miniature, buff ware

3.63-3.48 3.95-3.93 4.02-4.00 3.93-3.91

2 4

4 4

Photo

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY T O M B N.1. AT THE NORTHERX CEMETERY O F ACHZIV. (10'"-6"'

-O

2 cm

Figure 15

CENTURIES BCE)

CUADERNOS D E ARQUEOLOGÍA MEDITERR~NEA / VOL. 10

Fig. 16

- Imported Vessels

No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1

9222

3.91

3

92

2 3 4 5

2639 2612 2629 9322

3.58-3.48 3.58-3.48 3.58-3.48

1

93 93 93'

6

2619 2499 2666

Cypriot krater, very light brown ware, white slip on exterior, red and black paint Juglet, BOR Juglet, BOR Juglet, BOR, votive Jug, buff ware. BOR. Location unknown Barrel juglet, buff nrare, painted white Barrel juglet, painted white Barrel juglet, buff ware, painted white. Location uncertain

7

8

1 2

4.14 3.58-3.48 3.63-3.48

2

3

3.58-3.48

1

94 95

2 96

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEblETERY O F ACHZI\. (10-61 CENTLRIES BCE)

15 cm P

O

Figure 16

CUADERNOS D E ARQuEOLOG~A M E D I T E R ~ N E A/ VOL. 10

Fig. 17 - Distribution of Phase 4 Burials and Pottery Vessels Reg. no.

Object

Elevation

Phase in tomb

See Also

1 2

2051 2045

Jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug

4.02-4.00 4.02-4.00

4 4

3

2044

Unslipped trefoil rim jug

4.02-4.00

4

Fig. 12:5 Fig. 10:10, Photo 73 Fig. 10:2, Photo 67 Fig. 1 0 5 Fig. 5 3 , Photo 41 Fig. 11:2, Photo 76 Fig. 15:4, Photo 91 Fig. 1322 Fig. 1 0 9 , Photo 72

No.

Unslipped trefoil rim jug Amphoriskos Funnel-shaped rim jug Miniature lamp Dipper juglet Unslipped trefoil rim jug Dipper juglet Oval-bodied mushroom rim jug Funnel-shaped rim jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug 14

8768

Funnel-shaped rim jug

4 16-4 26

4

15 16 17 18

8770 8769 8767 8764

Red-slipped mushroom rim jug Red-slipped mushroom rim jug Red-slipped mushroom rim jug Oval-bodied mushroom rim jug

4 16-4 26 4 16-4 26 4 16-4 26 4 26

4 4 4 4

19 20

9251 2106

Open bowl with rounded wall Miniature lamp

4 12 3 93-3 95

4 4

21

2014

Jug

4 1-4 O0

4

22

2013

Unslipped trefoil rim jug

4 1-4 O0

4

23

2100

Red-slipped mushroom rim jug

3 96-3 98

4

24

2054

Miniature lamp

4-4 02

4

25

8797

Jar

4 12

4

26

8762

Jar

4 61-4 26

4

Fig. 8:2, Photo 55 Fig. 11:4 Fig. 10:7, Photo 7 0 Fig 11 1, Photo 75 Fig 9 5 Flg 9 9 Ftg 9 3 Fig 8 7 , Photo 59 Fig 1 4 Flg 15 2, Photo 89 Fig 12 2, Photo 79 Fig 10 1, Photo 66 Flg 9 4, Photo 61 Flg 15 3, Photo 90 Fig 3 1, Photo 37 Flg 3 2, Photo 38

L

Figure 17

Fig. 17 - Distribution of Phase 4 Burials and Pottery Vessels

No.

Reg. no.

Object Jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug Amphoriskos Funnel-shaped rim jug hliniature lamp Dipper juglet Unslipped trefoil rim jug Dipper juglet Oval-bodied mushroom rim jug Funnel-shaped rim jug Unslipped trefoil rim jug Funnel-shaped rim jug Red-slipped rnushroom rim jug Red-slipped mushroorn rim jug Red-slipped mushroom rim jug Oval-bodied n-~usl~roorn rim jug Open bon-1 n-ith rounded wall Miniature lamp

Unslipped trefoil rim jug Red-slipped rnushroom rim jug Miniature lamp

Elevation

Phase in tomb

See Also Fig. 12:5 Fig. 10:10, Photo 73 Fig. 10:2, Photo 67 Fig. 10:5 Fig, 5:3. Photo 41 Fig. 11:2, Photo 76 Fig. 1 5 4 , Photo 91 Fig. 1522 Fig. 1 0 9 , Photo 72 Fig. 8 : 2 , Photo 55 Fig. 11:4 Fig. 10:7, Photo 70 Fig. 11:1, Photo 75 Fig. 9:5 Fig. 9:9 Fig. 9:3 Fig. 8:7, Photo 59 Fig. 1:4 Fig. 15:2, Photo 89 Fig. 12:2, Photo 79 Fig. 10:1, Photo 66 Fig. 9:4. P ~ O ~61O Fig. 1 5 3 , Photo 90 Fig. 3:1, Photo 37 Fig. 3 2 , Photo 38

Figure 17

TERRACOTTAS

Boat Models (see appendix) Four boat models were found in the tomb; all are related to Phase 3. Mask (Fig. 18, Ph0t0 97) The facemask of a female was found related to Phase 3 in the center of the tomb (level 4.02). The length of the mask is 17 cm, its width 11 cm. It has three tie holes, 0.5 cm in diameter, pierced behind the ears and in the middle of the top of the head. The mask is mold-made of light brown clay. The hair, eyebrows, and outline of the eyes are painted in black, while the face, ears, neck. and head ribbon are in red. The hair is depicted in a wavy-line style on the forehead, and is pulled behind the ears, with locks falling over the front of the shoulders. This mask is very similar to another that was found in Tomb Z I (Western Chamber) in the southern cemetery.' Another mask, similar to the two but less detailed in the depiction of the hair, was found in Tomb ZR XXIX in the eastern cemetery (Dayagi-Mendels 2002:156). The appearance of these masks in the burial complexes can be interpreted as a means for receiving patronage and protection from the gods (Stern 1976: 117-118). It is also possible that these masks are small representations of the cultic masks used in ceremony, such as the masks of bullheads that represent the real bull skulls that were used in ceremonies (Mazar 1996:109). This assumption was recently supported by the finding of a life-size facemask of a man in the excavation at Tyre (Karageorghis 2004:414 - 416).

Baboon (Fig. 19, Photo 98) In the southeastern corner of the tomb (at elevation 4.06) a clay figurine of a seated baboon was found. The figurine is made of poorly fired brown clay and is hollow. Its front part is mold-made and depicts a seated monkey in detail, while the back is flat and lacking details, and was adhered to the front by hand. The monkey sits with his knees together, his feet resting on a footstool. His right forearm rests open-handed against the side of his right hip, while his left hand is operi and rests on [he left side of his bulging chest. The face of the monkey is described in realistic derail. The mouth was grooved by a sharp to01 mrhile the clay mias still soft. Remains of red and brown color arc seen all over the figurine. It s e m s that the figurine belongs to Burial C of Phase 4.

1 The excavator's notes clearly show that [he rnask was found in the western chamber of the double-chambered Tomb Z I and not as reported by Dayagi-Mendels (2002: 156-1581.

CUADERNOS DE AROLEOLOGIA MEDITERRLNEA / VOL. 10

Figurines of baboons have neves been discovered in Phoenician Iron Age and Persian complexes. It is probable that this is one of the earliest expressions of the renewed Egyptian influence, m-hich only grew from this point onm~ard,as m-e see in the Phoenician burial complexes from the Persian period at Acllziv and elsewhere, lnainly the royal burial complexes of Sidon. The Egyptian concept of life after death includes the appearance of the monkey god, the ape-headed Hapy. n-ho appears among the ancient Egyptian gods as one of the fous sons of Horus, ho guard the canopic jars containing the mumrnified interna1 organs of the nlummified deceased: the ape-headed Hapy guards the canopic jar containing the ~numinifiedlens. Tn;o other baboon figures from the tomb ase amulets depicting seated inonkeys m-ith a circular object on their heads (see Appendix, nos. 3. 6). The circular sun disk symbol is of the principal Egyptian god Ra and syinbolizes life renen-al. There is an interesting similarity between this s)-mbol of the sun disk. R-hich also appears often on the heads of otller Egyptians deities. and the circular sun disk symbol of the principal Phoenician god Ba.al. (See also a recently published irnage of a seated baboon depicted on a Phoenician scarab found at Tyre Al-Bass in Gamer-VC7allet2004: 40 5).

Donkey (Fig. 20, Photo 99) The 14 cm long figurine of a donkey resembles in its style the horseman figurines found in T.A.68 in the southern cemetery (Mazar 2001:113-125. Figs. 55-56. 51.1, Photos 133-134).These figurines relate to an art style that has been defined the "Achziv sculpture style" (Mazar 2001:145-146).On the donkey figurine. the appearances of rather realistic characteristics. such as the long ears and short tail, the small-flattened clay balls used for the eyes, and the smiling face einphasize its belonging to this artistic style. The long rolls tied on the donkey's back ase of an uncertain identity.

Horseman (Fig. 21:1, Photo 100) The upper part of the body of a horseman figurine made of a light bron~nclay was found in a high level near the northn-estern corner of the tomb (level4.25). In spite of the poor presen~ationof the object, observable is the close resemble to the horseman figurines that were found in T.A.68 in the southern cemetery (Mazar 1996: 99-100; 1990:104-109;2001:145-146, Figs. 55-57.1).

Animal (Fig. 21:2) The hindquarters of an animal figurine made of a light brown clay was found at the southeastern corner of the tomb (level 4.1). The back legs of the animal are widely spread and its long tail is pressed against one of them. This figurine differs frorn the figurines of the donkey and the horses that were found in Achziv's tombs, with its very aridespread legs and its long tail. which differs fi-om the short tail of the donkey yet does not rise up in its upper part as of the horses' tails (Mazar 2001: Figs 55-56),

Fig. 18 - Mask No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1

2047

Mask of female face, light brown clay, black and red paint

4-4.02

3

97

6 cm

O

Figure 18

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~AMEDITERF&VEA

/ VOL.

10

Fig. 19 - Baboon No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1

9235

Baboon, brown clay

4.06

3

98

THE PHOENICIAN FAMILY TOMB N.1. AT THE NORTHERN CEMETERI' O F ACHZIV. (1v3-6' CEXTURIES BCE)

Figure 19

85

Fig. 20 - Donkey No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

Phase in tomb

Photo

1

2103

Donkey, orange-brown clay

3.95

3

99

Figure 20

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~AMEDITERRÁNEA/ VOL. 10

Fig. 21 - Animal Figurine Fragments No.

Reg. no.

Description

Elevation

1

9200 9243.2

Horseman, orange-brown clay Horse or donkey(?), light orange-brown clay

4.25 4.10

2

Phase in tomb

Photo

3 cm o I

Figure 21

JEWELRY AND BRONZE SCALES

The tomb contained very large numbers of beads (Fig. 22, Photo 1011, pendants (Fig. 23, Photos 102-1051,earrings (Fig. 24, Photos 106-1101, rings (Fig. 25, Photos 111-1121, bracelets, armlets, and anklets (Fig. 26), all of which are displayed in this volume. On the floor of Phase 1, to the south of the krater (reg. no. 2257, see Figs. 2:1, 32:46) that stood in the northwest corner, two pairs of very delicate and shallow bronze mreight scales mrere found one on top of the other (Fig. 27, Photos 113-1161. The small pair is 7.5 cm in diameter and up to 1.5 cm deep each, and the larger pair is 11 cm in diameter and up to 1.8 cm deep each. Four tiny holes were pierced on four sides near the edge of each plate to enable their hanging. Kear the weight-scales a conical stamp (see amulets appendix, no. 13) was found. It is very probable that both the weight scales and the stamp belong to a jewelry-maker that was buried here on the floor along the western miall of the tomb. Likewise, much of the especially fine jewelry of silver, gold and precious stones found in the tomb, which were manufactured by a highly skilled craftsman, are likely the jewelry-maker's burial gifts. The weight scales and jewelry probably accompanied the burial of the jewelry-maker in order to reestablish his status in the next world, similar to the weapons that accompanied another Phase 1 burial understood to have been of a great warrior. Also related to Phase 1 in the tomb are the majority of the beads (81 out of 150) and some of the amulets (9 out of 26). Of particular interest is a ring (Fig. 25317, Photo 112) found inside a bowl (reg. no. 2386, Fig. 1:lO) decorated with an incision of the Eye of Homs, the circle of which is depicted as rhe sun on the horizon behind wavy sand dunes. It is very likely that the sun is setting and represents the West, a symbol of the world of the dead in ancient Egyptian belief.

Fig. 22 - Beads No.

Reg. no.

Description Glass Glass Glass Soft brown stone Glass Glass Blue glass Glass Egyptian blue Crystal with gold Gold bead clasp Gold bead clasp Egyptian blue Cornelian stone Black stone White faience painted blue Faience Crystal Agate Cornelian stone Brown faience Crystal Ceramic Metamorphic stone Crystal Black stone, hematite Lapis Meta1 Shell Lapis Amulet. clear white stone Amulet, hematite Amulet, hematite Amulet. clear white stone

Elevation

Phase in Tomb

Photo

i....'

a

@

I

I I

I

@ * j

,Q,

D

@I I

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